second-tallest mountain in north america
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1999-05-27
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 Mount Logan
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 Home Geography & Travel Physical Geography of Land Mountains & Volcanoes

 Mount Logan

 mountain, Yukon, Canada
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 Mount Logan

 Mount Logan, mountain, highest point (19,551 feet [5,959 metres]) in Canada and second highest in North America (after Denali [Mount McKinley] in the U.S. state of Alaska). It is located in the St. Elias Mountains of southwestern Yukon.

 The peak towers about 14,000 feet (4,300 metres) above the Seward Glacier at the Alaska border to the south and is a focal point of Kluane National Park and Reserve, an 8,500-square-mile (22,000-square-km) rugged wilderness. The actual ridge crest of the mountain is about 10 miles (16 km) across, while the entire mass is more than 20 miles (32 km) long. An expedition under A.H. MacCarthy and H.F. Lambert on June 23, 1925, was the first to reach the summit. The peak was named for Sir William Logan (1798–1875), founder of the Geological Survey of Canada.

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Mount Logan | mountain, Yukon, Canada
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2001-03-28
<div><div>
	<p>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</p>
	</div><div>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Mount Logan</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Logan.jpg"></a><p>Mount Logan from the southeast</p></td></tr><tr><th>Highest point</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Summit">Elevation</a></th><td>5,959 m (19,551 ft)<sup><a href="#cite_note-peaklist-1">[1]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-opentopomap-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence">Prominence</a></th><td>5,250 m (17,220 ft)<sup><a href="#cite_note-bivouaclogan-3">[3]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence#Prominence_parentage">Parent peak</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Denali">Denali</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-peakbagger-4">[4]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Topographic_isolation">Isolation</a></th><td>624 km (388 mi) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120306?uselang=en#P2659"></a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains">Listing</a></th><td><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_prominent_peak">World most prominent peaks</a> 6th</li><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Second_Summits">Seven Second Summits</a> 3rd</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elevation_extremes_by_country">Country high points</a> 15th</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_highest_major_summits_of_North_America">North America highest peaks</a> 2nd</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_prominent_summits_of_North_America">North America prominent peaks</a> 2nd</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_isolated_major_summits_of_North_America">North America isolated peaks</a> 22nd</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountain_peaks_of_Canada">Canada highest major peaks</a> 1st</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system">Coordinates</a></th><td><a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Logan&amp;params=60_34_02_N_140_24_19_W_type:mountain_scale:100000">60°34′02″N 140°24′19″W﻿ / ﻿60.56722°N 140.40528°W</a><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system">Coordinates</a>: <a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Logan&amp;params=60_34_02_N_140_24_19_W_type:mountain_scale:100000">60°34′02″N 140°24′19″W﻿ / ﻿60.56722°N 140.40528°W</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-cgndb-5">[5]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th>Geography</th></tr><tr><td><div><div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_Yukon_2.png"></a></p><div><p></p><div><p>Mount Logan</p></div></div></div><p>Location in Yukon, Canada</p></div></td></tr><tr><th>Country</th><td><a href="/wiki/Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada">Territory</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Yukon">Yukon</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Mountain_range">Parent range</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Elias_Mountains">Saint Elias Mountains</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Topographic_map">Topo map</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/National_Topographic_System">NTS</a> <a href="https://maps.canada.ca/czs/index-en.html?bbox=-140.5,60.5,-140,60.75&amp;name=NTS_map_sheet_115C9">115C9</a> <a href="/wiki/McArthur_Peak">McArthur Peak</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-cgndb-5">[5]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th>Climbing</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/First_ascent">First ascent</a></th><td>1925 by A.H. MacCarthy et al.</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Normal_route">Easiest route</a></th><td>glacier/snow/ice climb</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Mount Logan</b> () is the highest <a href="/wiki/Mountain">mountain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada">Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Table_of_the_highest_major_summits_of_North_America">second-highest peak</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_America">North America</a> after <a href="/wiki/Denali">Denali</a>. The mountain was named after Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Edmond_Logan">William Edmond Logan</a>, a Canadian <a href="/wiki/Geologist">geologist</a> and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_Canada">Geological Survey of Canada</a> (GSC). Mount Logan is located within <a href="/wiki/Kluane_National_Park_and_Reserve">Kluane National Park Reserve</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-parksCanada-6">[6]</a></sup> in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Yukon">Yukon</a>, less than 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of the Yukon–<a href="/wiki/Alaska">Alaska</a> border. Mount Logan is the source of the <a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Glacier">Hubbard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logan_Glacier_(Alaska)">Logan</a> <a href="/wiki/Glacier">glaciers</a>. Although many <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano">shield volcanoes</a> are much larger in size and mass, Mount Logan is believed to have the largest base circumference of any non-volcanic mountain on Earth,<sup><a href="#cite_note-uofa2021-7">[7]</a></sup> including a <a href="/wiki/Massif">massif</a> with eleven peaks over 5,000 metres (16,400 ft).<sup><a href="#cite_note-gsc-8">[8]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-vmca-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Due to active tectonic uplifting, Mount Logan is still rising in height (approximately 0.35 mm per year).<sup><a href="#cite_note-RootsCurrier1993-10">[10]</a></sup> Before 1992, the exact elevation of Mount Logan was unknown and measurements ranged from 5,959 to 6,050 metres (19,551 to 19,849 ft). In May 1992, a GSC expedition climbed Mount Logan and fixed the current height of 5,959 metres (19,551 ft) using <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System">GPS</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-gsc-8">[8]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-CanGeo2017-11">[11]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-cbc_20220605-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>Temperatures are extremely low on and near Mount Logan. On the 5,000-metre-high (16,000 ft) plateau, air temperature hovers around −45 °C (−49 °F) in the winter and reaches near freezing in summer with the median temperature for the year around −27 °C (−17 °F). Minimal snow melt leads to a significant <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap">ice cap</a>, almost 300 metres (980 ft) thick in certain spots.<sup><a href="#cite_note-vmca-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Peaks of the massif[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Logan&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1">edit</a>]</h2>
<p>The Mount Logan <a href="/wiki/Massif">massif</a> is considered to contain all the surrounding peaks with less than 500 m (1,640 ft) of <a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence">prominence</a>, as listed below:
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Peak</th>
<th>Height</th>
<th>Prominence</th>
<th>Coordinates
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Main<sup><a href="#cite_note-bivouaclogan-3">[3]</a></sup></td>
<td>5,959 m (19,551 ft)</td>
<td>5,250 m (17,224 ft) above <a href="/wiki/Mentasta_Pass">Mentasta Pass</a></td>
<td><a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Logan&amp;params=60_34_2_N_140_24_19_W_type:mountain_region:CA&amp;title=%28primary+peak%29">60°34′2″N 140°24′19″W﻿ / ﻿60.56722°N 140.40528°W</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Philippe Peak (West)<sup><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup></td>
<td>5,925 m (19,439 ft)</td>
<td>265 m (869 ft)</td>
<td><a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Logan&amp;params=60_34_42.6_N_140_26_02.4_W_type:mountain_region:CA&amp;title=Philippe+Peak">60°34′42.6″N 140°26′02.4″W﻿ / ﻿60.578500°N 140.434000°W</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Logan East Peak (Stuart Peak)<sup><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></td>
<td>5,898 m (19,350 ft)</td>
<td>198 m (650 ft)</td>
<td><a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Logan&amp;params=60_34_31.1_N_140_22_00.1_W_type:mountain_region:CA&amp;title=Logan+East+Peak">60°34′31.1″N 140°22′00.1″W﻿ / ﻿60.575306°N 140.366694°W</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Houston's Peak<sup><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></td>
<td>5,740 m (18,832 ft)</td>
<td>100 m (328 ft)</td>
<td><a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Logan&amp;params=60_35_03.5_N_140_27_20.5_W_type:mountain_region:CA&amp;title=Houston%27s+Peak">60°35′03.5″N 140°27′20.5″W﻿ / ﻿60.584306°N 140.455694°W</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Prospector Peak<sup><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></td>
<td>5,644 m (18,517 ft)</td>
<td>344 m (1,129 ft)</td>
<td><a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Logan&amp;params=60_35_58.9_N_140_30_40.7_W_type:mountain_region:CA&amp;title=Prospector+Peak">60°35′58.9″N 140°30′40.7″W﻿ / ﻿60.599694°N 140.511306°W</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>AINA Peak<sup><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
<td>5,630 m (18,471 ft)</td>
<td>130 m (427 ft)</td>
<td><a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Logan&amp;params=60_36_31.8_N_140_31_48.6_W_type:mountain_region:CA&amp;title=AINA+Peak">60°36′31.8″N 140°31′48.6″W﻿ / ﻿60.608833°N 140.530167°W</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Russell Peak<sup><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></td>
<td>5,580 m (18,307 ft)</td>
<td>80 m (262 ft)</td>
<td><a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Logan&amp;params=60_35_31.2_N_140_29_08.9_W_type:mountain_region:CA&amp;title=Russell+Peak">60°35′31.2″N 140°29′08.9″W﻿ / ﻿60.592000°N 140.485806°W</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Tudor Peak (Logan North Peak)<sup><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></td>
<td>5,559 m (18,238 ft)</td>
<td>219 m (719 ft)</td>
<td><a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Logan&amp;params=60_36_58.2_N_140_29_35.4_W_type:mountain_region:CA&amp;title=Tudor+Peak">60°36′58.2″N 140°29′35.4″W﻿ / ﻿60.616167°N 140.493167°W</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Saxon Peak (Northeast)<sup><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></td>
<td>5,500 m (18,045 ft)</td>
<td>80 m (262 ft)</td>
<td><a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Logan&amp;params=60_37_12.0_N_140_27_57.6_W_type:mountain_region:CA&amp;title=Saxon+Peak">60°37′12.0″N 140°27′57.6″W﻿ / ﻿60.620000°N 140.466000°W</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Queen Peak<sup><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup></td>
<td>5,380 m (17,651 ft)</td>
<td>160 m (525 ft)</td>
<td><a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Logan&amp;params=60_36_33.5_N_140_35_12.5_W_type:mountain_region:CA&amp;title=Queen+Peak">60°36′33.5″N 140°35′12.5″W﻿ / ﻿60.609306°N 140.586806°W</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Capet Peak (Northwest)<sup><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup></td>
<td>5,250 m (17,224 ft)</td>
<td>240 m (787 ft)</td>
<td><a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Logan&amp;params=60_38_15.0_N_140_32_41.3_W_type:mountain_region:CA&amp;title=Capet+Peak">60°38′15.0″N 140°32′41.3″W﻿ / ﻿60.637500°N 140.544806°W</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Catenary Peak<sup><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></td>
<td>4,097 m (13,442 ft)</td>
<td>397 m (1,302 ft)</td>
<td><a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Logan&amp;params=60_36_36.0_N_140_17_52.1_W_type:mountain_region:CA&amp;title=Catenary+Peak">60°36′36.0″N 140°17′52.1″W﻿ / ﻿60.610000°N 140.297806°W</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Teddy Peak<sup><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup></td>
<td>3,956 m (12,979 ft)</td>
<td>456 m (1,496 ft)</td>
<td><a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Logan&amp;params=60_32_37.7_N_140_28_41.5_W_type:mountain_region:CA&amp;title=Teddy+Peak">60°32′37.7″N 140°28′41.5″W﻿ / ﻿60.543806°N 140.478194°W</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2>Discovery and naming[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Logan&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2">edit</a>]</h2>
<p>Mount Logan is not readily visible from the surrounding lowlands or the coast, due to its position in the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Elias_Mountains">Saint Elias Mountains</a>, although it can be seen from 200 kilometres (125 mi) out to sea.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Lambart1926-25">[25]</a></sup> Its first reported sighting was in 1890 by <a href="/wiki/Israel_Russell">Israel C. Russell</a>, during an expedition to nearby <a href="/wiki/Mount_Saint_Elias">Mount Saint Elias</a>, from the crest of the Pinnacle Pass Hills (<a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Logan&amp;params=60_9.5_N_140_18_W_">60°9.5′N 140°18′W﻿ / ﻿60.1583°N 140.300°W</a>). He wrote: "The clouds parting toward the northeast revealed several giant peaks not before seen... One stranger, rising in three white domes far above the clouds, was especially magnificent".<sup><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> Russell gave the mountain its present name.
</p><p>In 1894 Mount Logan's elevation was determined to be about 19,500 ft or 5,950 m, making it the highest known peak in North America at the time.<sup><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> In 1898, Denali was determined to be higher.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Stuck1918-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Ascent attempts[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Logan&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3">edit</a>]</h2>
<h3>First ascent[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Logan&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_and_footprints.JPG"></a></p><div><p>Mount Logan from the North East, as seen from Kluane Icefield</p></div></div>
<p>In 1922, a geologist approached the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Club_of_Canada">Alpine Club of Canada</a> with the suggestion that the club send a team to the mountain to reach the summit for the first time. An international team of Canadian, British and American climbers was assembled the following year, initially planning an attempt in 1924 but forced by funding and preparation delays to postpone the trip until 1925. The international team of climbers began their journey in early May, crossing the mainland from the Pacific coast by train. They then walked the remaining 200 kilometres (120 mi) to within 10 kilometres (6 mi) of the Logan Glacier where they established base camp. In the early evening of June 23, 1925, Albert H. MacCarthy (leader), H.F. Lambart, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Carp%C3%A9">Allen Carpé</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Wasbrough_Foster">W.W. Foster</a>, Norman H. Read and Andy Taylor stood on top for the first time.<sup><a href="#cite_note-vmca-9">[9]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-parksCanada2-30">[30]</a></sup> It had taken them 65 days to approach the mountain from the nearest town (<a href="/wiki/McCarthy,_Alaska">McCarthy</a> across the border in Alaska), reach the summit, and return, with all climbers intact, although some of them suffered severe frostbite.<sup><a href="#cite_note-sherman-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Subsequent notable ascents and attempts[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Logan&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Logan_Knife_ridge,_east_ridge_by_Christian_Stangl_(flickr).jpg"></a></p><div><p>A climber on the knife ridge (east ridge)</p></div></div>
<ul><li>1957 <i>East Ridge</i>. Don Monk, Gil Roberts and three others (US) reached the East Peak on July 19 after a 24-day climb.<sup><a href="#cite_note-selters1-32">[32]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-AAJ1958-33">[33]</a></sup></li>
<li>1959 <i>East Ridge</i>, second ascent and first <a href="/wiki/Alpine_style">alpine-style</a> ascent, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Gmoser">Hans Gmoser</a> and five others (Canada). Starting from <a href="/wiki/Kluane_Lake">Kluane Lake</a>, they hiked and skied 160 kilometres (100 mi) to reach the base of the mountain. They climbed the ridge in six days and summited the East Peak on June 12.<sup><a href="#cite_note-AAJ1960-34">[34]</a></sup></li>
<li>1965 <i>Hummingbird Ridge</i> (South Ridge). Dick Long, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Steck">Allen Steck</a>, Jim Wilson, John Evans, Franklin Coale Sr. and Paul Bacon (US) over 30 days, mid-July to Mid-August. <a href="/wiki/Fred_Beckey">Fred Beckey</a> remarked: "When they got back we just couldn't believe that they had climbed that thing. We didn't think they had a chance".<sup><a href="#cite_note-selters2-35">[35]</a></sup> Featured in <i><a href="/wiki/Fifty_Classic_Climbs_of_North_America">Fifty Classic Climbs of North America</a></i>. As of 2023 the climb remains unrepeated.</li>
<li>1967, August, the first ski descent of the mountain was made in two stages by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Taylor">Daniel C. Taylor</a> main summit to the Kluane glacier <sup><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup></li>
<li>1977 <i>Warbler Ridge</i>. Dave Jones, Frank Baumann, Fred Thiessen, Jay Page (all from Canada) and Rene Bucher (Swiss) in 22 days.<sup><a href="#cite_note-scott-37">[37]</a></sup></li>
<li>1978 <i> West Ridge</i>. Steve Davis (WA), Jon Waterman, George Sievewright, Roger Hurt (NH). Climbed ridge in 27 days "capsule-style".<sup><a href="#cite_note-AAJ1979-38">[38]</a></sup></li>
<li>1979 <i>Northwest Ridge</i> Michael Down (CA), Paul Kindree, John Howe, Reid Carter and John Wittmayer climbed to the summit over 22 days, topping out on June 19.<sup><a href="#cite_note-down-39">[39]</a></sup></li>
<li>1979 <i>South-Southwest Ridge</i>. Raymond Jotterand (CA), Alan Burgess, Jim Elzinga and John Lauchlan reached the summit after 15 days of climbing on June 30 and July 1.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Jotterand-40">[40]</a></sup></li>
<li>1986 First winter ascent by Todd Frankiewicz, Willy Hersman, Steve Koslow, George Rooney, <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Tejas">Vernon Tejas</a> and John Bauman via the <i>King’s Trench Route</i> on March 16.<sup><a href="#cite_note-AAJ1987-41">[41]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup></li>
<li>1987 David Cheesmond and Catherine Freer disappeared while attempting to repeat the <i>Hummingbird Ridge</i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-AAJ1988-43">[43]</a></sup></li>
<li>1992 June 6, an expedition sponsored by the Royal Canadian Geographic Society confirmed the height of Mount Logan using GPS. The leader was Michael Schmidt, with Lisel Currie, Leo Nadeay, Charlie Roots, J-C. Lavergne, Roger Laurilla, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Morrow">Patrick Morrow</a>, Karl Nagy, Sue Gould, Alan Björn, Lloyd Freese, Kevin McLaughlin and Rick Staley.<sup><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup></li>
<li>2005 late May. Three climbers from the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver">Vancouver</a>-based <a href="/wiki/North_Shore_Rescue">North Shore Rescue</a> team became stranded on the mountain. A joint operation by Canadian and American forces rescued the three climbers and took them to <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska">Anchorage, Alaska</a> for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Frostbite">frostbite</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-acc-45">[45]</a></sup></li>
<li>2017 May 23. 15-year-old Naomi Prohaska reached the summit, the youngest person to do so. She was part of a team led by her father.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cbc20170604-46">[46]</a></sup></li>
<li>2018 June 14. The first all US veteran team reached the summit. The six-person team was unguided and part of the US non-profit organization Veterans Expeditions.<sup><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup></li></ul>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Logan_3D_version_1.gif"></a></p></div>
<h2>Climbing Rules[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Logan&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6">edit</a>]</h2>
<p>In January 2020, due to the expensive cost of search and rescue operations in recent years, <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada">Parks Canada</a> announced new rules for climbing Mt. Logan:
</p>
<ul><li>No solo expeditions</li>
<li>No winter expeditions (which also includes all of Kluane National Park)</li>
<li>Climbers must have insurance to cover the cost of search and rescue.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cbc_new_rules-48">[48]</a></sup></li></ul>
<p>There have been eight rescue missions in the past seven years in Kluane National Park. Each mission typically costs between $60,000 to $100,000 CAD which is paid for by Canadian taxpayers. A Parks Canada spokesperson said the new rules are to help reduce the financial burden to taxpayers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cbc_new_rules-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Proposed renaming[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Logan&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7">edit</a>]</h2>
<p>Following the death of former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> in 2000, then Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien">Jean Chrétien</a>, a close friend of Trudeau, proposed renaming the mountain Mount Trudeau.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cbc-49">[49]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-gam-50">[50]</a></sup>
However opposition from <a href="/wiki/Yukon">Yukoners</a>, mountaineers, <a href="/wiki/Geologist">geologists</a>, Trudeau's political critics, and many other Canadians forced the plan to be dropped.<sup><a href="#cite_note-GlobeMail2000-51">[51]</a></sup> A mountain in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia">British Columbia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Premier_Range">Premier Range</a> was named <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau">Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau</a> instead.<sup><a href="#cite_note-rvt2006-52">[52]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>See also[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Logan&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8">edit</a>]</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_North_America">List of mountain peaks of North America</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Canada">List of mountain peaks of Canada</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories">List of highest points of Canadian provinces and territories</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ultras_in_Canada">List of Ultras in Canada</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elevation_extremes_by_country">List of elevation extremes by country</a></li></ul>
<h2>References[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Logan&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9">edit</a>]</h2>
<div>
<ol>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-peaklist_1-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/canada/yukon.html">"Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut Ultra-Prominences"</a>. <i>Peaklist.org</i>. Retrieved March 25, 2015.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-opentopomap_2-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://opentopomap.org/#marker=12/60.56710/-140.40535">"Topographic map of Mount Logan"</a>. <i>opentopomap.org</i>. Retrieved November 7, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-bivouaclogan_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bivouaclogan_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="http://www.bivouac.com/MtnPg.asp?MtnId=14">"Mount Logan"</a>. <i>Bivouac.com</i>. Retrieved July 15, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-peakbagger_4-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=541">"Mount Logan"</a>. <i>Peakbagger.com</i>. Retrieved August 27, 2010.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-cgndb_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cgndb_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=KADTU">"Mount Logan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base">Geographical Names Data Base</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>. Retrieved September 6, 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-parksCanada_6-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/yt/kluane/index.aspx">"Kluane National Park and Reserve of Canada"</a>. Parks Canada. Retrieved August 1, 2010.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-uofa2021_7-0">^</a></b> 
 <cite>Brown, Michael (June 11, 2021). <a href="https://www.ualberta.ca/folio/2021/06/researchers-summit-mount-logan-to-document-30000-years-of-climate-history.html">"Researchers summit Mount Logan to document 30,000 years of climate history"</a>. University of Alberta. Retrieved June 5, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-gsc_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsc_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921022054/http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/hist/logan/6987">"Mount Logan"</a>. Geological Survey of Canada. Archived from <a href="http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/hist/logan/6987">the original</a> on September 21, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-vmca_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vmca_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vmca_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Logan/">"Mount Logan: Canadian Titan"</a>. Virtual Museum of Canada. Retrieved September 18, 2008.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-RootsCurrier1993_10-0">^</a></b> 
 <cite>Roots, Charlie F.; Currie, Lisel D. (1993). <a href="https://doi.org/10.4095%2F134186">"Geodetic and geological observations from the 1992 Mount Logan expedition, Yukon Territory"</a>. <i>Paper 93-1A: Current Research, Part a Cordillera and Pacific Margin</i>. Geological Survey of Canada: 22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4095%2F134186">10.4095/134186</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-CanGeo2017_11-0">^</a></b> 
 <cite><a href="https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/how-scientists-solved-mystery-mount-logans-true-height">"How scientists solved the mystery of Mount Logan's true height"</a>. Canadian Geographic. May 4, 2017 [1992]. Retrieved February 15, 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbc_20220605_12-0">^</a></b> 
 <cite>Tukker, Paul (June 5, 2022). <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/newsinteractives/features/mount-logan-1992">"High tech: How mountaineers used early GPS on Canada's tallest peak"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved June 5, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.bivouac.com/MtnPg.asp?MtnId=18352">"Philippe Peak"</a>. <i>Bivouac.com</i>. Retrieved July 15, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.bivouac.com/MtnPg.asp?MtnId=15754">"Logan East Peak (Stuart Peak)"</a>. <i>Bivouac.com</i>. Retrieved July 15, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.bivouac.com/MtnPg.asp?MtnId=15875">"Houston's Peak"</a>. <i>Bivouac.com</i>. Retrieved July 15, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.bivouac.com/MtnPg.asp?MtnId=16893">"Prospector Peak"</a>. <i>Bivouac.com</i>. Retrieved July 15, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.bivouac.com/MtnPg.asp?MtnId=15003">"AINA Peak"</a>. <i>Bivouac.com</i>. Retrieved July 15, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.bivouac.com/MtnPg.asp?MtnId=16931">"Russell Peak"</a>. <i>Bivouac.com</i>. Retrieved July 15, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.bivouac.com/MtnPg.asp?MtnId=16708">"Tudor Peak (Logan North Peak)"</a>. <i>Bivouac.com</i>. Retrieved July 15, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.bivouac.com/MtnPg.asp?MtnId=16718">"Saxon Peak"</a>. <i>Bivouac.com</i>. Retrieved July 15, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.bivouac.com/MtnPg.asp?MtnId=16897">"Queen Peak"</a>. <i>Bivouac.com</i>. Retrieved July 15, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.bivouac.com/MtnPg.asp?MtnId=16721">"Capet Peak (Northwest Peak)"</a>. <i>Bivouac.com</i>. Retrieved July 15, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.bivouac.com/MtnPg.asp?MtnId=2827">"Catenary Peak"</a>. <i>Bivouac.com</i>. Retrieved July 15, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.bivouac.com/MtnPg.asp?MtnId=2831">"Teddy Peak"</a>. <i>Bivouac.com</i>. Retrieved July 15, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lambart1926_25-0">^</a></b> <cite>Lambart, H.F. (1926). <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1783111">"The Conquest of Mount Logan"</a>. <i>Geographical Journal</i>. <b>LXVIII</b>: 1–23.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <cite>Holdsworth, Gerald. <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mount-logan">"Mount Logan"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <cite>Russell, Israel C. (1891). <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63553">"An Expedition to Mt. Saint Elias, Alaska"</a>. <i>National Geographic Magazine</i>. <b>III</b>: 141.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Bulletin_of_the_American_Geographical_So/R9MBAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PA102&amp;printsec=frontcover">"Washington Letter"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Geographical Society of New York</i>. <b>26</b>: 102–103. 1894.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stuck1918_29-0">^</a></b> <cite>Stuck, Hudson (1918). <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Ascent_of_Denali_Mount_McKinley/9c55AAAAMAAJ"><i>The Ascent of Denali (Mount McKinley)</i></a>. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 159.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-parksCanada2_30-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171212063441/http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/cseh-twih/archives2_E.asp?id=323">"Conquering Mount Logan"</a>. Parks Canada. Archived from <a href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/cseh-twih/archives2_E.asp?id=323">the original</a> on December 12, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-sherman_31-0">^</a></b> Sherman pp. 1–38
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-selters1_32-0">^</a></b> Selters pp. 170–171
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAJ1958_33-0">^</a></b> 
 <cite>Collins, D.; Roberts, G. (1958). <a href="http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12195803100/Mount-LoganEast-Peak">"Mount Logan – East Peak"</a>. <i>American Alpine Journal</i>. American Alpine Club. Retrieved June 5, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAJ1960_34-0">^</a></b> 
 <cite>Gmoser, Hans (1960). <a href="http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12196013000/North-America-Canada-Yukon-Territory-Canadian-Mount-Logan-Expedition">"Canadian Mount Logan Expedition"</a>. <i>American Alpine Journal</i>. American Alpine Club. Retrieved June 5, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-selters2_35-0">^</a></b> Selters pp. 179-182
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> Arctic Institute of North America Newsletter, November 1967
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-scott_37-0">^</a></b> Scott pp. 319–320
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAJ1979_38-0">^</a></b> 
 <cite>Hirt, Roger (1979). <a href="http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12197911800/Mount-Logans-West-Ridge">"Mount Logan's West Ridge"</a>. <i>American Alpine Journal</i>. American Alpine Club. Retrieved February 15, 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-down_39-0">^</a></b> <cite>Down, Michael (1980). "Climbs and Expeditions". <i>American Alpine Journal</i>. New York, NY, USA: American Alpine Club. <b>22</b> (53): 559. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0065-6925">0065-6925</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jotterand_40-0">^</a></b> <cite>Jotterand, Raymond (1980). "Climbs and Expeditions". <i>American Alpine Journal</i>. New York, NY, USA: American Alpine Club. <b>22</b> (53): 557–559. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0065-6925">0065-6925</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAJ1987_41-0">^</a></b> 
 <cite>Bauman, John (1987). <a href="http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12198718401/North-America-Canada-Yukon-Territory-Mount-Logan-First-Winter-Ascent">"North America, Canada, Yukon Territory, Mount Logan, First Winter Ascent"</a>. <i>American Alpine Journal</i>. American Alpine Club. Retrieved April 13, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <cite>Medred, Craig (December 8, 1988). <a href="https://www.cnfaic.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/ADN_Todd_Frankiewicz.pdf">"Skier Took One Risk Too Many, Friends Say"</a> (PDF). <i>Chugach National Forest Avalanche Information Center</i>. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved October 31, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAJ1988_43-0">^</a></b> 
 <cite>Lowe, George H. (1988). <a href="http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12198833500">"David Cheesmond, 1952-1987"</a>. <i>American Alpine Journal</i>. American Alpine Club. Retrieved June 5, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b> <cite><i>Sept/Oct</i>. Canadian Geographic. 1992.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-acc_45-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016144421/http://alpineclub-edm.org/accidents/accident.asp?id=1231">"ACC Accident report for May 2005"</a>. Alpine Club of Canada - Edmonton section. Archived from <a href="http://alpineclub-edm.org/accidents/accident.asp?id=1231">the original</a> on October 16, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbc20170604_46-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/naomi-prohaska-mount-logan-youngest-ever-1.4145075">"B.C. teen becomes youngest climber to reach Canada's highest peak"</a>. CBC News. June 4, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2017.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.mountainproject.com/forum/topic/116353338/us-veterans-summit-logan-2018">"US Veterans Summit Logan 2018"</a>. Mountain Project. January 10, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbc_new_rules_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbc_new_rules_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/new-rules-climbers-mount-logan-kluane-1.5428705">"As rescue costs soar, Parks Canada sets new rules for climbing Canada's highest peak"</a>. CBC News. January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbc_49-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016163258/http://cbc.ca/canada/story/2000/10/05/mountain001005.html">"Mount Logan to become Mount Trudeau"</a>. CBC News. October 5, 2000. Archived from <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2000/10/05/mountain001005.html">the original</a> on October 16, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-gam_50-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930031511/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/series/trudeau/peak.html">"Highest peak to be Trudeau Mountain"</a>. <i>Globe and Mail</i>. October 5, 2000. Archived from <a href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/series/trudeau/peak.html">the original</a> on September 30, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlobeMail2000_51-0">^</a></b> 
 <cite><a href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/government-backtracks-on-renaming-mount-logan/article25473135/">"Government backtracks on renaming Mount Logan"</a>. <i>Globe and Mail</i>. October 17, 2000. Retrieved February 15, 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-rvt2006_52-0">^</a></b> 
 <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927094859/http://www.robsonvalleytimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=520&amp;Itemid=67">"Former PM honoured"</a>. The Robson Valley Times. June 15, 2006. Archived from <a href="http://www.robsonvalleytimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=520&amp;Itemid=67">the original</a> on September 27, 2007.</cite>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2>Bibliography[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Logan&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10">edit</a>]</h2>
<ul><li><cite><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lock_Graham_Irving">Irving, R. L. G.</a> (1940). <i>Ten Great Mountains</i>. London: J. M. Dent &amp; Sons.</cite> [The climbing history up to 1939 of Mount Logan, <a href="/wiki/Snowdon">Snowdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Nevis">Ben Nevis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ushba">Ushba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest">Everest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga">Kanchenjunga</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn">Matterhorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook">Aoraki / Mount Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc">Mont Blanc</a>.]</li>
<li><cite>Roper, Steve; <a href="/wiki/Allen_Steck">Steck, Allen</a> (1979). <i><a href="/wiki/Fifty_Classic_Climbs_of_North_America">Fifty Classic Climbs of North America</a></i>. San Francisco, CA, USA: Sierra Club Books. pp. 179–182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87156-292-8"><bdi>0-87156-292-8</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Scott, Chic (2000). <a href="https://archive.org/details/pushinglimitssto0000scot"><i>Pushing the Limits, The Story of Canadian Mountaineering</i></a>. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: Rocky Mountain Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-921102-59-3"><bdi>0-921102-59-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 27, 2013.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Selters, Andy (2004). <i>Ways to the Sky</i>. Golden, CO, USA: American Alpine Club Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930410-83-1"><bdi>0-930410-83-1</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Sherman, Paddy (1965). <i>Cloud Walkers - Six Climbs on Major Canadian Peaks</i>. Toronto, Canada: Macmillan of Canada. Lib Congress Cat# 65-25069.</cite></li></ul>
<h2>External links[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Logan&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11">edit</a>]</h2>
<ul><li><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122101/http://www.peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=155">"Mount Logan"</a>. <i>Peakware.com</i>. Archived from <a href="http://www.peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=155">the original</a> on March 4, 2016.</cite></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/5000mtn/logan.html">2009 Trip Report</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/expositions-exhibitions/logan/en/index.php?/md/home">Mount Logan Canadian Titan - Virtual Museum of Canada</a></li></ul>
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 * (Top)
 * 1 Peaks of the massif
 * 2 Discovery and naming
 * 3 Ascent attempts
 + 3.1 First ascent
 + 3.2 Subsequent notable ascents and attempts
 * 4 Climbing Rules
 * 5 Proposed renaming
 * 6 See also
 * 7 References
 * 8 Bibliography
 * 9 External links
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 Mount Logan

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 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 For other uses, see Mount Logan (disambiguation).

 Mount Logan 
 Mount Logan from the southeast 
 Highest point 
 Elevation 5,959 m (19,551 ft)[1][2]  
 Prominence 5,250 m (17,220 ft)[3]  
 Parent peak Denali[4]  
 Isolation 624 km (388 mi)  
 * World most prominent peaks 6th  
 * Seven Second Summits 3rd  
 * Country high points 15th  
 Listing * North America highest peaks 2nd  
 * North America prominent peaks 2nd  
 * North America isolated peaks 22nd  
 * Canada highest major peaks 1st  
 Coordinates 60°34′02″N 140°24′19″W ﻿ / ﻿ 60.56722°N 140.40528°W Coordinates : 60°34′02″N 140°24′19″W ﻿ / ﻿ 60.56722°N 140.40528°W [5]
 Geography 
 Mount Logan 
 Location in Yukon, Canada
 Country Canada  
 Territory Yukon  
 Parent range Saint Elias Mountains  
 Topo map NTS 115C9 McArthur Peak[5]  
 Climbing 
 First ascent 1925 by A.H. MacCarthy et al.  
 Easiest route glacier/snow/ice climb  
 

 Mount Logan (/ ˈ l oʊ ɡ ən /) is the highest mountain in Canada and the second-highest peak in North America after Denali. The mountain was named after Sir William Edmond Logan, a Canadian geologist and founder of the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC). Mount Logan is located within Kluane National Park Reserve[6] in southwestern Yukon, less than 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of the Yukon–Alaska border. Mount Logan is the source of the Hubbard and Logan glaciers. Although many shield volcanoes are much larger in size and mass, Mount Logan is believed to have the largest base circumference of any non-volcanic mountain on Earth,[7] including a massif with eleven peaks over 5,000 metres (16,400 ft).[8][9]

 Due to active tectonic uplifting, Mount Logan is still rising in height (approximately 0.35 mm per year).[10] Before 1992, the exact elevation of Mount Logan was unknown and measurements ranged from 5,959 to 6,050 metres (19,551 to 19,849 ft). In May 1992, a GSC expedition climbed Mount Logan and fixed the current height of 5,959 metres (19,551 ft) using GPS.[8][11][12]

 Temperatures are extremely low on and near Mount Logan. On the 5,000-metre-high (16,000 ft) plateau, air temperature hovers around −45 °C (−49 °F) in the winter and reaches near freezing in summer with the median temperature for the year around −27 °C (−17 °F). Minimal snow melt leads to a significant ice cap, almost 300 metres (980 ft) thick in certain spots.[9]

 Peaks of the massif [ edit ]

 The Mount Logan massif is considered to contain all the surrounding peaks with less than 500 m (1,640 ft) of prominence, as listed below:

 Peak Height Prominence Coordinates 
 Main[3] 5,959 m (19,551 ft) 5,250 m (17,224 ft) above Mentasta Pass 60°34′2″N 140°24′19″W ﻿ / ﻿ 60.56722°N 140.40528°W 
 Philippe Peak (West)[13] 5,925 m (19,439 ft) 265 m (869 ft) 60°34′42.6″N 140°26′02.4″W ﻿ / ﻿ 60.578500°N 140.434000°W
 Logan East Peak (Stuart Peak)[14] 5,898 m (19,350 ft) 198 m (650 ft) 60°34′31.1″N 140°22′00.1″W ﻿ / ﻿ 60.575306°N 140.366694°W
 Houston's Peak[15] 5,740 m (18,832 ft) 100 m (328 ft) 60°35′03.5″N 140°27′20.5″W ﻿ / ﻿ 60.584306°N 140.455694°W
 Prospector Peak[16] 5,644 m (18,517 ft) 344 m (1,129 ft) 60°35′58.9″N 140°30′40.7″W ﻿ / ﻿ 60.599694°N 140.511306°W
 AINA Peak[17] 5,630 m (18,471 ft) 130 m (427 ft) 60°36′31.8″N 140°31′48.6″W ﻿ / ﻿ 60.608833°N 140.530167°W
 Russell Peak[18] 5,580 m (18,307 ft) 80 m (262 ft) 60°35′31.2″N 140°29′08.9″W ﻿ / ﻿ 60.592000°N 140.485806°W
 Tudor Peak (Logan North Peak)[19] 5,559 m (18,238 ft) 219 m (719 ft) 60°36′58.2″N 140°29′35.4″W ﻿ / ﻿ 60.616167°N 140.493167°W
 Saxon Peak (Northeast)[20] 5,500 m (18,045 ft) 80 m (262 ft) 60°37′12.0″N 140°27′57.6″W ﻿ / ﻿ 60.620000°N 140.466000°W
 Queen Peak[21] 5,380 m (17,651 ft) 160 m (525 ft) 60°36′33.5″N 140°35′12.5″W ﻿ / ﻿ 60.609306°N 140.586806°W
 Capet Peak (Northwest)[22] 5,250 m (17,224 ft) 240 m (787 ft) 60°38′15.0″N 140°32′41.3″W ﻿ / ﻿ 60.637500°N 140.544806°W
 Catenary Peak[23] 4,097 m (13,442 ft) 397 m (1,302 ft) 60°36′36.0″N 140°17′52.1″W ﻿ / ﻿ 60.610000°N 140.297806°W
 Teddy Peak[24] 3,956 m (12,979 ft) 456 m (1,496 ft) 60°32′37.7″N 140°28′41.5″W ﻿ / ﻿ 60.543806°N 140.478194°W
 

 Discovery and naming [ edit ]

 Mount Logan is not readily visible from the surrounding lowlands or the coast, due to its position in the heart of the Saint Elias Mountains, although it can be seen from 200 kilometres (125 mi) out to sea.[25] Its first reported sighting was in 1890 by Israel C. Russell, during an expedition to nearby Mount Saint Elias, from the crest of the Pinnacle Pass Hills ( 60°9.5′N 140°18′W ﻿ / ﻿ 60.1583°N 140.300°W ). He wrote: "The clouds parting toward the northeast revealed several giant peaks not before seen... One stranger, rising in three white domes far above the clouds, was especially magnificent".[26][27] Russell gave the mountain its present name.

 In 1894 Mount Logan's elevation was determined to be about 19,500 ft or 5,950 m, making it the highest known peak in North America at the time.[28] In 1898, Denali was determined to be higher.[29]

 Ascent attempts [ edit ]

 First ascent [ edit ]

 Mount Logan from the North East, as seen from Kluane Icefield

 In 1922, a geologist approached the Alpine Club of Canada with the suggestion that the club send a team to the mountain to reach the summit for the first time. An international team of Canadian, British and American climbers was assembled the following year, initially planning an attempt in 1924 but forced by funding and preparation delays to postpone the trip until 1925. The international team of climbers began their journey in early May, crossing the mainland from the Pacific coast by train. They then walked the remaining 200 kilometres (120 mi) to within 10 kilometres (6 mi) of the Logan Glacier where they established base camp. In the early evening of June 23, 1925, Albert H. MacCarthy (leader), H.F. Lambart, Allen Carpé, W.W. Foster, Norman H. Read and Andy Taylor stood on top for the first time.[9][30] It had taken them 65 days to approach the mountain from the nearest town (McCarthy across the border in Alaska), reach the summit, and return, with all climbers intact, although some of them suffered severe frostbite.[31]

 Subsequent notable ascents and attempts [ edit ]

 A climber on the knife ridge (east ridge)
 * 1957 East Ridge. Don Monk, Gil Roberts and three others (US) reached the East Peak on July 19 after a 24-day climb.[32][33]
 * 1959 East Ridge, second ascent and first alpine-style ascent, Hans Gmoser and five others (Canada). Starting from Kluane Lake, they hiked and skied 160 kilometres (100 mi) to reach the base of the mountain. They climbed the ridge in six days and summited the East Peak on June 12.[34]
 * 1965 Hummingbird Ridge (South Ridge). Dick Long, Allen Steck, Jim Wilson, John Evans, Franklin Coale Sr. and Paul Bacon (US) over 30 days, mid-July to Mid-August. Fred Beckey remarked: "When they got back we just couldn't believe that they had climbed that thing. We didn't think they had a chance".[35] Featured in Fifty Classic Climbs of North America. As of 2023 the climb remains unrepeated.
 * 1967, August, the first ski descent of the mountain was made in two stages by Daniel C. Taylor main summit to the Kluane glacier [36]
 * 1977 Warbler Ridge. Dave Jones, Frank Baumann, Fred Thiessen, Jay Page (all from Canada) and Rene Bucher (Swiss) in 22 days.[37]
 * 1978 West Ridge. Steve Davis (WA), Jon Waterman, George Sievewright, Roger Hurt (NH). Climbed ridge in 27 days "capsule-style".[38]
 * 1979 Northwest Ridge Michael Down (CA), Paul Kindree, John Howe, Reid Carter and John Wittmayer climbed to the summit over 22 days, topping out on June 19.[39]
 * 1979 South-Southwest Ridge. Raymond Jotterand (CA), Alan Burgess, Jim Elzinga and John Lauchlan reached the summit after 15 days of climbing on June 30 and July 1.[40]
 * 1986 First winter ascent by Todd Frankiewicz, Willy Hersman, Steve Koslow, George Rooney, Vernon Tejas and John Bauman via the King’s Trench Route on March 16.[41][42]
 * 1987 David Cheesmond and Catherine Freer disappeared while attempting to repeat the Hummingbird Ridge.[43]
 * 1992 June 6, an expedition sponsored by the Royal Canadian Geographic Society confirmed the height of Mount Logan using GPS. The leader was Michael Schmidt, with Lisel Currie, Leo Nadeay, Charlie Roots, J-C. Lavergne, Roger Laurilla, Patrick Morrow, Karl Nagy, Sue Gould, Alan Björn, Lloyd Freese, Kevin McLaughlin and Rick Staley.[44]
 * 2005 late May. Three climbers from the Vancouver-based North Shore Rescue team became stranded on the mountain. A joint operation by Canadian and American forces rescued the three climbers and took them to Anchorage, Alaska for treatment of frostbite.[45]
 * 2017 May 23. 15-year-old Naomi Prohaska reached the summit, the youngest person to do so. She was part of a team led by her father.[46]
 * 2018 June 14. The first all US veteran team reached the summit. The six-person team was unguided and part of the US non-profit organization Veterans Expeditions.[47]
 Mount Logan 3D view

 Climbing Rules [ edit ]

 In January 2020, due to the expensive cost of search and rescue operations in recent years, Parks Canada announced new rules for climbing Mt. Logan:

 * No solo expeditions
 * No winter expeditions (which also includes all of Kluane National Park)
 * Climbers must have insurance to cover the cost of search and rescue.[48]

 There have been eight rescue missions in the past seven years in Kluane National Park. Each mission typically costs between $60,000 to $100,000 CAD which is paid for by Canadian taxpayers. A Parks Canada spokesperson said the new rules are to help reduce the financial burden to taxpayers.[48]

 Proposed renaming [ edit ]

 Following the death of former Prime Minister of Canada Pierre Trudeau in 2000, then Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, a close friend of Trudeau, proposed renaming the mountain Mount Trudeau.[49][50] However opposition from Yukoners, mountaineers, geologists, Trudeau's political critics, and many other Canadians forced the plan to be dropped.[51] A mountain in British Columbia's Premier Range was named Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau instead.[52]

 See also [ edit ]

 * North America portal
 * Canada portal
 * Mountains portal
 * List of mountain peaks of North America
 + List of mountain peaks of Canada
 o List of highest points of Canadian provinces and territories
 o List of Ultras in Canada
 * List of elevation extremes by country

 References [ edit ]

 1. ^ "Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut Ultra-Prominences". Peaklist.org . Retrieved March 25, 2015 .
 2. ^ "Topographic map of Mount Logan". opentopomap.org . Retrieved November 7, 2021 .
 3. ^ a b "Mount Logan". Bivouac.com . Retrieved July 15, 2007 .
 4. ^ "Mount Logan". Peakbagger.com . Retrieved August 27, 2010 .
 5. ^ a b "Mount Logan". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada . Retrieved September 6, 2019 .
 6. ^ "Kluane National Park and Reserve of Canada". Parks Canada . Retrieved August 1, 2010 .
 7. ^ Brown, Michael (June 11, 2021). "Researchers summit Mount Logan to document 30,000 years of climate history". University of Alberta . Retrieved June 5, 2022 .
 8. ^ a b "Mount Logan". Geological Survey of Canada. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012 . Retrieved April 12, 2007 .
 9. ^ a b c "Mount Logan: Canadian Titan". Virtual Museum of Canada . Retrieved September 18, 2008 .
 10. ^ Roots, Charlie F.; Currie, Lisel D. (1993). "Geodetic and geological observations from the 1992 Mount Logan expedition, Yukon Territory". Paper 93-1A: Current Research, Part a Cordillera and Pacific Margin. Geological Survey of Canada: 22. doi:10.4095/134186.
 11. ^ "How scientists solved the mystery of Mount Logan's true height". Canadian Geographic. May 4, 2017 [1992] . Retrieved February 15, 2019 .
 12. ^ Tukker, Paul (June 5, 2022). "High tech: How mountaineers used early GPS on Canada's tallest peak". CBC News . Retrieved June 5, 2022 .
 13. ^ "Philippe Peak". Bivouac.com . Retrieved July 15, 2007 .
 14. ^ "Logan East Peak (Stuart Peak)". Bivouac.com . Retrieved July 15, 2007 .
 15. ^ "Houston's Peak". Bivouac.com . Retrieved July 15, 2007 .
 16. ^ "Prospector Peak". Bivouac.com . Retrieved July 15, 2007 .
 17. ^ "AINA Peak". Bivouac.com . Retrieved July 15, 2007 .
 18. ^ "Russell Peak". Bivouac.com . Retrieved July 15, 2007 .
 19. ^ "Tudor Peak (Logan North Peak)". Bivouac.com . Retrieved July 15, 2007 .
 20. ^ "Saxon Peak". Bivouac.com . Retrieved July 15, 2007 .
 21. ^ "Queen Peak". Bivouac.com . Retrieved July 15, 2007 .
 22. ^ "Capet Peak (Northwest Peak)". Bivouac.com . Retrieved July 15, 2007 .
 23. ^ "Catenary Peak". Bivouac.com . Retrieved July 15, 2007 .
 24. ^ "Teddy Peak". Bivouac.com . Retrieved July 15, 2007 .
 25. ^ Lambart, H.F. (1926). "The Conquest of Mount Logan". Geographical Journal. LXVIII: 1–23.
 26. ^ Holdsworth, Gerald. "Mount Logan". The Canadian Encyclopedia.
 27. ^ Russell, Israel C. (1891). "An Expedition to Mt. Saint Elias, Alaska". National Geographic Magazine. III: 141.
 28. ^ "Washington Letter". Bulletin of the American Geographical Society of New York. 26: 102–103. 1894.
 29. ^ Stuck, Hudson (1918). The Ascent of Denali (Mount McKinley). Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 159.
 30. ^ "Conquering Mount Logan". Parks Canada. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017 . Retrieved April 12, 2007 .
 31. ^ Sherman pp. 1–38
 32. ^ Selters pp. 170–171
 33. ^ Collins, D.; Roberts, G. (1958). "Mount Logan – East Peak". American Alpine Journal. American Alpine Club . Retrieved June 5, 2022 .
 34. ^ Gmoser, Hans (1960). "Canadian Mount Logan Expedition". American Alpine Journal. American Alpine Club . Retrieved June 5, 2022 .
 35. ^ Selters pp. 179-182
 36. ^ Arctic Institute of North America Newsletter, November 1967
 37. ^ Scott pp. 319–320
 38. ^ Hirt, Roger (1979). "Mount Logan's West Ridge". American Alpine Journal. American Alpine Club . Retrieved February 15, 2019 .
 39. ^ Down, Michael (1980). "Climbs and Expeditions". American Alpine Journal. New York, NY, USA: American Alpine Club. 22 (53): 559. ISSN 0065-6925.
 40. ^ Jotterand, Raymond (1980). "Climbs and Expeditions". American Alpine Journal. New York, NY, USA: American Alpine Club. 22 (53): 557–559. ISSN 0065-6925.
 41. ^ Bauman, John (1987). "North America, Canada, Yukon Territory, Mount Logan, First Winter Ascent". American Alpine Journal. American Alpine Club . Retrieved April 13, 2022 .
 42. ^ Medred, Craig (December 8, 1988). "Skier Took One Risk Too Many, Friends Say" (PDF) . Chugach National Forest Avalanche Information Center. United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved October 31, 2022 .
 43. ^ Lowe, George H. (1988). "David Cheesmond, 1952-1987". American Alpine Journal. American Alpine Club . Retrieved June 5, 2022 .
 44. ^ Sept/Oct. Canadian Geographic. 1992.
 45. ^ "ACC Accident report for May 2005". Alpine Club of Canada - Edmonton section. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007 . Retrieved April 12, 2007 .
 46. ^ "B.C. teen becomes youngest climber to reach Canada's highest peak". CBC News. June 4, 2017 . Retrieved June 4, 2017 .
 47. ^ "US Veterans Summit Logan 2018". Mountain Project. January 10, 2019 . Retrieved January 10, 2019 .
 48. ^ a b "As rescue costs soar, Parks Canada sets new rules for climbing Canada's highest peak". CBC News. January 16, 2020 . Retrieved January 14, 2022 .
 49. ^ "Mount Logan to become Mount Trudeau". CBC News. October 5, 2000. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007 . Retrieved April 12, 2007 .
 50. ^ "Highest peak to be Trudeau Mountain". Globe and Mail. October 5, 2000. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007 . Retrieved April 12, 2007 .
 51. ^ "Government backtracks on renaming Mount Logan". Globe and Mail. October 17, 2000 . Retrieved February 15, 2019 .
 52. ^ "Former PM honoured". The Robson Valley Times. June 15, 2006. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.

 Bibliography [ edit ]

 * Irving, R. L. G. (1940). Ten Great Mountains. London: J. M. Dent & Sons. [The climbing history up to 1939 of Mount Logan, Snowdon, Ben Nevis, Ushba, Everest, Nanga Parbat, Kanchenjunga, the Matterhorn, Aoraki / Mount Cook and Mont Blanc.]
 * Roper, Steve; Steck, Allen (1979). Fifty Classic Climbs of North America. San Francisco, CA, USA: Sierra Club Books. pp. 179–182. ISBN 0-87156-292-8.
 * Scott, Chic (2000). Pushing the Limits, The Story of Canadian Mountaineering. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: Rocky Mountain Books. ISBN 0-921102-59-3 . Retrieved December 27, 2013 .
 * Selters, Andy (2004). Ways to the Sky. Golden, CO, USA: American Alpine Club Press. ISBN 0-930410-83-1.
 * Sherman, Paddy (1965). Cloud Walkers - Six Climbs on Major Canadian Peaks. Toronto, Canada: Macmillan of Canada. Lib Congress Cat# 65-25069.

 External links [ edit ]

 Mount Logan at Wikipedia's sister projects
 * Definitions from Wiktionary
 * Media from Commons
 * News from Wikinews
 * Quotations from Wikiquote
 * Texts from Wikisource
 * Textbooks from Wikibooks
 * Resources from Wikiversity
 * "Mount Logan". Peakware.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
 * 2009 Trip Report
 * Mount Logan Canadian Titan - Virtual Museum of Canada
 * v 
 * t 
 * e 
 The 124 highest major summits of greater North America
 1. Denali 
 2. Mount Logan 
 3. Pico de Orizaba 
 4. Mount Saint Elias 
 5. Popocatépetl 
 6. Mount Foraker 
 7. Mount Lucania 
 8. Iztaccíhuatl 
 9. King Peak 
 10. Mount Bona 
 11. Mount Steele 
 12. Mount Blackburn 
 13. Mount Sanford 
 14. Mount Wood 
 15. Mount Vancouver 
 16. Mount Slaggard 
 17. Nevado de Toluca 
 18. Mount Fairweather 
 19. Mount Hubbard 
 20. Mount Bear 
 21. Mount Walsh 
 22. Mount Hunter 
 23. La Malinche 
 24. Mount Whitney 
 25. Mount Alverstone 
 26. University Peak 
 27. Mount Elbert 
 28. Mount Massive 
 29. Mount Harvard 
 30. Mount Rainier 
 31. Mount Williamson 
 32. McArthur Peak 
 33. Blanca Peak 
 34. La Plata Peak 
 35. Uncompahgre Peak 
 36. Crestone Peak 
 37. Mount Lincoln 
 38. Castle Peak 
 39. Grays Peak 
 40. Mount Antero 
 41. Mount Evans 
 42. Longs Peak 
 43. Mount Wilson 
 44. White Mountain Peak 
 45. North Palisade 
 46. Mount Princeton 
 47. Mount Yale 
 48. Mount Shasta 
 49. Maroon Peak 
 50. Mount Wrangell 
 51. Mount Sneffels 
 52. Capitol Peak 
 53. Pikes Peak 
 54. Windom Peak/Mount Eolus 
 55. Mount Augusta 
 56. Handies Peak 
 57. Culebra Peak 
 58. San Luis Peak 
 59. Mount of the Holy Cross 
 60. Nevado de Colima 
 61. Grizzly Peak 
 62. Mount Humphreys 
 63. Mount Keith 
 64. Mount Strickland 
 65. Mount Ouray 
 66. Vermilion Peak 
 67. Avalanche Peak 
 68. Atna Peaks 
 69. Volcán Tajumulco 
 70. Regal Mountain 
 71. Mount Darwin 
 72. Mount Hayes 
 73. Mount Silverheels 
 74. Rio Grande Pyramid 
 75. Cofre de Perote 
 76. Gannett Peak 
 77. Mount Kaweah 
 78. Grand Teton 
 79. Mount Cook 
 80. Mount Morgan 
 81. Mount Gabb 
 82. Bald Mountain 
 83. Mount Oso 
 84. Mount Jackson 
 85. Mount Tom 
 86. Bard Peak 
 87. West Spanish Peak 
 88. Mount Powell 
 89. Hagues Peak 
 90. Mount Dubois 
 91. Tower Mountain 
 92. Treasure Mountain 
 93. Kings Peak 
 94. North Arapaho Peak 
 95. Mount Pinchot 
 96. Mount Natazhat 
 97. Mount Jarvis 
 98. Parry Peak 
 99. Bill Williams Peak 
 100. Sultan Mountain 
 101. Mount Herard 
 102. Volcán Tacaná 
 103. West Buffalo Peak 
 104. Mount Craig 
 105. Tressider Peak 
 106. Summit Peak 
 107. Middle Peak/Dolores Peak 
 108. Antora Peak 
 109. Henry Mountain 
 110. Hesperus Mountain 
 111. Mount Silverthrone 
 112. Jacque Peak 
 113. Bennett Peak 
 114. Wind River Peak 
 115. Mount Waddington 
 116. Conejos Peak 
 117. Mount Marcus Baker 
 118. Cloud Peak 
 119. Wheeler Peak 
 120. Francs Peak 
 121. Twilight Peak 
 122. South River Peak 
 123. Mount Ritter 
 124. Red Slate Mountain 
 
 * v 
 * t 
 * e 
 The 100 most prominent summits of greater North America
 * Denali 
 * Mount Logan 
 * Pico de Orizaba 
 * Mount Rainier 
 * Volcán Tajumulco 
 * Mount Fairweather 
 * Chirripó Grande 
 * Gunnbjørn Fjeld 
 * Mount Blackburn 
 * Mount Hayes 
 * Mount Saint Elias 
 * Mount Waddington 
 * Mount Marcus Baker 
 * Pico Duarte 
 * Mount Lucania 
 * Mount Whitney 
 * Popocatépetl 
 * Mount Shasta 
 * Monarch Mountain 
 * Shishaldin Volcano 
 * Mount Robson 
 * Redoubt Volcano 
 * Mount Elbert 
 * Mount Sir Wilfrid Laurier 
 * Nevado de Colima 
 * Mount Vancouver 
 * Mount Sir Sandford 
 * Mount Baker 
 * Mount Torbert 
 * Pic la Selle 
 * Barbeau Peak 
 * San Jacinto Peak 
 * San Gorgonio Mountain 
 * Charleston Peak 
 * Pavlof Volcano 
 * Mount Veniaminof 
 * Mount Adams 
 * Skihist Mountain 
 * Mount Hubbard 
 * Mount Ratz 
 * Mount Odin 
 * Mount Isto 
 * Mount Monashee 
 * Iliamna Volcano 
 * Mount Olympus 
 * Mount Columbia 
 * Mount Queen Bess 
 * Mount Cook 
 * Mount Hood 
 * Mount Sanford 
 * Mount Tom White 
 * Mount Cooper 
 * Wheeler Peak 
 * Ulysses Mountain 
 * Glacier Peak 
 * Mount Kimball 
 * Blue Mountain Peak 
 * Wedge Mountain 
 * Otter Mountain 
 * Mount Griggs 
 * Nevado de Toluca 
 * Kwatna Peak 
 * Outlook Peak 
 * Mount Foraker 
 * Golden Hinde 
 * White Mountain Peak 
 * Mount Crillon 
 * Stauning Alper 
 * Cerro Teotepec 
 * Scud Peak 
 * Keele Peak 
 * Cloud Peak 
 * Gannett Peak 
 * Razorback Mountain 
 * Mount Vsevidof 
 * Mount Odin 
 * Cerro el Nacimiento 
 * Mount Hesperus 
 * Picacho del Diablo 
 * Mount Farnham 
 * Palup Qaqa HP 
 * Mount Bona 
 * Oscar Peak 
 * Pic Macaya 
 * Montaña de Santa Bárbara 
 * Mount Assiniboine 
 * Mount Jancowski 
 * Cerro Las Minas 
 * Mount Drum 
 * Gladsheim Peak 
 * Milne Land HP 
 * Mount Dawson 
 * Payers Tinde 
 * Beitstad Peak 
 * Mount Chiginagak 
 * Mount Edith Cavell 
 * Alsek Peak 
 * Mount Valpy 
 * Perserajoq 
 * Mount Cairnes 
 
 * v 
 * t 
 * e 
 The 107 most isolated major summits of greater North America
 * Denali 
 * Gunnbjørn Fjeld 
 * Pico de Orizaba 
 * Mount Whitney 
 * Mount Mitchell 
 * Mount Washington 
 * Mount Rainier 
 * Mount Elbert 
 * Pico Duarte 
 * Chirripó Grande 
 * Shishaldin Volcano 
 * Barbeau Peak 
 * Mount Caubvick 
 * Volcán Tajumulco 
 * Melville Island HP 
 * La Grande Soufrière 
 * Tanaga Volcano 
 * Avannaarsua HP 
 * Mount Isto 
 * Cerro San Rafael 
 * Mathiassen Mountain 
 * Mount Logan 
 * Angilaaq Mountain 
 * Signal Hill 
 * Mount Odin 
 * Cerro el Potosí 
 * Mount Waddington 
 * Melville Hills HP 
 * Keele Peak 
 * Mount Shasta 
 * Perserajoq 
 * Mealy Mountains HP 
 * Peary Land HP 
 * The Cabox 
 * Volcán Everman 
 * Greenland Ice Sheet HP 
 * Gannett Peak 
 * Mont Yapeitso 
 * Mount Robson 
 * Mount Osborn 
 * Mount Igikpak 
 * Ulysses Mountain 
 * Cerro de Punta 
 * Cerro Gordo 
 * Pico San Juan 
 * Mont Jacques-Cartier 
 * Nevado de Colima 
 * Sukkertoppen 
 * Humphreys Peak 
 * Haffner Bjerg 
 * Victoria Island HP 
 * Wheeler Peak 
 * Revaltoppe 
 * Kisimngiuqtuq Peak 
 * Mount Vsevidof 
 * Mont Forel 
 * Beitstad Peak 
 * Hahn Land HP 
 * Pico La Laguna 
 * Volcán Las Tres Vírgenes 
 * Isla Guadalupe HP 
 * Mount Veniaminof 
 * Picacho del Diablo 
 * Cerro el Nacimiento 
 * Mount Ratz 
 * Hall Island HP 
 * Dillingham HP 
 * Mount Paatusoq 
 * Petermann Bjerg 
 * Spruce Knob 
 * Blue Mountain Peak 
 * Kings Peak 
 * Outlook Peak 
 * Sierra Blanca Peak 
 * Devon Ice Cap HP 
 * Point 1740 
 * San Gorgonio Mountain 
 * Manuel Peak 
 * Katahdin 
 * Peak 4030 
 * Howson Peak 
 * Mount Baldy 
 * Borah Peak 
 * Sierra Fría 
 * Cloud Peak 
 * Cerro Mohinora 
 * Fox Mountain 
 * Cap Mountain 
 * Sierra la Madera 
 * Black Elk Peak 
 * Mount Frank Rae 
 * Mount Nirvana 
 * Slide Mountain 
 * Durham Heights 
 * Mount Griggs 
 * Charleston Peak 
 * Pico Turquino 
 * Pic Macaya 
 * Junipero Serra Peak 
 * Mount Baker 
 * Mount Marcy 
 * Mount Raoul Blanchard 
 * Mount Marcus Baker 
 * Mount Hayes 
 * Sacajawea Peak 
 * Steens Mountain 
 * Mount Fairweather 
 
 * v 
 * t 
 * e 
 Seven Second Summits
 Asia * K2 (8,611 m or 28,251 ft) 
 South America * Ojos del Salado (6,893 m or 22,615 ft)
 North America * Mount Logan (5,959 m or 19,551 ft) 
 Europe * Dykh-Tau (5,205 m or 17,077 ft) 
 * or Dufourspitze (4,634 m or 15,203 ft)
 Africa * Mount Kenya (5,199 m or 17,057 ft) 
 Antarctica * Mount Tyree (4,852 m or 15,919 ft) 
 Oceania * Puncak Mandala (4,760 m or 15,617 ft) 
 Australia * Mount Townsend (2,209 m or 7,247 ft) 
 
 * v 
 * t 
 * e 
 Subdivisions of Yukon 
  * Carmacks  
  * Dawson City  
  * Faro  
 Municipalities * Haines Junction  
  * Mayo  
  * Teslin  
  * Watson Lake  
  * Whitehorse (capital)  
 Unorganized areas * Unorganized Yukon  
  * Beaver Creek  
  * Burwash Landing  
  * Carcross  
  * Conrad  
  * Champagne Landing  
  * Destruction Bay  
  * Ibex Valley  
  * Johnsons Crossing  
  * Keno City  
 Communities * Lansdowne  
 (unincorporated) * Marsh Lake  
  * Mount Lorne  
  * Old Crow  
  * Pelly Crossing  
  * Ross River  
  * Stewart Crossing  
  * Swift River  
  * Tagish  
  * Two Mile and Two and One-Half Mile Village (formerly Two and One-Half Mile Village and Two Mile Village)
  * Upper Liard  
  * Canyon City  
  * Clinton Creek  
  * Elsa  
 Ghost towns * Forty Mile  
  * Grand Forks  
  * Moose Hide  
  * Paris  
  * Snag  
  * Ivvavik  
 Parks * Kluane  
  * Tombstone  
  * Vuntut  
 Regions * Klondike  
 * Category:Yukon 
 * Portal:Canada 
 * WikiProject:Canadian Territories
 
 Authority control
 * VIAF 
 General + 1 
 * WorldCat (via VIAF)
 National libraries * Germany 
 * United States 
 
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Mount Logan - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Logan
None
2024-05-08T00:00:00Z
<div><div>
        <h2>Overview</h2><p>The mountain was originally named Tahoma or "Great Snowy Peak" by the Yakima Indians. Captain George Vancouver renamed it after Admiral Peter Rainier of the British Navy during a scouting expedition on May 7, 1792. This name was hotly contested for over 100 years, because Americans felt it shouldn't be named after a British officer who had never even been to the U.S.</p><p>The first ascent is believed to be in 1852, but is undocumented. The first recorded ascent was on August 17, 1870 by General Hazard Stevens and Philemon Van Trump, via the Gibralter Ledges route. James Longmire introduced the climbing party to the Yakima Indian Sluiskin who provided the party with assistance in getting to the base of the mountain. They climbed in 1 day from their camp just below the Gibralter Ledges. Upon reaching the summit, they nearly collapsed due to exhaustion, but managed to find a steam vent to hide in.</p><p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/mount-rainier-on-march-23/18965"></a> <span>South Side</span></p><p>On March 2, 1899 president William McKinley authorized the creation of Mount Rainier National Park protecting 235,625 acres, including over 35 square miles of glaciers blanketing the mountain. There are 25 large named glaciers on Mount Rainier, including the enormous Emmons, which flows down the east face.</p><p>It is the highest volcano of the Cascade Range and the fifth highest mountain of the continental USA. This is a huge mountain with multiple glaciers and routes of all technical levels.  Mount Rainier, the most heavily glaciated peak in the contiguous United States, offers an exciting challenge to the mountaineer.  The regularly climbed routes are the Disappointment Cleaver and the Emmons Glacier which are consider class 4 routes. More than 10,000 people a year try to scale this mountain and many expeditions for bigger mountains come to Rainier for their training runs.</p><p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/looking-up-nisqually-glacier/54359"></a> <span>Nisqually Glacier</span></p><p>The summit of this mountain is unique to mountains.  There are actually 3 separately classified summits of this peak, Columbia Crest which is the highest point at 14,411 feet, Point Success at 14,158 feet to the southwest, and Liberty Cap at 14,112 feet to the northwest all separated by a large crater.  The most standard routes actually bring you to the crater rim at 14,150 feet.  A lot of climbers consider this as the summit, or close enough, but to attain the true summit, it is an hour walk round trip a quarter mile across the crater to Columbia Crest.  Here you can find a summit log.</p><p><strong> ----  A Word on the Height of the Mountain ----</strong></p><p>There has been some questions regarding the true height of the mountain recently.  In books it is reported as 14,410 and 14,411.  There are a couple sources (unofficial) that report as high as 14,414.  However,  the National Park Service and all other official sources recognize the height as 14,411.05 feet. This is based on a recent survey of the mountain. This is 12.6 inches taller than figured in 1956 (hence the 1 foot discrepancy in many books).  Using data from a constellation of satellites and the number-crunching power of modern computers, Bothell surveyor Larry Signani calculated the mountain's height at 14,411.05 feet—just 12.6 inches taller than the official height computed in 1956 by the U.S. Geological Survey, using traditional triangulation methods.  </p><p>The new measurement is even closer to the 14,411.1 feet logged in 1988 by many of the same people involved in this latest effort.  The new measurement was made using Global Positioning System, or GPS, data, which surveyors can now use to pinpoint elevations with unprecedented accuracy.   In late August, a team of six surveyors climbed the summit carrying two lightweight GPS receivers, which detect electronic signals from 24 GPS satellites orbiting the earth.   Measurements are calculated by timing how long it takes the satellite signals to reach the receiver and by doing a lot of mathematical gyrations.  </p><p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/mt-rainier-from-above/51966"></a> <span>Mount Rainier</span></p><p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/mt-rainier-in-her-glorious/63592"></a> <span>Mount Rainier</span></p><h2>Getting There</h2><p>Mount Rainier National Park has great road access from all directions in the summer, however many of the roads are closed in the winter.  There is an entrance fee of $15.00 for a vehicle.  The pass is good for 7 days.  A Mount Rainier pass is available for purchase and is good for one year.  The price of the pass is $20.00.  Do the math ... if you are going to make more than 2 trips into the park in a given year, consider buying the year long pass.   </p><p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/david-where-we-dead-ended-on/91556"></a></p><p><em><strong>Following are directions to the climbing access areas:</strong></em></p><p><u>Paradise, Longmire and Westside Climbing Access:</u></p><p>These climbing routes are accessed through the Nisqually entrance at the southwest corner of Rainier National Park.  This is the only entrance that is open year around.  Access from Yakima is through the Stevens Canyon entrance and is closed in the winter.</p><p>From Seattle (Airport):  Take I-5 south to I-405.  Go 3-4 miles on I-405 and take State Route 167 south.  Drive about 21 miles to State Route 512.  In 3 miles, exit on the right onto State Route 161 south.  Stay on 161 through Puyallup and Graham into Eatonville.  Turn left at the stop sign in Eatonville.  There is a sign to Mount Rainier there.  Follow the narrow 2 lane road to the end.  Turn left on SR 7 and continue to the town of Elbe.  Stay left on SR 706 in Elbe and drive approximately 13 miles east through Ashford to the entrance of the park.  (Note:  Ashford in the base for RMI and the Summit House if you are renting equipment or using RMI for a guide service). Once you enter the park, it is about a 30 minute scenic drive to Paradise. From the East: Take I90 west and get off at exit 110 on I82 east. Head south for approximately 30 miles, then turn west unto route 12 just before Yakima. To get to Paradise, continue on route 12 for approx. 60 miles then make a right unto route 123 and follow the signs. For the Emmons glacier route, go 20 miles on route 20, then turn right unto route 410. Once inside the park, make a right on route 123 then a left on Sunrise Park Road. Note that all access to Mount Rainier from the east is closed in the winter and early spring. For a winter climb, first drive to Seattle then follow the directions from there.</p><p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/our-team-on-the-descent-at/62320"></a></p><p><u>Mowich Lake and Carbon River Climbing Access:</u></p><p>From Seattle (Airport):  Take I-5 south to I-405.  East 3 miles on I-405 then take SR 167 south for 11 miles.  Take SR18 at the Auburn exit.  Follow SR18 for 1 mile to SR164 (Auburn-Enumclaw exit).  Take a left at the stoplight onto SR164 towards Enumclaw.  Take a right on SR410 (stoplight) and go 4 miles to Buckley.  Take a left on SR165.  Follow this road through Wilkeson and Carbonado.  Beyond the 1 lane bridge there will be a fork in the road.  Stay right and continue about 17 miles to Mowich Lake.  If you are going to Ipsut Creek Campground (for Carbon Glacier) stay left at the fork and continue 16 miles to the campground.</p><p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/mount-rainier-and-rime-ice-on/18982"></a> <span>Muir Snowfield</span></p><p><u>White River Climbing Access:</u></p><p>This provides the best entry and exit for the routes on the north and northeast sides of the mountain.</p><p>From Seattle (Airport):  Follow directions to SR410 (see above).  Stay on SR410 31 miles east of Enumclaw to the park boundary and arch.  Continue 5 miles to the White River-Sunrise turnoff.  Turn right.  The White River ranger station in 1 mile down that road.</p><h2>Red Tape/Climbing Permits, Fees and Reservations</h2><blockquote><p><em><u>From the National Park Service Web Site:</u></em></p><p>Climbers must register to travel above 10,000 feet or onto glaciers. Primary registration locations are the Paradise Ranger Station, White River Wilderness Information Center, and the Wilkeson Wilderness Information Center. The climbing fee is $45 per person per calendar year. The fee is payable when registering. Climbing fees help recover costs for protecting the mountain's delicate and unique alpine environment, staffing the mountain's high camps and ranger stations with climbing rangers, managing upper mountain human waste and providing rangers who can rapidly respond to incidents on the mountain. For more information on climbing fee check out <strong><a href="http://www.nps.gov/mora/planyourvisit/climbing-pass.htm"><span>FAQ's about Climbing Fees</span></a></strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/looking-down-on-the-climbers/1013"></a> <span>Camp Muir</span></p><p>An in-park Wilderness Reservation System is available for climbers and backpackers planning trips during the May 1 to September 30 period. A reservations office is staffed at the Longmire Wilderness Information Center during the summer months. Beginning April 1st, reservations can be made by printing and completing a <a href="http://www.nps.gov/mora/planyourvisit/upload/ClimbingPassForm2015.pdf"><strong><span>Reservation Request Form</span></strong></a> and faxing it to (360) 569-3131 or mailing it to: Wilderness Reservations Office, Tahoma Woods Star Route, Ashford, WA 98304. Tel. (360) 569-HIKE. There is a $20 reservation fee for advance reservations. This fee is in addition to the climbing permit fee and does not guarantee a spot in the public shelter at Camp Muir. Reservations can be made <span>for </span>trips between May 1st and September 30th.</p><ul><li><span>Reservation fees and climbing fees are due at the time of reservation.</span></li><li><span>Reservations will not be accepted if they are faxed or postmarked before April 1st.</span></li><li><span>For more information go to </span><strong><a href="http://http://www.nps.gov/mora/planyourvisit/climbing-pass-faqs.htm">FAQ's about Climbing Reservations</a></strong> or the <a href="http://www.nps.gov/mora/planyourvisit/upload/ClimbingPassForm2015.pdf"><strong><span>Reservation Request Form</span></strong></a>.</li></ul><p><span>Each climber must present or purchase their Mount Rainier Climbing Pass and present a valid photo I.D. at the time they register for their climb.</span></p><p>To speed your climbing registration process you may elect to purchase your Mount Rainier Climbing Pass in advance.  Simply download a <strong><a href="http://www.nps.gov/mora/planyourvisit/upload/ClimbingPassForm2015.pdf"><span>Climbing Pass Purchase Form</span></a></strong>, complete the form and fax or mail to the park.</p></blockquote><h2>When To Climb</h2><p>Climbs have been made and are commonly made all year long, but the best period is from May to August. In recent years, Mount Rainier has become quite popular to climb in the winter and early spring. Since the road to Paradise from Longmire is the only plowed access to Rainier this time of year, most ascents are made on the south side of the mountain. The two standard routes both use the hut at Camp Muir as a high camp. The first route is Gibralter Ledges, usually referred to as the "Gib Ledges", which ascends the ledge system between the Nisquilly and Ingram Glaciers. The other route is the Ingram Glacier Direct or as a variation late in the season Disappointment Cleaver route, which is used by Rainier Mountaineering from December to the end of May for their clients. If you take the Ingram route during heavy snow conditions, do not cut through Cadever Gap. Several parties have died from avalanches here. See the table below for the full descriptions of routes and their approaches.</p><h2>Camping</h2><p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/camp-schurman-in-june-04/104150"></a> <span>Camp Shurman from above</span></p><p>Parties may camp for a maximum of 14 days in the backcountry.  Maximum party size is 12 people, with any team larger than 5 considered a group.   High camps on the standard routes are located at Camp Muir on the south side and Camp Schurman on the east side.</p><p><strong>Camp Muir:</strong> Located at 10,080 ft., facilities include a Ranger Station, solar toilet, and the Muir Public Shelter which will accommodate approximately 25 people on a first-come, first-served basis.  Tent camping on the glacier is another alternative.  There is a hut at Camp Muir that is only for<a href="http://www.rmiguides.com/"> Rainier Mountaineering Inc. </a> Unless you are climbing with them, you may not use it or the facilities associated with it.</p><p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/our-camp-and-the-ingraham/1562"></a> <span>Camping on Ingraham Flats</span></p><p><strong>Camp Schurman:</strong> Located at 9,440 ft., facilities include a Ranger Station and a solar toilet.  Tent camping on the glacier.</p><p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/sunrise-from-mount-rainier-s/141457"></a> <span>Sunrise on Liberty Ridge</span></p><p>Climbers must melt snow for drinking water at both high camps. <em>Treat or boil water.</em></p><p><em>Additional Camping Information:</em></p><blockquote><blockquote><div><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Location</strong></td><td><strong>Max Number of People</strong></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Muir Snowfield</strong></td><td><strong>36</strong></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Camp Muir</strong></td><td><strong>110</strong></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Ingraham Flats</strong></td><td><strong>35</strong></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Camp Hazard</strong></td><td><strong>36</strong></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Kautz Alpine Zone</strong></td><td><strong>36</strong></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Camp Schurman</strong></td><td><strong>48</strong></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Emmons Flats</strong></td><td><strong>24</strong></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Thumb Rock</strong></td><td><strong>12</strong></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Rainier Summit</strong></td><td><strong>36</strong></td></tr></tbody></table></div></blockquote></blockquote><h2>Route Overview</h2><div><table><tbody><tr><th>Route Name</th><th>Duration</th><th>Difficulty (Alpine Grade)</th><th>Elevation Gain</th><th>Max Grade</th><th>Season<strong>Approach</strong></th></tr><tr><td><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/show/route_link.pl/route_id/161/object_id/117">Disappointment Cleaver</a></td><td>2 days</td><td>II</td><td>9,000 feet</td><td>35 degrees</td><td>June to Sept.</td><td>Paradise</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/show/route_link.pl/route_id/1686/object_id/117">Ingraham Glacier Direct</a></td><td>2 days</td><td>II</td><td>9,000 feet</td><td>35 degrees</td><td>January to May</td><td>Paradise</td></tr><tr><td>Ingraham, Gibraltar Rock</td><td>2 days</td><td>II</td><td>9,000 feet</td><td>50 degrees</td><td>January to May</td><td>Paradise</td></tr><tr><td>Gibraltar Rock</td><td>2-3 days</td><td>V</td><td>9,000 feet</td><td>80 degrees</td><td>January to May</td><td>Paradise</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/show/route_link.pl/route_id/3104/object_id/117">Gibraltar Ledges</a></td><td>2 days</td><td>II</td><td>9,000 feet</td><td>50 degrees</td><td>January to May</td><td>Paradise</td></tr><tr><td>Gibraltar Chute</td><td>2 days</td><td>II</td><td>9,000 feet</td><td>50 degrees</td><td>January to June</td><td>Paradise</td></tr><tr><td>Nisqually Headwall</td><td>2 days</td><td>III</td><td>9,000 feet</td><td>60 degrees</td><td>January to June</td><td>Paradise</td></tr><tr><td>Nisqually Ice Cliff</td><td>2 days</td><td>III</td><td>9,000 feet</td><td>55 degrees</td><td>January to June</td><td>Paradise</td></tr><tr><td>Nisqually Cleaver</td><td>2 days</td><td>III</td><td>9,000 feet</td><td>60 degrees</td><td>January to June</td><td>Paradise</td></tr><tr><td>Nisqually Cleaver Ramp Exit</td><td>2 days</td><td>III</td><td>9,000 feet</td><td>80 degrees</td><td>January to June</td><td>Paradise</td></tr><tr><td>Nisqually Icefall</td><td>2 days</td><td>III</td><td>9,000 feet</td><td>60 degrees</td><td>January to June</td><td>Paradise</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/show/route_link.pl/route_id/2181/object_id/117">Fuhrer Finger</a></td><td>2 days</td><td>II</td><td>9,000 feet</td><td>45 degrees</td><td>January to Sept.</td><td>Paradise</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/show/route_link.pl/route_id/2181/object_id/117">Fuhrer Thumb</a></td><td>2 days</td><td>II</td><td>9,000 feet</td><td>45 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>Paradise</td></tr><tr><td>Wilson Cleaver</td><td>2-3 days</td><td>IV</td><td>9,000 feet</td><td>65 degrees</td><td>January to June</td><td>Paradise</td></tr><tr><td>Wilson Headwall</td><td>2 days</td><td>III</td><td>9,000 feet</td><td>55 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>Paradise</td></tr><tr><td>Kautz Ice Cliff</td><td>2-3 days</td><td>V</td><td>9,000 feet</td><td>85 degrees</td><td>January to June</td><td>Paradise</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/show/route_link.pl/route_id/149/object_id/117">Kautz Glacier Direct</a></td><td>2 days</td><td>III</td><td>9,000 feet</td><td>70 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>Paradise</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/show/route_link.pl/route_id/149/object_id/117">Kautz Glacier Chute</a></td><td>2 days</td><td>III</td><td>9,000 feet</td><td>60 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>Paradise</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/show/route_link.pl/route_id/149/object_id/117">Kautz Headwall</a></td><td>2-4 days</td><td>III</td><td>9,000 feet</td><td>55 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>Paradise</td></tr><tr><td>Kautz Cleaver</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>II</td><td>9,000 feet</td><td>35 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>Paradise</td></tr><tr><td>Eastern Success Couloir</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>II</td><td>11,500 feet</td><td>45 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>West Road</td></tr><tr><td>Central Success Couloir</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>II</td><td>11,500 feet</td><td>45 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>West Road</td></tr><tr><td>Fickle Finger of Success</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>II</td><td>11,500 feet</td><td>50 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>West Road</td></tr><tr><td>Success Cleaver</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>II</td><td>11,500 feet</td><td>45 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>West Road</td></tr><tr><td>South Tahoma Headwall, Cleaver Exit</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>III</td><td>11,500 feet</td><td>65 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>West Road</td></tr><tr><td>South Tahoma Headwall</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>III</td><td>11,500 feet</td><td>55 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>West Road</td></tr><tr><td>Tahoma Cleaver, Buttress Entry</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>III</td><td>11,500 feet</td><td>50 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>West Road</td></tr><tr><td>Tahoma Cleaver, Lower Buttress</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>II</td><td>11,500 feet</td><td>45 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>West Road</td></tr><tr><td>Tahoma Cleaver</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>IV</td><td>11,500 feet</td><td>75 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>West Road</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/show/route_link.pl/route_id/3572/object_id/117">Tahoma Glacier</a></td><td>2-4 days</td><td>II</td><td>11,500 feet</td><td>45 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>West Road</td></tr><tr><td>Tahoma Glacier, The Sickle</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>II</td><td>11,500 feet</td><td>45 degrees</td><td>January to August</td><td>West Road</td></tr><tr><td>Sunset Amphitheater Ice Cap</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>III</td><td>11,500 feet</td><td>50 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>West Road</td></tr><tr><td>Sunset Amphitheater Headwall</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>V</td><td>11,500 feet</td><td>80 degrees</td><td>January to June</td><td>West Road</td></tr><tr><td>Sunset Amphitheater Headwall Couloir</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>III</td><td>11,500 feet</td><td>55 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>West Road</td></tr><tr><td>Sunset Ridge</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>III</td><td>11,500 feet</td><td>55 degrees</td><td>January to August</td><td>West Road</td></tr><tr><td>Edmunds Headwall</td><td>2 days</td><td>III</td><td>9,400 feet</td><td>55 degrees</td><td>Jan-July Sep-Oct</td><td>Mowich Lake</td></tr><tr><td>Central Mowich Face, Shelf Exit</td><td>2 days</td><td>IV</td><td>9,400 feet</td><td>65 degrees</td><td>Jan-July Sep-Oct</td><td>Mowich Lake</td></tr><tr><td>Central Mowich Face</td><td>2 days</td><td>III</td><td>9,400 feet</td><td>55 degrees</td><td>Jan-July Sep-Oct</td><td>Mowich Lake</td></tr><tr><td>North Mowich Headwall</td><td>2 days</td><td>IV</td><td>9,400 feet</td><td>55 degrees</td><td>Jan-July Sep-Oct</td><td>Mowich Lake</td></tr><tr><td>North Mowich Ice Cliff</td><td>2 days</td><td>V</td><td>9,400 feet</td><td>85 degrees</td><td>Jan-July Sep-Oct</td><td>Mowich Lake</td></tr><tr><td>North Mowich Icefall</td><td>2 days</td><td>IV</td><td>9,400 feet</td><td>55 degrees</td><td>Jan-July Sep-Oct</td><td>Mowich Lake</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/show/route_link.pl/route_id/451/object_id/117">Ptarmigan Ridge, Lower Shelf</a></td><td>2 days</td><td>IV</td><td>9,400 feet</td><td>55 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>Mowich Lake</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/show/route_link.pl/route_id/451/object_id/117">Ptarmigan Ridge, Upper Shelf</a></td><td>2 days</td><td>IV</td><td>9,400 feet</td><td>55 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>Mowich Lake</td></tr><tr><td>South Ptarmigan Ice Cliff</td><td>2 days</td><td>IV</td><td>9,400 feet</td><td>55 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>Mowich Lake</td></tr><tr><td>North Ptarmigan Ice Cliff</td><td>2 days</td><td>IV</td><td>9,400 feet</td><td>55 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>Mowich Lake</td></tr><tr><td>Liberty Wall Ice Cap</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>IV</td><td>11,400 feet</td><td>50 degrees</td><td>Jan-July Sep-Oct</td><td>White River</td></tr><tr><td>Liberty Wall Ice Cliff</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>V</td><td>11,400 feet</td><td>80 degrees</td><td>Jan-July Sep-Oct</td><td>White River</td></tr><tr><td>Liberty Wall Direct</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>IV+</td><td>11,400 feet</td><td>50 degrees</td><td>Jan-July Sep-Oct</td><td>White River</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/show/route_link.pl/route_id/125/object_id/117">Liberty Ridge</a></td><td>2-4 days</td><td>III+</td><td>11,400 feet</td><td>55 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>White River</td></tr><tr><td>Willis Wall, Thermogenesis</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>IV</td><td>11,400 feet</td><td>60 degrees</td><td>January to June</td><td>White River</td></tr><tr><td>Willis Wall, West Rib</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>IV+</td><td>11,400 feet</td><td>60 degrees</td><td>January to June</td><td>White River</td></tr><tr><td>Willis Wall, Ice Cliff</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>V</td><td>11,400 feet</td><td>85 degrees</td><td>January to June</td><td>White River</td></tr><tr><td>Willis Wall, Central Rib</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>IV+</td><td>11,400 feet</td><td>60 degrees</td><td>January to June</td><td>White River</td></tr><tr><td>Willis Wall, East Rib</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>IV+</td><td>11,400 feet</td><td>60 degrees</td><td>January to June</td><td>White River</td></tr><tr><td>Willis Wall East</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>IV</td><td>11,400 feet</td><td>55 degrees</td><td>January to June</td><td>White River</td></tr><tr><td>Curtis Ridge</td><td>2-4 days</td><td>IV</td><td>11,400 feet</td><td>55 degrees</td><td>January to June</td><td>White River</td></tr><tr><td>Russell Cliff Gully</td><td>2 days</td><td>II+</td><td>10,000 feet</td><td>50 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>White River</td></tr><tr><td>Russell Cliff Central Bowl</td><td>2 days</td><td>II+</td><td>10,000 feet</td><td>50 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>White River</td></tr><tr><td>Russell Cliff Upper Headwall</td><td>2 days</td><td>II+</td><td>10,000 feet</td><td>50 degrees</td><td>January to July</td><td>White River</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/show/route_link.pl/route_id/550/object_id/117">Winthrop Glacier</a></td><td>2 days</td><td>II</td><td>10,000 feet</td><td>40 degrees</td><td>January to Sept.</td><td>White River</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/show/route_link.pl/route_id/550/object_id/117">Emmons Glacier</a></td><td>2 days</td><td>II</td><td>10,000 feet</td><td>40 degrees</td><td>January to Sept.</td><td>White River</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Special thanks to <a href="https://www.summitpost.org/mountains/user_link.pl/user_id/3405">Martin Cash </a>for a lot of the initial work on building the above table.</p><p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/above-13k-ft-on-the-dc-route/65796"></a> <span>Sunrise on the DC Route</span></p><p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/rainier-in-alpenglow/15141"></a></p><h2>Mountain Conditions/Information</h2><p>This is the average high and low temperatures for the summit of Mount Rainier.</p><div><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Month</strong></td><td><strong>High</strong></td><td><strong>Low</strong></td></tr><tr><td>January</td><td>7</td><td>-3</td></tr><tr><td>February</td><td>9</td><td>-2</td></tr><tr><td>March</td><td>11</td><td>-2</td></tr><tr><td>April</td><td>17</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>May</td><td>22</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Jun</td><td>26</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>July</td><td>33</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>August</td><td>32</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>September</td><td>28</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>October</td><td>20</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>November</td><td>14</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>December</td><td>8</td><td>-2</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><strong><em>Thank You </em></strong> <a href="https://www.summitpost.org/mountains/user_link.pl?user_id=16991"> Scott Patterson</a> for the above information.</p><p><strong><em>Below are some useful links for Mount Rainier:</em></strong></p><p><strong><a href="http://www.nps.gov/mora/">Mount Rainier National Park</a></strong></p><p><strong><a href="http://www.topozone.com">Mountain Topo Maps</a></strong> <strong><a href="http://www.atmos.washington.edu/data/rainier_report.html">National Weather Service Mount Rainier</a></strong></p><p><span><strong><a href="http://www.avalanche.org/">Current Avalanche Information</a></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><a href="http://www.atmos.washington.edu/data/rainier_report.html">Mount Rainier Weather (University of Washington)</a></strong> <strong><a href="http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/WebCams/parks/moracam/moracam.htm"> Paradise Web Cam</a></strong></span></p><p><span><em><strong>Links to time-lapse movies of two Webcams at Paradise: </strong></em></span></p><p><strong><span> <a href="http://zeitcam.com/showcam.php?cam=paradise">Looking down the Valley from Paradise</a></span></strong></p><p><span><strong> <a href="http://zeitcam.com/showcam.php?cam=rainier">Looking towards Rainier and the Muir Snowfield</a></strong></span></p><p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/rainier-in-alpenglow/15141"></a></p><h2>Guide Services for Mount Rainier</h2><p>One-day climbing instruction, two-day summit climbs, five-day climbing seminars, and private climbs, are available through:</p><ul><li><a href="http://www.nps.gov/cgi-bin/intercept?http://www.rmiguides.com"><span>Rainier Mountaineering, Inc.</span></a> 360-569-2227 </li></ul><p>Guided summit climbs on the Emmons-Winthrop Glaciers are available through:</p><ul><li><a href="http://www.nps.gov/cgi-bin/intercept?http://www.mtnguide.com/ProgramDetail.asp?program=30"><span>Alpine Ascents International</span></a>, 206-378-1927 <p><em>Please remember that providing a guided climb or mountaineering instruction in exchange for money is illegal except by one of the approved and authorized concessionaires.</em>  </p></li></ul><ul><li><a href="http://mountainguides.com/">International Mountain Guides</a>, 360-569-2609<p><em>Please remember that providing a guided climb or mountaineering instruction in exchange for money is illegal except by one of the approved and authorized concessionaires.</em></p><a></a><h2>Recommended Climbing Equipment (From NPS)</h2><blockquote><p><strong>Individual Equipment:</strong></p><blockquote><ul><li>Map &amp; Compass</li><li>Knife</li><li>Matches/Lighter</li><li>Sunglasses and/or ski goggles (dark lenses)</li><li>Sunscreen and Lip Balm </li><li>First Aid Kit</li><li>Food (extra food for emergencies)</li><li>Headlamp and extra batteries</li><li>Altimeter</li><li>Signaling Device (whistle and/or mirror)</li><li>Gloves and Mittens</li><li>Winter Hat, Sun Hat</li><li>Down or Synthetic Parka</li><li>Wool or Synthetic Clothing, layered Waterproof/Breathable Parka Waterproof/Breathable Pants or Bibs</li><li>Sleeping Bag - comfortable to 10F</li><li>Ensolite Pad</li><li>Ice Axe</li><li>Carabiners (minimum 4)</li><li>Prussik Slings (3) or Ascenders</li><li>Chest and Seat Harness</li><li>Helmet</li><li>Boots and Gaitors</li><li>Crampons</li><li>Picket (1) or other appropriate protection device</li></ul></blockquote><p><strong>Team Equipment:</strong></p><blockquote><ul><li>Rope, 40 m, 9 or 11mm diameter</li><li>Pickets or Ice Screws (as appropriate for route and conditions)</li><li>Pulleys</li><li>Stove and Fuel Extra Fuel for emergencies</li><li>Tent or Tarp Shelter</li><li>Wands</li></ul></blockquote><p><em><u>Additional Winter Equipment:</u></em></p><blockquote>Team:<blockquote><ul><li>Food and Fuel for two extra days</li><li>Wands, minimum 200</li><li>Tent, expedition type</li><li>Additional Rope</li></ul></blockquote>Individual:<blockquote><ul><li>Down Parka, Pants, and Mittens</li><li>Double Boots or Over Boots</li><li>Avalanche Beacon &amp; Probe</li><li>Snow Shovel</li><li>Snowshoes or Skis</li></ul></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><a></a><h2>External Links</h2><ul><li><a href="http://cascadeclimber.com/september,_2000.htm">Emmons/Upper Winthrop Trip Report, September 2000</a></li><li><a href="http://www.nwog.org">Northwest Outdoors Guide</a> Guide to mountaineering and hiking in the Pacific Northwest</li><li><a href="http://members.rogers.com/spudsusa2/rainier.htm">A Potato Head takes on Mount Rainier</a></li><li><a href="http://www.marcpagani.com/galleries/mtnsport/rainier/default.html">Great Images of Rainier - Marc Pagani </a> Click on the mountaineering link to see many great images of Mount Rainier from Marc Pagani Photography</li><li><a href="http://www.snwburd.com/bob/trip_reports/rainier_1.html">DC Route via Muir - June 16, 2001</a></li><li><a href="http://www.justhiking.com/hikes/2004/07-31rain/rain.htm">Mount Rainier (07/31/2004)</a></li><li><a href="http://www.chinookpass.com/">Excellent Rainier Photos and Info</a></li><li><a href="http://www.zeitcam.com/webcam/rainier">Zeitcam.com</a> Time-lapse movie of Mt. Rainier Web Cam, as well as other peaks.</li><li><a href="http://www.chubbyhiker.com/galleries/Mt.%20Rainier%20-%20Emmons%20Glacier%20-%20July%2014th%20-%2017th/index.html">Emmons Glacier - July 14th - 17th 2005</a></li><li><a href="http://www.tylersnook.com/rainier/index.html">D.C. 8-3-05</a></li><li> </li></ul><ul><li><a href="http://danielarndt.com/article/46/Mount_Rainier_climb">Mount Rainier via Emmons Glacier</a></li><li><a href="http://danielarndt.com/article/69/Mount_Rainier_climb_via_Kautz_Glacier">Mount Rainier via Kautz Glacier</a></li></ul></li></ul>

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                    rc::a                        Google                    This cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots. This is beneficial for the website, in order to make valid reports on the use of their website.                Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                    rc::c                        Google                    This cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots.                                                                                                                Session     HTML Local Storage
                    gdpr                         ID5                       Determines whether the visitor has accepted the cookie consent box. This ensures that the cookie consent box will not be presented again upon re-entry.                    Session     HTTP Cookie       
                    CookieConsent [x2]           images-sp.summitpost.org  Stores the user's cookie consent state for the current domain                                                                                                              1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                                                 Cookiebot                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                    1.gif                        Cookiebot                 Used to count the number of sessions to the website, necessary for optimizing CMP product delivery.                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                    cu                           Adelphic                  Used to detect if the visitor has accepted the marketing category in the cookie banner. This cookie is necessary for GDPR-compliance of the website.                       1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                                                 www.libridimontagna.net                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                    PHPSESSID [x3]               fun.resplace.net          Preserves user session state across page requests.                                                                                                                         19961 days  HTTP Cookie       
                                                 www.summitpost.org                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                    PrestaShop-#                 www.libridimontagna.net   Pending                                                                                                                                                                    20 days     HTTP Cookie       
                    bcookie                      LinkedIn                  Used in order to detect spam and improve the website's security.                                                                                                           1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                    li_gc                        LinkedIn                  Stores the user's cookie consent state for the current domain                                                                                                              180 days    HTTP Cookie       
                    x#                           lunamedia.live            Necessary for the shopping cart functionality on the website.                                                                                                              1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                    incap_ses_#                  www.cytosport.com         Preserves users states across page requests.                                                                                                                               Session     HTTP Cookie       
                    visid_incap_#                www.cytosport.com         Preserves users states across page requests.                                                                                                                               1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                    mw                           Zeotap                    Determines whether the user should have access to restricted areas on the website.                                                                                         Session     Pixel Tracker     
                    ID                           k43.pbase.com             Preserves the visitor's session state across page requests.                                                                                                                4 years     HTTP Cookie       
                    CT                           E-planning.net            This cookie is a part of a bundle of cookies set by the website's webshop platform to facilitate product images, filter functions and shopping-cart functionalities.       Session     HTTP Cookie       
                    audit                        Rubicon Project           Determines whether the visitor has accepted the cookie consent box. This ensures that the cookie consent box will not be presented again upon re-entry.                    1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                    NSC_# [x2]                   shop.usps.com             Used to distribute traffic to the website on several servers in order to optimise response times.                                                                          Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                 www.natureconservancy.ca                                                                                                                                                                                                           
                    __eoi [x2]                   Google                    Used in order to detect spam and improve the website's security.                                                                                                           180 days    HTTP Cookie       
                                                 www.summitpost.org                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                    FCNEC [x2]                   Google                    Checks whether the cookie consent banner is active on the website.                                                                                                         1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                    csrftoken [x2]               OpenStreetMap France      Helps prevent Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks.                                                                                                                   1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                                                 www.gaiagps.com                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                    JSESSIONID [x2]              shop.usps.com             Preserves users states across page requests.                                                                                                                               Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                 www.natureconservancy.ca                                                                                                                                                                                                           
                    TLTSID                       shop.usps.com             Preserves the visitor's session state across page requests.                                                                                                                Session     HTTP Cookie       
                    _cfuvid [x2]                 Vimeo                     This cookie is a part of the services provided by Cloudflare - Including load-balancing, deliverance of website content and serving DNS connection for website operators.  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                 Wikiloc                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                    bm_mi                        icons-ecast.wxug.com      Used in context with the website's BotManager. The BotManager detects, categorizes and compiles reports on potential bots trying to access the website.                    Session     HTTP Cookie       
                    ci                           icons-ecast.wxug.com      The cookie is necessary for secure log-in and the detection of any spam or abuse of the website.                                                                           Session     HTTP Cookie       
                    X-Mapping-#                  www.awesomestories.com    Saves the address and port number of the web server that is managing the session. Used to improve the website's performance security.                                      Session     HTTP Cookie       
                    SERVERID                     www.dobramapa.sk          This cookie is used to assign the visitor to a specific server - this function is necessary for the functionality of the website.                                          Session     HTTP Cookie       
                    bscookie                     LinkedIn                  This cookie is used to identify the visitor through an application. This allows the visitor to login to a website through their LinkedIn application for example.          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                    SESS#                        Media.net                 Preserves users states across page requests.                                                                                                                               1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                    wordpress_google_apps_login  www.svts.sk               Used for secure login to the website with a Google account.                                                                                                                Session     HTTP Cookie       
                    i [x2]                       Yandex                    Preserves users states across page requests.                                                                                                                               400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                                                 Openx                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
                    
                    Preference cookies enable a website to remember information that changes the way the website behaves or looks, like your preferred language or the region that you are in.
                      Name         Provider            Purpose                                                                                                                                                                       Expiry      Type              
                      ss [x2]      Cognitiv            Necessary for the functionality of the website's chat-box function.                                                                                                           1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                                   Between Digital                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                      dc           Between Digital     Necessary for the functionality of the website's chat-box function.                                                                                                           1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                      _EDGE_V      Microsoft           This cookie is used in context with the Bing-Map integration on the website. The cookie is necessary for some map-features.                                                   1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                      g            RTB House           Used in context with the language setting on the website. Facilitates the translation into the preferred language of the visitor.                                             1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                      keep_alive   www.emka.si         Saves the user's current geographical location based on the user's IP address.                                                                                                1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                      city         flaticon.com        Stores the selected store location.                                                                                                                                           Session     HTTP Cookie       
                      country      flaticon.com        The cookie determines the preferred language and country-setting of the visitor - This allows the website to show content most relevant to that region and language.          Session     HTTP Cookie       
                      currency     flaticon.com        Saves the visitor's currency preferences.                                                                                                                                     Session     HTTP Cookie       
                      lidc         LinkedIn            Registers which server-cluster is serving the visitor. This is used in context with load balancing, in order to optimize user experience.                                     1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                      lang         Opentopomap         Remembers the user's selected language version of a website                                                                                                                   Session     HTTP Cookie       
                      pmpro_visit  fun.resplace.net    Determines whether the user has made any subscriptions on the website, so that the website does not show subscription forms to the user, which already have been filled out.  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                      locale       Meteoblue           The cookie determines the preferred language and country-setting of the visitor - This allows the website to show content most relevant to that region and language.          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                      loglevel     www.summitpost.org  Maintains settings and outputs when using the Developer Tools Console on current session.                                                                                     Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                      
                      Statistic cookies help website owners to understand how visitors interact with websites by collecting and reporting information anonymously.
                        Name                 Provider                   Purpose                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Expiry      Type              
                        ab                   Neustar                    This cookie is used by the website’s operator in context with multi-variate testing. This is a tool used to combine or change content on the website. This allows the website to find the best variation/edition of the site.            1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                        crum                 Casale Media               This cookie is used to identify the frequency of visits and how long the visitor is on the website.                                                                                                                                      Session     Pixel Tracker     
                        NMUID                cookies.nextmillmedia.com  Contains a unique ID that is used to measure the number of visits and recognise returning users.                                                                                                                                         7 days      HTTP Cookie       
                        __utm.gif            Google                     Google Analytics Tracking Code that logs details about the visitor's browser and computer.                                                                                                                                               Session     Pixel Tracker     
                        collect              Google                     Used to send data to Google Analytics about the visitor's device and behavior. Tracks the visitor across devices and marketing channels.                                                                                                 Session     Pixel Tracker     
                        log                  Media.net                  Used to distinguish between internal and external visitors to the website, in order to obtain more concise statistical data regarding the use of the website.                                                                            Session     Pixel Tracker     
                        visitor-id           Media.net                  This cookie is used to collect information on the visitor. This information will be stored for internal analytics at the website's operator – Internal analytics is used by websites to optimize their domains.                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                        __qca                Quantcast                  Collects data on the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded with the purpose of generating reports for optimising the website content.            Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                        d                    Quantcast                  Collects anonymous data on the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded with the purpose of generating reports for optimising the website content.  3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                        qcSes                Quantcast                  Collects data on the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded with the purpose of generating reports for optimising the website content.            Session     HTML Local Storage
                        pv                   Infolinks                  Registers statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used for internal analytics by the website operator.                                                                                                                      Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                        browser_id           Nazwa.pl                   Used to recognise the visitor's browser upon reentry on the website.                                                                                                                                                                     7 days      HTTP Cookie       
                        is_unique            Statcounter                This cookie is used to identify the frequency of visits and how long the visitor is on the website.                                                                                                                                      400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                        __qca                Quantcast                  Collects data on the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded with the purpose of generating reports for optimising the website content.            1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                        __utma               Google                     Collects data on the number of times a user has visited the website as well as dates for the first and most recent visit. Used by Google Analytics.                                                                                      2 years     HTTP Cookie       
                        __utmb               Google                     Registers a timestamp with the exact time of when the user accessed the website. Used by Google Analytics to calculate the duration of a website visit.                                                                                  1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                        __utmc               Google                     Registers a timestamp with the exact time of when the user leaves the website. Used by Google Analytics to calculate the duration of a website visit.                                                                                    Session     HTTP Cookie       
                        __utmt               Google                     Used to throttle the speed of requests to the server.                                                                                                                                                                                    1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                        __utmv               Google                     Saves user-defined tracking parameters for use in Google Analytics.                                                                                                                                                                      Session     HTTP Cookie       
                        __utmz               Google                     Collects data on where the user came from, what search engine was used, what link was clicked and what search term was used. Used by Google Analytics.                                                                                   6 months    HTTP Cookie       
                        _dlt                 Quantcast                  Sets a unique ID for the session. This allows the website to obtain data on visitor behaviour for statistical purposes.                                                                                                                  1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                        _ga                  Google                     Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how the visitor uses the website.                                                                                                                                     2 years     HTTP Cookie       
                        _ga_#                Google                     Used by Google Analytics to collect data on the number of times a user has visited the website as well as dates for the first and most recent visit.                                                                                     2 years     HTTP Cookie       
                        _gat                 Google                     Used by Google Analytics to throttle request rate                                                                                                                                                                                        1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                        _gid                 Google                     Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how the visitor uses the website.                                                                                                                                     1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                        FCCDCF [x2]          Google                     Collects data on the user’s navigation and behavior on the website. This is used to compile statistical reports and heatmaps for the website owner.                                                                                      Session     HTTP Cookie       
                        lotame_domain_check  Lotame                     Contains an visitor ID. This is used to identify the visitor upon re-entry to the website.                                                                                                                                               1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                        phpbb3_# [x2]        summitpost.org             Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                             www.summitpost.org                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                        vuid                 Vimeo                      Collects data on the user's visits to the website, such as which pages have been read.                                                                                                                                                   2 years     HTTP Cookie       
                        yandexuid            Yandex                     Registers data on visitors' website-behaviour. This is used for internal analysis and website optimization.                                                                                                                              400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                        
                        Marketing cookies are used to track visitors across websites. The intention is to display ads that are relevant and engaging for the individual user and thereby more valuable for publishers and third party advertisers.
                          Name                                                  Provider                        Purpose                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Expiry      Type              
                          _rxuuid [x2]                                          RhythmOne                       Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Unruly                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                          getuid                                                Triplelift                      This cookie is set by the audience manager of the website to determine the time and frequencies of visitor data synchronization - cookie data synchronization is used to synchronize and gather visitor data from several websites.                                                                                            Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          tluid                                                 Triplelift                      This cookie is used to identify the visitor and optimize ad-relevance by collecting visitor data from multiple websites – this exchange of visitor data is normally provided by a third-party data-center or ad-exchange.                                                                                                      3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          tluidp                                                Triplelift                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          __Host-GAPS                                           Google                          Collects data on the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded with the purpose of generating reports for optimising the website content.                                                                                                  2 years     HTTP Cookie       
                          UserID1 [x2]                                          active-agent.com                Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Adition Technologies                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
                          C                                                     Adform                          Used to check if the user's browser supports cookies.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1 month     HTTP Cookie       
                          cookie                                                Adform                          Collects information on user behaviour on multiple websites. This information is used in order to optimize the relevance of advertisement on the website.                                                                                                                                                                      Session     Pixel Tracker     
                                                                                Adform                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                          uid [x4]                                              Adotmob                         Registers a unique user ID that recognises the user's browser when visiting websites that use the same ad network. The purpose is to optimise display of ads based on the user's movements and various ad providers' bids for displaying user ads.                                                                             2 months    HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Criteo                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                Amobee                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                          bridge                                                Adgear                          Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ac_r                                                  Adman Media                     Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        14 days     HTTP Cookie       
                          admtr                                                 Adman Media                     Used in context with video-advertisement. The cookie limits the number of times a user is shown the same advertisement. The cookie is also used to ensure relevance of the video-advertisement to the specific user.                                                                                                           14 days     HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Admedo                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                Between Digital                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
                          tuuid [x6]                                            Bidswitch                       Collects visitor data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded, with the purpose of displaying targeted ads.                                                                                                               1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                DemandBase                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                                KPN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                                mfadsrvr.com                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                Admedo                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                Bidswitch                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                          tuuid_lu [x5]                                         DemandBase                      Contains a unique visitor ID, which allows Bidswitch.com to track the visitor across multiple websites. This allows Bidswitch to optimize advertisement relevance and ensure that the visitor does not see the same ads multiple times.                                                                                        1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                KPN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                                mfadsrvr.com                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                          am-uid                                                Admixer                         This cookie is used to identify the visitor and optimize ad-relevance by collecting visitor data from multiple websites – this exchange of visitor data is normally provided by a third-party data-center or ad-exchange.                                                                                                      3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          icu                                                   Appnexus                        Collects data on visitor behaviour from multiple websites, in order to present more relevant advertisement - This also allows the website to limit the number of times that they are shown the same advertisement.                                                                                                             3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Appnexus                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                Criteo                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                Google                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                          receive-cookie-deprecation [x7]                       emka.si                         Collects information on user behaviour on multiple websites. This information is used in order to optimize the relevance of advertisement on the website.                                                                                                                                                                      400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Media.net                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                Rubicon Project                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
                                                                                www.emka.si                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
                          uuid2                                                 Appnexus                        Registers a unique ID that identifies a returning user's device. The ID is used for targeted ads.                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          XANDR_PANID                                           Appnexus                        This cookie registers data on the visitor. The information is used to optimize advertisement relevance.                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          partners                                              Adotmob                         Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      180 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          uuid [x2]                                             Adotmob                         This cookie is used to optimize ad relevance by collecting visitor data from multiple websites – this exchange of visitor data is normally provided by a third-party data-center or ad-exchange.                                                                                                                               180 days    HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                MediMath                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
                          av-mid                                                AntVoice                        Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          av-tp-bsw                                             AntVoice                        Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      2 days      HTTP Cookie       
                          sync [x2]                                             ads.servenobid.com              Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          Session     Pixel Tracker     
                                                                                rtb.mfadsrvr.com                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
                          track/cmf/generic                                     The Trade Desk                  Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          track/cmf/google                                      The Trade Desk                  Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          vmuid [x2]                                            Adtelligent                     This cookie allows visitors to leave comments on their use of the website - This information is used to optimize the website. The cookie also assigns a specific session ID on the current visit. This allows the website’s operator to make reports on the specific visit.                                                    3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                aplhb.adipolo.com                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                                                adx.opera.com                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                          UID [x3]                                              Cognitiv                        Unique user ID that recognizes the user on returning visits                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Freewheel                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                          ad-id                                                 Amazon                          Used by Amazon Advertising to register user actions and target content on the website based on ad clicks on a different website.                                                                                                                                                                                               239 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          ad-privacy                                            Amazon                          Used by Amazon Advertising to register user actions and target content on the website based on ad clicks on a different website.                                                                                                                                                                                               400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          ut                                                    Between Digital                 Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          bito                                                  Beeswax                         Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              13 months   HTTP Cookie       
                          bitoIsSecure                                          Beeswax                         Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      13 months   HTTP Cookie       
                          bsw_origin_init                                       Bidswitch                       Collects visitor data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded, with the purpose of displaying targeted ads.                                                                                                               Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          custom_data                                           Bidswitch                       Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          __kuid                                                Bidtheatre                      This cookie is used to collect information on a visitor. This information will become an ID string with information on a specific visitor – ID information strings can be used to target groups with similar preferences, or can be used by third-party domains or ad-exchanges.                                               7 days      HTTP Cookie       
                          _$Maps_deviceInfo2_expiration                         Microsoft                       Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          _EDGE_S                                               Microsoft                       Collects information on user behaviour on multiple websites. This information is used in order to optimize the relevance of advertisement on the website.                                                                                                                                                                      Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          _SS                                                   Microsoft                       Collects information on visitor behaviour on multiple websites - This information is used on the website in order to optimize the relevance of advertisement. The cookie also allows the website to determine how the visitor accessed the website.                                                                            Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          deviceInfo2                                           Microsoft                       Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          MUID                                                  Microsoft                       Used widely by Microsoft as a unique user ID. The cookie enables user tracking by synchronising the ID across many Microsoft domains.                                                                                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          MUIDB                                                 Microsoft                       Registers data on visitors from multiple visits and on multiple websites. This information is used to measure the efficiency of advertisement on websites.                                                                                                                                                                     1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          SRCHD                                                 Microsoft                       Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          SRCHHPGUSR                                            Microsoft                       Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          SRCHUID                                               Microsoft                       Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          SRCHUSR                                               Microsoft                       Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          _knxq_                                                Brand-display.com               Determines when the visitor last visited the different subpages on the website, as well as sets a timestamp for when the session started.                                                                                                                                                                                      400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          _auid                                                 Appier                          Identifies all devices the user uses with the purpose of displaying targeted ads on all devices.                                                                                                                                                                                                                               1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          CMID                                                  Casale Media                    Collects visitor data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded, with the purpose of displaying targeted ads.                                                                                                               1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          CMPRO                                                 Casale Media                    Collects data on visitor behaviour from multiple websites, in order to present more relevant advertisement - This also allows the website to limit the number of times that they are shown the same advertisement.                                                                                                             3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          CMPS                                                  Casale Media                    Collects visitor data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded, with the purpose of displaying targeted ads.                                                                                                               3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          rrum                                                  Cloudflare                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          rum                                                   Casale Media                    Collects data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded, with the purpose of displaying targeted ads.                                                                                                                       Session     Pixel Tracker     
                                                                                Casale Media                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                          sa-user-id [x4]                                       Gumgum                          Used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences.                                                                                                                                                                                                    Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Smart                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                StackAdapt                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                                Casale Media                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                          sa-user-id-v2 [x4]                                    Gumgum                          Used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences.                                                                                                                                                                                                    Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Smart                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                StackAdapt                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                                Casale Media                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                          sa-user-id-v3 [x4]                                    Gumgum                          Collects data on the user across websites - This data is used to make advertisement more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Smart                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                StackAdapt                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
                          cto_bidid                                             cdn.adpushup.com                Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          cto_bundle                                            cdn.adpushup.com                Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          auHadronId                                            cdn.hadronid.net                Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          auHaloId                                              cdn.hadronid.net                Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          gtm_usr                                               Colossus Media                  Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          pb_rtb_ev_part                                        Pulsepoint                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          VP                                                    Pulsepoint                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          _cc_id_update_ts                                      Lotame                          Registers data on visitors from multiple visits and on multiple websites. This information is used to measure the efficiency of advertisement on websites.                                                                                                                                                                     Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          panoramaId_expiry                                     Lotame                          Registers data on visitors from multiple visits and on multiple websites. This information is used to measure the efficiency of advertisement on websites.                                                                                                                                                                     Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          panoramaId_expiry_exp                                 Lotame                          Contains the expiry-date for the cookie with corresponding name.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          cid_#                                                 Crimtan                         Collects unidentifiable data that is sent to an unidentifiable source. The source's identity is kept secret by the company, Whois Privacy Protection Service, Inc.                                                                                                                                                             1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          cm/index/tp_out                                       Adroll                          Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          demconf.jpg                                           Adobe Inc.                      Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          demdex                                                Adobe Inc.                      Via a unique ID that is used for semantic content analysis, the user's navigation on the website is registered and linked to offline data from surveys and similar registrations to display targeted ads.                                                                                                                      180 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          dpm                                                   Adobe Inc.                      Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              180 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEcybmqPL4AAGQfAnhLEwAA%262159  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEe2VVbLToAAHkgAsX-owAA%265144  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEe7VVbLK0AABuHAW9wMgAA%263331  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEenLmqPUMAACFMAp0ESAAA%263166  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEeYLmqPTQAAHegAnfPRgAA%262231  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEf57mqPFAAAA2wAoYcAgAA%261149  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEf-7mqPckAAG-.AoOkIAAA%265260  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEfcLmqPdoAAHv0AoZ7bgAA%265277  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEfe1VbLUIAABELAoYu-AAA%265152  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEfwVVbLbAAAA6dAi.mvAAA%263362  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEgTLmqPOsAABNJAmO2qQAA%262204  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEMgbmqPeQAACCrAsn-RAAA%265287  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEMQrmqPDoAAEGXAiG4UgAA%261127  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrENkLmqPZ4AAE.SAjWxPwAA%263257  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrENQ7mqPSkAAHD0AlMuHQAA%262220  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEOJLmqPJYAAAl5AnR29gAA%261219  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEOPLmqPVQAAHaAApQanQAA%263183  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEOulVbLSoAAD.LAhf6CwAA%265128  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEOzrmqPZIAAGjzAol7bgAA%263245  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEOZVVbLX0AAH0kAqgZ0QAA%265211  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEPY7mqPeQAACCrAspj7gAA%265287  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEQf7mqPXoAAHWWAkmStwAA%263221  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEQhVVbLTsAAD38AoLBfgAA%265145  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEQx1VbLKoAACVRAar0IwAA%263328  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrESrrmqPNMAAFg8AqTRWQAA%262180  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrET71VbLWYAAA3MAmCEnAAA%265188  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEV1FVbLcgAABnIAqd9hgAA%263386  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEV5bmqPTMAAGLvAiWaxAAA%262230  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEVHlVbLU4AAEG9ApqHKQAA%265164  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEVNFVbLcUAAGnPAkFucgAA%263383  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEVP1VbLaIAADvAAlz-CwAA%263348  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEW6VVbLdMAACzEAoZ08wAA%263397  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEWnlVbLToAAHkgAsTUhgAA%265144  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEWuVVbLUIAABELAoUT9wAA%265152  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEXcrmqPJUAAGfeApw6FAAA%261218  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEY.7mqPeEAAAZBAjMuyAAA%265284  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEYjLmqPX0AAAKzArjligAA%263224  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEYpbmqPToAAGyeAoihQQAA%262237  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEZMLmqPEgAAGwFAtk2KAAA%261141  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          de_tp_cookie                                          digitaleast.mobi                Used to measure the efficiency of the website’s advertisement efforts, by collecting data on the conversion rate of the website’s ads across multiple websites.                                                                                                                                                                Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          1x1.png                                               dotnxdomain.net                 Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          q1x1.png                                              dotnxdomain.net                 Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          APC                                                   Google                          Tracks the conversion rate between the user and the advertisement banners on the website - This serves to optimise the relevance of the advertisements on the website.                                                                                                                                                         180 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          chk [x2]                                              Google                          Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                sync.gonet-ads.com                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
                          DSID                                                  Google                          Used by Google DoubleClick for re-targeting, optimisation, reporting and attribution of online adverts.                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                          IDE                                                   Google                          Used by Google DoubleClick to register and report the website user's actions after viewing or clicking one of the advertiser's ads with the purpose of measuring the efficacy of an ad and to present targeted ads to the user.                                                                                                400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          pcs/view                                              Google                          Used by DoubleClick to determine whether website advertisement has been properly displayed - This is done to make their marketing efforts more efficient.                                                                                                                                                                      Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          test_cookie                                           Google                          Used to check if the user's browser supports cookies.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                          _shopify_s                                            www.emka.si                     Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          _shopify_y                                            www.emka.si                     Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          ct/upi/pid/ZMAwryCI                                   Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          everest_g_v2                                          Adobe Inc.                      Used for targeted ads and to document efficacy of each individual ad.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          _pubcid                                               Conversant                      Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          _pubcid_exp                                           Conversant                      Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          _uid                                                  Freewheel                       Enables the visitor to share content from the website onto social media platforms or websites.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 180 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          pid [x2]                                              gonet-ads.com                   Used to identify the visitor across visits and devices. This allows the website to present the visitor with relevant advertisement - The service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                            1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Smart                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                          NID                                                   Google                          Registers a unique ID that identifies a returning user's device. The ID is used for targeted ads.                                                                                                                                                                                                                              6 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          rc::h                                                 Google                          This cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          ar_debug                                              Google                          Checks whether a technical debugger-cookie is present.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          google_adsense_settings                               Google                          Used by Google AdSense for experimenting with advertisement efficiency across websites using their services.                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          pagead/gen_204                                        Google                          Collects data on visitor behaviour from multiple websites, in order to present more relevant advertisement - This also allows the website to limit the number of times that they are shown the same advertisement.                                                                                                             Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          pcs/activeview                                        Google                          Used by DoubleClick to determine whether website advertisement has been properly displayed - This is done to make their marketing efforts more efficient.                                                                                                                                                                      Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          csi                                                   Google                          Collects data on visitors' preferences and behaviour on the website - This information is used make content and advertisement more relevant to the specific visitor.                                                                                                                                                           Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          vst                                                   Gumgum                          Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          callback                                              ID5                             Collects data on visitor behaviour from multiple websites, in order to present more relevant advertisement - This also allows the website to limit the number of times that they are shown the same advertisement.                                                                                                             Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          car                                                   ID5                             Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          cf                                                    ID5                             Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          cip                                                   ID5                             Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          cnac                                                  ID5                             Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          gpp                                                   ID5                             Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          id5                                                   ID5                             Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          cuid                                                  Infolinks                       Collects information on user preferences and/or interaction with web-campaign content - This is used on CRM-campaign-platform used by website owners for promoting events or products.                                                                                                                                         400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          _ljtrtb_#                                             Sovrn                           Collects data related to reader interests, context, demographics and other information on behalf of the Lijit platform with the purpose of finding interested users on websites with related content.                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          ljt_reader                                            Sovrn                           Collects data related to reader interests, context, demographics and other information on behalf of the Lijit platform with the purpose of finding interested users on websites with related content.                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          viewer_token                                          LoopMe                          Used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences.                                                                                                                                                                                                    3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          (unnamed)                                             Media.net                       Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          data-pbs                                              Media.net                       Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          usp_status                                            Media.net                       Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        6 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          __mguid_                                              mediago.io                      Registers a unique ID that identifies a returning user's device. The ID is used for targeted ads.                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          ssh                                                   mfadsrvr.com                    Used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences.                                                                                                                                                                                                    1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          t/v2/sync                                             Xaxis                           Used for data-synchronization with advertisement networks.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          _nauid                                                N.Rich                          Collects data on visitor behaviour from multiple websites, in order to present more relevant advertisement - This also allows the website to limit the number of times that they are shown the same advertisement.                                                                                                             400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          sync/prebid                                           Openx                           Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          w/1.0/cm                                              Cloudflare                      Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          uids                                                  pbs.nextmillmedia.com           Registers user behaviour and navigation on the website, and any interaction with active campaigns. This is used for optimizing advertisement and for efficient retargeting.                                                                                                                                                    3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          id5id_*                                               player.aplhb.adipolo.com        Collects data on visitors' preferences and behaviour on the website - This information is used make content and advertisement more relevant to the specific visitor.                                                                                                                                                           Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          KCCH                                                  Pubmatic                        Registers if the PubMatic partner-cookie has been set in the user's browser.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                          KTPCACOOKIE                                           Pubmatic                        Registers a unique ID that identifies the user's device during return visits across websites that use the same ad network. The ID is used to allow targeted ads.                                                                                                                                                               3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          PubMatic_USP                                          PubMatic                        Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          iqm.retarget.uid                                      IQM                             Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              30 days     HTTP Cookie       
                          dpixel                                                Quantcast                       Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          mc                                                    Quantcast                       Collects data on the user's visits to the website, such as what pages have been loaded. The registered data is used for targeted ads.                                                                                                                                                                                          13 months   HTTP Cookie       
                          eud                                                   Zeta Global                     Registers user data, such as IP address, geographical location, visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same ad network.                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          rud                                                   Zeta Global                     Registers user data, such as IP address, geographical location, visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same ad network.                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          ruds                                                  Zeta Global                     Registers user data, such as IP address, geographical location, visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same ad network.                                                                                          Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          (unnamed)                                             Nazwa.pl                        Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          beacon/d/UID{32}                                      Rubicon Project                 Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          khaos                                                 Rubicon Project                 Registers user data, such as IP address, geographical location, visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same ad network.                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          pid_#                                                 servenobid.com                  Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      7 days      HTTP Cookie       
                          suid                                                  Simpli.fi                       Collects information on user preferences and/or interaction with web-campaign content - This is used on CRM-campaign-platform used by website owners for promoting events or products.                                                                                                                                         1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          suid_legacy                                           Simpli.fi                       Collects information on user preferences and/or interaction with web-campaign content - This is used on CRM-campaign-platform used by website owners for promoting events or products.                                                                                                                                         1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          _ssuma                                                Sitescout.com                   Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      30 days     HTTP Cookie       
                          ssi                                                   Sitescout.com                   Registers a unique ID that identifies a returning user's device. The ID is used for targeted ads.                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          csync                                                 Smart                           Optimises ad display based on the user's movement combined and various advertiser bids for displaying user ads.                                                                                                                                                                                                                1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          TestIfCookieP                                         Smart                           Identifies new users and generates a unique ID for each user.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  13 months   HTTP Cookie       
                          SOC                                                   Supership                       Collects data on visitor behaviour from multiple websites, in order to present more relevant advertisement - This also allows the website to limit the number of times that they are shown the same advertisement.                                                                                                             400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          HAPLB8G                                               Sonobi                          Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          zuuid                                                 Sportradar                      Used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences.                                                                                                                                                                                                    1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          zuuid_k                                               Sportradar                      Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          zuuid_k_lu                                            Sportradar                      Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          zuuid_lu                                              Sportradar                      Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          usersync                                              SpringServe                     Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          criteo_fast_bid                                       Criteo                          Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          criteo_fast_bid_expires                               Criteo                          Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          MRM_UID                                               Freewheel                       Used to track the visitor across multiple devices including TV. This is done in order to re-target the visitor through multiple channels.                                                                                                                                                                                      2 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          uid-bp-#                                              Freewheel                       Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          __gads                                                Google                          Used to register what ads have been displayed to the user.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          __gpi                                                 Google                          Collects information on user behaviour on multiple websites. This information is used in order to optimize the relevance of advertisement on the website.                                                                                                                                                                      1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          _pubcid                                               cdn.adpushup.com                Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          cto_bidid [x2]                                        cdn.adpushup.com                Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                player.aplhb.adipolo.com                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
                          cto_bundle                                            cdn.adpushup.com                Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          cto_pub_test_tld [x2]                                 Criteo                          Used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences.                                                                                                                                                                                                    1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                          cto_writeable [x2]                                    Criteo                          This cookie is set by the audience manager of a website in order to determine if any additional third-party cookies can be set in the visitor’s browser – third-party cookies are used to gather information or track visitor behavior on multiple websites. Third-party cookies are set by a third-party website or company.  1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                          panoramaId                                            player.aplhb.adipolo.com        Registers data on visitors from multiple visits and on multiple websites. This information is used to measure the efficiency of advertisement on websites.                                                                                                                                                                     Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          panoramaId_expiry                                     Lotame                          Registers data on visitors from multiple visits and on multiple websites. This information is used to measure the efficiency of advertisement on websites.                                                                                                                                                                     Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          TapAd_3WAY_SYNCS                                      Tapad                           Used for data-synchronization with advertisement networks.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     2 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          TapAd_DID                                             Tapad                           Used to determine what type of devices (smartphones, tablets, computers, TVs etc.) is used by a user.                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          TapAd_TS                                              Tapad                           Used to determine what type of devices (smartphones, tablets, computers, TVs etc.) is used by a user.                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          um/report                                             Teads                           Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          _tracker                                              Travel Audience                 Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              13 months   HTTP Cookie       
                          tv_UIDF                                               Telaria                         Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          tvid                                                  Telaria                         Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          tvssa                                                 Telaria                         Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        5 days      HTTP Cookie       
                          ANON_ID                                               Exponential                     Collects data on user visits to the website, such as what pages have been accessed. The registered data is used to categorise the user's interest and demographic profiles in terms of resales for targeted marketing.                                                                                                         3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          ANON_ID_old                                           Cloudflare                      Collects data about the user's visit to the site, such as the number of returning visits and which pages are read. The purpose is to deliver targeted ads.                                                                                                                                                                     3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          i.match                                               Cloudflare                      Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          z/i.match                                             Exponential                     Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          matchbidswitch                                        Dataxu                          Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              30 days     HTTP Cookie       
                          matchcasale                                           Dataxu                          Collects data on the user's visits to the website, such as what pages have been loaded. The registered data is used for targeted ads.                                                                                                                                                                                          30 days     HTTP Cookie       
                          matchgoogle                                           Dataxu                          Regulates synchronisation of user identification and exchange of user data between various ad services.                                                                                                                                                                                                                        30 days     HTTP Cookie       
                          wfivefivec                                            Dataxu                          Collects data on the user's visits to the website, such as what pages have been loaded. The registered data is used for targeted ads.                                                                                                                                                                                          13 months   HTTP Cookie       
                          AID                                                   Accuweather                     Tracks the conversion rate between the user and the advertisement banners on the website - This serves to optimise the relevance of the advertisements on the website.                                                                                                                                                         1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          Sreferrer                                             www.kurtwedbergphotography.com  Collects information on user preferences and/or interaction with web-campaign content - This is used on CRM-campaign-platform used by website owners for promoting events or products.                                                                                                                                         30 days     HTTP Cookie       
                          gCStest                                               Infolinks                       Used in context with pop-up advertisement-content on the website. The cookie determines which ads the visitor should be shown, as well as ensuring that the same ads does not get shown more than intended.                                                                                                                    1975 days   HTTP Cookie       
                          logglytrackingsession                                 Infolinks                       Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          pbjs-unifiedid                                        cdn.adpushup.com                Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      30 days     HTTP Cookie       
                          A1                                                    www.geocities.com               Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          A1S                                                   www.geocities.com               Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          A3                                                    Yahoo                           Collects information on user behaviour on multiple websites. This information is used in order to optimize the relevance of advertisement on the website.                                                                                                                                                                      1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          RRC                                                   www.geocities.com               Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          sync/casale                                           Yahoo                           Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          sync/gumgum                                           Yahoo                           Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          sync/iponweb                                          Yahoo                           Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          sync/stickyads/3997253de06765e6d955c7612e1b880        Yahoo                           Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          bh                                                    Yandex                          Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          yashr                                                 Yandex                          Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          yieldmo_id                                            Yieldmo                         Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          #-#                                                   YouTube                         Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTML Local Storage
                          iU5q-!O9@$                                            YouTube                         Registers a unique ID to keep statistics of what videos from YouTube the user has seen.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTML Local Storage
                          LAST_RESULT_ENTRY_KEY                                 YouTube                         Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          nextId                                                YouTube                         Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          remote_sid                                            YouTube                         Necessary for the implementation and functionality of YouTube video-content on the website.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          requests                                              YouTube                         Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          TESTCOOKIESENABLED                                    YouTube                         Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                          VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE                                    YouTube                         Tries to estimate the users' bandwidth on pages with integrated YouTube videos.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                180 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          YSC                                                   YouTube                         Registers a unique ID to keep statistics of what videos from YouTube the user has seen.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          yt.innertube::nextId                                  YouTube                         Registers a unique ID to keep statistics of what videos from YouTube the user has seen.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          ytidb::LAST_RESULT_ENTRY_KEY                          YouTube                         Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          YtIdbMeta#databases                                   YouTube                         Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Persistent  IndexedDB         
                          yt-remote-cast-available                              YouTube                         Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTML Local Storage
                          yt-remote-cast-installed                              YouTube                         Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTML Local Storage
                          yt-remote-connected-devices                           YouTube                         Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          yt-remote-device-id                                   YouTube                         Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          yt-remote-fast-check-period                           YouTube                         Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTML Local Storage
                          yt-remote-session-app                                 YouTube                         Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTML Local Storage
                          yt-remote-session-name                                YouTube                         Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTML Local Storage
                          zuid                                                  Zemanta                         Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          zc                                                    Zeotap                          Registers data on visitors from multiple visits and on multiple websites. This information is used to measure the efficiency of advertisement on websites.                                                                                                                                                                     1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          zsc                                                   Zeotap                          Used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences.                                                                                                                                                                                                    1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                          
                          Unclassified cookies are cookies that we are in the process of classifying, together with the providers of individual cookies.
                            Name                                                  Provider                   Purpose  Expiry      Type              
                            au_3p_check                                           ad.gt                      Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            g142                                                  Adtelligent                Pending  3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                            g50                                                   Adtelligent                Pending  3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                            _ssid                                                 caltopo.com                Pending  3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                            mtx_ss                                                cdn.dxkulture.com          Pending  1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                            cap                                                   TrustArc                   Pending  Session     Pixel Tracker     
                            lmg_r                                                 Colossus Media             Pending  1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                            lastSync [x2]                                         cookies.nextmillmedia.com  Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                  pbs.nextmillmedia.com                                             
                            syncedBidders [x2]                                    cookies.nextmillmedia.com  Pending  7 days      HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                  pbs.nextmillmedia.com                                             
                            vdz_sync                                              cootlogix.com              Pending  30 days     HTTP Cookie       
                            instUid                                               cs.ingage.tech             Pending  Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                            mtuid                                                 dxkulture.com              Pending  180 days    HTTP Cookie       
                            udb/9969/match                                        Consumable                 Pending  Session     Pixel Tracker     
                            AdPushupFeedbackWebService/feedback                   e3.adpushup.com            Pending  Session     Pixel Tracker     
                            AdPushupFeedbackWebService/feedback/aphb              e3.adpushup.com            Pending  Session     Pixel Tracker     
                            AdPushupFeedbackWebService/feedback/aphb/auctionData  e3.adpushup.com            Pending  Session     Pixel Tracker     
                            AdPushupFeedbackWebService/feedback/testmode          e3.adpushup.com            Pending  Session     Pixel Tracker     
                            jrc_cookie                                            European Union             Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            LW_SERVER                                             ex.ingage.tech             Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            g_state                                               flaticon.com               Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            gr_lang [x2]                                          flaticon.com               Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                  www.flaticon.com                                                  
                            gr_session [x2]                                       flaticon.com               Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                  www.flaticon.com                                                  
                            gr_session2                                           flaticon.com               Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            GRID                                                  flaticon.com               Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            tv                                                    Infolinks                  Pending  1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                            cookieRegion                                          ingage.tech                Pending  3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                            instUid                                               ingage.tech                Pending  3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                            iq_r_key                                              iqzone.com                 Pending  14 days     HTTP Cookie       
                            iq_u_key                                              iqzone.com                 Pending  14 days     HTTP Cookie       
                            krm_r                                                 krushmedia.com             Pending  14 days     HTTP Cookie       
                            krm_usr                                               krushmedia.com             Pending  14 days     HTTP Cookie       
                            xeluid_206                                            lunamedia.live             Pending  1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                            xeluid_251                                            lunamedia.live             Pending  1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                            bcu                                                   marphezis.com              Pending  30 days     HTTP Cookie       
                            map                                                   Opentopomap                Pending  10 years    HTTP Cookie       
                            permahash                                             Opentopomap                Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            _gd#_sharedId [x3]                                    cdn.adpushup.com           Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
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                            _gd1722881598000_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            _gd1722881709230_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
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                            _gd1722881728139_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            _gd1722881755998_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            _gd1722881976713_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            _gd1722882142987_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
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                            _gd1722882261546_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            _gd1722882276190_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            _gd1722882286379_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
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                            _gd1722882288596_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            _gd1722882331581_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            _gd1722882361817_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            _gd1722882362095_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            _gd1722882504339_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            _gd1722882780276_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            _gd1722882795388_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            _gd1722883065611_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            _gd1722883375759_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            _gd1722883375809_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
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                            _gd1722883959032_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
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                            _gd1722884101098_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            _gd1722884101798_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            _gd1722884109150_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
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                            _gd1722884190317_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            _gd1722884190475_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            nmm-ss-cps-usr                                        pbs.nextmillmedia.com      Pending  1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                            nmm-ss-cps-usr-exp                                    pbs.nextmillmedia.com      Pending  1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                            id5id_cst                                             player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                            vpbg                                                  player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                            equativ                                               IQM                        Pending  30 days     HTTP Cookie       
                            d3dzbWlwcy5y                                          Infolinks                  Pending  Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                            d3dzbWlwcy5ycw                                        Infolinks                  Pending  Session     HTML Local Storage
                            fc                                                    Infolinks                  Pending  Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                            il_cuid                                               Infolinks                  Pending  Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                            smart_r                                               shb-sync.com               Pending  14 days     HTTP Cookie       
                            smart_usr                                             shb-sync.com               Pending  14 days     HTTP Cookie       
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                      Mount Rainier
                        Washington, United States, North America

                        Mount Rainier

                              Washington, United States, North America
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                      * Mount Rainier
                    * Routes (12)
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                              Page Type:  Mountain/Rock            
                              Lat/Lon:    46.85280°N / 121.759°W   
                              Elevation:  14411 ft / 4392 m        
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                          Overview

                          The mountain was originally named Tahoma or "Great Snowy Peak" by the Yakima Indians. Captain George Vancouver renamed it after Admiral Peter Rainier of the British Navy during a scouting expedition on May 7, 1792. This name was hotly contested for over 100 years, because Americans felt it shouldn't be named after a British officer who had never even been to the U.S.

                          The first ascent is believed to be in 1852, but is undocumented. The first recorded ascent was on August 17, 1870 by General Hazard Stevens and Philemon Van Trump, via the Gibralter Ledges route. James Longmire introduced the climbing party to the Yakima Indian Sluiskin who provided the party with assistance in getting to the base of the mountain. They climbed in 1 day from their camp just below the Gibralter Ledges. Upon reaching the summit, they nearly collapsed due to exhaustion, but managed to find a steam vent to hide in.

                            South Side

                          On March 2, 1899 president William McKinley authorized the creation of Mount Rainier National Park protecting 235,625 acres, including over 35 square miles of glaciers blanketing the mountain. There are 25 large named glaciers on Mount Rainier, including the enormous Emmons, which flows down the east face.

                          It is the highest volcano of the Cascade Range and the fifth highest mountain of the continental USA. This is a huge mountain with multiple glaciers and routes of all technical levels. Mount Rainier, the most heavily glaciated peak in the contiguous United States, offers an exciting challenge to the mountaineer. The regularly climbed routes are the Disappointment Cleaver and the Emmons Glacier which are consider class 4 routes. More than 10,000 people a year try to scale this mountain and many expeditions for bigger mountains come to Rainier for their training runs.

                            Nisqually Glacier

                          The summit of this mountain is unique to mountains. There are actually 3 separately classified summits of this peak, Columbia Crest which is the highest point at 14,411 feet, Point Success at 14,158 feet to the southwest, and Liberty Cap at 14,112 feet to the northwest all separated by a large crater. The most standard routes actually bring you to the crater rim at 14,150 feet. A lot of climbers consider this as the summit, or close enough, but to attain the true summit, it is an hour walk round trip a quarter mile across the crater to Columbia Crest. Here you can find a summit log.

                          ---- A Word on the Height of the Mountain ----

                          There has been some questions regarding the true height of the mountain recently. In books it is reported as 14,410 and 14,411. There are a couple sources (unofficial) that report as high as 14,414. However, the National Park Service and all other official sources recognize the height as 14,411.05 feet. This is based on a recent survey of the mountain. This is 12.6 inches taller than figured in 1956 (hence the 1 foot discrepancy in many books). Using data from a constellation of satellites and the number-crunching power of modern computers, Bothell surveyor Larry Signani calculated the mountain's height at 14,411.05 feet—just 12.6 inches taller than the official height computed in 1956 by the U.S. Geological Survey, using traditional triangulation methods.

                          The new measurement is even closer to the 14,411.1 feet logged in 1988 by many of the same people involved in this latest effort. The new measurement was made using Global Positioning System, or GPS, data, which surveyors can now use to pinpoint elevations with unprecedented accuracy. In late August, a team of six surveyors climbed the summit carrying two lightweight GPS receivers, which detect electronic signals from 24 GPS satellites orbiting the earth. Measurements are calculated by timing how long it takes the satellite signals to reach the receiver and by doing a lot of mathematical gyrations.

                            Mount Rainier
                            Mount Rainier

                          Getting There

                          Mount Rainier National Park has great road access from all directions in the summer, however many of the roads are closed in the winter. There is an entrance fee of $15.00 for a vehicle. The pass is good for 7 days. A Mount Rainier pass is available for purchase and is good for one year. The price of the pass is $20.00. Do the math ... if you are going to make more than 2 trips into the park in a given year, consider buying the year long pass.

                          Following are directions to the climbing access areas:

                          Paradise, Longmire and Westside Climbing Access:

                          These climbing routes are accessed through the Nisqually entrance at the southwest corner of Rainier National Park. This is the only entrance that is open year around. Access from Yakima is through the Stevens Canyon entrance and is closed in the winter.

                          From Seattle (Airport): Take I-5 south to I-405. Go 3-4 miles on I-405 and take State Route 167 south. Drive about 21 miles to State Route 512. In 3 miles, exit on the right onto State Route 161 south. Stay on 161 through Puyallup and Graham into Eatonville. Turn left at the stop sign in Eatonville. There is a sign to Mount Rainier there. Follow the narrow 2 lane road to the end. Turn left on SR 7 and continue to the town of Elbe. Stay left on SR 706 in Elbe and drive approximately 13 miles east through Ashford to the entrance of the park. (Note: Ashford in the base for RMI and the Summit House if you are renting equipment or using RMI for a guide service). Once you enter the park, it is about a 30 minute scenic drive to Paradise. From the East: Take I90 west and get off at exit 110 on I82 east. Head south for approximately 30 miles, then turn west unto route 12 just before Yakima. To get to Paradise, continue on route 12 for approx. 60 miles then make a right unto route 123 and follow the signs. For the Emmons glacier route, go 20 miles on route 20, then turn right unto route 410. Once inside the park, make a right on route 123 then a left on Sunrise Park Road. Note that all access to Mount Rainier from the east is closed in the winter and early spring. For a winter climb, first drive to Seattle then follow the directions from there.

                          Mowich Lake and Carbon River Climbing Access:

                          From Seattle (Airport): Take I-5 south to I-405. East 3 miles on I-405 then take SR 167 south for 11 miles. Take SR18 at the Auburn exit. Follow SR18 for 1 mile to SR164 (Auburn-Enumclaw exit). Take a left at the stoplight onto SR164 towards Enumclaw. Take a right on SR410 (stoplight) and go 4 miles to Buckley. Take a left on SR165. Follow this road through Wilkeson and Carbonado. Beyond the 1 lane bridge there will be a fork in the road. Stay right and continue about 17 miles to Mowich Lake. If you are going to Ipsut Creek Campground (for Carbon Glacier) stay left at the fork and continue 16 miles to the campground.

                            Muir Snowfield

                          White River Climbing Access:

                          This provides the best entry and exit for the routes on the north and northeast sides of the mountain.

                          From Seattle (Airport): Follow directions to SR410 (see above). Stay on SR410 31 miles east of Enumclaw to the park boundary and arch. Continue 5 miles to the White River-Sunrise turnoff. Turn right. The White River ranger station in 1 mile down that road.

                          Red Tape/Climbing Permits, Fees and Reservations

                          From the National Park Service Web Site:

                          Climbers must register to travel above 10,000 feet or onto glaciers. Primary registration locations are the Paradise Ranger Station, White River Wilderness Information Center, and the Wilkeson Wilderness Information Center. The climbing fee is $45 per person per calendar year. The fee is payable when registering. Climbing fees help recover costs for protecting the mountain's delicate and unique alpine environment, staffing the mountain's high camps and ranger stations with climbing rangers, managing upper mountain human waste and providing rangers who can rapidly respond to incidents on the mountain. For more information on climbing fee check out FAQ's about Climbing Fees

                            Camp Muir

                          An in-park Wilderness Reservation System is available for climbers and backpackers planning trips during the May 1 to September 30 period. A reservations office is staffed at the Longmire Wilderness Information Center during the summer months. Beginning April 1st, reservations can be made by printing and completing a Reservation Request Form and faxing it to (360) 569-3131 or mailing it to: Wilderness Reservations Office, Tahoma Woods Star Route, Ashford, WA 98304. Tel. (360) 569-HIKE. There is a $20 reservation fee for advance reservations. This fee is in addition to the climbing permit fee and does not guarantee a spot in the public shelter at Camp Muir. Reservations can be made for trips between May 1st and September 30th.

                            * Reservation fees and climbing fees are due at the time of reservation.
                            * Reservations will not be accepted if they are faxed or postmarked before April 1st.
                            * For more information go to FAQ's about Climbing Reservations or the Reservation Request Form .

                          Each climber must present or purchase their Mount Rainier Climbing Pass and present a valid photo I.D. at the time they register for their climb.

                          To speed your climbing registration process you may elect to purchase your Mount Rainier Climbing Pass in advance. Simply download a Climbing Pass Purchase Form , complete the form and fax or mail to the park.

                          When To Climb

                          Climbs have been made and are commonly made all year long, but the best period is from May to August. In recent years, Mount Rainier has become quite popular to climb in the winter and early spring. Since the road to Paradise from Longmire is the only plowed access to Rainier this time of year, most ascents are made on the south side of the mountain. The two standard routes both use the hut at Camp Muir as a high camp. The first route is Gibralter Ledges, usually referred to as the "Gib Ledges", which ascends the ledge system between the Nisquilly and Ingram Glaciers. The other route is the Ingram Glacier Direct or as a variation late in the season Disappointment Cleaver route, which is used by Rainier Mountaineering from December to the end of May for their clients. If you take the Ingram route during heavy snow conditions, do not cut through Cadever Gap. Several parties have died from avalanches here. See the table below for the full descriptions of routes and their approaches.

                          Camping

                            Camp Shurman from above

                          Parties may camp for a maximum of 14 days in the backcountry. Maximum party size is 12 people, with any team larger than 5 considered a group. High camps on the standard routes are located at Camp Muir on the south side and Camp Schurman on the east side.

                          Camp Muir: Located at 10,080 ft., facilities include a Ranger Station, solar toilet, and the Muir Public Shelter which will accommodate approximately 25 people on a first-come, first-served basis. Tent camping on the glacier is another alternative. There is a hut at Camp Muir that is only for Rainier Mountaineering Inc. Unless you are climbing with them, you may not use it or the facilities associated with it.

                            Camping on Ingraham Flats

                          Camp Schurman: Located at 9,440 ft., facilities include a Ranger Station and a solar toilet. Tent camping on the glacier.

                            Sunrise on Liberty Ridge

                          Climbers must melt snow for drinking water at both high camps. Treat or boil water.

                          Additional Camping Information:

                                  Location       Max Number of People
                               Muir Snowfield             36         
                                  Camp Muir              110         
                               Ingraham Flats             35         
                                 Camp Hazard              36         
                              Kautz Alpine Zone           36         
                                Camp Schurman             48         
                                Emmons Flats              24         
                                 Thumb Rock               12         
                               Rainier Summit             36         
                              

                          Route Overview

                              Route Name                            Duration  Difficulty (Alpine Grade)  Elevation Gain  Max Grade    SeasonApproach  
                              Disappointment Cleaver                 2 days              II                9,000 feet    35 degrees    June to Sept.     Paradise  
                              Ingraham Glacier Direct                2 days              II                9,000 feet    35 degrees   January to May     Paradise  
                              Ingraham, Gibraltar Rock               2 days              II                9,000 feet    50 degrees   January to May     Paradise  
                              Gibraltar Rock                        2-3 days              V                9,000 feet    80 degrees   January to May     Paradise  
                              Gibraltar Ledges                       2 days              II                9,000 feet    50 degrees   January to May     Paradise  
                              Gibraltar Chute                        2 days              II                9,000 feet    50 degrees   January to June    Paradise  
                              Nisqually Headwall                     2 days              III               9,000 feet    60 degrees   January to June    Paradise  
                              Nisqually Ice Cliff                    2 days              III               9,000 feet    55 degrees   January to June    Paradise  
                              Nisqually Cleaver                      2 days              III               9,000 feet    60 degrees   January to June    Paradise  
                              Nisqually Cleaver Ramp Exit            2 days              III               9,000 feet    80 degrees   January to June    Paradise  
                              Nisqually Icefall                      2 days              III               9,000 feet    60 degrees   January to June    Paradise  
                              Fuhrer Finger                          2 days              II                9,000 feet    45 degrees  January to Sept.    Paradise  
                              Fuhrer Thumb                           2 days              II                9,000 feet    45 degrees   January to July    Paradise  
                              Wilson Cleaver                        2-3 days             IV                9,000 feet    65 degrees   January to June    Paradise  
                              Wilson Headwall                        2 days              III               9,000 feet    55 degrees   January to July    Paradise  
                              Kautz Ice Cliff                       2-3 days              V                9,000 feet    85 degrees   January to June    Paradise  
                              Kautz Glacier Direct                   2 days              III               9,000 feet    70 degrees   January to July    Paradise  
                              Kautz Glacier Chute                    2 days              III               9,000 feet    60 degrees   January to July    Paradise  
                              Kautz Headwall                        2-4 days             III               9,000 feet    55 degrees   January to July    Paradise  
                              Kautz Cleaver                         2-4 days             II                9,000 feet    35 degrees   January to July    Paradise  
                              Eastern Success Couloir               2-4 days             II               11,500 feet    45 degrees   January to July    West Road 
                              Central Success Couloir               2-4 days             II               11,500 feet    45 degrees   January to July    West Road 
                              Fickle Finger of Success              2-4 days             II               11,500 feet    50 degrees   January to July    West Road 
                              Success Cleaver                       2-4 days             II               11,500 feet    45 degrees   January to July    West Road 
                              South Tahoma Headwall, Cleaver Exit   2-4 days             III              11,500 feet    65 degrees   January to July    West Road 
                              South Tahoma Headwall                 2-4 days             III              11,500 feet    55 degrees   January to July    West Road 
                              Tahoma Cleaver, Buttress Entry        2-4 days             III              11,500 feet    50 degrees   January to July    West Road 
                              Tahoma Cleaver, Lower Buttress        2-4 days             II               11,500 feet    45 degrees   January to July    West Road 
                              Tahoma Cleaver                        2-4 days             IV               11,500 feet    75 degrees   January to July    West Road 
                              Tahoma Glacier                        2-4 days             II               11,500 feet    45 degrees   January to July    West Road 
                              Tahoma Glacier, The Sickle            2-4 days             II               11,500 feet    45 degrees  January to August   West Road 
                              Sunset Amphitheater Ice Cap           2-4 days             III              11,500 feet    50 degrees   January to July    West Road 
                              Sunset Amphitheater Headwall          2-4 days              V               11,500 feet    80 degrees   January to June    West Road 
                              Sunset Amphitheater Headwall Couloir  2-4 days             III              11,500 feet    55 degrees   January to July    West Road 
                              Sunset Ridge                          2-4 days             III              11,500 feet    55 degrees  January to August   West Road 
                              Edmunds Headwall                       2 days              III               9,400 feet    55 degrees  Jan-July Sep-Oct   Mowich Lake
                              Central Mowich Face, Shelf Exit        2 days              IV                9,400 feet    65 degrees  Jan-July Sep-Oct   Mowich Lake
                              Central Mowich Face                    2 days              III               9,400 feet    55 degrees  Jan-July Sep-Oct   Mowich Lake
                              North Mowich Headwall                  2 days              IV                9,400 feet    55 degrees  Jan-July Sep-Oct   Mowich Lake
                              North Mowich Ice Cliff                 2 days               V                9,400 feet    85 degrees  Jan-July Sep-Oct   Mowich Lake
                              North Mowich Icefall                   2 days              IV                9,400 feet    55 degrees  Jan-July Sep-Oct   Mowich Lake
                              Ptarmigan Ridge, Lower Shelf           2 days              IV                9,400 feet    55 degrees   January to July   Mowich Lake
                              Ptarmigan Ridge, Upper Shelf           2 days              IV                9,400 feet    55 degrees   January to July   Mowich Lake
                              South Ptarmigan Ice Cliff              2 days              IV                9,400 feet    55 degrees   January to July   Mowich Lake
                              North Ptarmigan Ice Cliff              2 days              IV                9,400 feet    55 degrees   January to July   Mowich Lake
                              Liberty Wall Ice Cap                  2-4 days             IV               11,400 feet    50 degrees  Jan-July Sep-Oct   White River
                              Liberty Wall Ice Cliff                2-4 days              V               11,400 feet    80 degrees  Jan-July Sep-Oct   White River
                              Liberty Wall Direct                   2-4 days             IV+              11,400 feet    50 degrees  Jan-July Sep-Oct   White River
                              Liberty Ridge                         2-4 days            III+              11,400 feet    55 degrees   January to July   White River
                              Willis Wall, Thermogenesis            2-4 days             IV               11,400 feet    60 degrees   January to June   White River
                              Willis Wall, West Rib                 2-4 days             IV+              11,400 feet    60 degrees   January to June   White River
                              Willis Wall, Ice Cliff                2-4 days              V               11,400 feet    85 degrees   January to June   White River
                              Willis Wall, Central Rib              2-4 days             IV+              11,400 feet    60 degrees   January to June   White River
                              Willis Wall, East Rib                 2-4 days             IV+              11,400 feet    60 degrees   January to June   White River
                              Willis Wall East                      2-4 days             IV               11,400 feet    55 degrees   January to June   White River
                              Curtis Ridge                          2-4 days             IV               11,400 feet    55 degrees   January to June   White River
                              Russell Cliff Gully                    2 days              II+              10,000 feet    50 degrees   January to July   White River
                              Russell Cliff Central Bowl             2 days              II+              10,000 feet    50 degrees   January to July   White River
                              Russell Cliff Upper Headwall           2 days              II+              10,000 feet    50 degrees   January to July   White River
                              Winthrop Glacier                       2 days              II               10,000 feet    40 degrees  January to Sept.   White River
                              Emmons Glacier                         2 days              II               10,000 feet    40 degrees  January to Sept.   White River
                              

                            Special thanks to Martin Cash for a lot of the initial work on building the above table.

                              Sunrise on the DC Route

                            Mountain Conditions/Information

                            This is the average high and low temperatures for the summit of Mount Rainier.

                                  Month    High  Low
                                 January    7    -3 
                                February    9    -2 
                                  March     11   -2 
                                  April     17    2 
                                   May      22    6 
                                   Jun      26   10 
                                  July      33   15 
                                 August     32   14 
                                September   28   12 
                                 October    20    7 
                                November    14    2 
                                December    8    -2 
                                

                              Thank You Scott Patterson for the above information.

                              Below are some useful links for Mount Rainier:

                              Mount Rainier National Park

                              Mountain Topo Maps National Weather Service Mount Rainier

                              Current Avalanche Information

                              Mount Rainier Weather (University of Washington) Paradise Web Cam

                              Links to time-lapse movies of two Webcams at Paradise:

                              Looking down the Valley from Paradise

                              Looking towards Rainier and the Muir Snowfield

                              Guide Services for Mount Rainier

                              One-day climbing instruction, two-day summit climbs, five-day climbing seminars, and private climbs, are available through:

                                * Rainier Mountaineering, Inc. 360-569-2227

                              Guided summit climbs on the Emmons-Winthrop Glaciers are available through:

                                * Alpine Ascents International , 206-378-1927

                                  Please remember that providing a guided climb or mountaineering instruction in exchange for money is illegal except by one of the approved and authorized concessionaires.

                                * International Mountain Guides, 360-569-2609

                                  Please remember that providing a guided climb or mountaineering instruction in exchange for money is illegal except by one of the approved and authorized concessionaires.

                                  Recommended Climbing Equipment (From NPS)

                                  Individual Equipment:

                                    + Map & Compass
                                    + Knife
                                    + Matches/Lighter
                                    + Sunglasses and/or ski goggles (dark lenses)
                                    + Sunscreen and Lip Balm
                                    + First Aid Kit
                                    + Food (extra food for emergencies)
                                    + Headlamp and extra batteries
                                    + Altimeter
                                    + Signaling Device (whistle and/or mirror)
                                    + Gloves and Mittens
                                    + Winter Hat, Sun Hat
                                    + Down or Synthetic Parka
                                    + Wool or Synthetic Clothing, layered Waterproof/Breathable Parka Waterproof/Breathable Pants or Bibs
                                    + Sleeping Bag - comfortable to 10F
                                    + Ensolite Pad
                                    + Ice Axe
                                    + Carabiners (minimum 4)
                                    + Prussik Slings (3) or Ascenders
                                    + Chest and Seat Harness
                                    + Helmet
                                    + Boots and Gaitors
                                    + Crampons
                                    + Picket (1) or other appropriate protection device

                                  Team Equipment:

                                    + Rope, 40 m, 9 or 11mm diameter
                                    + Pickets or Ice Screws (as appropriate for route and conditions)
                                    + Pulleys
                                    + Stove and Fuel Extra Fuel for emergencies
                                    + Tent or Tarp Shelter
                                    + Wands

                                  Additional Winter Equipment:

                                  Team:
                                    + Food and Fuel for two extra days
                                    + Wands, minimum 200
                                    + Tent, expedition type
                                    + Additional Rope
                                  Individual:
                                    + Down Parka, Pants, and Mittens
                                    + Double Boots or Over Boots
                                    + Avalanche Beacon & Probe
                                    + Snow Shovel
                                    + Snowshoes or Skis
                                              
                                      

                                    External Links

                                      + Emmons/Upper Winthrop Trip Report, September 2000
                                      + Northwest Outdoors Guide Guide to mountaineering and hiking in the Pacific Northwest
                                      + A Potato Head takes on Mount Rainier
                                      + Great Images of Rainier - Marc Pagani Click on the mountaineering link to see many great images of Mount Rainier from Marc Pagani Photography
                                      + DC Route via Muir - June 16, 2001
                                      + Mount Rainier (07/31/2004)
                                      + Excellent Rainier Photos and Info
                                      + Zeitcam.com Time-lapse movie of Mt. Rainier Web Cam, as well as other peaks.
                                      + Emmons Glacier - July 14th - 17th 2005
                                      + D.C. 8-3-05
                                      + 
                                      + Mount Rainier via Emmons Glacier
                                      + Mount Rainier via Kautz Glacier

                                  Additions and CorrectionsPost an Addition or Correction

                                      Viewing: 1-6 of 6

                                          Jessicahiker - Sep 8, 2008 10:59 am - Hasn't voted

                                          Carbon Glacier

                                          The road has been washed out. There is no vehicle access to the trailhead. This adds 10 miles to your trip. Currently there are no plans to rebuild the road as per the NPS. Just got back on 9/5/08.

                                          Haliku - Feb 8, 2010 1:42 pm - Voted 10/10

                                          Liberty Ridge gone?

                                          The route link to Liberty ridge doesn't work in the route table you have. I also don't see the route on the route list on the left. Did someone delete it?

                                          vertx - Feb 12, 2010 11:40 am - Voted 10/10

                                          Re: Liberty Ridge gone?

                                          Looks like it was deleted for some reason. Maybe the elves can bring it back and give it to someone. I dont know had it.

                                          Bark Eater - Jan 13, 2012 2:15 pm - Hasn't voted

                                          Red Tape Updates

                                          The links to the NPS website are outdated. Here are the new links. Also, the fee for the climbing pass has increased from $30 to $43 per year. FAQ - http://www.nps.gov/mora/planyourvisit/climbing-pass-faqs.htm Climbing Pass Purchase Form - http://www.nps.gov/mora/planyourvisit/upload/MORAClimbingPassPurchaseForm.pdf General Climbing Information - http://www.nps.gov/mora/planyourvisit/climbing.htm

                                          Obn419 - May 1, 2019 8:21 am - Voted 10/10

                                          Re: Red Tape Updates

                                          Purchase form link still not valid

                                          molliej - Jul 21, 2015 9:12 am - Hasn't voted

                                          ultimate adventureland

                                          Never visited this place, but friends always told me that you can do so many things, do so many activities there.

                                      Viewing: 1-6 of 6



                                    Images

                                    View Mount Rainier Image Gallery - 2038 Images

                                Table of Contents
                                * Overview
                                * Getting There
                                * Red Tape/Climbing Permits, Fees and Reservations
                                * When To Climb
                                * Camping
                                * Route Overview
                                * Mountain Conditions/Information
                                * Guide Services for Mount Rainier
                                * Recommended Climbing Equipment (From NPS)
                                * External Links
                                * Additions & Corrections
                                * Images
                                Geography
                                * Nearby Mountains & Rocks
                                * Interactive Map
                                * Mountains & Rocks in Washington
                                Children

                                    Children

                                    Children refers to the set of objects that logically fall under a given object. For example, the Aconcagua mountain page is a child of the 'Aconcagua Group' and the 'Seven Summits.' The Aconcagua mountain itself has many routes, photos, and trip reports as children.

                                1 Mountains & Rocks
                                  * View all on Map
                                  * Muir Peak
                                12 Routes
                                  * Disappointment Cleaver
                                  * Liberty Ridge
                                  * Emmons-Winthrop Glacier
                                  * Success Cleaver
                                  * Kautz Glacier
                                  * Fuhrer Finger/Thumb
                                  * Gibralter Ledges
                                  * Ingraham Glacier Direct
                                  * Ptarmigan Ridge
                                  * Steamboat Prow
                                  * Tahoma Glacier
                                  * Kautz Cleaver
                                89 Trip Reports
                                  * Liberty Ridge, a memorable climb
                                  * Hell On Liberty Ridge
                                  * Climbing Mount Rainier in less than a day... from sea level
                                  * Rainier in a Day: A Challenging Escapade
                                  * Old Men and the Kautz
                                  * Liberty Ridge, July 2006
                                  * Liberty Ridge, The Word of the Trip Is Rock!
                                  * 5 days on Mt. Rainier
                                  * Liberty Cap Beating #2: Ptarmigan Ridge
                                  * The Perfect Rainier Trip
                                  * Kautz Epic
                                  * No Escaping the Odds: Making an Attempt on Mount Rainier
                                  * Rainier - Liberty Ridge (video)
                                  * Liberty Cap Beating #1: Liberty Ridge
                                  * Finding Liberty- April 4-9, 2006
                                  * Emmons-Winthrop - July 2009
                                  * The Agony of Defeat
                                  * Emmons In August
                                  * A Volcano Trifecta
                                  * A Conga line up a Giant Snow Cone
                                  * The Mountain and me: Three Rainier climbs via Camp Schurman—1999, 2010, and 2012
                                  * First time is not Disappointing
                                  * Victory is Ours! A Triumph and Struggle on Mount Rainier
                                  * Winter on Mount Rainier
                                  * Blown out on Rainier: A Wall of Weather on the Emmons Glacier
                                  * No Disappointment on the Cleaver(July 28-August 2, 2006)
                                  * Tahoma^2 (Little Tahoma AND Rainier in a day)
                                  * Camp Muir, Mt Rainier, May '07
                                  * Mount Rainier, Tahoma Glacier, 6/20/14 to 6/25/14
                                  * A Reckoning Experience on Mount Rainier
                                59 More Trip Reports
                                4 Articles
                                  * So, you want to climb Mt Rainier.
                                  * Walking with Mr. Muir
                                  * Ride Around Mount Rainier in One Day
                                  * Solo Climber Survives Avalanche on Mt Rainier
                                30 Albums
                                  * Skyline Trail - Mt. Rainier
                                  * Box Canyon, Mt. Rainier
                                  * Views Around Rainier - Part II
                                  * Tacoma - Perpetual Shrine of Fire And Ice
                                  * The Grand Tour Part 2
                                  * Mount Rainier Summit July 2007
                                  * Views Around Rainier - Part I
                                  * Mt. Rainier, Washington
                                  * Little Tahoma
                                  * Mt. Rainier Trip
                                  * Spring Scenery in Paradise
                                  * Mount Rainier July of 2011
                                  * Mount Rainier during September of 2011
                                  * Mount Rainier Climb July 5-7, 2012
                                  * Clear Winter Day At Camp Muir
                                  * Winter Scenery on Mount Rainier January 2010
                                  * Mount Rainier July 5-7
                                  * Mount Rainier National Park from Sunrise.
                                  * Mount Rainier Summit July 2005
                                  * Mount Rainier-Disappointment Cleaver, June 2011
                                  * April Camp Muir trip (4/26)
                                  * Mt. Rainier attempt 6/30-7/1 2010
                                  * Rainier 2011
                                  * Mount Rainier by Air
                                  * Mt Rainier 2010
                                  * Emmons-Winthrop Glacier Route
                                  * Cascade Expedition, Rainier and Hood - May 23rd to June 1st, 2008
                                  * Mount Rainier Summit Climb, June 2007
                                  * July 2009 Emmons Glacier Columbia Crest Summit
                                  * Mount Rainier
                                59 More Albums
                                1 Fact Sheets
                                  * Interesting Climate Statistics for US Mountain Summits
                                Parents

                                    Parents

                                    Parents refers to a larger category under which an object falls. For example, theAconcagua mountain page has the 'Aconcagua Group' and the 'Seven Summits' asparents and is a parent itself to many routes, photos, and Trip Reports.

                                Cascade Volcanoes Mountains & Rocks
                                  * Mount Rainier
                                  * Mount Shasta
                                  * Shastina
                                  * Mount Adams
                                  * Mount Hood
                                  * Mount Baker
                                  * Glacier Peak
                                  * Mount Jefferson
                                  * Lassen Peak
                                  * South Sister
                                  * North Sister
                                  * Middle Sister
                                  * Illumination Rock
                                  * Mount McLoughlin
                                  * Colfax Peak
                                  * Mount Thielsen
                                  * Broken Top
                                  * Mount Bachelor
                                  * Diamond Peak
                                  * Crater Peak
                                  * Chaos Crags
                                  * Ash Creek Butte
                                  * Mount Saint Helens
                                  * East Peak, Mt. Thielsen
                                  * Pelican Butte
                                  * Mount Harriman
                                  * Mount Carmine
                                  * Burney Mountain
                                  * Three Fingered Jack
                                  * Maiden Peak (OR)
                                  * 13 More
                                Mount Rainier National Park Mountains & Rocks
                                  * Mount Rainier
                                  * Little Tahoma
                                  * Muir Peak
                                  * Observation Rock
                                  * Burroughs Mountain (Mount Rainier, Sunrise)
                                  * Mount Fremont
                                  * Goat Island Mountain
                                  * Meany Crest
                                  * Skyscraper Mountain
                                  * Antler Peak
                                  * Dege Peak
                                  * Unicorn Peak
                                  * Marcus Peak
                                  * Pyramid Peak
                                  * Tamanos Mountain
                                  * Boundary Peak
                                  * Slide and South Slide Mountains
                                  * Pinnacle Peak
                                  * Foss Peak
                                  * Barrier Peak
                                  * East Fay Peak
                                  * Stevens Peak
                                  * Fay Peak
                                  * First Mother Mountain
                                  * The Castle
                                  * Mount Pleasant
                                  * Naches Peak
                                  * Hessong Rock
                                  * Plummer Peak
                                  * Seymour Peak
                                  * 17 More
                                U.S. State Highpoints Mountains & Rocks
                                  * Denali
                                  * Mount Whitney
                                  * Mount Elbert
                                  * Mount Rainier
                                  * Gannett Peak
                                  * Mauna Kea
                                  * Kings Peak
                                  * Wheeler Peak (NM)
                                  * Boundary Peak (Nevada)
                                  * Granite Peak
                                  * Borah Peak
                                  * Humphreys Peak
                                  * Mount Hood
                                  * Guadalupe Peak
                                  * Black Elk Peak / Harney Peak
                                  * Mount Mitchell
                                  * Clingmans Dome
                                  * Mount Washington
                                  * Mount Rogers
                                  * Panorama Point
                                  * Mount Marcy
                                  * Katahdin
                                  * Black Mesa
                                  * Spruce Knob
                                  * Brasstown Bald
                                  * Mount Mansfield
                                  * Black Mountain (KY)
                                  * Mount Sunflower
                                  * Sassafras Mountain
                                  * White Butte
                                  * 20 More
                                Ultra-prominence Peaks of the 48 States Mountains & Rocks
                                  * Mount Whitney
                                  * Mount Elbert
                                  * Mount Rainier
                                  * Blanca Peak
                                  * White Mountain Peak
                                  * Mount Shasta
                                  * Pikes Peak
                                  * Gannett Peak
                                  * Grand Teton
                                  * Kings Peak
                                  * Cloud Peak
                                  * Wheeler Peak
                                  * Mt. Peale
                                  * Borah Peak
                                  * Humphreys Peak
                                  * Mount Adams
                                  * Diamond Peak
                                  * Ibapah Peak (UT)
                                  * Sierra Blanca
                                  * Mount Jefferson (South Summit)
                                  * Mount Nebo
                                  * Charleston Peak
                                  * North Schell Peak
                                  * Arc Dome
                                  * Mt. Timpanogos (UT)
                                  * Mount Ellen (UT)
                                  * San Gorgonio
                                  * Mount Hood
                                  * Crazy Peak
                                  * Telescope Peak
                                  * 27 More
                                U.S. National Parks Mountains & Rocks
                                  * Denali
                                  * Mount Rainier
                                  * Grand Teton
                                  * Music Mountain
                                  * Haleakala
                                  * Kilauea (Hawaii Volcanoes National Park)
                                The Top 10 Mountains & Rocks
                                  * Everest
                                  * Aconcagua
                                  * Denali
                                  * Mont Blanc
                                  * Matterhorn - Monte Cervino
                                  * Mount Whitney
                                  * Mount Elbert
                                  * Mount Massive
                                  * Mount Rainier
                                  * Mount Williamson
                                  * Blanca Peak
                                  * Grays Peak
                                  * Quandary Peak
                                  * Longs Peak
                                  * White Mountain Peak
                                  * North Palisade
                                  * Mount Shasta
                                  * Mount Sneffels
                                  * Capitol Peak
                                  * Pikes Peak
                                  * Holy Cross, Mount of the
                                  * Mount Adams
                                  * San Gorgonio
                                  * Mount Hood
                                  * San Jacinto Peak
                                  * Mount San Antonio (Mount Baldy)
                                  * Half Dome
                                  * Tikaboo Peak
                                  * Katahdin
                                North America's 100 Highest Mountains & Rocks
                                  * Denali
                                  * Logan MASSIF
                                  * Pico de Orizaba
                                  * Popocatépetl
                                  * Mount Foraker
                                  * Iztaccihuatl
                                  * Mount Lucania
                                  * Mount Blackburn
                                  * Nevado de Toluca (Xinantecatl)
                                  * La Malinche
                                  * Mount Whitney
                                  * Mount Elbert
                                  * Mount Harvard
                                  * Mount Rainier
                                  * Blanca Peak
                                  * Uncompahgre Peak
                                  * Crestone Peak
                                  * Mount Lincoln
                                  * Grays Peak
                                  * Mount Antero
                                  * Castle Peak
                                  * Mount Evans
                                  * Longs Peak
                                  * Mount Wilson
                                  * White Mountain Peak
                                  * North Palisade
                                  * Nevado de Colima (Zapotepetl)
                                  * Mount Princeton
                                  * Mount Shasta
                                  * South Maroon Peak
                                  * 46 More
                                Washington Top 100 Mountains & Rocks
                                  * Mount Rainier
                                  * Mount Adams
                                  * Little Tahoma
                                  * Mount Baker
                                  * Glacier Peak
                                  * Sherman Peak
                                  * Bonanza Peak
                                  * Colfax Peak
                                  * Mount Stuart
                                  * Mount Fernow
                                  * Goode Mountain
                                  * Mount Shuksan
                                  * Buckner Mountain
                                  * Seven Fingered Jack
                                  * Mount Logan
                                  * Mount Maude
                                  * Jack Mountain
                                  * Mount Spickard
                                  * Black Peak
                                  * Mount Redoubt
                                  * Copper Peak
                                  * North Gardner Mountain
                                  * Dome Peak
                                  * Gardner Mountain
                                  * Boston Peak
                                  * Eldorado Peak
                                  * Silver Star Mountain (Okanogan)
                                  * Dragontail Peak
                                  * Forbidden Peak
                                  * Mesahchie Peak
                                  * 71 More
                                Washington 2000-ft Prominence Peaks Mountains & Rocks
                                  * Mount Rainier
                                  * Mount Adams
                                  * Mount Baker
                                  * Glacier Peak
                                  * Bonanza Peak
                                  * Mount Stuart
                                  * Mount Fernow
                                  * Goode Mountain
                                  * Mount Shuksan
                                  * Buckner Mountain
                                  * Jack Mountain
                                  * Mount Spickard
                                  * Black Peak
                                  * North Gardner Mountain
                                  * Dome Peak
                                  * Eldorado Peak
                                  * Silver Star Mountain (Okanogan)
                                  * Mesahchie Peak
                                  * Oval Peak
                                  * Mount Lago
                                  * Remmel Mountain
                                  * Cardinal Peak
                                  * Reynolds Peak
                                  * The Craggies
                                  * Tower Mountain
                                  * Martin Peak
                                  * Mount Saint Helens
                                  * Snowfield Peak
                                  * Luna Peak
                                  * Castle Peak
                                  * 98 More
                                Contiguous US 14ers Mountains & Rocks
                                  * Mount Whitney
                                  * Mount Elbert
                                  * Mount Massive
                                  * Mount Harvard
                                  * Mount Rainier
                                  * Mount Williamson
                                  * Blanca Peak
                                  * La Plata Peak
                                  * Uncompahgre Peak
                                  * Crestone Peak
                                  * Mount Lincoln
                                  * Grays Peak
                                  * Mount Antero
                                  * Torreys Peak
                                  * Quandary Peak
                                  * Castle Peak
                                  * Mount Evans
                                  * Longs Peak
                                  * Mount Wilson
                                  * White Mountain Peak
                                  * North Palisade
                                  * Mount Cameron
                                  * Mount Shavano
                                  * Mount Belford
                                  * Starlight Peak
                                  * Crestone Needle
                                  * Mount Princeton
                                  * Mount Yale
                                  * Mount Shasta
                                  * Mount Bross
                                  * 44 More
                                Contiguous US Highest 150 Mountains & Rocks
                                  * Mount Whitney
                                  * Mount Elbert
                                  * Mount Massive
                                  * Mount Harvard
                                  * Mount Rainier
                                  * Mount Williamson
                                  * Blanca Peak
                                  * La Plata Peak
                                  * Uncompahgre Peak
                                  * Crestone Peak
                                  * Mount Lincoln
                                  * Grays Peak
                                  * Mount Antero
                                  * Torreys Peak
                                  * Quandary Peak
                                  * Castle Peak
                                  * Mount Evans
                                  * Keeler Needle
                                  * Longs Peak
                                  * Mount Wilson
                                  * White Mountain Peak
                                  * North Palisade
                                  * Mount Cameron
                                  * Mount Shavano
                                  * Mount Belford
                                  * Starlight Peak
                                  * Crestone Needle
                                  * Mount Princeton
                                  * Mount Yale
                                  * Mount Shasta
                                  * 122 More
                                Fred Beckey's Great Peaks of the Continent Mountains & Rocks
                                  * Denali
                                  * Pico de Orizaba
                                  * Mount Whitney
                                  * Mount Rainier
                                  * Longs Peak
                                  * North Palisade
                                  * Mount Shasta
                                  * South Maroon Peak
                                  * Mount Sneffels
                                  * Pikes Peak
                                  * Gannett Peak
                                  * Grand Teton
                                  * Fremont Peak
                                  * Mount Waddington
                                  * Mount Ritter
                                  * Mount Robson
                                  * Humphreys Peak
                                  * Mount Moran
                                  * Assiniboine
                                  * Mt. Timpanogos (UT)
                                  * Mount Hood
                                  * Howser Spire
                                  * Mt Sir Donald
                                  * Mount Wilbur
                                  * Mount Shuksan
                                  * Mount Saint Helens
                                  * Black Elk Peak / Harney Peak
                                  * Ship Rock
                                  * Clingmans Dome
                                  * Mount Washington
                                  * 2 More
                                Washington County Highpoints Mountains & Rocks
                                  * Mount Rainier
                                  * Mount Adams
                                  * Mount Baker
                                  * Glacier Peak
                                  * Bonanza Peak
                                  * Buckner Mountain
                                  * North Gardner Mountain
                                  * "Skamania Pinnacle" (West Ridge of Adams)
                                  * Big Horn
                                  * Mount Olympus
                                  * Mount Daniel
                                  * Gypsy Peak
                                  * Abercrombie Mountain
                                  * Gray Wolf Ridge (WA)
                                  * Copper Butte
                                  * Mount Stone
                                  * Oregon Butte (WA)
                                  * Diamond Peak
                                  * Mount Spokane
                                  * Goat Mountain
                                  * Wynoochee Point
                                  * Badger Mountain (WA)
                                  * Sturgeon Rock and "Sturgeon Fin"
                                  * Pacific County Highpoint
                                  * Quiemuth Peak
                                  * Mount Constitution
                                  * Gold Mountain
                                Contiguous 14ers with 2,000 ft. of Prominence Mountains & Rocks
                                  * Mount Whitney
                                  * Mount Elbert
                                  * Mount Harvard
                                  * Mount Rainier
                                  * Blanca Peak
                                  * Uncompahgre Peak
                                  * Crestone Peak
                                  * Mount Lincoln
                                  * Grays Peak
                                  * Mount Antero
                                  * Castle Peak
                                  * Mount Evans
                                  * Longs Peak
                                  * Mount Wilson
                                  * White Mountain Peak
                                  * North Palisade
                                  * Mount Princeton
                                  * Mount Shasta
                                  * South Maroon Peak
                                  * Mount Sneffels
                                  * Pikes Peak
                                  * Mount Eolus
                                  * Culebra Peak
                                  * San Luis Peak
                                  * Holy Cross, Mount of the
                                Washington Counties - Greatest Prominence Point(s) Mountains & Rocks
                                  * Mount Rainier
                                  * Mount Adams
                                  * Mount Baker
                                  * Glacier Peak
                                  * Mount Stuart
                                  * Remmel Mountain
                                  * Mount Saint Helens
                                  * Mount Olympus
                                  * Mount Daniel
                                  * Abercrombie Mountain
                                  * Copper Butte
                                  * Oregon Butte (WA)
                                  * Mount Washington
                                  * Table Rock
                                  * Mount Spokane
                                  * Saddle Butte
                                  * High Rock (WA)
                                  * Snyder Hill
                                  * Round Mountain
                                  * "Prominencians Peak" (Peak 5139)
                                  * Badger Mountain (WA)
                                  * Lakeview Peak
                                  * Mount Muller
                                  * Weatherwax Ridge
                                  * Wahatis Peak
                                  * Larch Mountain
                                  * Capitol Peak
                                  * Walville Peak
                                  * Mount Constitution
                                  * Green Mountain
                                  * 3 More
                                Washington Isolation Peaks Mountains & Rocks
                                  * Mount Rainier
                                  * Mount Adams
                                  * Mount Baker
                                  * Glacier Peak
                                  * Mount Stuart
                                  * Mount Saint Helens
                                  * Mount Olympus
                                  * Mount Bonaparte
                                  * Copper Butte
                                  * Calispell Peak
                                  * Moses Mountain
                                  * Oregon Butte (WA)
                                  * Mount Spokane
                                  * Huckleberry Mountain
                                  * Wahatis Peak
                                  * Larch Mountain
                                  * Jump Off Joe
                                U.S. National Park Highpoints Mountains & Rocks
                                  * Denali
                                  * Mount Whitney
                                  * Mount Rainier
                                  * Longs Peak
                                  * North Palisade
                                  * Grand Teton
                                  * Mauna Loa
                                  * Tijeras Peak
                                  * Mount Lyell
                                  * Wheeler Peak
                                  * Telescope Peak
                                  * Mount Cleveland
                                  * Lassen Peak
                                  * Haleakala
                                  * Goode Mountain
                                  * Mount Scott
                                  * Guadalupe Peak
                                  * Mica Mountain
                                  * Mount Olympus
                                  * Emory Peak
                                  * Clingmans Dome
                                  * Quail Mountain
                                  * Elephant Butte
                                  * Rankin Ridge
                                  * Hawksbill
                                  * North Chalone Peak
                                  * Lata Mountain
                                  * Peck Hill
                                  * Cadillac Mountain
                                  * Music Mountain
                                  * 1 More
                                Contiguous U.S. 90% Dominance Peaks Mountains & Rocks
                                  * Mount Rainier
                                  * Mount Olympus
                                  * Mount Mitchell
                                  * Mount Washington
                                  * Mount Marcy
                                  * Round Mountain
                                  * Loma Prieta
                                  * Anderson Mountain
                                  * Mount Tamalpais
                                  * Mount Constitution
                                  * Sutter Buttes
                                  * Mount Orizaba
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Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering : SummitPost
https://www.summitpost.org/mount-rainier/150291
None
2024-05-08T00:00:00Z
<div><div>
        <h2>Overview</h2>
<div><p>Formerly known as Mount McKinley, the highest mountain in North America has been the goal of aspiring high altitude climbers since it was first climbed in 1913. Its reputation as a highly coveted summit derives from its location near the Arctic Circle and the Pacific Ocean (Gulf of Alaska) giving it some of the most ferocious weather in the world. Because of its notorious weather and ease of access, some climbers use Denali as a training ground for climbing the 8,000 meter peaks of the Himalaya and for extended expeditions in the Arctic or Antarctic. And for all you peakbaggers out there, Denali is the highpoint of the Denali Borough, the state of Alaska, the United States, the Alaska Range, and North America.</p><p>Denali offers one of the world's greatest expedition challenges. While it is exceeded in elevation by peaks in South America and Asia, its great height above the Alaskan plain make it a severe test of personal strength, team work, and logistics. No peak in the world has greater relief: Denali rises 17,000 feet above its surrounding plain, Kilimanjaro 14,000 feet, and Everest 13,000 feet. Vertical elevation gain on Everest from the normal base camp for the South Col route is 11,000 feet; from the landing spot on the Kahiltna Glacier Denali's summit rises another 13,000 feet. Further, the mountain (and all mountains this far north or south) behaves like it's taller than it really is --- the reason being that the barometric pressure in the northern/southern latitudes is less than at the equator which makes climbers feel higher than they really are.</p></div>

<h3>What's In A Name?</h3>
<div><p>Denali is known by its Athabascan name, meaning "The Great One" and some climbers refuse to use "McKinley" when referring to the mountain. In fact, at least half a dozen names exist for the highest mountain in North America and most translate to "The Great One." Americans are the only ones who have previously bucked this trend and named it after a President from Ohio (William McKinley has often been considered a straw President --- put into power by Rockefeller's enormous campaign contributions in order to avoid a then-aspiring Teddy Roosevelt and his party's threat to break up the industrial monopolies with new anti-trust legislation). </p><p>Denali was renamed Mount McKinley by the Princeton graduate and gold prospector, William Dickey. Dickey was one of the hundreds of prospectors seeking gold in the 1896 Cook Inlet stampede. He had written an article for the New York Sun where he described the mountain as the highest in North America at over 20,000 feet. When later asked why he named the mountain after McKinley, Dickey replied that "the verbal bludgeoning he had received from free silver partisans had inspired him to retaliate with the name of the gold-standard champion" (Source: <em>Mt. McKinley: The Pioneer Climbs</em> by Terris Moore). Since the turn of the 19th century, the official name of this great mountain has not rested in peace. In 1914, following his historic first ascent of the mountain in 1913, Hudson Stuck wrote in the preface of his book, <em>The Ascent of Denali</em>, "forefront in this book, because forefront in the author's heart and desire, must stand a plea for the restoration to the greatest mountain in North America of its immemorial native name."</p><p>Ever since the mountain's name was changed to McKinley, an effort has been underway to change it back to Denali. In 1980, the name Mount McKinley National Park was officially changed to Denali National Park and Preserve. The State of Alaska Board of Geographic Names has also officially changed the mountain's name back to Denali. The State of Alaska now recognizes it as Denali and the Feds have changed the name of the national park. Shortly after Winston Churchill's death in 1965, the National Park Service, after being goaded to do so by Alaska's Senator Ernest Gruening, named Mount McKinley and the North Peak of Mount McKinley the Churchill Peaks. The individual summit is still officially known as Mount McKinley. Thanks to SP member, <a href="https://www.summitpost.org/users/steve-gruhn/21394">Steve Gruhn</a> for that info (he's also one of the best all-around resources for mountaineering information in Alaska).</p></div>
<p>In 2009, Alaska State Representative Scott Kawasaki sponsored Alaska House Joint Resolution 15, which urged Congress to rename the mountain Denali. Despite efforts in Alaska, Ohio Representatives Betty Sutton and Tim Ryan introduced H.R. 229 which reads: "Notwithstanding any other authority of law, the mountain located 63 degrees 04 minutes 12 seconds north, by 151 degrees 00 minutes 18 seconds west shall continue to be named and referred to for all purposes as Mount McKinley."</p>
<p>A January 2015 bill submitted by Alaska Senator Lisa Murkowski re-proposed renaming North America's highest peak as Denali. In June 2015 testimony to Congress, the National Park Service's associate director stated that the NPS "has no objection to adopting the name of Denali for Mt. McKinley". On August 30, 2015, Sally Jewell announced that the mountain would be renamed Denali, under the authority of federal law which permits her as Secretary of the Interior to name geographic features if the Board of Geographic Names does not act within a "reasonable" period of time. In media interviews, Jewell cited the board's failure to act on the state's four-decade-old request, saying "I think any of us would think that 40 years is an unreasonable amount of time."</p>
<h3>Denali National Park</h3>
<div><p>The park was established as Mt. McKinley National Park on February 26, 1917. The original park was designated a wilderness area at inception and was further designated an international biosphere reserve in 1976. The Park was incorporated into Denali National Park and Preserve in 1980. Today the park accommodates a wide variety of visitor use including wildlife viewing, mountaineering, and backpacking as well as providing a laboratory for research in the natural sciences. More than 425,000 people visit this world-class national park every year.</p><p>The park was originally established to protect wildlife and its habitat. At the time there were many people living and hunting in the area, and they needed meat for themselves and their dog teams. The easiest source of meat was hunting Dall sheep. Charles Sheldon, a hunter and naturalist, came to the Denali area in 1906 to study the Dall sheep. Seeing the need to protect this area and the sheep from commercial hunting, Sheldon lobbied Congress to set the area aside as a national park. Congress agreed with Sheldon, and in 1917, about two million acres of an area (including Denali) were set aside as Mt. McKinley National Park. In 1980, through the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, the park's name was changed, and at the same time, its acreage was tripled, setting the footprint of what today is Denali National Park and Preserve. The park covers more than six million acres which includes a complete sub-arctic ecosystem home to large mammals such as grizzly bears, wolves, Dall sheep, and moose. Additionally, almost the entire original two million acres are designated a wilderness area. The Park and Preserve is located in the heart of the Alaska Range and is home to countless glaciated mountains and granite peaks accompanied by some of the worlds largest, longest, and deepest glaciers. - Source <a href="http://www.nps.gov/dena/planyourvisit/upload/Ed%20Packet%20(revised%202008,msj).pdf">NPS Website</a></p></div>
<h2>Mountain History</h2><h3>Location</h3>
<p>Denali (and the National Park) is located approximately 200 miles north of Anchorage, Alaska. Please see maps below for more detail.</p>

<h3>Geology</h3>
<p>Denali, underneath its sheath of glaciers, consists primarily of a granite dome. About 60 million years ago (Paleocene epoch), semi-liquid magma intruded below the surface of the earth, and slowly cooled from 100 degrees Centigrade to form the McKinley/Denali pluton (a body of igneous rock formed beneath the surface of the earth by consolidation of magma). The pluton composing Denali's neighboring peaks is considerably younger, 38 million years old. As the millennia went by, a sea covered the area where the park is today and deposited much sediment. Later, a tropical forest grew here, resulting in the coal-bearing formation which is mined near the park today. Eventually geological forces caused the land to rise and buckle, resulting in the metamorphic rock (rock that has been transformed from one type of rock to another by heat and pressure) sequences found in the park. Much more recently, two to five million years ago, the McKinley/Denali pluton and the metamorphic rock lying on top of it were uplifted to the great height of today, forming the Alaska Range and Denali.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/a-distance-view-of-mckinley-denali/263476"></a><span>The Alaska Range as viewed from the north.</span></p>
<p>Some of the molten rock cooled in large pools called batholiths (large masses of igneous rock that have melted and intruded surrounding strata at great depths). The slowly-cooled rock, granite, is resistant to the effects of wind, water, and ice. Denali is a batholith that was once deep in the earth. As the tectonic plates shifted, it pushed through the softer rock surrounding it to the surface and up to 20,320 feet, creating the tallest mountain in North America. This granite mountain contains some of the most dramatic rises in the world, such as the 15,000-foot Wickersham Wall. While water and wind have taken their toll on most of the softer sedimentary rock, some of this rock still remains, like a lovely hat capping the top of the North Peak.</p>
<h2>Climbing History</h2><h3>Early Climbing Controversy</h3>
<p>The earliest attempts at climbing Denali began in the late-1800's. In 1906, Frederick Cook claimed the first ascent, but his claim was later discredited after his "summit" photos were proven to be from the summit of an insignificant peaklet more than 10 miles away from Denali's true summit. In 1910, a team of four "sourdoughs" with no previous mountaineering experience managed to climb the lower North Peak of Denali. Their claims were dismissed until later climbers found a 14-foot spruce pole they had erected near its summit.</p>
<h3>First Ascents</h3>
<p><em>Karstens Ridge/Muldrow Glacier</em> - 1913, the first ascent of Denali's 20,320-ft south summit achieved by Hudson Stuck, Walter Harper, Harry Karstens, and Robert Tatum. Harper, a Native Alaskan, is first to set foot on top.</p>

<div><p><em>West Buttress</em> - 1951, route pioneered by Bradford Washburn. Art Davidson, Dave Johnston, and Ray Genet made the first winter ascent of the mountain via the West Buttress route in 1967.</p><p><em>West Rib</em> - 1959, Peter Sinclair, Jake Breitenbach, Barry Corbet, and Bill Buckingham - 1960 <em>American Alpine Journal</em>. First solo ascent was in 1977 by Rupert Kammerlander. First winter ascent was a group in 1983.</p><p><em>Cassin Ridge</em> - 1961, Riccardo Cassin et al. 1967 - Japanese variation (standard beginning of Cassin that joins another "Japanese Couloir" about halfway up the route). The first solo ascent was in 1976 done by Charlie Porter (in 36 hours to the summit nonetheless) and the first winter ascent was in 1983 done by Jonathan Waterman, Roger Mear, and Mike Young. The immortal Mugs Stump made the summit in 15 hours in 1991 which is still considered (arguably) the strongest climb of the route since the first ascent. </p><p>Please see the NPS <a href="http://www.nps.gov/dena/planyourvisit/climbinghistory.htm">website</a> for other "firsts."</p></div>
<p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/denali/831293"></a><br/><span>Welcome to the show...</span></p>
<h3>Climbing Today</h3>
<div><p>During the 2012 season, Denali saw 1,223 climbers try for the summit. Of those attempts, 498 (or 41%) made the summit.</p><p>Since 1903, the mountain has a historical summit rate of 52%. The climbing rates didn't start to jump until 1976 when the mountain saw more than 500 climbers for the first time in a calendar season. Since then, the year with the greatest summit rate was 1979 (79%) and the year with the lowest was 1987 (31%). Most people will agree that the summit rate is higher with guided groups and they make up approximately 40% of the traffic. Therefore, a rough estimate is that guided groups get to the summit about 55-60% of the time and private groups about 45-50% of the time.</p><p>There have been 19,564 people (including repeats) to reach the summit through the 2011 climbing season. The legendary <a href="http://www.alpineascents.com/guides.asp#tejas">Vern Tejas</a> (currently a guide with Alpine Ascents International) is widely thought to have the most summits (approximately 50) and was the first solo ascentionist in calendar winter. In 2011, May saw 236 summits, June 358, and July 93. The busiest summit days were June 6 (66 people), May 27 (45 people), May 30 (45 people), June 17 (39 people) and July 7 (39 people). 131 women attempted Denali (or about 11%). US climbers make up about 60% of the total, and Canada, the UK, Poland, and Japan with 3-5% each. Climbers from Alaska, Washington, Colorado and California make up the bulk of the US participants. For more information, please see the NPS <a href="http://www.nps.gov/dena/planyourvisit/upload/OVERALLCLIMBERS-2011.pdf">website</a>.</p></div>
<h2>Route Choices</h2>
<p>The majority of climbers on Denali (over 90%) attempt the West Buttress route, which is considered the least technical way to get to the summit. The Muldrow Glacier on the north side of the mountain is similar with regard to technical difficulty and length, but is far more committing and involved as you begin the climb by hiking in rather than flying to a base camp. Though technically much more difficult, the West Rib is the next most attempted route after the West Buttress, but only sees a handful of parties each year. In technical terms, it is substantially more difficult and more objectively dangerous as compared to the West Buttress. Beyond those three well known routes, the remaining options are significantly more technical, committing, and difficult.</p>
<h3>West Buttress (Alaska Grade 2+, Class 3-4)</h3>
<p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/west-buttress/159690">The West Buttress</a> has been derided as "the Denali Iditarod" or "the Scenic Loop." However, this is in context to Denali being fondly referred to as the "Mid-life Crisis Mountain" --- in 2011, the average age of a Denali climber was exactly 40 years old. While there is always some truth to nicknames, many people aspire to climb the West Buttress and the climb is undoubtedly considered as an exceptional mountaineering challenge. Nowhere in the world does one travel with so much gear over so much vertical in such a hostile environment. Although there are no technically difficult sections on the route, many stretches of "The Butt" leave very little margin for error (the lower glacier in warm conditions, Windy Corner, the Autobahn, Denali Pass, and the Summit Ridge). Furthermore, the West Buttress is just as exposed as any other route to Denali's legendary weather. Prospective climbers should be highly competent in travel on moderately steep snow/ice slopes and exposed traverses.</p>

<div><p>The most popular camps are located at 7,200 ft (base camp); 7,800 ft; 9,500 ft; 11,000 ft; 14,200 ft; and 17,200 ft. Other camps are located at 12,500 ft and 16,000 ft, but should only be used under ideal weather conditions as the 12,500 ft camp is vulnerable to avalanches and the 16,000 ft camp is very exposed to high winds. The 11,000 ft camp also experiences avalanches and serac fall, and care should be taken to avoid these two hazards when setting up camp. Above 14,200 ft, snow caves or igloos are usually constructed as a back up shelter in case bad weather moves in. There are usually NPS Rangers at 7,200 ft and 14,200 ft. </p><p>Total horizontal length of the West Buttress route is approximately 13 miles with about 13,500 ft of vertical gain. Between base camp and 11,000 ft, the route is relatively flat and the main hazards are crevasse falls. Above 11,000 ft, the route steepens to moderate slopes (35-45 degrees) alternating with flat benches and bowls. Equipment and supplies are typically carried by sled to 11,000 ft or all the way to 14,000 ft. Above 11,000 ft, gear and food can be ferried between camps in two trips. West Buttress expeditions average around 17 days, but climbers should take at least 3 weeks of supplies. A 2-3 day supply of food and fuel should be left at base camp in case weather prevents planes from landing on the glacier (climbers have been stranded for as long as two weeks due to inclement weather).</p></div>
<h3>West Rib (Alaska Grade 4, AI 3)</h3>
<p>For some Denali aficionados, the West Rib is the next step after completing the West Buttress or Karstens Ridge, but it represents a significant step up in skill and experience. The route involves moderate to steep snow as well as mixed snow and rock. The West Rib is a commiting route but does offer retreat/escape points along the way. The West Rib offers steeper climbing and fewer crowds then its neighbor to the west. The Rib is not known for its technical challenges, but more for its sustained steepness and appeal for climbing on Denali's south face.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/denali/831301"></a><span>A view of the West Rib from +/- 14,000 ft</span></p>
<p>The West Rib offers two variations --- the Complete West Rib or the West Rib Cutoff. The complete Rib starts in the NE fork of the Kahiltna Glacier and is the most dangerous portion of the climb with respect to objective hazards (avalanche, crevasse). If conditions allow entrance into the NE fork, then a 9,000 ft ridge climb comprises the Complete West Rib. Most climbers choose to do the West Rib Cutoff, which ascends the standard West Buttress route until 14,200 ft. At 14,000 ft you leave the crowds of the West Buttress and traverse to the West Rib gaining the ridge at around 15,700 ft. You then ascent the upper ridge making one camp along the way. </p>
<h3>Cassin Ridge (Alaska Grade 5, 5.8, AI 4)</h3>
<div><p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/cassin-ridge/246396">The Cassin Ridge</a> is today considered a "50 Classic" of North America and was first climbed in 1961 by a group led by Italian alpinist Riccardo Cassin, for which the route is named. The Cassin Ridge rises 8000 feet from the very bottom of Denali's South face to within a few yards of the true summit of the mountain. Steep snow, ice, and mixed climbing make this one of the most sought-after big mountain alpine climbs in the world. Climbers completing the Cassin Ridge find themselves in a small fraternity of elite Alaska climbers. The route ascends the prominent ridge on the south face and is steep, demanding, and committing --- escape routes are few and far between. As a result, only the most experienced climbers will think of attempting it.</p></div>
<p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/sunrise-at-denali-pass/270592"></a><span>Sunrise at Denali Pass.</span></p>
<h3>Muldrow Glacier (Alaska Grade 3, Class 3-4)</h3>
<div><p>The Karstens Ridge/Muldrow Glacier was the route of the first ascent and used to be the standard route before Bradford Washburn pioneered the West Buttress route. This route is similar in difficulty as the West Buttress but receives far less traffic. Expeditions are, on average, a week longer than West Buttress trips because of the longer approach from Wonder Lake. More adventurous climbers will attempt "the Traverse," by ascending the West Buttress and descending Karstens Ridge or vice versa. The Traverse is more strenuous than doing either route alone because climbers must haul all equipment and supplies over Denali Pass whereas climbers doing one route or another typical cache equipment and supplies that are not needed higher up on the mountain.</p></div>
<p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/denali/831302"></a><span>Looking down the Muldrow Glacier</span></p>
<h3>Ratings</h3>
<div><p>Alaska Grades are confusing. In 1966, Boyd Everett, Jr (a then-very accomplished Alaska mountaineer) presented a paper titled <em>The Organization of an Alaskan Expedition</em> at a Harvard Mountaineering Club seminar where he attempted to outline a rating system for Alsaka routes/summits (on a scale 1-6). For many years, this system was the standard (as the basis of it still is). In <em>Alaska: A Climbing Guide</em>, Michael Woods &amp; Colby Coombs attempted to simplify the system with definitions that make more sense for today's alpinists. Taken into account are things like: length of time on the route, camping options, length of the route, technical difficulty, the sustained nature of the route, difficulty of descent, and difficulty of retreat. Its fundamental belief is that the system reflects "the average time for recent ascents by climbers with experience and physical level compatible to the chosen route." What follows is their interpretation of what Alaska grades are to mean today:</p><p><em>Alaska Grade 1:</em> Can be climbed in one day from base camp and requires third and fourth class travel. Remoteness can contribute to seriousness.<br/>Examples include: Mt Goode (E Ridge), Mt Redoubt (N Face), Mt Dickey (W Face), Mt Brooks (N Ridge) --- and for comparison sakes, <a href="https://www.summitpost.org/mount-rainier/150291">Mt Rainier</a> (<a href="https://www.summitpost.org/disappointment-cleaver/155670">Disappointment Cleaver</a>) is Alaska Grade 1+ which translates to 35-45 degree ice and snow slopes, Grade II.</p><p><em>Alaska Grade 2:</em> Moderate fifth class climb that can be accomplished in a day, or a multiday climb involving third and fourth class travel. one or more of the following will contribute to the seriousness: altitude, remoteness.<br/>Examples include: Four Horsemen (W Couloir to S Ridge), Denali (W Buttress), Blackburn (N Ridge), Mt Bona (E Ridge), Mt Hayes (E Ridge).</p><p><em>Alaska Grade 3:</em> Difficult fifth class climb that can be accomplished in a day, or a multiday climb involving fourth and easy fifth class travel. One or more of the following will contribute to the seriousness: altitude, remoteness, cornicing, knife-edge ridges.<br/>Examples include: Mt Foraker (Sultana Ridge), Mooses Tooth (Ham &amp; Eggs Couloir), Mt Fairweather (Carpe Ridge), Mt Huntington (W Face Couloir).</p><p><em>Alaska Grade 4:</em> Moderate fourth and fifth class climbs that require multiple days on route. One or more of the following will contribute to the seriousness: altitude, remoteness, cornicing, knife-edge ridges.<br/>Examples include: Mt St Elias (Harvard Route), Mt Hunter (W Ridge), Mt Moffit (N Ridge).</p><p><em>Alaska Grade 5:</em> A climb requiring a high level of commitment with sustained fifth class climbing; multiple days on route. One or more of the following will contribute to the seriousness: altitude, cornicing, knife-edge ridges, limited options for retreat, scarce bivi sites.<br/>Examples include: University Peak (E Face), Mt Augusta (S Ridge).</p></div>
<p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/denali/831270"></a><span>If you are curious what Alaska Grade 6 looks like...</span></p>
<div><p><em>Alaska Grade 6:</em> A climb requiring an extreme level of commitment with difficult and sustained fifth class climbing for more than 4,000 feet requiring multiple days on route. One or more of the following will contribute to the seriousness: altitude, remoteness, cornicing, knife-edge ridges, poor retreat options, scarce and/or hanging bivis.<br/>Examples include: Mt Hunter (Moonflower), Mt Foraker (Infinite Spur).</p><p>- Source:<em> <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Alaska-Climbing-Guide-Guides/dp/089886724X/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1355071334&amp;sr=1-1&amp;keywords=alaska+a+climbing+guide">Alaska: A Climbing Guide</a></em> by Michael Woods and Colby Coombs (Mountaineers, 2001).</p></div>
<h3>Other Technical/Alpine Routes</h3>
<div><p>Please see the list below for some of the better-known climbing options on Denali. For more information, please see R.J. Secor's book <em>Denali Climbing Guide</em>.</p><p><strong>Northern Routes</strong> (Wonder Lake Approach)<br/>• Wickersham Wall, Canadian Variation (Alaska Grade 2, 60 deg ice) <br/>• Traleika Spur (Alaska Grade 3)<br/>• Pioneer Ridge (Alaska Grade 3)<br/>• Wickersham Wall, Harvard Route (Alaska Grade 4, 5.5, 70 deg ice) <br/>• Butte Direct (Alaska Grade 5, 5.10, A2)</p><p><strong>Western Routes</strong> (Kahiltna Base Camp Approach)<br/>• Orient Express (Alaska Grade 3, 45 deg ice) <br/>• Messner Couloir (Alaska Grade 3, 50 deg ice)<br/>• West Buttress Direct (Alaska Grade 3, 50 deg ice)<br/>• McClod’s Rib (Alaska Grade 3, 60 deg ice)<br/>• West Face (Alaska Grade 3, 5.8, 70 deg ice)<br/>• Northwest Buttress (Alaska Grade 4, low 5th class rock)<br/>• First Born (Alaska Grade 4, 5.8, 70 deg ice)<br/>• Collins-Powers-Walter Route (Alaska Grade 5, low 5th class rock)<br/>• Beauty is a Rare Thing (Alaska Grade 5, 5.8)</p><p><strong>Southwestern Routes</strong> (NE Fork of Kahiltna Glacier Approach, i.e. Valley of Death)<br/>• Trans Canada (Alaska Grade 3, 50 deg ice)<br/>• Wickwire/Patterson Route (Alaska Grade 4, 45 deg ice)<br/>• Clod Face (Alaska Grade 4, 50 deg ice)<br/>• Reilly’s Rib (Alaska Grade 4, 60 deg ice)<br/>• Denali Diamond (Alaska Grade 5, A3)<br/>• McCartney-Roberts Route (Alaska Grade 5, 5.9)</p><p><strong>Southern Routes</strong> (E Fork of Kahiltna Glacier Approach)<br/>• South Buttress (Alaska Grade 3, 70 deg ice)<br/>• American Direct (Alaska Grade 5, 5.7, A2, 65 deg ice)<br/>• Krissak Memorial Route (Alaska Grade 5)<br/>• Mascioli’s Pillar (Alaska Grade 5, 5.10, 80 deg ice)<br/>• Czech Direct (Alaska Grade 5, VI+, 90 deg ice)</p><p><strong>Southeastern Routes</strong> (Ruth Glacier/Sheldon Mountain House Approaches)<br/>• 1954/Thayer Route (Alaska Grade 3, 60 deg ice)<br/>• Hosemeister Couloir (Alaska Grade 3, 60 deg ice)<br/>• East Buttress (Alaska Grade 3, 70 deg ice)<br/>• Southeast Spur (Alaska Grade 4, 65 deg ice)<br/>• Catacomb Ridge (Alaska Grade 4, 75 deg ice)<br/>• Reality Ridge (Alaska Grade 4, 75 deg ice)<br/>• Isis Face (Alaska Grade 5, 5.8, 60 deg ice)<br/>• Ridge of No Return (Alaska Grade 5, V, 65 deg ice</p></div>
<p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/denali/831350"></a><span>Avalanche debri on the approach to the Messner (and other) Couloirs...</span></p>
<h3>Ski/Board Lines</h3>
<p>Other than the West Buttress and Muldrow Glacier routes, skiers have been known to attempt the following lines (and of course, there are others):<br/>• Traleika Spur <br/>• Pioneer Ridge <br/>• Orient Express <br/>• Messner Couloir <br/>• West Buttress Direct</p>
<h2>Getting There</h2><h3>Air Travel</h3>
<div><p>The major international airport in Anchorage is called the Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (ANC) named after the (in)famous Senator Ted Stevens who died in 2010. The airport is located about four miles south of the city proper. Anyone not from Alaska is better off flying to Anchorage for an attempt on Denali. While Anchorage is not a huge passenger destination compared to the rest of the world, it is the 5th largest cargo airport in the world (after Hong Kong, Memphis, Seoul, and Shanghai).</p><p>Most people will land in one of the three concourses in the Southern Terminal. Major airlines that service the area include: Air Canada, Alaska Airlines, American, Delta, Frontier, JetBlue, Sun Country, United, and US Air (read NO Southwest - bags DONT Fly For Free).</p><p><strong><em>Regarding TSA...</em></strong><br/>Camp stoves can travel as carry-on or checked luggage only if they are empty of all fuel and then cleaned such that no fuel vapors or residue are noticeable. Aerosol insecticides are not permitted in carry-on; however they are permitted in checked baggage as long as they are not labeled as hazardous material (HAZMAT). Wrap cords and layer items in bags so officers can get a clear view of the items. Flammable items include aerosols, fuels, gasoline, gas torches, lighter fluid, flammable paints, turpentine, paint thinner and realistic replicas of incendiaries. Lighters that do not contain fuel are permitted in checked baggage. Any sharp objects placed in carry-on or checked baggage should be properly sheathed or securely wrapped to prevent injury to TSOs and baggage handlers. Even if an item is generally permitted, it may be subject to additional screening or not allowed through the checkpoint if it triggers an alarm during the screening process, appears to have been tampered with, or poses other security concerns. The final decision rests with TSA on whether to allow any items on the plane.</p><p>Also, wear your boots on the plane. In the event your luggage is lost you can salvage almost everything in Anchorage, EXCEPT your boots.</p></div>
<h3>Anchorage</h3>
<div><p>From the Anchorage airport, it is roughly a two-hour drive to Talkeetna (Talkeetna is a small town and the main staging area for climbing most routes on Denali and the Alaska Range in general). Limited supplies and equipment are available in Talkeetna, so it is best to get most of your shopping done in Anchorage before heading out. Retailers in Anchorage include the following:</p><p>Alaska Mountaineering &amp; Hiking <br/>2633 Spenard Road <br/>Anchorage, AK <br/>(907) 272-1811<br/>alaskamountaineering.com </p><p>REI <br/>1200 West Northern Lights Blvd <br/>Anchorage, AK <br/>(907) 272-4565<br/>rei.com </p><p>Automobile transportation to Talkeetna is provided by the following providers:</p><p>Denali Overland Transportation<br/>P.O. Box 330<br/>Talkeetna, AK 99676<br/>Toll-Free: (800) 651-5221<br/>Fax: (907) 733-2385<br/><a href="http://www.denalioverland.com">www.denalioverland.com</a></p><p>Talkeetna Taxi<br/>Talkeetna, AK 99676<br/>Phone: (907) 355-TAXI<br/><a href="http://www.talkeetnataxi.com">www.talkeetnataxi.com</a></p><p>Should you wish to take the train from Anchorage to Talkeetna, see the following provider:</p><p>Alaska Railroad<br/>P.O. Box 107500<br/>Anchorage, AK 99510<br/>Phone: (907) 265-2494<br/>Toll-Free: (800) 544-0552<br/><a href="http://www.akrr.com">www.akrr.com</a></p><p>And should you wish to send supplies on ahead, see the transport company listed below:</p><p>Exposure Alaska<br/>(Food packaging &amp; transportation)<br/>200 W. 34th Ave. #82<br/>Anchorage, AK 99503<br/>Phone: (907) 761-3761<br/><a href="http://www.exposurealaska.com">www.exposurealaska.com</a></p><p>Recommended accommodations in Anchorage can be found on any travel search website, but I found the Best Western to be affordable, clean, and convenient (as of 2009).</p><p>Best Western Golden Lion Hotel <br/>1000 East 36th Avenue <br/>Anchorage, AK <br/>(907) 561-1522<br/>book.bestwestern.com </p></div>
<h3>Talkeetna</h3>
<p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/denali/831324"></a><br/><span>Welcome all...</span></p>
<div><p>Upon arrival in Talkeetna, recommended accommodations include the following:</p><p>Swiss-Alaska Inn <br/>22056 South F Street <br/>Talkeetna, AK <br/>(907) 733-2424<br/>swissalaska.com </p><p>Meandering Moose Lodging <br/>14677 E Cabin Spike Road <br/>Talkeetna, AK <br/>(907) 733-1000<br/>meandering-moose-lodging.com </p><p>Talkeetna Hostel<br/>P.O. Box 361<br/>Talkeetna, AK<br/>(907) 733-4678<br/>talkeetnahostel@gmail.com</p><p>Should you need additional provisions during business hours see the following retailer:</p><p>AMS Mountain Shop<br/>F Street<br/>Talkeetna, AK 99676<br/>(907) 733-1016<br/>(907) 354-1233</p><p>If you are climbing the Muldrow Glacier and wish to have your gear cached in advance of your arrival, contact Denali Dog Freight Expeditions (907-683-1008). Expeditions approaching from the north side of the Alaska Range needing to haul in freight may contact Denali North Side Supply (360-313-7038 or denalinorthside@yahoo.com).</p><p>Those choosing to go into the park should be advised of the road conditions (if you rented a car). The park is serviced by a 91-mile (146 km) road from the George Parks Highway to the mining camp of Kantishna. It runs east to west, north of and roughly parallel to the Alaska Range. Only a small fraction of the road is paved because permafrost and the freeze-thaw cycle create an enormous cost for maintaining the road. Only the first 15 miles (24 km) of the road are available to private vehicles, and beyond this point, visitors must access the interior of the park through concessionary buses. Wonder Lake can be reached by a six-hour bus ride from the Wilderness Access Center. Eielson Visitor Center is located four hours into the park on the road.</p><p>Several fully narrated tours of the park are available, the most popular of which is the Tundra Wilderness Tour. The tours travel from the initial boreal forests through tundra to the Toklat River or Kantishna. A clear view of the mountain is possible only about 20% of the time during the summer, although it is visible more often during the winter. Several portions of the road run alongside sheer cliffs that drop hundreds of feet at the edges, and there are no guardrails. As a result of the danger involved, and because most of the gravel road is only one lane wide, drivers should be trained extensively in procedures for navigating the sharp mountain curves and yielding the right-of-way to opposing buses and park vehicles.</p><p>While the main park road goes straight through the middle of the Denali National Park Wilderness, the national preserve and portions of the park not designated wilderness are even more inaccessible. There are no roads extending out to the preserve areas, which are on the far west end of the park. The far north of the park, characterized by hills and rivers, is accessed by the Stampede Trail, a dirt road that stops at the park boundary. The very rugged south portion of the park, characterized by enormous glacier-filled canyons, is accessed by Petersville Road, a dirt road that stops about 5 miles (8.0 km) outside the park. The mountains can be accessed most easily by air taxis that land on the glaciers.</p></div>
<h3>Glacier Flights</h3>
<p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/denali/831329"></a><br/><span>Unloading gear at +/- 7,200 ft</span></p>
<div><p>Climbing routes on the south side of McKinley require that you take a bush plane from Talkeetna to Base Camp on the Kahiltna Glacier. The same services can also arrange to fly you from Anchorage to Talkeetna for an extra charge. See below for a complete listing of bush plane (air taxi) services: </p><p>Fly Denali<br/>PO Box 1152<br/>Talkeetna AK, 99676<br/>Phone: 907-733-7768<br/>Toll-Free: (866) 733-7768<br/>Fax: 907-733-7767<br/><a href="http://www.flydenali.com">www.flydenali.com</a></p><p>K-2 Aviation<br/>P.O. Box 545<br/>Talkeetna, AK 99676<br/>Phone: (907) 733-2291<br/>Toll-Free: (800) 764-2291<br/>Fax: (907) 733-1221<br/><a href="http://www.flyk2.com">www.flyk2.com</a></p><p>Sheldon Air Service, LLC<br/>P.O. Box 648<br/>Talkeetna, AK 99676<br/>Phone: (907) 733-2321<br/>Toll-Free: (800) 478-2321<br/><a href="http://www.sheldonairservice.com">www.sheldonairservice.com</a></p><p>Talkeetna Air Taxi<br/>P.O. Box 73<br/>Talkeetna, AK 99676<br/>Phone: (907) 733-2218<br/>Toll-Free: (800) 533-2219<br/>Fax: (907) 733-1434<br/><a href="http://www.talkeetnaair.com">www.talkeetnaair.com</a></p></div>
<h2>When To Climb</h2><h3>Major Climbing Season</h3>
<div><p>The normal climbing season is from late-April to mid-July with the most popular period from mid-May to late-June. </p><p>In general, the earlier you climb, the colder it will be high up on the mountain and the later you climb, the sloppier conditions will be on the lower Kahiltna Glacier. Later in the season, many climbers opt to travel on the lower mountain during the evening hours when the snow is relatively firm. Denali veterans have said that the weather tends to be windy in May, stormy in July, and a mix of both in June. However, once you're on the mountain, you will find the weather to be more of a crapshoot than anything else.</p></div>
<p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/denali/831080"></a><span>Welcome to basecamp...</span></p>
<h3>Sample Itinerary</h3>
<div><p>Day 1: Land at Base Camp<br/>Day 2: Rest day to organize gear and practice crevasse rescue<br/>Day 3: Move to 7,800 ft camp<br/>Day 4: Move to 9,500 ft camp<br/>Day 5: Move to 11,000 ft camp<br/>Day 6: Rest day<br/>Day 7: Ferry loads to 14,200 ft camp, return to 11,000 ft camp<br/>Day 8: Move to 14,200 ft camp<br/>Day 9: Rest day<br/>Day 10: Ferry loads to 17,200 ft camp, return to 14,200 ft<br/>Day 11: Rest day<br/>Day 12: Move to 17,200 ft camp<br/>Day 13: Summit day<br/>Day 14: Descend to 11,000 ft camp<br/>Day 15: Descend to base camp, fly out</p><p>Keep in mind that this itinerary does not factor in bad weather days when you will be tent-bound. Itineraries are also adjusted according to how quickly members of a team acclimatize to the altitude. Here is an actual itinerary from a 1996 expedition:</p><p>June 25: Fly into base camp, weather closes in before entire team makes it into camp<br/>June 26: Rest of team flies into base camp<br/>June 27: Logistics day and crevasse rescue practice<br/>June 28: Move to 7,800 ft camp<br/>June 29: Move to 9,500 ft camp; storm moves in<br/>June 30: Bad weather day<br/>July 1: Move to 11,000 ft camp<br/>July 2: Rest day<br/>July 3: Ferry loads to 14,200 ft camp; return to 11,000 ft<br/>July 4: Move to 14,200 ft camp in inclement weather<br/>July 5: Rest day<br/>July 6: Ferry loads to 16,000 ft; return to 14,200 ft<br/>July 7: Move to 16,000 ft camp<br/>July 8: Move to 17,200 ft camp<br/>July 9: Bad weather day<br/>July 10: Summit day; storm moves in as summit is reached<br/>July 11: Descend to 14,200 ft camp in inclement weather, 70-knot winds<br/>July 12: Move to 7,800 ft camp in bad weather, total whiteout<br/>July 13: Bad weather day<br/>July 14: Move to base camp, fly out, get drunk at Fairview Inn</p></div>

<p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/denali/831362"></a><br/><span>Ask for a Boilermaker. Just do it.</span></p>
<h3>Winter Ascents</h3>
<div><p>The first winter ascent was accomplished on February 28, 1967, and is documented in the mountaineering classic, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Minus-148-Degrees-Art-Davidson/dp/0898866871">Minus 148</a>. In 1998, three Russians made the first January ascent of Denali, a time of the year when the mountain receives only five or six hours of sunlight a day (click on this link for the press release: <a href="http://classic.mountainzone.com/news/denali.html">Mountain Zone</a>). It seems as though every year, someone tries to climb Denali in calendar winter. Since the famous expedition of Art Davidson's Minus 148 book fame, a winter ascent of Denali has taken on an almost mythical notion. At that time of year, the sun is up from approximately 9am to 3pm. Temperatures can reach -100 or more. It's a sufferfest, but so goes the human race. Below are the last few excerpts from the Anchorage Daily News that cover these nuts every year.</p><p><a href="http://www.adn.com/2012/01/07/2251193/mckinley-climber-retreats-ending.html">Lonnie Dupre</a><br/><a href="http://www.adn.com/2010/03/06/1171581/attempt-to-be-1st-woman-to-summit.html">Christine Feret</a></p></div>
<h2>Red Tape</h2><h3>Permits</h3>
<div><p>Mountaineers attempting a climb of Denali or Mt. Foraker must register with the Talkeetna Ranger Station at least 60 days prior to their start date. Climbers are required to pay the full permit fee when they submit their registration form at Pay.gov. <strong>The cost of a mountaineering permit as of the 2020 climbing season is $375</strong>. Climbers who are 24 years old or younger at the time their expedition begins are eligible for a <strong>$275 youth fee</strong>. Please note that the mountaineering special use fee is subject to an annual increase based on Consumer Price Index changes. At the time an expedition checks in for their climb, the Denali National Park entrance fee of $15 per individual is due. Interagency passes are accepted in lieu of entrance fee payment (actual passes must be presented). If the climb is cancelled prior to January 15 of the year in which the climb is scheduled, all but $100 of the fee will be refunded. No refund will be made for cancellations after January 15. Once the form and payment are correctly submitted, registrants will immediately receive a receipt confirmation from Pay.Gov via email. For groups who are unable to register online, the expedition leader can contact the Talkeetna Ranger Station to initiate manual registration. </p><p>Mountaineers who have climbed Mt. McKinley or Mt. Foraker since 1995 can request a "seven-day exception" to the 60-day pre-registration period and instead register only 7 days in advance of the climb. Individuals seeking registration under the "seven-day exception" must be on record at the Talkeetna Ranger Station as climbing in or after 1995. This rule is applied on an individual basis -- in order for the entire expedition to be eligible for the seven-day exception, all members must qualify. Expeditions are permitted to add one new member to their expedition using either the 30-day exemption or the 7-day rule. When using the 30-day add-on, the climber must register and pay their fee at least 30 days prior to the start date of the expedition.</p><p>Please see the Denali National Park Mountaineering page for up to date information:<br/><a href="https://www.nps.gov/dena/planyourvisit/mountaineering.htm">https://www.nps.gov/dena/planyourvisit/mountaineering.htm</a></p></div>
<h3>Clean Mountain Canisters (CMCs)</h3>
<p>Conceived by mountaineering ranger Roger Robinson, the Clean Mountain Can (CMC) is a portable toilet designed to address Denali's remote, rugged environment and the unique logistical challenges presented by a 3-week long expedition. Clean Mountain Cans are required for all teams on Denali, as they promote the Leave No Trace ethics in glacier environments and help protect the environment for future generations. Additionally, they are lightweight, convenient, durable and reusable.</p>
<p>The durable CMC comes with a harness system that can lock the lid down and is sturdy enough to strap on a pack or sled. The CMC capacity is 10 to 14 uses (approximately one-half pound per use) including the addition of some toilet paper. The current model Clean Mountain Can (CMC) is designed to hold 1.88 gallons of human waste and has a U.S. Department of Transportation-approved two-way vent. Several CMC's have even been accidentally dropped off the West Buttress, tumbling over 2,000 feet without damage!</p>
<p>Clean Mountain Cans (CMCs) are required on the West Buttress Route, including and especially at High Camp (17,200’, 5200m). A CMC bag or bags is not an acceptable substitute for the actual CMC. The NPS Rangers will send any team back down if they do not have their CMCs at High Camp.  </p>
<p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/denali/831345"></a><br/><span>Nice view.</span></p>
<div><p>All human waste must be deposited into biodegradable bags (provided by the National Park Service) and transported in CMCs. These CMC bags are marked with the expedition’s name or permit number prior to flying to Base Camp. Human waste from the lower mountain (any elevation below 14,200’, 4300m) is to be removed from the mountain in the CMC can when the climbing team leaves from Base Camp. Human waste from the upper mountain including High Camp, in a CMC Bag may be deposited in the NPS approved crevasse near the camp at 14,200’, 4300m. This crevasse is marked with an orange marker. This is the only place where it is acceptable to deposit human waste on the West Buttress route, and there is no place where it is acceptable to deposit trash. </p></div>
<p>In an effort to make sure that the snow is clean for other climbing teams and future water supplies please consolidate pee holes away from camping areas and do not leave human waste on the snow. Pee holes should be consolidated at every camp, and especially at High Camp (17,200’, 5200m).</p>
<p>The proper disposal of trash, fuel cans and human waste are not only the right thing to do, it is required. Failure to follow these requirements may result in the issuance of a violation notice, a fine, and/or other additional legal actions.</p>
<p>All trash must be carried off the mountain. Climbers violating these rules will be fined and may have their permit cancelled. If you decide to break these rules, be aware that the NPS rangers are not the only people looking for violations. Enough climbers want to see Denali kept pristine that they will not hesitate to snitch on violators. If climbing in a private group, you should have your trash organized and contained upon return to basecamp (airstrip). Air taxis will not fly climbers out if their trash is not contained and clean.</p>
<h3>Fuel</h3>
<div><p>Contact your air service operator before purchasing white gas, as they are prohibited from flying with passengers and white gas, and therefore supply pre-purchased white gas in bulk at the Kahiltna Base Camp. White gas and butane/propane canisters are available in limited supply in Talkeetna. Other bottled fuels are available in Anchorage. </p></div>
<h3>NPS/Rangers</h3>
<div><p>In 1977, the National Park Service established a ranger station specifically for mountaineers in Talkeetna. Since 1984, the station has been staffed year-round to provide information and assistance to mountaineers before, during and after their climbs. The mountaineering rangers have extensive experience in the Alaska Range and can provide invaluable information. The station maintains a reference library including a complete set of American Alpine Journals, a map collection, and specific route information for numerous other peaks, including the Ruth, Kitchatnas and Little Switzerland. You must check in at the Talkeetna Ranger Station before departing for Base Camp and check out when you leave the mountain. The park rangers will question you about your mountaineering experience and strongly discourage you from going if they feel your experience is insufficient. </p><p>Talkeetna Ranger Station<br/>P.O. Box 588<br/>Talkeetna, Alaska 99676<br/>Phone: (907) 733-2231<br/>Fax: (907) 733-1465<br/>email: dena_talkeetna_office@nps.gov</p></div>
<h3>Rescue</h3>
<div><p>The National Park Service undertakes rescue missions at their discretion and with rescuer safety as the highest priority. The NPS rangers will respond to emergencies only if conditions allow for rescue attempts. At this time, The National Park Service does not have a policy to charge climbers for rescue services, however, any hospital, air ambulance or other associated costs after leaving the mountain are the sole responsibility of the climber. Rescue insurance or health insurance (if your rescue is a medical emergency) can help with the costs of the rescue. Most climbers will bring FRS (Family Radio Service) radios for on-mountain communication. FRS channel 1 is monitored for emergencies, and because of that climbers are asked to use other channels for non-emergency communication. Satellite phones or other 2-way satellite communication devices are encouraged but not required. Cell phones are not reliable as they do not work well at any point on the mountain. </p><p>In 2011, Denali Rescue Volunteers (DRV) was established as a 501 (c)(3) non-profit organization. The mission of Denali Rescue Volunteers is to support volunteers in assisting NPS rangers to ensure safety, provide educational experiences, and deliver high-quality technical assistance and medical care for imperiled mountaineers. There are over 30 volunteers each season contributing approximately 7000 work hours providing medical and rescue assistance and educating climbers.</p><p>While direct costs for rescue efforts are covered through National Park Service funding, many expenses incurred by volunteers are not. Donations to DRV help defray these costs to volunteers and assists DRV in augmenting the park’s mountain program. Donations are administered by a Board of Directors. More information can be found at: <a href="https://www.denalirescue.org/">https://www.denalirescue.org/</a></p><p>Donations help provide:<br/>-Short term housing while in Talkeetna during patrol prep and training, as well as post-patrol, debrief and clean-up.<br/>-Transportation funds to offset volunteers’ costs for Talkeetna-Anchorage shuttles.<br/>-Expensive and highly specialized high altitude mountaineering equipment for use on patrols.<br/>-Public outreach including development and maintenance of DRV’s website https://www.denalirescue.org/<br/>-Equipment stipends to defray costs incurred by individual volunteers.<br/>-Stipends for medical and technical training.<br/>-Support for an exchange program with Nepalese instructors from the Khumbu Climbing Center.</p></div>
<h3>Costs</h3>
<div><p>The cost of a fully funded (middle of the road, so to speak) private expedition* should be approximately +/- $3,500 (USD). It's broken down as follows (and please remember people, it's an <em>estimate</em>):</p><p>&gt; Round trip flight to Anchorage from continental US: $500<br/>&gt; Bag fees (coming/going): $200<br/>&gt; Accommodation in Anchorage (2 nights, coming/going): $300<br/>&gt; Transport to/from Talkeetna: $150<br/>&gt; Accommodation in Talkeetna (2 nights, coming/going): $150<br/>&gt; Food and drinks before and after the mountain: $200<br/>&gt; Air Taxi flight: $500<br/>&gt; Permits: $360<br/>&gt; Food on the mountain (assumes three meals/day for 21 days + snacks): $500-750<br/>&gt; Fuel on the mountain: $50<br/>&gt; Misc expenses (taxis, tips, drinking, bad decisions, etc): $300</p><p>*and remember, this assumes you have all the gear and it's all in working order!</p></div>
<h2>Gear</h2><h3>Sample Gear List</h3>
<div><p>- Source: American Alpine Institute <a href="http://www.alpineinstitute.com/media/36301/west_buttress_equipment.pdf">website</a> (as of 12/2012)</p><p><em><strong>• Outerwear</strong></em></p><p><strong>Base Layer Top:</strong> Bring two. This will be your base layer and should be lightweight or silk weight synthetic or wool. Bring at least one that is white or light in color for use on the lower glacier (reflects sunlight as opposed to absorbing it). Synthetic and wool only, no cotton.</p><p><strong>Base Layer Bottom:</strong> Look for the same features as your Base Layer Top. One pair is usually sufficient.</p><p><strong>Undergarments:</strong> Also known as underwear, most climbers wear them underneath their base layer. 1-3 pairs depending on personal preference for changing.</p><p><strong>2nd Layer Top:</strong> A lightweight fleece or wind shirt. A chest pocket is a helpful feature of this multi-use layer.</p><p><strong>Expedition Weight Bottoms:</strong> A thicker pair of long underwear bottoms that will serve as an additional insulating layer for use in colder temperatures. This layer will go on top of your base layer but under your softshell pants. One-piece suits (Farmer-John/Union Suit) are popular but require more planning and effort when answering the call of nature and work best with other layers designed for using the bathroom without removing layers. Windproof/Windstopper pants are heavier and less functional and will not work for this layer.</p><p><strong>Soft Shell Jacket:</strong> Thin, light, stretchy, breathable but wind and snow-resistant layer that is comfortable to wear is ideal. This will be your action layer and the outer layer that you spend the most time in. Hoods are optional but highly recommended. Size your jacket to be trim fitting, but large enough to fit over your base and second layers. Light to moderate insulation/thickness is recommended. This layer will go over your base and expedition layers, but under your shell and parka if wearing this layer in combination with those layers.</p><p><strong>Soft Shell Pants:</strong> Look for the same features as your Soft Shell Jacket. This will be your outermost layer most of the time for your legs. A thigh pocket is a useful feature for storing small items. Your base and expedition weight layers need to fit under these pants comfortably.</p><p><strong>Light Insulating Layer, Top:</strong> The goal for this piece is to add warmth to your internal layering system. Depending on your clothing system, and the environment you are in, you may fit this layer underneath your shell gear (e.g. fleece sweaters) or over your shell gear (lightweight insulated jackets). If choosing fleece, pick modern fleece garments with waffle-grid patterns and avoid windproof fleece – it is not breathable enough. The weight and design of this piece will vary based on the other items of climbing that you are bringing. </p><p><strong>Parka (Expedition Weight w/ Hood):</strong> These jackets come in many shapes, sizes and temperature ratings. If you tend to get cold easily, opt for a slightly warmer and more substantial parka. Otherwise, choose a lightweight down parka that is still baffled, includes a hood, and offers sufficient coverage over your waist.</p><p><strong>Insulated Pants:</strong> Sized to fit over your softshell pants and long underwear layers on the bottom, these pants are the last line of defense in extremely cold temperatures. Hip to full-length side-zips are a critical feature. Fleece is undesirable because it picks up snow, is bulky, and low-loft with respect to its weight. Down or synthetic fill pants are preferred and lighter weight, but require more care to not get them wet and/or frozen. The warmth of this layer will vary based on the temperatures expected at the time of your trip.</p><p><strong>Shell Pants:</strong> Made of a waterproof/breathable material, your lightweight shell bottoms must have full or hip-length side zips. This garment should be extremely lightweight and packable. A zipper fly is a nice, but optional.</p><p><strong>Shell Jacket:</strong> This layer needs to be made of waterproof/breathable construction and ultra-light. Your shell should be sized to comfortably fit over your other base and mid-layers (minus your parka). Choose the lightest, most packable shell that will still get the job done. Avoid extra pockets (one or two chest pockets is all you need), 3-layer Gore-Tex, and hanging linings. Your hood should fit over your climbing helmet (if you plan on bringing one – i.e. non-West Buttress routes).</p><p><strong><em>• Head/Hand/Footwear</em></strong></p><p><strong>Socks:</strong> Bring three complete changes, more if you know you have very sweaty feet. If you plan to wear 8000-meter boots or Intuition liners, bring several light-to-mid-weight socks and one pair of heavy/warm socks. Adjust your sock system ahead of time to perfect your boot fit.</p><p><strong>Gaiters:</strong> Knee height is required. Check the fit of the gaiter to your boot in advance to make sure the coverage is adequate. Not required for those with integrated boots.</p><p><strong>Overboots:</strong> Required for all boots except integrated boots. Please verify these fit over your boots and that your crampons stay on without fail. Guiding services point out that Mountain Hardwear Absolute Zero overboots and OR Brooks Range overboots have not performed well on past expeditions. 40-Below Overboots are the lightest, warmest, most functional and highly recommended.</p><p><strong>Glove Liners:</strong> You wear these for much of your time on the mountain. They need to be dexterous and comfortable, but not necessarily very insulating. Bring one pair.</p><p><strong>Mid-weight Fleece/Schoeller Gloves:</strong> The most desirable glove is one that is comfortable and dexterous so that it can be worn all day. It should be durable enough (leather/synthetic palms) to handle ropes, jumars, and ice axes. These come in different weights, so choose the thickness that works with your glove system. Bring one pair.</p><p><strong>Expedition Gloves:</strong> Composed of heavy-duty waterproof shells with extremely warm liners, these modular gloves should have removable liners. These gloves must be dexterous enough to handle ropes, carabiners, and jumars. Gauntlets should extend to mid-forearm.</p><p><strong>Expedition Weight Mittens:</strong> Make no compromise with these as they are the first and often last defense against frostbite. These are expedition weight modular mittens, down or synthetic, with a storm-proof shell. You want your mitts to be extremely warm and thick. This is more important than dexterity. Gauntlets should extend to mid-forearm. These need to be large enough to allow for liner gloves to be worn underneath. Attach keeper loops to them.</p><p><strong>Beanie Hat/Toque:</strong> A warm hat that will fit under your climbing helmet (optional) and over your balaclava/buff. Fleece, wool, or similar fabrics are best. Your cold-weather head/face system should not leave any skin exposed. When wearing your warm hat, balaclava/face mask, and goggles, there should not be any gaps in your clothing where wind and snow might penetrate close to the skin level. The outside edge of your goggles is a common place for climbers to overlook and as a result, get frostbite. Have a friend double-check your system to make sure you have complete coverage.</p><p><strong>Warm Hat:</strong> Big, puffy and warm. Windstopper fabric can be a good idea but makes hearing difficult. This hat will primarily be used while sitting around camp or in very cold and windy conditions.</p><p><strong>Balaclava/Buff:</strong> Balaclavas are thin to medium weight thickness hat plus face mask combos. You should be able to pull it over your face to the base of your neck so that it completely covers the head except for an opening for the face.</p><p><strong>Sun Hat:</strong> A baseball cap or visor serves well. Models with a tail are recommended for increased sun protection.</p><p><strong>Nose Protection:</strong> Designed to protect your nose from the sun, this is a cloth nose guard that fits onto your glacier glasses (Beko is a company in Santa Barbara CA that makes these). Try the fit on your sunglasses; they should fit well without pushing the frames off your nose.</p><p><strong>Glacier Glasses:</strong> Choose a model with 100% UVA/UVB protection and side shields. If you have an extra pair, bring them too. Note: Those using contact lenses should also bring a pair of prescription glasses in the event that your contacts or solutions are lost or damaged by freezing.<br/>*Contact Lens Care and Precautions: Most contact lenses are perfectly acceptable for climbing trips at altitude and in very cold conditions. If you plan on wearing contact lenses on Denali, you should be familiar with the intricacies of long-term maintenance and care in these conditions. You should plan on bringing at least two spare pairs of lenses and a few small bottles of whatever solutions you will require. Bringing a pair of glasses as a backup or to give your eyes a rest is a good idea as well.</p><p><strong>Ski Goggles:</strong> For use in high winds and heavy snow. These should be lightly tinted but not so dark that the will reduce visibility in low light conditions. They should block 100% of UV light. If you wear prescription glasses, these must fit comfortably over your glasses.</p><p><strong><em>• Boots</em></strong></p><p><strong>High Altitude/Cold Weather Mountaineering Boots:</strong> Double boots are required. They should be designed for extended use in temperatures at least as cold as -40F. Modern synthetic integrated boots (those with a built-in overboot/gaiter) are suitable for this climb. For traditional plastic boots, thermo-mold liners are warmer, lighter, and more comfortable than standard liners. If you have heat-moldable liners in your boots already and you have worn them for several trips, you may want to have them re-fit to ensure that the foam has not compressed and the temperature rating has been retained.</p><p><em><strong>• Tents</strong></em></p><p><strong>Four Season Expedition Tent:</strong> Tents come in various shapes and sizes, so eventually you’ll have to find something that works best for you and the number of people in your group. Most people will spend a considerable amount of time in their tent, so you’ll want to error on the side of comfort and safety. But weight will always be a concern, especially for a two-man team. Most parties on the mountain have large, heavy, and sturdy tents. Durability is the most important factor – as such, your trip (or worse) is essentially over if something happens to your tent that cannot be repaired.</p><p><em><strong>• Packs</strong></em></p><p><strong>Large Internal Frame Pack:</strong> Choose the pack that fits your body type best. This pack must be at least 5500 cubic inches in size; larger is better if possible. An external frame is not adequate or functional. Avoid bells and whistles like large, full-length zippers, separate sleeping bag compartments, etc. Many top-brand packs weigh up to 8 pounds, but there are a few better ones that weigh closer to five or six pounds. It is very important that your pack be in good working order and not prone to failures of any sort. Packs are a hugely important item and a climber may not be able to continue due to a pack failure.</p><p><em><strong>• Bags</strong></em></p><p><strong>Sleeping Bag:</strong> Down Only. Synthetic bags are not acceptable due to their size and weight. Bags should be rated to -30F (-34C) for the early and mid-May expeditions; to at least -20F (-28C) for expeditions in June. If you know you sleep cold take this into consideration when purchasing/selecting your bag.</p><p><strong>Sleeping Pads:</strong> Two are required. One should be a full-length 1/2" thick closed-cell foam pad. The second pad can be either a closed-cell pad or an inflatable pad. It can be ¾ length or full length. Your inflatable pad should be a modern, lightweight, and packable version. Newer pads are less bulky and can be folded in half when rolled so that they take up only a tiny portion of your packs volume. Old Thermarests with metal valves are not acceptable as the valves freeze.</p><p><em><strong>• Technical Gear ("Sharps")</strong></em></p><p>I will not go into this too much because each expedition is a bit different, but essentially you should have the following items (at a minimum):</p><p><strong>Expedition Climbing Harness:</strong> This harness should fit over bulky clothing. Bring the simplest, lightest harness you can find. Black Diamond Alpine Bod harnesses are the standard on the West Buttress route. You will not need any padding on the waist or legs. Adjustable leg loops are key for changing pants. Make sure that your harness fits comfortably in combination with your fully loaded backpack. Some models have features that cause wear and tear on your waist and hips when used with a heavy pack.</p><p><strong>Climbing Helmet:</strong> Guiding services require a helmet for this expedition (over the many years a few people have been hit by falling rocks near the Polo Field – as such the guiding services require a helmet for liability reasons). As such, choose the lightest weight helmet that still fits your head shape well.</p><p><strong>Ice Axe:</strong> A variety of axes are suitable, but bring one that is 65 cm max; 55cm to 60cm is preferred. A wrist loop/leash is not required or recommended. Many climbers insulate the head of their ice axe with a small piece of foam or similar material. In colder temperatures, heat can be lost conductively through your glove when gripping the cold axe. This insulation should be small enough to not affect the performance of the ice axe or your ability to grip it, swing it, and self-arrest.</p><p><strong>Steel Crampons:</strong> Modern new-matic crampons are recommended. Step-in crampons are easier to put on with cold fingers, but they can be harder to work well with overboots. Strap-on crampons provide more reliable attachment to boots with overboots. Regardless, be sure your crampon, overboot, and boot combination work well together. You should also bring crampon adjustment tools if your crampons require them. Your crampons should be suitable for steep ice climbing. Aluminum crampons are not functional on Denali.</p><p><strong>Trekking Poles:</strong> Two are required. Even if you don’t normally use trekking poles, on this expedition, in particular, they are invaluable in helping with balance while carrying heavy packs on snowshoes.</p><p><strong>Snowshoes (or Skis):</strong> They should be equipped with an integral crampon and/or aggressive traction on the bottom of the snowshoes. Snowshoes can be sized smaller than is typically recommended by manufacturers since deep snow is not common on the climbing route. Large profile basic models made by Tubbs, Atlas, and Sherpa do not work well and are not recommended. Models by MSR are proven and quite durable. Length should not exceed 25-28 inches.</p><p><strong>Personal Gear:</strong> Caribiners (4-10, w/lockers), Slings (thinner spectra/dyneema slings are not recommended because they are hard to remove knots from with gloves on), Prusiks (2-3), Pulley, Pickets (1-2), Ascender, Ice Screws (1-8), Ice Tools (1-2), Belay Device, etc.</p><p><strong>Group Gear:</strong> Ropes (45-50m, 9mm), Shovels, Ice Saws, Wands, Sleds, Medical Kit, Stoves, Pots, Fuel, etc</p><p><em><strong>• Duffel</strong></em></p><p><strong>Duffel Bag:</strong> Your large duffel should have a full-length zipper and be of durable construction (this duffel will be used in the sled while on the lower mountain). A second duffel or travel bag will be needed to store your town clothes and personal items while on the mountain (usually at a secure storage locker at the airport where you departed on your flight onto the glacier).</p></div>
<h3>Suggested Brands</h3>
<div><p>• <strong>Outerwear</strong> – ArcTeryx, Patagonia, RAB, Marmot, North Face, Feathered Friends, Mountain Hardwear, Mont Bell, GoLite, Mammut<br/>• <strong>Head/Hand/Footwear</strong> – Outdoor Research, Black Diamond, Mountain Hardwear, REI, Marmot, Smartwool, Julbo <br/>• <strong>Boots</strong> – Scarpa, La Sportiva, Millet, Kayland, Lowa, 40 Below<br/>• <strong>Tents</strong> – Hilleberg, Mountain Hardwear<br/>• <strong>Packs</strong> – Gregory, Mountain Hardwear, Osprey, ArcTeryx, Cilogear<br/>• <strong>Bags</strong> – Western Mountaineering, Feathered Friends, REI, Marmot, Thermarest<br/>• <strong>Technical Gear</strong> – Black Diamond, Petzl, Mammut, ArcTeryx, Grivel, MSR, Metolius<br/>• <strong>Duffel</strong> – Wild Things, Dana Designs, Patagonia</p></div>
<h3>Food</h3>
<div><p>When re-packaging food (into Ziplocs or similar), buy in bulk and remove all commercial packaging (cardboard &amp; some plastics can be recycled). By reducing the packaging, it means less weight and less trash to carry. Repackage group meals in plastic bags and add spices to repackaged meals ahead of time. Label bags with contents and cooking instructions and consider pot size and fuel need when repackaging food. And as always, keep notes on what works and what does not.</p><p>Food Tips for International Climbers:<br/>• Check with U.S. Customs regarding restricted food items (www.usda.aphis.gov).<br/>• Custom Agents have discretionary power. It is not uncommon to have the majority of your food confiscated.<br/>• Allow a few extra days in Anchorage to purchase food and repackage it before arriving at base camp.<br/>• Check with Talkeetna ranger station regarding ethnic markets available in Anchorage.</p></div>
<h2>Training</h2>
<p>Start your entire fitness training program well in advance of your climb, and increase the intensity and duration of your exercising as you gain fitness. Very generally, a six-month minimum is needed to implement an effective program. Your first weeks in this new fitness program will most likely be focused on getting into a routine. Discipline yourself to begin both the cardiovascular and motor fitness training from the outset, but start carefully to avoid overuse or over-enthusiasm injuries. Use a variety of exercises, activities, locations, etc. to keep physically challenged and mentally engaged. Be cautious of month-by-month formulaic programs that tend to over-simplify expectations and promises. You should have a plan that is both regimented specifically for you and be flexible enough to meet your personal needs. The more your training can simulate real climbing, the more you will benefit. - Sources: <a href="http://www.rmiguides.com/resources/conditioning.php">Rainier Mountainerring Inc</a> and <a href="http://www.alpineascents.com/denali-train.asp">Alpine Ascents International</a></p>
<h3>Cardio</h3>
<p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/denali/831334"></a><br/><span>Get after it.</span></p>
<div><p>Cardiovascular fitness is measured through your aerobic capacity, your body’s ability to take in and use oxygen. At sea level, the restrictive factor in delivering oxygen to the muscles is the heart’s ability to pump blood, not the capability of the lungs to take in oxygen. It is at altitude, where oxygen is effectively less available, that lung capabilities come into question. Aerobics should be directed at conditioning your heart muscle even though it can also improve somatic muscle fitness. There are a variety of aerobic exercises which are fantastic for training. They include: climbing and descending hills, stairs or stadium bleachers, any kind of skiing, snowboarding, running, swimming and cycling. Other excellent aerobic activities that can benefit you but tend to be less focused for climbing mountains include: aerobics classes, stationary cycling, circuit weight training, boxing, and martial arts. Try to maximize cardiovascular fitness and maximize the strength and endurance needed for climbing.</p><p>In addition to the benefit of cardiovascular fitness, there needs to be concentrated effort on developing your aerobic ability for the descent from the summit. Some training recommendations for aerobic exercising include:</p></div>
<div><p>(1) Keep your training range at 65 to 85% of your maximum heart rate. There is a well-known formula for ascertaining your maximum heart rate that is based on your age, which you subtract from the number 220 (beats per minute). This is arbitrary at best. Begin with that formula, and then be aware of how you feel. Your perceived exertion can actually be a better indicator of how you ought to be performing on a given day. </p><p>(2) Spend a solid 30 minutes a day working aerobically, but don't exceed 60 minutes. In order to train for the long days in the mountains, you’ve got to get out and do lengthy training climbs; nothing else will prepare you as adequately.</p><p>(3) The frequency of your aerobic workout can be rather unlimited. Use interval training to advance your cardiovascular fitness. The technique of interval training calls for including surges in the activity while maintaining an elevated heart rate. Remember that the heart’s ability to pump blood to the body is a major limiting factor in our athletic performance. Interval training, when used over a longer period of time, can aid in increasing the heart's capacity for pumping blood through the body. This is a very strenuous manner of training, and it shouldn’t be initiated at the last minute. </p></div>
<h3>Weight Training</h3>
<div><p>Motor fitness is needed to complement cardiovascular fitness. Motor fitness refers to strength (the ability to exert force), power (the ability to exert force rapidly), endurance (the ability to withstand exertion), balance (the ability to maintain stability), agility (the ability to perform actions quickly and smoothly), and flexibility (the ability to bend without breaking). </p><p>When working with weights, limit it to 2 sets of 20 repetitions with lighter weights (lighter than the heavy weights customarily used to intensify muscle growth). Your first 15 reps ought to go easy; your last five with each set should be tough. Rest for 30 to 60 seconds between sets. It is important that in addition to a sound lower body, you develop a sound upper body as well. A sound torso (both back and stomach) is especially important for mountaineering where heavy pack weights add a new dimension to our physical activities. These training principles are essentially the same for our upper and lower bodies. Stretching, balance, aerobic and abdominal exercises can be done every day. You should work with lower body and upper body weights at least twice a week (once every 3 days). Don’t fail to include a good warm-up and warm-down in your workout. Include 10 to 15 minute aerobic warm-up and a 5 to 10 minute warm down in your program. This is an important component of any program. Keep your heart rate in an aerobic range; don’t get anaerobic. Examples include walking, jogging in place, step mills, treadmills, cycling, and jumping rope. </p><p>Include 15 minutes of quality stretching into your program. Focus on slow, static stretching. Avoid bouncing, ballistic stretching. With static stretching, hold the stretch for 30 to 60 seconds, breathing through the stretch. Hold it only to the point of tension, not to the point of pain. Don’t stretch through pain; you are stretching and tearing muscle fibers with this activity. Be patient. The reward of proper stretching is the joy of movement which results. Remember that stretching is a warm-up and warm-down exercise as well as a real workout for your body. Your goal is the reduction of muscular tension, not an attainment of extreme flexibility. Improper stretching can lead to injury and disillusionment with this aspect of motor fitness training. Stretch at the beginning of a workout, just after the warm-up, and also, even more importantly, after the workout when the muscles are at their warmest and most supple state. Stretching after a workout will do a tremendous amount of good toward alleviating muscle soreness and decreasing the chance of injury. </p><p>For abdominal exercise, focus on the quality of the exercise, not the number. Changing up the exercises (cross-training the abdomen) is key to increasing abdominal fitness. The abdominal muscles adapt remarkably well to a punishing workout – continue to change up your workout, even if you don’t switch exercises, switch the routine.</p><p>Balance exercises reward you with increased body awareness and can aid in your ability to negotiate tricky terrain under a heavy pack. Distinguish between static and dynamic balance exercises. Static exercises will keep one or both feet on the ground. Dynamic exercises involve the body in motion. Both are important for the development of this motor fitness skill. Balance is a motor skill like strength and can be improved over time. </p></div>
<h3>Hiking/Pack Work</h3>
<p>I have made this a separate category to emphasize that this needs to be done prior to a trip to Denali and is another 'pillar' or your training regimen. Even putting a large heavy pack on and walking to work in your mountaineering boots will help. You will want to get used to your pack and boots well ahead of time and you will want to get used to breaking a sweat in them for a long period of time. DO NOT buy boots right before the climb and expect to make it up the mountain. Your equipment MUST be dialed in and you MUST be able to work well with it.</p>
<h3>Mountain Activities/Climbing</h3>
<p>Obviously, this will pertain to people that can train in the mountains. But anything like trail running, ice climbing, rock climbing, mountain biking or running at altitude will help your heart's pumping capacity and will allow you to have a solid base of skills and endurance when you arrive on the mountain.</p>
<h3>Sled Work</h3>
<p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/denali/831335"></a><br/><span>Lovely day for a sled...</span></p>
<p>Sleds are a very underestimated part of a climb in Alaska. Via any route on the mountain, you will likely be using a sled at some point. The hip flexors and lower back/core often get overlooked in a standard training program. Make sure you train with a sled. Even if it means tying rope and an old tire to your waist and running around a parking lot, this is absolutely necessary to have an enjoyable climb. Also, make sure you are familiar with rigging the sled in a manner that is consistent with your training.</p>
<h2>Glacier Travel</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/denali/831294"></a><span>Roped travel in the Alaska Range</span></p>
<h3>Glaciers</h3>
<p>Seventeen percent of the national park's land area is covered with glaciers. The largest glaciers are on the south side of the Alaska Range (the Kahiltna, Ruth, Eldridge, Tokositna, and Yentna each are between 35 and 40 miles long). The largest glacier on the north side of the Alaska Range is the Muldrow, on Mt. McKinley, 34 miles long. The deepest measured glacier is the Ruth, at 3,805 feet or 1,160 meters; the surface ice of the Ruth moves about 3.1 feet or .95 meters each day.</p>
<h3>Sled Travel</h3>
<p>Nothing needs more to be said than <a href="http://alpineinstitute.blogspot.com/2010/03/expedition-sled-rigging.html">this</a>.</p>
<h3>Crevasse Rescue</h3>
<p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/denali/831269"></a><br/><span>Get to know it.</span></p>
<p><br/>All party members must have worked together on similar techniques for crevasse rescue. Crevasse falls are imminent while traveling on glaciers in the Alaska Range. Each climber should be rigged for a crevasse fall with foot loops, mechanical ascenders or prussiks, and a pulley ready to be used. Attach the pack and sled to the rope while traveling. Skis should be attached with safety straps since they are easily lost in a crevasse fall. Each member should carry a picket or snow fluke in addition to their ice axe.</p>
<h3>Solo Attempts</h3>
<div><p>Not recommended. But read Jon Krakauer's chapter on Denali in <em>Eiger Dreams</em> for an overview of contraptions people strap to themselves in order to travel "safely" on the lower glacier. Unless you are a world-class alpinist, find a friend to go with. Or, just find a friend anyway.</p><p>The major hazard facing a soloist on Denali is that even the most cautious and experienced climber is unable to determine the location of and/or strength of the many snow bridges that must be crossed. Each year, a number of people take serious crevasse falls on the large Alaskan glaciers. Unfortunately, experience plays little part in determining who falls through these snow bridges. Some crevasses may be faintly visible while others are totally undetectable. Some soloists have devised crevasse spanning poles attached to their climbing harness that provide a degree of protection in case of a crevasse fall. Many are experienced enough to identify and avoid most mountain hazards, but hidden crevasses add a new dimension of objective risk to soloing. Virtually all experienced Alaska Range mountaineers are not willing to accept this level of risk. A solo climber has virtually no self-rescue ability in the event of a serious accident or illness and creates an undue risk to the search and rescue party. All climbers that are planning on climbing solo must complete the supplemental solo form for their registration to be processed.</p></div>
<h3>Ski/Board Ascents/Descents</h3>
<p>There are people who attempt to ski the West Buttress route (and others). Please be advised that when you are a skier, you are considered a soloist unless roped up to another party. While roped travel uphill on skis takes coordination and patience, going downhill while roped is of the expert persuasion only. It will likely be done with a large pack and possibly a sled. It is done, but only by the most seasoned ski mountaineers. Skiing unroped is no better than solo-ing the route when below 14,200 ft. Extreme caution is advised.</p>
<h2>Mountain Weather</h2>
<div><p>The weather is broadcast nightly on FRS 1. Weather is also available from rangers at the 7,200-foot and 14,200-foot camps. When checking in with the NPS, you will also be given a phone number with a daily weather forecast recording. However, forecasting weather for Mt. McKinley and Mt. Foraker is imprecise and difficult. Do not rely solely on the forecast; good judgment should always be used.</p><p>Denali is located in the subpolar low, a region where arctic air moving from the north converges with warmer air moving from the south at a latitude of 60 degrees (Denali is located at 63 degrees). This convergence creates a belt of unstable weather at this latitude. Associated with the subpolar low is a semi-permanent area of low pressure known as the Aleutian Low, located in the vicinity of the Aleutian Islands. Weather systems generated or passing through the Aleutian Low often take a straight path for the Alaska Ranges and hit Denali with little warning. Denali also has a reputation for streaky weather with long periods of continuous bad weather or more rarely, long periods of good weather. </p><p>As a result of its proximity to the Aleutian Low, the weather on Denali is unlike the weather on any other major mountain in the world. Extreme cold is another hallmark of Denali's weather and temperatures routinely fall to -40 F (-40 C). Unfamiliarity with Denali's weather is an underlying cause of many accidents.</p></div>
<p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/denali/831320"></a><span>Not particularly good...</span></p>
<div><p>Denali also undergoes long periods of clear skies and high winds, and these conditions are most often seen during the early part of the climbing season (April and May). During these periods, many of the mountain slopes are swept clean of snow leaving behind solid blue ice and testing the cramponing skills of even the most experienced climbers. Denali Pass and the upper part of the West Rib are especially notorious sites for accidents when these conditions occur. During such weather, many climbers are lulled by the clear skies into going for the summit. However, these winds routinely exceed 100 mph and have been known to knock climbers down the slopes. Windstorms often come with little if any warning and are thus amongst the most feared weather patterns on the mountain. The first signs of increasing high winds are the appearance of lenticular cloud caps over the summit. Many people look to Mt Foraker as an indicator of what weather patterns are soon headed to Denali.</p><p>Low-pressure systems from the Gulf of Alaska are the cyclonic weather systems that sweep in from the southwest and vary in intensity, the strongest of which have been described as hurricanes that dump snow. During the more powerful storms, it is generally unsafe to be above 14,000 feet. Fortunately, climbers usually have at least 12 hours warning before such a storm hits as they are usually preceded by mare's tails in the sky. </p><p>Low-level moisture occurs when warm, moist air migrates inland from the Pacific Ocean and creates a period of steady drizzle in the lowlands. During these periods, the top of the cloud layer occurs between 10,000 and 14,000 feet and conditions above these altitudes may be quite good. At other times, skies above 14,000 feet will be clear, but windy. Conditions on the lower mountain, however, tend to get sloppy and may even experience periods of rainfall and whiteout.</p><p>Good weather days, in which there is not a cloud in the sky and not a breath of wind, are rare on Denali. Instead, good weather is when winds are blowing at less than 10 knots and precipitation is limited to a snow squall here and there. One should not think that from these descriptions, the weather on Denali will easily fall into one of the above four categories. Instead, the distinctions between these patterns fall into a thousand different shades of gray and other weather patterns occur that do not fall into these categories. For example, low-pressure systems may descend from the north from the Arctic Ocean. Because these storms approach from the north, they may catch climbers by surprise. Even the most experienced veterans have a difficult time forecasting the weather, but for amateurs unfamiliar with subpolar weather, reading Denali's weather can be more akin to rolling the dice.</p></div>
<h2>Guiding Services</h2><h3>General Philosophy</h3>
<p>It is the individual climber's responsibility to ensure that the guide chosen is one of the six authorized guide services. Any individual or group that is found to be guided by an unauthorized guide will have their registration voided, be removed from the mountain, and issued a citation. Please see <a href="http://www.alpineinstitute.com/articles/choosing-a-denali-guide.aspx">this link</a> for a detailed treatise on how to choose a guide. It's very well written and was composed by Coley Gentzel, a former guide on Denali who is now a Park Ranger in Talkeetna.</p>
<h3>Services Provided</h3>
<p>Guiding services typically provide logistical support (to and from the glacier), group gear (such as tents, cooking supplies, ropes, shovels, saws, etc), food (less snacks), and cooking services (guides will cook and boil water, but the clients do the dishes). Guides do not haul gear for the clients in Alaska. There are no Sherpa, no Kenyans, and no mules. You bring it, you carry it. Guides also make decisions on weather, campsites, and team dynamics.</p>
<h3>Costs</h3>
<p>Guided expeditions on the West Buttress (in a 9 client to 3 guide ratio) typically run $5,000-$7,000 depending on what exactly is being offered. Some guiding services also run people up the West Rib ($8,000 for a 4 client to 2 guide ratio) and the Cassin Ridge ($18,000-$26,000 depending on the ratio). They can also rent certain gear to clients should they need it.</p>
<h3>Contact Information</h3>
<div><p>Alaska Mountaineering School<br/>P.O. Box 566<br/>Talkeetna, AK 99676<br/>Phone: (907) 733-1016<br/>Fax: (907) 733-1362<br/><a href="http://www.climbalaska.org">www.climbalaska.org</a></p><p>Alpine Ascents International<br/>109 W. Mercer St.<br/>Seattle, WA 98119<br/>Phone: (206) 378-1927<br/>Fax: (206) 378-1937<br/><a href="http://www.alpineascents.com">www.alpineascents.com</a></p><p>American Alpine Institute<br/>1515 12th Street<br/>Bellingham, WA 98825<br/>Phone: (360) 671-1505<br/>Fax: (360) 734-8890<br/><a href="http://www.mtnguide.com">www.mtnguide.com</a></p></div>
<p><span>International Mountain Guides<br/></span><span>31111 State Route 706 E<br/></span><span>Ashford, WA 98304<br/></span><span>(360) 569-2609<br/></span><a href="https://www.mountainguides.com"><span>www.mountainguides.com</span></a></p>
<div><p>Mountain Trip International, LLC<br/>P.O. Box 658<br/>Ophir, Colorado 81426<br/>Phone: (970)369-1153<br/>Fax: (970) 728-3779<br/><a href="http://www.mountaintrip.com">www.mountaintrip.com</a></p><p>N.O.L.S.<br/>P.O. Box 981<br/>Palmer, AK 99645<br/>Phone: (907) 745-4047<br/>Fax: (907) 745-6069<br/><a href="http://www.nols.edu">www.nols.edu</a></p><p>Rainier Mountaineering, Inc.<br/>P.O. Box Q<br/>Ashford, WA 98304<br/>Phone: (360) 569-2227<br/>Fax: (360) 569-2982<br/><a href="http://www.rmiguides.com">www.rmiguides.com</a></p></div>
<h2>Recommended Reading</h2>
<div><p>There are dozens of books on Denali on the market, most of which are readable, a few of which are not. Denali is also the frequent subject of magazine articles and climbing anthologies. Check out back issues of Climbing Magazine and Rock &amp; Ice Magazine for articles giving guidelines geared for recreational climbers. Climbers interested in more detailed discussions of Denali's routes should consult <em>High Alaska</em> or the <em>Mount McKinley Climbers Handbook</em>. Additionally, the American Alpine Club <em>Journal</em> contains detailed trip reports on Denali's more technical routes. The following is a list of recommended books. </p><p>• <em>Denali's West Buttress</em> by Colby Coombs and Bradford Washburn (Mountaineers Books, 1997)<br/>• <em>High Alaska</em> by Jonathan Waterman and Bradford Washburn (American Alpine Club, 1991)<br/>• <em>Mount McKinley Climbers Handbook</em> by Glenn Randall (Chockstone Press, 1992)<br/>• <em>Mount McKinley: The Conquest of Denali</em> by Bradford Washburn and David Roberts (Abradale Press, 2000)<br/>• <em>Mount McKinley: Icy Crown of North America</em> by Fred Beckey (The Mountaineers, 1999)<br/>• <em>Minus 148: The First Winter Ascent of Denali</em> by Art Davidson (Mountaineers Books, 1999)<br/>• <em>Surviving Denali: A Study of Accidents on Mount McKinley 1903-1990</em> by Jonathan Waterman (American Alpine Club, 2nd Edition, 1991)<br/>• <em>Accidents In North American Mountaineering</em>, Published annually by the American Alpine Club, (issues from 1977 to the present are especially valuable).<br/>• <em>Glacier Travel and Crevasse Rescue</em> by Andy Selters (The Mountaineers)<br/>• <em>The Illustrated Guide to Glacier Travel and Crevasse Rescue</em> by Andy Tyson and Mike Clelland (Climbing Magazine publication)<br/>• <em>Medicine for Mountaineering</em>, Edited by James A. Wilkerson, M.D. (The Mountaineers, 4th Edition)<br/>• <em>Mountain Sickness: Prevention, Recognition, and Treatment</em> by Dr. Peter Hackettt (American Alpine Club)<br/>• <em>Snow Sense: A Guide to Evaluating Snow Avalanche Hazard</em> by Jill A. Fredston and Doug Fesler (Alaska Mountain Safety Center, Inc.)<br/>• <em>Alaska: A Climbing Guide</em> by Michael Wood and Colby Coombs (The Mountaineers)<br/>• <em>Dangerous Steps</em> by Lewis Freedman (Stackpole Books)<br/>• <em>Denali: Climbing Guide</em> by R.J. Secor (Stackpole Books)<br/>• <em>Denali, Symbol of the Alaskan Wild, An Illustrated History of the Denali-McKinley Region, Alaska</em> by William E. Brown (Alaska Natural History Association)<br/>• <em>In the Shadow of Denali</em> by Jonathan Waterman (Dell Books)<br/>• <em>Mount McKinley, The Pioneer Climbs</em> by Terris Moore (The Mountaineers)<br/>• <em>The Ascent of Denali</em> by Hudson Stuck (University of Nebraska Press)<br/>• <em>The Hall of The Mountain King</em> by Howard Snyder (Charles Scribner's Sons)<br/>• <em>To the Top of Denali</em> by Bill Sherwonit (Graphic Arts Center Press)<br/>• <em>White Winds</em> by Joe Wilcox (Hwong)</p></div>
<h2>Authors Note</h2>
<p>I was fortunate enough to reach the summit of this mountain in 2009. I climbed with a guided group from the American Alpine Institute and also spent an additional 10 days on the lower glacier in 2008 during a skills course. Let me be the first to tell you that I am by no means an expert in anything. This page used a lot of information from the National Park website, the guides websites, and my personal library of books on Denali (about five or six of them). I also tried to put sources in lots of places so that if you have more questions, you can dive into that information more thoroughly. I recently took the page over from SP member <a href="https://www.summitpost.org/users/greg-yanagihara/209">Greg Yanagihara</a>. We have never met or spoken, but I emailed him extensively asking for editing rights --- because I felt that the page needed a refresher. With the help of the Elves, I was able to secure the page and have made what you see above as my changes (using as much of Greg's material as possible).</p>
<p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/denali/831261"></a><span>Don't forget the scotch. This is livin'...</span></p>
<div><p>The preceding page has taken some time and effort, but if you have something more to add, please feel free to PM me or post in <a href="https://www.summitpost.org/phpBB3/topic55947.html">this forum</a>. I welcome comments and suggestions, but I will warn you --- if you are looking to overhaul the page, then please put your money where your mouth is and take the page from me. I'm certainly not enamored with the page, so you can have it with enough convincing. But I would ask that you please maintain the integrity of the page going forward, if not for yourself, for the SP community at large. I have taken a lot of information and knowledge from this site and a mountain like Denali deserves a good page. This is my small effort to give back to the community of members that have taught me so much through my early years of mountaineering. Thank you for reading.</p><p>Finally, if you are interested, here's a website to SP Member <a href="https://www.summitpost.org/users/alasdair/552">Alasdair</a>'s phenomenal Denali photographs. Make sure you contact him if you plan on using them in any way --- they are copywritten.</p><p>P.S. Have a nice day.</p></div>
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                    __cf_bm [x9]                 jscdn.greeter.me          This cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots. This is beneficial for the website, in order to make valid reports on the use of their website.                1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                                                 Mgid                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
                                                 Vimeo                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
                                                 Wikiloc                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                 www.foto-trexoume.gr                                                                                                                                                                                                               
                    __cfruid                     Accuweather               This cookie is a part of the services provided by Cloudflare - Including load-balancing, deliverance of website content and serving DNS connection for website operators.  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                    ci_session                   Best Animations           Preserves users states across page requests.                                                                                                                               1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                    checkForPermission           Beeswax                   Determines whether the user has accepted the cookie consent box.                                                                                                           1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                    algoliasearch-client-js      cdn.jsdelivr.net          Necessary in order to optimize the website's search-bar function. The cookie ensures accurate and fast search results.                                                     Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                    ts                           RTB House                 This cookie is necessary for the PayPal login-function on the website.                                                                                                     1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                    optout                       Criteo                    Identifies if the visitor has deselected any cookies, trackers or other audience targeting tools.                                                                          Session     HTTP Cookie       
                    _cmp_a                       www.emka.si               Determines whether the user has accepted the cookie consent box.                                                                                                           1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                    _tracking_consent            www.emka.si               Stores the user's cookie consent state for the current domain                                                                                                              1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                    E                            E-planning.net            Necessary for the sign-up function on the website.                                                                                                                         400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                    TS#                          European Union            Used to ensure website security and fraud detection.                                                                                                                       Session     HTTP Cookie       
                    rc::e                        Google                    This cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots.                                                                                                                Session     HTML Local Storage
                    rc::a                        Google                    This cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots. This is beneficial for the website, in order to make valid reports on the use of their website.                Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                    rc::c                        Google                    This cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots.                                                                                                                Session     HTML Local Storage
                    gdpr                         ID5                       Determines whether the visitor has accepted the cookie consent box. This ensures that the cookie consent box will not be presented again upon re-entry.                    Session     HTTP Cookie       
                    CookieConsent [x2]           images-sp.summitpost.org  Stores the user's cookie consent state for the current domain                                                                                                              1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                                                 Cookiebot                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                    1.gif                        Cookiebot                 Used to count the number of sessions to the website, necessary for optimizing CMP product delivery.                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                    cu                           Adelphic                  Used to detect if the visitor has accepted the marketing category in the cookie banner. This cookie is necessary for GDPR-compliance of the website.                       1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                                                 www.libridimontagna.net                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                    PHPSESSID [x3]               fun.resplace.net          Preserves user session state across page requests.                                                                                                                         19961 days  HTTP Cookie       
                                                 www.summitpost.org                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                    PrestaShop-#                 www.libridimontagna.net   Pending                                                                                                                                                                    20 days     HTTP Cookie       
                    bcookie                      LinkedIn                  Used in order to detect spam and improve the website's security.                                                                                                           1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                    li_gc                        LinkedIn                  Stores the user's cookie consent state for the current domain                                                                                                              180 days    HTTP Cookie       
                    x#                           lunamedia.live            Necessary for the shopping cart functionality on the website.                                                                                                              1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                    incap_ses_#                  www.cytosport.com         Preserves users states across page requests.                                                                                                                               Session     HTTP Cookie       
                    visid_incap_#                www.cytosport.com         Preserves users states across page requests.                                                                                                                               1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                    mw                           Zeotap                    Determines whether the user should have access to restricted areas on the website.                                                                                         Session     Pixel Tracker     
                    ID                           k43.pbase.com             Preserves the visitor's session state across page requests.                                                                                                                4 years     HTTP Cookie       
                    CT                           E-planning.net            This cookie is a part of a bundle of cookies set by the website's webshop platform to facilitate product images, filter functions and shopping-cart functionalities.       Session     HTTP Cookie       
                    audit                        Rubicon Project           Determines whether the visitor has accepted the cookie consent box. This ensures that the cookie consent box will not be presented again upon re-entry.                    1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                    NSC_# [x2]                   shop.usps.com             Used to distribute traffic to the website on several servers in order to optimise response times.                                                                          Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                 www.natureconservancy.ca                                                                                                                                                                                                           
                    __eoi [x2]                   Google                    Used in order to detect spam and improve the website's security.                                                                                                           180 days    HTTP Cookie       
                                                 www.summitpost.org                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                    FCNEC [x2]                   Google                    Checks whether the cookie consent banner is active on the website.                                                                                                         1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                    csrftoken [x2]               OpenStreetMap France      Helps prevent Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks.                                                                                                                   1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                                                 www.gaiagps.com                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                    JSESSIONID [x2]              shop.usps.com             Preserves users states across page requests.                                                                                                                               Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                 www.natureconservancy.ca                                                                                                                                                                                                           
                    TLTSID                       shop.usps.com             Preserves the visitor's session state across page requests.                                                                                                                Session     HTTP Cookie       
                    _cfuvid [x2]                 Vimeo                     This cookie is a part of the services provided by Cloudflare - Including load-balancing, deliverance of website content and serving DNS connection for website operators.  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                 Wikiloc                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                    bm_mi                        icons-ecast.wxug.com      Used in context with the website's BotManager. The BotManager detects, categorizes and compiles reports on potential bots trying to access the website.                    Session     HTTP Cookie       
                    ci                           icons-ecast.wxug.com      The cookie is necessary for secure log-in and the detection of any spam or abuse of the website.                                                                           Session     HTTP Cookie       
                    X-Mapping-#                  www.awesomestories.com    Saves the address and port number of the web server that is managing the session. Used to improve the website's performance security.                                      Session     HTTP Cookie       
                    SERVERID                     www.dobramapa.sk          This cookie is used to assign the visitor to a specific server - this function is necessary for the functionality of the website.                                          Session     HTTP Cookie       
                    bscookie                     LinkedIn                  This cookie is used to identify the visitor through an application. This allows the visitor to login to a website through their LinkedIn application for example.          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                    SESS#                        Media.net                 Preserves users states across page requests.                                                                                                                               1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                    wordpress_google_apps_login  www.svts.sk               Used for secure login to the website with a Google account.                                                                                                                Session     HTTP Cookie       
                    i [x2]                       Yandex                    Preserves users states across page requests.                                                                                                                               400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                                                 Openx                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
                    
                    Preference cookies enable a website to remember information that changes the way the website behaves or looks, like your preferred language or the region that you are in.
                      Name         Provider            Purpose                                                                                                                                                                       Expiry      Type              
                      ss [x2]      Cognitiv            Necessary for the functionality of the website's chat-box function.                                                                                                           1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                                   Between Digital                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                      dc           Between Digital     Necessary for the functionality of the website's chat-box function.                                                                                                           1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                      _EDGE_V      Microsoft           This cookie is used in context with the Bing-Map integration on the website. The cookie is necessary for some map-features.                                                   1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                      g            RTB House           Used in context with the language setting on the website. Facilitates the translation into the preferred language of the visitor.                                             1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                      keep_alive   www.emka.si         Saves the user's current geographical location based on the user's IP address.                                                                                                1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                      city         flaticon.com        Stores the selected store location.                                                                                                                                           Session     HTTP Cookie       
                      country      flaticon.com        The cookie determines the preferred language and country-setting of the visitor - This allows the website to show content most relevant to that region and language.          Session     HTTP Cookie       
                      currency     flaticon.com        Saves the visitor's currency preferences.                                                                                                                                     Session     HTTP Cookie       
                      lidc         LinkedIn            Registers which server-cluster is serving the visitor. This is used in context with load balancing, in order to optimize user experience.                                     1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                      lang         Opentopomap         Remembers the user's selected language version of a website                                                                                                                   Session     HTTP Cookie       
                      pmpro_visit  fun.resplace.net    Determines whether the user has made any subscriptions on the website, so that the website does not show subscription forms to the user, which already have been filled out.  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                      locale       Meteoblue           The cookie determines the preferred language and country-setting of the visitor - This allows the website to show content most relevant to that region and language.          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                      loglevel     www.summitpost.org  Maintains settings and outputs when using the Developer Tools Console on current session.                                                                                     Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                      
                      Statistic cookies help website owners to understand how visitors interact with websites by collecting and reporting information anonymously.
                        Name                 Provider                   Purpose                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Expiry      Type              
                        ab                   Neustar                    This cookie is used by the website’s operator in context with multi-variate testing. This is a tool used to combine or change content on the website. This allows the website to find the best variation/edition of the site.            1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                        crum                 Casale Media               This cookie is used to identify the frequency of visits and how long the visitor is on the website.                                                                                                                                      Session     Pixel Tracker     
                        NMUID                cookies.nextmillmedia.com  Contains a unique ID that is used to measure the number of visits and recognise returning users.                                                                                                                                         7 days      HTTP Cookie       
                        __utm.gif            Google                     Google Analytics Tracking Code that logs details about the visitor's browser and computer.                                                                                                                                               Session     Pixel Tracker     
                        collect              Google                     Used to send data to Google Analytics about the visitor's device and behavior. Tracks the visitor across devices and marketing channels.                                                                                                 Session     Pixel Tracker     
                        log                  Media.net                  Used to distinguish between internal and external visitors to the website, in order to obtain more concise statistical data regarding the use of the website.                                                                            Session     Pixel Tracker     
                        visitor-id           Media.net                  This cookie is used to collect information on the visitor. This information will be stored for internal analytics at the website's operator – Internal analytics is used by websites to optimize their domains.                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                        __qca                Quantcast                  Collects data on the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded with the purpose of generating reports for optimising the website content.            Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                        d                    Quantcast                  Collects anonymous data on the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded with the purpose of generating reports for optimising the website content.  3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                        qcSes                Quantcast                  Collects data on the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded with the purpose of generating reports for optimising the website content.            Session     HTML Local Storage
                        pv                   Infolinks                  Registers statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used for internal analytics by the website operator.                                                                                                                      Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                        browser_id           Nazwa.pl                   Used to recognise the visitor's browser upon reentry on the website.                                                                                                                                                                     7 days      HTTP Cookie       
                        is_unique            Statcounter                This cookie is used to identify the frequency of visits and how long the visitor is on the website.                                                                                                                                      400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                        __qca                Quantcast                  Collects data on the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded with the purpose of generating reports for optimising the website content.            1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                        __utma               Google                     Collects data on the number of times a user has visited the website as well as dates for the first and most recent visit. Used by Google Analytics.                                                                                      2 years     HTTP Cookie       
                        __utmb               Google                     Registers a timestamp with the exact time of when the user accessed the website. Used by Google Analytics to calculate the duration of a website visit.                                                                                  1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                        __utmc               Google                     Registers a timestamp with the exact time of when the user leaves the website. Used by Google Analytics to calculate the duration of a website visit.                                                                                    Session     HTTP Cookie       
                        __utmt               Google                     Used to throttle the speed of requests to the server.                                                                                                                                                                                    1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                        __utmv               Google                     Saves user-defined tracking parameters for use in Google Analytics.                                                                                                                                                                      Session     HTTP Cookie       
                        __utmz               Google                     Collects data on where the user came from, what search engine was used, what link was clicked and what search term was used. Used by Google Analytics.                                                                                   6 months    HTTP Cookie       
                        _dlt                 Quantcast                  Sets a unique ID for the session. This allows the website to obtain data on visitor behaviour for statistical purposes.                                                                                                                  1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                        _ga                  Google                     Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how the visitor uses the website.                                                                                                                                     2 years     HTTP Cookie       
                        _ga_#                Google                     Used by Google Analytics to collect data on the number of times a user has visited the website as well as dates for the first and most recent visit.                                                                                     2 years     HTTP Cookie       
                        _gat                 Google                     Used by Google Analytics to throttle request rate                                                                                                                                                                                        1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                        _gid                 Google                     Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how the visitor uses the website.                                                                                                                                     1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                        FCCDCF [x2]          Google                     Collects data on the user’s navigation and behavior on the website. This is used to compile statistical reports and heatmaps for the website owner.                                                                                      Session     HTTP Cookie       
                        lotame_domain_check  Lotame                     Contains an visitor ID. This is used to identify the visitor upon re-entry to the website.                                                                                                                                               1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                        phpbb3_# [x2]        summitpost.org             Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                             www.summitpost.org                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                        vuid                 Vimeo                      Collects data on the user's visits to the website, such as which pages have been read.                                                                                                                                                   2 years     HTTP Cookie       
                        yandexuid            Yandex                     Registers data on visitors' website-behaviour. This is used for internal analysis and website optimization.                                                                                                                              400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                        
                        Marketing cookies are used to track visitors across websites. The intention is to display ads that are relevant and engaging for the individual user and thereby more valuable for publishers and third party advertisers.
                          Name                                                  Provider                        Purpose                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Expiry      Type              
                          _rxuuid [x2]                                          RhythmOne                       Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Unruly                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                          getuid                                                Triplelift                      This cookie is set by the audience manager of the website to determine the time and frequencies of visitor data synchronization - cookie data synchronization is used to synchronize and gather visitor data from several websites.                                                                                            Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          tluid                                                 Triplelift                      This cookie is used to identify the visitor and optimize ad-relevance by collecting visitor data from multiple websites – this exchange of visitor data is normally provided by a third-party data-center or ad-exchange.                                                                                                      3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          tluidp                                                Triplelift                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          __Host-GAPS                                           Google                          Collects data on the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded with the purpose of generating reports for optimising the website content.                                                                                                  2 years     HTTP Cookie       
                          UserID1 [x2]                                          active-agent.com                Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Adition Technologies                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
                          C                                                     Adform                          Used to check if the user's browser supports cookies.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1 month     HTTP Cookie       
                          cookie                                                Adform                          Collects information on user behaviour on multiple websites. This information is used in order to optimize the relevance of advertisement on the website.                                                                                                                                                                      Session     Pixel Tracker     
                                                                                Adform                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                          uid [x4]                                              Adotmob                         Registers a unique user ID that recognises the user's browser when visiting websites that use the same ad network. The purpose is to optimise display of ads based on the user's movements and various ad providers' bids for displaying user ads.                                                                             2 months    HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Criteo                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                Amobee                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                          bridge                                                Adgear                          Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ac_r                                                  Adman Media                     Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        14 days     HTTP Cookie       
                          admtr                                                 Adman Media                     Used in context with video-advertisement. The cookie limits the number of times a user is shown the same advertisement. The cookie is also used to ensure relevance of the video-advertisement to the specific user.                                                                                                           14 days     HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Admedo                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                Between Digital                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
                          tuuid [x6]                                            Bidswitch                       Collects visitor data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded, with the purpose of displaying targeted ads.                                                                                                               1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                DemandBase                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                                KPN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                                mfadsrvr.com                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                Admedo                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                Bidswitch                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                          tuuid_lu [x5]                                         DemandBase                      Contains a unique visitor ID, which allows Bidswitch.com to track the visitor across multiple websites. This allows Bidswitch to optimize advertisement relevance and ensure that the visitor does not see the same ads multiple times.                                                                                        1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                KPN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                                mfadsrvr.com                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                          am-uid                                                Admixer                         This cookie is used to identify the visitor and optimize ad-relevance by collecting visitor data from multiple websites – this exchange of visitor data is normally provided by a third-party data-center or ad-exchange.                                                                                                      3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          icu                                                   Appnexus                        Collects data on visitor behaviour from multiple websites, in order to present more relevant advertisement - This also allows the website to limit the number of times that they are shown the same advertisement.                                                                                                             3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Appnexus                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                Criteo                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                Google                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                          receive-cookie-deprecation [x7]                       emka.si                         Collects information on user behaviour on multiple websites. This information is used in order to optimize the relevance of advertisement on the website.                                                                                                                                                                      400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Media.net                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                Rubicon Project                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
                                                                                www.emka.si                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
                          uuid2                                                 Appnexus                        Registers a unique ID that identifies a returning user's device. The ID is used for targeted ads.                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          XANDR_PANID                                           Appnexus                        This cookie registers data on the visitor. The information is used to optimize advertisement relevance.                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          partners                                              Adotmob                         Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      180 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          uuid [x2]                                             Adotmob                         This cookie is used to optimize ad relevance by collecting visitor data from multiple websites – this exchange of visitor data is normally provided by a third-party data-center or ad-exchange.                                                                                                                               180 days    HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                MediMath                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
                          av-mid                                                AntVoice                        Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          av-tp-bsw                                             AntVoice                        Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      2 days      HTTP Cookie       
                          sync [x2]                                             ads.servenobid.com              Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          Session     Pixel Tracker     
                                                                                rtb.mfadsrvr.com                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
                          track/cmf/generic                                     The Trade Desk                  Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          track/cmf/google                                      The Trade Desk                  Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          vmuid [x2]                                            Adtelligent                     This cookie allows visitors to leave comments on their use of the website - This information is used to optimize the website. The cookie also assigns a specific session ID on the current visit. This allows the website’s operator to make reports on the specific visit.                                                    3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                aplhb.adipolo.com                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                                                adx.opera.com                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                          UID [x3]                                              Cognitiv                        Unique user ID that recognizes the user on returning visits                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Freewheel                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                          ad-id                                                 Amazon                          Used by Amazon Advertising to register user actions and target content on the website based on ad clicks on a different website.                                                                                                                                                                                               239 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          ad-privacy                                            Amazon                          Used by Amazon Advertising to register user actions and target content on the website based on ad clicks on a different website.                                                                                                                                                                                               400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          ut                                                    Between Digital                 Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          bito                                                  Beeswax                         Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              13 months   HTTP Cookie       
                          bitoIsSecure                                          Beeswax                         Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      13 months   HTTP Cookie       
                          bsw_origin_init                                       Bidswitch                       Collects visitor data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded, with the purpose of displaying targeted ads.                                                                                                               Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          custom_data                                           Bidswitch                       Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          __kuid                                                Bidtheatre                      This cookie is used to collect information on a visitor. This information will become an ID string with information on a specific visitor – ID information strings can be used to target groups with similar preferences, or can be used by third-party domains or ad-exchanges.                                               7 days      HTTP Cookie       
                          _$Maps_deviceInfo2_expiration                         Microsoft                       Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          _EDGE_S                                               Microsoft                       Collects information on user behaviour on multiple websites. This information is used in order to optimize the relevance of advertisement on the website.                                                                                                                                                                      Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          _SS                                                   Microsoft                       Collects information on visitor behaviour on multiple websites - This information is used on the website in order to optimize the relevance of advertisement. The cookie also allows the website to determine how the visitor accessed the website.                                                                            Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          deviceInfo2                                           Microsoft                       Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          MUID                                                  Microsoft                       Used widely by Microsoft as a unique user ID. The cookie enables user tracking by synchronising the ID across many Microsoft domains.                                                                                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          MUIDB                                                 Microsoft                       Registers data on visitors from multiple visits and on multiple websites. This information is used to measure the efficiency of advertisement on websites.                                                                                                                                                                     1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          SRCHD                                                 Microsoft                       Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          SRCHHPGUSR                                            Microsoft                       Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          SRCHUID                                               Microsoft                       Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          SRCHUSR                                               Microsoft                       Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          _knxq_                                                Brand-display.com               Determines when the visitor last visited the different subpages on the website, as well as sets a timestamp for when the session started.                                                                                                                                                                                      400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          _auid                                                 Appier                          Identifies all devices the user uses with the purpose of displaying targeted ads on all devices.                                                                                                                                                                                                                               1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          CMID                                                  Casale Media                    Collects visitor data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded, with the purpose of displaying targeted ads.                                                                                                               1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          CMPRO                                                 Casale Media                    Collects data on visitor behaviour from multiple websites, in order to present more relevant advertisement - This also allows the website to limit the number of times that they are shown the same advertisement.                                                                                                             3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          CMPS                                                  Casale Media                    Collects visitor data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded, with the purpose of displaying targeted ads.                                                                                                               3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          rrum                                                  Cloudflare                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          rum                                                   Casale Media                    Collects data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded, with the purpose of displaying targeted ads.                                                                                                                       Session     Pixel Tracker     
                                                                                Casale Media                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                          sa-user-id [x4]                                       Gumgum                          Used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences.                                                                                                                                                                                                    Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Smart                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                StackAdapt                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                                Casale Media                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                          sa-user-id-v2 [x4]                                    Gumgum                          Used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences.                                                                                                                                                                                                    Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Smart                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                StackAdapt                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                                Casale Media                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                          sa-user-id-v3 [x4]                                    Gumgum                          Collects data on the user across websites - This data is used to make advertisement more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Smart                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                StackAdapt                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
                          cto_bidid                                             cdn.adpushup.com                Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          cto_bundle                                            cdn.adpushup.com                Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          auHadronId                                            cdn.hadronid.net                Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          auHaloId                                              cdn.hadronid.net                Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          gtm_usr                                               Colossus Media                  Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          pb_rtb_ev_part                                        Pulsepoint                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          VP                                                    Pulsepoint                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          _cc_id_update_ts                                      Lotame                          Registers data on visitors from multiple visits and on multiple websites. This information is used to measure the efficiency of advertisement on websites.                                                                                                                                                                     Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          panoramaId_expiry                                     Lotame                          Registers data on visitors from multiple visits and on multiple websites. This information is used to measure the efficiency of advertisement on websites.                                                                                                                                                                     Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          panoramaId_expiry_exp                                 Lotame                          Contains the expiry-date for the cookie with corresponding name.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          cid_#                                                 Crimtan                         Collects unidentifiable data that is sent to an unidentifiable source. The source's identity is kept secret by the company, Whois Privacy Protection Service, Inc.                                                                                                                                                             1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          cm/index/tp_out                                       Adroll                          Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          demconf.jpg                                           Adobe Inc.                      Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          demdex                                                Adobe Inc.                      Via a unique ID that is used for semantic content analysis, the user's navigation on the website is registered and linked to offline data from surveys and similar registrations to display targeted ads.                                                                                                                      180 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          dpm                                                   Adobe Inc.                      Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              180 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEcybmqPL4AAGQfAnhLEwAA%262159  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEe2VVbLToAAHkgAsX-owAA%265144  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEe7VVbLK0AABuHAW9wMgAA%263331  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEenLmqPUMAACFMAp0ESAAA%263166  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEeYLmqPTQAAHegAnfPRgAA%262231  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEf57mqPFAAAA2wAoYcAgAA%261149  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEf-7mqPckAAG-.AoOkIAAA%265260  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEfcLmqPdoAAHv0AoZ7bgAA%265277  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEfe1VbLUIAABELAoYu-AAA%265152  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEfwVVbLbAAAA6dAi.mvAAA%263362  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEgTLmqPOsAABNJAmO2qQAA%262204  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEMgbmqPeQAACCrAsn-RAAA%265287  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEMQrmqPDoAAEGXAiG4UgAA%261127  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrENkLmqPZ4AAE.SAjWxPwAA%263257  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrENQ7mqPSkAAHD0AlMuHQAA%262220  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEOJLmqPJYAAAl5AnR29gAA%261219  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEOPLmqPVQAAHaAApQanQAA%263183  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEOulVbLSoAAD.LAhf6CwAA%265128  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEOzrmqPZIAAGjzAol7bgAA%263245  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEOZVVbLX0AAH0kAqgZ0QAA%265211  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEPY7mqPeQAACCrAspj7gAA%265287  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEQf7mqPXoAAHWWAkmStwAA%263221  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEQhVVbLTsAAD38AoLBfgAA%265145  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEQx1VbLKoAACVRAar0IwAA%263328  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrESrrmqPNMAAFg8AqTRWQAA%262180  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrET71VbLWYAAA3MAmCEnAAA%265188  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEV1FVbLcgAABnIAqd9hgAA%263386  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEV5bmqPTMAAGLvAiWaxAAA%262230  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEVHlVbLU4AAEG9ApqHKQAA%265164  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEVNFVbLcUAAGnPAkFucgAA%263383  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEVP1VbLaIAADvAAlz-CwAA%263348  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEW6VVbLdMAACzEAoZ08wAA%263397  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEWnlVbLToAAHkgAsTUhgAA%265144  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEWuVVbLUIAABELAoUT9wAA%265152  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEXcrmqPJUAAGfeApw6FAAA%261218  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEY.7mqPeEAAAZBAjMuyAAA%265284  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEYjLmqPX0AAAKzArjligAA%263224  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEYpbmqPToAAGyeAoihQQAA%262237  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          ibs:dpid=23728dpuuid=ZrEZMLmqPEgAAGwFAtk2KAAA%261141  Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          de_tp_cookie                                          digitaleast.mobi                Used to measure the efficiency of the website’s advertisement efforts, by collecting data on the conversion rate of the website’s ads across multiple websites.                                                                                                                                                                Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          1x1.png                                               dotnxdomain.net                 Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          q1x1.png                                              dotnxdomain.net                 Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          APC                                                   Google                          Tracks the conversion rate between the user and the advertisement banners on the website - This serves to optimise the relevance of the advertisements on the website.                                                                                                                                                         180 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          chk [x2]                                              Google                          Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                sync.gonet-ads.com                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
                          DSID                                                  Google                          Used by Google DoubleClick for re-targeting, optimisation, reporting and attribution of online adverts.                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                          IDE                                                   Google                          Used by Google DoubleClick to register and report the website user's actions after viewing or clicking one of the advertiser's ads with the purpose of measuring the efficacy of an ad and to present targeted ads to the user.                                                                                                400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          pcs/view                                              Google                          Used by DoubleClick to determine whether website advertisement has been properly displayed - This is done to make their marketing efforts more efficient.                                                                                                                                                                      Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          test_cookie                                           Google                          Used to check if the user's browser supports cookies.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                          _shopify_s                                            www.emka.si                     Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          _shopify_y                                            www.emka.si                     Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          ct/upi/pid/ZMAwryCI                                   Adobe Inc.                      Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          everest_g_v2                                          Adobe Inc.                      Used for targeted ads and to document efficacy of each individual ad.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          _pubcid                                               Conversant                      Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          _pubcid_exp                                           Conversant                      Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          _uid                                                  Freewheel                       Enables the visitor to share content from the website onto social media platforms or websites.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 180 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          pid [x2]                                              gonet-ads.com                   Used to identify the visitor across visits and devices. This allows the website to present the visitor with relevant advertisement - The service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                            1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                Smart                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                          NID                                                   Google                          Registers a unique ID that identifies a returning user's device. The ID is used for targeted ads.                                                                                                                                                                                                                              6 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          rc::h                                                 Google                          This cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          ar_debug                                              Google                          Checks whether a technical debugger-cookie is present.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          google_adsense_settings                               Google                          Used by Google AdSense for experimenting with advertisement efficiency across websites using their services.                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          pagead/gen_204                                        Google                          Collects data on visitor behaviour from multiple websites, in order to present more relevant advertisement - This also allows the website to limit the number of times that they are shown the same advertisement.                                                                                                             Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          pcs/activeview                                        Google                          Used by DoubleClick to determine whether website advertisement has been properly displayed - This is done to make their marketing efforts more efficient.                                                                                                                                                                      Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          csi                                                   Google                          Collects data on visitors' preferences and behaviour on the website - This information is used make content and advertisement more relevant to the specific visitor.                                                                                                                                                           Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          vst                                                   Gumgum                          Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          callback                                              ID5                             Collects data on visitor behaviour from multiple websites, in order to present more relevant advertisement - This also allows the website to limit the number of times that they are shown the same advertisement.                                                                                                             Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          car                                                   ID5                             Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          cf                                                    ID5                             Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          cip                                                   ID5                             Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          cnac                                                  ID5                             Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          gpp                                                   ID5                             Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          id5                                                   ID5                             Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          cuid                                                  Infolinks                       Collects information on user preferences and/or interaction with web-campaign content - This is used on CRM-campaign-platform used by website owners for promoting events or products.                                                                                                                                         400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          _ljtrtb_#                                             Sovrn                           Collects data related to reader interests, context, demographics and other information on behalf of the Lijit platform with the purpose of finding interested users on websites with related content.                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          ljt_reader                                            Sovrn                           Collects data related to reader interests, context, demographics and other information on behalf of the Lijit platform with the purpose of finding interested users on websites with related content.                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          viewer_token                                          LoopMe                          Used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences.                                                                                                                                                                                                    3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          (unnamed)                                             Media.net                       Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          data-pbs                                              Media.net                       Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          usp_status                                            Media.net                       Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        6 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          __mguid_                                              mediago.io                      Registers a unique ID that identifies a returning user's device. The ID is used for targeted ads.                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          ssh                                                   mfadsrvr.com                    Used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences.                                                                                                                                                                                                    1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          t/v2/sync                                             Xaxis                           Used for data-synchronization with advertisement networks.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          _nauid                                                N.Rich                          Collects data on visitor behaviour from multiple websites, in order to present more relevant advertisement - This also allows the website to limit the number of times that they are shown the same advertisement.                                                                                                             400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          sync/prebid                                           Openx                           Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          w/1.0/cm                                              Cloudflare                      Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          uids                                                  pbs.nextmillmedia.com           Registers user behaviour and navigation on the website, and any interaction with active campaigns. This is used for optimizing advertisement and for efficient retargeting.                                                                                                                                                    3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          id5id_*                                               player.aplhb.adipolo.com        Collects data on visitors' preferences and behaviour on the website - This information is used make content and advertisement more relevant to the specific visitor.                                                                                                                                                           Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          KCCH                                                  Pubmatic                        Registers if the PubMatic partner-cookie has been set in the user's browser.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                          KTPCACOOKIE                                           Pubmatic                        Registers a unique ID that identifies the user's device during return visits across websites that use the same ad network. The ID is used to allow targeted ads.                                                                                                                                                               3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          PubMatic_USP                                          PubMatic                        Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          iqm.retarget.uid                                      IQM                             Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              30 days     HTTP Cookie       
                          dpixel                                                Quantcast                       Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          mc                                                    Quantcast                       Collects data on the user's visits to the website, such as what pages have been loaded. The registered data is used for targeted ads.                                                                                                                                                                                          13 months   HTTP Cookie       
                          eud                                                   Zeta Global                     Registers user data, such as IP address, geographical location, visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same ad network.                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          rud                                                   Zeta Global                     Registers user data, such as IP address, geographical location, visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same ad network.                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          ruds                                                  Zeta Global                     Registers user data, such as IP address, geographical location, visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same ad network.                                                                                          Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          (unnamed)                                             Nazwa.pl                        Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          beacon/d/UID{32}                                      Rubicon Project                 Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          khaos                                                 Rubicon Project                 Registers user data, such as IP address, geographical location, visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same ad network.                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          pid_#                                                 servenobid.com                  Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      7 days      HTTP Cookie       
                          suid                                                  Simpli.fi                       Collects information on user preferences and/or interaction with web-campaign content - This is used on CRM-campaign-platform used by website owners for promoting events or products.                                                                                                                                         1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          suid_legacy                                           Simpli.fi                       Collects information on user preferences and/or interaction with web-campaign content - This is used on CRM-campaign-platform used by website owners for promoting events or products.                                                                                                                                         1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          _ssuma                                                Sitescout.com                   Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      30 days     HTTP Cookie       
                          ssi                                                   Sitescout.com                   Registers a unique ID that identifies a returning user's device. The ID is used for targeted ads.                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          csync                                                 Smart                           Optimises ad display based on the user's movement combined and various advertiser bids for displaying user ads.                                                                                                                                                                                                                1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          TestIfCookieP                                         Smart                           Identifies new users and generates a unique ID for each user.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  13 months   HTTP Cookie       
                          SOC                                                   Supership                       Collects data on visitor behaviour from multiple websites, in order to present more relevant advertisement - This also allows the website to limit the number of times that they are shown the same advertisement.                                                                                                             400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          HAPLB8G                                               Sonobi                          Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          zuuid                                                 Sportradar                      Used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences.                                                                                                                                                                                                    1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          zuuid_k                                               Sportradar                      Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          zuuid_k_lu                                            Sportradar                      Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          zuuid_lu                                              Sportradar                      Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          usersync                                              SpringServe                     Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          criteo_fast_bid                                       Criteo                          Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          criteo_fast_bid_expires                               Criteo                          Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          MRM_UID                                               Freewheel                       Used to track the visitor across multiple devices including TV. This is done in order to re-target the visitor through multiple channels.                                                                                                                                                                                      2 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          uid-bp-#                                              Freewheel                       Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          __gads                                                Google                          Used to register what ads have been displayed to the user.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          __gpi                                                 Google                          Collects information on user behaviour on multiple websites. This information is used in order to optimize the relevance of advertisement on the website.                                                                                                                                                                      1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          _pubcid                                               cdn.adpushup.com                Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          cto_bidid [x2]                                        cdn.adpushup.com                Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                player.aplhb.adipolo.com                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
                          cto_bundle                                            cdn.adpushup.com                Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          cto_pub_test_tld [x2]                                 Criteo                          Used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences.                                                                                                                                                                                                    1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                          cto_writeable [x2]                                    Criteo                          This cookie is set by the audience manager of a website in order to determine if any additional third-party cookies can be set in the visitor’s browser – third-party cookies are used to gather information or track visitor behavior on multiple websites. Third-party cookies are set by a third-party website or company.  1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                          panoramaId                                            player.aplhb.adipolo.com        Registers data on visitors from multiple visits and on multiple websites. This information is used to measure the efficiency of advertisement on websites.                                                                                                                                                                     Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          panoramaId_expiry                                     Lotame                          Registers data on visitors from multiple visits and on multiple websites. This information is used to measure the efficiency of advertisement on websites.                                                                                                                                                                     Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          TapAd_3WAY_SYNCS                                      Tapad                           Used for data-synchronization with advertisement networks.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     2 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          TapAd_DID                                             Tapad                           Used to determine what type of devices (smartphones, tablets, computers, TVs etc.) is used by a user.                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          TapAd_TS                                              Tapad                           Used to determine what type of devices (smartphones, tablets, computers, TVs etc.) is used by a user.                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          um/report                                             Teads                           Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          _tracker                                              Travel Audience                 Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              13 months   HTTP Cookie       
                          tv_UIDF                                               Telaria                         Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          tvid                                                  Telaria                         Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          tvssa                                                 Telaria                         Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        5 days      HTTP Cookie       
                          ANON_ID                                               Exponential                     Collects data on user visits to the website, such as what pages have been accessed. The registered data is used to categorise the user's interest and demographic profiles in terms of resales for targeted marketing.                                                                                                         3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          ANON_ID_old                                           Cloudflare                      Collects data about the user's visit to the site, such as the number of returning visits and which pages are read. The purpose is to deliver targeted ads.                                                                                                                                                                     3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                          i.match                                               Cloudflare                      Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          z/i.match                                             Exponential                     Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          matchbidswitch                                        Dataxu                          Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              30 days     HTTP Cookie       
                          matchcasale                                           Dataxu                          Collects data on the user's visits to the website, such as what pages have been loaded. The registered data is used for targeted ads.                                                                                                                                                                                          30 days     HTTP Cookie       
                          matchgoogle                                           Dataxu                          Regulates synchronisation of user identification and exchange of user data between various ad services.                                                                                                                                                                                                                        30 days     HTTP Cookie       
                          wfivefivec                                            Dataxu                          Collects data on the user's visits to the website, such as what pages have been loaded. The registered data is used for targeted ads.                                                                                                                                                                                          13 months   HTTP Cookie       
                          AID                                                   Accuweather                     Tracks the conversion rate between the user and the advertisement banners on the website - This serves to optimise the relevance of the advertisements on the website.                                                                                                                                                         1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          Sreferrer                                             www.kurtwedbergphotography.com  Collects information on user preferences and/or interaction with web-campaign content - This is used on CRM-campaign-platform used by website owners for promoting events or products.                                                                                                                                         30 days     HTTP Cookie       
                          gCStest                                               Infolinks                       Used in context with pop-up advertisement-content on the website. The cookie determines which ads the visitor should be shown, as well as ensuring that the same ads does not get shown more than intended.                                                                                                                    1975 days   HTTP Cookie       
                          logglytrackingsession                                 Infolinks                       Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          pbjs-unifiedid                                        cdn.adpushup.com                Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                                                                                                      30 days     HTTP Cookie       
                          A1                                                    www.geocities.com               Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          A1S                                                   www.geocities.com               Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          A3                                                    Yahoo                           Collects information on user behaviour on multiple websites. This information is used in order to optimize the relevance of advertisement on the website.                                                                                                                                                                      1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          RRC                                                   www.geocities.com               Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          sync/casale                                           Yahoo                           Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          sync/gumgum                                           Yahoo                           Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          sync/iponweb                                          Yahoo                           Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          sync/stickyads/3997253de06765e6d955c7612e1b880        Yahoo                           Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     Pixel Tracker     
                          bh                                                    Yandex                          Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          400 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          yashr                                                 Yandex                          Pending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          yieldmo_id                                            Yieldmo                         Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.                                                                                                                                                                                          1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          #-#                                                   YouTube                         Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTML Local Storage
                          iU5q-!O9@$                                            YouTube                         Registers a unique ID to keep statistics of what videos from YouTube the user has seen.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTML Local Storage
                          LAST_RESULT_ENTRY_KEY                                 YouTube                         Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          nextId                                                YouTube                         Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          remote_sid                                            YouTube                         Necessary for the implementation and functionality of YouTube video-content on the website.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          requests                                              YouTube                         Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          TESTCOOKIESENABLED                                    YouTube                         Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                          VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE                                    YouTube                         Tries to estimate the users' bandwidth on pages with integrated YouTube videos.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                180 days    HTTP Cookie       
                          YSC                                                   YouTube                         Registers a unique ID to keep statistics of what videos from YouTube the user has seen.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTTP Cookie       
                          yt.innertube::nextId                                  YouTube                         Registers a unique ID to keep statistics of what videos from YouTube the user has seen.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          ytidb::LAST_RESULT_ENTRY_KEY                          YouTube                         Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          YtIdbMeta#databases                                   YouTube                         Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Persistent  IndexedDB         
                          yt-remote-cast-available                              YouTube                         Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTML Local Storage
                          yt-remote-cast-installed                              YouTube                         Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTML Local Storage
                          yt-remote-connected-devices                           YouTube                         Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          yt-remote-device-id                                   YouTube                         Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                          yt-remote-fast-check-period                           YouTube                         Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTML Local Storage
                          yt-remote-session-app                                 YouTube                         Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTML Local Storage
                          yt-remote-session-name                                YouTube                         Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Session     HTML Local Storage
                          zuid                                                  Zemanta                         Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.                                                                              1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          zc                                                    Zeotap                          Registers data on visitors from multiple visits and on multiple websites. This information is used to measure the efficiency of advertisement on websites.                                                                                                                                                                     1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                          zsc                                                   Zeotap                          Used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences.                                                                                                                                                                                                    1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                          
                          Unclassified cookies are cookies that we are in the process of classifying, together with the providers of individual cookies.
                            Name                                                  Provider                   Purpose  Expiry      Type              
                            au_3p_check                                           ad.gt                      Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            g142                                                  Adtelligent                Pending  3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                            g50                                                   Adtelligent                Pending  3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                            _ssid                                                 caltopo.com                Pending  3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                            mtx_ss                                                cdn.dxkulture.com          Pending  1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                            cap                                                   TrustArc                   Pending  Session     Pixel Tracker     
                            lmg_r                                                 Colossus Media             Pending  1 year      HTTP Cookie       
                            lastSync [x2]                                         cookies.nextmillmedia.com  Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                  pbs.nextmillmedia.com                                             
                            syncedBidders [x2]                                    cookies.nextmillmedia.com  Pending  7 days      HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                  pbs.nextmillmedia.com                                             
                            vdz_sync                                              cootlogix.com              Pending  30 days     HTTP Cookie       
                            instUid                                               cs.ingage.tech             Pending  Persistent  HTML Local Storage
                            mtuid                                                 dxkulture.com              Pending  180 days    HTTP Cookie       
                            udb/9969/match                                        Consumable                 Pending  Session     Pixel Tracker     
                            AdPushupFeedbackWebService/feedback                   e3.adpushup.com            Pending  Session     Pixel Tracker     
                            AdPushupFeedbackWebService/feedback/aphb              e3.adpushup.com            Pending  Session     Pixel Tracker     
                            AdPushupFeedbackWebService/feedback/aphb/auctionData  e3.adpushup.com            Pending  Session     Pixel Tracker     
                            AdPushupFeedbackWebService/feedback/testmode          e3.adpushup.com            Pending  Session     Pixel Tracker     
                            jrc_cookie                                            European Union             Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            LW_SERVER                                             ex.ingage.tech             Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            g_state                                               flaticon.com               Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            gr_lang [x2]                                          flaticon.com               Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                  www.flaticon.com                                                  
                            gr_session [x2]                                       flaticon.com               Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                                                                                  www.flaticon.com                                                  
                            gr_session2                                           flaticon.com               Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            GRID                                                  flaticon.com               Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            tv                                                    Infolinks                  Pending  1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                            cookieRegion                                          ingage.tech                Pending  3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                            instUid                                               ingage.tech                Pending  3 months    HTTP Cookie       
                            iq_r_key                                              iqzone.com                 Pending  14 days     HTTP Cookie       
                            iq_u_key                                              iqzone.com                 Pending  14 days     HTTP Cookie       
                            krm_r                                                 krushmedia.com             Pending  14 days     HTTP Cookie       
                            krm_usr                                               krushmedia.com             Pending  14 days     HTTP Cookie       
                            xeluid_206                                            lunamedia.live             Pending  1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                            xeluid_251                                            lunamedia.live             Pending  1 day       HTTP Cookie       
                            bcu                                                   marphezis.com              Pending  30 days     HTTP Cookie       
                            map                                                   Opentopomap                Pending  10 years    HTTP Cookie       
                            permahash                                             Opentopomap                Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            _gd#_sharedId [x3]                                    cdn.adpushup.com           Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
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                            _gd1722880208832_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
                            _gd1722880213280_33acrossId [x3]                      player.aplhb.adipolo.com   Pending  Session     HTTP Cookie       
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                      Denali
                        Alaska, United States, North America

                        Denali

                              Alaska, United States, North America
                                Fletch
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                              Page Type:   Mountain/Rock                              
                              Lat/Lon:     63.06909°N / 151.00708°W                   
                              County:      Denali Borough                             
                              Activities:  Mountaineering, Ice Climbing, Mixed, Skiing
                              Season:      Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter               
                              Elevation:   20320 ft / 6194 m                          
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                          Overview

                          Formerly known as Mount McKinley, the highest mountain in North America has been the goal of aspiring high altitude climbers since it was first climbed in 1913. Its reputation as a highly coveted summit derives from its location near the Arctic Circle and the Pacific Ocean (Gulf of Alaska) giving it some of the most ferocious weather in the world. Because of its notorious weather and ease of access, some climbers use Denali as a training ground for climbing the 8,000 meter peaks of the Himalaya and for extended expeditions in the Arctic or Antarctic. And for all you peakbaggers out there, Denali is the highpoint of the Denali Borough, the state of Alaska, the United States, the Alaska Range, and North America.

                          Denali offers one of the world's greatest expedition challenges. While it is exceeded in elevation by peaks in South America and Asia, its great height above the Alaskan plain make it a severe test of personal strength, team work, and logistics. No peak in the world has greater relief: Denali rises 17,000 feet above its surrounding plain, Kilimanjaro 14,000 feet, and Everest 13,000 feet. Vertical elevation gain on Everest from the normal base camp for the South Col route is 11,000 feet; from the landing spot on the Kahiltna Glacier Denali's summit rises another 13,000 feet. Further, the mountain (and all mountains this far north or south) behaves like it's taller than it really is --- the reason being that the barometric pressure in the northern/southern latitudes is less than at the equator which makes climbers feel higher than they really are.

                                    
                              

                            What's In A Name?

                            Denali is known by its Athabascan name, meaning "The Great One" and some climbers refuse to use "McKinley" when referring to the mountain. In fact, at least half a dozen names exist for the highest mountain in North America and most translate to "The Great One." Americans are the only ones who have previously bucked this trend and named it after a President from Ohio (William McKinley has often been considered a straw President --- put into power by Rockefeller's enormous campaign contributions in order to avoid a then-aspiring Teddy Roosevelt and his party's threat to break up the industrial monopolies with new anti-trust legislation).

                            Denali was renamed Mount McKinley by the Princeton graduate and gold prospector, William Dickey. Dickey was one of the hundreds of prospectors seeking gold in the 1896 Cook Inlet stampede. He had written an article for the New York Sun where he described the mountain as the highest in North America at over 20,000 feet. When later asked why he named the mountain after McKinley, Dickey replied that "the verbal bludgeoning he had received from free silver partisans had inspired him to retaliate with the name of the gold-standard champion" (Source: Mt. McKinley: The Pioneer Climbs by Terris Moore). Since the turn of the 19th century, the official name of this great mountain has not rested in peace. In 1914, following his historic first ascent of the mountain in 1913, Hudson Stuck wrote in the preface of his book, The Ascent of Denali, "forefront in this book, because forefront in the author's heart and desire, must stand a plea for the restoration to the greatest mountain in North America of its immemorial native name."

                            Ever since the mountain's name was changed to McKinley, an effort has been underway to change it back to Denali. In 1980, the name Mount McKinley National Park was officially changed to Denali National Park and Preserve. The State of Alaska Board of Geographic Names has also officially changed the mountain's name back to Denali. The State of Alaska now recognizes it as Denali and the Feds have changed the name of the national park. Shortly after Winston Churchill's death in 1965, the National Park Service, after being goaded to do so by Alaska's Senator Ernest Gruening, named Mount McKinley and the North Peak of Mount McKinley the Churchill Peaks. The individual summit is still officially known as Mount McKinley. Thanks to SP member, Steve Gruhn for that info (he's also one of the best all-around resources for mountaineering information in Alaska).

                            In 2009, Alaska State Representative Scott Kawasaki sponsored Alaska House Joint Resolution 15, which urged Congress to rename the mountain Denali. Despite efforts in Alaska, Ohio Representatives Betty Sutton and Tim Ryan introduced H.R. 229 which reads: "Notwithstanding any other authority of law, the mountain located 63 degrees 04 minutes 12 seconds north, by 151 degrees 00 minutes 18 seconds west shall continue to be named and referred to for all purposes as Mount McKinley."

                            A January 2015 bill submitted by Alaska Senator Lisa Murkowski re-proposed renaming North America's highest peak as Denali. In June 2015 testimony to Congress, the National Park Service's associate director stated that the NPS "has no objection to adopting the name of Denali for Mt. McKinley". On August 30, 2015, Sally Jewell announced that the mountain would be renamed Denali, under the authority of federal law which permits her as Secretary of the Interior to name geographic features if the Board of Geographic Names does not act within a "reasonable" period of time. In media interviews, Jewell cited the board's failure to act on the state's four-decade-old request, saying "I think any of us would think that 40 years is an unreasonable amount of time."

                            Denali National Park

                            The park was established as Mt. McKinley National Park on February 26, 1917. The original park was designated a wilderness area at inception and was further designated an international biosphere reserve in 1976. The Park was incorporated into Denali National Park and Preserve in 1980. Today the park accommodates a wide variety of visitor use including wildlife viewing, mountaineering, and backpacking as well as providing a laboratory for research in the natural sciences. More than 425,000 people visit this world-class national park every year.

                            The park was originally established to protect wildlife and its habitat. At the time there were many people living and hunting in the area, and they needed meat for themselves and their dog teams. The easiest source of meat was hunting Dall sheep. Charles Sheldon, a hunter and naturalist, came to the Denali area in 1906 to study the Dall sheep. Seeing the need to protect this area and the sheep from commercial hunting, Sheldon lobbied Congress to set the area aside as a national park. Congress agreed with Sheldon, and in 1917, about two million acres of an area (including Denali) were set aside as Mt. McKinley National Park. In 1980, through the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, the park's name was changed, and at the same time, its acreage was tripled, setting the footprint of what today is Denali National Park and Preserve. The park covers more than six million acres which includes a complete sub-arctic ecosystem home to large mammals such as grizzly bears, wolves, Dall sheep, and moose. Additionally, almost the entire original two million acres are designated a wilderness area. The Park and Preserve is located in the heart of the Alaska Range and is home to countless glaciated mountains and granite peaks accompanied by some of the worlds largest, longest, and deepest glaciers. - Source NPS Website

                            Mountain History

                            Location

                            Denali (and the National Park) is located approximately 200 miles north of Anchorage, Alaska. Please see maps below for more detail.

                                    
                                

                              Geology

                              Denali, underneath its sheath of glaciers, consists primarily of a granite dome. About 60 million years ago (Paleocene epoch), semi-liquid magma intruded below the surface of the earth, and slowly cooled from 100 degrees Centigrade to form the McKinley/Denali pluton (a body of igneous rock formed beneath the surface of the earth by consolidation of magma). The pluton composing Denali's neighboring peaks is considerably younger, 38 million years old. As the millennia went by, a sea covered the area where the park is today and deposited much sediment. Later, a tropical forest grew here, resulting in the coal-bearing formation which is mined near the park today. Eventually geological forces caused the land to rise and buckle, resulting in the metamorphic rock (rock that has been transformed from one type of rock to another by heat and pressure) sequences found in the park. Much more recently, two to five million years ago, the McKinley/Denali pluton and the metamorphic rock lying on top of it were uplifted to the great height of today, forming the Alaska Range and Denali.

                                The Alaska Range as viewed from the north.

                              Some of the molten rock cooled in large pools called batholiths (large masses of igneous rock that have melted and intruded surrounding strata at great depths). The slowly-cooled rock, granite, is resistant to the effects of wind, water, and ice. Denali is a batholith that was once deep in the earth. As the tectonic plates shifted, it pushed through the softer rock surrounding it to the surface and up to 20,320 feet, creating the tallest mountain in North America. This granite mountain contains some of the most dramatic rises in the world, such as the 15,000-foot Wickersham Wall. While water and wind have taken their toll on most of the softer sedimentary rock, some of this rock still remains, like a lovely hat capping the top of the North Peak.

                              Climbing History

                              Early Climbing Controversy

                              The earliest attempts at climbing Denali began in the late-1800's. In 1906, Frederick Cook claimed the first ascent, but his claim was later discredited after his "summit" photos were proven to be from the summit of an insignificant peaklet more than 10 miles away from Denali's true summit. In 1910, a team of four "sourdoughs" with no previous mountaineering experience managed to climb the lower North Peak of Denali. Their claims were dismissed until later climbers found a 14-foot spruce pole they had erected near its summit.

                              First Ascents

                              Karstens Ridge/Muldrow Glacier - 1913, the first ascent of Denali's 20,320-ft south summit achieved by Hudson Stuck, Walter Harper, Harry Karstens, and Robert Tatum. Harper, a Native Alaskan, is first to set foot on top.

                                        
                                  

                                West Buttress - 1951, route pioneered by Bradford Washburn. Art Davidson, Dave Johnston, and Ray Genet made the first winter ascent of the mountain via the West Buttress route in 1967.

                                West Rib - 1959, Peter Sinclair, Jake Breitenbach, Barry Corbet, and Bill Buckingham - 1960 American Alpine Journal. First solo ascent was in 1977 by Rupert Kammerlander. First winter ascent was a group in 1983.

                                Cassin Ridge - 1961, Riccardo Cassin et al. 1967 - Japanese variation (standard beginning of Cassin that joins another "Japanese Couloir" about halfway up the route). The first solo ascent was in 1976 done by Charlie Porter (in 36 hours to the summit nonetheless) and the first winter ascent was in 1983 done by Jonathan Waterman, Roger Mear, and Mike Young. The immortal Mugs Stump made the summit in 15 hours in 1991 which is still considered (arguably) the strongest climb of the route since the first ascent.

                                Please see the NPS website for other "firsts."


                                  Welcome to the show...

                                Climbing Today

                                During the 2012 season, Denali saw 1,223 climbers try for the summit. Of those attempts, 498 (or 41%) made the summit.

                                Since 1903, the mountain has a historical summit rate of 52%. The climbing rates didn't start to jump until 1976 when the mountain saw more than 500 climbers for the first time in a calendar season. Since then, the year with the greatest summit rate was 1979 (79%) and the year with the lowest was 1987 (31%). Most people will agree that the summit rate is higher with guided groups and they make up approximately 40% of the traffic. Therefore, a rough estimate is that guided groups get to the summit about 55-60% of the time and private groups about 45-50% of the time.

                                There have been 19,564 people (including repeats) to reach the summit through the 2011 climbing season. The legendary Vern Tejas (currently a guide with Alpine Ascents International) is widely thought to have the most summits (approximately 50) and was the first solo ascentionist in calendar winter. In 2011, May saw 236 summits, June 358, and July 93. The busiest summit days were June 6 (66 people), May 27 (45 people), May 30 (45 people), June 17 (39 people) and July 7 (39 people). 131 women attempted Denali (or about 11%). US climbers make up about 60% of the total, and Canada, the UK, Poland, and Japan with 3-5% each. Climbers from Alaska, Washington, Colorado and California make up the bulk of the US participants. For more information, please see the NPS website.

                                Route Choices

                                The majority of climbers on Denali (over 90%) attempt the West Buttress route, which is considered the least technical way to get to the summit. The Muldrow Glacier on the north side of the mountain is similar with regard to technical difficulty and length, but is far more committing and involved as you begin the climb by hiking in rather than flying to a base camp. Though technically much more difficult, the West Rib is the next most attempted route after the West Buttress, but only sees a handful of parties each year. In technical terms, it is substantially more difficult and more objectively dangerous as compared to the West Buttress. Beyond those three well known routes, the remaining options are significantly more technical, committing, and difficult.

                                West Buttress (Alaska Grade 2+, Class 3-4)

                                The West Buttress has been derided as "the Denali Iditarod" or "the Scenic Loop." However, this is in context to Denali being fondly referred to as the "Mid-life Crisis Mountain" --- in 2011, the average age of a Denali climber was exactly 40 years old. While there is always some truth to nicknames, many people aspire to climb the West Buttress and the climb is undoubtedly considered as an exceptional mountaineering challenge. Nowhere in the world does one travel with so much gear over so much vertical in such a hostile environment. Although there are no technically difficult sections on the route, many stretches of "The Butt" leave very little margin for error (the lower glacier in warm conditions, Windy Corner, the Autobahn, Denali Pass, and the Summit Ridge). Furthermore, the West Buttress is just as exposed as any other route to Denali's legendary weather. Prospective climbers should be highly competent in travel on moderately steep snow/ice slopes and exposed traverses.

                                            
                                    

                                  The most popular camps are located at 7,200 ft (base camp); 7,800 ft; 9,500 ft; 11,000 ft; 14,200 ft; and 17,200 ft. Other camps are located at 12,500 ft and 16,000 ft, but should only be used under ideal weather conditions as the 12,500 ft camp is vulnerable to avalanches and the 16,000 ft camp is very exposed to high winds. The 11,000 ft camp also experiences avalanches and serac fall, and care should be taken to avoid these two hazards when setting up camp. Above 14,200 ft, snow caves or igloos are usually constructed as a back up shelter in case bad weather moves in. There are usually NPS Rangers at 7,200 ft and 14,200 ft.

                                  Total horizontal length of the West Buttress route is approximately 13 miles with about 13,500 ft of vertical gain. Between base camp and 11,000 ft, the route is relatively flat and the main hazards are crevasse falls. Above 11,000 ft, the route steepens to moderate slopes (35-45 degrees) alternating with flat benches and bowls. Equipment and supplies are typically carried by sled to 11,000 ft or all the way to 14,000 ft. Above 11,000 ft, gear and food can be ferried between camps in two trips. West Buttress expeditions average around 17 days, but climbers should take at least 3 weeks of supplies. A 2-3 day supply of food and fuel should be left at base camp in case weather prevents planes from landing on the glacier (climbers have been stranded for as long as two weeks due to inclement weather).

                                  West Rib (Alaska Grade 4, AI 3)

                                  For some Denali aficionados, the West Rib is the next step after completing the West Buttress or Karstens Ridge, but it represents a significant step up in skill and experience. The route involves moderate to steep snow as well as mixed snow and rock. The West Rib is a commiting route but does offer retreat/escape points along the way. The West Rib offers steeper climbing and fewer crowds then its neighbor to the west. The Rib is not known for its technical challenges, but more for its sustained steepness and appeal for climbing on Denali's south face.

                                    A view of the West Rib from +/- 14,000 ft

                                  The West Rib offers two variations --- the Complete West Rib or the West Rib Cutoff. The complete Rib starts in the NE fork of the Kahiltna Glacier and is the most dangerous portion of the climb with respect to objective hazards (avalanche, crevasse). If conditions allow entrance into the NE fork, then a 9,000 ft ridge climb comprises the Complete West Rib. Most climbers choose to do the West Rib Cutoff, which ascends the standard West Buttress route until 14,200 ft. At 14,000 ft you leave the crowds of the West Buttress and traverse to the West Rib gaining the ridge at around 15,700 ft. You then ascent the upper ridge making one camp along the way.

                                  Cassin Ridge (Alaska Grade 5, 5.8, AI 4)

                                  The Cassin Ridge is today considered a "50 Classic" of North America and was first climbed in 1961 by a group led by Italian alpinist Riccardo Cassin, for which the route is named. The Cassin Ridge rises 8000 feet from the very bottom of Denali's South face to within a few yards of the true summit of the mountain. Steep snow, ice, and mixed climbing make this one of the most sought-after big mountain alpine climbs in the world. Climbers completing the Cassin Ridge find themselves in a small fraternity of elite Alaska climbers. The route ascends the prominent ridge on the south face and is steep, demanding, and committing --- escape routes are few and far between. As a result, only the most experienced climbers will think of attempting it.


                                    Sunrise at Denali Pass.

                                  Muldrow Glacier (Alaska Grade 3, Class 3-4)

                                  The Karstens Ridge/Muldrow Glacier was the route of the first ascent and used to be the standard route before Bradford Washburn pioneered the West Buttress route. This route is similar in difficulty as the West Buttress but receives far less traffic. Expeditions are, on average, a week longer than West Buttress trips because of the longer approach from Wonder Lake. More adventurous climbers will attempt "the Traverse," by ascending the West Buttress and descending Karstens Ridge or vice versa. The Traverse is more strenuous than doing either route alone because climbers must haul all equipment and supplies over Denali Pass whereas climbers doing one route or another typical cache equipment and supplies that are not needed higher up on the mountain.


                                    Looking down the Muldrow Glacier

                                  Ratings

                                  Alaska Grades are confusing. In 1966, Boyd Everett, Jr (a then-very accomplished Alaska mountaineer) presented a paper titled The Organization of an Alaskan Expedition at a Harvard Mountaineering Club seminar where he attempted to outline a rating system for Alsaka routes/summits (on a scale 1-6). For many years, this system was the standard (as the basis of it still is). In Alaska: A Climbing Guide, Michael Woods & Colby Coombs attempted to simplify the system with definitions that make more sense for today's alpinists. Taken into account are things like: length of time on the route, camping options, length of the route, technical difficulty, the sustained nature of the route, difficulty of descent, and difficulty of retreat. Its fundamental belief is that the system reflects "the average time for recent ascents by climbers with experience and physical level compatible to the chosen route." What follows is their interpretation of what Alaska grades are to mean today:

                                  Alaska Grade 1: Can be climbed in one day from base camp and requires third and fourth class travel. Remoteness can contribute to seriousness.
                                  Examples include: Mt Goode (E Ridge), Mt Redoubt (N Face), Mt Dickey (W Face), Mt Brooks (N Ridge) --- and for comparison sakes, Mt Rainier (Disappointment Cleaver) is Alaska Grade 1+ which translates to 35-45 degree ice and snow slopes, Grade II.

                                  Alaska Grade 2: Moderate fifth class climb that can be accomplished in a day, or a multiday climb involving third and fourth class travel. one or more of the following will contribute to the seriousness: altitude, remoteness.
                                  Examples include: Four Horsemen (W Couloir to S Ridge), Denali (W Buttress), Blackburn (N Ridge), Mt Bona (E Ridge), Mt Hayes (E Ridge).

                                  Alaska Grade 3: Difficult fifth class climb that can be accomplished in a day, or a multiday climb involving fourth and easy fifth class travel. One or more of the following will contribute to the seriousness: altitude, remoteness, cornicing, knife-edge ridges.
                                  Examples include: Mt Foraker (Sultana Ridge), Mooses Tooth (Ham & Eggs Couloir), Mt Fairweather (Carpe Ridge), Mt Huntington (W Face Couloir).

                                  Alaska Grade 4: Moderate fourth and fifth class climbs that require multiple days on route. One or more of the following will contribute to the seriousness: altitude, remoteness, cornicing, knife-edge ridges.
                                  Examples include: Mt St Elias (Harvard Route), Mt Hunter (W Ridge), Mt Moffit (N Ridge).

                                  Alaska Grade 5: A climb requiring a high level of commitment with sustained fifth class climbing; multiple days on route. One or more of the following will contribute to the seriousness: altitude, cornicing, knife-edge ridges, limited options for retreat, scarce bivi sites.
                                  Examples include: University Peak (E Face), Mt Augusta (S Ridge).

                                    If you are curious what Alaska Grade 6 looks like...

                                  Alaska Grade 6: A climb requiring an extreme level of commitment with difficult and sustained fifth class climbing for more than 4,000 feet requiring multiple days on route. One or more of the following will contribute to the seriousness: altitude, remoteness, cornicing, knife-edge ridges, poor retreat options, scarce and/or hanging bivis.
                                  Examples include: Mt Hunter (Moonflower), Mt Foraker (Infinite Spur).

                                  - Source: Alaska: A Climbing Guide by Michael Woods and Colby Coombs (Mountaineers, 2001).

                                  Other Technical/Alpine Routes

                                  Please see the list below for some of the better-known climbing options on Denali. For more information, please see R.J. Secor's book Denali Climbing Guide.

                                  Northern Routes (Wonder Lake Approach)
                                  • Wickersham Wall, Canadian Variation (Alaska Grade 2, 60 deg ice)
                                  • Traleika Spur (Alaska Grade 3)
                                  • Pioneer Ridge (Alaska Grade 3)
                                  • Wickersham Wall, Harvard Route (Alaska Grade 4, 5.5, 70 deg ice)
                                  • Butte Direct (Alaska Grade 5, 5.10, A2)

                                  Western Routes (Kahiltna Base Camp Approach)
                                  • Orient Express (Alaska Grade 3, 45 deg ice)
                                  • Messner Couloir (Alaska Grade 3, 50 deg ice)
                                  • West Buttress Direct (Alaska Grade 3, 50 deg ice)
                                  • McClod’s Rib (Alaska Grade 3, 60 deg ice)
                                  • West Face (Alaska Grade 3, 5.8, 70 deg ice)
                                  • Northwest Buttress (Alaska Grade 4, low 5th class rock)
                                  • First Born (Alaska Grade 4, 5.8, 70 deg ice)
                                  • Collins-Powers-Walter Route (Alaska Grade 5, low 5th class rock)
                                  • Beauty is a Rare Thing (Alaska Grade 5, 5.8)

                                  Southwestern Routes (NE Fork of Kahiltna Glacier Approach, i.e. Valley of Death)
                                  • Trans Canada (Alaska Grade 3, 50 deg ice)
                                  • Wickwire/Patterson Route (Alaska Grade 4, 45 deg ice)
                                  • Clod Face (Alaska Grade 4, 50 deg ice)
                                  • Reilly’s Rib (Alaska Grade 4, 60 deg ice)
                                  • Denali Diamond (Alaska Grade 5, A3)
                                  • McCartney-Roberts Route (Alaska Grade 5, 5.9)

                                  Southern Routes (E Fork of Kahiltna Glacier Approach)
                                  • South Buttress (Alaska Grade 3, 70 deg ice)
                                  • American Direct (Alaska Grade 5, 5.7, A2, 65 deg ice)
                                  • Krissak Memorial Route (Alaska Grade 5)
                                  • Mascioli’s Pillar (Alaska Grade 5, 5.10, 80 deg ice)
                                  • Czech Direct (Alaska Grade 5, VI+, 90 deg ice)

                                  Southeastern Routes (Ruth Glacier/Sheldon Mountain House Approaches)
                                  • 1954/Thayer Route (Alaska Grade 3, 60 deg ice)
                                  • Hosemeister Couloir (Alaska Grade 3, 60 deg ice)
                                  • East Buttress (Alaska Grade 3, 70 deg ice)
                                  • Southeast Spur (Alaska Grade 4, 65 deg ice)
                                  • Catacomb Ridge (Alaska Grade 4, 75 deg ice)
                                  • Reality Ridge (Alaska Grade 4, 75 deg ice)
                                  • Isis Face (Alaska Grade 5, 5.8, 60 deg ice)
                                  • Ridge of No Return (Alaska Grade 5, V, 65 deg ice

                                    Avalanche debri on the approach to the Messner (and other) Couloirs...

                                  Ski/Board Lines

                                  Other than the West Buttress and Muldrow Glacier routes, skiers have been known to attempt the following lines (and of course, there are others):
                                  • Traleika Spur
                                  • Pioneer Ridge
                                  • Orient Express
                                  • Messner Couloir
                                  • West Buttress Direct

                                  Getting There

                                  Air Travel

                                  The major international airport in Anchorage is called the Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (ANC) named after the (in)famous Senator Ted Stevens who died in 2010. The airport is located about four miles south of the city proper. Anyone not from Alaska is better off flying to Anchorage for an attempt on Denali. While Anchorage is not a huge passenger destination compared to the rest of the world, it is the 5th largest cargo airport in the world (after Hong Kong, Memphis, Seoul, and Shanghai).

                                  Most people will land in one of the three concourses in the Southern Terminal. Major airlines that service the area include: Air Canada, Alaska Airlines, American, Delta, Frontier, JetBlue, Sun Country, United, and US Air (read NO Southwest - bags DONT Fly For Free).

                                  Regarding TSA...
                                  Camp stoves can travel as carry-on or checked luggage only if they are empty of all fuel and then cleaned such that no fuel vapors or residue are noticeable. Aerosol insecticides are not permitted in carry-on; however they are permitted in checked baggage as long as they are not labeled as hazardous material (HAZMAT). Wrap cords and layer items in bags so officers can get a clear view of the items. Flammable items include aerosols, fuels, gasoline, gas torches, lighter fluid, flammable paints, turpentine, paint thinner and realistic replicas of incendiaries. Lighters that do not contain fuel are permitted in checked baggage. Any sharp objects placed in carry-on or checked baggage should be properly sheathed or securely wrapped to prevent injury to TSOs and baggage handlers. Even if an item is generally permitted, it may be subject to additional screening or not allowed through the checkpoint if it triggers an alarm during the screening process, appears to have been tampered with, or poses other security concerns. The final decision rests with TSA on whether to allow any items on the plane.

                                  Also, wear your boots on the plane. In the event your luggage is lost you can salvage almost everything in Anchorage, EXCEPT your boots.

                                  Anchorage

                                  From the Anchorage airport, it is roughly a two-hour drive to Talkeetna (Talkeetna is a small town and the main staging area for climbing most routes on Denali and the Alaska Range in general). Limited supplies and equipment are available in Talkeetna, so it is best to get most of your shopping done in Anchorage before heading out. Retailers in Anchorage include the following:

                                  Alaska Mountaineering & Hiking
                                  2633 Spenard Road
                                  Anchorage, AK
                                  (907) 272-1811
                                  alaskamountaineering.com

                                  REI
                                  1200 West Northern Lights Blvd
                                  Anchorage, AK
                                  (907) 272-4565
                                  rei.com

                                  Automobile transportation to Talkeetna is provided by the following providers:

                                  Denali Overland Transportation
                                  P.O. Box 330
                                  Talkeetna, AK 99676
                                  Toll-Free: (800) 651-5221
                                  Fax: (907) 733-2385
                                  www.denalioverland.com

                                  Talkeetna Taxi
                                  Talkeetna, AK 99676
                                  Phone: (907) 355-TAXI
                                  www.talkeetnataxi.com

                                  Should you wish to take the train from Anchorage to Talkeetna, see the following provider:

                                  Alaska Railroad
                                  P.O. Box 107500
                                  Anchorage, AK 99510
                                  Phone: (907) 265-2494
                                  Toll-Free: (800) 544-0552
                                  www.akrr.com

                                  And should you wish to send supplies on ahead, see the transport company listed below:

                                  Exposure Alaska
                                  (Food packaging & transportation)
                                  200 W. 34th Ave. #82
                                  Anchorage, AK 99503
                                  Phone: (907) 761-3761
                                  www.exposurealaska.com

                                  Recommended accommodations in Anchorage can be found on any travel search website, but I found the Best Western to be affordable, clean, and convenient (as of 2009).

                                  Best Western Golden Lion Hotel
                                  1000 East 36th Avenue
                                  Anchorage, AK
                                  (907) 561-1522
                                  book.bestwestern.com

                                  Talkeetna


                                    Welcome all...

                                  Upon arrival in Talkeetna, recommended accommodations include the following:

                                  Swiss-Alaska Inn
                                  22056 South F Street
                                  Talkeetna, AK
                                  (907) 733-2424
                                  swissalaska.com

                                  Meandering Moose Lodging
                                  14677 E Cabin Spike Road
                                  Talkeetna, AK
                                  (907) 733-1000
                                  meandering-moose-lodging.com

                                  Talkeetna Hostel
                                  P.O. Box 361
                                  Talkeetna, AK
                                  (907) 733-4678
                                  talkeetnahostel@gmail.com

                                  Should you need additional provisions during business hours see the following retailer:

                                  AMS Mountain Shop
                                  F Street
                                  Talkeetna, AK 99676
                                  (907) 733-1016
                                  (907) 354-1233

                                  If you are climbing the Muldrow Glacier and wish to have your gear cached in advance of your arrival, contact Denali Dog Freight Expeditions (907-683-1008). Expeditions approaching from the north side of the Alaska Range needing to haul in freight may contact Denali North Side Supply (360-313-7038 or denalinorthside@yahoo.com).

                                  Those choosing to go into the park should be advised of the road conditions (if you rented a car). The park is serviced by a 91-mile (146 km) road from the George Parks Highway to the mining camp of Kantishna. It runs east to west, north of and roughly parallel to the Alaska Range. Only a small fraction of the road is paved because permafrost and the freeze-thaw cycle create an enormous cost for maintaining the road. Only the first 15 miles (24 km) of the road are available to private vehicles, and beyond this point, visitors must access the interior of the park through concessionary buses. Wonder Lake can be reached by a six-hour bus ride from the Wilderness Access Center. Eielson Visitor Center is located four hours into the park on the road.

                                  Several fully narrated tours of the park are available, the most popular of which is the Tundra Wilderness Tour. The tours travel from the initial boreal forests through tundra to the Toklat River or Kantishna. A clear view of the mountain is possible only about 20% of the time during the summer, although it is visible more often during the winter. Several portions of the road run alongside sheer cliffs that drop hundreds of feet at the edges, and there are no guardrails. As a result of the danger involved, and because most of the gravel road is only one lane wide, drivers should be trained extensively in procedures for navigating the sharp mountain curves and yielding the right-of-way to opposing buses and park vehicles.

                                  While the main park road goes straight through the middle of the Denali National Park Wilderness, the national preserve and portions of the park not designated wilderness are even more inaccessible. There are no roads extending out to the preserve areas, which are on the far west end of the park. The far north of the park, characterized by hills and rivers, is accessed by the Stampede Trail, a dirt road that stops at the park boundary. The very rugged south portion of the park, characterized by enormous glacier-filled canyons, is accessed by Petersville Road, a dirt road that stops about 5 miles (8.0 km) outside the park. The mountains can be accessed most easily by air taxis that land on the glaciers.

                                  Glacier Flights


                                    Unloading gear at +/- 7,200 ft

                                  Climbing routes on the south side of McKinley require that you take a bush plane from Talkeetna to Base Camp on the Kahiltna Glacier. The same services can also arrange to fly you from Anchorage to Talkeetna for an extra charge. See below for a complete listing of bush plane (air taxi) services:

                                  Fly Denali
                                  PO Box 1152
                                  Talkeetna AK, 99676
                                  Phone: 907-733-7768
                                  Toll-Free: (866) 733-7768
                                  Fax: 907-733-7767
                                  www.flydenali.com

                                  K-2 Aviation
                                  P.O. Box 545
                                  Talkeetna, AK 99676
                                  Phone: (907) 733-2291
                                  Toll-Free: (800) 764-2291
                                  Fax: (907) 733-1221
                                  www.flyk2.com

                                  Sheldon Air Service, LLC
                                  P.O. Box 648
                                  Talkeetna, AK 99676
                                  Phone: (907) 733-2321
                                  Toll-Free: (800) 478-2321
                                  www.sheldonairservice.com

                                  Talkeetna Air Taxi
                                  P.O. Box 73
                                  Talkeetna, AK 99676
                                  Phone: (907) 733-2218
                                  Toll-Free: (800) 533-2219
                                  Fax: (907) 733-1434
                                  www.talkeetnaair.com

                                  When To Climb

                                  Major Climbing Season

                                  The normal climbing season is from late-April to mid-July with the most popular period from mid-May to late-June.

                                  In general, the earlier you climb, the colder it will be high up on the mountain and the later you climb, the sloppier conditions will be on the lower Kahiltna Glacier. Later in the season, many climbers opt to travel on the lower mountain during the evening hours when the snow is relatively firm. Denali veterans have said that the weather tends to be windy in May, stormy in July, and a mix of both in June. However, once you're on the mountain, you will find the weather to be more of a crapshoot than anything else.


                                    Welcome to basecamp...

                                  Sample Itinerary

                                  Day 1: Land at Base Camp
                                  Day 2: Rest day to organize gear and practice crevasse rescue
                                  Day 3: Move to 7,800 ft camp
                                  Day 4: Move to 9,500 ft camp
                                  Day 5: Move to 11,000 ft camp
                                  Day 6: Rest day
                                  Day 7: Ferry loads to 14,200 ft camp, return to 11,000 ft camp
                                  Day 8: Move to 14,200 ft camp
                                  Day 9: Rest day
                                  Day 10: Ferry loads to 17,200 ft camp, return to 14,200 ft
                                  Day 11: Rest day
                                  Day 12: Move to 17,200 ft camp
                                  Day 13: Summit day
                                  Day 14: Descend to 11,000 ft camp
                                  Day 15: Descend to base camp, fly out

                                  Keep in mind that this itinerary does not factor in bad weather days when you will be tent-bound. Itineraries are also adjusted according to how quickly members of a team acclimatize to the altitude. Here is an actual itinerary from a 1996 expedition:

                                  June 25: Fly into base camp, weather closes in before entire team makes it into camp
                                  June 26: Rest of team flies into base camp
                                  June 27: Logistics day and crevasse rescue practice
                                  June 28: Move to 7,800 ft camp
                                  June 29: Move to 9,500 ft camp; storm moves in
                                  June 30: Bad weather day
                                  July 1: Move to 11,000 ft camp
                                  July 2: Rest day
                                  July 3: Ferry loads to 14,200 ft camp; return to 11,000 ft
                                  July 4: Move to 14,200 ft camp in inclement weather
                                  July 5: Rest day
                                  July 6: Ferry loads to 16,000 ft; return to 14,200 ft
                                  July 7: Move to 16,000 ft camp
                                  July 8: Move to 17,200 ft camp
                                  July 9: Bad weather day
                                  July 10: Summit day; storm moves in as summit is reached
                                  July 11: Descend to 14,200 ft camp in inclement weather, 70-knot winds
                                  July 12: Move to 7,800 ft camp in bad weather, total whiteout
                                  July 13: Bad weather day
                                  July 14: Move to base camp, fly out, get drunk at Fairview Inn


                                    Ask for a Boilermaker. Just do it.

                                  Winter Ascents

                                  The first winter ascent was accomplished on February 28, 1967, and is documented in the mountaineering classic, Minus 148. In 1998, three Russians made the first January ascent of Denali, a time of the year when the mountain receives only five or six hours of sunlight a day (click on this link for the press release: Mountain Zone). It seems as though every year, someone tries to climb Denali in calendar winter. Since the famous expedition of Art Davidson's Minus 148 book fame, a winter ascent of Denali has taken on an almost mythical notion. At that time of year, the sun is up from approximately 9am to 3pm. Temperatures can reach -100 or more. It's a sufferfest, but so goes the human race. Below are the last few excerpts from the Anchorage Daily News that cover these nuts every year.

                                  Lonnie Dupre
                                  Christine Feret

                                  Red Tape

                                  Permits

                                  Mountaineers attempting a climb of Denali or Mt. Foraker must register with the Talkeetna Ranger Station at least 60 days prior to their start date. Climbers are required to pay the full permit fee when they submit their registration form at Pay.gov. The cost of a mountaineering permit as of the 2020 climbing season is $375. Climbers who are 24 years old or younger at the time their expedition begins are eligible for a $275 youth fee. Please note that the mountaineering special use fee is subject to an annual increase based on Consumer Price Index changes. At the time an expedition checks in for their climb, the Denali National Park entrance fee of $15 per individual is due. Interagency passes are accepted in lieu of entrance fee payment (actual passes must be presented). If the climb is cancelled prior to January 15 of the year in which the climb is scheduled, all but $100 of the fee will be refunded. No refund will be made for cancellations after January 15. Once the form and payment are correctly submitted, registrants will immediately receive a receipt confirmation from Pay.Gov via email. For groups who are unable to register online, the expedition leader can contact the Talkeetna Ranger Station to initiate manual registration.

                                  Mountaineers who have climbed Mt. McKinley or Mt. Foraker since 1995 can request a "seven-day exception" to the 60-day pre-registration period and instead register only 7 days in advance of the climb. Individuals seeking registration under the "seven-day exception" must be on record at the Talkeetna Ranger Station as climbing in or after 1995. This rule is applied on an individual basis -- in order for the entire expedition to be eligible for the seven-day exception, all members must qualify. Expeditions are permitted to add one new member to their expedition using either the 30-day exemption or the 7-day rule. When using the 30-day add-on, the climber must register and pay their fee at least 30 days prior to the start date of the expedition.

                                  Please see the Denali National Park Mountaineering page for up to date information:
                                  https://www.nps.gov/dena/planyourvisit/mountaineering.htm

                                  Clean Mountain Canisters (CMCs)

                                  Conceived by mountaineering ranger Roger Robinson, the Clean Mountain Can (CMC) is a portable toilet designed to address Denali's remote, rugged environment and the unique logistical challenges presented by a 3-week long expedition. Clean Mountain Cans are required for all teams on Denali, as they promote the Leave No Trace ethics in glacier environments and help protect the environment for future generations. Additionally, they are lightweight, convenient, durable and reusable.

                                  The durable CMC comes with a harness system that can lock the lid down and is sturdy enough to strap on a pack or sled. The CMC capacity is 10 to 14 uses (approximately one-half pound per use) including the addition of some toilet paper. The current model Clean Mountain Can (CMC) is designed to hold 1.88 gallons of human waste and has a U.S. Department of Transportation-approved two-way vent. Several CMC's have even been accidentally dropped off the West Buttress, tumbling over 2,000 feet without damage!

                                  Clean Mountain Cans (CMCs) are required on the West Buttress Route, including and especially at High Camp (17,200’, 5200m). A CMC bag or bags is not an acceptable substitute for the actual CMC. The NPS Rangers will send any team back down if they do not have their CMCs at High Camp.


                                    Nice view.

                                  All human waste must be deposited into biodegradable bags (provided by the National Park Service) and transported in CMCs. These CMC bags are marked with the expedition’s name or permit number prior to flying to Base Camp. Human waste from the lower mountain (any elevation below 14,200’, 4300m) is to be removed from the mountain in the CMC can when the climbing team leaves from Base Camp. Human waste from the upper mountain including High Camp, in a CMC Bag may be deposited in the NPS approved crevasse near the camp at 14,200’, 4300m. This crevasse is marked with an orange marker. This is the only place where it is acceptable to deposit human waste on the West Buttress route, and there is no place where it is acceptable to deposit trash.


                                  In an effort to make sure that the snow is clean for other climbing teams and future water supplies please consolidate pee holes away from camping areas and do not leave human waste on the snow. Pee holes should be consolidated at every camp, and especially at High Camp (17,200’, 5200m).

                                  The proper disposal of trash, fuel cans and human waste are not only the right thing to do, it is required. Failure to follow these requirements may result in the issuance of a violation notice, a fine, and/or other additional legal actions.

                                  All trash must be carried off the mountain. Climbers violating these rules will be fined and may have their permit cancelled. If you decide to break these rules, be aware that the NPS rangers are not the only people looking for violations. Enough climbers want to see Denali kept pristine that they will not hesitate to snitch on violators. If climbing in a private group, you should have your trash organized and contained upon return to basecamp (airstrip). Air taxis will not fly climbers out if their trash is not contained and clean.

                                  Fuel

                                  Contact your air service operator before purchasing white gas, as they are prohibited from flying with passengers and white gas, and therefore supply pre-purchased white gas in bulk at the Kahiltna Base Camp. White gas and butane/propane canisters are available in limited supply in Talkeetna. Other bottled fuels are available in Anchorage.


                                  NPS/Rangers

                                  In 1977, the National Park Service established a ranger station specifically for mountaineers in Talkeetna. Since 1984, the station has been staffed year-round to provide information and assistance to mountaineers before, during and after their climbs. The mountaineering rangers have extensive experience in the Alaska Range and can provide invaluable information. The station maintains a reference library including a complete set of American Alpine Journals, a map collection, and specific route information for numerous other peaks, including the Ruth, Kitchatnas and Little Switzerland. You must check in at the Talkeetna Ranger Station before departing for Base Camp and check out when you leave the mountain. The park rangers will question you about your mountaineering experience and strongly discourage you from going if they feel your experience is insufficient.

                                  Talkeetna Ranger Station
                                  P.O. Box 588
                                  Talkeetna, Alaska 99676
                                  Phone: (907) 733-2231
                                  Fax: (907) 733-1465
                                  email: dena_talkeetna_office@nps.gov

                                  Rescue

                                  The National Park Service undertakes rescue missions at their discretion and with rescuer safety as the highest priority. The NPS rangers will respond to emergencies only if conditions allow for rescue attempts. At this time, The National Park Service does not have a policy to charge climbers for rescue services, however, any hospital, air ambulance or other associated costs after leaving the mountain are the sole responsibility of the climber. Rescue insurance or health insurance (if your rescue is a medical emergency) can help with the costs of the rescue. Most climbers will bring FRS (Family Radio Service) radios for on-mountain communication. FRS channel 1 is monitored for emergencies, and because of that climbers are asked to use other channels for non-emergency communication. Satellite phones or other 2-way satellite communication devices are encouraged but not required. Cell phones are not reliable as they do not work well at any point on the mountain.

                                  In 2011, Denali Rescue Volunteers (DRV) was established as a 501 (c)(3) non-profit organization. The mission of Denali Rescue Volunteers is to support volunteers in assisting NPS rangers to ensure safety, provide educational experiences, and deliver high-quality technical assistance and medical care for imperiled mountaineers. There are over 30 volunteers each season contributing approximately 7000 work hours providing medical and rescue assistance and educating climbers.

                                  While direct costs for rescue efforts are covered through National Park Service funding, many expenses incurred by volunteers are not. Donations to DRV help defray these costs to volunteers and assists DRV in augmenting the park’s mountain program. Donations are administered by a Board of Directors. More information can be found at: https://www.denalirescue.org/

                                  Donations help provide:
                                  -Short term housing while in Talkeetna during patrol prep and training, as well as post-patrol, debrief and clean-up.
                                  -Transportation funds to offset volunteers’ costs for Talkeetna-Anchorage shuttles.
                                  -Expensive and highly specialized high altitude mountaineering equipment for use on patrols.
                                  -Public outreach including development and maintenance of DRV’s website https://www.denalirescue.org/
                                  -Equipment stipends to defray costs incurred by individual volunteers.
                                  -Stipends for medical and technical training.
                                  -Support for an exchange program with Nepalese instructors from the Khumbu Climbing Center.

                                  Costs

                                  The cost of a fully funded (middle of the road, so to speak) private expedition* should be approximately +/- $3,500 (USD). It's broken down as follows (and please remember people, it's an estimate):

                                  > Round trip flight to Anchorage from continental US: $500
                                  > Bag fees (coming/going): $200
                                  > Accommodation in Anchorage (2 nights, coming/going): $300
                                  > Transport to/from Talkeetna: $150
                                  > Accommodation in Talkeetna (2 nights, coming/going): $150
                                  > Food and drinks before and after the mountain: $200
                                  > Air Taxi flight: $500
                                  > Permits: $360
                                  > Food on the mountain (assumes three meals/day for 21 days + snacks): $500-750
                                  > Fuel on the mountain: $50
                                  > Misc expenses (taxis, tips, drinking, bad decisions, etc): $300

                                  *and remember, this assumes you have all the gear and it's all in working order!

                                  Gear

                                  Sample Gear List

                                  - Source: American Alpine Institute website (as of 12/2012)

                                  • Outerwear

                                  Base Layer Top: Bring two. This will be your base layer and should be lightweight or silk weight synthetic or wool. Bring at least one that is white or light in color for use on the lower glacier (reflects sunlight as opposed to absorbing it). Synthetic and wool only, no cotton.

                                  Base Layer Bottom: Look for the same features as your Base Layer Top. One pair is usually sufficient.

                                  Undergarments: Also known as underwear, most climbers wear them underneath their base layer. 1-3 pairs depending on personal preference for changing.

                                  2nd Layer Top: A lightweight fleece or wind shirt. A chest pocket is a helpful feature of this multi-use layer.

                                  Expedition Weight Bottoms: A thicker pair of long underwear bottoms that will serve as an additional insulating layer for use in colder temperatures. This layer will go on top of your base layer but under your softshell pants. One-piece suits (Farmer-John/Union Suit) are popular but require more planning and effort when answering the call of nature and work best with other layers designed for using the bathroom without removing layers. Windproof/Windstopper pants are heavier and less functional and will not work for this layer.

                                  Soft Shell Jacket: Thin, light, stretchy, breathable but wind and snow-resistant layer that is comfortable to wear is ideal. This will be your action layer and the outer layer that you spend the most time in. Hoods are optional but highly recommended. Size your jacket to be trim fitting, but large enough to fit over your base and second layers. Light to moderate insulation/thickness is recommended. This layer will go over your base and expedition layers, but under your shell and parka if wearing this layer in combination with those layers.

                                  Soft Shell Pants: Look for the same features as your Soft Shell Jacket. This will be your outermost layer most of the time for your legs. A thigh pocket is a useful feature for storing small items. Your base and expedition weight layers need to fit under these pants comfortably.

                                  Light Insulating Layer, Top: The goal for this piece is to add warmth to your internal layering system. Depending on your clothing system, and the environment you are in, you may fit this layer underneath your shell gear (e.g. fleece sweaters) or over your shell gear (lightweight insulated jackets). If choosing fleece, pick modern fleece garments with waffle-grid patterns and avoid windproof fleece – it is not breathable enough. The weight and design of this piece will vary based on the other items of climbing that you are bringing.

                                  Parka (Expedition Weight w/ Hood): These jackets come in many shapes, sizes and temperature ratings. If you tend to get cold easily, opt for a slightly warmer and more substantial parka. Otherwise, choose a lightweight down parka that is still baffled, includes a hood, and offers sufficient coverage over your waist.

                                  Insulated Pants: Sized to fit over your softshell pants and long underwear layers on the bottom, these pants are the last line of defense in extremely cold temperatures. Hip to full-length side-zips are a critical feature. Fleece is undesirable because it picks up snow, is bulky, and low-loft with respect to its weight. Down or synthetic fill pants are preferred and lighter weight, but require more care to not get them wet and/or frozen. The warmth of this layer will vary based on the temperatures expected at the time of your trip.

                                  Shell Pants: Made of a waterproof/breathable material, your lightweight shell bottoms must have full or hip-length side zips. This garment should be extremely lightweight and packable. A zipper fly is a nice, but optional.

                                  Shell Jacket: This layer needs to be made of waterproof/breathable construction and ultra-light. Your shell should be sized to comfortably fit over your other base and mid-layers (minus your parka). Choose the lightest, most packable shell that will still get the job done. Avoid extra pockets (one or two chest pockets is all you need), 3-layer Gore-Tex, and hanging linings. Your hood should fit over your climbing helmet (if you plan on bringing one – i.e. non-West Buttress routes).

                                  • Head/Hand/Footwear

                                  Socks: Bring three complete changes, more if you know you have very sweaty feet. If you plan to wear 8000-meter boots or Intuition liners, bring several light-to-mid-weight socks and one pair of heavy/warm socks. Adjust your sock system ahead of time to perfect your boot fit.

                                  Gaiters: Knee height is required. Check the fit of the gaiter to your boot in advance to make sure the coverage is adequate. Not required for those with integrated boots.

                                  Overboots: Required for all boots except integrated boots. Please verify these fit over your boots and that your crampons stay on without fail. Guiding services point out that Mountain Hardwear Absolute Zero overboots and OR Brooks Range overboots have not performed well on past expeditions. 40-Below Overboots are the lightest, warmest, most functional and highly recommended.

                                  Glove Liners: You wear these for much of your time on the mountain. They need to be dexterous and comfortable, but not necessarily very insulating. Bring one pair.

                                  Mid-weight Fleece/Schoeller Gloves: The most desirable glove is one that is comfortable and dexterous so that it can be worn all day. It should be durable enough (leather/synthetic palms) to handle ropes, jumars, and ice axes. These come in different weights, so choose the thickness that works with your glove system. Bring one pair.

                                  Expedition Gloves: Composed of heavy-duty waterproof shells with extremely warm liners, these modular gloves should have removable liners. These gloves must be dexterous enough to handle ropes, carabiners, and jumars. Gauntlets should extend to mid-forearm.

                                  Expedition Weight Mittens: Make no compromise with these as they are the first and often last defense against frostbite. These are expedition weight modular mittens, down or synthetic, with a storm-proof shell. You want your mitts to be extremely warm and thick. This is more important than dexterity. Gauntlets should extend to mid-forearm. These need to be large enough to allow for liner gloves to be worn underneath. Attach keeper loops to them.

                                  Beanie Hat/Toque: A warm hat that will fit under your climbing helmet (optional) and over your balaclava/buff. Fleece, wool, or similar fabrics are best. Your cold-weather head/face system should not leave any skin exposed. When wearing your warm hat, balaclava/face mask, and goggles, there should not be any gaps in your clothing where wind and snow might penetrate close to the skin level. The outside edge of your goggles is a common place for climbers to overlook and as a result, get frostbite. Have a friend double-check your system to make sure you have complete coverage.

                                  Warm Hat: Big, puffy and warm. Windstopper fabric can be a good idea but makes hearing difficult. This hat will primarily be used while sitting around camp or in very cold and windy conditions.

                                  Balaclava/Buff: Balaclavas are thin to medium weight thickness hat plus face mask combos. You should be able to pull it over your face to the base of your neck so that it completely covers the head except for an opening for the face.

                                  Sun Hat: A baseball cap or visor serves well. Models with a tail are recommended for increased sun protection.

                                  Nose Protection: Designed to protect your nose from the sun, this is a cloth nose guard that fits onto your glacier glasses (Beko is a company in Santa Barbara CA that makes these). Try the fit on your sunglasses; they should fit well without pushing the frames off your nose.

                                  Glacier Glasses: Choose a model with 100% UVA/UVB protection and side shields. If you have an extra pair, bring them too. Note: Those using contact lenses should also bring a pair of prescription glasses in the event that your contacts or solutions are lost or damaged by freezing.
                                  *Contact Lens Care and Precautions: Most contact lenses are perfectly acceptable for climbing trips at altitude and in very cold conditions. If you plan on wearing contact lenses on Denali, you should be familiar with the intricacies of long-term maintenance and care in these conditions. You should plan on bringing at least two spare pairs of lenses and a few small bottles of whatever solutions you will require. Bringing a pair of glasses as a backup or to give your eyes a rest is a good idea as well.

                                  Ski Goggles: For use in high winds and heavy snow. These should be lightly tinted but not so dark that the will reduce visibility in low light conditions. They should block 100% of UV light. If you wear prescription glasses, these must fit comfortably over your glasses.

                                  • Boots

                                  High Altitude/Cold Weather Mountaineering Boots: Double boots are required. They should be designed for extended use in temperatures at least as cold as -40F. Modern synthetic integrated boots (those with a built-in overboot/gaiter) are suitable for this climb. For traditional plastic boots, thermo-mold liners are warmer, lighter, and more comfortable than standard liners. If you have heat-moldable liners in your boots already and you have worn them for several trips, you may want to have them re-fit to ensure that the foam has not compressed and the temperature rating has been retained.

                                  • Tents

                                  Four Season Expedition Tent: Tents come in various shapes and sizes, so eventually you’ll have to find something that works best for you and the number of people in your group. Most people will spend a considerable amount of time in their tent, so you’ll want to error on the side of comfort and safety. But weight will always be a concern, especially for a two-man team. Most parties on the mountain have large, heavy, and sturdy tents. Durability is the most important factor – as such, your trip (or worse) is essentially over if something happens to your tent that cannot be repaired.

                                  • Packs

                                  Large Internal Frame Pack: Choose the pack that fits your body type best. This pack must be at least 5500 cubic inches in size; larger is better if possible. An external frame is not adequate or functional. Avoid bells and whistles like large, full-length zippers, separate sleeping bag compartments, etc. Many top-brand packs weigh up to 8 pounds, but there are a few better ones that weigh closer to five or six pounds. It is very important that your pack be in good working order and not prone to failures of any sort. Packs are a hugely important item and a climber may not be able to continue due to a pack failure.

                                  • Bags

                                  Sleeping Bag: Down Only. Synthetic bags are not acceptable due to their size and weight. Bags should be rated to -30F (-34C) for the early and mid-May expeditions; to at least -20F (-28C) for expeditions in June. If you know you sleep cold take this into consideration when purchasing/selecting your bag.

                                  Sleeping Pads: Two are required. One should be a full-length 1/2" thick closed-cell foam pad. The second pad can be either a closed-cell pad or an inflatable pad. It can be ¾ length or full length. Your inflatable pad should be a modern, lightweight, and packable version. Newer pads are less bulky and can be folded in half when rolled so that they take up only a tiny portion of your packs volume. Old Thermarests with metal valves are not acceptable as the valves freeze.

                                  • Technical Gear ("Sharps")

                                  I will not go into this too much because each expedition is a bit different, but essentially you should have the following items (at a minimum):

                                  Expedition Climbing Harness: This harness should fit over bulky clothing. Bring the simplest, lightest harness you can find. Black Diamond Alpine Bod harnesses are the standard on the West Buttress route. You will not need any padding on the waist or legs. Adjustable leg loops are key for changing pants. Make sure that your harness fits comfortably in combination with your fully loaded backpack. Some models have features that cause wear and tear on your waist and hips when used with a heavy pack.

                                  Climbing Helmet: Guiding services require a helmet for this expedition (over the many years a few people have been hit by falling rocks near the Polo Field – as such the guiding services require a helmet for liability reasons). As such, choose the lightest weight helmet that still fits your head shape well.

                                  Ice Axe: A variety of axes are suitable, but bring one that is 65 cm max; 55cm to 60cm is preferred. A wrist loop/leash is not required or recommended. Many climbers insulate the head of their ice axe with a small piece of foam or similar material. In colder temperatures, heat can be lost conductively through your glove when gripping the cold axe. This insulation should be small enough to not affect the performance of the ice axe or your ability to grip it, swing it, and self-arrest.

                                  Steel Crampons: Modern new-matic crampons are recommended. Step-in crampons are easier to put on with cold fingers, but they can be harder to work well with overboots. Strap-on crampons provide more reliable attachment to boots with overboots. Regardless, be sure your crampon, overboot, and boot combination work well together. You should also bring crampon adjustment tools if your crampons require them. Your crampons should be suitable for steep ice climbing. Aluminum crampons are not functional on Denali.

                                  Trekking Poles: Two are required. Even if you don’t normally use trekking poles, on this expedition, in particular, they are invaluable in helping with balance while carrying heavy packs on snowshoes.

                                  Snowshoes (or Skis): They should be equipped with an integral crampon and/or aggressive traction on the bottom of the snowshoes. Snowshoes can be sized smaller than is typically recommended by manufacturers since deep snow is not common on the climbing route. Large profile basic models made by Tubbs, Atlas, and Sherpa do not work well and are not recommended. Models by MSR are proven and quite durable. Length should not exceed 25-28 inches.

                                  Personal Gear: Caribiners (4-10, w/lockers), Slings (thinner spectra/dyneema slings are not recommended because they are hard to remove knots from with gloves on), Prusiks (2-3), Pulley, Pickets (1-2), Ascender, Ice Screws (1-8), Ice Tools (1-2), Belay Device, etc.

                                  Group Gear: Ropes (45-50m, 9mm), Shovels, Ice Saws, Wands, Sleds, Medical Kit, Stoves, Pots, Fuel, etc

                                  • Duffel

                                  Duffel Bag: Your large duffel should have a full-length zipper and be of durable construction (this duffel will be used in the sled while on the lower mountain). A second duffel or travel bag will be needed to store your town clothes and personal items while on the mountain (usually at a secure storage locker at the airport where you departed on your flight onto the glacier).


                                  Suggested Brands

                                  • Outerwear – ArcTeryx, Patagonia, RAB, Marmot, North Face, Feathered Friends, Mountain Hardwear, Mont Bell, GoLite, Mammut
                                  • Head/Hand/Footwear – Outdoor Research, Black Diamond, Mountain Hardwear, REI, Marmot, Smartwool, Julbo
                                  • Boots – Scarpa, La Sportiva, Millet, Kayland, Lowa, 40 Below
                                  • Tents – Hilleberg, Mountain Hardwear
                                  • Packs – Gregory, Mountain Hardwear, Osprey, ArcTeryx, Cilogear
                                  • Bags – Western Mountaineering, Feathered Friends, REI, Marmot, Thermarest
                                  • Technical Gear – Black Diamond, Petzl, Mammut, ArcTeryx, Grivel, MSR, Metolius
                                  • Duffel – Wild Things, Dana Designs, Patagonia


                                  Food

                                  When re-packaging food (into Ziplocs or similar), buy in bulk and remove all commercial packaging (cardboard & some plastics can be recycled). By reducing the packaging, it means less weight and less trash to carry. Repackage group meals in plastic bags and add spices to repackaged meals ahead of time. Label bags with contents and cooking instructions and consider pot size and fuel need when repackaging food. And as always, keep notes on what works and what does not.

                                  Food Tips for International Climbers:
                                  • Check with U.S. Customs regarding restricted food items (www.usda.aphis.gov).
                                  • Custom Agents have discretionary power. It is not uncommon to have the majority of your food confiscated.
                                  • Allow a few extra days in Anchorage to purchase food and repackage it before arriving at base camp.
                                  • Check with Talkeetna ranger station regarding ethnic markets available in Anchorage.

                                  Training

                                  Start your entire fitness training program well in advance of your climb, and increase the intensity and duration of your exercising as you gain fitness. Very generally, a six-month minimum is needed to implement an effective program. Your first weeks in this new fitness program will most likely be focused on getting into a routine. Discipline yourself to begin both the cardiovascular and motor fitness training from the outset, but start carefully to avoid overuse or over-enthusiasm injuries. Use a variety of exercises, activities, locations, etc. to keep physically challenged and mentally engaged. Be cautious of month-by-month formulaic programs that tend to over-simplify expectations and promises. You should have a plan that is both regimented specifically for you and be flexible enough to meet your personal needs. The more your training can simulate real climbing, the more you will benefit. - Sources: Rainier Mountainerring Inc and Alpine Ascents International

                                  Cardio


                                    Get after it.

                                  Cardiovascular fitness is measured through your aerobic capacity, your body’s ability to take in and use oxygen. At sea level, the restrictive factor in delivering oxygen to the muscles is the heart’s ability to pump blood, not the capability of the lungs to take in oxygen. It is at altitude, where oxygen is effectively less available, that lung capabilities come into question. Aerobics should be directed at conditioning your heart muscle even though it can also improve somatic muscle fitness. There are a variety of aerobic exercises which are fantastic for training. They include: climbing and descending hills, stairs or stadium bleachers, any kind of skiing, snowboarding, running, swimming and cycling. Other excellent aerobic activities that can benefit you but tend to be less focused for climbing mountains include: aerobics classes, stationary cycling, circuit weight training, boxing, and martial arts. Try to maximize cardiovascular fitness and maximize the strength and endurance needed for climbing.

                                  In addition to the benefit of cardiovascular fitness, there needs to be concentrated effort on developing your aerobic ability for the descent from the summit. Some training recommendations for aerobic exercising include:


                                  (1) Keep your training range at 65 to 85% of your maximum heart rate. There is a well-known formula for ascertaining your maximum heart rate that is based on your age, which you subtract from the number 220 (beats per minute). This is arbitrary at best. Begin with that formula, and then be aware of how you feel. Your perceived exertion can actually be a better indicator of how you ought to be performing on a given day.

                                  (2) Spend a solid 30 minutes a day working aerobically, but don't exceed 60 minutes. In order to train for the long days in the mountains, you’ve got to get out and do lengthy training climbs; nothing else will prepare you as adequately.

                                  (3) The frequency of your aerobic workout can be rather unlimited. Use interval training to advance your cardiovascular fitness. The technique of interval training calls for including surges in the activity while maintaining an elevated heart rate. Remember that the heart’s ability to pump blood to the body is a major limiting factor in our athletic performance. Interval training, when used over a longer period of time, can aid in increasing the heart's capacity for pumping blood through the body. This is a very strenuous manner of training, and it shouldn’t be initiated at the last minute.


                                  Weight Training


                                  Motor fitness is needed to complement cardiovascular fitness. Motor fitness refers to strength (the ability to exert force), power (the ability to exert force rapidly), endurance (the ability to withstand exertion), balance (the ability to maintain stability), agility (the ability to perform actions quickly and smoothly), and flexibility (the ability to bend without breaking).

                                  When working with weights, limit it to 2 sets of 20 repetitions with lighter weights (lighter than the heavy weights customarily used to intensify muscle growth). Your first 15 reps ought to go easy; your last five with each set should be tough. Rest for 30 to 60 seconds between sets. It is important that in addition to a sound lower body, you develop a sound upper body as well. A sound torso (both back and stomach) is especially important for mountaineering where heavy pack weights add a new dimension to our physical activities. These training principles are essentially the same for our upper and lower bodies. Stretching, balance, aerobic and abdominal exercises can be done every day. You should work with lower body and upper body weights at least twice a week (once every 3 days). Don’t fail to include a good warm-up and warm-down in your workout. Include 10 to 15 minute aerobic warm-up and a 5 to 10 minute warm down in your program. This is an important component of any program. Keep your heart rate in an aerobic range; don’t get anaerobic. Examples include walking, jogging in place, step mills, treadmills, cycling, and jumping rope.

                                  Include 15 minutes of quality stretching into your program. Focus on slow, static stretching. Avoid bouncing, ballistic stretching. With static stretching, hold the stretch for 30 to 60 seconds, breathing through the stretch. Hold it only to the point of tension, not to the point of pain. Don’t stretch through pain; you are stretching and tearing muscle fibers with this activity. Be patient. The reward of proper stretching is the joy of movement which results. Remember that stretching is a warm-up and warm-down exercise as well as a real workout for your body. Your goal is the reduction of muscular tension, not an attainment of extreme flexibility. Improper stretching can lead to injury and disillusionment with this aspect of motor fitness training. Stretch at the beginning of a workout, just after the warm-up, and also, even more importantly, after the workout when the muscles are at their warmest and most supple state. Stretching after a workout will do a tremendous amount of good toward alleviating muscle soreness and decreasing the chance of injury.

                                  For abdominal exercise, focus on the quality of the exercise, not the number. Changing up the exercises (cross-training the abdomen) is key to increasing abdominal fitness. The abdominal muscles adapt remarkably well to a punishing workout – continue to change up your workout, even if you don’t switch exercises, switch the routine.

                                  Balance exercises reward you with increased body awareness and can aid in your ability to negotiate tricky terrain under a heavy pack. Distinguish between static and dynamic balance exercises. Static exercises will keep one or both feet on the ground. Dynamic exercises involve the body in motion. Both are important for the development of this motor fitness skill. Balance is a motor skill like strength and can be improved over time.

                                  Hiking/Pack Work

                                  I have made this a separate category to emphasize that this needs to be done prior to a trip to Denali and is another 'pillar' or your training regimen. Even putting a large heavy pack on and walking to work in your mountaineering boots will help. You will want to get used to your pack and boots well ahead of time and you will want to get used to breaking a sweat in them for a long period of time. DO NOT buy boots right before the climb and expect to make it up the mountain. Your equipment MUST be dialed in and you MUST be able to work well with it.

                                  Mountain Activities/Climbing

                                  Obviously, this will pertain to people that can train in the mountains. But anything like trail running, ice climbing, rock climbing, mountain biking or running at altitude will help your heart's pumping capacity and will allow you to have a solid base of skills and endurance when you arrive on the mountain.

                                  Sled Work


                                    Lovely day for a sled...

                                  Sleds are a very underestimated part of a climb in Alaska. Via any route on the mountain, you will likely be using a sled at some point. The hip flexors and lower back/core often get overlooked in a standard training program. Make sure you train with a sled. Even if it means tying rope and an old tire to your waist and running around a parking lot, this is absolutely necessary to have an enjoyable climb. Also, make sure you are familiar with rigging the sled in a manner that is consistent with your training.

                                  Glacier Travel

                                    Roped travel in the Alaska Range

                                  Glaciers

                                  Seventeen percent of the national park's land area is covered with glaciers. The largest glaciers are on the south side of the Alaska Range (the Kahiltna, Ruth, Eldridge, Tokositna, and Yentna each are between 35 and 40 miles long). The largest glacier on the north side of the Alaska Range is the Muldrow, on Mt. McKinley, 34 miles long. The deepest measured glacier is the Ruth, at 3,805 feet or 1,160 meters; the surface ice of the Ruth moves about 3.1 feet or .95 meters each day.

                                  Sled Travel

                                  Nothing needs more to be said than this.

                                  Crevasse Rescue


                                    Get to know it.


                                  All party members must have worked together on similar techniques for crevasse rescue. Crevasse falls are imminent while traveling on glaciers in the Alaska Range. Each climber should be rigged for a crevasse fall with foot loops, mechanical ascenders or prussiks, and a pulley ready to be used. Attach the pack and sled to the rope while traveling. Skis should be attached with safety straps since they are easily lost in a crevasse fall. Each member should carry a picket or snow fluke in addition to their ice axe.

                                  Solo Attempts

                                  Not recommended. But read Jon Krakauer's chapter on Denali in Eiger Dreams for an overview of contraptions people strap to themselves in order to travel "safely" on the lower glacier. Unless you are a world-class alpinist, find a friend to go with. Or, just find a friend anyway.

                                  The major hazard facing a soloist on Denali is that even the most cautious and experienced climber is unable to determine the location of and/or strength of the many snow bridges that must be crossed. Each year, a number of people take serious crevasse falls on the large Alaskan glaciers. Unfortunately, experience plays little part in determining who falls through these snow bridges. Some crevasses may be faintly visible while others are totally undetectable. Some soloists have devised crevasse spanning poles attached to their climbing harness that provide a degree of protection in case of a crevasse fall. Many are experienced enough to identify and avoid most mountain hazards, but hidden crevasses add a new dimension of objective risk to soloing. Virtually all experienced Alaska Range mountaineers are not willing to accept this level of risk. A solo climber has virtually no self-rescue ability in the event of a serious accident or illness and creates an undue risk to the search and rescue party. All climbers that are planning on climbing solo must complete the supplemental solo form for their registration to be processed.

                                  Ski/Board Ascents/Descents

                                  There are people who attempt to ski the West Buttress route (and others). Please be advised that when you are a skier, you are considered a soloist unless roped up to another party. While roped travel uphill on skis takes coordination and patience, going downhill while roped is of the expert persuasion only. It will likely be done with a large pack and possibly a sled. It is done, but only by the most seasoned ski mountaineers. Skiing unroped is no better than solo-ing the route when below 14,200 ft. Extreme caution is advised.

                                  Mountain Weather

                                  The weather is broadcast nightly on FRS 1. Weather is also available from rangers at the 7,200-foot and 14,200-foot camps. When checking in with the NPS, you will also be given a phone number with a daily weather forecast recording. However, forecasting weather for Mt. McKinley and Mt. Foraker is imprecise and difficult. Do not rely solely on the forecast; good judgment should always be used.

                                  Denali is located in the subpolar low, a region where arctic air moving from the north converges with warmer air moving from the south at a latitude of 60 degrees (Denali is located at 63 degrees). This convergence creates a belt of unstable weather at this latitude. Associated with the subpolar low is a semi-permanent area of low pressure known as the Aleutian Low, located in the vicinity of the Aleutian Islands. Weather systems generated or passing through the Aleutian Low often take a straight path for the Alaska Ranges and hit Denali with little warning. Denali also has a reputation for streaky weather with long periods of continuous bad weather or more rarely, long periods of good weather.

                                  As a result of its proximity to the Aleutian Low, the weather on Denali is unlike the weather on any other major mountain in the world. Extreme cold is another hallmark of Denali's weather and temperatures routinely fall to -40 F (-40 C). Unfamiliarity with Denali's weather is an underlying cause of many accidents.

                                    Not particularly good...

                                  Denali also undergoes long periods of clear skies and high winds, and these conditions are most often seen during the early part of the climbing season (April and May). During these periods, many of the mountain slopes are swept clean of snow leaving behind solid blue ice and testing the cramponing skills of even the most experienced climbers. Denali Pass and the upper part of the West Rib are especially notorious sites for accidents when these conditions occur. During such weather, many climbers are lulled by the clear skies into going for the summit. However, these winds routinely exceed 100 mph and have been known to knock climbers down the slopes. Windstorms often come with little if any warning and are thus amongst the most feared weather patterns on the mountain. The first signs of increasing high winds are the appearance of lenticular cloud caps over the summit. Many people look to Mt Foraker as an indicator of what weather patterns are soon headed to Denali.

                                  Low-pressure systems from the Gulf of Alaska are the cyclonic weather systems that sweep in from the southwest and vary in intensity, the strongest of which have been described as hurricanes that dump snow. During the more powerful storms, it is generally unsafe to be above 14,000 feet. Fortunately, climbers usually have at least 12 hours warning before such a storm hits as they are usually preceded by mare's tails in the sky.

                                  Low-level moisture occurs when warm, moist air migrates inland from the Pacific Ocean and creates a period of steady drizzle in the lowlands. During these periods, the top of the cloud layer occurs between 10,000 and 14,000 feet and conditions above these altitudes may be quite good. At other times, skies above 14,000 feet will be clear, but windy. Conditions on the lower mountain, however, tend to get sloppy and may even experience periods of rainfall and whiteout.

                                  Good weather days, in which there is not a cloud in the sky and not a breath of wind, are rare on Denali. Instead, good weather is when winds are blowing at less than 10 knots and precipitation is limited to a snow squall here and there. One should not think that from these descriptions, the weather on Denali will easily fall into one of the above four categories. Instead, the distinctions between these patterns fall into a thousand different shades of gray and other weather patterns occur that do not fall into these categories. For example, low-pressure systems may descend from the north from the Arctic Ocean. Because these storms approach from the north, they may catch climbers by surprise. Even the most experienced veterans have a difficult time forecasting the weather, but for amateurs unfamiliar with subpolar weather, reading Denali's weather can be more akin to rolling the dice.

                                  Guiding Services

                                  General Philosophy

                                  It is the individual climber's responsibility to ensure that the guide chosen is one of the six authorized guide services. Any individual or group that is found to be guided by an unauthorized guide will have their registration voided, be removed from the mountain, and issued a citation. Please see this link for a detailed treatise on how to choose a guide. It's very well written and was composed by Coley Gentzel, a former guide on Denali who is now a Park Ranger in Talkeetna.

                                  Services Provided

                                  Guiding services typically provide logistical support (to and from the glacier), group gear (such as tents, cooking supplies, ropes, shovels, saws, etc), food (less snacks), and cooking services (guides will cook and boil water, but the clients do the dishes). Guides do not haul gear for the clients in Alaska. There are no Sherpa, no Kenyans, and no mules. You bring it, you carry it. Guides also make decisions on weather, campsites, and team dynamics.

                                  Costs

                                  Guided expeditions on the West Buttress (in a 9 client to 3 guide ratio) typically run $5,000-$7,000 depending on what exactly is being offered. Some guiding services also run people up the West Rib ($8,000 for a 4 client to 2 guide ratio) and the Cassin Ridge ($18,000-$26,000 depending on the ratio). They can also rent certain gear to clients should they need it.

                                  Contact Information

                                  Alaska Mountaineering School
                                  P.O. Box 566
                                  Talkeetna, AK 99676
                                  Phone: (907) 733-1016
                                  Fax: (907) 733-1362
                                  www.climbalaska.org

                                  Alpine Ascents International
                                  109 W. Mercer St.
                                  Seattle, WA 98119
                                  Phone: (206) 378-1927
                                  Fax: (206) 378-1937
                                  www.alpineascents.com

                                  American Alpine Institute
                                  1515 12th Street
                                  Bellingham, WA 98825
                                  Phone: (360) 671-1505
                                  Fax: (360) 734-8890
                                  www.mtnguide.com

                                  International Mountain Guides
                                  31111 State Route 706 E
                                  Ashford, WA 98304
                                  (360) 569-2609
                                  www.mountainguides.com

                                  Mountain Trip International, LLC
                                  P.O. Box 658
                                  Ophir, Colorado 81426
                                  Phone: (970)369-1153
                                  Fax: (970) 728-3779
                                  www.mountaintrip.com

                                  N.O.L.S.
                                  P.O. Box 981
                                  Palmer, AK 99645
                                  Phone: (907) 745-4047
                                  Fax: (907) 745-6069
                                  www.nols.edu

                                  Rainier Mountaineering, Inc.
                                  P.O. Box Q
                                  Ashford, WA 98304
                                  Phone: (360) 569-2227
                                  Fax: (360) 569-2982
                                  www.rmiguides.com

                                  Recommended Reading

                                  There are dozens of books on Denali on the market, most of which are readable, a few of which are not. Denali is also the frequent subject of magazine articles and climbing anthologies. Check out back issues of Climbing Magazine and Rock & Ice Magazine for articles giving guidelines geared for recreational climbers. Climbers interested in more detailed discussions of Denali's routes should consult High Alaska or the Mount McKinley Climbers Handbook. Additionally, the American Alpine Club Journal contains detailed trip reports on Denali's more technical routes. The following is a list of recommended books.

                                  • Denali's West Buttress by Colby Coombs and Bradford Washburn (Mountaineers Books, 1997)
                                  • High Alaska by Jonathan Waterman and Bradford Washburn (American Alpine Club, 1991)
                                  • Mount McKinley Climbers Handbook by Glenn Randall (Chockstone Press, 1992)
                                  • Mount McKinley: The Conquest of Denali by Bradford Washburn and David Roberts (Abradale Press, 2000)
                                  • Mount McKinley: Icy Crown of North America by Fred Beckey (The Mountaineers, 1999)
                                  • Minus 148: The First Winter Ascent of Denali by Art Davidson (Mountaineers Books, 1999)
                                  • Surviving Denali: A Study of Accidents on Mount McKinley 1903-1990 by Jonathan Waterman (American Alpine Club, 2nd Edition, 1991)
                                  • Accidents In North American Mountaineering, Published annually by the American Alpine Club, (issues from 1977 to the present are especially valuable).
                                  • Glacier Travel and Crevasse Rescue by Andy Selters (The Mountaineers)
                                  • The Illustrated Guide to Glacier Travel and Crevasse Rescue by Andy Tyson and Mike Clelland (Climbing Magazine publication)
                                  • Medicine for Mountaineering, Edited by James A. Wilkerson, M.D. (The Mountaineers, 4th Edition)
                                  • Mountain Sickness: Prevention, Recognition, and Treatment by Dr. Peter Hackettt (American Alpine Club)
                                  • Snow Sense: A Guide to Evaluating Snow Avalanche Hazard by Jill A. Fredston and Doug Fesler (Alaska Mountain Safety Center, Inc.)
                                  • Alaska: A Climbing Guide by Michael Wood and Colby Coombs (The Mountaineers)
                                  • Dangerous Steps by Lewis Freedman (Stackpole Books)
                                  • Denali: Climbing Guide by R.J. Secor (Stackpole Books)
                                  • Denali, Symbol of the Alaskan Wild, An Illustrated History of the Denali-McKinley Region, Alaska by William E. Brown (Alaska Natural History Association)
                                  • In the Shadow of Denali by Jonathan Waterman (Dell Books)
                                  • Mount McKinley, The Pioneer Climbs by Terris Moore (The Mountaineers)
                                  • The Ascent of Denali by Hudson Stuck (University of Nebraska Press)
                                  • The Hall of The Mountain King by Howard Snyder (Charles Scribner's Sons)
                                  • To the Top of Denali by Bill Sherwonit (Graphic Arts Center Press)
                                  • White Winds by Joe Wilcox (Hwong)

                                  Authors Note

                                  I was fortunate enough to reach the summit of this mountain in 2009. I climbed with a guided group from the American Alpine Institute and also spent an additional 10 days on the lower glacier in 2008 during a skills course. Let me be the first to tell you that I am by no means an expert in anything. This page used a lot of information from the National Park website, the guides websites, and my personal library of books on Denali (about five or six of them). I also tried to put sources in lots of places so that if you have more questions, you can dive into that information more thoroughly. I recently took the page over from SP member Greg Yanagihara. We have never met or spoken, but I emailed him extensively asking for editing rights --- because I felt that the page needed a refresher. With the help of the Elves, I was able to secure the page and have made what you see above as my changes (using as much of Greg's material as possible).

                                    Don't forget the scotch. This is livin'...

                                  The preceding page has taken some time and effort, but if you have something more to add, please feel free to PM me or post in this forum. I welcome comments and suggestions, but I will warn you --- if you are looking to overhaul the page, then please put your money where your mouth is and take the page from me. I'm certainly not enamored with the page, so you can have it with enough convincing. But I would ask that you please maintain the integrity of the page going forward, if not for yourself, for the SP community at large. I have taken a lot of information and knowledge from this site and a mountain like Denali deserves a good page. This is my small effort to give back to the community of members that have taught me so much through my early years of mountaineering. Thank you for reading.

                                  Finally, if you are interested, here's a website to SP Member Alasdair's phenomenal Denali photographs. Make sure you contact him if you plan on using them in any way --- they are copywritten.

                                  P.S. Have a nice day.



                                    Images

                                    View Denali Image Gallery - 725 Images

                                  Table of Contents
                                  * Overview
                                  * What's In A Name?
                                  * Denali National Park
                                  * Mountain History
                                  * Location
                                  * Geology
                                  * Climbing History
                                  * Early Climbing Controversy
                                  * First Ascents
                                  * Climbing Today
                                  * Route Choices
                                  * West Buttress (Alaska Grade 2+, Class 3-4)
                                  * West Rib (Alaska Grade 4, AI 3)
                                  * Cassin Ridge (Alaska Grade 5, 5.8, AI 4)
                                  * Muldrow Glacier (Alaska Grade 3, Class 3-4)
                                  * Ratings
                                  * Other Technical/Alpine Routes
                                  * Ski/Board Lines
                                  * Getting There
                                  * Air Travel
                                  * Anchorage
                                  * Talkeetna
                                  * Glacier Flights
                                  * When To Climb
                                  * Major Climbing Season
                                  * Sample Itinerary
                                  * Winter Ascents
                                  * Red Tape
                                  * Permits
                                  * Clean Mountain Canisters (CMCs)
                                  * Fuel
                                  * NPS/Rangers
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Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering : SummitPost
https://www.summitpost.org/denali/150199
Kevin "MudRat" MacKenzie
2013-12-30T00:00:00Z
<div><div><p>Monday, December 30, 2013</p><h2><a href="https://www.adirondackalmanack.com/2013/12/winter-mountaineering-armstrong-mountains-east-face.html">Winter Mountaineering: Armstrong Mountain’s East Face</a></h2><div><p><a href="https://www.adirondackalmanack.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/almanac_NP-Photography_IMG_6405_small.jpg"></a>While the Adirondack Mountains may not have the alpine feel of the White Mountains or height of the Alps, they are nothing if not rugged. Armstrong, one of the mountains of the Great Range, is often regarded as just a summit to check of on the 46r list, not particularly challenging in comparison to nearby peaks especially when approached from the Gothics.</p><p>Bushwhacking it from the east, however, is an entirely different story. There are no paths, just gullies leading to the precipitous <a href="http://www.flashearth.com/?lat=44.133548&amp;lon=-73.847041&amp;z=16.3&amp;r=0&amp;src=msl">slides and ledges</a> –the recipe for the perfect winter mountaineering adventure. <a href="https://www.adirondackalmanack.com/2013/12/winter-mountaineering-armstrong-mountains-east-face.html#more-41263">» Continue Reading.</a></p></div> <br/></div></div>||||I||||    Help us keep bringing you the Adirondack information you value.
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          Posts Tagged ‘Armstrong Mountain’

              Monday, December 30, 2013

            Winter Mountaineering: Armstrong Mountain’s East Face

                by Kevin "MudRat" MacKenzie
                14 Comments


                While the Adirondack Mountains may not have the alpine feel of the White Mountains or height of the Alps, they are nothing if not rugged. Armstrong, one of the mountains of the Great Range, is often regarded as just a summit to check of on the 46r list, not particularly challenging in comparison to nearby peaks especially when approached from the Gothics.

                Bushwhacking it from the east, however, is an entirely different story. There are no paths, just gullies leading to the precipitous slides and ledges –the recipe for the perfect winter mountaineering adventure. » Continue Reading.



              Latest News Headlines

                * Glimpses of the past and present at Rattlesnake Knob
                * Bear family death sparks outrage in Old Forge
                * State to invest $8.5M into Adirondack airport updates
                * A new climate institute brings NYC students to the ADKs
                * Route 66, in miniature: The story behind an Adirondack landmark
                * Empty beds in Adirondack hotels: The downside of tourism projects
                * How Ticonderoga is addressing a childcare shortage
                * Run-down real estate set for reuse in two Adirondack centers
                * President Quezon Day brings Filipino heritage to the Tri-Lakes
                * Hundreds rally to save Adirondack-area prison

              Latest News Headlines

                * Glimpses of the past and present at Rattlesnake Knob
                * Bear family death sparks outrage in Old Forge
                * State to invest $8.5M into Adirondack airport updates
                * A new climate institute brings NYC students to the ADKs
                * Route 66, in miniature: The story behind an Adirondack landmark
                * Empty beds in Adirondack hotels: The downside of tourism projects
                * How Ticonderoga is addressing a childcare shortage
                * Run-down real estate set for reuse in two Adirondack centers
                * President Quezon Day brings Filipino heritage to the Tri-Lakes
                * Hundreds rally to save Adirondack-area prison

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