CEO of Tesla and SpaceX, wikipedia page
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk
Elon Musk - Wikipedia
2004-08-18
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<div><div>
<table><tbody><tr><th><p>Elon Musk</p><br /><div><p><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society">FRS</a></p></div></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_Royal_Society_(crop2).jpg"></a><p>Musk in 2018</p></td></tr><tr><th>Born</th><td><p>Elon Reeve Musk</p><br />June 28, 1971 (age 51)<p><a href="/wiki/Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, Transvaal, South Africa</p></td></tr><tr><th>Education</th><td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science">BS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th>Title</th><td><div>
<ul><li>Founder, CEO and chief engineer of <a href="/wiki/SpaceX">SpaceX</a></li>
<li>CEO and product architect of <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a></li>
<li>Owner and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Twitter">Twitter</a></li>
<li>President of the <a href="#Musk_Foundation">Musk Foundation</a></li>
<li>Founder of <a href="/wiki/The_Boring_Company">the Boring Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/X_Corp.">X Corp.</a> and <a href="/wiki/X.AI">X.AI</a></li>
<li>Co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Neuralink">Neuralink</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenAI">OpenAI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zip2">Zip2</a> and <a href="/wiki/X.com">X.com</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/PayPal">PayPal</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th>Spouses</th><td><div><ul><li>
<div><div><p><a href="/wiki/Justine_Musk">Justine Wilson</a></p></div>
 <p>​</p> <p>​</p><p>(<abbr>m.</abbr> 2000; <abbr>div.</abbr> 2008)<wbr></wbr>​</p></div></li><li>
<div><div><p><a href="/wiki/Talulah_Riley">Talulah Riley</a></p></div>
 <p>​</p> <p>​</p><p>(<abbr>m.</abbr> 2010; <abbr>div.</abbr> 2012)<wbr></wbr>​</p></div> 
<p>​</p>
<div> <p>​</p><p>(<abbr>m.</abbr> 2013; <abbr>div.</abbr> 2016)<wbr></wbr>​</p></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th>Partner</th><td><a href="/wiki/Grimes">Grimes</a> (2018–2021)<sup><a href="#cite_note-GrimesVanityFair2022-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th>Children</th><td>10<sup><a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Times220707-4">[3]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th>Parents</th><td><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Errol_Musk">Errol Musk</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Maye_Musk">Maye Musk</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th>Family</th><td><a href="/wiki/Musk_family">Musk family</a></td></tr><tr><th>Awards</th><td><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Elon_Musk">List of honors and awards</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Defence_Merit"></a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Defence_Merit">Order of Defence Merit</a> (<i>Knight - Cavaleiro</i>)</td></tr><tr><th>Signature</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_Signature.svg"></a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Elon Reeve Musk</b> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society">FRS</a> ( <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"><i>EE-lon</i></a>; born June 28, 1971) is a <a href="/wiki/Business_magnate">business magnate</a> and investor. He is the founder, CEO and chief engineer of <a href="/wiki/SpaceX">SpaceX</a>; <a href="/wiki/Angel_investor">angel investor</a>, CEO and product architect of <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a>; owner and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Twitter,_Inc.">Twitter, Inc.</a>; founder of <a href="/wiki/The_Boring_Company">the Boring Company</a>; co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Neuralink">Neuralink</a> and <a href="/wiki/OpenAI">OpenAI</a>; and president of the philanthropic <a href="#Other_activities">Musk Foundation</a>. Musk is the second-wealthiest person in the world, according to both the <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Billionaires_Index">Bloomberg Billionaires Index</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes">Forbes</a></i>'s Real Time Billionaires list as of May 2023 primarily from his ownership stakes in Tesla and SpaceX, with an estimated net worth of around $167 billion according to the Bloomberg and $176.2 billion according to the latter.<sup><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>Musk was born in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, South Africa, and briefly attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria">University of Pretoria</a> before moving to Canada at age 18, acquiring citizenship through his Canadian-born mother. Two years later, he matriculated at <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston">Queen's University</a> and transferred to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, where he received bachelor's degrees in economics and physics. He moved to California in 1995 to attend <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University">Stanford University</a>. After two days, he dropped out and, with his brother <a href="/wiki/Kimbal_Musk">Kimbal</a>, co-founded the online <a href="/wiki/City_guide">city guide</a> software company <a href="/wiki/Zip2">Zip2</a>. In 1999, Zip2 was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Compaq">Compaq</a> for $307 million and Musk co-founded <a href="/wiki/X.com">X.com</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Direct_bank">direct bank</a>. X.com merged with <a href="/wiki/Confinity">Confinity</a> in 2000 to form <a href="/wiki/PayPal">PayPal</a>, which <a href="/wiki/EBay">eBay</a> acquired for $1.5 billion in 2002.
</p><p>With $175.8 million, Musk founded SpaceX in 2002, a <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight">spaceflight</a> services company. In 2004, he was an early investor in the <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle">electric vehicle</a> manufacturer Tesla Motors, Inc. (now Tesla, Inc.). He became its chairman and product architect, assuming the position of CEO in 2008. In 2006, he helped create <a href="/wiki/SolarCity">SolarCity</a>, a solar energy company that was later acquired by Tesla and became <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Energy">Tesla Energy</a>. In 2015, he co-founded OpenAI, a nonprofit <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> research company. The following year, he co-founded Neuralink—a <a href="/wiki/Neurotechnology">neurotechnology</a> company developing <a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interfaces">brain–computer interfaces</a>—and the Boring Company, a tunnel construction company. Musk has also proposed a <a href="/wiki/Hyperloop">hyperloop</a> high-speed <a href="/wiki/Vactrain">vactrain</a> transportation system. In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk">his acquisition of Twitter</a> for $44 billion was completed. 
</p><p>Musk has <a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk">expressed views</a> that have made him a polarizing figure. He has been criticized for making unscientific and misleading statements, including spreading <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a>, and has been accused of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>. In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> (SEC) sued Musk for falsely tweeting that he had secured funding for a private takeover of Tesla. Musk stepped down as chairman of Tesla and paid a $20 million fine as part of a settlement agreement with the SEC.
</p>
<h2>Early life</h2>
<h3>Childhood and family</h3>
<p>Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, one of South Africa's capital cities.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Eligon-2022-9">[8]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></sup> Musk has British and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> ancestry.<sup><a href="#cite_note-sjmn20140411-11">[10]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup> His mother is <a href="/wiki/Maye_Musk">Maye Musk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names">née</a> Haldeman), a model and dietitian born in <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, Canada, and raised in South Africa.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Biog-13">[12]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Usborne-2018-15">[14]</a></sup> His father, <a href="/wiki/Errol_Musk">Errol Musk</a>, is a South African electromechanical engineer, pilot, sailor, consultant, and property developer, who partly owned a Zambian <a href="/wiki/Emerald">emerald</a> mine near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Smith-19">[18]</a></sup> Musk has a younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Kimbal_Musk">Kimbal</a>, and a younger sister, <a href="/wiki/Tosca_Musk">Tosca</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Usborne-2018-15">[14]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>Musk's family was wealthy during his youth.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Smith-19">[18]</a></sup> His father was elected to the Pretoria City Council as a representative of the anti-apartheid <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Africa)">Progressive Party</a> and has said that his children shared their father's dislike of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid">apartheid</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Eligon-2022-9">[8]</a></sup> His maternal grandfather, Joshua Haldeman, was an adventurous American-born Canadian who took his family on record-breaking journeys to Africa and Australia in a single-engine <a href="/wiki/Bellanca">Bellanca</a> airplane.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Hull-2014-21">[20]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup> After his parents divorced in 1980, Musk chose to mostly live with his father.<sup><a href="#cite_note-sjmn20140411-11">[10]</a></sup> Musk regretted his decision and has become estranged from his father.<sup><a href="#cite_note-rollingstone20171115-24">[23]</a></sup> He has a paternal half-sister and a half-brother.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Hull-2014-21">[20]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>Maye Musk has said of her son that he "was shy and awkward at school" and "didn't have many friends".<sup><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup> At age ten, he developed an interest in computing and video games, teaching himself how to program from the <a href="/wiki/VIC-20">VIC-20</a> user manual.<sup><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup> At age twelve, he sold his <a href="/wiki/BASIC">BASIC</a>-based game <i>Blastar</i> to <i>PC and Office Technology</i> magazine for approximately $500.<sup><a href="#cite_note-play-28">[27]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Education</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:PBHS-facade.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>Musk attended <a href="/wiki/Waterkloof_House_Preparatory_School">Waterkloof House Preparatory School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryanston_High_School">Bryanston High School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Boys_High_School">Pretoria Boys High School</a>, from which he graduated.<sup><a href="#cite_note-slate20191204-30">[29]</a></sup> Musk applied for a Canadian passport <a href="/wiki/Jus_sanguinis">through</a> his Canadian-born mother,<sup><a href="#cite_note-arrived-31">[30]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup> knowing that it would be easier to immigrate to the United States this way.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Esquire-33">[32]</a></sup> While waiting for his application to be processed, he attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria">University of Pretoria</a> for five months.<sup><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>Musk arrived in Canada in June 1989 and lived with a second cousin in Saskatchewan for a year,<sup><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup> working odd jobs at a farm and lumber mill.<sup><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup> In 1990, he entered <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston">Queen's University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></sup> Two years later, he transferred to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> (UPenn), where he completed studies for a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in physics and a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science">Bachelor of Science</a> degree in economics from the <a href="/wiki/Wharton_School">Wharton School</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></sup> Although Musk claims he earned the degrees in 1995, UPenn maintains it awarded them in 1997.<sup><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a></sup> He reportedly hosted large, ticketed house parties to help pay for tuition, and wrote a business plan for an electronic book-scanning service similar to <a href="/wiki/Google_Books">Google Books</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-ironman-44">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1994, Musk held two internships in <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley">Silicon Valley</a>: one at the energy storage startup Pinnacle Research Institute, which investigated electrolytic <a href="/wiki/Ultracapacitors">ultracapacitors</a> for energy storage, and another at the <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto">Palo Alto</a>–based startup <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Science_Games">Rocket Science Games</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></sup> In 1995, he was accepted to a PhD program in <a href="/wiki/Materials_science">materials science</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University">Stanford University</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></sup> However, Musk decided to join the <a href="/wiki/Internet_boom">Internet boom</a>, instead dropping out two days after being accepted and applied for a job at <a href="/wiki/Netscape">Netscape</a>, to which he reportedly never received a response.<sup><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-arrived-31">[30]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Business career</h2>
<h3>Zip2</h3>
<p>Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zip2">Zip2</a></p>
<table><tbody><tr><th>External video</th></tr><tr><td> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7Qh-vwpYH8">Musk speaks of his early business experience during a 2014 commencement speech at USC</a> on YouTube</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>In 1995, Musk, his brother Kimbal, and Greg Kouri founded <a href="/wiki/Zip2">Zip2</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></sup> Errol Musk provided them with $28,000 in funding.<sup><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a></sup> The company developed an Internet <a href="/wiki/City_guide">city guide</a> with maps, directions, and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_pages">yellow pages</a>, and marketed it to newspapers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a></sup> They worked at a small rented office in <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto">Palo Alto</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-shower-54">[53]</a></sup> Musk coding the website every night.<sup><a href="#cite_note-shower-54">[53]</a></sup> Eventually, Zip2 obtained contracts with <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-ironman-44">[43]</a></sup> The brothers persuaded the board of directors to abandon a merger with <a href="/wiki/CitySearch">CitySearch</a>;<sup><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a></sup> however, Musk's attempts to become CEO were thwarted.<sup><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Compaq">Compaq</a> acquired Zip2 for $307 million in cash in February 1999,<sup><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></sup> and Musk received $22 million for his 7-percent share.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Vance109-59">[58]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>X.com and PayPal</h3>
<p>Later in 1999, Musk co-founded <a href="/wiki/X.com">X.com</a>, an online financial services and e-mail payment company.<sup><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></sup> X.com was one of the first <a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation">federally insured</a> online banks, and over 200,000 customers joined in its initial months of operation.<sup><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></sup> Even though Musk founded the company, investors regarded him as inexperienced and replaced him with <a href="/wiki/Intuit">Intuit</a> CEO Bill Harris by the end of the year.<sup><a href="#cite_note-vance86-62">[61]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2000, X.com merged with online bank <a href="/wiki/Confinity">Confinity</a> to avoid competition,<sup><a href="#cite_note-shower-54">[53]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-vance86-62">[61]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></sup> as Confinity's money-transfer service <a href="/wiki/PayPal#History">PayPal</a> was more popular than X.com's service.<sup><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a></sup> Musk then returned as CEO of the merged company. His preference for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft">Microsoft</a> over <a href="/wiki/Unix">Unix</a>-based software caused a rift among the company's employees, and led <a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel">Peter Thiel</a>, Confinity's founder, to resign.<sup><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></sup> With the company suffering from compounding technological issues and the lack of a cohesive business model, the board ousted Musk and replaced him with Thiel in September 2000.<sup><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-69">[b]</a></sup> Under Thiel, the company focused on the money-transfer service and was renamed PayPal in 2001.<sup><a href="#cite_note-vance89-68">[67]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2002, PayPal was acquired by <a href="/wiki/EBay">eBay</a> for $1.5 billion in stock, of which Musk—the largest shareholder with 11.72% of shares—received $175.8 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a></sup> In 2017, more than 15 years later, Musk purchased the X.com domain from PayPal for its sentimental value.<sup><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a></sup> In 2022, Musk discussed a goal of creating "X, the everything app".<sup><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>SpaceX</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Bolden_congratulates_SpaceX_CEO_and_Chief_Designer_Elon_Musk_in_front_of_the_historic_Dragon_capsule.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>In early 2001, Musk became involved with the nonprofit <a href="/wiki/Mars_Society">Mars Society</a> and discussed funding plans to place a <a href="/wiki/Space_farming">growth-chamber for plants</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mars">Mars</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a></sup> In October of the same year, he traveled to Moscow with <a href="/wiki/Jim_Cantrell">Jim Cantrell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adeo_Ressi">Adeo Ressi</a> to buy refurbished <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missiles">intercontinental ballistic missiles</a> (ICBMs) that could send the greenhouse payloads into space. He met with the companies <a href="/wiki/NPO_Lavochkin">NPO Lavochkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosmotras">Kosmotras</a>; however, Musk was seen as a novice<sup><a href="#cite_note-Vance-2015-77">[75]</a></sup> and the group returned to the United States empty-handed. In February 2002, the group returned to Russia with <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Griffin">Mike Griffin</a> (president of <a href="/wiki/In-Q-Tel">In-Q-Tel</a>) to look for three ICBMs. They had another meeting with Kosmotras and were offered one rocket for $8 million, which Musk rejected. He instead decided to start a company that could build affordable rockets.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Vance-2015-77">[75]</a></sup> With $100 million of his own money,<sup><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a></sup> Musk founded SpaceX in May 2002 and became the company's CEO and Chief Engineer.<sup><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a></sup>
</p><p>SpaceX attempted its first launch of the <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1">Falcon 1</a> rocket in 2006.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2021178–182-81">[79]</a></sup> Though the rocket failed to reach <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit">Earth orbit</a>, it was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a> program contract from <a href="/wiki/NASA">NASA</a> Administrator (and former SpaceX consultant<sup><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a></sup>) Mike Griffin later that year.<sup><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a></sup> After two more failed attempts that nearly caused Musk and his companies to go bankrupt,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2021178–182-81">[79]</a></sup> SpaceX succeeded in launching the Falcon 1 into orbit in 2008.<sup><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a></sup> Later that year, SpaceX received a $1.6 billion <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services">Commercial Resupply Services</a> contract from NASA for 12 flights of its <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9">Falcon 9</a> rocket and <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon">Dragon spacecraft</a> to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station">International Space Station</a>, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> after its 2011 <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_retirement">retirement</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a></sup> In 2012, the Dragon vehicle docked <a href="/wiki/Dragon_C2%2B">with the ISS</a>, a first for a commercial spacecraft.<sup><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a></sup>
</p>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_overlooking_the_remains_of_F9R_(36411051713).jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>Working towards its goal of <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_reusable_launch_system_development_program">reusable rockets</a>, in 2015 SpaceX successfully landed the first stage of a Falcon 9 on an inland platform.<sup><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a></sup> Later landings were achieved on <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship">autonomous spaceport drone ships</a>, an ocean-based recovery platform.<sup><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a></sup> In 2018, SpaceX launched the <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy_Test_Flight">inaugural mission</a> carried Musk's personal <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Tesla_Roadster">Tesla Roadster</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Boilerplate_(spaceflight)">dummy payload</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a></sup> Since 2019,<sup><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a></sup> SpaceX has been developing <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship">Starship</a>, a fully-<a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle">reusable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super-heavy-lift_launch_vehicle">super-heavy-lift launch vehicle</a> intended to replace the Falcon 9 and the Falcon Heavy.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Roulette-2022-93">[91]</a></sup> In 2020, SpaceX launched its first crewed flight, the <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2">Demo-2</a>, becoming the first private company to place astronauts into orbit and dock a crewed spacecraft with the ISS.<sup><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Starlink</h4>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Starlink_Mission_(47926144123).jpg"></a></p><div><p>50 Starlink satellites shortly before deployment to low Earth orbit, 2019</p></div></div>
<p>In 2015, SpaceX began development of the <a href="/wiki/Starlink">Starlink</a> constellation of low-Earth-orbit satellites to provide <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access">satellite Internet access</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a></sup> with the first two prototype satellites launched in February 2018. A second set of test satellites, and the first large deployment of a piece of the constellation, occurred in May 2019, when the first 60 operational satellites were launched.<sup><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20190601-96">[94]</a></sup> The total cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation is estimated by SpaceX to be about $10 billion.<sup><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-100">[c]</a></sup> Some critics, including the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union">International Astronomical Union</a>, have alleged that Starlink <a href="/wiki/Satellite_flare">blocks the view of the sky</a> and poses a collision threat to spacecraft.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Griffin_2021-101">[98]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2021-102">[99]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Musk sent Starlink terminals to Ukraine to <a href="/wiki/Starlink_satellite_services_in_Ukraine">provide Internet access and communication</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a></sup> However, Musk refused to block <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia">Russian state media</a> on Starlink, declaring himself "a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech">free speech</a> absolutist".<sup><a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a></sup> In October 2022, Musk stated that about 20,000 satellite terminals had been donated to Ukraine, together with free data transfer subscriptions, which cost SpaceX $80 million. After asking the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> to pay for further units and future subscriptions on behalf of Ukraine,<sup><a href="#cite_note-ua22-107">[104]</a></sup> Musk publicly stated that SpaceX would continue to provide Starlink to Ukraine for free, at a yearly cost to itself of $400 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Tesla</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Elon_Musk,_Tesla_Factory,_Fremont_(CA,_USA)_(8765031426).jpg"></a></p></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a>—originally Tesla Motors—was incorporated in 2003 by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Eberhard">Martin Eberhard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Tarpenning">Marc Tarpenning</a>, who financed the company until the <a href="/wiki/Series_A_round">Series A round</a> of funding. Both men played active roles in the company's early development prior to Musk's involvement.<sup><a href="#cite_note-timelinefacts-111">[108]</a></sup> Musk led the Series A round of investment in February 2004; he invested $6.5 million, became the majority shareholder, and joined Tesla's board of directors as chairman.<sup><a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a></sup> Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_(2008)">Roadster</a> product design but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations.<sup><a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a></sup>
</p><p>Following a series of escalating conflicts in 2007, and the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>, Eberhard was ousted from the firm.<sup><a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a></sup><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources">page needed</a></i>]</sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a></sup> Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect in 2008.<sup><a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a></sup> A 2009 lawsuit settlement with Eberhard designated Musk as a Tesla co-founder, along with Tarpenning and two others.<sup><a href="#cite_note-CNET-117">[114]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FastCompany-118">[115]</a></sup> As of 2019, Musk was the longest-tenured CEO of any automotive manufacturer globally.<sup><a href="#cite_note-auto6-119">[116]</a></sup> In 2021, Musk nominally changed his title to "Technoking" while retaining his position as CEO.<sup><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a></sup>
</p>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_at_the_Tesla_Annual_Shareholder_Meeting_today_(14155033430).jpg"></a></p><div><p>Musk before a <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_X">Model X</a> at the 2014 Tesla Inc. annual shareholder meeting</p></div></div>
<p>Tesla first built an electric sports car, the Roadster, in 2008. With sales of about 2,500 vehicles, it was the first <a href="/wiki/Serial_production">serial production</a> all-electric car to use <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery">lithium-ion battery</a> cells.<sup><a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a></sup> Tesla began delivery of its four-door <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_S">Model S</a> sedan in 2012.<sup><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a></sup> A cross-over, the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_X">Model X</a> was launched in 2015.<sup><a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a></sup> A mass-market sedan, the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3">Model 3</a>, was released in 2017.<sup><a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a></sup> The Model 3 is the all-time bestselling plug-in electric car worldwide, and in June 2021 it became the first electric car to sell 1 million units globally.<sup><a href="#cite_note-1miModel3-125">[122]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Model3TopEV-126">[123]</a></sup> A fifth vehicle, the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y">Model Y</a> crossover, was launched in 2020.<sup><a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Cybertruck">Cybertruck</a>, an all-electric pickup truck, was unveiled in 2019.<sup><a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a></sup> Under Musk, Tesla has also constructed multiple lithium-ion battery and electric vehicle factories, named <a href="/wiki/Gigafactory">Gigafactories</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since its <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering">initial public offering</a> in 2010,<sup><a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a></sup> Tesla stock has risen significantly; it became the most valuable carmaker in summer 2020,<sup><a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a></sup> and it entered the <a href="/wiki/S%26P_500">S&amp;P 500</a> later that year.<sup><a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a></sup> In October 2021, it reached a market capitalization of $1 trillion, the sixth company in U.S. history to do so.<sup><a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a></sup> In November 2021, Musk proposed, on <a href="/wiki/Twitter">Twitter</a>, to sell 10% of his Tesla stock, since "much is made lately of unrealized gains being a means of tax avoidance".<sup><a href="#cite_note-Haselton-2021-136">[133]</a></sup> After more than 3.5 million Twitter accounts supported the sale, Musk sold $6.9 billion of Tesla stock within a week,<sup><a href="#cite_note-Haselton-2021-136">[133]</a></sup> and a total of $16.4 billion by year end, reaching the 10% target.<sup><a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a></sup> In February 2022, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> reported that both Elon and Kimbal Musk were under investigation by the SEC for possible insider trading related to the sale.<sup><a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a></sup> In 2022, Musk unveiled a robot developed by Tesla, <a href="/wiki/Optimus_(robot)">Optimus</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>SEC and shareholder lawsuits regarding tweets</h4>
<p>In 2018, Musk was <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Lawsuits_and_controversies">sued</a> by the SEC for a <a href="/wiki/Tweeted">tweet</a> claiming that funding had been secured for potentially taking Tesla private.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein_27-9-18-140">[137]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-144">[d]</a></sup> The lawsuit characterized the tweet as false, misleading, and damaging to investors, and sought to bar Musk from serving as CEO of <a href="/wiki/Public_company">publicly traded companies</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein_27-9-18-140">[137]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-OkaneLopatto18-146">[142]</a></sup> Two days later, Musk settled with the SEC, without admitting or denying the SEC's allegations. As a result, Musk and Tesla were fined $20 million each, and Musk was forced to step down for three years as Tesla chairman but was able to remain as CEO.<sup><a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a></sup> Musk has stated in interviews that he does not regret posting the tweet that triggered the SEC investigation.<sup><a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a></sup> In April 2022, the shareholder who sued Musk over the tweet, along with several Tesla shareholders, said that a federal judge had ruled that the tweet was false, although the ruling in question has not been unsealed.<sup><a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a></sup> In February 2023, the jury found Musk and Tesla not liable.<sup><a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2019, Musk stated in a tweet that Tesla would build half a million cars that year.<sup><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a></sup> The SEC reacted to Musk's tweet by filing in court, asking the court to hold him in contempt for violating the terms of a settlement agreement with such a tweet; the accusation was disputed by Musk. This was eventually settled by a joint agreement between Musk and the SEC clarifying the previous agreement details.<sup><a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a></sup> The agreement included a list of topics that Musk would need preclearance before tweeting about.<sup><a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a></sup> In 2020, a judge prevented a lawsuit from proceeding that claimed a tweet by Musk regarding Tesla stock price ("too high <a href="/wiki/IMO_(in_my_opinion)">imo</a>") violated the agreement.<sup><a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)">FOIA</a>-released records showed that the SEC itself concluded Musk has subsequently violated the agreement twice by tweeting regarding "Tesla's solar roof production volumes and its stock price".<sup><a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>SolarCity and Tesla Energy</h4>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_2009_SolarCity_Dodge_Sprinters.JPG"></a></p><div><p>SolarCity solar-panel installation vans in 2009</p></div></div>
<p>Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for <a href="/wiki/SolarCity">SolarCity</a>, which his cousins <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Rive">Lyndon</a> and Peter Rive founded in 2006.<sup><a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a></sup> By 2013, SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States.<sup><a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a></sup> In 2014, Musk promoted the idea of SolarCity building an advanced production facility in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York">Buffalo</a>, New York, triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States.<sup><a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a></sup> Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_2">factory</a> started in 2014 and was completed in 2017. It operated as a joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Panasonic">Panasonic</a> until early 2020.<sup><a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla acquired SolarCity for over $2 billion in 2016 and merged it with its battery unit to create <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Energy">Tesla Energy</a>. The deal's announcement resulted in a more than 10% drop in Tesla's stock price. At the time, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues.<sup><a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a></sup> Multiple shareholder groups filed a lawsuit against Musk and Tesla's directors, claiming that the purchase of SolarCity was done solely to benefit Musk and came at the expense of Tesla and its shareholders.<sup><a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a></sup> Tesla directors settled the lawsuit in January 2020, leaving Musk the sole remaining defendant.<sup><a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a></sup> Two years later, the court ruled in Musk's favor.<sup><a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Neuralink</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_and_the_Neuralink_Future.jpg"></a></p><div><p>Musk discussing a Neuralink device during a live demonstration in 2020</p></div></div>
<p>In 2016, Musk co-founded <a href="/wiki/Neuralink">Neuralink</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neurotechnology">neurotechnology</a> startup company, with an investment of $100 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-sew-169">[165]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-neuraverge-170">[166]</a></sup> Neuralink aims to integrate the human brain with <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> (AI) by creating devices that are embedded in the brain to facilitate its merging with machines. Such technology could enhance memory or allow the devices to communicate with software.<sup><a href="#cite_note-neuraverge-170">[166]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a></sup> The company also hopes to develop devices with which to treat neurological conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dementia">dementia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord_injuries">spinal cord injuries</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-pig-172">[168]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2019, Musk announced work on a device akin to a <a href="/wiki/Sewing_machine">sewing machine</a> that could embed threads into a human brain.<sup><a href="#cite_note-sew-169">[165]</a></sup> Musk is listed as the sole author of an October 2019 paper that details some of Neuralink's research,<sup><a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a></sup> although Musk's being listed as such rankled the Neuralink team's researchers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a></sup> At a 2020 live demonstration, Musk described one of their early devices as "a <a href="/wiki/Fitbit">Fitbit</a> in your skull" that could soon cure paralysis, deafness, blindness, and other disabilities. Many neuroscientists and publications criticized these claims,<sup><a href="#cite_note-mit-175">[171]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a></sup> with <i><a href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review">MIT Technology Review</a></i> describing them as "highly speculative" and "neuroscience theater".<sup><a href="#cite_note-mit-175">[171]</a></sup> During the demonstration, Musk revealed a pig with a Neuralink implant that tracked neural activity related to smell.<sup><a href="#cite_note-pig-172">[168]</a></sup> In 2022, Neuralink announced that clinical trials would begin by the end of the year.<sup><a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a></sup> 
</p><p>Neuralink has conducted further <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing">animal testing</a> on <a href="/wiki/Macaque">macaque monkeys</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis">University of California, Davis</a>' <a href="/wiki/California_National_Primate_Research_Center">Primate Research Center</a>. In 2021, the company released a video in which a Macaque played the video game <a href="/wiki/Pong">Pong</a> via a Neuralink implant. The company's animal trials—which have caused the deaths of some monkeys—have led to claims of <a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty">animal cruelty</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Physicians_Committee_for_Responsible_Medicine">Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine</a> has alleged that Neuralink's animal trials have violated the <a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_of_1966">Animal Welfare Act</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a></sup> Employees have complained that pressure from Musk to accelerate development has led to botched experiments and unnecessary animal deaths. In 2022, a federal probe was launched into possible animal welfare violations by Neuralink.<sup><a href="#cite_note-botched_monkeys-180">[176]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>The Boring Company</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_Accelerates_the_Boring_(45716125474).jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>In 2017, Musk founded the Boring Company to construct tunnels and revealed plans for specialized, underground, high-occupancy vehicles that could travel up to 150 miles per hour (240 km/h) and thus circumvent above-ground traffic in major cities.<sup><a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-cnndogecoin-182">[178]</a></sup> Early in 2017, the company began discussions with <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_agency">regulatory bodies</a> and initiated construction of a 30-foot (9.1 m) wide, 50-foot (15 m) long, and 15-foot (4.6 m) deep "test trench" on the premises of SpaceX's offices, as that required no permits.<sup><a href="#cite_note-boring-183">[179]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Boring_Test_Tunnel">Los Angeles tunnel</a>, less than two miles (3.2 km) in length, debuted to journalists in 2018. It used Tesla Model X's and was reported to be a rough ride while traveling at suboptimal speeds.<sup><a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a></sup>
</p><p>Two tunnel projects announced in 2018, in Chicago and West Los Angeles, have been canceled.<sup><a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a></sup> However, a tunnel beneath the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Convention_Center">Las Vegas Convention Center</a> was completed in early 2021.<sup><a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a></sup> Local officials have approved further expansions of the tunnel system.<sup><a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a></sup> In 2021, tunnel construction was approved for <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale">Fort Lauderdale</a>, Florida.<sup><a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Twitter</h3>
<p>Musk expressed interest in buying Twitter as early as 2017,<sup><a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a></sup> and had previously questioned the platform's commitment to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech">freedom of speech</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a></sup> In January 2022, Musk started purchasing Twitter shares, reaching a 9.2% stake by April,<sup><a href="#cite_note-elder-194">[190]</a></sup> making him the largest shareholder.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg4.14.22-195">[191]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-197">[e]</a></sup> When this was publicly disclosed, Twitter shares experienced the largest intraday price surge since the company's 2013 IPO.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Imbert-2022-198">[193]</a></sup> On April 4, Musk agreed to a deal that would appoint him to Twitter's board of directors and prohibit him from acquiring more than 14.9% of the company.<sup><a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a></sup> However, on April 13, Musk made a $43 billion offer to buy Twitter, launching a takeover bid to buy 100% of Twitter's stock at $54.20 per share.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg4.14.22-195">[191]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a></sup> In response, Twitter's board adopted a "poison pill" <a href="/wiki/Shareholder_rights_plan">shareholder rights plan</a> to make it more expensive for any single investor to own more than 15% of the company without board approval.<sup><a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a></sup> Nevertheless, by the end of the month Musk had successfully concluded his bid for approximately $44 billion.<sup><a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a></sup> This included about $12.5 billion in loans against his Tesla stock and $21 billion in equity financing.<sup><a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla's stock market value sank by over $100 billion the next day in reaction to the deal, causing Musk to lose around $30 billion of his net worth.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Tesla's_value_dropped_Tuesday-206">[201]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a></sup> He subsequently tweeted criticism of Twitter executive <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Gadde">Vijaya Gadde</a>'s policies to his 86 million followers, which led to some of them engaging in sexist and racist harassment against her.<sup><a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a></sup> Exactly a month after announcing the takeover, Musk stated that the deal was "on hold" following a report that 5% of Twitter's daily active users were spam accounts,<sup><a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a></sup> causing Twitter shares to drop more than 10 percent.<sup><a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a></sup> Although he initially affirmed his commitment to the acquisition,<sup><a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a></sup> he sent notification of his termination of the deal in July; Twitter's Board of Directors responded that they were committed to holding him to the transaction.<sup><a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a></sup> On July 12, 2022, Twitter formally sued Musk in the <a href="/wiki/Chancery_Court_of_Delaware">Chancery Court of Delaware</a> for breaching a legally binding agreement to purchase Twitter.<sup><a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a></sup> In October 2022, Musk reversed again, offering to purchase Twitter at $54.20 per share.<sup><a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a></sup> The acquisition was officially completed on October 27.<sup><a href="#cite_note-deal_closed-215">[210]</a></sup>
</p><p>Immediately after the acquisition, Musk fired top Twitter executives like CEO <a href="/wiki/Parag_Agrawal">Parag Agrawal</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-deal_closed-215">[210]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a></sup> whom he replaced.<sup><a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a></sup> He instituted a $7.99 monthly subscription for a "<a href="/wiki/Twitter_verification">blue check</a>",<sup><a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a></sup> and laid off a significant portion of the company's staff.<sup><a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a></sup> Musk lessened content moderation,<sup><a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a></sup> and in December, Musk released <a href="/wiki/Twitter_Files">internal documents</a> relating to Twitter's moderation of <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Biden_laptop_controversy">Hunter Biden's laptop</a> in the leadup to the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election">2020 presidential election</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a> noted that Twitter has verified numerous extremists.<sup><a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a></sup> A study of millions of tweets following the acquisition indicated that hate speech on the platform has become "more visible" under Musk's leadership.<sup><a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a></sup>
</p><p>Within the first weeks of ownership, Musk made a series of short-lived decisions and changes that he quickly reversed, including introducing a paid blue checkmark,<sup><a href="#cite_note-Yahoo_checkmark-227">[222]</a></sup> creating an "official" label<sup><a href="#cite_note-StreetInsider.com_2022-228">[223]</a></sup> and forbidding linking to one's profiles on other social media platforms.<sup><a href="#cite_note-DeGeurin_2022-229">[224]</a></sup> Under Musk's management, Twitter experienced several large scale outages.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_2023-230">[225]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Newton_2023-231">[226]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2022, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post">The Washington Post</a></i> reported that Musk privately claimed supposed censorship on the platform, including the banning of accounts such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee">The Babylon Bee</a></i>, had prompted him to begin the acquisition. Following the acquisition, he made reinstatement of accounts like the <i>Bee</i> an immediate priority.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Wapo-232">[227]</a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post">New York Post</a></i> revealed that Musk's ex-wife Talulah Riley had encouraged Musk to purchase Twitter, specifically citing the <i>Bee</i>'s ban.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Riley-233">[228]</a></sup>
</p><p>On December 18, Musk posted a poll to his Twitter account asking users to decide whether he should step down as the head of Twitter, with 57.5% out of the more than 17.5 million votes supporting that decision.<sup><a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a></sup> Musk then announced that he would resign as CEO "as soon as I find someone foolish enough to take the job".<sup><a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 12 May 2023, Musk announced that he would be stepping down from the CEO position and instead moving to "exec chair &amp; CTO, overseeing product, software &amp; sysops." He also announced the introduction of a new CEO, former <a href="/wiki/NBCUniversal">NBCUniversal</a> executive <a href="/wiki/Linda_Yaccarino">Linda Yaccarino</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Leadership style</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Bolden_and_Musk_thanked_the_more_than_150_SpaceX_employees.jpg"></a></p><div><p>Musk giving a speech to SpaceX employees in 2012</p></div></div>
<p>Musk is often described as a <a href="/wiki/Micromanager">micromanager</a> and has called himself a "nano-manager".<sup><a href="#cite_note-cnbc_manage-238">[233]</a></sup> <i>The New York Times</i> has characterized his approach as <a href="/wiki/Autocracy">absolutist</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-wingsit-239">[234]</a></sup> Musk does not make formal <a href="/wiki/Business_plan">business plans</a>;<sup><a href="#cite_note-wingsit-239">[234]</a></sup> instead, he says he prefers to approach engineering problems<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"><i>non sequitur</i></a></i>]</sup> with an "<a href="/wiki/Iterative_design">iterative design</a> methodology" and "tolerance for failures".<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger202124–25-240">[235]</a></sup> He has forced employees to adopt the company's own jargon and launched ambitious, risky, and costly projects against his advisors' recommendations, such as removing front-facing radar from <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot">Tesla Autopilot</a>. His insistence on <a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration">vertical integration</a> causes his companies to move most production in-house. While this resulted in saved costs for SpaceX's rocket,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger202115-241">[236]</a></sup> vertical integration has caused many usability problems for Tesla's software.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cnbc_manage-238">[233]</a></sup>
</p><p>Musk's handling of employees—whom he communicates with directly through mass emails—has been characterized as "<a href="/wiki/Carrot_and_stick">carrot and stick</a>", rewarding those "who offer constructive criticism" while also being known to impulsively threaten, swear at, and fire his employees.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger202125-242">[237]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-wired_life_inside-244">[239]</a></sup> Musk said he expects his employees to work for long hours, sometimes for 80 hours per week.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger202118-245">[240]</a></sup> He has his new employees sign strict <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement">non-disclosure agreements</a> and often fires in sprees,<sup><a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-spree-247">[242]</a></sup> such as during the Model 3 "production hell" in 2018.<sup><a href="#cite_note-spree-247">[242]</a></sup> In 2022, Musk revealed plans to fire 10 percent of Tesla's workforce, due to his concerns about the economy.<sup><a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a></sup> That same month, he suspended <a href="/wiki/Remote_work">remote work</a> at SpaceX and Tesla and threatened to fire employees who do not work 40 hours per week in the office.<sup><a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a></sup>
</p><p>Musk's leadership has been praised by some, who credit it with the success of Tesla and his other endeavors,<sup><a href="#cite_note-cnbc_manage-238">[233]</a></sup> and criticized by others, who see him as callous and his managerial decisions as "show[ing] a lack of human understanding."<sup><a href="#cite_note-wired_life_inside-244">[239]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a></sup> The 2021 book <i><a href="/wiki/Power_Play_(book)">Power Play</a></i> contains anecdotes of Musk berating employees.<sup><a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a></sup> <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> reported that, after Musk insisted on branding his vehicles as "self-driving", he faced criticism from his engineers for putting customer "lives at risk", with some employees resigning in consequence.<sup><a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Other activities</h2>
<h3>Musk Foundation</h3>
<p>Musk is the president of the Musk Foundation,<sup><a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a></sup> whose stated purpose is to provide solar-power energy systems in disaster areas; support research, development, and advocacy (for interests including human space exploration, pediatrics, renewable energy and "safe artificial intelligence"); and support science and engineering educational efforts.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Harris-2019-254">[249]</a></sup> From 2002 to 2018, the foundation gave $25 million directly to non-profit organizations, nearly half of which went to Musk's OpenAI,<sup><a href="#cite_note-vox-255">[250]</a></sup> which was then non-profit.<sup><a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since 2002, the foundation has made over 350 donations. Around half were to scientific research or education nonprofits. Notable beneficiaries include the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>, his alma mater the University of Pennsylvania, and his brother Kimbal's <a href="/wiki/Big_Green_(non-profit_company)">Big Green</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-charity-257">[252]</a></sup> In 2012, Musk took the <a href="/wiki/The_Giving_Pledge">Giving Pledge</a>, thereby committing to give the majority of <a href="#Wealth">his wealth</a> to charitable causes either during his lifetime or in his will.<sup><a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a></sup> He has endowed prizes at the <a href="/wiki/X_Prize_Foundation">X Prize Foundation</a>, including $100 million to reward improved <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration">carbon capture</a> technology.<sup><a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a></sup>
</p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)">Vox</a></i> said "the Musk Foundation is almost entertaining in its simplicity and yet is strikingly opaque", noting that its website was only 33 words in plain-text.<sup><a href="#cite_note-vox-255">[250]</a></sup> The foundation has been criticized for the relatively small amount of wealth donated.<sup><a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a></sup> In 2020, <i>Forbes</i> gave Musk a philanthropy score of 1, because he had given away less than 1% of his net worth.<sup><a href="#cite_note-charity-257">[252]</a></sup> In November 2021, Musk donated $5.7 billion of Tesla's shares to charity, according to regulatory filings;<sup><a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a></sup> however, Bloomberg News noted that all of it went to his own foundation, bringing Musk Foundation's assets up to $9.4 billion at the end of 2021. The foundation disbursed $160 million to non-profits that year.<sup><a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Hyperloop</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Hyperloop_pod_competition_tube.jpg"></a></p><div><p>A tube part of the 2017 Hyperloop pod competition sponsored by SpaceX</p></div></div>
<p>In 2013, Musk announced plans for a version of a <a href="/wiki/Vactrain">vactrain</a>—a vacuum tube train—and assigned a dozen engineers from SpaceX and Tesla to establish the conceptual foundations and create initial designs.<sup><a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a></sup> Later that year, Musk unveiled the concept, which he dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Hyperloop">hyperloop</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a></sup> The alpha design for the system was published in a <a href="/wiki/Whitepaper">whitepaper</a> posted to the Tesla and SpaceX blogs.<sup><a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a></sup> The document scoped out the technology and outlined a notional route where such a transport system could be built between the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles_Area">Greater Los Angeles Area</a> and the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>, at an estimated cost of $6 billion.<sup><a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a></sup> The proposal, if technologically feasible at the costs cited, would make Hyperloop travel cheaper than any other <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_transport">mode of transport</a> for such long distances.<sup><a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a></sup> 
</p><p>In 2015, Musk announced a <a href="/wiki/Incentive_prize_competition">design competition</a> for students and others to build Hyperloop pods, to operate on a SpaceX-sponsored mile-long track, for a 2015–2017 <a href="/wiki/Hyperloop_pod_competition">Hyperloop pod competition</a>. The track was used in January 2017, and Musk also announced that the company started a tunnel project, with <a href="/wiki/Hawthorne_Municipal_Airport_(California)">Hawthorne Municipal Airport</a> as its destination.<sup><a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a></sup> In July 2017, Musk claimed that he had received "verbal government approval" to build a hyperloop from New York City to Washington, D.C., with stops in both <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore">Baltimore</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a></sup> Mention of the projected DC-to-Baltimore leg was removed from the Boring Company website in 2021.<sup><a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a></sup> The tunnel project to Hawthorne was discontinued in 2022 and is cited to be converted into parking spots for SpaceX workers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a></sup>
</p><p>Biographer <a href="/wiki/Ashlee_Vance">Ashlee Vance</a> has noted that Musk hoped Hyperloop would "make the public and legislators rethink the high-speed train" proposal current in California at the time and consider more "creative" ideas.<sup><a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>OpenAI</h3>
<p>In 2015, Musk co-founded <a href="/wiki/OpenAI">OpenAI</a>, a not-for-profit <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> (AI) research company aiming to develop <a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence">artificial general intelligence</a> intended to be safe and beneficial to humanity.<sup><a href="#cite_note-NYT_AI-273">[268]</a></sup> A particular focus of the company is to democratize artificial <a href="/wiki/Superintelligence">superintelligence</a> systems, against governments and corporations.<sup><a href="#cite_note-rollingstone20171115-24">[23]</a></sup> In 2018, Musk left the OpenAI board to avoid possible future conflicts with his role as CEO of Tesla as the latter company increasingly became involved in AI through <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot">Tesla Autopilot</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a></sup> Since then, OpenAI has made significant advances in machine learning, producing <a href="/wiki/Neural_network">neural networks</a> such as <a href="/wiki/GPT-3">GPT-3</a> (producing human-like text),<sup><a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/DALL-E">DALL-E</a> (generating digital images from natural language descriptions).<sup><a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Tham Luang cave rescue and defamation case</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Rescue_equipment_in_Tham_Luang_entrance_chamber_(cropped).jpg"></a></p><div><p>During the Tham Luang cave rescue (pictured), Musk had proposed a mini-submarine to evacuate the children, which was rejected.</p></div></div>
<p>In July 2018, Musk arranged for his employees to build a mini-submarine to assist <a href="/wiki/Tham_Luang_cave_rescue">the rescue</a> of children trapped in a flooded cavern in Thailand.<sup><a href="#cite_note-ArsTechSubmarine-277">[272]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rick_Stanton">Richard Stanton</a>, leader of the international rescue diving team, urged Musk to facilitate the construction of the vehicle as a back-up, in case flooding worsened.<sup><a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a></sup> Engineers at SpaceX and the Boring Company built the mini-submarine from a Falcon 9 liquid oxygen transfer tube in eight hours and personally delivered it to Thailand.<sup><a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-auto5-280">[275]</a></sup> By this time, however, eight of the 12 children, had already been rescued, the rescuers employing full face masks, oxygen, and anesthesia; consequently, Thai authorities declined to use the submarine.<sup><a href="#cite_note-ArsTechSubmarine-277">[272]</a></sup> In March 2019, Musk was later one of the 187 people who received various honors conferred by the <a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn">King of Thailand</a> for involvement in the rescue effort.<sup><a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a></sup>
</p><p>Soon after the rescue, Vernon Unsworth, a British recreational caver who had been exploring the cave for the previous six years and played a key advisory role in the operation, criticized the submarine on <a href="/wiki/CNN">CNN</a> as amounting to nothing more than a public relations effort with no chance of success, maintaining that Musk "had no conception of what the cave passage was like" and "can stick his submarine where it hurts". Musk asserted on Twitter that the device would have worked and referred to Unsworth as a "pedo guy".<sup><a href="#cite_note-Levin18-282">[277]</a></sup> He deleted the tweets,<sup><a href="#cite_note-Levin18-282">[277]</a></sup> and apologized,<sup><a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a></sup> and he deleted his responses to critical tweets from <a href="/wiki/Cher_Scarlett">Cher Scarlett</a>, a software engineer, which had caused his followers to harass her.<sup><a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a></sup> In an email to <i><a href="/wiki/BuzzFeed_News">BuzzFeed News</a></i>, Musk later called Unsworth a "child rapist" and said that he had married a child.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2022-285">[280]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-286">[281]</a></sup>
</p><p>In September, Unsworth filed a defamation suit in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_California">District Court for the Central District of California</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a></sup> In his defense, Musk argued that "'pedo guy' was a common insult used in South Africa when I was growing up ... synonymous with 'creepy old man' and is used to insult a person's appearance and demeanor".<sup><a href="#cite_note-slate20191204-30">[29]</a></sup> The defamation case began in December 2019, with Unsworth seeking $190 million in damages.<sup><a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a></sup> During the trial Musk apologized to Unsworth again for the tweet. On December 6, the jury found in favor of Musk and ruled he was not liable.<sup><a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>2018 Joe Rogan podcast appearance</h3>
<p>In 2018, Musk appeared on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Joe_Rogan_Experience">The Joe Rogan Experience</a></i> podcast and discussed various topics for over two hours. During the interview, Musk sampled a puff from a cigar consisting, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan">the host</a> claimed, of tobacco laced with cannabis. Tesla stock dropped after the incident, which coincided with the confirmation of the departure of Tesla's vice president of worldwide finance earlier that day.<sup><a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)">Fortune</a></i> wondered if the cannabis use could have ramifications for SpaceX contracts with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force">United States Air Force</a>, though an Air Force spokesperson told <i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge">The Verge</a></i> that there was no investigation and that the Air Force was still determining the facts.<sup><a href="#cite_note-293">[288]</a></sup> In 2022, Musk claimed that he and other Space-X employees were subjected to random drug tests for about a year following the incident.<sup><a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a></sup> In a <i><a href="/wiki/60_Minutes">60 Minutes</a></i> interview, Musk said of the incident: "I do not smoke pot. As anybody who watched that podcast could tell, I have no idea how to smoke pot."<sup><a href="#cite_note-295">[290]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Music</h3>
<p>In 2019, Musk, through Emo G Records, released a rap track, "RIP Harambe", on <a href="/wiki/SoundCloud">SoundCloud</a>. The track, which refers to the killing of <a href="/wiki/Harambe">Harambe</a> the gorilla and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon">Internet sensationalism</a> surrounding the event, was performed by <a href="/wiki/Yung_Jake">Yung Jake</a>, written by Yung Jake and <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Polachek">Caroline Polachek</a>, and produced by <a href="/wiki/BloodPop">BloodPop</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-296">[291]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-297">[292]</a></sup> The following year, Musk released an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music">EDM</a> track, "Don't Doubt Ur Vibe", featuring his own lyrics and vocals.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Etherington-298">[293]</a></sup> While <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian">Guardian</a></i> critic <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Petridis">Alexi Petridis</a> described it as "indistinguishable... from umpteen competent but unthrilling bits of bedroom electronica posted elsewhere on Soundcloud",<sup><a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a> said it was "not a bad representation of the genre".<sup><a href="#cite_note-Etherington-298">[293]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Private jet</h3>
<p>In 2003, Musk said his favorite plane he owned was an <a href="/wiki/Aero_L-39_Albatros">L-39 Albatros</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a></sup> He uses a private jet owned by Falcon Landing LLC, a SpaceX-linked company, and acquired a second jet in August 2020.<sup><a href="#cite_note-flight-301">[296]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-302">[297]</a></sup> His heavy use of the jet—it flew over 150,000 miles in 2018—and the consequent <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels">fossil fuel</a> usage has received criticism.<sup><a href="#cite_note-flight-301">[296]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-303">[298]</a></sup> 
</p>
<h4>ElonJet account</h4>
<p>His flight usage is tracked on social media through <a href="/wiki/ElonJet">ElonJet</a>. The Twitter version of the account was blocked in December 2022, after Musk claimed that his son X AE A-XII had been harassed by a stalker after the account posted the airport at which his jet had landed.<sup><a href="#cite_note-304">[299]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-WP-305">[300]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Sky-306">[301]</a></sup> This led to Musk banning the ElonJet account on Twitter, as well as the accounts of journalists that posted stories regarding the incident, including <a href="/wiki/Donie_O%27Sullivan_(journalist)">Donie O'Sullivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Olbermann">Keith Olbermann</a>, and journalists from <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/CNN">CNN</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Intercept">The Intercept</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-2022-307">[302]</a></sup></i> Musk equated the reporting to <a href="/wiki/Doxing">doxxing</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a></sup> The police do not believe there is a link between the account and alleged stalker.<sup><a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a></sup> Musk later took a Twitter poll on whether the journalists' accounts should be reinstated, which resulted in reinstating the accounts.<sup><a href="#cite_note-310">[305]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-2022-307">[302]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Wealth</h2>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_net_worth_graph.png"></a></p><div><p>Musk's net worth from 2013 to 2022 as estimated by <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes">Forbes</a></i> magazine</p></div></div>
<p>Musk made $175.8 million when PayPal was sold to eBay in 2002.<sup><a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a></sup> He was first listed on the <a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires"><i>Forbes</i> Billionaires List</a> in 2012, with a net worth of $2 billion.<sup><a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a></sup>
</p><p>At the start of 2020, Musk had a net worth of $27 billion.<sup><a href="#cite_note-313">[308]</a></sup> By the end of the year his net worth had increased by $150 billion, mostly driven by his ownership of around 20% of Tesla stock.<sup><a href="#cite_note-tesla_stock-314">[309]</a></sup> During this period, Musk's net worth was often volatile. For example, it dropped $16.3 billion in September, the largest single-day plunge in <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Billionaires_Index">Bloomberg Billionaires Index</a>'s</i> history.<sup><a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a></sup> In November of that year, Musk passed Facebook co-founder <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> to become the third-richest person in the world; a week later he passed <a href="/wiki/Microsoft">Microsoft</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates">Bill Gates</a> to become the second-richest.<sup><a href="#cite_note-gates-316">[311]</a></sup> 
</p><p>In January 2021, Musk, with a net worth of $185 billion, surpassed <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)">Amazon</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> to become the richest person in the world.<sup><a href="#cite_note-317">[312]</a></sup> Bezos reclaimed the top spot the following month.<sup><a href="#cite_note-318">[313]</a></sup> On September 27, 2021, after Tesla stock surged, Forbes announced that Musk had a net worth of over $200 billion, and was the richest person in the world.<sup><a href="#cite_note-319">[314]</a></sup> In November 2021, Musk became the first person worth over $300 billion.<sup><a href="#cite_note-320">[315]</a></sup> 
</p><p>On December 30, 2022, it was reported that Musk had lost $200 billion from his net worth due to declining stock values in Tesla, becoming the first person in history to lose such a large sum of money.<sup><a href="#cite_note-321">[316]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-322">[317]</a></sup> In January 2023, Musk was recognised by <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records">Guinness World Records</a> for experiencing the "largest loss of personal fortune in history" with regards to his financial losses since November 2021, which Guinness quoted a Forbes estimate of $182 billion.<sup><a href="#cite_note-323">[318]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Sources of wealth</h3>
<p>Around 75% of Musk's wealth derived from Tesla stock in November 2020,<sup><a href="#cite_note-gates-316">[311]</a></sup> a proportion that fell to about 37% as of December 2022,<sup><a href="#cite_note-324">[f]</a></sup> after selling nearly $40 billion in company shares since late 2021.<sup><a href="#cite_note-325">[319]</a></sup> Musk does not receive a salary from Tesla; he agreed with the board in 2018 to a compensation plan that ties his personal earnings to Tesla's valuation and revenue.<sup><a href="#cite_note-tesla_stock-314">[309]</a></sup> The deal stipulated that Musk only receives the compensation if Tesla reaches certain market values.<sup><a href="#cite_note-payout2-326">[320]</a></sup> It was the largest such deal ever done between a CEO and a company board.<sup><a href="#cite_note-payout-327">[321]</a></sup> In the first award, given in May 2020, he was eligible to purchase 1.69 million Tesla shares (about 1% of the company) at below-market prices, which was worth about $800 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-payout-327">[321]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-payout2-326">[320]</a></sup>
</p><p>Musk paid $455 million in taxes on $1.52 billion of income between 2014 and 2018.<sup><a href="#cite_note-CNBCTax-328">[322]</a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/ProPublica">ProPublica</a>, Musk paid no federal income taxes in 2018.<sup><a href="#cite_note-329">[323]</a></sup> He claimed his 2021 tax bill was estimated at $12 billion based on his sale of $14 billion worth of Tesla stock.<sup><a href="#cite_note-CNBCTax-328">[322]</a></sup>
</p><p>Musk has repeatedly described himself as "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cash_poor">cash poor</a>",<sup><a href="#cite_note-cash-330">[324]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-wsj-331">[325]</a></sup> and has "professed to have little interest in the material trappings of wealth".<sup><a href="#cite_note-cash-330">[324]</a></sup> In May 2020, he pledged to sell almost all physical possessions.<sup><a href="#cite_note-wsj-331">[325]</a></sup> Musk has defended his wealth by saying he is accumulating resources for <a href="/wiki/Space_colonization">humanity's outward expansion to space</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-332">[326]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Personal views and Twitter usage</h2>
<p>Since joining Twitter in 2009,<sup><a href="#cite_note-333">[327]</a></sup> Musk has been an active user and has over 100 million followers as of June 2022.<sup><a href="#cite_note-334">[328]</a></sup> He posts <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme">memes</a>, promotes business interests, and comments on contemporary political and cultural issues.<sup><a href="#cite_note-335">[329]</a></sup> Musk's statements have provoked controversy, such as for mocking <a href="/wiki/Preferred_gender_pronouns">preferred gender pronouns</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-336">[330]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-337">[331]</a></sup> and comparing Canadian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-338">[332]</a></sup> <i>The New York Times</i> describes his contributions to international relations as "chaotic", and critics of Musk argue that there is a lack of separation between his opinions and his business interests.<sup><a href="#cite_note-339">[333]</a></sup> As CEO of Twitter, Musk has emerged as a source of misinformation, for example by suggesting online details about mass murderer <a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Garcia">Mauricio Garcia</a>'s apparent interest in Nazism could have been planted as part of a <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare">psyop</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-340">[334]</a></sup> He has been accused by the government of Israel<sup><a href="#cite_note-Selk_2023-341">[335]</a></sup> and several media outlets of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> due to him spreading <a href="/wiki/George_Soros_conspiracy_theories">George Soros conspiracy theories</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-Mawardi_2023-342">[336]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert_2023-343">[337]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Isidore_2023-344">[338]</a></sup> although some Israeli officials defended Musk.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Rubin_2023-345">[339]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Existential threats</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_at_MSC_2006.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>Musk has been described as believing in <a href="/wiki/Longtermism">longtermism</a>, emphasizing the needs of future populations.<sup><a href="#cite_note-346">[340]</a></sup> Accordingly, Musk has stated that <a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence">artificial intelligence poses the greatest existential threat to humanity</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-guardianAI-347">[341]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-wp2015-348">[342]</a></sup> He has warned of a "<a href="/wiki/Terminator_(franchise)">Terminator</a>-like" AI apocalypse and suggested that the government should regulate its safe development.<sup><a href="#cite_note-349">[343]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-350">[344]</a></sup> In 2015, Musk was a cosignatory, along with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> and hundreds of others, of the <a href="/wiki/Open_Letter_on_Artificial_Intelligence">Open Letter on Artificial Intelligence</a>, which called for the ban of <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_weapons">autonomous weapons</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-351">[345]</a></sup> Musk's AI stances have been called alarmist and sensationalist by critics such as computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun">Yann LeCun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms">Meta</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-352">[346]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-353">[347]</a></sup> and led the think tank <a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_and_Innovation_Foundation">Information Technology and Innovation Foundation</a> to award Musk its Annual <a href="/wiki/Luddite#Modern_usage">Luddite</a> Award in 2016.<sup><a href="#cite_note-354">[348]</a></sup>
</p><p>Musk has described <a href="/wiki/Climate_change">climate change</a> as the greatest threat to humanity after AI,<sup><a href="#cite_note-355">[349]</a></sup> and has advocated for a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax">carbon tax</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-356">[350]</a></sup> Musk was a critic of President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s stance on climate change,<sup><a href="#cite_note-357">[351]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-358">[352]</a></sup> and resigned from two presidential business advisory councils following Trump's 2017 decision to <a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Paris_Agreement">withdraw the United States</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-359">[353]</a></sup>
</p><p>Musk has long promoted the <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars">colonization of Mars</a> and argues that humanity should become a "<a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival">multiplanetary species</a>".<sup><a href="#cite_note-360">[354]</a></sup> He has suggested the use of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons">nuclear weapons</a> to <a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars">terraform Mars</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-361">[355]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-362">[356]</a></sup> He envisioned establishing a <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy">direct democracy</a> on Mars, with a system in which more votes would be required to create laws than remove them.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Grush-2020-363">[357]</a></sup> Musk has also voiced concerns about human <a href="/wiki/Population_decline">population decline</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-364">[358]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-365">[359]</a></sup> saying that "Mars has zero human population. We need a lot of people to become a multiplanet civilization."<sup><a href="#cite_note-366">[360]</a></sup> Speaking at <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>'s CEO Council session in 2021, Musk stated that a declining <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate">birth rate</a>, and consequent population decline, is one of the biggest <a href="/wiki/Potential_sources_of_global_catastrophic_risk">risks to human civilization</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-367">[361]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Politics</h3>
<div><div><p><a href="/wiki/File:From_NUMMI_to_Tesla_(5122119787).jpg"></a></p></div><div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Vice_President_Pence_at_the_Kennedy_Space_Center_(49946170631).jpg"></a></p></div></div>
<p>While often described as <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States">libertarian</a>, Musk has called himself "politically moderate" and was a registered <a href="/wiki/Independent_voter">independent voter</a> when he lived in California. <i>The New York Times</i> wrote that Musk "expresses views that don't fit neatly into [the American] binary, <a href="/wiki/Left-right_political_framework">left-right political framework</a>".<sup><a href="#cite_note-muskpolitics-368">[362]</a></sup> Historically, Musk has donated to both <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)">Democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)">Republicans</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-369">[363]</a></sup> many of whom are in states in which he has a vested interest.<sup><a href="#cite_note-muskpolitics-368">[362]</a></sup> Beginning in the late 2010s, Musk's political contributions have shifted to almost entirely supporting Republicans.<sup><a href="#cite_note-370">[364]</a></sup>
</p><p>Musk voted for <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_U.S._presidential_election">2016 U.S. presidential election</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-firstpost-371">[365]</a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries">2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>, Musk endorsed candidate <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yang">Andrew Yang</a> and expressed support for his proposed <a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income">universal basic income</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg.com-372">[366]</a></sup> He also endorsed <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West">Kanye West</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West_2020_presidential_campaign">2020 presidential campaign</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-373">[367]</a></sup> He said he voted for <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2020_U.S._presidential_election">2020 U.S. presidential election</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-firstpost-371">[365]</a></sup> In 2022, Musk said that he could "no longer support" the Democrats because they are the "party of division &amp; hate",<sup><a href="#cite_note-374">[368]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-375">[369]</a></sup> and wrote a tweet encouraging "independent-minded voters" to vote Republican in the <a href="/wiki/2022_U.S._elections">2022 U.S. elections</a>, which was an outlier among social media executives who typically avoid partisan political advocacy.<sup><a href="#cite_note-376">[370]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-377">[371]</a></sup> He also leaned towards supporting Republican <a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis">Ron DeSantis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2024_U.S._presidential_election">2024 U.S. presidential election</a> if DeSantis were a candidate.<sup><a href="#cite_note-378">[372]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-379">[373]</a></sup> 
</p><p>Musk opposes a "<a href="/wiki/Wealth_tax">billionaire's tax</a>",<sup><a href="#cite_note-380">[374]</a></sup> and has argued on Twitter with more left-leaning Democratic politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-381">[375]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-382">[376]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-383">[377]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-384">[378]</a></sup> He has raised questions about the <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> protests, partially based on the fact that the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Hands_up,_don%27t_shoot">Hands up, don't shoot</a>" was made up.<sup><a href="#cite_note-385">[379]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-386">[380]</a></sup> Musk also promoted a baseless theory relating to the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Paul_Pelosi">attack of Speaker Nancy Pelosi's husband</a>, but Musk deleted his tweet.<sup><a href="#cite_note-387">[381]</a></sup> 
</p><p>Musk has praised China and has been described as having a close relationship with the Chinese government, allowing access to its markets for Tesla.<sup><a href="#cite_note-388">[382]</a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_Shanghai">Gigafactory Shanghai</a> produced its first batch of vehicles, Musk thanked the Chinese government and Chinese people while criticizing the United States and its people.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:9-389">[383]</a></sup><sup>: 207–208 </sup> In 2022, Musk wrote an article for <i>China Cyberspace</i>, the official publication of <a href="/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China">Cyberspace Administration of China</a>, which enforces <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China">Internet censorship in China</a>. His writing the article was described as conflicting with his advocacy for free speech.<sup><a href="#cite_note-390">[384]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-391">[385]</a></sup> Musk later advocated for Taiwan to become a "<a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems">special administrative zone</a>" of China which drew cross-party criticism from Taiwanese lawmakers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-392">[386]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-393">[387]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-394">[388]</a></sup> In October 2022, Musk posted a Twitter poll and "peace plan" to resolve the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-395">[389]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-NPR-2022-396">[390]</a></sup> It was reported that Musk allegedly spoke with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> prior to the proposal, which Musk denied.<sup><a href="#cite_note-397">[391]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-398">[392]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-399">[393]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-400">[394]</a></sup> 
</p>
<h3>COVID-19</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:SpaceX_Crew-2_Crew_Walkout_(NHQ202104230007).jpg"></a></p><div><p>Musk wears a bandana as a <a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic">face mask</a> during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p></div></div>
<p>Musk was criticized for his public comments and conduct related to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Kolodny-2020-401">[395]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Koren-2020-402">[396]</a></sup> He spread <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation">misinformation about the virus</a>, including promoting a widely discredited paper on the benefits of <a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19#Use_of_existing_medications_unproven_against_COVID-19">chloroquine</a> and claiming that <a href="/wiki/COVID-19">COVID-19</a> death statistics were inflated.<sup><a href="#cite_note-403">[397]</a></sup>
</p><p>In March 2020, Musk stated, "The coronavirus panic is dumb."<sup><a href="#cite_note-404">[398]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-405">[399]</a></sup> In an email to Tesla employees, Musk referred to COVID-19 as a "specific form of the <a href="/wiki/Common_cold">common cold</a>" and predicted that confirmed COVID-19 cases would not exceed 0.1% of the U.S. population.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Kolodny-2020-401">[395]</a></sup> On March 19, 2020, Musk predicted that there would be "probably close to zero new cases in [the U.S.] by end of April".<sup><a href="#cite_note-Koren-2020-402">[396]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Politico">Politico</a></i> labeled this statement one of "the most audacious, confident, and spectacularly incorrect prognostications [of 2020]".<sup><a href="#cite_note-406">[400]</a></sup> Musk also claimed <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_children">falsely</a> that children "are essentially immune" to COVID-19.<sup><a href="#cite_note-407">[401]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-408">[402]</a></sup>
</p><p>Musk condemned <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns">COVID-19 lockdowns</a> and initially refused to close the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Fremont_Factory">Tesla Fremont Factory</a> in March 2020, defying the local <a href="/wiki/Shelter-in-place">shelter-in-place</a> order.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Kolodny-2020-401">[395]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-409">[403]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-410">[404]</a></sup> In May 2020, he reopened the Tesla factory, defying the local <a href="/wiki/Stay-at-home_order">stay-at-home order</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-411">[405]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-guardian-pandemic-tesla-reopen-412">[406]</a></sup> and warned workers that they would be unpaid, and their <a href="/wiki/Pandemic_Unemployment_Assistance">unemployment benefits</a> might be jeopardized, if they did not report to work.<sup><a href="#cite_note-guardian-pandemic-tesla-reopen-412">[406]</a></sup> In December 2022, Musk called for prosecution of former <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases">NIAID</a> director <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-413">[407]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-414">[408]</a></sup>
</p><p>In March 2020, Musk promised that Tesla would make <a href="/wiki/Ventilators">ventilators</a> for COVID-19 patients if there were a <a href="/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Mechanical_ventilation">shortage</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-wapo_ventilators-415">[409]</a></sup> After figures like New York City mayor <a href="/wiki/Bill_de_Blasio">Bill de Blasio</a> responded to Musk's offer,<sup><a href="#cite_note-416">[410]</a></sup> Musk offered to donate ventilators which Tesla would build or buy from a third party.<sup><a href="#cite_note-wapo_ventilators-415">[409]</a></sup> However, Musk ended up buying and donating <a href="/wiki/Bi-level_positive_airway_pressure">BiPAP</a> and <a href="/wiki/CPAP_machines">CPAP machines</a>, which are non-invasive ventilators, rather than the much more expensive and sought-after invasive mechanical ventilator machines.<sup><a href="#cite_note-417">[411]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-418">[412]</a></sup>
</p><p>In September 2020, Musk stated that he would not get the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine">COVID-19 vaccine</a>, because he and his children were "not at risk for COVID".<sup><a href="#cite_note-419">[413]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-420">[414]</a></sup> Two months later, Musk contracted COVID-19 and suggested his <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_rapid_antigen_test">COVID-19 rapid antigen test</a> results were dubious, after which the phrase "Space <a href="/wiki/Karen_(pejorative)">Karen</a>" <a href="/wiki/Twitter_trends">trended on Twitter</a>, in reference to Musk.<sup><a href="#cite_note-421">[415]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-422">[416]</a></sup> However, in December 2021, Musk revealed that he and his eligible children had received the vaccine.<sup><a href="#cite_note-423">[417]</a></sup> In January 2023, Musk stated that he experienced intense adverse reactions after his 2nd COVID-19 vaccine booster shot.<sup><a href="#cite_note-424">[418]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Finance</h3>
<p>Musk said that the U.S. government should not provide <a href="/wiki/Subsidies">subsidies</a> to companies, but impose a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax">carbon tax</a> to discourage poor behavior.<sup><a href="#cite_note-425">[419]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-426">[420]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Free_market">free market</a>, in his view, would achieve the best solution, and producing environmentally unfriendly vehicles should have consequences.<sup><a href="#cite_note-427">[421]</a></sup> Tesla has received billions of dollars in subsidies.<sup><a href="#cite_note-428">[422]</a></sup> In addition, Tesla made large sums from government-initiated systems of zero-emissions credits offered in <a href="/wiki/Clean_Vehicle_Rebate_Project">California</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_the_United_States#Government_support">United States federal level</a>, which facilitated initial consumer adoption of Tesla vehicles, as the <a href="/wiki/Tax_credit">tax credits</a> given by governments enabled Tesla's <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle">battery electric vehicles</a> to be price-competitive, in comparison with existing lower-priced <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine">internal combustion engine</a> vehicles.<sup><a href="#cite_note-429">[423]</a></sup> Notably, Tesla generates some of its revenue from its sales of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_credit">carbon credits</a> granted to the company, by both the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Emissions_Trading_System">European Union Emissions Trading System</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_national_carbon_trading_scheme">Chinese national carbon trading scheme</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-430">[424]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-431">[425]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-432">[426]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-433">[427]</a></sup> 
</p><p>Musk, a longtime opponent of <a href="/wiki/Short_(finance)">short-selling</a>, has repeatedly criticized the practice and argued it should be illegal.<sup><a href="#cite_note-434">[428]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-435">[429]</a></sup> <i>Wired</i> magazine speculated that Musk's opposition to short-selling stems from how short sellers have an incentive to find and promote unfavorable information about his companies.<sup><a href="#cite_note-436">[430]</a></sup> In early 2021, he encouraged the <a href="/wiki/GameStop_short_squeeze">GameStop short squeeze</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-437">[431]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-438">[432]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2022, Musk sold $3.6 billion of his stock in Tesla, equal to 22 million shares in the company,<sup><a href="#cite_note-439">[433]</a></sup> despite pledging earlier in the year that he would not sell any additional shares.<sup><a href="#cite_note-440">[434]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Technology</h3>
<p>Musk has promoted <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency">cryptocurrencies</a> and supports them over traditional <a href="/wiki/Fiat_money">government-issued fiat currencies</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-441">[435]</a></sup> Given the influence of Musk's tweets in moving cryptocurrency markets,<sup><a href="#cite_note-442">[436]</a></sup> his statements about cryptocurrencies have been viewed as <a href="/wiki/Market_manipulation">market manipulation</a> by some, such as economist <a href="/wiki/Nouriel_Roubini">Nouriel Roubini</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-443">[437]</a></sup> Musk's social media praising of <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dogecoin">Dogecoin</a> was credited for increasing their prices. Consequently, Tesla's 2021 announcement, against the backdrop of Musk's social media behavior, that it bought $1.5 billion worth of Bitcoin, raised questions.<sup><a href="#cite_note-444">[438]</a></sup> Tesla's announcement that it would accept Bitcoin for payment was criticized by environmentalists and investors, due to the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cryptocurrencies">environmental impact of cryptocurrency mining</a>. A few months later, in response to the criticism, Musk announced on Twitter that Tesla would no longer accept payments in Bitcoin and would not engage in any <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_network#Transactions">Bitcoin transactions</a> until the environmental issues are solved.<sup><a href="#cite_note-445">[439]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-446">[440]</a></sup>
</p><p>Despite the Boring Company's involvement in building mass transit infrastructure, Musk has criticized public transport and promoted individualized transport (private vehicles).<sup><a href="#cite_note-Wired:transit-447">[441]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-qz:transit-448">[442]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-guardian54-449">[443]</a></sup> His comments have been called "elitist" and have sparked widespread criticism from both transportation and <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning">urban planning</a> experts, who have pointed out that public transportation in dense <a href="/wiki/Urban_areas">urban areas</a> is more economical, more energy efficient, and requires much less space than private cars.<sup><a href="#cite_note-qz:transit-448">[442]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-450">[444]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-guardian54-449">[443]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Personal life</h2>
<p>From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk resided in California, where both Tesla and SpaceX were founded.<sup><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg20201208-451">[445]</a></sup> In 2020, he moved to Texas, saying that California had become "complacent" about its economic success.<sup><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg20201208-451">[445]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-452">[446]</a></sup> While hosting <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live">Saturday Night Live</a></i> in May 2021, Musk said that he has <a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-453">[447]</a></sup>
</p><p>Musk met his first wife, Canadian <a href="/wiki/Justine_Wilson">Justine Wilson</a>, while attending Queen's University in <a href="/wiki/Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada; and they married in 2000.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Streisand-2015-454">[448]</a></sup> In 2002, their first child died of <a href="/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome">sudden infant death syndrome</a> at the age of 10 weeks.<sup><a href="#cite_note-sids-455">[449]</a></sup> After his death, the couple decided to use <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation">IVF</a> to continue their family.<sup><a href="#cite_note-holywoodlife2021-456">[450]</a></sup> They had twins in 2004 followed by triplets in 2006.<sup><a href="#cite_note-holywoodlife2021-456">[450]</a></sup> The couple divorced in 2008 and <a href="/wiki/Joint_custody_(United_States)">shared custody</a> of their children.<sup><a href="#cite_note-457">[451]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-458">[452]</a></sup> In 2022, one of the twins officially <a href="/wiki/Name_change">changed her name</a> to reflect her <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity">gender identity</a>, and to use Wilson as her last name because she no longer wished to be associated with Musk.<sup><a href="#cite_note-459">[453]</a></sup> Musk blamed the estrangement of his daughter on what the <i>Financial Times</i> characterized as "the supposed takeover of elite schools and universities by <a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism">neo-Marxists</a>."<sup><a href="#cite_note-460">[454]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2008, Musk began dating English actress <a href="/wiki/Talulah_Riley">Talulah Riley</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-461">[455]</a></sup> They married two years later at <a href="/wiki/Dornoch_Cathedral">Dornoch Cathedral</a> in Scotland.<sup><a href="#cite_note-marriage-462">[456]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-463">[457]</a></sup> In 2012, the couple divorced, before remarrying the following year.<sup><a href="#cite_note-talulah-464">[458]</a></sup> After briefly filing for divorce in 2014,<sup><a href="#cite_note-talulah-464">[458]</a></sup> Musk finalized a second divorce from Riley in 2016.<sup><a href="#cite_note-465">[459]</a></sup> Musk then dated <a href="/wiki/Amber_Heard">Amber Heard</a> for several months in 2017;<sup><a href="#cite_note-466">[460]</a></sup> he had reportedly been pursuing her since 2012.<sup><a href="#cite_note-hollywood-467">[461]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Depp">Johnny Depp</a> later accused Musk of having an affair with Heard while she was still married to Depp.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Holden-2020-468">[462]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-469">[463]</a></sup> Musk and Heard both denied the affair.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Holden-2020-468">[462]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2018, Musk and Canadian musician <a href="/wiki/Grimes_(musician)">Grimes</a> revealed that they were dating.<sup><a href="#cite_note-470">[464]</a></sup> Grimes gave birth to their son in May 2020.<sup><a href="#cite_note-471">[465]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-472">[466]</a></sup> According to Musk and Grimes, his name was "X Æ A-12" (); however, the name would have violated California regulations as it contained characters that are not in the modern English alphabet,<sup><a href="#cite_note-473">[467]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-474">[468]</a></sup> and was then changed to "X Æ A-Xii". This drew more confusion, as <a href="/wiki/%C3%86">Æ</a> is not a letter in the modern English alphabet.<sup><a href="#cite_note-475">[469]</a></sup> The child was eventually named X AE A-XII Musk, with "X" as a first name, "AE A-XII" as a <a href="/wiki/Middle_name">middle name</a>, and "Musk" as surname.<sup><a href="#cite_note-xaea-xii.cnet-476">[470]</a></sup> In December 2021, Grimes and Musk had a second child, a daughter named Exa Dark Sideræl Musk (nicknamed "Y"), born via <a href="/wiki/Surrogacy">surrogacy</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-GrimesVanityFair2022-1">[1]</a></sup> Despite the pregnancy, Musk confirmed reports that the couple were "semi-separated" in September 2021; in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)"><i>Time</i></a> in December 2021, he said he was single.<sup><a href="#cite_note-477">[471]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-478">[472]</a></sup> In March 2022, Grimes said of her relationship with Musk: "I would probably refer to him as my boyfriend, but we're very fluid."<sup><a href="#cite_note-GrimesVanityFair2022-1">[1]</a></sup> Later that month, Grimes tweeted that she and Musk had broken up again but remained on good terms.<sup><a href="#cite_note-479">[473]</a></sup>
</p><p>In July 2022, <i>Insider</i> published court documents revealing that Musk had had twins with <a href="/wiki/Shivon_Zilis">Shivon Zilis</a>, director of operations and special projects at Neuralink, in November 2021.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Times220707-4">[3]</a></sup> They were born weeks before Musk and Grimes had their second child via surrogate in December. The news "raise[d] questions about workplace ethics", given that Zilis directly reported to Musk.<sup><a href="#cite_note-480">[474]</a></sup> Also in July 2022, <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> reported that Musk allegedly had an affair with Nicole Shanahan, the wife of Google co-founder <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Brin">Sergey Brin</a>, in 2021, leading to their divorce the following year.<sup><a href="#cite_note-481">[475]</a></sup> Musk denied the report.<sup><a href="#cite_note-482">[476]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Legal matters</h3>
<p>As of September 2022, Musk is a defendant in 24 lawsuits.<sup><a href="#cite_note-483">[477]</a></sup> 
</p>
<h4>US Virgin Islands subpoena</h4>
<p>In April 2023, the government of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands">US Virgin Islands</a> sought to subpoena Musk for documents in a lawsuit alleging that <a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a> profited from <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein">Jeffrey Epstein</a>’s sex trafficking operation. In May, a judge granted the US Virgin Islands' request to serve Musk electronically through Tesla after the U.S. territory had difficulty locating him.<sup><a href="#cite_note-484">[478]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-485">[479]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-486">[480]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-487">[481]</a></sup> The efforts to subpoena Musk for documents do not implicate him in any wrongdoing and do not seek to have Musk testify under oath.<sup><a href="#cite_note-488">[482]</a></sup> 
</p>
<h4>Sexual misconduct allegations</h4>
<p>In May 2022, <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider">Business Insider</a></i> cited an anonymous friend of an unnamed SpaceX contract flight attendant, alleging that Musk engaged in sexual misconduct in 2016. The source stated that in November 2018, Musk, SpaceX, and the former flight attendant entered into a severance agreement granting the attendant a $250,000 payment in exchange for a promise not to sue over the claims.<sup><a href="#cite_note-489">[483]</a></sup> Musk responded, "If I were inclined to engage in sexual harassment, this is unlikely to be the first time in my entire 30-year career that it comes to light". He accused the article from <i>Business Insider</i> of being a "politically motivated hit piece".<sup><a href="#cite_note-490">[484]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-491">[485]</a></sup> After the release of the <i>Business Insider</i> article, Tesla's stock fell by more than 6%,<sup><a href="#cite_note-stocks_falling_post_article-492">[486]</a></sup> decreasing Musk's net worth by $10 billion.<sup><a href="#cite_note-fortune_fluctuation-493">[487]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Barron%27s_(newspaper)">Barron's</a></i> wrote "...some investors considered <a href="/wiki/Key_person_insurance">key-man risk</a> – the danger that a company could be badly hurt by the loss of one individual."<sup><a href="#cite_note-Barron's-494">[488]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Public perception</h2>
<p>Though Musk's ventures were influential within their own industries in the 2000s, Musk only became a public figure in the early 2010s. He is often described as an <a href="/wiki/Eccentricity_(behavior)">eccentric</a> who makes spontaneous and controversial statements, contrary to other billionaires who prefer reclusiveness to protect their businesses.<sup><a href="#cite_note-495">[489]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-496">[490]</a></sup> Celebrated by fans and hated by critics, Musk was described by Vance as having become very polarizing because of his "part philosopher, part <a href="/wiki/Internet_troll">troll</a>" role on Twitter.<sup><a href="#cite_note-497">[491]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Media appearances</h3>
<p>With <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> and Donald Trump, Musk served as inspiration for the characterization of <a href="/wiki/Tony_Stark_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)">Tony Stark</a> in the Marvel film <i><a href="/wiki/Iron_Man_(2008_film)">Iron Man</a></i> (2008).<sup><a href="#cite_note-498">[492]</a></sup> Musk had a cameo appearance in the 2010 sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/Iron_Man_2">Iron Man 2</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-499">[493]</a></sup> Musk has made cameos and appearances in other films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Machete_Kills">Machete Kills</a></i> (2013),<sup><a href="#cite_note-500">[494]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Why_Him%3F">Why Him?</a></i> (2016),<sup><a href="#cite_note-501">[495]</a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Black:_International">Men in Black: International</a></i> (2019).<sup><a href="#cite_note-502">[496]</a></sup> Television series in which he has appeared include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/The_Musk_Who_Fell_to_Earth">The Musk Who Fell to Earth</a>", 2015),<sup><a href="#cite_note-503">[497]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory">The Big Bang Theory</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/The_Platonic_Permutation">The Platonic Permutation</a>", 2015),<sup><a href="#cite_note-504">[498]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/South_Park">South Park</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Members_Only_(South_Park)">Members Only</a>", 2016),<sup><a href="#cite_note-505">[499]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-506">[500]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Rick_and_Morty">Rick and Morty</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/One_Crew_over_the_Crewcoo%27s_Morty">One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty</a>", 2019),<sup><a href="#cite_note-507">[501]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-508">[502]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Sheldon">Young Sheldon</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/List_of_Young_Sheldon_episodes">A Patch, a Modem, and a Zantac®</a>", 2017),<sup><a href="#cite_note-509">[503]</a></sup> and <i>Saturday Night Live</i> (2021).<sup><a href="#cite_note-510">[504]</a></sup> He contributed interviews to the documentaries <i><a href="/wiki/Racing_Extinction">Racing Extinction</a></i> (2015) and the <a href="/wiki/Werner_Herzog">Werner Herzog</a>-directed <i><a href="/wiki/Lo_and_Behold,_Reveries_of_the_Connected_World">Lo and Behold</a></i> (2016).<sup><a href="#cite_note-511">[505]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-512">[506]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Recognition</h3>
<p>Musk was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> (FRS) in 2018.<sup><a href="#cite_note-513">[507]</a></sup> In 2015, he received an honorary doctorate in engineering and technology from <a href="/wiki/Yale_University">Yale University</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-514">[508]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Honorary_Membership">IEEE Honorary Membership</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-515">[509]</a></sup> Awards for his contributions to the development of the Falcon rockets include the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a> George Low Transportation Award in 2008,<sup><a href="#cite_note-516">[510]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a> Gold Space Medal in 2010,<sup><a href="#cite_note-517">[511]</a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aeronautical_Society">Royal Aeronautical Society</a> Gold Medal in 2012.<sup><a href="#cite_note-518">[512]</a></sup> He was listed among <a href="/wiki/Time_100"><i>Time</i> magazine's 100 Most Influential People</a> in 2010,<sup><a href="#cite_note-519">[513]</a></sup> 2013,<sup><a href="#cite_note-520">[514]</a></sup> 2018,<sup><a href="#cite_note-521">[515]</a></sup> and 2021.<sup><a href="#cite_note-522">[516]</a></sup> Musk was selected as <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)">Time</a></i>'s "<a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year">Person of the Year</a>" for 2021. <i>Time</i> editor-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Edward_Felsenthal">Edward Felsenthal</a> wrote that "Person of the Year is a marker of influence, and few individuals have had more influence than Musk on life on Earth, and potentially life off Earth too".<sup><a href="#cite_note-523">[517]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-524">[518]</a></sup> In 2022, Musk was elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-lat20141214-525">[519]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thud_(media_company)">Thud (media company)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_richest_Americans_in_history">List of richest Americans in history</a></li></ul>
<h2>Notes</h2>
<div><ol>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> One child is deceased.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2021182-2">[2]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b> Musk remained on the board and served as an advisor.<sup><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-vance89-68">[67]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b> SpaceX received nearly $900 million in <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> subsidies for Starlink.<sup><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b> Musk stated he was considering taking Tesla private at a price of $420 a share, an alleged reference to <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)">marijuana</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a></sup> Members of Tesla's board and rapper <a href="/wiki/Azealia_Banks">Azealia Banks</a> alleged that Musk may have been under the influence of recreational drugs when he wrote the tweet.<sup><a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b> He did not file the necessary SEC paperwork within 10 days of his stake passing 5%, a violation of U.S. securities laws.<sup><a href="#cite_note-twitter_buy-196">[192]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a></b> According to the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal">Wall Street Journal</a>, he was worth $140 billion, with $52 billion of that attributable to his ownership of Tesla stock.
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2>References</h2>
<div><ol>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-GrimesVanityFair2022_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GrimesVanityFair2022_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GrimesVanityFair2022_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Gordon, Devin (March 10, 2022). <a href="https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2022/03/grimes-cover-story-on-music-and-mars">""Infamy Is Kind Of Fun": Grimes on Music, Mars, and—Surprise!—Her Secret New Baby With Elon Musk"</a>. <i>Vanity Fair</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521235459/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2022/03/grimes-cover-story-on-music-and-mars">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger2021182_2-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFBerger2021">Berger (2021)</a>, pp. 182.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Times220707_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Times220707_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Southern, Keiran (July 7, 2022). Written at Los Angeles. <a href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/elon-musk-had-twins-with-one-of-his-executives-kzph2nrc5">"Elon Musk 'had twins with one of his executives'"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London. <a href="https://archive.today/20220707002423/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/elon-musk-had-twins-with-one-of-his-executives-kzph2nrc5">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <cite>Mohamed, Theron (December 15, 2022). <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/elon-musk-tesla-stock-sales-twitter-debt-inflation-recession-fed-2022-12">"Elon Musk just cashed in another $3.6 billion of Tesla stock as he wrestles with mounting interest payments at Twitter and a looming recession"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider">Business Insider</a></i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/elon-r-musk/">"Elon Musk"</a>. <i>Bloomberg: Elon Musk net worth</i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/elon-r-musk/">"Bloomberg Billionaires Index"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P.">Bloomberg L.P.</a></cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.forbes.com/real-time-billionaires/">"Real Time Billionaires"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes">Forbes</a></i>.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eligon-2022_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eligon-2022_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Eligon, John; Chutel, Lynsey (May 5, 2022). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/05/world/africa/elon-musk-south-africa.html">"Elon Musk Left a South Africa That Was Rife With Misinformation and White Privilege"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221111015804/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/05/world/africa/elon-musk-south-africa.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <a href="#Vance">Vance (2017)</a>, pp. 25, 31.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-sjmn20140411_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sjmn20140411_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Hall, Dana (April 11, 2014). <a href="http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541126/rocket-man-otherworldy-ambitions-elon-musk">"Rocket Man: The otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk"</a>. <i>The Mercury News</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414070701/http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541126/rocket-man-otherworldy-ambitions-elon-musk">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2014.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <cite>Elliott, Hannah (March 26, 2012). <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/hannahelliott/2012/03/26/at-home-with-elon-musk-the-soon-to-be-bachelor-billionaire/">"At Home With Elon Musk: The (Soon-to-Be) Bachelor Billionaire"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527053447/http://www.forbes.com/sites/hannahelliott/2012/03/26/at-home-with-elon-musk-the-soon-to-be-bachelor-billionaire/">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2015.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biog_13-0">^</a></b> <a href="https://twit.tv/shows/triangulation/episodes/203/">His biography author Ashlee Vance</a> interviewed on the TV show Triangulation on the <a href="/wiki/TWiT.tv">TWiT.tv</a> network, discussion of his family starts around the 15th minute
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <cite>Vargas, Chanel (March 6, 2018). <a href="https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/a18205769/maye-musk-facts/">"11 Things to Know About Stunning 69-Year-Old Model Maye Musk"</a>. <i>Town &amp; Country</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180307023138/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/a18205769/maye-musk-facts/">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Usborne-2018_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Usborne-2018_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Usborne, Simon (February 21, 2018). <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2018/feb/21/meet-elon-musk-family">"Meet the Musks: who's who in Elon's extended family?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527001143/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2018/feb/21/meet-elon-musk-family">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <cite>May, Dana Hull and Patrick. <a href="https://buffalonews.com/business/local/exploring-the-otherworldly-ambitions-of-elon-musk/article_2fc57479-93eb-5016-b724-016b48a4f4f3.html">"Exploring the otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk"</a>. <i>The Buffalo News</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926055648/https://buffalonews.com/business/local/exploring-the-otherworldly-ambitions-of-elon-musk/article_2fc57479-93eb-5016-b724-016b48a4f4f3.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <cite>Friend, Tad (August 17, 2009). <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/08/24/plugged-in">"Plugged In"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308155550/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/08/24/plugged-in">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <cite>Dolan, Kerry A. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2015/07/02/how-to-raise-a-billionaire-an-interview-with-elon-musks-father-errol-musk/">"How To Raise A Billionaire: An Interview With Elon Musk's Father, Errol Musk"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703011435/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2015/07/02/how-to-raise-a-billionaire-an-interview-with-elon-musks-father-errol-musk/">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved March 25, 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Smith, Adam (June 28, 2021). <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/elon-musk-birthday-ceo-tesla-b1874017.html">"50 years of Elon Musk's huge wealth, from emeralds to SpaceX and Tesla"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125034322/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/elon-musk-birthday-ceo-tesla-b1874017.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <cite>Lieberman, Hallie. <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/tosca-musk-romance-passionflix/">"The Musk of Romance"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200902072608/https://www.wired.com/story/tosca-musk-romance-passionflix/">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2020. Retrieved September 2, 2020.</cite>
</li>
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<h2>Bibliography</h2>
<ul><li><cite>Belfiore, Michael (2007). <i>Rocketeers</i>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-114902-3"><bdi>978-0-06-114902-3</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Berger, Eric (2021). <i>Liftoff</i>. William Morrow and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-297997-1"><bdi>978-0-06-297997-1</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Jackson, Erik (2004). <i>The PayPal Wars: Battles with eBay, the Media, the Mafia, and the Rest of Planet Earth</i>. Los Angeles: World Ahead Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9746701-0-2"><bdi>978-0-9746701-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Kidder, David; Hoffman, Reid (2013). <i>The Startup Playbook: Secrets of the Fastest Growing Start-Ups from the founding Entrepreneurs</i>. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-0504-8"><bdi>978-1-4521-0504-8</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Vance, Ashlee (2017) [2015]. <i>Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Ecco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-230125-3"><bdi>978-0-06-230125-3</bdi></a>.</cite></li></ul>
<h2>External links</h2>
</div></div>||||I||||Jump to content
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 Contents

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 * (Top)
 * 1 Early life
 Toggle Early life subsection
 + 1.1 Childhood and family
 + 1.2 Education
 * 2 Business career
 Toggle Business career subsection
 + 2.1 Zip2
 + 2.2 X.com and PayPal
 + 2.3 SpaceX
 o 2.3.1 Starlink
 + 2.4 Tesla
 o 2.4.1 SEC and shareholder lawsuits regarding tweets
 o 2.4.2 SolarCity and Tesla Energy
 + 2.5 Neuralink
 + 2.6 The Boring Company
 + 2.7 Twitter
 + 2.8 Leadership style
 * 3 Other activities
 Toggle Other activities subsection
 + 3.1 Musk Foundation
 + 3.2 Hyperloop
 + 3.3 OpenAI
 + 3.4 Tham Luang cave rescue and defamation case
 + 3.5 2018 Joe Rogan podcast appearance
 + 3.6 Music
 + 3.7 Private jet
 o 3.7.1 ElonJet account
 * 4 Wealth
 Toggle Wealth subsection
 + 4.1 Sources of wealth
 * 5 Personal views and Twitter usage
 Toggle Personal views and Twitter usage subsection
 + 5.1 Existential threats
 + 5.2 Politics
 + 5.3 COVID-19
 + 5.4 Finance
 + 5.5 Technology
 * 6 Personal life
 Toggle Personal life subsection
 + 6.1 Legal matters
 o 6.1.1 US Virgin Islands subpoena
 o 6.1.2 Sexual misconduct allegations
 * 7 Public perception
 Toggle Public perception subsection
 + 7.1 Media appearances
 + 7.2 Recognition
 * 8 See also
 * 9 Notes
 * 10 References
 * 11 Bibliography
 * 12 External links
 Toggle the table of contents
 Toggle the table of contents

 Elon Musk

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 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 Elon Musk 
 FRS 
 Musk in 2018
 Elon Reeve Musk 
 Born June 28, 1971 (age 51) 
 Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa 
 Education University of Pennsylvania (BA, BS) 
 * Founder, CEO and chief engineer of SpaceX 
 * CEO and product architect of Tesla, Inc. 
 Title * Owner and CEO of Twitter 
 * President of the Musk Foundation 
 * Founder of the Boring Company, X Corp. and X.AI 
 * Co-founder of Neuralink, OpenAI, Zip2 and X.com (part of PayPal)
 * Justine Wilson 
 ​ 
 ​(m. 2000; div. 2008)​ 
 Spouses * Talulah Riley 
 ​ 
 ​(m. 2010; div. 2012)​ 
 ​ 
 ​(m. 2013; div. 2016)​ 
 Partner Grimes (2018–2021)[1] 
 Children 10[a][3] 
 Parents * Errol Musk (father) 
 * Maye Musk (mother) 
 Family Musk family 
 Awards List of honors and awards 
 Order of Defence Merit (Knight - Cavaleiro) 
 Signature 
 
 
 This article is part of 
 a series about 
 Elon Musk 
 
 * Awards and honors 
 * Views 
 * Filmography 
 Companies 
 * Zip2 
 * X.com 
 + PayPal 
 * SpaceX 
 + Starlink 
 * Tesla, Inc. 
 + criticism 
 + litigation 
 * OpenAI 
 * Neuralink 
 * The Boring Company 
 * Thud 
 * X Corp. 
 + Twitter 
 + acquisition 
 + tenure as CEO 
 In popular culture 
 * Elon Musk 
 * Ludicrous 
 * Power Play 
 * "Members Only" 
 * "The Platonic Permutation" 
 * "The Musk Who Fell to Earth" 
 * "One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty"
 * Elon Musk's Crash Course 
 Related 
 * Boring Test Tunnel 
 * Hyperloop 
 * Musk family 
 * SolarCity 
 * Tesla Roadster in space 
 * TSLAQ 
 * Twitter Files 
 * 2022 Twitter suspensions 
 * v 
 * t 
 * e 
 

 Elon Reeve Musk FRS (/ ˈ iː l ɒ n / EE -lon; born June 28, 1971) is a business magnate and investor. He is the founder, CEO and chief engineer of SpaceX; angel investor, CEO and product architect of Tesla, Inc.; owner and CEO of Twitter, Inc.; founder of the Boring Company; co-founder of Neuralink and OpenAI; and president of the philanthropic Musk Foundation. Musk is the second-wealthiest person in the world, according to both the Bloomberg Billionaires Index and Forbes 's Real Time Billionaires list as of May 2023 primarily from his ownership stakes in Tesla and SpaceX, with an estimated net worth of around $167 billion according to the Bloomberg and $176.2 billion according to the latter.[4][5][6][7]

 Musk was born in Pretoria, South Africa, and briefly attended the University of Pretoria before moving to Canada at age 18, acquiring citizenship through his Canadian-born mother. Two years later, he matriculated at Queen's University and transferred to the University of Pennsylvania, where he received bachelor's degrees in economics and physics. He moved to California in 1995 to attend Stanford University. After two days, he dropped out and, with his brother Kimbal, co-founded the online city guide software company Zip2. In 1999, Zip2 was acquired by Compaq for $307 million and Musk co-founded X.com, a direct bank. X.com merged with Confinity in 2000 to form PayPal, which eBay acquired for $1.5 billion in 2002.

 With $175.8 million, Musk founded SpaceX in 2002, a spaceflight services company. In 2004, he was an early investor in the electric vehicle manufacturer Tesla Motors, Inc. (now Tesla, Inc.). He became its chairman and product architect, assuming the position of CEO in 2008. In 2006, he helped create SolarCity, a solar energy company that was later acquired by Tesla and became Tesla Energy. In 2015, he co-founded OpenAI, a nonprofit artificial intelligence research company. The following year, he co-founded Neuralink—a neurotechnology company developing brain–computer interfaces—and the Boring Company, a tunnel construction company. Musk has also proposed a hyperloop high-speed vactrain transportation system. In 2022, his acquisition of Twitter for $44 billion was completed.

 Musk has expressed views that have made him a polarizing figure. He has been criticized for making unscientific and misleading statements, including spreading COVID-19 misinformation, and has been accused of antisemitism. In 2018, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) sued Musk for falsely tweeting that he had secured funding for a private takeover of Tesla. Musk stepped down as chairman of Tesla and paid a $20 million fine as part of a settlement agreement with the SEC.

 Early life

 Childhood and family

 Further information: Musk family

 Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, one of South Africa's capital cities.[8][9] Musk has British and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry.[10][11] His mother is Maye Musk (née Haldeman ), a model and dietitian born in Saskatchewan, Canada, and raised in South Africa.[12][13][14] His father, Errol Musk, is a South African electromechanical engineer, pilot, sailor, consultant, and property developer, who partly owned a Zambian emerald mine near Lake Tanganyika.[15][16][17][18] Musk has a younger brother, Kimbal, and a younger sister, Tosca.[14][19]

 Musk's family was wealthy during his youth.[18] His father was elected to the Pretoria City Council as a representative of the anti-apartheid Progressive Party and has said that his children shared their father's dislike of apartheid.[8] His maternal grandfather, Joshua Haldeman, was an adventurous American-born Canadian who took his family on record-breaking journeys to Africa and Australia in a single-engine Bellanca airplane.[20][21][22] After his parents divorced in 1980, Musk chose to mostly live with his father.[10] Musk regretted his decision and has become estranged from his father.[23] He has a paternal half-sister and a half-brother.[20][24]

 Maye Musk has said of her son that he "was shy and awkward at school" and "didn't have many friends".[25] At age ten, he developed an interest in computing and video games, teaching himself how to program from the VIC-20 user manual.[26] At age twelve, he sold his BASIC-based game Blastar to PC and Office Technology magazine for approximately $500.[27][28]

 Education

 Musk graduated from Pretoria Boys High School in South Africa.

 Musk attended Waterkloof House Preparatory School, Bryanston High School, and Pretoria Boys High School, from which he graduated.[29] Musk applied for a Canadian passport through his Canadian-born mother,[30][31] knowing that it would be easier to immigrate to the United States this way.[32] While waiting for his application to be processed, he attended the University of Pretoria for five months.[33]

 Musk arrived in Canada in June 1989 and lived with a second cousin in Saskatchewan for a year,[34] working odd jobs at a farm and lumber mill.[35] In 1990, he entered Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario.[36][37] Two years later, he transferred to the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn), where he completed studies for a Bachelor of Arts degree in physics and a Bachelor of Science degree in economics from the Wharton School.[38][39][40][41] Although Musk claims he earned the degrees in 1995, UPenn maintains it awarded them in 1997.[42] He reportedly hosted large, ticketed house parties to help pay for tuition, and wrote a business plan for an electronic book-scanning service similar to Google Books.[43]

 In 1994, Musk held two internships in Silicon Valley: one at the energy storage startup Pinnacle Research Institute, which investigated electrolytic ultracapacitors for energy storage, and another at the Palo Alto–based startup Rocket Science Games.[44][45] In 1995, he was accepted to a PhD program in materials science at Stanford University.[46][47] However, Musk decided to join the Internet boom, instead dropping out two days after being accepted and applied for a job at Netscape, to which he reportedly never received a response.[48][30]

 Business career

 Zip2

 Main article: Zip2
 External video  
 Musk speaks of his early business experience during a 2014 commencement speech at USC on YouTube
 

 In 1995, Musk, his brother Kimbal, and Greg Kouri founded Zip2.[49][50] Errol Musk provided them with $28,000 in funding.[51] The company developed an Internet city guide with maps, directions, and yellow pages, and marketed it to newspapers.[52] They worked at a small rented office in Palo Alto,[53] Musk coding the website every night.[53] Eventually, Zip2 obtained contracts with The New York Times and the Chicago Tribune.[43] The brothers persuaded the board of directors to abandon a merger with CitySearch;[54] however, Musk's attempts to become CEO were thwarted.[55] Compaq acquired Zip2 for $307 million in cash in February 1999,[56][57] and Musk received $22 million for his 7-percent share.[58]

 X.com and PayPal

 Main articles: X.com, PayPal, and PayPal Mafia

 Later in 1999, Musk co-founded X.com, an online financial services and e-mail payment company.[59] X.com was one of the first federally insured online banks, and over 200,000 customers joined in its initial months of operation.[60] Even though Musk founded the company, investors regarded him as inexperienced and replaced him with Intuit CEO Bill Harris by the end of the year.[61]

 In 2000, X.com merged with online bank Confinity to avoid competition,[53][61][62] as Confinity's money-transfer service PayPal was more popular than X.com's service.[63] Musk then returned as CEO of the merged company. His preference for Microsoft over Unix-based software caused a rift among the company's employees, and led Peter Thiel, Confinity's founder, to resign.[64] With the company suffering from compounding technological issues and the lack of a cohesive business model, the board ousted Musk and replaced him with Thiel in September 2000.[65][b] Under Thiel, the company focused on the money-transfer service and was renamed PayPal in 2001.[67][68]

 In 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay for $1.5 billion in stock, of which Musk—the largest shareholder with 11.72% of shares—received $175.8 million.[69][70] In 2017, more than 15 years later, Musk purchased the X.com domain from PayPal for its sentimental value.[71][72] In 2022, Musk discussed a goal of creating "X, the everything app".[73]

 SpaceX

 Main article: SpaceX
 NASA Administrator Charles Bolden congratulates Musk in front of the SpaceX Dragon following its successful 2012 mission.

 In early 2001, Musk became involved with the nonprofit Mars Society and discussed funding plans to place a growth-chamber for plants on Mars.[74] In October of the same year, he traveled to Moscow with Jim Cantrell and Adeo Ressi to buy refurbished intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that could send the greenhouse payloads into space. He met with the companies NPO Lavochkin and Kosmotras; however, Musk was seen as a novice[75] and the group returned to the United States empty-handed. In February 2002, the group returned to Russia with Mike Griffin (president of In-Q-Tel) to look for three ICBMs. They had another meeting with Kosmotras and were offered one rocket for $8 million, which Musk rejected. He instead decided to start a company that could build affordable rockets.[75] With $100 million of his own money,[76] Musk founded SpaceX in May 2002 and became the company's CEO and Chief Engineer.[77][78]

 SpaceX attempted its first launch of the Falcon 1 rocket in 2006.[79] Though the rocket failed to reach Earth orbit, it was awarded a Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program contract from NASA Administrator (and former SpaceX consultant[80]) Mike Griffin later that year.[81][82] After two more failed attempts that nearly caused Musk and his companies to go bankrupt,[79] SpaceX succeeded in launching the Falcon 1 into orbit in 2008.[83] Later that year, SpaceX received a $1.6 billion Commercial Resupply Services contract from NASA for 12 flights of its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station, replacing the Space Shuttle after its 2011 retirement.[84] In 2012, the Dragon vehicle docked with the ISS, a first for a commercial spacecraft.[85]

 Musk examining F9R Dev1 debris in 2014

 Working towards its goal of reusable rockets, in 2015 SpaceX successfully landed the first stage of a Falcon 9 on an inland platform.[86] Later landings were achieved on autonomous spaceport drone ships, an ocean-based recovery platform.[87] In 2018, SpaceX launched the Falcon Heavy; the inaugural mission carried Musk's personal Tesla Roadster as a dummy payload.[88][89] Since 2019,[90] SpaceX has been developing Starship, a fully-reusable, super-heavy-lift launch vehicle intended to replace the Falcon 9 and the Falcon Heavy.[91] In 2020, SpaceX launched its first crewed flight, the Demo-2, becoming the first private company to place astronauts into orbit and dock a crewed spacecraft with the ISS.[92]

 Starlink

 Main article: Starlink
 50 Starlink satellites shortly before deployment to low Earth orbit, 2019

 In 2015, SpaceX began development of the Starlink constellation of low-Earth-orbit satellites to provide satellite Internet access,[93] with the first two prototype satellites launched in February 2018. A second set of test satellites, and the first large deployment of a piece of the constellation, occurred in May 2019, when the first 60 operational satellites were launched.[94] The total cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation is estimated by SpaceX to be about $10 billion.[95][c] Some critics, including the International Astronomical Union, have alleged that Starlink blocks the view of the sky and poses a collision threat to spacecraft.[98][99][100]

 During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Musk sent Starlink terminals to Ukraine to provide Internet access and communication.[101] However, Musk refused to block Russian state media on Starlink, declaring himself "a free speech absolutist".[102][103] In October 2022, Musk stated that about 20,000 satellite terminals had been donated to Ukraine, together with free data transfer subscriptions, which cost SpaceX $80 million. After asking the United States Department of Defense to pay for further units and future subscriptions on behalf of Ukraine,[104] Musk publicly stated that SpaceX would continue to provide Starlink to Ukraine for free, at a yearly cost to itself of $400 million.[105][106][107]

 Tesla

 Main article: Tesla, Inc.
 Musk next to a Tesla Model S, 2011

 Tesla, Inc.—originally Tesla Motors—was incorporated in 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, who financed the company until the Series A round of funding. Both men played active roles in the company's early development prior to Musk's involvement.[108] Musk led the Series A round of investment in February 2004; he invested $6.5 million, became the majority shareholder, and joined Tesla's board of directors as chairman.[109] Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw Roadster product design but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations.[110]

 Following a series of escalating conflicts in 2007, and the financial crisis of 2007–2008, Eberhard was ousted from the firm.[111][ page needed ][112] Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect in 2008.[113] A 2009 lawsuit settlement with Eberhard designated Musk as a Tesla co-founder, along with Tarpenning and two others.[114][115] As of 2019, Musk was the longest-tenured CEO of any automotive manufacturer globally.[116] In 2021, Musk nominally changed his title to "Technoking" while retaining his position as CEO.[117]

 Musk before a Model X at the 2014 Tesla Inc. annual shareholder meeting

 Tesla first built an electric sports car, the Roadster, in 2008. With sales of about 2,500 vehicles, it was the first serial production all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells.[118] Tesla began delivery of its four-door Model S sedan in 2012.[119] A cross-over, the Model X was launched in 2015.[120] A mass-market sedan, the Model 3, was released in 2017.[121] The Model 3 is the all-time bestselling plug-in electric car worldwide, and in June 2021 it became the first electric car to sell 1 million units globally.[122][123] A fifth vehicle, the Model Y crossover, was launched in 2020.[124] The Cybertruck, an all-electric pickup truck, was unveiled in 2019.[125] Under Musk, Tesla has also constructed multiple lithium-ion battery and electric vehicle factories, named Gigafactories.[126]

 Since its initial public offering in 2010,[127] Tesla stock has risen significantly; it became the most valuable carmaker in summer 2020,[128][129] and it entered the S&P 500 later that year.[130][131] In October 2021, it reached a market capitalization of $1 trillion, the sixth company in U.S. history to do so.[132] In November 2021, Musk proposed, on Twitter, to sell 10% of his Tesla stock, since "much is made lately of unrealized gains being a means of tax avoidance".[133] After more than 3.5 million Twitter accounts supported the sale, Musk sold $6.9 billion of Tesla stock within a week,[133] and a total of $16.4 billion by year end, reaching the 10% target.[134] In February 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that both Elon and Kimbal Musk were under investigation by the SEC for possible insider trading related to the sale.[135] In 2022, Musk unveiled a robot developed by Tesla, Optimus.[136]

 SEC and shareholder lawsuits regarding tweets

 In 2018, Musk was sued by the SEC for a tweet claiming that funding had been secured for potentially taking Tesla private.[137][d] The lawsuit characterized the tweet as false, misleading, and damaging to investors, and sought to bar Musk from serving as CEO of publicly traded companies.[137][141][142] Two days later, Musk settled with the SEC, without admitting or denying the SEC's allegations. As a result, Musk and Tesla were fined $20 million each, and Musk was forced to step down for three years as Tesla chairman but was able to remain as CEO.[143] Musk has stated in interviews that he does not regret posting the tweet that triggered the SEC investigation.[144][145] In April 2022, the shareholder who sued Musk over the tweet, along with several Tesla shareholders, said that a federal judge had ruled that the tweet was false, although the ruling in question has not been unsealed.[146] In February 2023, the jury found Musk and Tesla not liable.[147]

 In 2019, Musk stated in a tweet that Tesla would build half a million cars that year.[148] The SEC reacted to Musk's tweet by filing in court, asking the court to hold him in contempt for violating the terms of a settlement agreement with such a tweet; the accusation was disputed by Musk. This was eventually settled by a joint agreement between Musk and the SEC clarifying the previous agreement details.[149] The agreement included a list of topics that Musk would need preclearance before tweeting about.[150] In 2020, a judge prevented a lawsuit from proceeding that claimed a tweet by Musk regarding Tesla stock price ("too high imo") violated the agreement.[151][152] FOIA-released records showed that the SEC itself concluded Musk has subsequently violated the agreement twice by tweeting regarding "Tesla's solar roof production volumes and its stock price".[153]

 SolarCity and Tesla Energy

 Main articles: SolarCity and Tesla Energy
 SolarCity solar-panel installation vans in 2009

 Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for SolarCity, which his cousins Lyndon and Peter Rive founded in 2006.[154] By 2013, SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States.[155] In 2014, Musk promoted the idea of SolarCity building an advanced production facility in Buffalo, New York, triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States.[156] Construction of the factory started in 2014 and was completed in 2017. It operated as a joint venture with Panasonic until early 2020.[157][158]

 Tesla acquired SolarCity for over $2 billion in 2016 and merged it with its battery unit to create Tesla Energy. The deal's announcement resulted in a more than 10% drop in Tesla's stock price. At the time, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues.[159] Multiple shareholder groups filed a lawsuit against Musk and Tesla's directors, claiming that the purchase of SolarCity was done solely to benefit Musk and came at the expense of Tesla and its shareholders.[160][161] Tesla directors settled the lawsuit in January 2020, leaving Musk the sole remaining defendant.[162][163] Two years later, the court ruled in Musk's favor.[164]

 Neuralink

 Main article: Neuralink
 Musk discussing a Neuralink device during a live demonstration in 2020

 In 2016, Musk co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology startup company, with an investment of $100 million.[165][166] Neuralink aims to integrate the human brain with artificial intelligence (AI) by creating devices that are embedded in the brain to facilitate its merging with machines. Such technology could enhance memory or allow the devices to communicate with software.[166][167] The company also hopes to develop devices with which to treat neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and spinal cord injuries.[168]

 In 2019, Musk announced work on a device akin to a sewing machine that could embed threads into a human brain.[165] Musk is listed as the sole author of an October 2019 paper that details some of Neuralink's research,[169] although Musk's being listed as such rankled the Neuralink team's researchers.[170] At a 2020 live demonstration, Musk described one of their early devices as "a Fitbit in your skull" that could soon cure paralysis, deafness, blindness, and other disabilities. Many neuroscientists and publications criticized these claims,[171][172][173] with MIT Technology Review describing them as "highly speculative" and "neuroscience theater".[171] During the demonstration, Musk revealed a pig with a Neuralink implant that tracked neural activity related to smell.[168] In 2022, Neuralink announced that clinical trials would begin by the end of the year.[174]

 Neuralink has conducted further animal testing on macaque monkeys at the University of California, Davis' Primate Research Center. In 2021, the company released a video in which a Macaque played the video game Pong via a Neuralink implant. The company's animal trials—which have caused the deaths of some monkeys—have led to claims of animal cruelty. The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine has alleged that Neuralink's animal trials have violated the Animal Welfare Act.[175] Employees have complained that pressure from Musk to accelerate development has led to botched experiments and unnecessary animal deaths. In 2022, a federal probe was launched into possible animal welfare violations by Neuralink.[176]

 The Boring Company

 Main article: The Boring Company
 Musk during the 2018 inauguration of the Boring Test Tunnel in Hawthorne, California

 In 2017, Musk founded the Boring Company to construct tunnels and revealed plans for specialized, underground, high-occupancy vehicles that could travel up to 150 miles per hour (240 km/h) and thus circumvent above-ground traffic in major cities.[177][178] Early in 2017, the company began discussions with regulatory bodies and initiated construction of a 30-foot (9.1 m) wide, 50-foot (15 m) long, and 15-foot (4.6 m) deep "test trench" on the premises of SpaceX's offices, as that required no permits.[179] The Los Angeles tunnel, less than two miles (3.2 km) in length, debuted to journalists in 2018. It used Tesla Model X's and was reported to be a rough ride while traveling at suboptimal speeds.[180]

 Two tunnel projects announced in 2018, in Chicago and West Los Angeles, have been canceled.[181][182] However, a tunnel beneath the Las Vegas Convention Center was completed in early 2021.[183] Local officials have approved further expansions of the tunnel system.[184] In 2021, tunnel construction was approved for Fort Lauderdale, Florida.[185]

 Twitter

 Further information: Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk
 Elon Musk Twitter
 @elonmusk
 

 I made an offer
 https://sec.gov/Archives/edgar...

 April 14, 2022[186]

 Musk expressed interest in buying Twitter as early as 2017,[187] and had previously questioned the platform's commitment to freedom of speech.[188][189] In January 2022, Musk started purchasing Twitter shares, reaching a 9.2% stake by April,[190] making him the largest shareholder.[191][e] When this was publicly disclosed, Twitter shares experienced the largest intraday price surge since the company's 2013 IPO.[193] On April 4, Musk agreed to a deal that would appoint him to Twitter's board of directors and prohibit him from acquiring more than 14.9% of the company.[194][195] However, on April 13, Musk made a $43 billion offer to buy Twitter, launching a takeover bid to buy 100% of Twitter's stock at $54.20 per share.[191][196] In response, Twitter's board adopted a "poison pill" shareholder rights plan to make it more expensive for any single investor to own more than 15% of the company without board approval.[197] Nevertheless, by the end of the month Musk had successfully concluded his bid for approximately $44 billion.[198] This included about $12.5 billion in loans against his Tesla stock and $21 billion in equity financing.[199][200]

 Tesla's stock market value sank by over $100 billion the next day in reaction to the deal, causing Musk to lose around $30 billion of his net worth.[201][202] He subsequently tweeted criticism of Twitter executive Vijaya Gadde's policies to his 86 million followers, which led to some of them engaging in sexist and racist harassment against her.[203] Exactly a month after announcing the takeover, Musk stated that the deal was "on hold" following a report that 5% of Twitter's daily active users were spam accounts,[204] causing Twitter shares to drop more than 10 percent.[205] Although he initially affirmed his commitment to the acquisition,[206] he sent notification of his termination of the deal in July; Twitter's Board of Directors responded that they were committed to holding him to the transaction.[207] On July 12, 2022, Twitter formally sued Musk in the Chancery Court of Delaware for breaching a legally binding agreement to purchase Twitter.[208] In October 2022, Musk reversed again, offering to purchase Twitter at $54.20 per share.[209] The acquisition was officially completed on October 27.[210]

 Immediately after the acquisition, Musk fired top Twitter executives like CEO Parag Agrawal,[210][211] whom he replaced.[212] He instituted a $7.99 monthly subscription for a "blue check",[213][214][215] and laid off a significant portion of the company's staff.[216][217] Musk lessened content moderation,[218] and in December, Musk released internal documents relating to Twitter's moderation of Hunter Biden's laptop in the leadup to the 2020 presidential election.[219] The Southern Poverty Law Center noted that Twitter has verified numerous extremists.[220] A study of millions of tweets following the acquisition indicated that hate speech on the platform has become "more visible" under Musk's leadership.[221]

 Within the first weeks of ownership, Musk made a series of short-lived decisions and changes that he quickly reversed, including introducing a paid blue checkmark,[222] creating an "official" label[223] and forbidding linking to one's profiles on other social media platforms.[224] Under Musk's management, Twitter experienced several large scale outages.[225][226]

 In April 2022, The Washington Post reported that Musk privately claimed supposed censorship on the platform, including the banning of accounts such as The Babylon Bee, had prompted him to begin the acquisition. Following the acquisition, he made reinstatement of accounts like the Bee an immediate priority.[227] The New York Post revealed that Musk's ex-wife Talulah Riley had encouraged Musk to purchase Twitter, specifically citing the Bee ' s ban.[228]

 On December 18, Musk posted a poll to his Twitter account asking users to decide whether he should step down as the head of Twitter, with 57.5% out of the more than 17.5 million votes supporting that decision.[229] Musk then announced that he would resign as CEO "as soon as I find someone foolish enough to take the job".[230]

 On 12 May 2023, Musk announced that he would be stepping down from the CEO position and instead moving to "exec chair & CTO, overseeing product, software & sysops." He also announced the introduction of a new CEO, former NBCUniversal executive Linda Yaccarino.[231][232]

 Leadership style

 Musk giving a speech to SpaceX employees in 2012

 Musk is often described as a micromanager and has called himself a "nano-manager".[233] The New York Times has characterized his approach as absolutist.[234] Musk does not make formal business plans;[234] instead, he says he prefers to approach engineering problems[non sequitur] with an "iterative design methodology" and "tolerance for failures".[235] He has forced employees to adopt the company's own jargon and launched ambitious, risky, and costly projects against his advisors' recommendations, such as removing front-facing radar from Tesla Autopilot. His insistence on vertical integration causes his companies to move most production in-house. While this resulted in saved costs for SpaceX's rocket,[236] vertical integration has caused many usability problems for Tesla's software.[233]

 Musk's handling of employees—whom he communicates with directly through mass emails—has been characterized as "carrot and stick", rewarding those "who offer constructive criticism" while also being known to impulsively threaten, swear at, and fire his employees.[237][238][239] Musk said he expects his employees to work for long hours, sometimes for 80 hours per week.[240] He has his new employees sign strict non-disclosure agreements and often fires in sprees,[241][242] such as during the Model 3 "production hell" in 2018.[242] In 2022, Musk revealed plans to fire 10 percent of Tesla's workforce, due to his concerns about the economy.[243] That same month, he suspended remote work at SpaceX and Tesla and threatened to fire employees who do not work 40 hours per week in the office.[244]

 Musk's leadership has been praised by some, who credit it with the success of Tesla and his other endeavors,[233] and criticized by others, who see him as callous and his managerial decisions as "show[ing] a lack of human understanding."[239][245] The 2021 book Power Play contains anecdotes of Musk berating employees.[246] The Wall Street Journal reported that, after Musk insisted on branding his vehicles as "self-driving", he faced criticism from his engineers for putting customer "lives at risk", with some employees resigning in consequence.[247]

 Other activities

 Musk Foundation

 Musk is the president of the Musk Foundation,[248] whose stated purpose is to provide solar-power energy systems in disaster areas; support research, development, and advocacy (for interests including human space exploration, pediatrics, renewable energy and "safe artificial intelligence"); and support science and engineering educational efforts.[249] From 2002 to 2018, the foundation gave $25 million directly to non-profit organizations, nearly half of which went to Musk's OpenAI,[250] which was then non-profit.[251]

 Since 2002, the foundation has made over 350 donations. Around half were to scientific research or education nonprofits. Notable beneficiaries include the Wikimedia Foundation, his alma mater the University of Pennsylvania, and his brother Kimbal's Big Green.[252] In 2012, Musk took the Giving Pledge, thereby committing to give the majority of his wealth to charitable causes either during his lifetime or in his will.[253] He has endowed prizes at the X Prize Foundation, including $100 million to reward improved carbon capture technology.[254]

 Vox said "the Musk Foundation is almost entertaining in its simplicity and yet is strikingly opaque", noting that its website was only 33 words in plain-text.[250] The foundation has been criticized for the relatively small amount of wealth donated.[255] In 2020, Forbes gave Musk a philanthropy score of 1, because he had given away less than 1% of his net worth.[252] In November 2021, Musk donated $5.7 billion of Tesla's shares to charity, according to regulatory filings;[256] however, Bloomberg News noted that all of it went to his own foundation, bringing Musk Foundation's assets up to $9.4 billion at the end of 2021. The foundation disbursed $160 million to non-profits that year.[257]

 Hyperloop

 Main articles: Hyperloop and Hyperloop pod competition
 A tube part of the 2017 Hyperloop pod competition sponsored by SpaceX

 In 2013, Musk announced plans for a version of a vactrain—a vacuum tube train—and assigned a dozen engineers from SpaceX and Tesla to establish the conceptual foundations and create initial designs.[258] Later that year, Musk unveiled the concept, which he dubbed the hyperloop.[259] The alpha design for the system was published in a whitepaper posted to the Tesla and SpaceX blogs.[260] The document scoped out the technology and outlined a notional route where such a transport system could be built between the Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area, at an estimated cost of $6 billion.[261] The proposal, if technologically feasible at the costs cited, would make Hyperloop travel cheaper than any other mode of transport for such long distances.[262]

 In 2015, Musk announced a design competition for students and others to build Hyperloop pods, to operate on a SpaceX-sponsored mile-long track, for a 2015–2017 Hyperloop pod competition. The track was used in January 2017, and Musk also announced that the company started a tunnel project, with Hawthorne Municipal Airport as its destination.[263] In July 2017, Musk claimed that he had received "verbal government approval" to build a hyperloop from New York City to Washington, D.C., with stops in both Philadelphia and Baltimore.[264] Mention of the projected DC-to-Baltimore leg was removed from the Boring Company website in 2021.[265] The tunnel project to Hawthorne was discontinued in 2022 and is cited to be converted into parking spots for SpaceX workers.[266]

 Biographer Ashlee Vance has noted that Musk hoped Hyperloop would "make the public and legislators rethink the high-speed train" proposal current in California at the time and consider more "creative" ideas.[267]

 OpenAI

 Main article: OpenAI

 In 2015, Musk co-founded OpenAI, a not-for-profit artificial intelligence (AI) research company aiming to develop artificial general intelligence intended to be safe and beneficial to humanity.[268] A particular focus of the company is to democratize artificial superintelligence systems, against governments and corporations.[23] In 2018, Musk left the OpenAI board to avoid possible future conflicts with his role as CEO of Tesla as the latter company increasingly became involved in AI through Tesla Autopilot.[269] Since then, OpenAI has made significant advances in machine learning, producing neural networks such as GPT-3 (producing human-like text),[270] and DALL-E (generating digital images from natural language descriptions).[271]

 Tham Luang cave rescue and defamation case

 Further information: Tham Luang cave rescue
 During the Tham Luang cave rescue (pictured), Musk had proposed a mini-submarine to evacuate the children, which was rejected.

 In July 2018, Musk arranged for his employees to build a mini-submarine to assist the rescue of children trapped in a flooded cavern in Thailand.[272] Richard Stanton, leader of the international rescue diving team, urged Musk to facilitate the construction of the vehicle as a back-up, in case flooding worsened.[273] Engineers at SpaceX and the Boring Company built the mini-submarine from a Falcon 9 liquid oxygen transfer tube in eight hours and personally delivered it to Thailand.[274][275] By this time, however, eight of the 12 children, had already been rescued, the rescuers employing full face masks, oxygen, and anesthesia; consequently, Thai authorities declined to use the submarine.[272] In March 2019, Musk was later one of the 187 people who received various honors conferred by the King of Thailand for involvement in the rescue effort.[276]

 Soon after the rescue, Vernon Unsworth, a British recreational caver who had been exploring the cave for the previous six years and played a key advisory role in the operation, criticized the submarine on CNN as amounting to nothing more than a public relations effort with no chance of success, maintaining that Musk "had no conception of what the cave passage was like" and "can stick his submarine where it hurts". Musk asserted on Twitter that the device would have worked and referred to Unsworth as a "pedo guy".[277] He deleted the tweets,[277] and apologized,[278] and he deleted his responses to critical tweets from Cher Scarlett, a software engineer, which had caused his followers to harass her.[279] In an email to BuzzFeed News, Musk later called Unsworth a "child rapist" and said that he had married a child.[280][281]

 In September, Unsworth filed a defamation suit in the District Court for the Central District of California.[282][283] In his defense, Musk argued that " 'pedo guy' was a common insult used in South Africa when I was growing up ... synonymous with 'creepy old man' and is used to insult a person's appearance and demeanor".[29] The defamation case began in December 2019, with Unsworth seeking $190 million in damages.[284] During the trial Musk apologized to Unsworth again for the tweet. On December 6, the jury found in favor of Musk and ruled he was not liable.[285][286]

 2018 Joe Rogan podcast appearance

 In 2018, Musk appeared on The Joe Rogan Experience podcast and discussed various topics for over two hours. During the interview, Musk sampled a puff from a cigar consisting, the host claimed, of tobacco laced with cannabis. Tesla stock dropped after the incident, which coincided with the confirmation of the departure of Tesla's vice president of worldwide finance earlier that day.[287] Fortune wondered if the cannabis use could have ramifications for SpaceX contracts with the United States Air Force, though an Air Force spokesperson told The Verge that there was no investigation and that the Air Force was still determining the facts.[288] In 2022, Musk claimed that he and other Space-X employees were subjected to random drug tests for about a year following the incident.[289] In a 60 Minutes interview, Musk said of the incident: "I do not smoke pot. As anybody who watched that podcast could tell, I have no idea how to smoke pot."[290]

 Music

 In 2019, Musk, through Emo G Records, released a rap track, "RIP Harambe", on SoundCloud. The track, which refers to the killing of Harambe the gorilla and the subsequent Internet sensationalism surrounding the event, was performed by Yung Jake, written by Yung Jake and Caroline Polachek, and produced by BloodPop.[291][292] The following year, Musk released an EDM track, "Don't Doubt Ur Vibe", featuring his own lyrics and vocals.[293] While Guardian critic Alexi Petridis described it as "indistinguishable... from umpteen competent but unthrilling bits of bedroom electronica posted elsewhere on Soundcloud",[294] TechCrunch said it was "not a bad representation of the genre".[293]

 Private jet

 In 2003, Musk said his favorite plane he owned was an L-39 Albatros.[295] He uses a private jet owned by Falcon Landing LLC, a SpaceX-linked company, and acquired a second jet in August 2020.[296][297] His heavy use of the jet—it flew over 150,000 miles in 2018—and the consequent fossil fuel usage has received criticism.[296][298]

 ElonJet account

 Main articles: ElonJet and 2022 Twitter suspensions

 His flight usage is tracked on social media through ElonJet. The Twitter version of the account was blocked in December 2022, after Musk claimed that his son X AE A-XII had been harassed by a stalker after the account posted the airport at which his jet had landed.[299][300][301] This led to Musk banning the ElonJet account on Twitter, as well as the accounts of journalists that posted stories regarding the incident, including Donie O'Sullivan, Keith Olbermann, and journalists from The New York Times, The Washington Post, CNN, and The Intercept.[302] Musk equated the reporting to doxxing.[303] The police do not believe there is a link between the account and alleged stalker.[304] Musk later took a Twitter poll on whether the journalists' accounts should be reinstated, which resulted in reinstating the accounts.[305][302]

 Wealth

 Musk's net worth from 2013 to 2022 as estimated by Forbes magazine

 Musk made $175.8 million when PayPal was sold to eBay in 2002.[306] He was first listed on the Forbes Billionaires List in 2012, with a net worth of $2 billion.[307]

 At the start of 2020, Musk had a net worth of $27 billion.[308] By the end of the year his net worth had increased by $150 billion, mostly driven by his ownership of around 20% of Tesla stock.[309] During this period, Musk's net worth was often volatile. For example, it dropped $16.3 billion in September, the largest single-day plunge in Bloomberg Billionaires Index ' s history.[310] In November of that year, Musk passed Facebook co-founder Mark Zuckerberg to become the third-richest person in the world; a week later he passed Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates to become the second-richest.[311]

 In January 2021, Musk, with a net worth of $185 billion, surpassed Amazon founder Jeff Bezos to become the richest person in the world.[312] Bezos reclaimed the top spot the following month.[313] On September 27, 2021, after Tesla stock surged, Forbes announced that Musk had a net worth of over $200 billion, and was the richest person in the world.[314] In November 2021, Musk became the first person worth over $300 billion.[315]

 On December 30, 2022, it was reported that Musk had lost $200 billion from his net worth due to declining stock values in Tesla, becoming the first person in history to lose such a large sum of money.[316][317] In January 2023, Musk was recognised by Guinness World Records for experiencing the "largest loss of personal fortune in history" with regards to his financial losses since November 2021, which Guinness quoted a Forbes estimate of $182 billion.[318]

 Sources of wealth

 Around 75% of Musk's wealth derived from Tesla stock in November 2020,[311] a proportion that fell to about 37% as of December 2022,[f] after selling nearly $40 billion in company shares since late 2021.[319] Musk does not receive a salary from Tesla; he agreed with the board in 2018 to a compensation plan that ties his personal earnings to Tesla's valuation and revenue.[309] The deal stipulated that Musk only receives the compensation if Tesla reaches certain market values.[320] It was the largest such deal ever done between a CEO and a company board.[321] In the first award, given in May 2020, he was eligible to purchase 1.69 million Tesla shares (about 1% of the company) at below-market prices, which was worth about $800 million.[321][320]

 Musk paid $455 million in taxes on $1.52 billion of income between 2014 and 2018.[322] According to ProPublica, Musk paid no federal income taxes in 2018.[323] He claimed his 2021 tax bill was estimated at $12 billion based on his sale of $14 billion worth of Tesla stock.[322]

 Musk has repeatedly described himself as "cash poor",[324][325] and has "professed to have little interest in the material trappings of wealth".[324] In May 2020, he pledged to sell almost all physical possessions.[325] Musk has defended his wealth by saying he is accumulating resources for humanity's outward expansion to space.[326]

 Personal views and Twitter usage

 Main article: Views of Elon Musk

 Since joining Twitter in 2009,[327] Musk has been an active user and has over 100 million followers as of June 2022.[328] He posts memes, promotes business interests, and comments on contemporary political and cultural issues.[329] Musk's statements have provoked controversy, such as for mocking preferred gender pronouns,[330][331] and comparing Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau to Adolf Hitler.[332] The New York Times describes his contributions to international relations as "chaotic", and critics of Musk argue that there is a lack of separation between his opinions and his business interests.[333] As CEO of Twitter, Musk has emerged as a source of misinformation, for example by suggesting online details about mass murderer Mauricio Garcia's apparent interest in Nazism could have been planted as part of a psyop.[334] He has been accused by the government of Israel[335] and several media outlets of antisemitism due to him spreading George Soros conspiracy theories,[336][337][338] although some Israeli officials defended Musk.[339]

 Existential threats

 Musk giving details about Falcon 9 and Dragon spacecraft at the 2006 Mars Society Conference

 Musk has been described as believing in longtermism, emphasizing the needs of future populations.[340] Accordingly, Musk has stated that artificial intelligence poses the greatest existential threat to humanity.[341][342] He has warned of a "Terminator-like" AI apocalypse and suggested that the government should regulate its safe development.[343][344] In 2015, Musk was a cosignatory, along with Stephen Hawking and hundreds of others, of the Open Letter on Artificial Intelligence, which called for the ban of autonomous weapons.[345] Musk's AI stances have been called alarmist and sensationalist by critics such as computer scientist Yann LeCun and Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg,[346][347] and led the think tank Information Technology and Innovation Foundation to award Musk its Annual Luddite Award in 2016.[348]

 Musk has described climate change as the greatest threat to humanity after AI,[349] and has advocated for a carbon tax.[350] Musk was a critic of President Donald Trump's stance on climate change,[351][352] and resigned from two presidential business advisory councils following Trump's 2017 decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement.[353]

 Musk has long promoted the colonization of Mars and argues that humanity should become a "multiplanetary species".[354] He has suggested the use of nuclear weapons to terraform Mars.[355][356] He envisioned establishing a direct democracy on Mars, with a system in which more votes would be required to create laws than remove them.[357] Musk has also voiced concerns about human population decline,[358][359] saying that "Mars has zero human population. We need a lot of people to become a multiplanet civilization."[360] Speaking at The Wall Street Journal ' s CEO Council session in 2021, Musk stated that a declining birth rate, and consequent population decline, is one of the biggest risks to human civilization.[361]

 Politics

 Musk with Senator Dianne Feinstein at the opening of the Tesla Fremont Factory (2010), and with Vice President Mike Pence at the Kennedy Space Center before SpaceX's Crew Dragon Demo-2 launch (2020)

 While often described as libertarian, Musk has called himself "politically moderate" and was a registered independent voter when he lived in California. The New York Times wrote that Musk "expresses views that don't fit neatly into [the American] binary, left-right political framework".[362] Historically, Musk has donated to both Democrats and Republicans,[363] many of whom are in states in which he has a vested interest.[362] Beginning in the late 2010s, Musk's political contributions have shifted to almost entirely supporting Republicans.[364]

 Musk voted for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[365] In the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Musk endorsed candidate Andrew Yang and expressed support for his proposed universal basic income.[366] He also endorsed Kanye West's 2020 presidential campaign.[367] He said he voted for Joe Biden in the 2020 U.S. presidential election.[365] In 2022, Musk said that he could "no longer support" the Democrats because they are the "party of division & hate",[368][369] and wrote a tweet encouraging "independent-minded voters" to vote Republican in the 2022 U.S. elections, which was an outlier among social media executives who typically avoid partisan political advocacy.[370][371] He also leaned towards supporting Republican Ron DeSantis in the 2024 U.S. presidential election if DeSantis were a candidate.[372][373]

 Musk opposes a "billionaire's tax",[374] and has argued on Twitter with more left-leaning Democratic politicians such as Bernie Sanders,[375][376] Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez,[377] and Elizabeth Warren.[378] He has raised questions about the Black Lives Matter protests, partially based on the fact that the phrase "Hands up, don't shoot" was made up.[379][380] Musk also promoted a baseless theory relating to the attack of Speaker Nancy Pelosi's husband, but Musk deleted his tweet.[381]

 Musk has praised China and has been described as having a close relationship with the Chinese government, allowing access to its markets for Tesla.[382] After Gigafactory Shanghai produced its first batch of vehicles, Musk thanked the Chinese government and Chinese people while criticizing the United States and its people.[383] : 207–208 In 2022, Musk wrote an article for China Cyberspace, the official publication of Cyberspace Administration of China, which enforces Internet censorship in China. His writing the article was described as conflicting with his advocacy for free speech.[384][385] Musk later advocated for Taiwan to become a "special administrative zone" of China which drew cross-party criticism from Taiwanese lawmakers.[386][387][388] In October 2022, Musk posted a Twitter poll and "peace plan" to resolve the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[389][390] It was reported that Musk allegedly spoke with Russian President Vladimir Putin prior to the proposal, which Musk denied.[391][392][393][394]

 COVID-19

 Musk wears a bandana as a face mask during the COVID-19 pandemic.

 Musk was criticized for his public comments and conduct related to the COVID-19 pandemic.[395][396] He spread misinformation about the virus, including promoting a widely discredited paper on the benefits of chloroquine and claiming that COVID-19 death statistics were inflated.[397]

 In March 2020, Musk stated, "The coronavirus panic is dumb."[398][399] In an email to Tesla employees, Musk referred to COVID-19 as a "specific form of the common cold" and predicted that confirmed COVID-19 cases would not exceed 0.1% of the U.S. population.[395] On March 19, 2020, Musk predicted that there would be "probably close to zero new cases in [the U.S.] by end of April".[396] Politico labeled this statement one of "the most audacious, confident, and spectacularly incorrect prognostications [of 2020]".[400] Musk also claimed falsely that children "are essentially immune" to COVID-19.[401][402]

 Musk condemned COVID-19 lockdowns and initially refused to close the Tesla Fremont Factory in March 2020, defying the local shelter-in-place order.[395][403][404] In May 2020, he reopened the Tesla factory, defying the local stay-at-home order,[405][406] and warned workers that they would be unpaid, and their unemployment benefits might be jeopardized, if they did not report to work.[406] In December 2022, Musk called for prosecution of former NIAID director Anthony Fauci.[407][408]

 In March 2020, Musk promised that Tesla would make ventilators for COVID-19 patients if there were a shortage.[409] After figures like New York City mayor Bill de Blasio responded to Musk's offer,[410] Musk offered to donate ventilators which Tesla would build or buy from a third party.[409] However, Musk ended up buying and donating BiPAP and CPAP machines, which are non-invasive ventilators, rather than the much more expensive and sought-after invasive mechanical ventilator machines.[411][412]

 In September 2020, Musk stated that he would not get the COVID-19 vaccine, because he and his children were "not at risk for COVID".[413][414] Two months later, Musk contracted COVID-19 and suggested his COVID-19 rapid antigen test results were dubious, after which the phrase "Space Karen" trended on Twitter, in reference to Musk.[415][416] However, in December 2021, Musk revealed that he and his eligible children had received the vaccine.[417] In January 2023, Musk stated that he experienced intense adverse reactions after his 2nd COVID-19 vaccine booster shot.[418]

 Finance

 Musk said that the U.S. government should not provide subsidies to companies, but impose a carbon tax to discourage poor behavior.[419][420] The free market, in his view, would achieve the best solution, and producing environmentally unfriendly vehicles should have consequences.[421] Tesla has received billions of dollars in subsidies.[422] In addition, Tesla made large sums from government-initiated systems of zero-emissions credits offered in California and at the United States federal level, which facilitated initial consumer adoption of Tesla vehicles, as the tax credits given by governments enabled Tesla's battery electric vehicles to be price-competitive, in comparison with existing lower-priced internal combustion engine vehicles.[423] Notably, Tesla generates some of its revenue from its sales of carbon credits granted to the company, by both the European Union Emissions Trading System and the Chinese national carbon trading scheme.[424][425][426][427]

 Musk, a longtime opponent of short-selling, has repeatedly criticized the practice and argued it should be illegal.[428][429] Wired magazine speculated that Musk's opposition to short-selling stems from how short sellers have an incentive to find and promote unfavorable information about his companies.[430] In early 2021, he encouraged the GameStop short squeeze.[431][432]

 In December 2022, Musk sold $3.6 billion of his stock in Tesla, equal to 22 million shares in the company,[433] despite pledging earlier in the year that he would not sell any additional shares.[434]

 Technology

 Musk has promoted cryptocurrencies and supports them over traditional government-issued fiat currencies.[435] Given the influence of Musk's tweets in moving cryptocurrency markets,[436] his statements about cryptocurrencies have been viewed as market manipulation by some, such as economist Nouriel Roubini.[437] Musk's social media praising of Bitcoin and Dogecoin was credited for increasing their prices. Consequently, Tesla's 2021 announcement, against the backdrop of Musk's social media behavior, that it bought $1.5 billion worth of Bitcoin, raised questions.[438] Tesla's announcement that it would accept Bitcoin for payment was criticized by environmentalists and investors, due to the environmental impact of cryptocurrency mining. A few months later, in response to the criticism, Musk announced on Twitter that Tesla would no longer accept payments in Bitcoin and would not engage in any Bitcoin transactions until the environmental issues are solved.[439][440]

 Despite the Boring Company's involvement in building mass transit infrastructure, Musk has criticized public transport and promoted individualized transport (private vehicles).[441][442][443] His comments have been called "elitist" and have sparked widespread criticism from both transportation and urban planning experts, who have pointed out that public transportation in dense urban areas is more economical, more energy efficient, and requires much less space than private cars.[442][444][443]

 Personal life

 From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk resided in California, where both Tesla and SpaceX were founded.[445] In 2020, he moved to Texas, saying that California had become "complacent" about its economic success.[445][446] While hosting Saturday Night Live in May 2021, Musk said that he has Asperger syndrome.[447]

 Musk met his first wife, Canadian Justine Wilson, while attending Queen's University in Ontario, Canada; and they married in 2000.[448] In 2002, their first child died of sudden infant death syndrome at the age of 10 weeks.[449] After his death, the couple decided to use IVF to continue their family.[450] They had twins in 2004 followed by triplets in 2006.[450] The couple divorced in 2008 and shared custody of their children.[451][452] In 2022, one of the twins officially changed her name to reflect her gender identity, and to use Wilson as her last name because she no longer wished to be associated with Musk.[453] Musk blamed the estrangement of his daughter on what the Financial Times characterized as "the supposed takeover of elite schools and universities by neo-Marxists."[454]

 In 2008, Musk began dating English actress Talulah Riley.[455] They married two years later at Dornoch Cathedral in Scotland.[456][457] In 2012, the couple divorced, before remarrying the following year.[458] After briefly filing for divorce in 2014,[458] Musk finalized a second divorce from Riley in 2016.[459] Musk then dated Amber Heard for several months in 2017;[460] he had reportedly been pursuing her since 2012.[461] Johnny Depp later accused Musk of having an affair with Heard while she was still married to Depp.[462][463] Musk and Heard both denied the affair.[462]

 In 2018, Musk and Canadian musician Grimes revealed that they were dating.[464] Grimes gave birth to their son in May 2020.[465][466] According to Musk and Grimes, his name was "X Æ A-12" (/ ɛ k s æ ʃ eɪ ˈ t w ɛ l v /); however, the name would have violated California regulations as it contained characters that are not in the modern English alphabet,[467][468] and was then changed to "X Æ A-Xii" . This drew more confusion, as Æ is not a letter in the modern English alphabet.[469] The child was eventually named X AE A-XII Musk, with "X" as a first name, "AE A-XII" as a middle name, and "Musk" as surname.[470] In December 2021, Grimes and Musk had a second child, a daughter named Exa Dark Sideræl Musk (nicknamed "Y"), born via surrogacy.[1] Despite the pregnancy, Musk confirmed reports that the couple were "semi-separated" in September 2021; in an interview with Time in December 2021, he said he was single.[471][472] In March 2022, Grimes said of her relationship with Musk: "I would probably refer to him as my boyfriend, but we're very fluid."[1] Later that month, Grimes tweeted that she and Musk had broken up again but remained on good terms.[473]

 In July 2022, Insider published court documents revealing that Musk had had twins with Shivon Zilis, director of operations and special projects at Neuralink, in November 2021.[3] They were born weeks before Musk and Grimes had their second child via surrogate in December. The news "raise[d] questions about workplace ethics", given that Zilis directly reported to Musk.[474] Also in July 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that Musk allegedly had an affair with Nicole Shanahan, the wife of Google co-founder Sergey Brin, in 2021, leading to their divorce the following year.[475] Musk denied the report.[476]

 Legal matters

 Main articles: List of lawsuits involving Tesla, Inc. and Criticism of Tesla, Inc.

 As of September 2022, Musk is a defendant in 24 lawsuits.[477]

 US Virgin Islands subpoena

 In April 2023, the government of the US Virgin Islands sought to subpoena Musk for documents in a lawsuit alleging that JPMorgan Chase profited from Jeffrey Epstein’s sex trafficking operation. In May, a judge granted the US Virgin Islands' request to serve Musk electronically through Tesla after the U.S. territory had difficulty locating him.[478][479][480][481] The efforts to subpoena Musk for documents do not implicate him in any wrongdoing and do not seek to have Musk testify under oath.[482]

 Sexual misconduct allegations

 In May 2022, Business Insider cited an anonymous friend of an unnamed SpaceX contract flight attendant, alleging that Musk engaged in sexual misconduct in 2016. The source stated that in November 2018, Musk, SpaceX, and the former flight attendant entered into a severance agreement granting the attendant a $250,000 payment in exchange for a promise not to sue over the claims.[483] Musk responded, "If I were inclined to engage in sexual harassment, this is unlikely to be the first time in my entire 30-year career that it comes to light". He accused the article from Business Insider of being a "politically motivated hit piece".[484][485] After the release of the Business Insider article, Tesla's stock fell by more than 6%,[486] decreasing Musk's net worth by $10 billion.[487] Barron ' s wrote "...some investors considered key-man risk – the danger that a company could be badly hurt by the loss of one individual."[488]

 Public perception

 Though Musk's ventures were influential within their own industries in the 2000s, Musk only became a public figure in the early 2010s. He is often described as an eccentric who makes spontaneous and controversial statements, contrary to other billionaires who prefer reclusiveness to protect their businesses.[489][490] Celebrated by fans and hated by critics, Musk was described by Vance as having become very polarizing because of his "part philosopher, part troll" role on Twitter.[491]

 Media appearances

 See also: Elon Musk filmography

 With Steve Jobs and Donald Trump, Musk served as inspiration for the characterization of Tony Stark in the Marvel film Iron Man (2008).[492] Musk had a cameo appearance in the 2010 sequel, Iron Man 2.[493] Musk has made cameos and appearances in other films such as Machete Kills (2013),[494] Why Him? (2016),[495] and Men in Black: International (2019).[496] Television series in which he has appeared include The Simpsons ("The Musk Who Fell to Earth", 2015),[497] The Big Bang Theory ("The Platonic Permutation", 2015),[498] South Park ("Members Only", 2016),[499][500] Rick and Morty ("One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty", 2019),[501][502] Young Sheldon ("A Patch, a Modem, and a Zantac®", 2017),[503] and Saturday Night Live (2021).[504] He contributed interviews to the documentaries Racing Extinction (2015) and the Werner Herzog-directed Lo and Behold (2016).[505][506]

 Recognition

 Main article: List of awards and honors received by Elon Musk

 Musk was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2018.[507] In 2015, he received an honorary doctorate in engineering and technology from Yale University[508] and IEEE Honorary Membership.[509] Awards for his contributions to the development of the Falcon rockets include the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics George Low Transportation Award in 2008,[510] the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Gold Space Medal in 2010,[511] and the Royal Aeronautical Society Gold Medal in 2012.[512] He was listed among Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in 2010,[513] 2013,[514] 2018,[515] and 2021.[516] Musk was selected as Time ' s "Person of the Year" for 2021. Time editor-in-chief Edward Felsenthal wrote that "Person of the Year is a marker of influence, and few individuals have had more influence than Musk on life on Earth, and potentially life off Earth too".[517][518] In 2022, Musk was elected as a member of the National Academy of Engineering.[519]

 See also

 * Thud (media company)
 * List of richest Americans in history

 Notes

 1. ^ One child is deceased. [2]
 2. ^ Musk remained on the board and served as an advisor. [66][67]
 3. ^ SpaceX received nearly $900 million in Federal Communications Commission subsidies for Starlink. [96][97]
 4. ^ Musk stated he was considering taking Tesla private at a price of $420 a share, an alleged reference to marijuana . [138] Members of Tesla's board and rapper Azealia Banks alleged that Musk may have been under the influence of recreational drugs when he wrote the tweet. [139][140]
 5. ^ He did not file the necessary SEC paperwork within 10 days of his stake passing 5%, a violation of U.S. securities laws. [192]
 6. ^ According to the Wall Street Journal , he was worth $140 billion, with $52 billion of that attributable to his ownership of Tesla stock.

 References

 1. ^ a b c Gordon, Devin (March 10, 2022). ""Infamy Is Kind Of Fun": Grimes on Music, Mars, and—Surprise!—Her Secret New Baby With Elon Musk". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on May 21, 2022 . Retrieved March 10, 2022 .
 2. ^ Berger (2021) , pp. 182.
 3. ^ a b Southern, Keiran (July 7, 2022). Written at Los Angeles. "Elon Musk 'had twins with one of his executives'". The Times. London. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022 . Retrieved July 7, 2022 .
 4. ^ Mohamed, Theron (December 15, 2022). "Elon Musk just cashed in another $3.6 billion of Tesla stock as he wrestles with mounting interest payments at Twitter and a looming recession". Business Insider.
 5. ^ "Elon Musk". Bloomberg: Elon Musk net worth.
 6. ^ "Bloomberg Billionaires Index". Bloomberg L.P.
 7. ^ "Real Time Billionaires". Forbes.
 8. ^ a b Eligon, John; Chutel, Lynsey (May 5, 2022). "Elon Musk Left a South Africa That Was Rife With Misinformation and White Privilege". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022 . Retrieved May 5, 2022 .
 9. ^ Vance (2017) , pp. 25, 31.
 10. ^ a b Hall, Dana (April 11, 2014). "Rocket Man: The otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on April 14, 2014 . Retrieved April 14, 2014 .
 11. ^ Elliott, Hannah (March 26, 2012). "At Home With Elon Musk: The (Soon-to-Be) Bachelor Billionaire". Forbes. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012 . Retrieved May 30, 2015 .
 12. ^ His biography author Ashlee Vance interviewed on the TV show Triangulation on the TWiT.tv network, discussion of his family starts around the 15th minute
 13. ^ Vargas, Chanel (March 6, 2018). "11 Things to Know About Stunning 69-Year-Old Model Maye Musk". Town & Country. Archived from the original on March 7, 2018 . Retrieved March 25, 2020 .
 14. ^ a b Usborne, Simon (February 21, 2018). "Meet the Musks: who's who in Elon's extended family?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020 . Retrieved March 25, 2020 .
 15. ^ May, Dana Hull and Patrick. "Exploring the otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022 . Retrieved October 24, 2021 .
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 497. ^ Cain, Sian (April 26, 2022). "From The Simpsons to Iron Man: Elon Musk's Twitter takeover is just his latest desperate bid for celebrity". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 15, 2022 . Retrieved June 26, 2022 .
 498. ^ "Tesla CEO Elon Musk To Appear on Upcoming Episode of the Big Bang Theory". CBS. Archived from the original on February 23, 2018 . Retrieved December 4, 2015 .
 499. ^ Hansen, Louis (November 25, 2016). "Elon Musk uses 'South Park' to fire back at trolls". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on July 2, 2019 . Retrieved August 29, 2020 .
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 504. ^ Itzkoff, Dave (May 9, 2021). "Elon Musk Hosts a Mother's Day Episode of 'Saturday Night Live'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021 . Retrieved May 27, 2021 .
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 508. ^ "SEAS Celebrates Class of 2015, Honors Innovators Elon Musk and Dean Kamen". Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science. May 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 20, 2015.
 509. ^ "IEEE Honorary Membership Recipients" (PDF) . Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 29, 2011.
 510. ^ "George M. Low Space Transportation Award". American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021 . Retrieved August 14, 2021 .
 511. ^ "Barron Hilton and Elon Musk honoured with the highest FAI awards". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. December 16, 2010. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015.
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 519. ^ "For breakthroughs in the design, engineering, manufacturing, and operation of reusable launch vehicles and sustainable transportation and energy systems". National Academy of Engineering. February 9, 2022. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022 . Retrieved March 25, 2022 .

 Bibliography

 * Belfiore, Michael (2007). Rocketeers. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-114902-3.
 * Berger, Eric (2021). Liftoff. William Morrow and Company. ISBN 978-0-06-297997-1.
 * Jackson, Erik (2004). The PayPal Wars: Battles with eBay, the Media, the Mafia, and the Rest of Planet Earth. Los Angeles: World Ahead Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9746701-0-2.
 * Kidder, David; Hoffman, Reid (2013). The Startup Playbook: Secrets of the Fastest Growing Start-Ups from the founding Entrepreneurs. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-1-4521-0504-8.
 * Vance, Ashlee (2017) [2015]. Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (2nd ed.). New York: Ecco. ISBN 978-0-06-230125-3.

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Elon Musk    FRS         Musk in 2018    Born  Elon Reeve Musk June 28, 1971 (age 51) Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa    Education  University of Pennsylvania (BA, BS)   Title  
 Founder, CEO and chief engineer of SpaceX 
CEO and product architect of Tesla, Inc. 
Owner and CEO of Twitter 
President of the Musk Foundation 
Founder of the Boring Company, X Corp. and X.AI 
Co-founder of Neuralink, OpenAI, Zip2 and X.com (part of PayPal) 
    Spouses    
   Justine Wilson  
 ​ ​ (m. 2000; div. 2008) ​   
   Talulah Riley  
 ​ ​ (m. 2010; div. 2012) ​  
​
 ​ (m. 2013; div. 2016) ​        Partner  Grimes (2018–2021) [1]     Children 10 [a]   [3]     Parents     Errol Musk (father)  Maye Musk (mother)      Family  Musk family    Awards  List of honors and awards    Order of Defence Merit (Knight - Cavaleiro)   Signature         
 Elon Reeve Musk FRS (  EE-lon ; born June 28, 1971) is a business magnate and investor. He is the founder, CEO and chief engineer of SpaceX; angel investor, CEO and product architect of Tesla, Inc.; owner and CEO of Twitter, Inc.; founder of the Boring Company; co-founder of Neuralink and OpenAI; and president of the philanthropic Musk Foundation. Musk is the second-wealthiest person in the world, according to both the  Bloomberg Billionaires Index  and  Forbes 's Real Time Billionaires list as of May 2023 primarily from his ownership stakes in Tesla and SpaceX, with an estimated net worth of around $167 billion according to the Bloomberg and $176.2 billion according to the latter. [4]   [5]   [6]   [7] 
 Musk was born in Pretoria, South Africa, and briefly attended the University of Pretoria before moving to Canada at age 18, acquiring citizenship through his Canadian-born mother. Two years later, he matriculated at Queen's University and transferred to the University of Pennsylvania, where he received bachelor's degrees in economics and physics. He moved to California in 1995 to attend Stanford University. After two days, he dropped out and, with his brother Kimbal, co-founded the online city guide software company Zip2. In 1999, Zip2 was acquired by Compaq for $307 million and Musk co-founded X.com, a direct bank. X.com merged with Confinity in 2000 to form PayPal, which eBay acquired for $1.5 billion in 2002.
 With $175.8 million, Musk founded SpaceX in 2002, a spaceflight services company. In 2004, he was an early investor in the electric vehicle manufacturer Tesla Motors, Inc. (now Tesla, Inc.). He became its chairman and product architect, assuming the position of CEO in 2008. In 2006, he helped create SolarCity, a solar energy company that was later acquired by Tesla and became Tesla Energy. In 2015, he co-founded OpenAI, a nonprofit artificial intelligence research company. The following year, he co-founded Neuralink—a neurotechnology company developing brain–computer interfaces—and the Boring Company, a tunnel construction company. Musk has also proposed a hyperloop high-speed vactrain transportation system. In 2022, his acquisition of Twitter for $44 billion was completed. 
 Musk has expressed views that have made him a polarizing figure. He has been criticized for making unscientific and misleading statements, including spreading COVID-19 misinformation, and has been accused of antisemitism. In 2018, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) sued Musk for falsely tweeting that he had secured funding for a private takeover of Tesla. Musk stepped down as chairman of Tesla and paid a $20 million fine as part of a settlement agreement with the SEC.
Early life
Childhood and family
Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, one of South Africa's capital cities. [8]   [9]  Musk has British and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry. [10]   [11]  His mother is Maye Musk (née Haldeman), a model and dietitian born in Saskatchewan, Canada, and raised in South Africa. [12]   [13]   [14]  His father, Errol Musk, is a South African electromechanical engineer, pilot, sailor, consultant, and property developer, who partly owned a Zambian emerald mine near Lake Tanganyika. [15]   [16]   [17]   [18]  Musk has a younger brother, Kimbal, and a younger sister, Tosca. [14]   [19] 
 Musk's family was wealthy during his youth. [18]  His father was elected to the Pretoria City Council as a representative of the anti-apartheid Progressive Party and has said that his children shared their father's dislike of apartheid. [8]  His maternal grandfather, Joshua Haldeman, was an adventurous American-born Canadian who took his family on record-breaking journeys to Africa and Australia in a single-engine Bellanca airplane. [20]   [21]   [22]  After his parents divorced in 1980, Musk chose to mostly live with his father. [10]  Musk regretted his decision and has become estranged from his father. [23]  He has a paternal half-sister and a half-brother. [20]   [24] 
 Maye Musk has said of her son that he "was shy and awkward at school" and "didn't have many friends". [25]  At age ten, he developed an interest in computing and video games, teaching himself how to program from the VIC-20 user manual. [26]  At age twelve, he sold his BASIC-based game Blastar to PC and Office Technology magazine for approximately $500. [27]   [28] 
Education
     
Musk attended Waterkloof House Preparatory School, Bryanston High School, and Pretoria Boys High School, from which he graduated. [29]  Musk applied for a Canadian passport through his Canadian-born mother, [30]   [31]  knowing that it would be easier to immigrate to the United States this way. [32]  While waiting for his application to be processed, he attended the University of Pretoria for five months. [33] 
 Musk arrived in Canada in June 1989 and lived with a second cousin in Saskatchewan for a year, [34]  working odd jobs at a farm and lumber mill. [35]  In 1990, he entered Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. [36]   [37]  Two years later, he transferred to the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn), where he completed studies for a Bachelor of Arts degree in physics and a Bachelor of Science degree in economics from the Wharton School. [38]   [39]   [40]   [41]  Although Musk claims he earned the degrees in 1995, UPenn maintains it awarded them in 1997. [42]  He reportedly hosted large, ticketed house parties to help pay for tuition, and wrote a business plan for an electronic book-scanning service similar to Google Books. [43] 
 In 1994, Musk held two internships in Silicon Valley: one at the energy storage startup Pinnacle Research Institute, which investigated electrolytic ultracapacitors for energy storage, and another at the Palo Alto–based startup Rocket Science Games. [44]   [45]  In 1995, he was accepted to a PhD program in materials science at Stanford University. [46]   [47]  However, Musk decided to join the Internet boom, instead dropping out two days after being accepted and applied for a job at Netscape, to which he reportedly never received a response. [48]   [30] 
Business career
Zip2
Main article: Zip2 
   External video    Musk speaks of his early business experience during a 2014 commencement speech at USC on YouTube   
In 1995, Musk, his brother Kimbal, and Greg Kouri founded Zip2. [49]   [50]  Errol Musk provided them with $28,000 in funding. [51]  The company developed an Internet city guide with maps, directions, and yellow pages, and marketed it to newspapers. [52]  They worked at a small rented office in Palo Alto, [53]  Musk coding the website every night. [53]  Eventually, Zip2 obtained contracts with  The New York Times  and the  Chicago Tribune . [43]  The brothers persuaded the board of directors to abandon a merger with CitySearch; [54]  however, Musk's attempts to become CEO were thwarted. [55]  Compaq acquired Zip2 for $307 million in cash in February 1999, [56]   [57]  and Musk received $22 million for his 7-percent share. [58] 
X.com and PayPal
Later in 1999, Musk co-founded X.com, an online financial services and e-mail payment company. [59]  X.com was one of the first federally insured online banks, and over 200,000 customers joined in its initial months of operation. [60]  Even though Musk founded the company, investors regarded him as inexperienced and replaced him with Intuit CEO Bill Harris by the end of the year. [61] 
 In 2000, X.com merged with online bank Confinity to avoid competition, [53]   [61]   [62]  as Confinity's money-transfer service PayPal was more popular than X.com's service. [63]  Musk then returned as CEO of the merged company. His preference for Microsoft over Unix-based software caused a rift among the company's employees, and led Peter Thiel, Confinity's founder, to resign. [64]  With the company suffering from compounding technological issues and the lack of a cohesive business model, the board ousted Musk and replaced him with Thiel in September 2000. [65]   [b]  Under Thiel, the company focused on the money-transfer service and was renamed PayPal in 2001. [67]   [68] 
 In 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay for $1.5 billion in stock, of which Musk—the largest shareholder with 11.72% of shares—received $175.8 million. [69]   [70]  In 2017, more than 15 years later, Musk purchased the X.com domain from PayPal for its sentimental value. [71]   [72]  In 2022, Musk discussed a goal of creating "X, the everything app". [73] 
SpaceX
     
In early 2001, Musk became involved with the nonprofit Mars Society and discussed funding plans to place a growth-chamber for plants on Mars. [74]  In October of the same year, he traveled to Moscow with Jim Cantrell and Adeo Ressi to buy refurbished intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that could send the greenhouse payloads into space. He met with the companies NPO Lavochkin and Kosmotras; however, Musk was seen as a novice [75]  and the group returned to the United States empty-handed. In February 2002, the group returned to Russia with Mike Griffin (president of In-Q-Tel) to look for three ICBMs. They had another meeting with Kosmotras and were offered one rocket for $8 million, which Musk rejected. He instead decided to start a company that could build affordable rockets. [75]  With $100 million of his own money, [76]  Musk founded SpaceX in May 2002 and became the company's CEO and Chief Engineer. [77]   [78] 
 SpaceX attempted its first launch of the Falcon 1 rocket in 2006. [79]  Though the rocket failed to reach Earth orbit, it was awarded a Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program contract from NASA Administrator (and former SpaceX consultant [80] ) Mike Griffin later that year. [81]   [82]  After two more failed attempts that nearly caused Musk and his companies to go bankrupt, [79]  SpaceX succeeded in launching the Falcon 1 into orbit in 2008. [83]  Later that year, SpaceX received a $1.6 billion Commercial Resupply Services contract from NASA for 12 flights of its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station, replacing the Space Shuttle after its 2011 retirement. [84]  In 2012, the Dragon vehicle docked with the ISS, a first for a commercial spacecraft. [85] 
     
Working towards its goal of reusable rockets, in 2015 SpaceX successfully landed the first stage of a Falcon 9 on an inland platform. [86]  Later landings were achieved on autonomous spaceport drone ships, an ocean-based recovery platform. [87]  In 2018, SpaceX launched the Falcon Heavy; the inaugural mission carried Musk's personal Tesla Roadster as a dummy payload. [88]   [89]  Since 2019, [90]  SpaceX has been developing Starship, a fully-reusable, super-heavy-lift launch vehicle intended to replace the Falcon 9 and the Falcon Heavy. [91]  In 2020, SpaceX launched its first crewed flight, the Demo-2, becoming the first private company to place astronauts into orbit and dock a crewed spacecraft with the ISS. [92] 
Starlink
      50 Starlink satellites shortly before deployment to low Earth orbit, 2019  
In 2015, SpaceX began development of the Starlink constellation of low-Earth-orbit satellites to provide satellite Internet access, [93]  with the first two prototype satellites launched in February 2018. A second set of test satellites, and the first large deployment of a piece of the constellation, occurred in May 2019, when the first 60 operational satellites were launched. [94]  The total cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation is estimated by SpaceX to be about $10 billion. [95]   [c]  Some critics, including the International Astronomical Union, have alleged that Starlink blocks the view of the sky and poses a collision threat to spacecraft. [98]   [99]   [100] 
 During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Musk sent Starlink terminals to Ukraine to provide Internet access and communication. [101]  However, Musk refused to block Russian state media on Starlink, declaring himself "a free speech absolutist". [102]   [103]  In October 2022, Musk stated that about 20,000 satellite terminals had been donated to Ukraine, together with free data transfer subscriptions, which cost SpaceX $80 million. After asking the United States Department of Defense to pay for further units and future subscriptions on behalf of Ukraine, [104]  Musk publicly stated that SpaceX would continue to provide Starlink to Ukraine for free, at a yearly cost to itself of $400 million. [105]   [106]   [107] 
Tesla
     
 Tesla, Inc.—originally Tesla Motors—was incorporated in 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, who financed the company until the Series A round of funding. Both men played active roles in the company's early development prior to Musk's involvement. [108]  Musk led the Series A round of investment in February 2004; he invested $6.5 million, became the majority shareholder, and joined Tesla's board of directors as chairman. [109]  Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw Roadster product design but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations. [110] 
 Following a series of escalating conflicts in 2007, and the financial crisis of 2007–2008, Eberhard was ousted from the firm. [111]  [ page needed ]  [112]  Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect in 2008. [113]  A 2009 lawsuit settlement with Eberhard designated Musk as a Tesla co-founder, along with Tarpenning and two others. [114]   [115]  As of 2019, Musk was the longest-tenured CEO of any automotive manufacturer globally. [116]  In 2021, Musk nominally changed his title to "Technoking" while retaining his position as CEO. [117] 
      Musk before a Model X at the 2014 Tesla Inc. annual shareholder meeting  
Tesla first built an electric sports car, the Roadster, in 2008. With sales of about 2,500 vehicles, it was the first serial production all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells. [118]  Tesla began delivery of its four-door Model S sedan in 2012. [119]  A cross-over, the Model X was launched in 2015. [120]  A mass-market sedan, the Model 3, was released in 2017. [121]  The Model 3 is the all-time bestselling plug-in electric car worldwide, and in June 2021 it became the first electric car to sell 1 million units globally. [122]   [123]  A fifth vehicle, the Model Y crossover, was launched in 2020. [124]  The Cybertruck, an all-electric pickup truck, was unveiled in 2019. [125]  Under Musk, Tesla has also constructed multiple lithium-ion battery and electric vehicle factories, named Gigafactories. [126] 
 Since its initial public offering in 2010, [127]  Tesla stock has risen significantly; it became the most valuable carmaker in summer 2020, [128]   [129]  and it entered the S&amp;P 500 later that year. [130]   [131]  In October 2021, it reached a market capitalization of $1 trillion, the sixth company in U.S. history to do so. [132]  In November 2021, Musk proposed, on Twitter, to sell 10% of his Tesla stock, since "much is made lately of unrealized gains being a means of tax avoidance". [133]  After more than 3.5 million Twitter accounts supported the sale, Musk sold $6.9 billion of Tesla stock within a week, [133]  and a total of $16.4 billion by year end, reaching the 10% target. [134]  In February 2022,  The Wall Street Journal  reported that both Elon and Kimbal Musk were under investigation by the SEC for possible insider trading related to the sale. [135]  In 2022, Musk unveiled a robot developed by Tesla, Optimus. [136] 
SEC and shareholder lawsuits regarding tweets
In 2018, Musk was sued by the SEC for a tweet claiming that funding had been secured for potentially taking Tesla private. [137]   [d]  The lawsuit characterized the tweet as false, misleading, and damaging to investors, and sought to bar Musk from serving as CEO of publicly traded companies. [137]   [141]   [142]  Two days later, Musk settled with the SEC, without admitting or denying the SEC's allegations. As a result, Musk and Tesla were fined $20 million each, and Musk was forced to step down for three years as Tesla chairman but was able to remain as CEO. [143]  Musk has stated in interviews that he does not regret posting the tweet that triggered the SEC investigation. [144]   [145]  In April 2022, the shareholder who sued Musk over the tweet, along with several Tesla shareholders, said that a federal judge had ruled that the tweet was false, although the ruling in question has not been unsealed. [146]  In February 2023, the jury found Musk and Tesla not liable. [147] 
 In 2019, Musk stated in a tweet that Tesla would build half a million cars that year. [148]  The SEC reacted to Musk's tweet by filing in court, asking the court to hold him in contempt for violating the terms of a settlement agreement with such a tweet; the accusation was disputed by Musk. This was eventually settled by a joint agreement between Musk and the SEC clarifying the previous agreement details. [149]  The agreement included a list of topics that Musk would need preclearance before tweeting about. [150]  In 2020, a judge prevented a lawsuit from proceeding that claimed a tweet by Musk regarding Tesla stock price ("too high imo") violated the agreement. [151]   [152]  FOIA-released records showed that the SEC itself concluded Musk has subsequently violated the agreement twice by tweeting regarding "Tesla's solar roof production volumes and its stock price". [153] 
SolarCity and Tesla Energy
      SolarCity solar-panel installation vans in 2009  
Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for SolarCity, which his cousins Lyndon and Peter Rive founded in 2006. [154]  By 2013, SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States. [155]  In 2014, Musk promoted the idea of SolarCity building an advanced production facility in Buffalo, New York, triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States. [156]  Construction of the factory started in 2014 and was completed in 2017. It operated as a joint venture with Panasonic until early 2020. [157]   [158] 
 Tesla acquired SolarCity for over $2 billion in 2016 and merged it with its battery unit to create Tesla Energy. The deal's announcement resulted in a more than 10% drop in Tesla's stock price. At the time, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues. [159]  Multiple shareholder groups filed a lawsuit against Musk and Tesla's directors, claiming that the purchase of SolarCity was done solely to benefit Musk and came at the expense of Tesla and its shareholders. [160]   [161]  Tesla directors settled the lawsuit in January 2020, leaving Musk the sole remaining defendant. [162]   [163]  Two years later, the court ruled in Musk's favor. [164] 
Neuralink
      Musk discussing a Neuralink device during a live demonstration in 2020  
In 2016, Musk co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology startup company, with an investment of $100 million. [165]   [166]  Neuralink aims to integrate the human brain with artificial intelligence (AI) by creating devices that are embedded in the brain to facilitate its merging with machines. Such technology could enhance memory or allow the devices to communicate with software. [166]   [167]  The company also hopes to develop devices with which to treat neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and spinal cord injuries. [168] 
 In 2019, Musk announced work on a device akin to a sewing machine that could embed threads into a human brain. [165]  Musk is listed as the sole author of an October 2019 paper that details some of Neuralink's research, [169]  although Musk's being listed as such rankled the Neuralink team's researchers. [170]  At a 2020 live demonstration, Musk described one of their early devices as "a Fitbit in your skull" that could soon cure paralysis, deafness, blindness, and other disabilities. Many neuroscientists and publications criticized these claims, [171]   [172]   [173]  with  MIT Technology Review  describing them as "highly speculative" and "neuroscience theater". [171]  During the demonstration, Musk revealed a pig with a Neuralink implant that tracked neural activity related to smell. [168]  In 2022, Neuralink announced that clinical trials would begin by the end of the year. [174]  
 Neuralink has conducted further animal testing on macaque monkeys at the University of California, Davis' Primate Research Center. In 2021, the company released a video in which a Macaque played the video game Pong via a Neuralink implant. The company's animal trials—which have caused the deaths of some monkeys—have led to claims of animal cruelty. The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine has alleged that Neuralink's animal trials have violated the Animal Welfare Act. [175]  Employees have complained that pressure from Musk to accelerate development has led to botched experiments and unnecessary animal deaths. In 2022, a federal probe was launched into possible animal welfare violations by Neuralink. [176] 
The Boring Company
     
In 2017, Musk founded the Boring Company to construct tunnels and revealed plans for specialized, underground, high-occupancy vehicles that could travel up to 150 miles per hour (240 km/h) and thus circumvent above-ground traffic in major cities. [177]   [178]  Early in 2017, the company began discussions with regulatory bodies and initiated construction of a 30-foot (9.1 m) wide, 50-foot (15 m) long, and 15-foot (4.6 m) deep "test trench" on the premises of SpaceX's offices, as that required no permits. [179]  The Los Angeles tunnel, less than two miles (3.2 km) in length, debuted to journalists in 2018. It used Tesla Model X's and was reported to be a rough ride while traveling at suboptimal speeds. [180] 
 Two tunnel projects announced in 2018, in Chicago and West Los Angeles, have been canceled. [181]   [182]  However, a tunnel beneath the Las Vegas Convention Center was completed in early 2021. [183]  Local officials have approved further expansions of the tunnel system. [184]  In 2021, tunnel construction was approved for Fort Lauderdale, Florida. [185] 
Twitter
Musk expressed interest in buying Twitter as early as 2017, [187]  and had previously questioned the platform's commitment to freedom of speech. [188]   [189]  In January 2022, Musk started purchasing Twitter shares, reaching a 9.2% stake by April, [190]  making him the largest shareholder. [191]   [e]  When this was publicly disclosed, Twitter shares experienced the largest intraday price surge since the company's 2013 IPO. [193]  On April 4, Musk agreed to a deal that would appoint him to Twitter's board of directors and prohibit him from acquiring more than 14.9% of the company. [194]   [195]  However, on April 13, Musk made a $43 billion offer to buy Twitter, launching a takeover bid to buy 100% of Twitter's stock at $54.20 per share. [191]   [196]  In response, Twitter's board adopted a "poison pill" shareholder rights plan to make it more expensive for any single investor to own more than 15% of the company without board approval. [197]  Nevertheless, by the end of the month Musk had successfully concluded his bid for approximately $44 billion. [198]  This included about $12.5 billion in loans against his Tesla stock and $21 billion in equity financing. [199]   [200] 
 Tesla's stock market value sank by over $100 billion the next day in reaction to the deal, causing Musk to lose around $30 billion of his net worth. [201]   [202]  He subsequently tweeted criticism of Twitter executive Vijaya Gadde's policies to his 86 million followers, which led to some of them engaging in sexist and racist harassment against her. [203]  Exactly a month after announcing the takeover, Musk stated that the deal was "on hold" following a report that 5% of Twitter's daily active users were spam accounts, [204]  causing Twitter shares to drop more than 10 percent. [205]  Although he initially affirmed his commitment to the acquisition, [206]  he sent notification of his termination of the deal in July; Twitter's Board of Directors responded that they were committed to holding him to the transaction. [207]  On July 12, 2022, Twitter formally sued Musk in the Chancery Court of Delaware for breaching a legally binding agreement to purchase Twitter. [208]  In October 2022, Musk reversed again, offering to purchase Twitter at $54.20 per share. [209]  The acquisition was officially completed on October 27. [210] 
 Immediately after the acquisition, Musk fired top Twitter executives like CEO Parag Agrawal, [210]   [211]  whom he replaced. [212]  He instituted a $7.99 monthly subscription for a "blue check", [213]   [214]   [215]  and laid off a significant portion of the company's staff. [216]   [217]  Musk lessened content moderation, [218]  and in December, Musk released internal documents relating to Twitter's moderation of Hunter Biden's laptop in the leadup to the 2020 presidential election. [219]  The Southern Poverty Law Center noted that Twitter has verified numerous extremists. [220]  A study of millions of tweets following the acquisition indicated that hate speech on the platform has become "more visible" under Musk's leadership. [221] 
 Within the first weeks of ownership, Musk made a series of short-lived decisions and changes that he quickly reversed, including introducing a paid blue checkmark, [222]  creating an "official" label [223]  and forbidding linking to one's profiles on other social media platforms. [224]  Under Musk's management, Twitter experienced several large scale outages. [225]   [226] 
 In April 2022,  The Washington Post  reported that Musk privately claimed supposed censorship on the platform, including the banning of accounts such as  The Babylon Bee , had prompted him to begin the acquisition. Following the acquisition, he made reinstatement of accounts like the Bee an immediate priority. [227]  The  New York Post  revealed that Musk's ex-wife Talulah Riley had encouraged Musk to purchase Twitter, specifically citing the Bee's ban. [228] 
 On December 18, Musk posted a poll to his Twitter account asking users to decide whether he should step down as the head of Twitter, with 57.5% out of the more than 17.5 million votes supporting that decision. [229]  Musk then announced that he would resign as CEO "as soon as I find someone foolish enough to take the job". [230] 
 On 12 May 2023, Musk announced that he would be stepping down from the CEO position and instead moving to "exec chair &amp; CTO, overseeing product, software &amp; sysops." He also announced the introduction of a new CEO, former NBCUniversal executive Linda Yaccarino. [231]   [232] 
Leadership style
      Musk giving a speech to SpaceX employees in 2012  
Musk is often described as a micromanager and has called himself a "nano-manager". [233]  The New York Times has characterized his approach as absolutist. [234]  Musk does not make formal business plans; [234]  instead, he says he prefers to approach engineering problems[  non sequitur  ] with an "iterative design methodology" and "tolerance for failures". [235]  He has forced employees to adopt the company's own jargon and launched ambitious, risky, and costly projects against his advisors' recommendations, such as removing front-facing radar from Tesla Autopilot. His insistence on vertical integration causes his companies to move most production in-house. While this resulted in saved costs for SpaceX's rocket, [236]  vertical integration has caused many usability problems for Tesla's software. [233] 
 Musk's handling of employees—whom he communicates with directly through mass emails—has been characterized as "carrot and stick", rewarding those "who offer constructive criticism" while also being known to impulsively threaten, swear at, and fire his employees. [237]   [238]   [239]  Musk said he expects his employees to work for long hours, sometimes for 80 hours per week. [240]  He has his new employees sign strict non-disclosure agreements and often fires in sprees, [241]   [242]  such as during the Model 3 "production hell" in 2018. [242]  In 2022, Musk revealed plans to fire 10 percent of Tesla's workforce, due to his concerns about the economy. [243]  That same month, he suspended remote work at SpaceX and Tesla and threatened to fire employees who do not work 40 hours per week in the office. [244] 
 Musk's leadership has been praised by some, who credit it with the success of Tesla and his other endeavors, [233]  and criticized by others, who see him as callous and his managerial decisions as "show[ing] a lack of human understanding." [239]   [245]  The 2021 book  Power Play  contains anecdotes of Musk berating employees. [246]  The Wall Street Journal reported that, after Musk insisted on branding his vehicles as "self-driving", he faced criticism from his engineers for putting customer "lives at risk", with some employees resigning in consequence. [247] 
Other activities
Musk Foundation
Musk is the president of the Musk Foundation, [248]  whose stated purpose is to provide solar-power energy systems in disaster areas; support research, development, and advocacy (for interests including human space exploration, pediatrics, renewable energy and "safe artificial intelligence"); and support science and engineering educational efforts. [249]  From 2002 to 2018, the foundation gave $25 million directly to non-profit organizations, nearly half of which went to Musk's OpenAI, [250]  which was then non-profit. [251] 
 Since 2002, the foundation has made over 350 donations. Around half were to scientific research or education nonprofits. Notable beneficiaries include the Wikimedia Foundation, his alma mater the University of Pennsylvania, and his brother Kimbal's Big Green. [252]  In 2012, Musk took the Giving Pledge, thereby committing to give the majority of his wealth to charitable causes either during his lifetime or in his will. [253]  He has endowed prizes at the X Prize Foundation, including $100 million to reward improved carbon capture technology. [254] 
   Vox  said "the Musk Foundation is almost entertaining in its simplicity and yet is strikingly opaque", noting that its website was only 33 words in plain-text. [250]  The foundation has been criticized for the relatively small amount of wealth donated. [255]  In 2020, Forbes gave Musk a philanthropy score of 1, because he had given away less than 1% of his net worth. [252]  In November 2021, Musk donated $5.7 billion of Tesla's shares to charity, according to regulatory filings; [256]  however, Bloomberg News noted that all of it went to his own foundation, bringing Musk Foundation's assets up to $9.4 billion at the end of 2021. The foundation disbursed $160 million to non-profits that year. [257] 
Hyperloop
      A tube part of the 2017 Hyperloop pod competition sponsored by SpaceX  
In 2013, Musk announced plans for a version of a vactrain—a vacuum tube train—and assigned a dozen engineers from SpaceX and Tesla to establish the conceptual foundations and create initial designs. [258]  Later that year, Musk unveiled the concept, which he dubbed the hyperloop. [259]  The alpha design for the system was published in a whitepaper posted to the Tesla and SpaceX blogs. [260]  The document scoped out the technology and outlined a notional route where such a transport system could be built between the Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area, at an estimated cost of $6 billion. [261]  The proposal, if technologically feasible at the costs cited, would make Hyperloop travel cheaper than any other mode of transport for such long distances. [262]  
 In 2015, Musk announced a design competition for students and others to build Hyperloop pods, to operate on a SpaceX-sponsored mile-long track, for a 2015–2017 Hyperloop pod competition. The track was used in January 2017, and Musk also announced that the company started a tunnel project, with Hawthorne Municipal Airport as its destination. [263]  In July 2017, Musk claimed that he had received "verbal government approval" to build a hyperloop from New York City to Washington, D.C., with stops in both Philadelphia and Baltimore. [264]  Mention of the projected DC-to-Baltimore leg was removed from the Boring Company website in 2021. [265]  The tunnel project to Hawthorne was discontinued in 2022 and is cited to be converted into parking spots for SpaceX workers. [266] 
 Biographer Ashlee Vance has noted that Musk hoped Hyperloop would "make the public and legislators rethink the high-speed train" proposal current in California at the time and consider more "creative" ideas. [267] 
OpenAI
In 2015, Musk co-founded OpenAI, a not-for-profit artificial intelligence (AI) research company aiming to develop artificial general intelligence intended to be safe and beneficial to humanity. [268]  A particular focus of the company is to democratize artificial superintelligence systems, against governments and corporations. [23]  In 2018, Musk left the OpenAI board to avoid possible future conflicts with his role as CEO of Tesla as the latter company increasingly became involved in AI through Tesla Autopilot. [269]  Since then, OpenAI has made significant advances in machine learning, producing neural networks such as GPT-3 (producing human-like text), [270]  and DALL-E (generating digital images from natural language descriptions). [271] 
Tham Luang cave rescue and defamation case
      During the Tham Luang cave rescue (pictured), Musk had proposed a mini-submarine to evacuate the children, which was rejected.  
In July 2018, Musk arranged for his employees to build a mini-submarine to assist the rescue of children trapped in a flooded cavern in Thailand. [272]  Richard Stanton, leader of the international rescue diving team, urged Musk to facilitate the construction of the vehicle as a back-up, in case flooding worsened. [273]  Engineers at SpaceX and the Boring Company built the mini-submarine from a Falcon 9 liquid oxygen transfer tube in eight hours and personally delivered it to Thailand. [274]   [275]  By this time, however, eight of the 12 children, had already been rescued, the rescuers employing full face masks, oxygen, and anesthesia; consequently, Thai authorities declined to use the submarine. [272]  In March 2019, Musk was later one of the 187 people who received various honors conferred by the King of Thailand for involvement in the rescue effort. [276] 
 Soon after the rescue, Vernon Unsworth, a British recreational caver who had been exploring the cave for the previous six years and played a key advisory role in the operation, criticized the submarine on CNN as amounting to nothing more than a public relations effort with no chance of success, maintaining that Musk "had no conception of what the cave passage was like" and "can stick his submarine where it hurts". Musk asserted on Twitter that the device would have worked and referred to Unsworth as a "pedo guy". [277]  He deleted the tweets, [277]  and apologized, [278]  and he deleted his responses to critical tweets from Cher Scarlett, a software engineer, which had caused his followers to harass her. [279]  In an email to  BuzzFeed News , Musk later called Unsworth a "child rapist" and said that he had married a child. [280]   [281] 
 In September, Unsworth filed a defamation suit in the District Court for the Central District of California. [282]   [283]  In his defense, Musk argued that "'pedo guy' was a common insult used in South Africa when I was growing up ... synonymous with 'creepy old man' and is used to insult a person's appearance and demeanor". [29]  The defamation case began in December 2019, with Unsworth seeking $190 million in damages. [284]  During the trial Musk apologized to Unsworth again for the tweet. On December 6, the jury found in favor of Musk and ruled he was not liable. [285]   [286] 
2018 Joe Rogan podcast appearance
In 2018, Musk appeared on  The Joe Rogan Experience  podcast and discussed various topics for over two hours. During the interview, Musk sampled a puff from a cigar consisting, the host claimed, of tobacco laced with cannabis. Tesla stock dropped after the incident, which coincided with the confirmation of the departure of Tesla's vice president of worldwide finance earlier that day. [287]   Fortune  wondered if the cannabis use could have ramifications for SpaceX contracts with the United States Air Force, though an Air Force spokesperson told  The Verge  that there was no investigation and that the Air Force was still determining the facts. [288]  In 2022, Musk claimed that he and other Space-X employees were subjected to random drug tests for about a year following the incident. [289]  In a  60 Minutes  interview, Musk said of the incident: "I do not smoke pot. As anybody who watched that podcast could tell, I have no idea how to smoke pot." [290] 
Music
In 2019, Musk, through Emo G Records, released a rap track, "RIP Harambe", on SoundCloud. The track, which refers to the killing of Harambe the gorilla and the subsequent Internet sensationalism surrounding the event, was performed by Yung Jake, written by Yung Jake and Caroline Polachek, and produced by BloodPop. [291]   [292]  The following year, Musk released an EDM track, "Don't Doubt Ur Vibe", featuring his own lyrics and vocals. [293]  While  Guardian  critic Alexi Petridis described it as "indistinguishable... from umpteen competent but unthrilling bits of bedroom electronica posted elsewhere on Soundcloud", [294]  TechCrunch said it was "not a bad representation of the genre". [293] 
Private jet
In 2003, Musk said his favorite plane he owned was an L-39 Albatros. [295]  He uses a private jet owned by Falcon Landing LLC, a SpaceX-linked company, and acquired a second jet in August 2020. [296]   [297]  His heavy use of the jet—it flew over 150,000 miles in 2018—and the consequent fossil fuel usage has received criticism. [296]   [298]  
ElonJet account
His flight usage is tracked on social media through ElonJet. The Twitter version of the account was blocked in December 2022, after Musk claimed that his son X AE A-XII had been harassed by a stalker after the account posted the airport at which his jet had landed. [299]   [300]   [301]  This led to Musk banning the ElonJet account on Twitter, as well as the accounts of journalists that posted stories regarding the incident, including Donie O'Sullivan, Keith Olbermann, and journalists from  The New York Times ,  The Washington Post ,  CNN , and  The Intercept. [302]   Musk equated the reporting to doxxing. [303]  The police do not believe there is a link between the account and alleged stalker. [304]  Musk later took a Twitter poll on whether the journalists' accounts should be reinstated, which resulted in reinstating the accounts. [305]   [302] 
Wealth
      Musk's net worth from 2013 to 2022 as estimated by  Forbes  magazine  
Musk made $175.8 million when PayPal was sold to eBay in 2002. [306]  He was first listed on the  Forbes Billionaires List in 2012, with a net worth of $2 billion. [307] 
 At the start of 2020, Musk had a net worth of $27 billion. [308]  By the end of the year his net worth had increased by $150 billion, mostly driven by his ownership of around 20% of Tesla stock. [309]  During this period, Musk's net worth was often volatile. For example, it dropped $16.3 billion in September, the largest single-day plunge in  Bloomberg Billionaires Index's history. [310]  In November of that year, Musk passed Facebook co-founder Mark Zuckerberg to become the third-richest person in the world; a week later he passed Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates to become the second-richest. [311]  
 In January 2021, Musk, with a net worth of $185 billion, surpassed Amazon founder Jeff Bezos to become the richest person in the world. [312]  Bezos reclaimed the top spot the following month. [313]  On September 27, 2021, after Tesla stock surged, Forbes announced that Musk had a net worth of over $200 billion, and was the richest person in the world. [314]  In November 2021, Musk became the first person worth over $300 billion. [315]  
 On December 30, 2022, it was reported that Musk had lost $200 billion from his net worth due to declining stock values in Tesla, becoming the first person in history to lose such a large sum of money. [316]   [317]  In January 2023, Musk was recognised by Guinness World Records for experiencing the "largest loss of personal fortune in history" with regards to his financial losses since November 2021, which Guinness quoted a Forbes estimate of $182 billion. [318] 
Sources of wealth
Around 75% of Musk's wealth derived from Tesla stock in November 2020, [311]  a proportion that fell to about 37% as of December 2022, [f]  after selling nearly $40 billion in company shares since late 2021. [319]  Musk does not receive a salary from Tesla; he agreed with the board in 2018 to a compensation plan that ties his personal earnings to Tesla's valuation and revenue. [309]  The deal stipulated that Musk only receives the compensation if Tesla reaches certain market values. [320]  It was the largest such deal ever done between a CEO and a company board. [321]  In the first award, given in May 2020, he was eligible to purchase 1.69 million Tesla shares (about 1% of the company) at below-market prices, which was worth about $800 million. [321]   [320] 
 Musk paid $455 million in taxes on $1.52 billion of income between 2014 and 2018. [322]  According to ProPublica, Musk paid no federal income taxes in 2018. [323]  He claimed his 2021 tax bill was estimated at $12 billion based on his sale of $14 billion worth of Tesla stock. [322] 
 Musk has repeatedly described himself as "cash poor", [324]   [325]  and has "professed to have little interest in the material trappings of wealth". [324]  In May 2020, he pledged to sell almost all physical possessions. [325]  Musk has defended his wealth by saying he is accumulating resources for humanity's outward expansion to space. [326] 
Personal views and Twitter usage
Since joining Twitter in 2009, [327]  Musk has been an active user and has over 100 million followers as of June 2022. [328]  He posts memes, promotes business interests, and comments on contemporary political and cultural issues. [329]  Musk's statements have provoked controversy, such as for mocking preferred gender pronouns, [330]   [331]  and comparing Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau to Adolf Hitler. [332]  The New York Times describes his contributions to international relations as "chaotic", and critics of Musk argue that there is a lack of separation between his opinions and his business interests. [333]  As CEO of Twitter, Musk has emerged as a source of misinformation, for example by suggesting online details about mass murderer Mauricio Garcia's apparent interest in Nazism could have been planted as part of a psyop. [334]  He has been accused by the government of Israel [335]  and several media outlets of antisemitism due to him spreading George Soros conspiracy theories, [336]   [337]   [338]  although some Israeli officials defended Musk. [339] 
Existential threats
     
Musk has been described as believing in longtermism, emphasizing the needs of future populations. [340]  Accordingly, Musk has stated that artificial intelligence poses the greatest existential threat to humanity. [341]   [342]  He has warned of a "Terminator-like" AI apocalypse and suggested that the government should regulate its safe development. [343]   [344]  In 2015, Musk was a cosignatory, along with Stephen Hawking and hundreds of others, of the Open Letter on Artificial Intelligence, which called for the ban of autonomous weapons. [345]  Musk's AI stances have been called alarmist and sensationalist by critics such as computer scientist Yann LeCun and Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg, [346]   [347]  and led the think tank Information Technology and Innovation Foundation to award Musk its Annual Luddite Award in 2016. [348] 
 Musk has described climate change as the greatest threat to humanity after AI, [349]  and has advocated for a carbon tax. [350]  Musk was a critic of President Donald Trump's stance on climate change, [351]   [352]  and resigned from two presidential business advisory councils following Trump's 2017 decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement. [353] 
 Musk has long promoted the colonization of Mars and argues that humanity should become a "multiplanetary species". [354]  He has suggested the use of nuclear weapons to terraform Mars. [355]   [356]  He envisioned establishing a direct democracy on Mars, with a system in which more votes would be required to create laws than remove them. [357]  Musk has also voiced concerns about human population decline, [358]   [359]  saying that "Mars has zero human population. We need a lot of people to become a multiplanet civilization." [360]  Speaking at The Wall Street Journal's CEO Council session in 2021, Musk stated that a declining birth rate, and consequent population decline, is one of the biggest risks to human civilization. [361] 
Politics
             
While often described as libertarian, Musk has called himself "politically moderate" and was a registered independent voter when he lived in California. The New York Times wrote that Musk "expresses views that don't fit neatly into [the American] binary, left-right political framework". [362]  Historically, Musk has donated to both Democrats and Republicans, [363]  many of whom are in states in which he has a vested interest. [362]  Beginning in the late 2010s, Musk's political contributions have shifted to almost entirely supporting Republicans. [364] 
 Musk voted for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. [365]  In the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Musk endorsed candidate Andrew Yang and expressed support for his proposed universal basic income. [366]  He also endorsed Kanye West's 2020 presidential campaign. [367]  He said he voted for Joe Biden in the 2020 U.S. presidential election. [365]  In 2022, Musk said that he could "no longer support" the Democrats because they are the "party of division &amp; hate", [368]   [369]  and wrote a tweet encouraging "independent-minded voters" to vote Republican in the 2022 U.S. elections, which was an outlier among social media executives who typically avoid partisan political advocacy. [370]   [371]  He also leaned towards supporting Republican Ron DeSantis in the 2024 U.S. presidential election if DeSantis were a candidate. [372]   [373]  
 Musk opposes a "billionaire's tax", [374]  and has argued on Twitter with more left-leaning Democratic politicians such as Bernie Sanders, [375]   [376]  Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, [377]  and Elizabeth Warren. [378]  He has raised questions about the Black Lives Matter protests, partially based on the fact that the phrase "Hands up, don't shoot" was made up. [379]   [380]  Musk also promoted a baseless theory relating to the attack of Speaker Nancy Pelosi's husband, but Musk deleted his tweet. [381]  
 Musk has praised China and has been described as having a close relationship with the Chinese government, allowing access to its markets for Tesla. [382]  After Gigafactory Shanghai produced its first batch of vehicles, Musk thanked the Chinese government and Chinese people while criticizing the United States and its people. [383]  : 207–208  In 2022, Musk wrote an article for China Cyberspace, the official publication of Cyberspace Administration of China, which enforces Internet censorship in China. His writing the article was described as conflicting with his advocacy for free speech. [384]   [385]  Musk later advocated for Taiwan to become a "special administrative zone" of China which drew cross-party criticism from Taiwanese lawmakers. [386]   [387]   [388]  In October 2022, Musk posted a Twitter poll and "peace plan" to resolve the Russian invasion of Ukraine. [389]   [390]  It was reported that Musk allegedly spoke with Russian President Vladimir Putin prior to the proposal, which Musk denied. [391]   [392]   [393]   [394]  
COVID-19
      Musk wears a bandana as a face mask during the COVID-19 pandemic.  
Musk was criticized for his public comments and conduct related to the COVID-19 pandemic. [395]   [396]  He spread misinformation about the virus, including promoting a widely discredited paper on the benefits of chloroquine and claiming that COVID-19 death statistics were inflated. [397] 
 In March 2020, Musk stated, "The coronavirus panic is dumb." [398]   [399]  In an email to Tesla employees, Musk referred to COVID-19 as a "specific form of the common cold" and predicted that confirmed COVID-19 cases would not exceed 0.1% of the U.S. population. [395]  On March 19, 2020, Musk predicted that there would be "probably close to zero new cases in [the U.S.] by end of April". [396]   Politico  labeled this statement one of "the most audacious, confident, and spectacularly incorrect prognostications [of 2020]". [400]  Musk also claimed falsely that children "are essentially immune" to COVID-19. [401]   [402] 
 Musk condemned COVID-19 lockdowns and initially refused to close the Tesla Fremont Factory in March 2020, defying the local shelter-in-place order. [395]   [403]   [404]  In May 2020, he reopened the Tesla factory, defying the local stay-at-home order, [405]   [406]  and warned workers that they would be unpaid, and their unemployment benefits might be jeopardized, if they did not report to work. [406]  In December 2022, Musk called for prosecution of former NIAID director Anthony Fauci. [407]   [408] 
 In March 2020, Musk promised that Tesla would make ventilators for COVID-19 patients if there were a shortage. [409]  After figures like New York City mayor Bill de Blasio responded to Musk's offer, [410]  Musk offered to donate ventilators which Tesla would build or buy from a third party. [409]  However, Musk ended up buying and donating BiPAP and CPAP machines, which are non-invasive ventilators, rather than the much more expensive and sought-after invasive mechanical ventilator machines. [411]   [412] 
 In September 2020, Musk stated that he would not get the COVID-19 vaccine, because he and his children were "not at risk for COVID". [413]   [414]  Two months later, Musk contracted COVID-19 and suggested his COVID-19 rapid antigen test results were dubious, after which the phrase "Space Karen" trended on Twitter, in reference to Musk. [415]   [416]  However, in December 2021, Musk revealed that he and his eligible children had received the vaccine. [417]  In January 2023, Musk stated that he experienced intense adverse reactions after his 2nd COVID-19 vaccine booster shot. [418] 
Finance
Musk said that the U.S. government should not provide subsidies to companies, but impose a carbon tax to discourage poor behavior. [419]   [420]  The free market, in his view, would achieve the best solution, and producing environmentally unfriendly vehicles should have consequences. [421]  Tesla has received billions of dollars in subsidies. [422]  In addition, Tesla made large sums from government-initiated systems of zero-emissions credits offered in California and at the United States federal level, which facilitated initial consumer adoption of Tesla vehicles, as the tax credits given by governments enabled Tesla's battery electric vehicles to be price-competitive, in comparison with existing lower-priced internal combustion engine vehicles. [423]  Notably, Tesla generates some of its revenue from its sales of carbon credits granted to the company, by both the European Union Emissions Trading System and the Chinese national carbon trading scheme. [424]   [425]   [426]   [427]  
 Musk, a longtime opponent of short-selling, has repeatedly criticized the practice and argued it should be illegal. [428]   [429]  Wired magazine speculated that Musk's opposition to short-selling stems from how short sellers have an incentive to find and promote unfavorable information about his companies. [430]  In early 2021, he encouraged the GameStop short squeeze. [431]   [432] 
 In December 2022, Musk sold $3.6 billion of his stock in Tesla, equal to 22 million shares in the company, [433]  despite pledging earlier in the year that he would not sell any additional shares. [434] 
Technology
Musk has promoted cryptocurrencies and supports them over traditional government-issued fiat currencies. [435]  Given the influence of Musk's tweets in moving cryptocurrency markets, [436]  his statements about cryptocurrencies have been viewed as market manipulation by some, such as economist Nouriel Roubini. [437]  Musk's social media praising of Bitcoin and Dogecoin was credited for increasing their prices. Consequently, Tesla's 2021 announcement, against the backdrop of Musk's social media behavior, that it bought $1.5 billion worth of Bitcoin, raised questions. [438]  Tesla's announcement that it would accept Bitcoin for payment was criticized by environmentalists and investors, due to the environmental impact of cryptocurrency mining. A few months later, in response to the criticism, Musk announced on Twitter that Tesla would no longer accept payments in Bitcoin and would not engage in any Bitcoin transactions until the environmental issues are solved. [439]   [440] 
 Despite the Boring Company's involvement in building mass transit infrastructure, Musk has criticized public transport and promoted individualized transport (private vehicles). [441]   [442]   [443]  His comments have been called "elitist" and have sparked widespread criticism from both transportation and urban planning experts, who have pointed out that public transportation in dense urban areas is more economical, more energy efficient, and requires much less space than private cars. [442]   [444]   [443] 
Personal life
From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk resided in California, where both Tesla and SpaceX were founded. [445]  In 2020, he moved to Texas, saying that California had become "complacent" about its economic success. [445]   [446]  While hosting  Saturday Night Live  in May 2021, Musk said that he has Asperger syndrome. [447] 
 Musk met his first wife, Canadian Justine Wilson, while attending Queen's University in Ontario, Canada; and they married in 2000. [448]  In 2002, their first child died of sudden infant death syndrome at the age of 10 weeks. [449]  After his death, the couple decided to use IVF to continue their family. [450]  They had twins in 2004 followed by triplets in 2006. [450]  The couple divorced in 2008 and shared custody of their children. [451]   [452]  In 2022, one of the twins officially changed her name to reflect her gender identity, and to use Wilson as her last name because she no longer wished to be associated with Musk. [453]  Musk blamed the estrangement of his daughter on what the Financial Times characterized as "the supposed takeover of elite schools and universities by neo-Marxists." [454] 
 In 2008, Musk began dating English actress Talulah Riley. [455]  They married two years later at Dornoch Cathedral in Scotland. [456]   [457]  In 2012, the couple divorced, before remarrying the following year. [458]  After briefly filing for divorce in 2014, [458]  Musk finalized a second divorce from Riley in 2016. [459]  Musk then dated Amber Heard for several months in 2017; [460]  he had reportedly been pursuing her since 2012. [461]  Johnny Depp later accused Musk of having an affair with Heard while she was still married to Depp. [462]   [463]  Musk and Heard both denied the affair. [462] 
 In 2018, Musk and Canadian musician Grimes revealed that they were dating. [464]  Grimes gave birth to their son in May 2020. [465]   [466]  According to Musk and Grimes, his name was "X Æ A-12" (); however, the name would have violated California regulations as it contained characters that are not in the modern English alphabet, [467]   [468]  and was then changed to "X Æ A-Xii". This drew more confusion, as Æ is not a letter in the modern English alphabet. [469]  The child was eventually named X AE A-XII Musk, with "X" as a first name, "AE A-XII" as a middle name, and "Musk" as surname. [470]  In December 2021, Grimes and Musk had a second child, a daughter named Exa Dark Sideræl Musk (nicknamed "Y"), born via surrogacy. [1]  Despite the pregnancy, Musk confirmed reports that the couple were "semi-separated" in September 2021; in an interview with  Time  in December 2021, he said he was single. [471]   [472]  In March 2022, Grimes said of her relationship with Musk: "I would probably refer to him as my boyfriend, but we're very fluid." [1]  Later that month, Grimes tweeted that she and Musk had broken up again but remained on good terms. [473] 
 In July 2022, Insider published court documents revealing that Musk had had twins with Shivon Zilis, director of operations and special projects at Neuralink, in November 2021. [3]  They were born weeks before Musk and Grimes had their second child via surrogate in December. The news "raise[d] questions about workplace ethics", given that Zilis directly reported to Musk. [474]  Also in July 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that Musk allegedly had an affair with Nicole Shanahan, the wife of Google co-founder Sergey Brin, in 2021, leading to their divorce the following year. [475]  Musk denied the report. [476] 
Legal matters
As of September 2022, Musk is a defendant in 24 lawsuits. [477]  
US Virgin Islands subpoena
In April 2023, the government of the US Virgin Islands sought to subpoena Musk for documents in a lawsuit alleging that JPMorgan Chase profited from Jeffrey Epstein’s sex trafficking operation. In May, a judge granted the US Virgin Islands' request to serve Musk electronically through Tesla after the U.S. territory had difficulty locating him. [478]   [479]   [480]   [481]  The efforts to subpoena Musk for documents do not implicate him in any wrongdoing and do not seek to have Musk testify under oath. [482]  
Sexual misconduct allegations
In May 2022,  Business Insider  cited an anonymous friend of an unnamed SpaceX contract flight attendant, alleging that Musk engaged in sexual misconduct in 2016. The source stated that in November 2018, Musk, SpaceX, and the former flight attendant entered into a severance agreement granting the attendant a $250,000 payment in exchange for a promise not to sue over the claims. [483]  Musk responded, "If I were inclined to engage in sexual harassment, this is unlikely to be the first time in my entire 30-year career that it comes to light". He accused the article from Business Insider of being a "politically motivated hit piece". [484]   [485]  After the release of the Business Insider article, Tesla's stock fell by more than 6%, [486]  decreasing Musk's net worth by $10 billion. [487]   Barron's  wrote "...some investors considered key-man risk – the danger that a company could be badly hurt by the loss of one individual." [488] 
Public perception
Though Musk's ventures were influential within their own industries in the 2000s, Musk only became a public figure in the early 2010s. He is often described as an eccentric who makes spontaneous and controversial statements, contrary to other billionaires who prefer reclusiveness to protect their businesses. [489]   [490]  Celebrated by fans and hated by critics, Musk was described by Vance as having become very polarizing because of his "part philosopher, part troll" role on Twitter. [491] 
Media appearances
With Steve Jobs and Donald Trump, Musk served as inspiration for the characterization of Tony Stark in the Marvel film  Iron Man  (2008). [492]  Musk had a cameo appearance in the 2010 sequel,  Iron Man 2 . [493]  Musk has made cameos and appearances in other films such as  Machete Kills  (2013), [494]   Why Him?  (2016), [495]  and  Men in Black: International  (2019). [496]  Television series in which he has appeared include  The Simpsons  ("The Musk Who Fell to Earth", 2015), [497]   The Big Bang Theory  ("The Platonic Permutation", 2015), [498]   South Park  ("Members Only", 2016), [499]   [500]   Rick and Morty  ("One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty", 2019), [501]   [502]   Young Sheldon  ("A Patch, a Modem, and a Zantac®", 2017), [503]  and Saturday Night Live (2021). [504]  He contributed interviews to the documentaries  Racing Extinction  (2015) and the Werner Herzog-directed  Lo and Behold  (2016). [505]   [506] 
Recognition
Musk was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2018. [507]  In 2015, he received an honorary doctorate in engineering and technology from Yale University  [508]  and IEEE Honorary Membership. [509]  Awards for his contributions to the development of the Falcon rockets include the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics George Low Transportation Award in 2008, [510]  the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Gold Space Medal in 2010, [511]  and the Royal Aeronautical Society Gold Medal in 2012. [512]  He was listed among  Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in 2010, [513]  2013, [514]  2018, [515]  and 2021. [516]  Musk was selected as  Time 's "Person of the Year" for 2021. Time editor-in-chief Edward Felsenthal wrote that "Person of the Year is a marker of influence, and few individuals have had more influence than Musk on life on Earth, and potentially life off Earth too". [517]   [518]  In 2022, Musk was elected as a member of the National Academy of Engineering. [519] 
See also
  Thud (media company) 
 List of richest Americans in history  
Notes
 
  ^  One child is deceased. [2] 
  ^  Musk remained on the board and served as an advisor. [66]   [67] 
  ^  SpaceX received nearly $900 million in Federal Communications Commission subsidies for Starlink. [96]   [97] 
  ^  Musk stated he was considering taking Tesla private at a price of $420 a share, an alleged reference to marijuana. [138]  Members of Tesla's board and rapper Azealia Banks alleged that Musk may have been under the influence of recreational drugs when he wrote the tweet. [139]   [140] 
  ^  He did not file the necessary SEC paperwork within 10 days of his stake passing 5%, a violation of U.S. securities laws. [192] 
  ^  According to the Wall Street Journal, he was worth $140 billion, with $52 billion of that attributable to his ownership of Tesla stock.
 
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Bibliography
  Belfiore, Michael (2007). Rocketeers. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN  978-0-06-114902-3 . 
 Berger, Eric (2021). Liftoff. William Morrow and Company. ISBN  978-0-06-297997-1 . 
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External links
Elon Musk - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk
https://finance.yahoo.com/news/musk-approaches-brain-chip-startup-180456177.html
Musk approaches brain chip startup Synchron about deal amid Neuralink delays -sources
2022-08-19
Rachael Levy
<div><div><p>By Rachael Levy</p><p>(Reuters) - Elon Musk has approached brain chip implant developer Synchron Inc about a potential investment as his own company Neuralink plays catch-up in the race to connect the human brain directly to machines, according to four people familiar with the matter.</p><p>Musk reached out to Synchron's founder and chief executive, Thomas Oxley, in recent weeks to discuss a potential deal, the sources said. It is not clear if any transaction would involve a tie-up or collaboration between Synchron and Neuralink.</p><p>Synchron, which is based in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, is ahead of Neuralink in the process to win regulatory clearance for its devices, the sources said. It has not decided whether it would accept an investment and no deal is certain, the sources added.</p><p>The sources requested anonymity because the matter is confidential.</p><p>Representatives for Musk and Neuralink did not respond to requests for comment. A Synchron spokesperson declined to comment.</p><p>The approach comes after Musk, who is also chief executive of electric car maker Tesla Inc and rocket developer SpaceX, expressed frustration to Neuralink employees over their slow progress, four current and former employees said. That frustration was not conveyed to Oxley when Musk reached out to him, two of the sources added.</p><p>It is not clear where Neuralink stands in its application with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to begin human trials. An FDA spokesperson did not immediately respond to a request for comment.</p><p>Musk said in a 2019 public presentation that Neuralink, which he launched in 2016, was aiming to receive regulatory approval by the end of 2020. He then said at a Wall Street Journal conference in late 2021 that he hoped to start human trials this year.</p><p>Founded in 2016, Synchron has developed a brain implant that would not require cutting in to the skull to install it, unlike Neuralink's product. Its goal is to help paralyzed patients operate digital devices with their mind alone.</p><p>Synchron crossed a major milestone last month by implanting its device in a patient in the United States for the first time. It received FDA clearance for human trials in 2021 and has completed studies in four people in Australia.</p><p>Synchron has about 60 employees and has raised about $65 million so far from investors, according to market research firm Pitchbook.</p><p>Neuralink is larger, with 300 employees split between San Francisco and Austin, Texas. It has raised $363 million from investors so far, according to Pitchbook.</p><p>Only two of Neuralink's eight founders have remained with the company - Musk and implant engineer Dongjin "DJ" Seo, who has a leadership role. Max Hodak, who stepped down as Neuralink's president last year, is now an investor in Synchron.</p><p>Musk has approached Neuralink's competitors in the past. In 2020, he held discussions with brain technology company Paradromics Inc, according to three people familiar with the matter. Musk subsequently abandoned those talks, two of these sources added.</p><p>(This story has been refiled to remove extraneous "and" in paragraph 9)</p><p>(Reporting by Rachael Levy in Washington; Editing by Greg Roumeliotis and Matthew Lewis)</p></div></div>||||I|||| News

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 Reuters

 Musk approaches brain chip startup Synchron about deal amid Neuralink delays -sources

 FILE PHOTO: Tesla's gigafactory in Gruenheide · Reuters

 Rachael Levy
 Updated Fri, Aug 19, 2022, 2:04 PM 3 min read
 Link Copied
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 By Rachael Levy

 (Reuters) - Elon Musk has approached brain chip implant developer Synchron Inc about a potential investment as his own company Neuralink plays catch-up in the race to connect the human brain directly to machines, according to four people familiar with the matter.

 Musk reached out to Synchron's founder and chief executive, Thomas Oxley, in recent weeks to discuss a potential deal, the sources said. It is not clear if any transaction would involve a tie-up or collaboration between Synchron and Neuralink.

 Synchron, which is based in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, is ahead of Neuralink in the process to win regulatory clearance for its devices, the sources said. It has not decided whether it would accept an investment and no deal is certain, the sources added.

 The sources requested anonymity because the matter is confidential.

 Representatives for Musk and Neuralink did not respond to requests for comment. A Synchron spokesperson declined to comment.

 The approach comes after Musk, who is also chief executive of electric car maker Tesla Inc and rocket developer SpaceX, expressed frustration to Neuralink employees over their slow progress, four current and former employees said. That frustration was not conveyed to Oxley when Musk reached out to him, two of the sources added.

 It is not clear where Neuralink stands in its application with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to begin human trials. An FDA spokesperson did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

 Musk said in a 2019 public presentation that Neuralink, which he launched in 2016, was aiming to receive regulatory approval by the end of 2020. He then said at a Wall Street Journal conference in late 2021 that he hoped to start human trials this year.

 Founded in 2016, Synchron has developed a brain implant that would not require cutting in to the skull to install it, unlike Neuralink's product. Its goal is to help paralyzed patients operate digital devices with their mind alone.

 Synchron crossed a major milestone last month by implanting its device in a patient in the United States for the first time. It received FDA clearance for human trials in 2021 and has completed studies in four people in Australia.

 Synchron has about 60 employees and has raised about $65 million so far from investors, according to market research firm Pitchbook.

 Neuralink is larger, with 300 employees split between San Francisco and Austin, Texas. It has raised $363 million from investors so far, according to Pitchbook.

 Only two of Neuralink's eight founders have remained with the company - Musk and implant engineer Dongjin "DJ" Seo, who has a leadership role. Max Hodak, who stepped down as Neuralink's president last year, is now an investor in Synchron.

 Story continues

 Musk has approached Neuralink's competitors in the past. In 2020, he held discussions with brain technology company Paradromics Inc, according to three people familiar with the matter. Musk subsequently abandoned those talks, two of these sources added.

 (This story has been refiled to remove extraneous "and" in paragraph 9)

 (Reporting by Rachael Levy in Washington; Editing by Greg Roumeliotis and Matthew Lewis)

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By Rachael Levy (Reuters) - Elon Musk has approached brain chip implant developer Synchron Inc about a potential investment as his own company Neuralink plays catch-up in the race to connect the human brain directly to machines, according to four people familiar with the matter. Musk reached out to Synchron's founder and chief executive, Thomas Oxley, in recent weeks to discuss a potential deal, the sources said. It is not clear if any transaction would involve a tie-up or collaboration between Synchron and Neuralink. Synchron, which is based in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, is ahead of Neuralink in the process to win regulatory clearance for its devices, the sources said. It has not decided whether it would accept an investment and no deal is certain, the sources added. The sources requested anonymity because the matter is confidential. Representatives for Musk and Neuralink did not respond to requests for comment. A Synchron spokesperson declined to comment. The approach comes after Musk, who is also chief executive of electric car maker Tesla Inc and rocket developer SpaceX, expressed frustration to Neuralink employees over their slow progress, four current and former employees said. That frustration was not conveyed to Oxley when Musk reached out to him, two of the sources added. It is not clear where Neuralink stands in its application with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to begin human trials. An FDA spokesperson did not immediately respond to a request for comment. Musk said in a 2019 public presentation that Neuralink, which he launched in 2016, was aiming to receive regulatory approval by the end of 2020. He then said at a Wall Street Journal conference in late 2021 that he hoped to start human trials this year. Founded in 2016, Synchron has developed a brain implant that would not require cutting in to the skull to install it, unlike Neuralink's product. Its goal is to help paralyzed patients operate digital devices with their mind alone. Synchron crossed a major milestone last month by implanting its device in a patient in the United States for the first time. It received FDA clearance for human trials in 2021 and has completed studies in four people in Australia. Synchron has about 60 employees and has raised about $65 million so far from investors, according to market research firm Pitchbook. Neuralink is larger, with 300 employees split between San Francisco and Austin, Texas. It has raised $363 million from investors so far, according to Pitchbook. Only two of Neuralink's eight founders have remained with the company - Musk and implant engineer Dongjin "DJ" Seo, who has a leadership role. Max Hodak, who stepped down as Neuralink's president last year, is now an investor in Synchron. Musk has approached Neuralink's competitors in the past. In 2020, he held discussions with brain technology company Paradromics Inc, according to three people familiar with the matter. Musk subsequently abandoned those talks, two of these sources added. (This story has been refiled to remove extraneous "and" in paragraph 9) (Reporting by Rachael Levy in Washington; Editing by Greg Roumeliotis and Matthew Lewis)
Musk approaches brain chip startup Synchron about deal amid Neuralink delays -sources
https://finance.yahoo.com/news/musk-approaches-brain-chip-startup-180456177.html
https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1559766938498236416
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elonmusk
<div>Standup is my side-hustle| created_at: Wed Aug 17 04:59:51 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 144293 | quote_count: 1362 | reply_count: 10070 | retweet_count: 7640 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div>
https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1559766938498236416
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Wed Aug 17 04:59:51 +0000 2022
elonmusk
Standup is my side-hustle| created_at: Wed Aug 17 04:59:51 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 144293 | quote_count: 1362 | reply_count: 10070 | retweet_count: 7640 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en
https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1559766938498236416
https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1557815777654235136
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<div>About to attempt long duration engine firing to test autogenous pressurization| created_at: Thu Aug 11 19:46:38 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 38449 | quote_count: 153 | reply_count: 2048 | retweet_count: 1527 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div>
https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1557815777654235136
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Thu Aug 11 19:46:38 +0000 2022
elonmusk
About to attempt long duration engine firing to test autogenous pressurization| created_at: Thu Aug 11 19:46:38 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 38449 | quote_count: 153 | reply_count: 2048 | retweet_count: 1527 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en
https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1557815777654235136
https://www.amazon.com/Elon-Musk-SpaceX-Fantastic-Future/dp/006230125X
Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future Paperback – Illustrated, January 24, 2017
2017-01-24
Ashlee Vance
<div><p><div><p>Elon Musk is probably the new Steve Jobs. He might be much more even. His early life, his private life has not been simple and easy. He is probably as tough with a similar distorted perception of reality as the Apple hero. But as an entrepreneur, he may have a broader vision and ambition. He began small and simple with Zip2, an early Internet yellow pages start-up, which he still sold for $307M, followed by X.com which had the ambition to change the banking system before it merged with Confinity to become Paypal. Both were just experiments! He learnt and developed his “grandes oeuvres”: Tesla and SpaceX.<p>Ashlee Vance has just written a remarkable and fascinating book Elon Musk, Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for A Fantastic Future about his life and achievements.</p><p>Zip2 – 1995 – 3 co-founders (Elon and Kimbal Musk, Greg Kouri) $3M with MDV – sold to Compaq / AltaVista for $307M on April 1, 1999 after more than $50M additional funding. Elon made $22M, Kimbal $15M, MDV 22x its money.</p><p>X.com – 1999 – 4 co-founders (Ed Ho, Harris Fricker, Christopher Payne, Elon Musk) and early employee, Scott Anderson. Bill Harris, CEO in Dec. 99. Merges with Confinity in March 2000. Musk netted $250M from the sale to eBay or $180M after taxes.</p><p>All told, Musk invested $12M into X.com, leaving him, after taxes, with $4M or so for personal use. “That’s part of what separates Elon from mere mortals,” said Ed Ho, the former Zip2 executive, who went to cofound X.com. “He’s willing to take an insane amount of personal risk. When you do a deal like that, it either pays off or you end up in a bus shelter somewhere.” [Page 80]</p><p>Musk was replaced as CEO while on honeymoon. But when it became clear that the company had already moved on, Musk relented. “I talked to Moritz [from Sequoia] and a few others,” Musk said. “It wasn’t so much that I wanted to be CEO but more like ‘Hey, I think there are some pretty important things that need to happen, and if I’m not CEO, I’m not sure they are going to happen.’ But then I talked to Max [Levchin] and Peter [Thiel], and it seemed they would make these things happen. So then, I mean, it’s not the end of the world. […] Throughout this ordeal, however, he showed incredible restraint. He embraced the role of being an advisor to the company and kept investing in it, increasing his take as PayPal’s largest shareholder. “You would expect someone in Elon’s position to be bitter and vindictive, but he wasn’t”, said Botha [from Sequoia], “He supported Peter. He was a prince.” [Pages 88-89]</p><p>Musk is direct and tough but “He comes from the school of thought in the public relations world that you let no inaccuracy go uncorrected” [page 91]. An example of toughness in his private life: “He was constantly remarking on the ways he found me lacking. ‘I am your wife,’ I told him repeatedly, ‘not your employee’. ‘If you were my employee,’ he said just as often, ‘I would fire you.’” [Page 94]. He married and divorced 3 times, first with Justine Wilson, with whom Musk had 1 baby who died after 10 weeks, then 2 twins, then 3 triplets, then twice with Talulah Riley.</p><p>Chapters 6 and 7 are a MUST READ. They show the drive, craziness, vision, obsession that Musk put into building rockets and electric cars, combining the chaos of start-ups and the structure needed for manufacturing.</p><p>SpaceX – Space Exploration Technologies Corp. – 2002 – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX. The [PayPal] deal gave Musk some liquidity and supplied him with more than $100M to throw at SpaceX.</p><p>Tesla Motors – founded on July 1st 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning who had sold a previous start-ups for $187M in 2000. In parallel Musk helped J. B. Straubel, a passionate Stanford student, who had seen batteries had reached efficiency possibly useful to electric cars. Musk invested $6.5M in Tesla and Straubel joined in May 2004. On January 27, 2005, the 18 Tesla employees had built the first prototype. Musk invested another $9M in a $13M round. In May 2006 Tesla had 100 employees. Musk invested another $12M together with DFJ, Larry Page, Sergey Brin and others for a new $40M round. In the middle of 2007, tesla had grown to 260 employees. [page 165]</p><p>There is an interesting section about Detroit and how different its culture is from Silicon Valley [Page 164¡: Every time Tesla interacted with Detroit it received a reminder of how the once-great city had been separated from its own can-do culture. Tesla tried to lease a small office in Detroit. The costs were incredibly low compared with Space in Silicon Valley, but the city’s bureaucracy made getting just a basic office an ordeal. The building’s owner wanted to see seven years of audited financial from Tesla, which was still a private company. Then the building owner wanted two years’ worth of advanced rent. Tesla had about $50 million in the bank and could have bought the building outright. “In Silicon Valley, you say you’re backed by a venture capitalist, and that’s the end of the negotiation.” Tarpenning said. “But everything was like that in Detroit. We’d get FedEx boxes, and they couldn’t even decide who should sign for the packages”.</p><p>Then fights began between Musk and Eberhard: The engineers credited Eberhard with making quick, crisp decisions. […] Musk wanted changes that started to delay the Roadster, Musk kept pushing the car to be more comfortable. […] Eberhard groused that these features were slowing the company down. […] The company as a whole was sympathetic to Martin [Page 165]. Many issues began to appear, technical problems such as the transmission, overall costs issues and finally delays in delivering the Roadster to customers who had prepaid for it.</p><p>In August 2007, Tesla’s board demoted Eberhard to president of technology. Most of the employees were tired; Tesla was running out of money after $140M spent. In the meantime, SpaceX failed with its first two rocked launches. And musk filed for divorce. When the 2008 crisis burst out, Musk was in personal and business troubles with his two companies.</p><p>PS – a short reminder about previous posts about Elon Musk:<br />– June 3, 2010: What makes a good technology company? A mastery of fear and envy.<br />– March 8, 2010: Tesla Motors and Paypal, a tale of two founders</p><p>After reading chapters 8 &amp; 9 of Elon Musk and after my recent post about the Tesla and SpaceX leader, I am now fully convinced Elon Musk is much more than Steve Jobs. He has brought back optimism to Silicon Valley, to the USA and maybe to the world. He has also brought back hardware and engineering in a world that was thinking everything was virtual and online. Mea culpa, I felt the same; I felt that software and intelligence was what was driving the world. Elon Musk has shown that tinkering, experimenting coupled with an ambitious vision could change the world.</p><p>“When the launch was successful [SpaceX 4th launch but the 1st to be successful], everyone burst into tears”, Kimbal said. “It was one of the most emotional experiences I’ve had.” Musk left the control room and walked out of the factory floor, where he received a rock’s star welcome. “Well, that was freaking awesome,“ he said. “There are a lot of people who thought we couldn’t do it – a lot actually – but as the saying goes, ‘the fourth time is the charm’, right? There are only a handful of countries on Earth that have done this. It’s normally a country thing, not a company thing…. [Page 203]</p><p>But the reader should not forget the tough reality: For Gracias, the Tesla and SpaceX investor and Musk’s friend, the 2008 period told him everything he would ever need to know about Musk’s character. He saw a man who arrived in the United States with nothing, who had lost a child, who was being pilloried in the press by reporters and his ex-wife and who verged on having his life’s work destroyed. “He has the ability to work harder and endure more stress than anyone I’ve met”, Gracias said. “What he went through in 2008 would have broken anyone else. He didn’t just survive. He kept working and stayed focused.” That ability to stay focused in the midst of a crisis stands as one of Musk’s main advantages over other executives and competitors. “Most people who are under that sort of pressure fray,” Gracias said. “their decisions go bad. Elon gets hyperrational. He’s still able to make very clear, long-term decisions. The harder it gets, the better he gets. Anyone who saw what he went through firsthand came away with more respect for the guy. I’ve just never seen anything like his ability to take pain”. [Page 211]</p><p>Again, Musk is not afraid of risk-taking. As 2008 came to an end, Musk had run out of money […] The couple had to start borrowing hundreds of thousands of dollars from Musk’s friend Skoll and Riley’s parents offered to remortgage their house. Musk no longer flew his jet back and forth between Los Angeles and Silicon Valley. He took Southwest. [Pages 206-207] He manage to save Tesla, The deal ended up closing on Christmas Eve, hours before Tesla would have gone bankrupt. Musk had just a few hundred thousand dollars left and could not have made payroll the next day. […] On December 23, 2008, however, SpaceX received a shock. People inside NASA had backed SpaceX to become a supplier for the ISS. The company received $1.6 billion as payment for twelve flights to the Space Station. [Page 210]</p><p>It is also interesting to mention Musk’s hiring methods! The SpaceX hiring model places some emphasis on getting top marks at top schools. But most of the attention goes toward spotting engineers who have exhibited type A personality traits over the course of their lives. The company’s recruiters look for people who might excel at robot-building competitions or who are car-racing hobbyists who have built unusual vehicles. The object is to find individuals who ooze passion, can work well as part of a team, and have real-world experience bending metal. “Even if you’re someone who writes code for your job you need to understand how mechanical things work. We were looking for people that had been building things since they were little.” [Page 220] Interviews are tough with puzzles, code writing and Musk interviewed the first 1’000 employees de SpaceX.</p><p>I am far from finished but needs to end up for now with my usual cap. tables for Musk’s ventures: 1-Paypal, 2-Tesla Motors, 3-SolarCity which he did not found but backed from the early days and the two founders are his cousins, 4-finally a tentative cap. table based on what SpaceX announced.</p><p>How does innovation work</p><p>It’s really a fascinating book and obviously Elon Musk is too. A really unique and tough character. And obviosuly, very much criticized and hated too. One such harsh critics comes from the MIT Technology Review with Tech’s Enduring Great-Man Myth by Amanda Schaffer. You should read it. I just extract two sentences:<br />– “To put it another way, do we really think that if Jobs and Musk had never come along, there would have been no smartphone revolution, no surge of interest in electric vehicles?” Well, this is a critical question about the source of innovation. Society or individuals. The question is relevant for science too.<br />– “It’s precisely because we admire Musk and think his contributions are important that we need to get real about where his success actually comes from.” This is a quote from Mariana Mazzucato whom I have often quoted here. her book The Entrepreneurial State is a Must Read. It deals with the role of government in innovation. my stronger and stronger belief with years is that the governement makes things possible (science, technology and invention, innovation) but without exceptional individuals – often geniuses, sometimes to the border of insanity – I am not sure so much happens.</p><p>Now let me quote more Ashley Vance because the final chapters are as great as the first ones. These quotes show that despite the high role of the governement, it’s not sufficient to explain how innovation works.</p><p>As Tesla turned into a star in modern American industry, its closest rivals were obliterated. Fisker Automotive filed for bankruptcy and was bought by a Chinese auto parts company in 2014. One of its main investors was Ray Lane, a venture capitalist at Kleiner Perkins Caufield &amp; Byers. Lane had cost Kleiner Perkins a chance to invest in Tesla and then backed Fisker – a disastrous move that tarnished the firm’s brand and Lane’s reputation. Better Place was another start-up that enjoyed more hype than Fisker and Tesla put together and raised close to $1 billion to build electric cars and battery-swapping stations. The company never produced much of anything and declared bankruptcy in 2013.<br />The guys like Straubel who had been at Tesla since the beginning are quick to remind people that the chance to build an awesome electric car had been there all along. “It’s not really like there was a rush to this idea, and we got there first,” Straubel said. “It’s frequently forgotten in hindsight that people thought this was the s***tiest business opportunity on the planet. The venture capitalists were all running for the hills.” What separated Tesla from the competition was the willingness to charge after its vision without compromise, a complete commitment to execute to Musks’s standards.<br />[Pages 315-16]</p><p>During the entire period of SolarCity’s growth, Silicon Valley had dumped huge amounts of money into green technology companies with mostly disastrous results. There was the automotive flubs like Fisker and Better Place, and Solyndra, the solar cell maker that conservatives loved to hold up as a cautionary tale of government spending and cronyism run amok. Some of the most famous venture capitalists in history, like John Doerr and Vinod Khosla, were ripped apart by the local and national press for their failed green investments. The story was almost always the same. People had thrown money at green technology because it seemed like the right thing to do, not because it made business sense. From new kinds of energy storage systems to electric cars and solar panels, the technology never quite lived up to its billing and required too much government funding and too many incentives to create a viable market. Much of this criticism was fair. It’s just that there was this Elon Musk guy hanging around who seemed to have figured something out that everyone else had missed. “We had a blanket rule against investing in clean-tech companies for about a decade,” said Peter Thiel, the PayPal cofounder and venture capitalist and Founders Fund. “On the macro level, we were right because clean tech as a sector was quite bad. But on the micro level, it looks like Elon has the two most successful clean-tech companies in the US. We would rather explain his success as being a fluke. There’s the whole Iron Man thing in which he’s presented as a cartoonish businessman – this very unusual animal at the zoo. But there is now a degree to which you have to ask whether his success is an indictment on the rest of us who have been working on much more incremental things. To the extent that the world still doubts Elon, I think it’s a reflection on the insanity of the world and not on the supposed insanity of Elon.” [Pages 320-21]</p><p>Tony Fadell about Musk</p><p>Tony Fadell, the former Apple executive, credited with bringing the iPod ad iPhone to market, has characterized the smartphone as representative of a type of super-cycle in which hardware and software have reached a critical point of maturity. Electronics are good and cheap, while software is more reliable and sophisticated. […] Google has its self-driving cars and has acquired dozens of robotics companies as it looks to merge code and machine. […] And a host of start-ups have begun infusing medical devices with powerful software to help people monitor and analyze their bodies and diagnose conditions. […] Zee Aero, a start-up in Mountain View, has a couple of former SpaceX staffers on hand and is working on a secretive new type of transport. A flying car at last? Perhaps. […] For Fadell, Musk’s work sits at the highest of this trend. “Whether it’s Tesla or SpaceX, you are talking about combining the old-world science of manufacturing with low-cost, consumer-grade technology. You put these things together, and they morph into something we have never seen before. All of a sudden there is a wholesale change. It’s a step function.” [Pages 351-52] Doesn’t this remind you of Zero to One by peter thiel.</p><p>Larry Page about Musk</p><p>Google has invested more than just about any other technology company into’s Musk’s sort of moon-shot projects: self-driving cars, robots, and even a cash prize to get a machine onto the moon cheaply. The company, however, operates under a set of constraints and expectations that come with employing tens of thousands of people and being analyzed constantly by investors. It’s with this in mind that Page sometimes feels a bit envious of Musk, who has managed to make radical ideas the basis of his companies. “If you think about Silicon Valley or corporate leaders in general, they’re not usually lacking in money,” Page said. “If you have all this money, which presumably you’re going to give away and couldn’t even spend it all if you wanted to, why then are you devoting your time to a company that’s not really doing anything good? That’s why I find Elon to be an inspiring example. He said, ‘Well, what should I really do in this world? Solve cars, global warming, and make humans multiplanetary.’ I mean those are pretty compelling goals, and now he has businesses to do that.” [Page 353]</p><p>Larry Page about education</p><p>This is a very interesting piece [pages 355-56] not linked to Musk: “I don’t think we’re doing a good job as a society deciding what things are really important to do.” Page said. “I think like we’re just not educating people in this kind of general way. You should have a pretty broad engineering and scientific background. You have some leadership training and a bit of MBA training or knowledge of how to run things, organize stuff, and raise money. I don’t think most people are doing that, and it’s a big problem. Engineers are usually trained in a very fixed area. When you’re able to think about all of these disciplines together, you kind of think differently and can dream of much crazier things and how they might work. I think that’s really an important thing for the world. That’s how we make progress.” [Pages 355-56]</p><p>Some final words about Musk</p><p>It’s funny in a way that Musk spends so much time talking about man’s survival but isn’t willing to address the consequences of what his lifestyle does to his body. “Elon came to the conclusion early in his career that life is short,” Straubel said. “If you really embrace this, it leaves you with the obvious conclusion that you should be working as hard as you can”. Suffering though has always been Musk’s thing. The kids at school tortured him. His father played brutal mind games. Musk then abused himself by working inhumane hours and forever pushing his businesses to the edge. The idea of work-life balance seems meaningless in this context. […] He feels that the suffering helped to make him who he is and gave him extra reserves of strength and will. [Page 356]</p><p>However….</p><p>As Thiel said, Musk may well have gone so far as to give people hope and to have renewed their faith in what technology can do for mankind. [Page 356]</p>
 
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 Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future Paperback – Illustrated, January 24, 2017

 by Ashlee Vance (Author)
 4.6 out of 5 stars 39,324 ratings
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 New York Times and International Bestseller
 Named One of the Best Books of the Year by The Wall Street Journal, NPR, Audible and Amazon
 More than 2 million copies sold
 In the spirit of Steve Jobs and Moneyball, Elon Musk is both an illuminating and authorized look at the extraordinary life of one of Silicon Valley's most exciting, unpredictable, and ambitious entrepreneurs--a real-life Tony Stark--and a fascinating exploration of the renewal of American invention and its new "makers."
 Elon Musk spotlights the technology and vision of Elon Musk, the renowned entrepreneur and innovator behind SpaceX, Tesla, and SolarCity, who sold one of his Internet companies, PayPal, for $1.5 billion. Ashlee Vance captures the full spectacle and arc of the genius's life and work, from his tumultuous upbringing in South Africa and flight to the United States to his dramatic technical innovations and entrepreneurial pursuits.
 Vance uses Musk's story to explore one of the pressing questions of our age: can the nation of inventors and creators who led the modern world for a century still compete in an age of fierce global competition? He argues that Musk--one of the most unusual and striking figures in American business history--is a contemporary, visionary amalgam of legendary inventors and industrialists including Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, Howard Hughes, and Steve Jobs. More than any other entrepreneur today, Musk has dedicated his energies and his own vast fortune to inventing a future that is as rich and far-reaching as the visionaries of the golden age of science-fiction fantasy.
 Thorough and insightful, Elon Musk brings to life a technology industry that is rapidly and dramatically changing by examining the life of one of its most powerful and influential titans.
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 1. Print length
 416 pages
 2. Language
 English
 3. Publisher
 Ecco
 4. Publication date
 January 24, 2017
 5. Dimensions
 1.3 x 5.2 x 7.9 inches
 6. ISBN-10
 006230125X
 7. ISBN-13
 978-0062301253
 8. Lexile measure
 1200L
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 Customer reviews

  4.6 out of 5 stars
  4.6 out of 5
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  5 star 69% 4 star 24% 3 star 5% 2 star 1% 1 star 1%
  
  
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 5.0 out of 5 stars Don't ask for permission to do something great.
 Reviewed in the United States on September 21, 2015
 One of the most inspiring books I have ever read. A few life changing points for me:1) First intro chapter shows how relentless the author was. Great lesson there. He didn't ask for permission, he just went out and wrote it. Said he was going to write it with or without him on board. Which ultimately won Elon's respect since that's how he operates too.2) Elon and his brother Kimbal coming over at 18 years old from south Africa. Their tactic about picking up the newspaper and cold calling the most interesting people to take to lunch is awesome. I challenge myself to do this now and I think its a great strategy to get out of your comfort zone. I gather he had the idea for pay pal with that tactic - it landed him the bank internship where he discovered the inefficiencies of banking world.3) Elon has no "fear" button. Inhuman ability to withstand massive risks, pressure, and family drama all at once.4) I bought 20 books. That's how much I loved it. Would call up and take a "mad scientist" or business investor or tesla owner For coffee/lunch/networking and tell them about how great this book is and see what crazy ideas they had brewing as well. Started connecting them together and meeting all kinds of moonshot thinkers. Great Networking Icebreaker.5) Requested a tesla charging station be installed at my place of work because well...we need to encourage more telsas around here and If Elon stops by we will be ready.6) Googled Justine found her Ted talk she did about him And enjoyed Elons commencement speech too. 7) Started an interest in this whole solar idea, Bought a solar cell phone charger that will be a gateway into way Into it and go from there. Tours of people that have solar homes in the area.8) Most ambitious dude ever with this whole Mars thing.9) After you read this book you will never again complain about being busy.10) I didn't realize Larry Page and Elon were so close. Hope he is wrong about the AI thing though, but also triggered me to buy the book "the singularity is near"I love the impact of the cover and I write a favorite quote in and give as a gift of inspiration to innovators in the area.
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  Herve Lebret
  5.0 out of 5 stars Elon Musk – the new Steve Jobs
  Reviewed in the United States on September 2, 2015
  Verified Purchase
  Elon Musk is probably the new Steve Jobs. He might be much more even. His early life, his private life has not been simple and easy. He is probably as tough with a similar distorted perception of reality as the Apple hero. But as an entrepreneur, he may have a broader vision and ambition. He began small and simple with Zip2, an early Internet yellow pages start-up, which he still sold for $307M, followed by X.com which had the ambition to change the banking system before it merged with Confinity to become Paypal. Both were just experiments! He learnt and developed his “grandes oeuvres”: Tesla and SpaceX.

  Ashlee Vance has just written a remarkable and fascinating book Elon Musk, Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for A Fantastic Future about his life and achievements.

  Zip2 – 1995 – 3 co-founders (Elon and Kimbal Musk, Greg Kouri) $3M with MDV – sold to Compaq / AltaVista for $307M on April 1, 1999 after more than $50M additional funding. Elon made $22M, Kimbal $15M, MDV 22x its money.

  X.com – 1999 – 4 co-founders (Ed Ho, Harris Fricker, Christopher Payne, Elon Musk) and early employee, Scott Anderson. Bill Harris, CEO in Dec. 99. Merges with Confinity in March 2000. Musk netted $250M from the sale to eBay or $180M after taxes.

  All told, Musk invested $12M into X.com, leaving him, after taxes, with $4M or so for personal use. “That’s part of what separates Elon from mere mortals,” said Ed Ho, the former Zip2 executive, who went to cofound X.com. “He’s willing to take an insane amount of personal risk. When you do a deal like that, it either pays off or you end up in a bus shelter somewhere.” [Page 80]

  Musk was replaced as CEO while on honeymoon. But when it became clear that the company had already moved on, Musk relented. “I talked to Moritz [from Sequoia] and a few others,” Musk said. “It wasn’t so much that I wanted to be CEO but more like ‘Hey, I think there are some pretty important things that need to happen, and if I’m not CEO, I’m not sure they are going to happen.’ But then I talked to Max [Levchin] and Peter [Thiel], and it seemed they would make these things happen. So then, I mean, it’s not the end of the world. […] Throughout this ordeal, however, he showed incredible restraint. He embraced the role of being an advisor to the company and kept investing in it, increasing his take as PayPal’s largest shareholder. “You would expect someone in Elon’s position to be bitter and vindictive, but he wasn’t”, said Botha [from Sequoia], “He supported Peter. He was a prince.” [Pages 88-89]

  Musk is direct and tough but “He comes from the school of thought in the public relations world that you let no inaccuracy go uncorrected” [page 91]. An example of toughness in his private life: “He was constantly remarking on the ways he found me lacking. ‘I am your wife,’ I told him repeatedly, ‘not your employee’. ‘If you were my employee,’ he said just as often, ‘I would fire you.’” [Page 94]. He married and divorced 3 times, first with Justine Wilson, with whom Musk had 1 baby who died after 10 weeks, then 2 twins, then 3 triplets, then twice with Talulah Riley.

  Chapters 6 and 7 are a MUST READ. They show the drive, craziness, vision, obsession that Musk put into building rockets and electric cars, combining the chaos of start-ups and the structure needed for manufacturing.

  SpaceX – Space Exploration Technologies Corp. – 2002 – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX. The [PayPal] deal gave Musk some liquidity and supplied him with more than $100M to throw at SpaceX.

  Tesla Motors – founded on July 1st 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning who had sold a previous start-ups for $187M in 2000. In parallel Musk helped J. B. Straubel, a passionate Stanford student, who had seen batteries had reached efficiency possibly useful to electric cars. Musk invested $6.5M in Tesla and Straubel joined in May 2004. On January 27, 2005, the 18 Tesla employees had built the first prototype. Musk invested another $9M in a $13M round. In May 2006 Tesla had 100 employees. Musk invested another $12M together with DFJ, Larry Page, Sergey Brin and others for a new $40M round. In the middle of 2007, tesla had grown to 260 employees. [page 165]

  There is an interesting section about Detroit and how different its culture is from Silicon Valley [Page 164¡: Every time Tesla interacted with Detroit it received a reminder of how the once-great city had been separated from its own can-do culture. Tesla tried to lease a small office in Detroit. The costs were incredibly low compared with Space in Silicon Valley, but the city’s bureaucracy made getting just a basic office an ordeal. The building’s owner wanted to see seven years of audited financial from Tesla, which was still a private company. Then the building owner wanted two years’ worth of advanced rent. Tesla had about $50 million in the bank and could have bought the building outright. “In Silicon Valley, you say you’re backed by a venture capitalist, and that’s the end of the negotiation.” Tarpenning said. “But everything was like that in Detroit. We’d get FedEx boxes, and they couldn’t even decide who should sign for the packages”.

  Then fights began between Musk and Eberhard: The engineers credited Eberhard with making quick, crisp decisions. […] Musk wanted changes that started to delay the Roadster, Musk kept pushing the car to be more comfortable. […] Eberhard groused that these features were slowing the company down. […] The company as a whole was sympathetic to Martin [Page 165]. Many issues began to appear, technical problems such as the transmission, overall costs issues and finally delays in delivering the Roadster to customers who had prepaid for it.

  In August 2007, Tesla’s board demoted Eberhard to president of technology. Most of the employees were tired; Tesla was running out of money after $140M spent. In the meantime, SpaceX failed with its first two rocked launches. And musk filed for divorce. When the 2008 crisis burst out, Musk was in personal and business troubles with his two companies.

  PS – a short reminder about previous posts about Elon Musk:
  – June 3, 2010: What makes a good technology company? A mastery of fear and envy.
  – March 8, 2010: Tesla Motors and Paypal, a tale of two founders

  After reading chapters 8 & 9 of Elon Musk and after my recent post about the Tesla and SpaceX leader, I am now fully convinced Elon Musk is much more than Steve Jobs. He has brought back optimism to Silicon Valley, to the USA and maybe to the world. He has also brought back hardware and engineering in a world that was thinking everything was virtual and online. Mea culpa, I felt the same; I felt that software and intelligence was what was driving the world. Elon Musk has shown that tinkering, experimenting coupled with an ambitious vision could change the world.

  “When the launch was successful [SpaceX 4th launch but the 1st to be successful], everyone burst into tears”, Kimbal said. “It was one of the most emotional experiences I’ve had.” Musk left the control room and walked out of the factory floor, where he received a rock’s star welcome. “Well, that was freaking awesome,“ he said. “There are a lot of people who thought we couldn’t do it – a lot actually – but as the saying goes, ‘the fourth time is the charm’, right? There are only a handful of countries on Earth that have done this. It’s normally a country thing, not a company thing…. [Page 203]

  But the reader should not forget the tough reality: For Gracias, the Tesla and SpaceX investor and Musk’s friend, the 2008 period told him everything he would ever need to know about Musk’s character. He saw a man who arrived in the United States with nothing, who had lost a child, who was being pilloried in the press by reporters and his ex-wife and who verged on having his life’s work destroyed. “He has the ability to work harder and endure more stress than anyone I’ve met”, Gracias said. “What he went through in 2008 would have broken anyone else. He didn’t just survive. He kept working and stayed focused.” That ability to stay focused in the midst of a crisis stands as one of Musk’s main advantages over other executives and competitors. “Most people who are under that sort of pressure fray,” Gracias said. “their decisions go bad. Elon gets hyperrational. He’s still able to make very clear, long-term decisions. The harder it gets, the better he gets. Anyone who saw what he went through firsthand came away with more respect for the guy. I’ve just never seen anything like his ability to take pain”. [Page 211]

  Again, Musk is not afraid of risk-taking. As 2008 came to an end, Musk had run out of money […] The couple had to start borrowing hundreds of thousands of dollars from Musk’s friend Skoll and Riley’s parents offered to remortgage their house. Musk no longer flew his jet back and forth between Los Angeles and Silicon Valley. He took Southwest. [Pages 206-207] He manage to save Tesla, The deal ended up closing on Christmas Eve, hours before Tesla would have gone bankrupt. Musk had just a few hundred thousand dollars left and could not have made payroll the next day. […] On December 23, 2008, however, SpaceX received a shock. People inside NASA had backed SpaceX to become a supplier for the ISS. The company received $1.6 billion as payment for twelve flights to the Space Station. [Page 210]

  It is also interesting to mention Musk’s hiring methods! The SpaceX hiring model places some emphasis on getting top marks at top schools. But most of the attention goes toward spotting engineers who have exhibited type A personality traits over the course of their lives. The company’s recruiters look for people who might excel at robot-building competitions or who are car-racing hobbyists who have built unusual vehicles. The object is to find individuals who ooze passion, can work well as part of a team, and have real-world experience bending metal. “Even if you’re someone who writes code for your job you need to understand how mechanical things work. We were looking for people that had been building things since they were little.” [Page 220] Interviews are tough with puzzles, code writing and Musk interviewed the first 1’000 employees de SpaceX.

  I am far from finished but needs to end up for now with my usual cap. tables for Musk’s ventures: 1-Paypal, 2-Tesla Motors, 3-SolarCity which he did not found but backed from the early days and the two founders are his cousins, 4-finally a tentative cap. table based on what SpaceX announced.

  How does innovation work

  It’s really a fascinating book and obviously Elon Musk is too. A really unique and tough character. And obviosuly, very much criticized and hated too. One such harsh critics comes from the MIT Technology Review with Tech’s Enduring Great-Man Myth by Amanda Schaffer. You should read it. I just extract two sentences:
  – “To put it another way, do we really think that if Jobs and Musk had never come along, there would have been no smartphone revolution, no surge of interest in electric vehicles?” Well, this is a critical question about the source of innovation. Society or individuals. The question is relevant for science too.
  – “It’s precisely because we admire Musk and think his contributions are important that we need to get real about where his success actually comes from.” This is a quote from Mariana Mazzucato whom I have often quoted here. her book The Entrepreneurial State is a Must Read. It deals with the role of government in innovation. my stronger and stronger belief with years is that the governement makes things possible (science, technology and invention, innovation) but without exceptional individuals – often geniuses, sometimes to the border of insanity – I am not sure so much happens.

  Now let me quote more Ashley Vance because the final chapters are as great as the first ones. These quotes show that despite the high role of the governement, it’s not sufficient to explain how innovation works.

  As Tesla turned into a star in modern American industry, its closest rivals were obliterated. Fisker Automotive filed for bankruptcy and was bought by a Chinese auto parts company in 2014. One of its main investors was Ray Lane, a venture capitalist at Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. Lane had cost Kleiner Perkins a chance to invest in Tesla and then backed Fisker – a disastrous move that tarnished the firm’s brand and Lane’s reputation. Better Place was another start-up that enjoyed more hype than Fisker and Tesla put together and raised close to $1 billion to build electric cars and battery-swapping stations. The company never produced much of anything and declared bankruptcy in 2013.
  The guys like Straubel who had been at Tesla since the beginning are quick to remind people that the chance to build an awesome electric car had been there all along. “It’s not really like there was a rush to this idea, and we got there first,” Straubel said. “It’s frequently forgotten in hindsight that people thought this was the s***tiest business opportunity on the planet. The venture capitalists were all running for the hills.” What separated Tesla from the competition was the willingness to charge after its vision without compromise, a complete commitment to execute to Musks’s standards.
  [Pages 315-16]

  During the entire period of SolarCity’s growth, Silicon Valley had dumped huge amounts of money into green technology companies with mostly disastrous results. There was the automotive flubs like Fisker and Better Place, and Solyndra, the solar cell maker that conservatives loved to hold up as a cautionary tale of government spending and cronyism run amok. Some of the most famous venture capitalists in history, like John Doerr and Vinod Khosla, were ripped apart by the local and national press for their failed green investments. The story was almost always the same. People had thrown money at green technology because it seemed like the right thing to do, not because it made business sense. From new kinds of energy storage systems to electric cars and solar panels, the technology never quite lived up to its billing and required too much government funding and too many incentives to create a viable market. Much of this criticism was fair. It’s just that there was this Elon Musk guy hanging around who seemed to have figured something out that everyone else had missed. “We had a blanket rule against investing in clean-tech companies for about a decade,” said Peter Thiel, the PayPal cofounder and venture capitalist and Founders Fund. “On the macro level, we were right because clean tech as a sector was quite bad. But on the micro level, it looks like Elon has the two most successful clean-tech companies in the US. We would rather explain his success as being a fluke. There’s the whole Iron Man thing in which he’s presented as a cartoonish businessman – this very unusual animal at the zoo. But there is now a degree to which you have to ask whether his success is an indictment on the rest of us who have been working on much more incremental things. To the extent that the world still doubts Elon, I think it’s a reflection on the insanity of the world and not on the supposed insanity of Elon.” [Pages 320-21]

  Tony Fadell about Musk

  Tony Fadell, the former Apple executive, credited with bringing the iPod ad iPhone to market, has characterized the smartphone as representative of a type of super-cycle in which hardware and software have reached a critical point of maturity. Electronics are good and cheap, while software is more reliable and sophisticated. […] Google has its self-driving cars and has acquired dozens of robotics companies as it looks to merge code and machine. […] And a host of start-ups have begun infusing medical devices with powerful software to help people monitor and analyze their bodies and diagnose conditions. […] Zee Aero, a start-up in Mountain View, has a couple of former SpaceX staffers on hand and is working on a secretive new type of transport. A flying car at last? Perhaps. […] For Fadell, Musk’s work sits at the highest of this trend. “Whether it’s Tesla or SpaceX, you are talking about combining the old-world science of manufacturing with low-cost, consumer-grade technology. You put these things together, and they morph into something we have never seen before. All of a sudden there is a wholesale change. It’s a step function.” [Pages 351-52] Doesn’t this remind you of Zero to One by peter thiel.

  Larry Page about Musk

  Google has invested more than just about any other technology company into’s Musk’s sort of moon-shot projects: self-driving cars, robots, and even a cash prize to get a machine onto the moon cheaply. The company, however, operates under a set of constraints and expectations that come with employing tens of thousands of people and being analyzed constantly by investors. It’s with this in mind that Page sometimes feels a bit envious of Musk, who has managed to make radical ideas the basis of his companies. “If you think about Silicon Valley or corporate leaders in general, they’re not usually lacking in money,” Page said. “If you have all this money, which presumably you’re going to give away and couldn’t even spend it all if you wanted to, why then are you devoting your time to a company that’s not really doing anything good? That’s why I find Elon to be an inspiring example. He said, ‘Well, what should I really do in this world? Solve cars, global warming, and make humans multiplanetary.’ I mean those are pretty compelling goals, and now he has businesses to do that.” [Page 353]

  Larry Page about education

  This is a very interesting piece [pages 355-56] not linked to Musk: “I don’t think we’re doing a good job as a society deciding what things are really important to do.” Page said. “I think like we’re just not educating people in this kind of general way. You should have a pretty broad engineering and scientific background. You have some leadership training and a bit of MBA training or knowledge of how to run things, organize stuff, and raise money. I don’t think most people are doing that, and it’s a big problem. Engineers are usually trained in a very fixed area. When you’re able to think about all of these disciplines together, you kind of think differently and can dream of much crazier things and how they might work. I think that’s really an important thing for the world. That’s how we make progress.” [Pages 355-56]

  Some final words about Musk

  It’s funny in a way that Musk spends so much time talking about man’s survival but isn’t willing to address the consequences of what his lifestyle does to his body. “Elon came to the conclusion early in his career that life is short,” Straubel said. “If you really embrace this, it leaves you with the obvious conclusion that you should be working as hard as you can”. Suffering though has always been Musk’s thing. The kids at school tortured him. His father played brutal mind games. Musk then abused himself by working inhumane hours and forever pushing his businesses to the edge. The idea of work-life balance seems meaningless in this context. […] He feels that the suffering helped to make him who he is and gave him extra reserves of strength and will. [Page 356]

  However….

  As Thiel said, Musk may well have gone so far as to give people hope and to have renewed their faith in what technology can do for mankind. [Page 356]
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  Jan Stockton
  5.0 out of 5 stars WOW!!
  Reviewed in the United States on February 22, 2023
  Verified Purchase
  What an exhilarating adventure through one man's life...
  -Romping through his childhood;
  -Living his wildest dreams;
  -Sweating through his nightmares fogged with tension and stress;
  -Emerging into the business world on an unlevel playing field;
  -Yet, never losing sight of his goals over the horizon!

  I loved the momentum of his inner drive, the simplicity and elegance of his communications. Vance, like Musk, breaks down the complexities of science, technology, and bureaucracies into an emotional and exciting ride into the future!
  Thank you Ashlee Vance for bringing Elon Musk to life for those of us who have never met Elon!
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  hannah
  5.0 out of 5 stars GREATThis i
  Reviewed in the United States on April 7, 2023
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  this is a really great book and a super easy read.
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  JudyG
  5.0 out of 5 stars Good background
  Reviewed in the United States on April 9, 2023
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  Good insights
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  Paige Turner
  5.0 out of 5 stars Biography of Elon Musk...so far...
  Reviewed in the United States on June 2, 2015
  Verified Purchase
  This book is well researched, and the author had great access to Elon Musk. The style is fast paced, yet detailed enough to give some great insight into the man and his companies. I thoroughly enjoyed it and believe it is a “must-read” for anyone investing in Tesla stock or its competitors.

  I do have a couple of criticisms: first, the part about the Justine Musk divorce was a nearly word for word copy of her blog describing her side of the story. I was shocked by how similar it was. Also, the last chapter "unified field theory of Elon Musk" seemed to be unnecessary padding, wasting time on other people's opinions on Musk. It didn’t fit into the biography. Perhaps it was an attempt to ensure that the book doesn't come across as hagiography.

  Some interesting points about Elon Musk:
  1. He eats fast
  2. He has had a challenging life: the loss of an infant, a brutal upbringing in South Africa, pushed out of companies he co-founded, nearly going broke in 2008, divorces
  3. Late bloomer; he was more ambitious in college than he was in high school
  4. Extremely hard worker; for the first three months of his first start-up he and his brother literally lived in the office. He slept on a beanbag next to his desk. Justine said: "Elon would come home at 11 and work some more. People didn't always get the sacrifice he made in order to be where he was." His co-investor Gracias said: "He has the ability to work harder and endure more stress than anyone I've ever met. What he went through in 2008 would have broken anyone else. He didn't just survive. He kept working and stayed focused. Most people under that sort of pressure fray, their decisions go bad. Elon gets hyperrational. He's still able to make very clear, long-term decisions. The harder it gets, the better he gets. Anyone who saw what he went through firsthand came away with more respect for the guy. I've just never seen anything like his ability to take pain." Watson at SpaceX said: "I don't want to be the person who ever has to compete with Elon. You might as well leave the business and find something else fun to do. He will outmaneuver you, outthink you, and out-execute you."
  5. Very intelligent and self-taught in many fields; he read books about rockets and propulsion to start Space X. Maniacal attention to detail.
  6. He doesn't spend time on niceties or "building relationships" other than family or close work colleagues because he is too busy and smart to want to waste time.
  7. Not afraid to face withering criticism: he faced tremendous resistance on the idea of electric cars and had to invest mostly his own money in the company.
  8. He nearly went broke in 2008: "he looked like death itself," said Riley. He would have nightmares and yell out, his weight fluctuated wildly, he had bags under his eyes, and they had to start borrowing money from his friend. He no longer flew his jet back and forth between LA and Silicon Valley- he took Southwest.

  Some good quotes:

  "Where Mark Zuckerberg wants to help you share baby photos, Musk wants to save the human race from self-imposed or accidental annihilation." – the author

  Musk: "That's my lesson from taking a vacation: vacations will kill you." after he nearly died from malaria from a trip to Africa.

  "The longer you wait to fire someone the longer it has been since you should have fired them."

  "I will spend my last dollar on these companies. If we have to move into Justine's parents' basement, we'll do it." -Elon Musk

  Things I took away:
  • I expected to read the book to be mostly interested in Elon Musk and Tesla and instead the SpaceX portion was the more interesting part. The amazing effort and persistence in the face of constant set-backs was mind-blowing. He sunk millions of his own money into the company- basically, all of his net worth went into TSLA and SpaceX and he lost all of it by 2008 when the cars weren't selling and the rockets weren't working. Yet today, both companies are worth billions because he said he would live in his parent-in-laws' basement if that is what it took to succeed.
  • I didn't realize how close both TSLA and SpaceX were from going broke. He had to put in his last $12 million cash.
  • Interesting fact: if you buy a Tesla car, they will give you the option of picking it up in Silicon Valley and touring the factory where it was made.
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 Top reviews from other countries

  Amit sarawagi
  5.0 out of 5 stars Elon Musk - Unstoppable force
 Reviewed in India on November 3, 2017
  Verified Purchase
  I just finished reading Elon Musk’s biography. Musk has always been my hero and this book sure did justice. One quality that I really admire in him is his ability to set clear vision. Once he sets the vision, Elon gives his blood, sweat and tears to make it a reality. People laughed at him when he first announced his vision on inter-planetary life. Since then he demonstrated significant enhancements in rocket technology and was able to produce a re-usable rocket. The analogy he gives is that of commercial plane, imagine after every flight between London and LA you throw away the plane how expensive will be your air ticket. Elon says his reusable rockets will make space travel 100 times cheaper. His reusability concept is brought to life with Falcon 9’s successful landing back on earth. Recently Elon presented how he plans to take humans to Mars in 2022 and build a city. SpaceX’s BFR project will carry 100 crew members along with equipment needed to set up a colony. He is not our typical Silicon Valley techie who wants to create a multi-million dollar corporation and cash out. His goals are bigger than money and fame. He wants to make a significant impact on humanity and make this world or even world beyond us a better place to live. His commitment and drive is unparalleled, he is ready to solve issues 3 in the morning on Sunday, and he works 7 days a week and doesn’t shy away from getting his hands dirty. He is hard to work with and does set tough goals for his people. Do you need to be tough to achieve success like SpaceX and Tesla? Can we taste the similar success with a little softer management style? What makes great entrepreneur? Do we need to be relentless like Elon? Or a management style of Richard Branson is equally productive where you place trust with people and they deliver?
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  Ujjwal Biswas
  5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars
 Reviewed in India on May 3, 2018
  Verified Purchase
  So good to have this book, if u wanna buy go for it
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  Ujjwal Biswas
  5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars
  Reviewed in India on May 3, 2018
  So good to have this book, if u wanna buy go for it
  Images in this review
  171 people found this helpful
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  Vijay Sood
  5.0 out of 5 stars Experience revolution here
 Reviewed in India on September 19, 2018
  Verified Purchase
  Before reading this book, I had always learnt about the great revolutions in the history books. But, After reading it, I realised that we are part of this great revolution created by individuals like gates, jobs, Bezos and Musk. Personally, I am more addicted to Musk now, may be because of his great vision. After reading about his journey to create the Tesla, SpaceX and Solar City, I understood that how visionaries actually think. And, specially his vision is for the betterment of human race. He is making every damn possible effort to lessen our dependence on fossil fuels and ultimately reducing the global warming. This books provides a great opportunity to dive into the mind of musk. He is a different individual for sure. Making all things possible. He has beaten not only big car manufacturers from US, Europe, China and Japan but also Big organisations like NASA. I recommend this book to everyone!
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  A. T.
  3.0 out of 5 stars I liked learning about how Musk’s companies came to be
 Reviewed in the United Kingdom on May 7, 2018
  Verified Purchase
  [NOTE: I received a copy of this book through NetGalley.]

  An interesting read for me, considering I never went in depth into what Musk has accomplished (to be fair, I came to this book because I find Tesla cars sexy and thought ‘well, why not read this, at least I’ll know more about the man’).

  I’m kind of sitting on the fence about this book. I liked learning about how Musk’s companies came to be, the problems encountered along the way, how things were at times one inch from just failing, but worked out in the end, out of both luck and determination. In a way, it’s a positive ‘lesson’: that sometimes things fail, but it shouldn’t prevent you from fighting for them and taking risks, because they just may succeed as well.

  I also appreciated that the author interviewed other people, employees, ex-employees, friends, ex-partners, etc., and that he made them part of the whole: people without whom Tesla Motors or SpaceX wOuld’ve never been able to take off, engineers and mechanics and designers whose role was absolutely not negligible. Since a large part of the book was focused on these companies, acknowledging more than just one actor was a good thing to do.

  I would’ve d liked it to go more in depth about how exactly things worked out, when it comes to the science/engineering part. Elon Musk seems like he knows his stuff, too, and has learnt over the years what he didn’t know and made him shoot for impossible deadlines at first (now I guess they’re just improbable, hah), and… I don’t know, I expected something more detailed in that regard. Maybe less of the business aspect, and more about the engineering the way Elon Musk himself goes about it?

  Also, for a biography, I think it didn’t go to the bottom of things either when it comes to the man, and lacks a certain detachment. Musk doesn’t come off as a very empathetic person, to say the least, and while objectively I understand his drive, humanely the way he treats his employees is, well, not great at all. So I would’ve been interested in seeing more reflecting about this: coming from him, but also coming from the biographer. There -is- something wrong in the way all these visionary projects have come to be, and it was pretty much glossed over. (In short, was the harshness really needed, does innovation has to come to such a price, and would things have tanked with just a bit more empathy?)

  This was instructive, and I kind of liked it, so 3 stars… But while I know more about Tesla Motors, SolarCity and SpaceX, I don’t feel like I know -that- much more about Musk himself now.
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  The Tech Reviewer
  5.0 out of 5 stars Interesting and insightful
 Reviewed in the United Kingdom on May 29, 2019
  Verified Purchase
  Excellent book which covers musk's life from an early age right up to the present
  insightful stories and details about his companies and the struggles to get them off the ground
  very inspiring and great book
  Highly recommend to any Elon fan
  Read more
  26 people found this helpful
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 See all reviews

 
 

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Elon Musk is probably the new Steve Jobs. He might be much more even. His early life, his private life has not been simple and easy. He is probably as tough with a similar distorted perception of reality as the Apple hero. But as an entrepreneur, he may have a broader vision and ambition. He began small and simple with Zip2, an early Internet yellow pages start-up, which he still sold for $307M, followed by X.com which had the ambition to change the banking system before it merged with Confinity to become Paypal. Both were just experiments! He learnt and developed his “grandes oeuvres”: Tesla and SpaceX.Ashlee Vance has just written a remarkable and fascinating book Elon Musk, Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for A Fantastic Future about his life and achievements. Zip2 – 1995 – 3 co-founders (Elon and Kimbal Musk, Greg Kouri) $3M with MDV – sold to Compaq / AltaVista for $307M on April 1, 1999 after more than $50M additional funding. Elon made $22M, Kimbal $15M, MDV 22x its money. X.com – 1999 – 4 co-founders (Ed Ho, Harris Fricker, Christopher Payne, Elon Musk) and early employee, Scott Anderson. Bill Harris, CEO in Dec. 99. Merges with Confinity in March 2000. Musk netted $250M from the sale to eBay or $180M after taxes. All told, Musk invested $12M into X.com, leaving him, after taxes, with $4M or so for personal use. “That’s part of what separates Elon from mere mortals,” said Ed Ho, the former Zip2 executive, who went to cofound X.com. “He’s willing to take an insane amount of personal risk. When you do a deal like that, it either pays off or you end up in a bus shelter somewhere.” [Page 80] Musk was replaced as CEO while on honeymoon. But when it became clear that the company had already moved on, Musk relented. “I talked to Moritz [from Sequoia] and a few others,” Musk said. “It wasn’t so much that I wanted to be CEO but more like ‘Hey, I think there are some pretty important things that need to happen, and if I’m not CEO, I’m not sure they are going to happen.’ But then I talked to Max [Levchin] and Peter [Thiel], and it seemed they would make these things happen. So then, I mean, it’s not the end of the world. […] Throughout this ordeal, however, he showed incredible restraint. He embraced the role of being an advisor to the company and kept investing in it, increasing his take as PayPal’s largest shareholder. “You would expect someone in Elon’s position to be bitter and vindictive, but he wasn’t”, said Botha [from Sequoia], “He supported Peter. He was a prince.” [Pages 88-89] Musk is direct and tough but “He comes from the school of thought in the public relations world that you let no inaccuracy go uncorrected” [page 91]. An example of toughness in his private life: “He was constantly remarking on the ways he found me lacking. ‘I am your wife,’ I told him repeatedly, ‘not your employee’. ‘If you were my employee,’ he said just as often, ‘I would fire you.’” [Page 94]. He married and divorced 3 times, first with Justine Wilson, with whom Musk had 1 baby who died after 10 weeks, then 2 twins, then 3 triplets, then twice with Talulah Riley. Chapters 6 and 7 are a MUST READ. They show the drive, craziness, vision, obsession that Musk put into building rockets and electric cars, combining the chaos of start-ups and the structure needed for manufacturing. SpaceX – Space Exploration Technologies Corp. – 2002 – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX. The [PayPal] deal gave Musk some liquidity and supplied him with more than $100M to throw at SpaceX. Tesla Motors – founded on July 1st 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning who had sold a previous start-ups for $187M in 2000. In parallel Musk helped J. B. Straubel, a passionate Stanford student, who had seen batteries had reached efficiency possibly useful to electric cars. Musk invested $6.5M in Tesla and Straubel joined in May 2004. On January 27, 2005, the 18 Tesla employees had built the first prototype. Musk invested another $9M in a $13M round. In May 2006 Tesla had 100 employees. Musk invested another $12M together with DFJ, Larry Page, Sergey Brin and others for a new $40M round. In the middle of 2007, tesla had grown to 260 employees. [page 165] There is an interesting section about Detroit and how different its culture is from Silicon Valley [Page 164¡: Every time Tesla interacted with Detroit it received a reminder of how the once-great city had been separated from its own can-do culture. Tesla tried to lease a small office in Detroit. The costs were incredibly low compared with Space in Silicon Valley, but the city’s bureaucracy made getting just a basic office an ordeal. The building’s owner wanted to see seven years of audited financial from Tesla, which was still a private company. Then the building owner wanted two years’ worth of advanced rent. Tesla had about $50 million in the bank and could have bought the building outright. “In Silicon Valley, you say you’re backed by a venture capitalist, and that’s the end of the negotiation.” Tarpenning said. “But everything was like that in Detroit. We’d get FedEx boxes, and they couldn’t even decide who should sign for the packages”. Then fights began between Musk and Eberhard: The engineers credited Eberhard with making quick, crisp decisions. […] Musk wanted changes that started to delay the Roadster, Musk kept pushing the car to be more comfortable. […] Eberhard groused that these features were slowing the company down. […] The company as a whole was sympathetic to Martin [Page 165]. Many issues began to appear, technical problems such as the transmission, overall costs issues and finally delays in delivering the Roadster to customers who had prepaid for it. In August 2007, Tesla’s board demoted Eberhard to president of technology. Most of the employees were tired; Tesla was running out of money after $140M spent. In the meantime, SpaceX failed with its first two rocked launches. And musk filed for divorce. When the 2008 crisis burst out, Musk was in personal and business troubles with his two companies. PS – a short reminder about previous posts about Elon Musk:– June 3, 2010: What makes a good technology company? A mastery of fear and envy.– March 8, 2010: Tesla Motors and Paypal, a tale of two founders After reading chapters 8 &amp; 9 of Elon Musk and after my recent post about the Tesla and SpaceX leader, I am now fully convinced Elon Musk is much more than Steve Jobs. He has brought back optimism to Silicon Valley, to the USA and maybe to the world. He has also brought back hardware and engineering in a world that was thinking everything was virtual and online. Mea culpa, I felt the same; I felt that software and intelligence was what was driving the world. Elon Musk has shown that tinkering, experimenting coupled with an ambitious vision could change the world. “When the launch was successful [SpaceX 4th launch but the 1st to be successful], everyone burst into tears”, Kimbal said. “It was one of the most emotional experiences I’ve had.” Musk left the control room and walked out of the factory floor, where he received a rock’s star welcome. “Well, that was freaking awesome,“ he said. “There are a lot of people who thought we couldn’t do it – a lot actually – but as the saying goes, ‘the fourth time is the charm’, right? There are only a handful of countries on Earth that have done this. It’s normally a country thing, not a company thing…. [Page 203] But the reader should not forget the tough reality: For Gracias, the Tesla and SpaceX investor and Musk’s friend, the 2008 period told him everything he would ever need to know about Musk’s character. He saw a man who arrived in the United States with nothing, who had lost a child, who was being pilloried in the press by reporters and his ex-wife and who verged on having his life’s work destroyed. “He has the ability to work harder and endure more stress than anyone I’ve met”, Gracias said. “What he went through in 2008 would have broken anyone else. He didn’t just survive. He kept working and stayed focused.” That ability to stay focused in the midst of a crisis stands as one of Musk’s main advantages over other executives and competitors. “Most people who are under that sort of pressure fray,” Gracias said. “their decisions go bad. Elon gets hyperrational. He’s still able to make very clear, long-term decisions. The harder it gets, the better he gets. Anyone who saw what he went through firsthand came away with more respect for the guy. I’ve just never seen anything like his ability to take pain”. [Page 211] Again, Musk is not afraid of risk-taking. As 2008 came to an end, Musk had run out of money […] The couple had to start borrowing hundreds of thousands of dollars from Musk’s friend Skoll and Riley’s parents offered to remortgage their house. Musk no longer flew his jet back and forth between Los Angeles and Silicon Valley. He took Southwest. [Pages 206-207] He manage to save Tesla, The deal ended up closing on Christmas Eve, hours before Tesla would have gone bankrupt. Musk had just a few hundred thousand dollars left and could not have made payroll the next day. […] On December 23, 2008, however, SpaceX received a shock. People inside NASA had backed SpaceX to become a supplier for the ISS. The company received $1.6 billion as payment for twelve flights to the Space Station. [Page 210] It is also interesting to mention Musk’s hiring methods! The SpaceX hiring model places some emphasis on getting top marks at top schools. But most of the attention goes toward spotting engineers who have exhibited type A personality traits over the course of their lives. The company’s recruiters look for people who might excel at robot-building competitions or who are car-racing hobbyists who have built unusual vehicles. The object is to find individuals who ooze passion, can work well as part of a team, and have real-world experience bending metal. “Even if you’re someone who writes code for your job you need to understand how mechanical things work. We were looking for people that had been building things since they were little.” [Page 220] Interviews are tough with puzzles, code writing and Musk interviewed the first 1’000 employees de SpaceX. I am far from finished but needs to end up for now with my usual cap. tables for Musk’s ventures: 1-Paypal, 2-Tesla Motors, 3-SolarCity which he did not found but backed from the early days and the two founders are his cousins, 4-finally a tentative cap. table based on what SpaceX announced. How does innovation work It’s really a fascinating book and obviously Elon Musk is too. A really unique and tough character. And obviosuly, very much criticized and hated too. One such harsh critics comes from the MIT Technology Review with Tech’s Enduring Great-Man Myth by Amanda Schaffer. You should read it. I just extract two sentences:– “To put it another way, do we really think that if Jobs and Musk had never come along, there would have been no smartphone revolution, no surge of interest in electric vehicles?” Well, this is a critical question about the source of innovation. Society or individuals. The question is relevant for science too.– “It’s precisely because we admire Musk and think his contributions are important that we need to get real about where his success actually comes from.” This is a quote from Mariana Mazzucato whom I have often quoted here. her book The Entrepreneurial State is a Must Read. It deals with the role of government in innovation. my stronger and stronger belief with years is that the governement makes things possible (science, technology and invention, innovation) but without exceptional individuals – often geniuses, sometimes to the border of insanity – I am not sure so much happens. Now let me quote more Ashley Vance because the final chapters are as great as the first ones. These quotes show that despite the high role of the governement, it’s not sufficient to explain how innovation works. As Tesla turned into a star in modern American industry, its closest rivals were obliterated. Fisker Automotive filed for bankruptcy and was bought by a Chinese auto parts company in 2014. One of its main investors was Ray Lane, a venture capitalist at Kleiner Perkins Caufield &amp; Byers. Lane had cost Kleiner Perkins a chance to invest in Tesla and then backed Fisker – a disastrous move that tarnished the firm’s brand and Lane’s reputation. Better Place was another start-up that enjoyed more hype than Fisker and Tesla put together and raised close to $1 billion to build electric cars and battery-swapping stations. The company never produced much of anything and declared bankruptcy in 2013.The guys like Straubel who had been at Tesla since the beginning are quick to remind people that the chance to build an awesome electric car had been there all along. “It’s not really like there was a rush to this idea, and we got there first,” Straubel said. “It’s frequently forgotten in hindsight that people thought this was the s***tiest business opportunity on the planet. The venture capitalists were all running for the hills.” What separated Tesla from the competition was the willingness to charge after its vision without compromise, a complete commitment to execute to Musks’s standards.[Pages 315-16] During the entire period of SolarCity’s growth, Silicon Valley had dumped huge amounts of money into green technology companies with mostly disastrous results. There was the automotive flubs like Fisker and Better Place, and Solyndra, the solar cell maker that conservatives loved to hold up as a cautionary tale of government spending and cronyism run amok. Some of the most famous venture capitalists in history, like John Doerr and Vinod Khosla, were ripped apart by the local and national press for their failed green investments. The story was almost always the same. People had thrown money at green technology because it seemed like the right thing to do, not because it made business sense. From new kinds of energy storage systems to electric cars and solar panels, the technology never quite lived up to its billing and required too much government funding and too many incentives to create a viable market. Much of this criticism was fair. It’s just that there was this Elon Musk guy hanging around who seemed to have figured something out that everyone else had missed. “We had a blanket rule against investing in clean-tech companies for about a decade,” said Peter Thiel, the PayPal cofounder and venture capitalist and Founders Fund. “On the macro level, we were right because clean tech as a sector was quite bad. But on the micro level, it looks like Elon has the two most successful clean-tech companies in the US. We would rather explain his success as being a fluke. There’s the whole Iron Man thing in which he’s presented as a cartoonish businessman – this very unusual animal at the zoo. But there is now a degree to which you have to ask whether his success is an indictment on the rest of us who have been working on much more incremental things. To the extent that the world still doubts Elon, I think it’s a reflection on the insanity of the world and not on the supposed insanity of Elon.” [Pages 320-21] Tony Fadell about Musk Tony Fadell, the former Apple executive, credited with bringing the iPod ad iPhone to market, has characterized the smartphone as representative of a type of super-cycle in which hardware and software have reached a critical point of maturity. Electronics are good and cheap, while software is more reliable and sophisticated. […] Google has its self-driving cars and has acquired dozens of robotics companies as it looks to merge code and machine. […] And a host of start-ups have begun infusing medical devices with powerful software to help people monitor and analyze their bodies and diagnose conditions. […] Zee Aero, a start-up in Mountain View, has a couple of former SpaceX staffers on hand and is working on a secretive new type of transport. A flying car at last? Perhaps. […] For Fadell, Musk’s work sits at the highest of this trend. “Whether it’s Tesla or SpaceX, you are talking about combining the old-world science of manufacturing with low-cost, consumer-grade technology. You put these things together, and they morph into something we have never seen before. All of a sudden there is a wholesale change. It’s a step function.” [Pages 351-52] Doesn’t this remind you of Zero to One by peter thiel. Larry Page about Musk Google has invested more than just about any other technology company into’s Musk’s sort of moon-shot projects: self-driving cars, robots, and even a cash prize to get a machine onto the moon cheaply. The company, however, operates under a set of constraints and expectations that come with employing tens of thousands of people and being analyzed constantly by investors. It’s with this in mind that Page sometimes feels a bit envious of Musk, who has managed to make radical ideas the basis of his companies. “If you think about Silicon Valley or corporate leaders in general, they’re not usually lacking in money,” Page said. “If you have all this money, which presumably you’re going to give away and couldn’t even spend it all if you wanted to, why then are you devoting your time to a company that’s not really doing anything good? That’s why I find Elon to be an inspiring example. He said, ‘Well, what should I really do in this world? Solve cars, global warming, and make humans multiplanetary.’ I mean those are pretty compelling goals, and now he has businesses to do that.” [Page 353] Larry Page about education This is a very interesting piece [pages 355-56] not linked to Musk: “I don’t think we’re doing a good job as a society deciding what things are really important to do.” Page said. “I think like we’re just not educating people in this kind of general way. You should have a pretty broad engineering and scientific background. You have some leadership training and a bit of MBA training or knowledge of how to run things, organize stuff, and raise money. I don’t think most people are doing that, and it’s a big problem. Engineers are usually trained in a very fixed area. When you’re able to think about all of these disciplines together, you kind of think differently and can dream of much crazier things and how they might work. I think that’s really an important thing for the world. That’s how we make progress.” [Pages 355-56] Some final words about Musk It’s funny in a way that Musk spends so much time talking about man’s survival but isn’t willing to address the consequences of what his lifestyle does to his body. “Elon came to the conclusion early in his career that life is short,” Straubel said. “If you really embrace this, it leaves you with the obvious conclusion that you should be working as hard as you can”. Suffering though has always been Musk’s thing. The kids at school tortured him. His father played brutal mind games. Musk then abused himself by working inhumane hours and forever pushing his businesses to the edge. The idea of work-life balance seems meaningless in this context. […] He feels that the suffering helped to make him who he is and gave him extra reserves of strength and will. [Page 356] However…. As Thiel said, Musk may well have gone so far as to give people hope and to have renewed their faith in what technology can do for mankind. [Page 356]
Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future Paperback – Illustrated, January 24, 2017
https://www.amazon.com/Elon-Musk-SpaceX-Fantastic-Future/dp/006230125X
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.
Tesla, Inc. - Wikipedia
2006-06-12
Authority control
<div><div>
<table><caption>Tesla, Inc.</caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Motors.svg"></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/File:Gigafactory_Texas_Building_1_June_2022.jpg"></a><div><p><a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_Texas">Gigafactory Texas</a>, Tesla headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas">Austin, Texas</a></p></div></td></tr><tr><th><div><p><a href="/wiki/Trade_name">Trade name</a></p></div></th><td>Tesla</td></tr><tr><th>Formerly</th><td>Tesla Motors, Inc. (July 2003 – February 2017)</td></tr><tr><th>Type</th><td><a href="/wiki/Public_company">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th><div><p><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol">Traded as</a></p></div></th><td><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq">Nasdaq</a>: <a href="https://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/tsla">TSLA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq-100">Nasdaq-100</a> component</li><li><a href="/wiki/S%26P_100">S&amp;P 100</a> component</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_S%26P_500_companies">S&amp;P 500</a> component</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number">ISIN</a></th><td><a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/isin/?language=en&amp;isin=US88160R1014">US88160R1014</a></td></tr><tr><th>Industry</th><td><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry">Automotive</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_industry">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th>Founded</th><td>July 1, 2003; 19 years ago in <a href="/wiki/San_Carlos,_California">San Carlos, California</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th>Founders</th><td>See <a href="#Founding_(2003–2004)">§ Founding</a></td></tr><tr><th>Headquarters</th><td><a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_Texas">13101 Tesla Road</a>, <p>Austin, Texas</p>, <p>U.S.</p></td></tr><tr><th><p>Number of locations</p></th><td>764 retail stores/galleries and service centers (2022)<sup><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th><p>Area served</p></th><td><div>
<ul><li>North America</li>
<li>Europe</li>
<li>Oceania</li>
<li>East Asia</li>
<li>Middle East</li>
<li>Southeast Asia</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th><p>Key people</p></th><td><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk">Elon Musk</a> (CEO)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Robyn_Denholm">Robyn Denholm</a> (chair)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th>Products</th><td><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3">Model 3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_S">Model S</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_X">Model X</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y">Model Y</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Semi">Semi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Powerwall">Powerwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Powerpack">Powerpack</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Megapack">Megapack</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_solar_panels">solar panels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Solar_Roof">Solar Roof</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th><p>Production output</p></th><td><div><ul><li> 1,369,611 vehicles (2022)</li><li> 6.54 GWh battery energy storage systems (2022)</li><li> 348 MW solar (2022)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th>Services</th><td><div>
<ul><li><a href="#Vehicle_servicing">Service</a></li>
<li><a href="#Charging">charging</a></li>
<li><a href="#Insurance">insurance</a></li>
<li><a href="#Software_updates_and_upgrades">software upgrades</a></li>
<li><a href="#Connectivity">connectivity</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th>Revenue</th><td> US$81.46 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr><th><div><p><a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes">Operating income</a></p></div></th><td> US$13.66 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr><th><div><p><a href="/wiki/Net_income">Net income</a></p></div></th><td> US$12.56 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Asset">Total assets</a></th><td> US$82.34 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)">Total equity</a></th><td> US$44.70 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr><th>Owner</th><td><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk">Elon Musk</a> (13.4%)<sup><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th><p>Number of employees</p></th><td> 127,855 (December 2022)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Energy">Tesla Energy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Grohmann_Automation">Tesla Grohmann Automation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th>Website</th><td><a href="https://www.tesla.com/">www<wbr></wbr>.tesla<wbr></wbr>.com</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478214#P856"></a></td></tr><tr><td><b>Footnotes / references</b><br /><sup><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-10K_2022-7">[7]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Tesla, Inc.</b> ( <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"><i>TESS-lə</i></a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"><i>TEZ-lə</i></a><sup><a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a></sup>) is an American multinational <a href="/wiki/Automotive">automotive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clean_energy">clean energy</a> company headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas">Austin, Texas</a>. Tesla designs and manufactures <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle">electric vehicles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electric_car">electric cars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_truck">trucks</a>), battery <a href="/wiki/Energy_storage">energy storage</a> from home to <a href="/wiki/Grid-scale_storage">grid-scale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel">solar panels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_roof_shingles">solar roof tiles</a>, and related products and services. Tesla is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_corporations_by_market_capitalization">world's most valuable companies</a> and is, as of 2023, the world's most valuable automaker. In 2021, the company had the most worldwide sales of <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle">battery electric vehicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle">plug-in electric vehicles</a>, capturing 21% of the battery-electric (purely electric) market and 14% of the plug-in market (which includes <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid">plug-in hybrids</a>). Through its subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Energy">Tesla Energy</a>, the company develops and is a major installer of <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_system">photovoltaic systems</a> in the United States. Tesla Energy is also one of the largest global suppliers of battery energy storage systems, with 3.99 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt-hours">gigawatt-hours</a> (GWh) installed in 2021.
</p><p>Tesla was incorporated in July 2003 by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Eberhard">Martin Eberhard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Tarpenning">Marc Tarpenning</a> as Tesla Motors. The company's name is a tribute to inventor and electrical engineer <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a>. In February 2004, via a $6.5 million investment, <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk">Elon Musk</a> became the largest shareholder of the company. He has served as CEO since 2008. According to Musk, the purpose of Tesla is to help expedite the move to sustainable transport and energy, obtained through electric vehicles and solar power. Tesla began production of its first car model, the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_(first_generation)">Roadster</a> sports car, in 2009. This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_S">Model S</a> sedan in 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_X">Model X</a> SUV in 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3">Model 3</a> sedan in 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y">Model Y</a> crossover in 2020, and the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Semi">Tesla Semi</a> truck in 2022. The company plans to start production of the <a href="/wiki/Cybertruck">Cybertruck</a> light-duty <a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck">pickup truck</a> in 2023.<sup><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></sup>The Model 3 is the all-time bestselling plug-in electric car worldwide, and, in June 2021, became the first electric car to sell 1 million units globally.<sup><a href="#cite_note-1miModel3-11">[10]</a></sup> Tesla's 2022 full year deliveries were around 1.31 million vehicles, a 40% increase over the previous year,<sup><a href="#cite_note-productiondeliveries-12">[11]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Tesla4Q2021final-13">[12]</a></sup> and cumulative sales totaled 3 million cars as of August 2022.<sup><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup> In October 2021, Tesla's market capitalization reached $1 trillion, the sixth company to do so in U.S. history.
</p><p>Tesla has been the subject of several lawsuits, government scrutiny, journalistic <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Tesla,_Inc.">criticism</a>, and public controversies arising from statements and acts of CEO Elon Musk and from allegations of <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower">whistleblower</a> retaliation, <a href="/wiki/Worker_rights">worker rights</a> violations, and defects with their products.
</p>
<h2>History</h2>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Roadster_Sport_insignia_(cropped).jpg"></a></p></div>
<h3>Founding (2003–2004)</h3>
<p>The company was incorporated as Tesla Motors, Inc. on July 1, 2003, by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Eberhard">Martin Eberhard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Tarpenning">Marc Tarpenning</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVance2015152-15">[14]</a></sup> Eberhard and Tarpenning served as CEO and CFO, respectively.<sup><a href="#cite_note-timelinefacts-16">[15]</a></sup> Eberhard said he wanted to build "a car manufacturer that is also a technology company", with its core technologies as "the battery, the computer software, and the proprietary motor".<sup><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>Ian Wright was Tesla's third employee, joining a few months later.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVance2015152-15">[14]</a></sup> In February 2004, the company raised $7.5 million in <a href="/wiki/Series_A_funding">series A funding</a>, including $6.5 million from Elon Musk, who had received $100 million from the sale of his interest in <a href="/wiki/PayPal">PayPal</a> two years earlier. Musk became the chairman of the board of directors and the largest shareholder of Tesla.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVance2015154-18">[17]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-TC_history_2014-19">[18]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-timelinefacts-16">[15]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J._B._Straubel">J. B. Straubel</a> joined Tesla in May 2004 as <a href="/wiki/Chief_technical_officer">chief technical officer</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVance2015155-20">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>A lawsuit settlement agreed to by Eberhard and Tesla in September 2009 allows all five – Eberhard, Tarpenning, Wright, Musk, and Straubel – to call themselves co-founders.<sup><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Roadster (2005–2009)</h3>
<p>Elon Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_(first_generation)">Roadster</a> product design at a detailed level, but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations.<sup><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup> The company's strategy was to start with a premium sports car aimed at early adopters and then move into more mainstream vehicles, including sedans and affordable compacts.<sup><a href="#cite_note-MasterPlan-23">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>In February 2006, Musk led Tesla's Series B <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_funding">venture capital funding</a> round of $13 million, which added Valor Equity Partners to the funding team.<sup><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-TC_history_2014-19">[18]</a></sup> Musk co-led the third, $40 million round in May 2006 which saw investment from prominent entrepreneurs including Google co-founders <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Brin">Sergey Brin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Page">Larry Page</a>, and former <a href="/wiki/EBay">eBay</a> President <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Skoll">Jeff Skoll</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-GreenGiants-25">[24]</a></sup> A fourth round worth $45 million in May 2007 brought the total private financing investment to over $105 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-GreenGiants-25">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla's first car, the Roadster, was officially revealed to the public on July 19, 2006, in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California">Santa Monica, California</a>, at a 350-person invitation-only event held in <a href="/wiki/Barker_Hangar">Barker Hangar</a> at Santa Monica Airport.<sup><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>In August 2007, Eberhard was asked by the board, led by Elon Musk, to step down as CEO.<sup><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup> Eberhard then took the title of "President of Technology" before ultimately leaving the company in January 2008. Co-founder Marc Tarpenning, who served as the Vice President of Electrical Engineering of the company, also left the company in January 2008.<sup><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></sup> In August 2007, Michael Marks was brought in as interim CEO, and in December 2007, <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Drori">Ze'ev Drori</a> became CEO and President.<sup><a href="#cite_note-the-origin-29">[28]</a></sup> Musk succeeded Drori as CEO in October 2008.<sup><a href="#cite_note-the-origin-29">[28]</a></sup> In June 2009, Eberhard filed a lawsuit against Musk for allegedly forcing him out.<sup><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla began production of the Roadster in 2008.<sup><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup>
</p><p>By January 2009, Tesla had raised $187 million and delivered 147 cars. Musk had contributed $70 million of his own money to the company.<sup><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>In June 2009, Tesla was approved to receive $465 million in interest-bearing loans from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>. The funding, part of the $8 billion <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Vehicles_Manufacturing_Loan_Program">Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program</a>, supported engineering and production of the Model S sedan, as well as the development of commercial powertrain technology.<sup><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup> Tesla repaid the loan in May 2013, with $12 million interest.<sup><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>IPO, Model S, and Model X (2010–2015)</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Model_S_first_deliveries.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>In May 2010, Tesla purchased what would later become the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Factory">Tesla Factory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fremont,_California">Fremont, California</a>, from Toyota for $42 million,<sup><a href="#cite_note-Future-36">[35]</a></sup> and opened the facility in October 2010 to start production of the Model S.<sup><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></sup> On June 29, 2010, the company became a public company via an <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering">initial public offering</a> (IPO) on <a href="/wiki/NASDAQ">NASDAQ</a>, the first American car company to do so since the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company">Ford Motor Company</a> had its IPO in 1956.<sup><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></sup> The company issued 13.3 million shares of common stock at a price of $17.00 per share, raising $226 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></sup>
</p><p>In January 2012, Tesla ceased production of the Roadster, and in June the company launched its second car, the Model S luxury sedan.<sup><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></sup> The Model S won several automotive awards during 2012 and 2013, including the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Motor_Trend_Car_of_the_Year">Motor Trend Car of the Year</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-Award2013-41">[40]</a></sup> and became the first electric car to top the monthly sales ranking of a country, when it achieved first place in the Norwegian new car sales list in September 2013.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Voelcker-42">[41]</a></sup> The Model S was also the bestselling plug-in electric car worldwide for the years 2015 and 2016.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Top10PEVs2016-43">[42]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla announced the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot">Tesla Autopilot</a>, a driver-assistance system, in 2014. In September that year, all Tesla cars started shipping with sensors and software to support the feature, with what would later be called "hardware version 1".<sup><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></sup> In April 2015, Tesla entered the energy storage market, unveiling its <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Powerwall">Tesla Powerwall</a> (home) and <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Powerpack">Tesla Powerpack</a> (business) battery packs.<sup><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></sup> The company received orders valued at $800 million within a week of the unveiling.<sup><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla began shipping its third vehicle, the luxury SUV <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_X">Tesla Model X</a>, in September 2015, at which time it had 25,000 pre-orders.<sup><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>SolarCity and Model 3 (2016–2018)</h3>
<p>In November 2016, Tesla acquired <a href="/wiki/SolarCity">SolarCity</a>, in an all-stock $2.6 billion deal, and entered the <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics">photovoltaics</a> market.<sup><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a></sup> The solar installation business was merged with Tesla's existing battery energy storage products division to form the Tesla Energy subsidiary.<sup><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></sup> The deal was controversial because at the time of the acquisition, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues of which Tesla's shareholders were not informed.<sup><a href="#cite_note-solarsue-51">[50]</a></sup>
</p><p>In February 2017, Tesla Motors changed its name to Tesla, Inc., to better reflect the scope of its expanded business, which now included electric vehicles, battery energy storage systems, and solar power generation.<sup><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></sup>
</p><p>That year Tesla also started its philanthropic effort. Tesla made multiple contributions of solar power to areas recovering from disasters in 2017, in particular installing a solar plus storage system to restore electricity at a hospital in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, following the destruction from <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Maria">Hurricane Maria</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-philantropy1-55">[54]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-npr_puertorico-56">[55]</a></sup> In July 2018, the company donated $37.5 million to kindergarten to 12th grade <a href="/wiki/STEM">science, technology, engineering, and mathematics</a> education in Nevada.<sup><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla began selling its fourth vehicle model, the Model 3 sedan, in July 2017.<sup><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></sup> The Model 3 was a cheaper vehicle compared to previous Tesla vehicles, and was intended for the mass market. It was highly anticipated, which prompted the company to try to speed up production.<sup><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></sup> By August 2017, there were 455,000 reservations for the Model 3.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cnn_money_reservations-60">[59]</a></sup> The rollout was plagued by delays and production problems.<sup><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></sup> This increased pressure on the company, which at this time was one of the most shorted companies in the market.
</p><p>In August 2018, CEO Elon Musk briefly considered taking Tesla private.<sup><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></sup> The plan did not materialize, and gave rise to much controversy and many lawsuits including a <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk#SEC_lawsuit">securities fraud charge from the SEC</a>. By the end of 2018, the production problems had been overcome, and the Model 3 was the world's best selling plug-in electric car for the year.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2018-64">[63]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Global expansion and Model Y (2019–present)</h3>
<p>Tesla opened its first "Gigafactory" outside the United States in Shanghai, China, in 2019. <a href="/wiki/Giga_Shanghai">Giga Shanghai</a> was the first automobile factory in China fully owned by a foreign company, and was built in less than six months.<sup><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></sup> The following year Tesla also started construction on a new Gigafactory near Berlin, Germany, and another in Texas, United States. In March 2020, Tesla began deliveries of its fifth vehicle model, the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y">Model Y</a> <a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)">crossover</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></sup>
</p><p>On January 10, 2020, Tesla reached a <a href="/wiki/Market_capitalization">market capitalization</a> of $86 billion, breaking the record for highest valuation of any American automaker.<sup><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a></sup> On June 10, 2020, Tesla's market capitalization surpassed those of <a href="/wiki/BMW">BMW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daimler_AG">Daimler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> combined.<sup><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></sup> The next month, Tesla reached a valuation of $206 billion, surpassing <a href="/wiki/Toyota">Toyota</a>'s $202 billion to become the world's most valuable automaker by market capitalization.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:17-69">[68]</a></sup> On August 31, 2020, following this increase in value, Tesla had a 5-for-1 <a href="/wiki/Stock_split">stock split</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></sup>
</p><p>From July 2019 to June 2020, Tesla reported four profitable quarters in a row for the first time, which made it eligible for inclusion in the <a href="/wiki/S%26P_500">S&amp;P 500</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a></sup> Tesla was added to the index on December 21, 2020.<sup><a href="#cite_note-GuardianSP500-72">[71]</a></sup> It was the largest company ever added, and the sixth-largest company in the index at the time of its inclusion.<sup><a href="#cite_note-GuardianSP500-72">[71]</a></sup> As investors tried to buy more shares as a result of this inclusion, some analysts, such as <a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co.">J.P. Morgan</a>'s Ryan Brinkman, suggested investors exercise caution as Tesla was "dramatically" overvalued.<sup><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></sup> Throughout 2020, the share price of Tesla increased 740%,<sup><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></sup> and on January 26, 2021, its market capitalization reached $848 billion,<sup><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></sup> more than the next nine largest automakers combined and making it the 5th most valuable company in the US.<sup><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></sup>
</p><p>From 2015 to 2020, Tesla acquired companies including Riviera Tool, <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Grohmann_Automation">Grohmann Engineering</a>, Perbix, Compass Automation, <a href="/wiki/Hibar_Systems">Hibar Systems</a>, and German ATW Automation to advance Tesla's expertise in automation, along with <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Technologies">Maxwell Technologies</a> and SilLion to add to Tesla's abilities in battery technology.<sup><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a></sup> Grohmann (renamed <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Grohmann_Automation">Tesla Grohmann Automation</a>) and Maxwell would continue to operate as subsidiary companies, while the rest would be merged into Tesla. In July 2021, Musk acknowledged that Tesla had sold Maxwell to the former VP of sales for Maxwell.<sup><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a></sup>
</p><p>In January 2020, Tesla donated <a href="/wiki/Renminbi">RMB</a> 5,000,000 ($723,000 in 2020 dollars) to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention">Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a> to fight the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China">COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></sup>
</p><p>In October 2020, Tesla told <i><a href="/wiki/Electrek">Electrek</a></i> that it had dissolved its <a href="/wiki/Public_relations">public relations</a> (PR) department (with the exception of a few PR managers representing Tesla's European and Asian markets), becoming the first automaker to do so.<sup><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla hit its goal of building 0.5 million cars in 2020.<sup><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a></sup> The company ended the year with over $19 billion of cash,<sup><a href="#cite_note-bb20210208-85">[84]</a></sup> compared to $6.3 billion at the end of 2019.<sup><a href="#cite_note-ars20210128-86">[85]</a></sup>
</p><p>In February 2021, Tesla revealed that it had invested $1.5 billion in <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin">bitcoin</a> in 2020<sup><a href="#cite_note-bb20210208-85">[84]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a></sup> and on March 24 the company started accepting bitcoin as a form of payment for vehicle purchases in the United States and stated that it would introduce bitcoin payment in other countries later that year.<sup><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a></sup> At the time, Musk tweeted that "Bitcoin paid to Tesla will be retained as Bitcoin, not converted to <a href="/wiki/Fiat_currency">fiat currency</a>."<sup><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a></sup><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources">non-primary source needed</a></i>]</sup><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources">non-primary source needed</a></i>]</sup> It was later revealed in financial documents that between January 1 and March 31, 2021, Tesla had made a $101 million profit on the sale of bitcoin. After 49 days of accepting the digital currency, the company reversed course on May 12, 2021, saying they would no longer take bitcoin due to concerns that "mining" the <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency">cryptocurrency</a> was contributing to the consumption of fossil fuels and climate change.<sup><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a></sup> The decision resulted in the price of bitcoin dropping around 12% on May 13.<sup><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a></sup> During a July bitcoin conference, Musk suggested Tesla could help bitcoin miners switch to renewable energy in the future and also stated at the same conference that if bitcoin mining reaches, and trends above 50 percent renewable energy usage, that "Tesla would resume accepting bitcoin." The price for bitcoin rose after this announcement.<sup><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a></sup> In July 2022 it was reported that Tesla had sold about 75% of its bitcoin holdings.<sup><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a></sup> It was worth $936 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a></sup>
</p><p>After earlier disputes with California officials over COVID-19 restrictions, on December 1, 2021, Tesla moved its headquarters from <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California">Palo Alto, California</a>, to its <a href="/wiki/Giga_Texas">Gigafactory</a> in Austin, Texas.<sup><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-96">[95]</a></sup> However, Musk stated that Tesla would continue to operate its Fremont factory in the San Francisco Bay Area,<sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-96">[95]</a></sup> and will continue to expand in California.<sup><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></sup> In September 2021, Tesla broke ground on a new battery factory in Lathrop, California,<sup><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a></sup> and signed a lease in October 2021 for additional office space in Palo Alto.<sup><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a></sup>
</p><p>Also in October 2021, Tesla's market capitalization reached $1 trillion, the sixth company to do so in U.S. history, on news that car rental company <a href="/wiki/The_Hertz_Corporation">Hertz</a> had placed an order for 100,000 Tesla vehicles for its fleet.<sup><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a></sup>
</p><p>On March 22, 2022, Tesla launched its new car factory outside Berlin, with Chief Executive Elon Musk handing over the first deliveries to customers. The US carmaker's Giga Berlin plant is the largest for electric vehicles in Europe.<sup><a href="#cite_note-dw.com-101">[100]</a></sup> On April 7, 2022, Tesla celebrated the public opening of the Giga Texas facility with its Cyber Rodeo event attended by an estimated 15,000 invitees.<sup><a href="#cite_note-auto1-102">[101]</a></sup>
</p><p>Musk said in an email sent to employees that he was reducing salaried headcount by 10 percent because the company had become "overstaffed in many areas", adding that "hourly headcount will increase." He also said in a tweet Tesla's total number of employees would increase over the next year, but said the number of salaried staff would remain "fairly flat".<sup><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a></sup>
</p><p>In August 2022, Musk claimed that Tesla had made more than 3 million cars.<sup><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2023, Tesla had to pause plans to double <a href="/wiki/Giga_Shanghai">Giga Shanghai</a> production to 2 million cars per year after encountering roadblocks from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China">Chinese central government</a>. Officials there expressed concerns with Elon's activities at <a href="/wiki/SpaceX">SpaceX</a>, in particular the quickly expanding <a href="/wiki/Starlink#Military_capabilities">military applications of Starlink</a> and it's potential impact on global strategic defense.<sup><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Automotive products</h2>
<p>As of December 2022, Tesla offers four car models: Model S, Model 3, Model X and Model Y, and a <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Semi">semi-truck</a>. Tesla's first vehicle, the first-generation Tesla Roadster, is no longer sold. Tesla has plans for a <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_(second_generation)">second-generation Roadster</a> and a pickup called the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Cybertruck">Cybertruck</a>.
</p>
<h3>In production</h3>
<h4>Model S</h4>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Tesla_Model_S_75D.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>The Model S is a five-door <a href="/wiki/Liftback">liftback</a> <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)">sedan</a>. Deliveries began on June 22, 2012.<sup><a href="#cite_note-1stModelS-106">[105]</a></sup> The car became the first electric vehicle to top the monthly sales ranking in any country, when it achieved first place in the Norwegian new car sales list in September 2013.<sup><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Voelcker-42">[41]</a></sup> The Model S won the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Motor_Trend_Car_of_the_Year">Motor Trend Car of the Year</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-Award2013-41">[40]</a></sup> the 2013 "<a href="/wiki/World_Green_Car">World Green Car</a>",<sup><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Automobile_(magazine)">Automobile</a></i> magazine's 2013 "Car of the Year",<sup><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine's Best 25 Inventions of the Year 2012 award,<sup><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a></sup> as well as the 2019 <i>Motor Trend</i> "Ultimate Car of the Year".<sup><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Model S was the bestselling plug-in electric car worldwide for the years 2015 and 2016, selling an estimated 50,931 units in 2016.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Top10PEVs2016-43">[42]</a></sup> By the end of 2017, it was the world's second best selling plug-in electric car in history (after the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Leaf">Nissan Leaf</a>), with global sales of 200,000 units.<sup><a href="#cite_note-ModelS200k-112">[111]</a></sup> In June 2020, Tesla announced that the Model S Long Range Plus had an <a href="/wiki/FTP-75">EPA range</a> of 402 miles (647 km), the highest of any <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle">battery electric vehicle</a> at the time.<sup><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Model X</h4>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Tesla_Model_X_100D_Front.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>The Tesla Model X is a <a href="/wiki/Mid-size">mid-size</a> <a href="/wiki/Crossover_SUV">crossover SUV</a>. It is offered in 5-, 6- and 7-passenger configurations. The Model X was developed from the <a href="/wiki/Full-size_car">full-sized sedan</a> platform of the Model S. The rear passenger doors open vertically with an articulating "falcon-wing" design.
</p><p>Deliveries started in September 2015.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cnbc20150903-114">[113]</a></sup> In 2016, after one full year on the market, the Model X ranked seventh among the world's bestselling plug-in cars.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Top10PEVs2016-43">[42]</a></sup> The United States is its main market, with an estimated 57,327 units sold through September 2018.<sup><a href="#cite_note-SalesUS_InsideEVs-115">[114]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Model 3</h4>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Tesla_Model_3_Performance_AWD_Front.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>The Model 3 is a four-door <a href="/wiki/Fastback">fastback</a> sedan. Tesla unveiled the Model 3 on March 31, 2016.<sup><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a></sup> Potential customers began reserving spots earlier that day with a refundable deposit.<sup><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a></sup> One week after the unveiling, Tesla reported over 325,000 reservations.<sup><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News">Bloomberg News</a> claimed that, due to the number of reservations, "the Model 3's unveiling was unique in the 100-year history of the mass-market automobile."<sup><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a></sup> Limited vehicle production began in July 2017.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Tesla4Q2016final-120">[119]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since March 2020, the Model 3 is the world's best selling electric car in history, and cumulative global sales passed the 1 million milestone in June 2021.<sup><a href="#cite_note-1miModel3-11">[10]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Model3TopEV-121">[120]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2020-122">[121]</a></sup> The Model 3 has ranked as the world's best selling <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_car">plug-in electric car</a> for four consecutive years, from 2018 to 2021,<sup><a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2020-122">[121]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2021-124">[123]</a></sup> and also as the best selling plug-in electric car in the United States since 2018.<sup><a href="#cite_note-TopUS2018-125">[124]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Top3US022019-126">[125]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-TopEVs2020US-127">[126]</a></sup> The Model 3 also set records in Norway and the Netherlands, as the best selling passenger car model in those countries in 2019.<sup><a href="#cite_note-TopOverallSales-128">[127]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-OFV2019Modell-129">[128]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Model Y</h4>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Tesla_Model_Y,_front_8.1.20.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>The Model Y is a <a href="/wiki/Compact_car">compact</a> <a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)">crossover utility vehicle</a>. The Model Y is built on a platform that shares many components with the Model 3.<sup><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a></sup> The car has up to three rows of seats (up to 7 people),<sup><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a></sup> 68 cubic feet (1.9 m<sup>3</sup>) of cargo space (with the second and third rows folded),<sup><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a></sup> and has an EPA range of up to 326 miles (525 km).<sup><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Model Y was unveiled on March 14, 2019.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Lambert-134">[133]</a></sup> Deliveries for the Model Y started on March 13, 2020. The Tesla Model Y is being manufactured at Tesla Factory in Fremont, California,<sup><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-135">[134]</a></sup> as well as in Giga Shanghai in China. Giga Berlin produces the Performance, AWD and RWD versions of the Model Y.<sup><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Tesla Semi</h4>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Semi_3.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>The Tesla Semi is an all-electric <a href="/wiki/Class_8_truck">Class 8</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-trailer_truck">semi-trailer truck</a> announced in November 2017. Musk confirmed that two variants would be available: one with 300 miles (480 km) and one with 500 miles (800 km) of range.<sup><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a></sup> The Semi will be powered by four independent electric motors of the type used in the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3">Tesla Model 3</a> and will include an extensive set of hardware sensors to enable it to stay in its own lane, a safe distance away from other vehicles, and later, when software and regulatory conditions allow, provide <a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car">self-driving</a> operation on highways.<sup><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a></sup> Musk also announced that the company would be involved in installing a solar-powered global network of <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Megacharger">Tesla Megachargers</a> to make the Semi more attractive to potential long-haul customers. A 30-minute charge would provide 400 miles (640 km) of range.<sup><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a></sup>
</p><p>Musk initially said in 2017 that Semi deliveries would start in 2019 and be selling 100,000 trucks a year, but deliveries were later delayed to 2021 and then 2022.<sup><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a></sup> Part of the reason for the delays, according to Musk, is that the Semi includes five times more battery cells than their passenger cars, and the battery supply is not yet sufficient for both Tesla cars and the Semi.<sup><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a></sup>
</p><p>In October 2022, the company announced it would deliver its first all-electric semitrailer truck for <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a> in December, in what would be the first new model the company would give to consumers since the beginning of 2020, when it started delivering the Model Y crossover. At the time of the announcement, the trucks would support PepsiCo plants in <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California">Sacramento</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modesto,_California">Modesto</a>, California.<sup><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Future products</h3>
<h4>Roadster (second generation)</h4>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_roadster_2020_prototype.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>In a surprise reveal at the end of the event that introduced the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Semi">Tesla Semi</a> on November 16, 2017, Tesla unveiled the second generation Roadster. Musk said that the new model will have a range of 620 miles (1,000 km) with the 200 kilowatt-hours (720 MJ) battery pack and will achieve 0–60 miles per hour (0–97 km/h) in 1.9 seconds; it also will achieve 0–100 miles per hour (0–161 km/h) in 4.2 seconds,<sup><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a></sup> and the top speed will be over 250 miles per hour (400 km/h). The <a href="/wiki/SpaceX">SpaceX</a> Package will include cold air thrusters that will increase the speed even more.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Gibbs-148">[147]</a></sup> The vehicle will have three electric motors allowing for <a href="/wiki/All-wheel_drive">all-wheel drive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torque_vectoring">torque vectoring</a> during cornering.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Gibbs-148">[147]</a></sup>
</p><p>At the time, the base price was set at $200,000, while the first 1,000 units (the Founder's series) will sell for $250,000.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Gibbs-148">[147]</a></sup> Reservations required a deposit of $50,000, and those who ordered the Founder's series paid the $250,000 in full upon ordering. Those who made a reservation at the event were allowed a test drive (with a driver) in the prototype.<sup><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a></sup> Deliveries are expected to start in 2023.<sup><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Cybertruck</h4>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Cybertruck_outside_unveil_modified_by_Smnt.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>The Cybertruck is a <a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck">pickup truck</a> unveiled on November 21, 2019.<sup><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a></sup> Production has been delayed past 2022, and as of January 2022 is rumored to be early 2023.<sup><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a></sup> The truck's design had a mixed reception, and some Wall Street analysts questioned whether American pickup truck buyers will have interest in the Cybertruck.<sup><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a></sup> On September 22, 2020, Musk revealed roughly 600,000 Cybertruck preorders.<sup><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a></sup> James Goodwin, chief executive of <a href="/wiki/Australasian_New_Car_Assessment_Program">ANCAP</a>, said in 2019 that the design of the Cybertruck could pose safety risks, saying that the front "would look like it's not very forgiving".<sup><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a></sup> After the Cybertruck's unveiling, Musk announced that the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Cyberquad">Tesla Cyberquad</a>, an electric four-wheel <a href="/wiki/Quad_bike">quad bike</a> revealed alongside the Cybertruck, would be an optional accessory for Cybertruck buyers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Discontinued</h3>
<h4>Tesla Roadster</h4>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Roadster_Japanese_display.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>
The only discontinued Tesla vehicle model is the original Tesla Roadster.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Sales0611-159">[158]</a></sup> The Roadster was a two-seater sports car, evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Elise">Lotus Elise</a> chassis,<sup><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a></sup> that was produced from 2008 to 2012. The Roadster was the first highway legal serial production all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells and the first production all-electric car to travel more than 200 miles (320 km) per charge. It is also the first production car to be <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Tesla_Roadster">launched into space</a>; Musk launched his Roadster into a Mars-crossing orbit on a SpaceX <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a> rocket <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy_test_flight">test flight</a> on February 6, 2018.<sup><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a></sup></p>
<h3>Other concepts</h3>
<p>On July 20, 2016, Musk detailed his new <a href="/wiki/Strategic_planning">master plan</a> for Tesla. It includes more affordable cars produced in higher volume, solar roofs, mid-size vehicles, SUVs and pickup trucks, as well as the refinement of autonomous vehicles and the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy">sharing economy</a>, in which cars can be active while the owner is not using them.<sup><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a></sup> Tesla's plan also indicated building a minibus on the Model X platform,<sup><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a></sup> but in May 2017, Musk indicated that he might favor a 10–12 passenger version of the Model X over a dedicated minibus design.<sup><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a></sup> Musk dashed hopes for a Tesla motorcycle, saying in 2018 "we're not going to do motorcycles".<sup><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a></sup>
</p><p>Also in 2016, Musk revealed Tesla's intention to produce a car cheaper than the Model 3.<sup><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a></sup> In 2018, Musk indicated a plan to enter a new market segment, offering a compact hatchback in "less than five years".<sup><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a></sup> In 2020, Musk said Tesla expects to have a $25,000 electric car within 3 years, which "will basically be on-par or slightly better than a comparable gasoline car".<sup><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2019, Musk announced Tesla's intention to launch an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_taxi">autonomous taxi</a> service by the end of 2020 using more than 1 million Tesla vehicles.<sup><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a></sup> A year later, in April 2020, Musk stated Tesla would not make the end of 2020 deadline but said, "we'll have the functionality necessary for full self-driving by the end of the year."<sup><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Tesla Energy products</h2>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Johnstone_000178_172617_517894_4578_(36736411886).jpg"></a></p><div><p>Two Tesla Powerwall 2 home energy storage devices from <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Energy">Tesla Energy</a></p></div></div>
<p>Tesla subsidiary Tesla Energy develops, builds, sells and installs <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics">solar energy generation</a> systems and battery energy storage products (as well as related products and services) to residential, commercial and industrial customers.
</p><p>The subsidiary was created by the merger of Tesla's existing battery energy storage products division with SolarCity, a solar energy company that Tesla acquired in 2016.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Desjardins_2018-172">[171]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla Energy's generation products include solar panels (built by other companies for Tesla), the Tesla Solar Roof (a <a href="/wiki/Solar_shingle">solar shingle</a> system) and the Tesla Solar Inverter. Other products include the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Powerwall">Powerwall</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Home_energy_storage">home energy storage</a> device) and the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Powerpack">Powerpack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Megapack">Megapack</a>, which are large-scale energy storage systems.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Hanley_2016-173">[172]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Solar_Reviews_2021-174">[173]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Debord_20152-175">[174]</a></sup> Tesla Energy also develops software to allow customers to monitor and control their systems.<sup><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2021, the company deployed solar energy systems capable of generating 345 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt">megawatts</a>, an increase of 68% over 2020,<sup><a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a></sup> and deployed 3.99 gigawatt-hours of battery energy storage products, an increase of 32% over 2020.<sup><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Other services</h2>
<p>Tesla receives service revenue from its vehicle customers after their initial purchase; these revenues reached $1.47 billion in 2022 Q2.<sup><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a></sup> As of August 2020, those services include <a href="#Vehicle_servicing">vehicle servicing</a>, <a href="#Charging">charging</a>, <a href="#Insurance">insurance</a>, <a href="#Software_upgrades">software upgrades</a>, and <a href="#Improved_connectivity">improved connectivity</a>. In July 2021, Tesla made Full Self-Driving available as a monthly subscription.<sup><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a></sup> Future services which have been discussed include paying for a <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)">Wi-Fi hotspot</a> in the car<sup><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a></sup> and the Tesla robotaxi network.<sup><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Charging</h3>
<h4> Supercharger network</h4>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Charging_Tesla_Model_S_01.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>In 2012, Tesla began building a network of 480-volt fast-charging Supercharger stations. As of June 2022, Tesla operates 36,165 Superchargers in 3,971 stations worldwide<sup><a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a></sup> (an average of 9 chargers per station). The Supercharger is a proprietary <a href="/wiki/Direct_current">direct current</a> (DC) technology that provides up to 250 kilowatts (kW) of power.<sup><a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a></sup> All Tesla cars except the first generation Roadster come standard with hardware to charge at Superchargers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a></sup> The navigation software in Tesla cars can recommend the fastest route for long-distance travel, incorporating charging stops.<sup><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a></sup>
</p><p>Model S and X cars ordered before January 15, 2017,<sup><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a></sup> and between August 3, 2019,<sup><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a></sup> and May 26, 2020,<sup><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a></sup> received free unlimited supercharging. Model S and X cars ordered between January 15, 2017, and August 3, 2019, got 400 kWh (1,400 MJ) of free Supercharging credits per year, which provides a range of roughly 1,000 miles per year (1,600 <a href="/wiki/Speed">kilometres per year</a>).<sup><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a></sup> Subsequent Tesla models never received free unlimited supercharging.<sup><a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Destination charging location network</h4>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:TeslaDestinationCharger.jpg"></a></p><div><p>Tesla "Destination Charger" in North America</p></div></div>
<p>In 2014, Tesla launched the "<b>Destination Charging location</b>" network by providing chargers to hotels, restaurants, shopping centers and resorts (and other locations where Tesla owners may spend an hour or more) to provide on-site vehicle charging at twice the power of a typical home charging station.<sup><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a></sup>
</p><p>Destination chargers are installed free of charge by Tesla-certified contractors; the locations originally were required to provide the electricity at no cost to their customers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a></sup> As of August 2022, locations with six or more destination chargers may start charging for electricity.<sup><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a></sup> All destination chargers appear in the in-car navigation system.<sup><a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4> North American Charging Standard</h4>
<p>In November 2022, Tesla renamed its previously proprietary charging connector to "North American Charging Standard" (NACS), making the specs available to other EV manufacturers as an alternative to the standard <a href="/wiki/Combined_Charging_System">Combined Charging System</a> (CCS) connector used by competitors in North America.<sup><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Software updates and upgrades</h3>
<p>Tesla vehicles' software is regularly updated over-the-air when new software and firmware versions are released. This allows the cars to remain up to date and improve after purchase.<sup><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a></sup> Tesla also offers the option to unlock features in the car through over-the-air software upgrades after purchase. Available upgrades include basic Autopilot, Full Self Driving,<sup><a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a></sup> acceleration boost (for Model 3 owners),<sup><a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a></sup> and rear-heated seats (for Model 3 owners).<sup><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Connectivity</h3>
<p>All Tesla cars come with "Standard Connectivity" which provides navigation using a cellular connection, and the following only over <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>: internet browsing, <a href="/wiki/Music_streaming">music streaming</a> (with a paid subscription), and, when parked, video streaming and "<a href="/wiki/Caraoke">caraoke</a>".<sup><a href="#cite_note-electrek_connectivity_2019-205">[204]</a></sup> "Premium Connectivity" adds cellular access to those features and also provides <a href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting">live traffic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_map">satellite maps</a> for navigation.<sup><a href="#cite_note-electrek_connectivity_2019-205">[204]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Vehicle servicing</h3>
<p>Tesla service strategy is to service its vehicles first through remote diagnosis and repair. If it is not possible to resolve a problem remotely, customers are referred to a local Tesla-owned service center, or a mobile technician is dispatched.<sup><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a></sup> Tesla has said that it does not want to make a profit on vehicle servicing, which has traditionally been a large profit center for most auto dealerships.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Yarrow_2014-209">[208]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2016, Tesla recommended having any Tesla car inspected every 12,500 miles or once a year, whichever comes first. In early 2019, the manual was changed to say: "your Tesla does not require annual maintenance and regular fluid changes," and instead it recommends periodic servicing of the brake fluid, air conditioning, tires and air filters.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:28-210">[209]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Insurance</h3>
<p>On June 4, 2017, the <a href="/wiki/American_Automobile_Association">American Automobile Association</a> raised insurance rates for Tesla owners following a report from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Highway_Loss_Data_Institute&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Highway Loss Data Institute</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:15-211">[210]</a></sup> The report concluded that the Model S crashes 46% more often and is 50% more expensive to repair than comparable vehicles.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:15-211">[210]</a></sup> Similarly, the Model X was concluded to crash 41% more often and to be 89% more expensive to repair than similar vehicles.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:15-211">[210]</a></sup> As a result, AAA raised insurance rates on Tesla cars by 30%.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:15-211">[210]</a></sup> Tesla said that the analysis is "severely flawed and not reflective of reality", however, Tesla failed to provide any contradictory numbers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:15-211">[210]</a></sup> Shortly thereafter, Russ Rader, the spokesman for the <a href="/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safety">Insurance Institute for Highway Safety</a>, confirmed the AAA's analysis and that "Teslas get into a lot of crashes and are costly to repair afterward".<sup><a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a></sup> The following year, an analysis of claim frequency and insurance cost data by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety conducted by financial research provider 24/7 Wall St. found that the Tesla Model S and Model X were the two most expensive vehicles to insure.<sup><a href="#cite_note-reuters1-214">[213]</a></sup> Musk stated that he expects these insurance rates will greatly decrease once driver-assist and self-driving technology become commonplace.<sup><a href="#cite_note-reuters1-214">[213]</a></sup>
</p><p>Starting in October 2017, Tesla partnered with <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Mutual_Insurance_Company">Liberty Mutual Insurance Company</a> to offer US customers an insurance plan designed specifically for Tesla cars.<sup><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a></sup> In August 2019, this partnership was superseded by a partnership with <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_National_Insurance&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">State National Insurance</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-:22-217">[216]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a></sup> but was initially only available to Tesla owners in California.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:22-217">[216]</a></sup> In July 2020, Musk, relying on data obtained through the partnership with State National Insurance, announced that Tesla was creating its own "major" insurance company.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:16-219">[218]</a></sup> Tesla claims the insurance uses individual vehicle data to offer personalized pricing.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:16-219">[218]</a></sup>
</p><p>As of January 2023, Tesla offers insurance in Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, Nevada, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Utah and Virginia.<sup><a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Business strategy</h2>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_auto_bots.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>At the time of Tesla's founding in 2003, electric vehicles were very expensive.<sup><a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a></sup> In 2006, Elon Musk stated that Tesla's strategy was to first produce high-price, low-volume vehicles, such as sports cars, for which customers are less sensitive to price. This would allow them to progressively bring down the cost of batteries, which in turn would allow them to offer cheaper and higher volume cars.<sup><a href="#cite_note-MasterPlan-23">[22]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-bbweek20070730-222">[221]</a></sup> Tesla's first vehicle, the Roadster, was low-volume (fewer than 2,500 were produced) and priced at over $100,000. The next models, the Model S and Model X, are more affordable but still luxury vehicles. The most recent models, the Model 3 and the Model Y, are priced still lower, and aimed at a higher volume market,<sup><a href="#cite_note-20K-223">[222]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a></sup> selling over 100,000 vehicles each quarter. Tesla continuously updates the hardware of its cars rather than waiting for a new model year, as opposed to nearly every other car manufacturer.<sup><a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a></sup>
</p><p>Unlike other automakers, Tesla does not rely on franchised <a href="/wiki/Auto_dealership">auto dealerships</a> to sell vehicles. Instead, the company directly sells vehicles through its website and a network of company-owned stores.<sup><a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-7Reasons-227">[226]</a></sup> The company is the first automaker in the United States to sell cars directly to consumers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a></sup> Some jurisdictions, particularly in the United States, prohibit auto manufacturers from directly selling vehicles to consumers. In these areas, Tesla has locations that it calls <i>galleries</i> that the company says "educate and inform customers about our products, but such locations do not actually transact in the sale of vehicles."<sup><a href="#cite_note-10K_2021-230">[229]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a></sup> In total, Tesla operates nearly 400 stores and galleries in more than 35 countries.<sup><a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a></sup> These locations are typically located in retail shopping districts, inside shopping malls, or other high-traffic areas,<sup><a href="#cite_note-7Reasons-227">[226]</a></sup> instead of near other auto dealerships.<sup><a href="#cite_note-bypass-233">[232]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla is notable for spending no money on paid advertising campaigns, unlike other automakers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a></sup>
</p>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:The_Tesla_Patent_Wall_at_HQ,_now_set_free.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>Tesla has a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration">vertical integration</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a></sup> estimated at 80% in 2016.<sup><a href="#cite_note-gs2016-02-26-239">[238]</a></sup> The company produces vehicle components as well as building proprietary stations where customers can charge their vehicles. Vertical integration is rare in the automotive industry, where companies typically <i>outsource</i> 80% of components to suppliers and focus on engine manufacturing and final assembly.<sup><a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a></sup> Tesla used low-cost strategy as a business approach, with which they can expand their business into a broader market by offering standard technology items.<sup><a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla generally allows its competitors to license its technology, stating that it wants to help its competitors accelerate the world's use of sustainable energy.<sup><a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a></sup> Licensing agreements include provisions whereby the recipient agrees not to file patent suits against Tesla, or to copy its designs directly.<sup><a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a></sup> Tesla retains control of its other intellectual property, such as trademarks and <a href="/wiki/Trade_secret">trade secrets</a> to prevent direct copying of its technology.<sup><a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Technology</h2>
<p>Tesla develops many components in-house, such as batteries, motors, and software.<sup><a href="#cite_note-gs2016-02-26-239">[238]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Vehicle batteries</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_chassis,_Sydney_-_Martin_Place,_2017_(01).jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>Tesla was the first automaker to use batteries containing thousands of small, cylindrical, lithium-ion <a href="/wiki/Commodity_cell">commodity cells</a> like those used in consumer electronics.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:40-246">[245]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a></sup> Tesla uses a version of these cells that is designed to be cheaper to manufacture and lighter than standard cells by removing some safety features; according to Tesla, these features are redundant because of the advanced thermal management system and an <a href="/wiki/Intumescent">intumescent</a> chemical in the battery to prevent fires.<sup><a href="#cite_note-gcr2013-06-249">[248]</a></sup>
</p><p>The batteries are placed under the vehicle floor. This saves interior and trunk (boot) space but increases the risk of battery damage by debris or impact (see <a href="#Crashes_and_fires">crashes and fires</a>). After two vehicle fires in 2013 due to <a href="/wiki/Road_debris">road debris</a>, the Model S was retrofitted with a multi-part aluminum and titanium protection system to reduce the possibility of damage.<sup><a href="#cite_note-model-s-titanium-250">[249]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2016, former Tesla CTO J.B. Straubel expected batteries to last 10–15 years,<sup><a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a></sup> and discounted using electric cars to charge the grid with <a href="/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid">vehicle-to-grid</a> because the related battery wear outweighs economic benefit.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:38-252">[251]</a></sup> He also preferred recycling over <a href="/wiki/Battery_storage">re-use for grid</a> once they reach the end of their useful life for vehicles.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:38-252">[251]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a></sup> Tesla launched its battery recycling operation at <a href="/wiki/Giga_Nevada">Giga Nevada</a> in 2019.<sup><a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a></sup> Straubel independently founded battery recycling company <a href="/wiki/Redwood_Materials,_Inc.">Redwood Materials</a> in 2017, which supplies recycled materials to Panasonic.<sup><a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Panasonic">Panasonic</a> is Tesla's supplier of cells in the United States, and cooperates with Tesla in producing cylindrical <a href="/wiki/2170_battery">2170 batteries</a> at Giga Nevada.<sup><a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a></sup>
In January 2021, Panasonic had the capacity to produce 39 GWh per year of batteries at Giga Nevada.<sup><a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a></sup> Tesla's battery cells used in Giga Shanghai are supplied by Panasonic and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Amperex_Technology">Contemporary Amperex Technology</a> (CATL), and are the more traditional <a href="/wiki/Prism_(geometry)">prismatic</a> (rectangular) cells used by other automakers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a></sup>
As of April 2022, nearly half of all Tesla's vehicles produced last quarter are using cobalt-free <a href="/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery">Lithium iron phosphate battery</a> (LFP) made in China.<sup><a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Battery research</h4>
<table><tbody><tr><td><p></p></td><td><p>This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: Not an expert but a UC San Diego study showed 4680 batteries are actually less energy dense and tend to use more cobalt, the extraction of which is often linked to child slavery. See <a href="https://carbuzz.com/news/teslas-4680-cells-are-worse-than-those-in-regular-batteries">https://carbuzz.com/news/teslas-4680-cells-are-worse-than-those-in-regular-batteries</a>. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. <i>(November 2022)</i></p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Tesla invests in <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery">lithium-ion battery</a> research. Starting in 2016, the company established a 5-year battery research and development partnership at <a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_University">Dalhousie University</a> in Nova Scotia, Canada, with lead researcher <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Dahn">Jeff Dahn</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a></sup> Tesla acquired two battery companies: Maxwell Technologies, acquired for over $200 million<sup><a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a></sup> – but sold in 2021<sup><a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a></sup> and Hibar Systems.<sup><a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a></sup>
</p><p>During Tesla's Battery Day event on September 22, 2020, Tesla announced the next generation of batteries, featuring a tab-less battery design to increase the range and decrease the price of Tesla vehicles.<sup><a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a></sup> The new battery is named the "4680" in reference to its dimensions: 46 millimetres (1.8 in) wide by 80 millimetres (3.1 in) tall.<sup><a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a></sup> Two weeks before Battery Day, Tesla paid a total of $3 to buy several battery manufacturing patent applications from Springpower International, a small Canadian battery company.<sup><a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla predicted the new batteries could be up to 56% cheaper and allow the cars to have a 54% longer range.<sup><a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a></sup> The company said this would be achieved by a more efficient production process, new battery design, cheaper resources for the anode and cathode, and better integration into the vehicle.<sup><a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a></sup> Business analysis company <a href="/wiki/BloombergNEF">BloombergNEF</a> estimated Tesla's battery pack price in 2021 at $112 per kWh, versus an industry average of $132 per kWh.<sup><a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a></sup> As of December 2021, BloombergNEF estimates the industry as a whole will reach $100 per kWh in 2024.<sup><a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> estimated in 2020 that battery prices of about $100 per kWh would cause electric cars to reach cost parity with their gasoline-powered counterparts, which in turn would accelerate sales of new electric cars.<sup><a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Motors</h3>
<p>Tesla makes two kinds of electric motors. Its oldest design in production is a <a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power">three-phase</a> four-pole alternating current <a href="/wiki/Induction_motor">induction motor</a> with a copper <a href="/wiki/Rotor_(electric)">rotor</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a></sup> (which inspired the Tesla logo), which is used as the rear motor in the Model S and Model X. Newer, higher-efficiency <a href="/wiki/Permanent_magnet_motor">permanent magnet motors</a> are used in the Model 3, Model Y, the front motor of 2019-onward versions of the Model S and X, and are expected to be used in the Tesla Semi.<sup><a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a></sup> The permanent magnet motors increase efficiency, especially in stop-start driving.<sup><a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Autopilot</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Autopilot_Engaged_in_Model_X.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>Autopilot is an <a href="/wiki/Advanced_driver-assistance_system">advanced driver-assistance system</a> developed by Tesla. The system requires active driver supervision at all times.<sup><a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since September 2014, all Tesla cars are shipped with sensors (initially hardware version 1 or "HW1") and software to support Autopilot.<sup><a href="#cite_note-electrek.co-281">[280]</a></sup> Tesla upgraded its sensors and software in October 2016 ("HW2") to support full self-driving in the future.<sup><a href="#cite_note-8cameras-282">[281]</a></sup> HW2 includes eight cameras, twelve <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_sensor">ultrasonic sensors</a>, and forward-facing <a href="/wiki/Radar">radar</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-8cameras-282">[281]</a></sup> HW2.5 was released in mid-2017, and it upgraded HW2 with a second <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit">graphics processing unit</a> (GPU) and, for the Model 3 only, a driver-facing camera.<sup><a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a></sup> HW3 was released in early 2019 with an updated and more powerful computer, employing a custom Tesla-designed <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip">system on a chip</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-electrek_hw3_2019-284">[283]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2019, Tesla announced that all of its cars will include Autopilot software (defined as just <i>Traffic-Aware Cruise Control</i> and <i>Autosteer</i> (Beta)) as a standard feature moving forward.<sup><a href="#cite_note-BusinessInsider_201904-285">[284]</a></sup> Full self-driving software (<a href="/wiki/Automatic_parking">Autopark</a>, Navigate on Autopilot (Beta), Auto Lane Change (Beta), <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot#Summon_(Beta)">Summon (Beta)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot#Smart_Summon_(Beta)">Smart Summon (Beta)</a> and future abilities) is an extra cost option.<sup><a href="#cite_note-BusinessInsider_201904-285">[284]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2020, Tesla released software updates where its cars recognize and automatically stop at stop signs and traffic lights.<sup><a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a></sup> In May 2021, Tesla removed the radar sensor and radar features from its Model 3 and Model Y vehicles, opting instead to rely on camera vision alone.<sup><a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a></sup> The <i>New York Times</i> reported in December 2021 that Musk "repeatedly told members of the Autopilot team that humans could drive with only two eyes and that this meant cars should be able to drive with cameras alone," an analogy some experts and former Tesla engineers described as "deeply flawed."<sup><a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a></sup> Similarly, a statistical analysis conducted in <i>A Methodology for Normalizing Safety Statistics of Partially Automated Vehicles</i> debunked a common Tesla claim that Autopilot reduced crash rates by 40 percent<sup><a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a></sup> by accounting for the relative safety of the given operating domain when using active safety measures.<sup><a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Full Self-Driving</h3>
<p><i>Full Self-Driving</i> (FSD) is an optional extension of Autopilot promoted as eventually being able to perform fully <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_driving">autonomous driving</a>. At the end of 2016, Tesla expected to demonstrate full autonomy by the end of 2017,<sup><a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a></sup> which as of July 2022 has not occurred.<sup><a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a></sup> The first beta version of the software was released on October 22, 2020, to a small group of testers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:45-297">[296]</a></sup> The release of the beta has renewed concern regarding whether the technology is ready for testing on public roads.<sup><a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board">National Transportation Safety Board</a> (NTSB) has called for "tougher requirements" for any testing of Autopilot on public roads.<sup><a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla's approach to achieve full autonomy is different from that of other companies.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:41-301">[300]</a></sup> Whereas <a href="/wiki/Waymo">Waymo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cruise_(autonomous_vehicle)">Cruise</a>, and other companies are relying on highly detailed (centimeter-scale) three-dimensional maps, <a href="/wiki/Lidar">lidar</a>, and cameras, as well as <a href="/wiki/Radar">radar</a> and ultrasonic sensors in their autonomous vehicles, Tesla's approach is to use coarse-grained two-dimensional maps and cameras (no lidar) as well as radar and ultrasonic sensors.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:41-301">[300]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a></sup> Tesla claims that although its approach is much more difficult, it will ultimately be more useful, because its vehicles will be able to self-drive without geofencing concerns.<sup><a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a></sup> Tesla's self-driving software has been trained on over 20 billion miles driven by Tesla vehicles as of January 2021.<sup><a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a></sup> Tesla also designed a self-driving computer chip that has been installed in its cars since March 2019.<sup><a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a></sup>
</p><p>Most experts believe that Tesla's approach of trying to achieve full self-driving by eschewing lidar and high-definition maps is not feasible.<sup><a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a></sup> In March 2021, according to a letter that Tesla sent to the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Motor_Vehicles">California Department of Motor Vehicles</a> about FSD's capability – acquired by <a href="/wiki/PlainSite">PlainSite</a> via a public records request – Tesla stated that FSD is not capable of autonomous driving and is only at <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Automotive_Engineers">Society of Automotive Engineers</a> Level 2 automation.<sup><a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a></sup> In a May 2021 study by Guidehouse Insights, Tesla was ranked last for both strategy and execution in the autonomous driving sector.<sup><a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a></sup> In October 2021, the <a href="/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board">National Transportation Safety Board</a> (NTSB) called on Tesla to change the design of its Autopilot to ensure it cannot be misused by drivers, according to a letter sent to Musk.<sup><a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a></sup>
</p><p>In September 2022, Tesla revealed prototypes of its proposed humanoid robot <a href="/wiki/Optimus_(robot)">Optimus</a>, which Musk has stated uses the same core software as FSD. During the presentations at Tesla's AI Day 2022, Musk suggested that, among other use cases, the finalized version of Optimus could be used in Tesla's car factories to help with repetitive tasks and relieve labor shortages.<sup><a href="#cite_note-312">[311]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Glass</h3>
<p>In November 2016, the company announced the Tesla glass technology group. The group produced the roof glass for the Tesla Model 3. It also produces the glass used in the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Solar_Roof">Tesla Solar Roof</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Solar_shingle">solar shingles</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Facilities</h2>
<p>The company operates six large factories. The company also operates showrooms and galleries around the world.<sup><a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a></sup>
</p>
<table>
<caption>Summary of main facilities operated by Tesla
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Opened
</th>
<th>Name
</th>
<th>City
</th>
<th>Country
</th>
<th>Employees
</th>
<th>Products
</th>
<th><abbr>Ref.</abbr>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>2010
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Fremont_Factory">Tesla Fremont Factory</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_California">Fremont, California</a>
</td>
<td>United States
</td>
<td>10,000
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_S">Model S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_X">Model X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3">Model 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y">Model Y</a>
</td>
<td><sup><a href="#cite_note-Future-36">[35]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-TC_staff_2020-316">[315]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2016
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_Nevada">Gigafactory Nevada</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Storey_County,_Nevada">Storey County, Nevada</a>
</td>
<td>United States
</td>
<td>7,000
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteries">Batteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Powerwall">Powerwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Powerpack">Powerpack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Megapack">Megapack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Semi">Semi</a>
</td>
<td><sup><a href="#cite_note-Powerwall-318">[317]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-usatoday_giganevada_2019-319">[318]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-320">[319]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2017
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_New_York">Gigafactory New York</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York">Buffalo, New York</a>
</td>
<td>United States
</td>
<td>1,500
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Solar_Roof">Solar Roof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Supercharger">Superchargers</a>
</td>
<td><sup><a href="#cite_note-UpAndRunning-321">[320]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-CT_giga2_2020-322">[321]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2019
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_Shanghai">Gigafactory Shanghai</a>
</td>
<td>Shanghai
</td>
<td>China
</td>
<td>15,000
</td>
<td>Model 3, Model Y
</td>
<td><sup><a href="#cite_note-cnbc20191023-323">[322]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2022
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_Berlin-Brandenburg">Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnheide_(Mark)">Grünheide</a>
</td>
<td>Germany
</td>
<td>10,000
</td>
<td>Model Y,
<p><i>(planned: batteries, Model 3)</i>
</p>
</td>
<td><sup><a href="#cite_note-325">[324]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-IEVS_berlin_2021-327">[326]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2022
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_Texas">Gigafactory Texas</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas">Austin, Texas</a>
</td>
<td>United States
</td>
<td>10,000
</td>
<td>Model Y, batteries
<p>(planned: <i><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Cybertruck">Cybertruck</a>, Model 3, Semi)</i>
</p>
</td>
<td><sup><a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Vorrath-329">[328]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a></sup><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources">non-primary source needed</a></i>]</sup><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources">non-primary source needed</a></i>]</sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>United States</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:New_Teslas_at_the_factory.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>Tesla was founded in <a href="/wiki/San_Carlos,_California">San Carlos, California</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a></sup> In 2010, Tesla moved its corporate headquarters and opened a powertrain development facility in Palo Alto.<sup><a href="#cite_note-332">[331]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla's first retail store was opened in 2008 in Los Angeles,<sup><a href="#cite_note-333">[332]</a></sup> followed by others in major U.S. cities. As of June 2022, Tesla operates 196 stores and galleries in the United States,<sup><a href="#cite_note-334">[333]</a></sup> has stores and galleries in 34 other countries, and has 655 service centers globally.<sup><a href="#cite_note-335">[334]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla's first assembly plant occupies the former NUMMI plant in Fremont, California, known as the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Fremont_Factory">Tesla Fremont Factory</a>. The factory was originally opened by <a href="/wiki/General_Motors">General Motors</a> in 1962, and then operated by a joint venture of GM and <a href="/wiki/Toyota">Toyota</a> from 1984.<sup><a href="#cite_note-336">[335]</a></sup> The original factory was closed in 2010, and was acquired by Tesla the same year.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Future-36">[35]</a></sup>
</p>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Gigafactory_1_-_December_2019.jpg"></a></p></div>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Gigafactory_Texas_Building_1_June_2022.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>The first major battery production facility was opened in Nevada in 2016. <a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_Nevada">Gigafactory Nevada</a> (originally Gigafactory 1) produces Powerwalls, Powerpacks and Megapacks;<sup><a href="#cite_note-Powerwall-318">[317]</a></sup> battery cells in partnership with Panasonic;<sup><a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a></sup> and Model 3 battery packs and drivetrains.<sup><a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a></sup> The factory received substantial subsidies from the local and state government, that, in exchange for opening in their jurisdiction, allowed Tesla to operate essentially tax free for 10 years.<sup><a href="#cite_note-339">[338]</a></sup>
</p><p>As part of the acquisition of SolarCity in 2016, Tesla acquired <a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_New_York">Gigafactory New York</a> located in Buffalo, New York, on the site of a former <a href="/wiki/Republic_Steel">Republic Steel</a> plant. SolarCity had received incentives to locate its factory in Buffalo through the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Billion">Buffalo Billion</a> program.<sup><a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-341">[340]</a></sup> In 2017, the factory started production of solar shingles for the Tesla Solar Roof.<sup><a href="#cite_note-UpAndRunning-321">[320]</a></sup> Between 2017 and 2020 Tesla partnered with Panasonic to assemble photovoltaic modules at the plant.
</p><p>In May 2020, after Alameda County had refused to let the Tesla factory reopen after a COVID-19 lockdown, Elon Musk threatened that he would move the company's headquarters from California to Texas or Nevada.<sup><a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a></sup>
</p><p>On July 23, 2020, Tesla picked Austin, Texas, as the site of Gigafactory 5, since then known as <a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_Texas">Gigafactory Texas</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-electrek_texas_2021-343">[342]</a></sup> Giga Texas is planned to be the main factory for the Tesla Cybertruck and the Tesla Semi; it will also produce Model 3 and Model Y cars for the Eastern United States.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cnn-bursztynsky-20200722-344">[343]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Vorrath-329">[328]</a></sup> On April 7, 2022, Tesla celebrated the public opening of the Giga Texas facility with its Cyber Rodeo event attended by an estimated 15,000 invitees.<sup><a href="#cite_note-auto1-102">[101]</a></sup>
</p><p>On December 1, 2021, Tesla officially relocated its headquarters to the Gigafactory site in Austin, Texas.<sup><a href="#cite_note-345">[344]</a></sup> Because of Texas regulations, the company offers to cover costs for out-of-state healthcare, which include abortion and gender affirmation procedures.<sup><a href="#cite_note-346">[345]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla acquired a former <a href="/wiki/JC_Penney">JC Penney</a> distribution center near <a href="/wiki/Lathrop,_California">Lathrop, California</a>, in 2021 to build a Megafactory to manufacture Megapacks.<sup><a href="#cite_note-MR_Bulletin-347">[346]</a></sup> The location opened in 2022 and produces the next-generation Megapacks to use prismatic lithium iron phosphate batteries.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Lathrop_MF-348">[347]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Europe</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Status_quo_Versorgungsgeb%C3%A4ude_GigaBerlin.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>Tesla opened its first European store in June 2009 in London.<sup><a href="#cite_note-349">[348]</a></sup> Tesla's European headquarters are in the Netherlands.<sup><a href="#cite_note-350">[349]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tesla_facilities_in_Tilburg">Tesla operates facilities in Tilburg</a>, including a 62,000-square-foot (5,800 m<sup>2</sup>) European Distribution Centre and an 835,800-square-foot (77,650 m<sup>2</sup>) final assembly facility that adds drivetrain, battery and software to imported car bodies to reduce import tax, which depends on the location of final assembly.<sup><a href="#cite_note-351">[350]</a></sup>
</p><p>In late 2016, Tesla acquired German engineering firm <a href="/wiki/Grohmann_Engineering">Grohmann Engineering</a> as a new division dedicated to helping Tesla increase the automation and effectiveness of its manufacturing process.<sup><a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a></sup> After winding down existing contracts with other auto manufacturers, the renamed <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Grohmann_Automation">Tesla Grohmann Automation</a> now works exclusively on Tesla projects.<sup><a href="#cite_note-353">[352]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla announced its plans to build a car and battery factory in Europe in 2016.<sup><a href="#cite_note-354">[353]</a></sup> Several countries campaigned to be the host,<sup><a href="#cite_note-355">[354]</a></sup> and eventually Germany was chosen in November 2019.<sup><a href="#cite_note-356">[355]</a></sup> On March 22, 2022, Tesla's first European Gigafactory named <a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_Berlin-Brandenburg">Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-357">[356]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:23-358">[357]</a></sup> opened with planned capacity to produce 500,000 electric vehicles annually as well as batteries for the cars.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:23-358">[357]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Asia</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Tokyo_2011.JPG"></a></p><div><p>Tesla store in Tokyo, the first showroom in Japan<sup><a href="#cite_note-359">[358]</a></sup></p></div></div>
<p>Tesla opened its first Japanese showroom in Tokyo, Japan, in October 2010.<sup><a href="#cite_note-360">[359]</a></sup> By 2013, showrooms and service centers were operating in Hong Kong,<sup><a href="#cite_note-361">[360]</a></sup> Beijing and Shanghai.<sup><a href="#cite_note-362">[361]</a></sup> Two showrooms opened in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea">South Korea</a> in March 2017<sup><a href="#cite_note-363">[362]</a></sup> and a service center opened there in late 2017.<sup><a href="#cite_note-364">[363]</a></sup> In August 2017, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan">Taiwan</a> opened its first service center and showroom.<sup><a href="#cite_note-365">[364]</a></sup>
</p><p>In July 2018, Tesla signed an agreement with Chinese authorities to build a factory in Shanghai, China, which was Tesla's first Gigafactory outside of the United States.<sup><a href="#cite_note-366">[365]</a></sup> The factory building was finished in August 2019, and the initial <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3">Tesla Model 3s</a> were in production from Giga Shanghai in October 2019.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cnbc20191023-323">[322]</a></sup>
</p><p>In response to the Chinese military banning Tesla cars from entering military housing complexes, Elon Musk stated during the China Development Forum in March 2021 that the company would stop producing cars in the country if cars were being used to spy. The comment came shortly after a meeting of Chinese and U.S. diplomats in Alaska, in part over concerns of U.S. intervention in China's internal affairs.<sup><a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-368">[367]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-369">[368]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2021, China accounted for 26% of Tesla sales revenue, and was the second largest market for Tesla after the United States, which accounted for 45% of its sales.<sup><a href="#cite_note-371">[370]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Rest of the world</h3>
<p>Tesla opened the first Australian showroom in <a href="/wiki/Sydney">Sydney</a> in 2010,<sup><a href="#cite_note-372">[371]</a></sup> followed by a showroom and service center in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne">Melbourne</a> in 2015.<sup><a href="#cite_note-373">[372]</a></sup> By 2019, Tesla had opened 4 service centers in Australia.<sup><a href="#cite_note-374">[373]</a></sup> In 2012, Tesla opened its first store in Canada in Toronto.<sup><a href="#cite_note-375">[374]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first expansion of Tesla in the Middle East was with the opening of a showroom and a service center in <a href="/wiki/Dubai">Dubai</a>, United Arab Emirates (UAE), in 2017. Five ultra-fast superchargers were also built between cities in the UAE, with a planned 50 destination chargers by the end of 2017.<sup><a href="#cite_note-376">[375]</a></sup> One of the first Tesla customers was <a href="/wiki/Roads_and_Transport_Authority_(Dubai)">Dubai's Roads and Transport Authority</a> which ordered 200 Tesla Model S and Model X vehicles that were added to Dubai Taxi Corporation's fleet.<sup><a href="#cite_note-377">[376]</a></sup> In May 2017, a service center and store in <a href="/wiki/Amman">Amman</a>, Jordan was opened.<sup><a href="#cite_note-378">[377]</a></sup> In January 2020 a "pop-up" store in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, Israel was opened as well as a research and development center.<sup><a href="#cite_note-379">[378]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Partners</h2>
<h3>Panasonic</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Panasonic.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>In January 2010, Tesla and battery cell maker <a href="/wiki/Panasonic">Panasonic</a> announced that they would together develop nickel-based lithium-ion battery cells for electric vehicles.<sup><a href="#cite_note-380">[379]</a></sup> The partnership was part of Panasonic's $1 billion investment over three years in facilities for lithium-ion cell research, development and production.<sup><a href="#cite_note-381">[380]</a></sup>
</p><p>Beginning in 2010, Panasonic invested $30 million for a multi-year collaboration on new battery cells designed specifically for electric vehicles.<sup><a href="#cite_note-382">[381]</a></sup> In July 2014, Panasonic reached a basic agreement with Tesla to participate in battery production at Giga Nevada.<sup><a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla and Panasonic also collaborated on the manufacturing and production of photovoltaic (PV) cells and modules at the Giga New York factory in Buffalo, New York.<sup><a href="#cite_note-UpAndRunning-321">[320]</a></sup> The partnership started in mid-2017 and ended in early 2020, before Panasonic exited the solar business entirely in January 2021.<sup><a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:2-385">[384]</a></sup>
</p><p>In March 2021, the outgoing CEO of Panasonic stated that the company plans to reduce its reliance on Tesla as their battery partnership evolves.<sup><a href="#cite_note-386">[385]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Other current partners</h3>
<p>Tesla has long-term contracts in place for lithium supply. In September 2020, Tesla signed a sales agreement with <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_Lithium">Piedmont Lithium</a> to buy high-purity lithium ore for up to ten years,<sup><a href="#cite_note-mining20200928-387">[386]</a></sup> specifically to supply "<a href="/wiki/Spodumene">spodumene</a> concentrate from Piedmont's North Carolina <a href="/wiki/Mineral_deposit">mineral deposit</a>".<sup><a href="#cite_note-388">[387]</a></sup> In 2022, Tesla contracted for 110,000 tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Spodumene">spodumene</a> concentrate over four years from the <a href="/wiki/Core_Lithium">Core Lithium</a>'s lithium mine in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_of_Australia">Northern Territory of Australia</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-pvmag20221013-389">[388]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla also has a range of minor partnerships, for instance working with <a href="/wiki/Airbnb">Airbnb</a> and hotel chains to install destination chargers at selected locations.<sup><a href="#cite_note-390">[389]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Former partners</h3>
<h4>Daimler AG</h4>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Mercedes-Benz_B-Class_Electric_Drive_Electric_Art_Premium_Front.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Daimler_AG">Daimler AG</a> and Tesla began working together in late 2007. On May 19, 2009, Daimler bought a stake of less than 10% in Tesla for a reported $50 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-techcrunch1-392">[391]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-393">[392]</a></sup> As part of the collaboration, Herbert Kohler, vice-president of E-Drive and Future Mobility at Daimler, took a Tesla board seat.<sup><a href="#cite_note-TN_BOD_2012-394">[393]</a></sup> On July 13, 2009, Daimler AG sold 40% of its acquisition to Aabar. Aabar is an investment company controlled by the <a href="/wiki/International_Petroleum_Investment_Company">International Petroleum Investment Company</a> (IPIC), which is owned by the government of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-395">[394]</a></sup> In October 2014, Daimler sold its remaining holdings for a reported $780 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-396">[395]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla supplied battery packs for <a href="/wiki/Freightliner_Trucks">Freightliner Trucks</a>' Custom Chassis electric van in 2010.<sup><a href="#cite_note-397">[396]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-398">[397]</a></sup> The company also built electric-powertrain components for the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_A-Class_E-Cell">Mercedes-Benz A-Class E-Cell</a>, with 500 cars planned to be built for trial in Europe beginning in September 2011.<sup><a href="#cite_note-399">[398]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-400">[399]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla produced and co-developed the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_B-Class_Electric_Drive">Mercedes-Benz B250e</a>'s powertrain, which ended production in 2017.<sup><a href="#cite_note-401">[400]</a></sup> The electric motor was rated 134 hp (100 kW) and 230 pound force-feet (310 N⋅m), with a 36 kWh (130 MJ) battery. The vehicle had a driving range of 200 km (124 mi) with a top speed of 150 km/h (93 mph).<sup><a href="#cite_note-402">[401]</a></sup> Daimler division <a href="/wiki/Smart_(marque)">Smart</a> produced the <a href="/wiki/Smart_electric_drive">Smart ED2</a> cars from 2009 to 2012 which had a 14-kilowatt-hour (50 MJ) <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery">lithium-ion battery</a> from Tesla.<sup><a href="#cite_note-403">[402]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-404">[403]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Toyota</h4>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Toyota_RAV4_EV_WAS_2012_0791.JPG"></a></p></div>
<p>In May 2010, Tesla and <a href="/wiki/Toyota">Toyota</a> announced a deal in which Tesla purchased the former <a href="/wiki/NUMMI">NUMMI</a> factory from Toyota for $42 million, Toyota purchased $50 million in Tesla stock, and the two companies collaborated on an electric vehicle.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Future-36">[35]</a></sup>
</p><p>In July 2010, the companies announced they would work together on a second generation <a href="/wiki/Toyota_RAV4_EV">Toyota RAV4 EV</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-405">[404]</a></sup> The vehicle was unveiled at the October 2010 <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Auto_Show">Los Angeles Auto Show</a> and 35 pilot vehicles were built for a demonstration and evaluation program that ran through 2011. Tesla supplied the lithium metal-oxide battery and other powertrain components<sup><a href="#cite_note-406">[405]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-407">[406]</a></sup> based on components from the Roadster.<sup><a href="#cite_note-408">[407]</a></sup>
</p><p>The production version was unveiled in August 2012, using battery pack, electronics and powertrain components from the Tesla Model S sedan (also launched in 2012).<sup><a href="#cite_note-409">[408]</a></sup> The RAV4 EV had a limited production run which resulted in just under 3,000 vehicles being produced, before it was discontinued in 2014.<sup><a href="#cite_note-410">[409]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-411">[410]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to Bloomberg News, the partnership between Tesla and Toyota was "marred by clashes between engineers".<sup><a href="#cite_note-Circuited-412">[411]</a></sup> Toyota engineers rejected designs that Tesla had proposed for an enclosure to protect the RAV4 EV's battery pack. Toyota took over responsibility for the enclosure's design and strengthened it. In 2014, Tesla ended up adding a titanium plate to protect the Model S sedan's battery after some debris-related crashes lead to cars catching fire.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Circuited-412">[411]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-model-s-titanium-250">[249]</a></sup> On June 5, 2017, Toyota announced that it had sold all of its shares in Tesla and halted the partnership.<sup><a href="#cite_note-413">[412]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-414">[413]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Mobileye</h4>
<p>Initial versions of Autopilot were developed in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Mobileye">Mobileye</a> beginning in 2014.<sup><a href="#cite_note-415">[414]</a></sup> Mobileye ended the partnership on July 26, 2016, citing "disagreements about how the technology was deployed."<sup><a href="#cite_note-416">[415]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Lawsuits and controversies</h2>
<h3>Sexual harassment</h3>
<p>In 2021, seven women came forward with claims of having faced sexual harassment and discrimination while working at Tesla's Fremont factory.<sup><a href="#cite_note-417">[416]</a></sup> They accused the company of facilitating a culture of rampant sexual harassment. The women said they were consistently subjected to catcalling, unwanted advances, unwanted touching, and discrimination while at work. "I was so tired of the unwanted attention and the males gawking at me I proceeded to create barriers around me just so I could get some relief," Brooks told <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. "That was something I felt necessary just so I can do my job." Stories range from intimate groping to being called out to the parking lot for sex.<sup><a href="#cite_note-418">[417]</a></sup>
</p><p>Women feared calling HR for help as their supervisors were often participants.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:413-419">[418]</a></sup> Musk himself is not indicted, but most of the women pressing charges believe their abuse is connected to the behavior of CEO Elon Musk. They cite his crude remarks about women's bodies, wisecracks about starting a university that abbreviated to "T.IT.S", and his generally dismissive attitude towards reporting sexual harassment.<sup><a href="#cite_note-420">[419]</a></sup> "What we're addressing for each of the lawsuits is just a shocking pattern of rampant harassment that exists at Tesla," said attorney David A. Lowe.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:413-419">[418]</a></sup> In 2017, another woman had accused Tesla of very similar behavior and was subsequently fired. In a statement to the Guardian, Tesla confirmed the company had fired her, saying it had thoroughly investigated the employee's allegations with the help of "a neutral, third-party expert" and concluded her complaints were unmerited.<sup><a href="#cite_note-421">[420]</a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2022, a California judge ruled that the sexual harassment lawsuit could move to court, rejecting Tesla's request for closed-door arbitration.<sup><a href="#cite_note-422">[421]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Labor disputes</h3>
<p>In June 2016, the <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a> (NHTSA) took issue with Tesla's use of <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement">nondisclosure agreements (NDAs)</a> regarding customer repairs<sup><a href="#cite_note-423">[422]</a></sup> and, in October 2021, the NHTSA formally asked Tesla to explain its NDA policy regarding customers invited into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=FSD_Beta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">FSD Beta</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-424">[423]</a></sup> Tesla has used NDAs on multiple occasions with both employees<sup><a href="#cite_note-425">[424]</a></sup> and customers<sup><a href="#cite_note-426">[425]</a></sup> to allegedly prevent possible negative coverage.<sup><a href="#cite_note-427">[426]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-428">[427]</a></sup>
</p><p>From 2014 to 2018, Tesla's Fremont Factory had three times as many <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) violations as the ten largest U.S. auto plants combined.<sup><a href="#cite_note-429">[428]</a></sup> An investigation by the <a href="/wiki/Reveal_(podcast)">Reveal</a> podcast alleged that Tesla "failed to report some of its serious injuries on legally mandated reports" to downplay the extent of injuries.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:6-430">[429]</a></sup>
</p><p>In January 2019, former Tesla security manager Sean Gouthro filed a whistleblower complaint alleging that the company had hacked employees' phones and spied on them, while also failing to report illegal activities to the authorities and shareholders.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:5-431">[430]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-432">[431]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-433">[432]</a></sup> Several legal cases have revolved around alleged whistleblower retaliation by Tesla. These include the dismissal of Tesla safety official Carlos Ramirez<sup><a href="#cite_note-434">[433]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-435">[434]</a></sup> and Tesla security employee Karl Hansen.<sup><a href="#cite_note-436">[435]</a></sup> In 2020, the court ordered Hansen's case to <a href="/wiki/Arbitration_in_the_United_States">arbitration</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-437">[436]</a></sup> In June 2022, the arbitrator filed an <a href="/wiki/Motion_(legal)">unopposed motion</a> with the court stating Hansen "has failed to establish the claims...Accordingly his claims are denied, and he shall take nothing".<sup><a href="#cite_note-438">[437]</a></sup>
</p><p>In September 2019, a California judge ruled that 12 actions in 2017 and 2018 by Musk and other Tesla executives violated labor laws because they sabotaged <a href="/wiki/Tesla_union">employee attempts to unionize</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-439">[438]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-440">[439]</a></sup>
</p><p>In March 2021, the US <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board">National Labor Relations Board</a> ordered Musk to remove a tweet and reinstate a fired employee over <a href="/wiki/Tesla_union">union organization activities</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-441">[440]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-442">[441]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Fraud</h3>
<p>There have been numerous concerns about Tesla's financial reporting. In 2013, <i>Bloomberg News</i> questioned whether Tesla's financial reporting violated <a href="/wiki/Generally_Accepted_Accounting_Principles_(United_States)">Generally Accepted Accounting Principles</a> (GAAP) reporting standards.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:10-443">[442]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)">Fortune</a></i> accused Tesla in 2016 of using <a href="/wiki/Creative_accounting">creative accounting</a> to show positive cash flow and quarterly profits.<sup><a href="#cite_note-444">[443]</a></sup> In 2018, analysts expressed concerns over Tesla's accounts receivable balance.<sup><a href="#cite_note-445">[444]</a></sup> In September 2019, the SEC questioned Tesla CFO Zach Kirkhorn about Tesla's warranty reserves and lease accounting.<sup><a href="#cite_note-446">[445]</a></sup> Hedge fund manager David Einhorn accused Elon Musk in November 2019 of "significant fraud",<sup><a href="#cite_note-447">[446]</a></sup> and publicly questioned Tesla's accounting practices, telling Musk that he was "beginning to wonder whether your accounts receivable exist."<sup><a href="#cite_note-448">[447]</a></sup>
</p><p>From 2012 to 2014, Tesla earned more than $295 million in <a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle">Zero Emission Vehicle</a> credits for a battery-swapping technology that was never made available to customers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-449">[448]</a></sup> Staff at <a href="/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board">California Air Resources Board</a> were concerned that Tesla was "gaming" the battery swap subsidies and in 2013 recommended eliminating the credits.<sup><a href="#cite_note-450">[449]</a></sup>
</p><p>A consolidated shareholders lawsuit alleges that Musk knew SolarCity was going broke before the acquisition, that he and the Tesla board overpaid for SolarCity, ignored their conflicts of interest and breached their fiduciary duties in connection with the deal, and failed to disclose "troubling facts" essential to an analysis of the proposed acquisition.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:8-451">[450]</a></sup> The members of the board settled in 2020, leaving Musk as the only defendant.<sup><a href="#cite_note-reuters_solarcitylawsuit_2020-452">[451]</a></sup> In April 2022, a Delaware court ruled in favor of defendant Elon Musk in a shareholder lawsuit over Tesla's $2.6 billion acquisition of SolarCity.<sup><a href="#cite_note-453">[452]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-454">[453]</a></sup>
</p><p>In August 2018, Elon Musk tweeted, "Am considering taking Tesla private at $420. Funding secured."<sup><a href="#cite_note-455">[454]</a></sup> The tweet caused the stock to initially rise but then drop when it was revealed to be false.<sup><a href="#cite_note-456">[455]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-457">[456]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:12-458">[457]</a></sup> Musk settled fraud charges with the <a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> (SEC) over his false statements in September 2018. According to the terms of the settlement, Musk agreed to have his tweets reviewed by Tesla's in-house counsel, he was removed from his chairman role at Tesla temporarily, and two new independent directors were appointed to the company's board.<sup><a href="#cite_note-secured-459">[458]</a></sup> Tesla and Musk also paid civil penalties of $20 million each.<sup><a href="#cite_note-secured-459">[458]</a></sup> A civil class-action shareholder lawsuit over Musk's statements and other derivative lawsuits were also filed against Musk and the members of Tesla's board of directors, as then constituted, in regard to claims and actions made that were associated with potentially going private.<sup><a href="#cite_note-460">[459]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-SEC_file-461">[460]</a></sup> In February 2023, a California jury unanimously found Musk and Tesla not liable in the class-action lawsuit.<sup><a href="#cite_note-462">[461]</a></sup>
</p><p>In September 2018, Tesla disclosed that it was under investigation by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) regarding its Model 3 production figures.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:9-463">[462]</a></sup> Authorities were investigating whether the company misled investors and made projections about its Model 3 production that it knew would be impossible to meet.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:9-463">[462]</a></sup> A stockholder class action lawsuit against Tesla related to Model 3 production numbers (unrelated to the FBI investigation) was dismissed in March 2019.<sup><a href="#cite_note-464">[463]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-465">[464]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Tesla US dealership disputes</h3>
<p>Unlike other automakers, Tesla does not rely on franchised <a href="/wiki/Auto_dealership">auto dealerships</a> to sell vehicles and instead directly sells vehicles through its website and a network of company-owned stores. In some areas, Tesla operates locations called "galleries" which "educate and inform customers about our products, but such locations do not actually transact in the sale of vehicles."<sup><a href="#cite_note-10K_2021-230">[229]</a></sup> This is because some jurisdictions, particularly in the United States, prohibit auto manufacturers from directly selling vehicles to consumers. Dealership associations have filed lawsuits to prevent direct sales. These associations argued that the franchise system protects consumers by encouraging dealers to compete with each other, lowering the price a customer pays. They also claimed that direct sales would allow manufacturers to undersell their own dealers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-bypass-233">[232]</a></sup> The United States <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> ultimately disproved the associations' claims and recommended allowing direct manufacturer sale, which they concluded would save consumers 8% in average vehicle price.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:3-466">[465]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:11-467">[466]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:13-468">[467]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla has also lobbied state governments for the right to directly sell cars.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:14-469">[468]</a></sup> The company has argued that directly operating stores improves consumer education about electric vehicles,<sup><a href="#cite_note-10K_2021-230">[229]</a></sup> because dealerships would sell both Tesla and gas-powered vehicles. Doing this, according to the company, would then set up a <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest">conflict of interest</a> for the dealers since properly advertising the benefits of an electric car would disparage the gas-powered vehicles, creating a disincentive to dealership EV sales.<sup><a href="#cite_note-bypass-233">[232]</a></sup> Musk himself further contended that dealers would have a disincentive to sell electric vehicles because they require less maintenance and therefore would reduce after-sales service revenue, a large profit center for most dealerships.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Yarrow_2014-209">[208]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Intellectual property</h3>
<p>In January 2021, Tesla filed a lawsuit against Alex Khatilov alleging that the former employee stole company information by downloading files related to its Warp Drive software to his personal <a href="/wiki/Dropbox_(service)">Dropbox</a> account.<sup><a href="#cite_note-470">[469]</a></sup> Khatilov denies the allegation that he was acting as a "willful and malicious thief" and attributes his actions to an accidental data transfer.<sup><a href="#cite_note-471">[470]</a></sup> The case was settled in August 2021 through mediation.<sup><a href="#cite_note-472">[471]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla has sued former employees in the past for similar actions; for example, Guangzhi Cao, a Tesla engineer, was accused of uploading <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot">Tesla Autopilot</a> source code to his <a href="/wiki/ICloud">iCloud</a> account;<sup><a href="#cite_note-473">[472]</a></sup> Tesla and Cao settled in April 2021.<sup><a href="#cite_note-474">[473]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Defamation</h3>
<p>In January 2022, Tesla's China division announced that it was taking legal action against Xiaogang Xuezhang (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language">Chinese</a>: 小刚学长; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i>xiǎo gāng xuézhǎng</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Douyin">Douyin</a> (<a href="/wiki/TikTok">TikTok</a>) user with over 14 million followers on the platform.<sup><a href="#cite_note-475">[474]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-476">[475]</a></sup> The lawsuit arose after Xiaogang posted two videos on Douyin in April 2021, in which he tested the automated emergency braking (AEB) systems of a Tesla Model 3 and an <a href="/wiki/XPeng">XPeng</a> P7. In the videos, Xiaogang said the Model 3's AEB system failed to activate two out of three times, leading to collisions. Tesla claimed the data was fabricated and tarnishesmd the brand's reputation among consumers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-477">[476]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Misappropriation</h3>
<p>In 2018, a class action was filed against Musk and the members of Tesla's board alleging they breached their fiduciary duties by approving Musk's stock-based compensation plan.<sup><a href="#cite_note-SEC_file-461">[460]</a></sup> Musk received the first portion of his stock options payout, worth more than $700 million in May 2020.<sup><a href="#cite_note-478">[477]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Environmental violations</h3>
<p>In 2019, The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> fined Tesla for hazardous waste violations that occurred in 2017.<sup><a href="#cite_note-479">[478]</a></sup> In June 2019, Tesla began negotiating penalties for 19 environmental violations from the <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Air_Quality_Management_District">Bay Area Air Quality Management District</a>;<sup><a href="#cite_note-480">[479]</a></sup> the violations took place around Tesla Fremont's paint shop, where there had been at least four fires between 2014 and 2019.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:7-481">[480]</a></sup> Environmental violations and permit deviations at Tesla's Fremont Factory increased from 2018 to 2019 with the production ramp of the Model 3.<sup><a href="#cite_note-482">[481]</a></sup>
</p><p>In June 2018, Tesla employee <a href="/wiki/Martin_Tripp">Martin Tripp</a> leaked information that Tesla was scrapping or reworking up to 40% of its raw materials at the Nevada Gigafactory.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:4-483">[482]</a></sup> After Tesla fired him for the leak, Tripp filed a lawsuit and claimed Tesla's security team gave police a false tip that he was planning a mass shooting at the Nevada factory.<sup><a href="#cite_note-484">[483]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:5-431">[430]</a></sup> The court ruled in Tesla's favor on September 17, 2020.<sup><a href="#cite_note-485">[484]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-486">[485]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Property damage</h3>
<p>In August 2019, <a href="/wiki/Walmart">Walmart</a> filed a multi-million dollar lawsuit against Tesla, claiming that Tesla's "negligent installation and maintenance" of solar panels caused roof fires at seven Walmart stores dating back to 2012.<sup><a href="#cite_note-487">[486]</a></sup> Walmart reached a settlement with Tesla in November 2019; the terms of the settlement were not disclosed.<sup><a href="#cite_note-488">[487]</a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2021, a Norwegian judge found Tesla guilty of throttling charging speed through a 2019 over-the-air software update, awarding each of the 30 customers who were part of the lawsuit 136,000 Norwegian kroner ($16,000).<sup><a href="#cite_note-:18-489">[488]</a></sup> Approximately 10,000 other Norwegian Tesla owners may be granted a similar award.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:18-489">[488]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Racism</h3>
<p>Tesla has faced numerous complaints regarding workplace harassment and racial discrimination,<sup><a href="#cite_note-490">[489]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-491">[490]</a></sup> with one former Tesla worker who attempted to sue the employer describing it as "a hotbed of racist behavior".<sup><a href="#cite_note-492">[491]</a></sup> As of December 2021, three percent of leadership at the company are African American.<sup><a href="#cite_note-493">[492]</a></sup> A former black worker described the work environment at Tesla's Buffalo plant as a "very racist place".<sup><a href="#cite_note-494">[493]</a></sup> Tesla and SpaceX's treatment of <a href="/wiki/Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a> in 2020 also came under fire.<sup><a href="#cite_note-495">[494]</a></sup> Approximately 100 former employees have submitted signed statements alleging that Tesla discriminates specifically against African Americans and "allows a racist environment in its factories."<sup><a href="#cite_note-496">[495]</a></sup> According to the state's Department of Fair Employment and Housing, the Fremont factory is a racially segregated place where Black employees claim they are given the most menial<sup><a href="#cite_note-497">[496]</a></sup> and physically demanding work.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:02-498">[497]</a></sup> The accusations of racism culminated in February 2022 with the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing suing Tesla for "discriminating against its Black workers."<sup><a href="#cite_note-499">[498]</a></sup>
</p><p>In July 2021, former employee Melvin Berry received $1 million in his discrimination case in arbitration against Tesla after he claimed he was referred to by the <a href="/wiki/N-word">n-word</a> and forced to work longer hours at the Fremont plant.<sup><a href="#cite_note-500">[499]</a></sup>
</p><p>In October 2021, a jury verdict in the <i><a href="/wiki/Owen_Diaz_vs._Tesla">Owen Diaz vs. Tesla</a></i> trial awarded the plaintiff $137 million in damages after he had faced racial harassment at Tesla's Fremont facility during 2015–2016.<sup><a href="#cite_note-501">[500]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-502">[501]</a></sup> In a blog, Tesla stressed that Diaz was never "really" a Tesla worker, and that most utterings of the n-word were expressed in a friendly manner.<sup><a href="#cite_note-503">[502]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:19-504">[503]</a></sup> In April 2022, federal judge <a href="/wiki/William_Orrick_III">William Orrick</a> upheld the jury finding of Tesla's liability but reduced the total damage down to $15 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-505">[504]</a></sup> Diaz was given a two-week deadline to decide if he would collect the damages. In June 2022, Diaz announced that he would be rejecting the $15 million award, opening the door for a new trial.<sup><a href="#cite_note-506">[505]</a></sup>
</p><p>Few of these cases against Tesla ever make it to trial as most employees are made to sign arbitration agreements.<sup><a href="#cite_note-507">[506]</a></sup> Employees are afterwards required to resolve such disputes out of court, and behind closed doors.
</p>
<h3>Conduct during the COVID-19 pandemic</h3>
<p>Tesla's initial response to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States">COVID-19 pandemic in the United States</a> has been the subject of considerable criticism. Musk had sought to exempt the Tesla Fremont factory in Alameda County, California from the government's stay-at-home orders. In an <a href="/wiki/Earnings_call">earnings call</a> in April, he was heard calling the public health orders "fascist".<sup><a href="#cite_note-:1-508">[507]</a></sup> He had also called the public's response to the pandemic "dumb" and had said online that there would be zero cases by April.<sup><a href="#cite_note-509">[508]</a></sup> In May 2020, while <a href="/wiki/Alameda_County,_California">Alameda County</a> officials were negotiating with the company to reopen the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Fremont_Factory">Fremont Factory</a> on the 18th, Musk defied local government orders by restarting production on the 11th.<sup><a href="#cite_note-510">[509]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-511">[510]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-512">[511]</a></sup> Tesla also sued Alameda County, questioning the legality of the orders, but backed down after the Fremont Factory was given approval to reopen.<sup><a href="#cite_note-513">[512]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-cnbc20200613-514">[513]</a></sup> Tesla published a detailed plan for bringing employees back to work and keeping them safe,<sup><a href="#cite_note-515">[514]</a></sup> however some employees continued to express concern for their health.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cnbc20200612-516">[515]</a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2020, Musk told workers that they could stay home if they felt uncomfortable coming back to work.<sup><a href="#cite_note-517">[516]</a></sup> But in June, Tesla fired an employee who criticized the company for taking inadequate safety measures to protect workers from the coronavirus at the Fremont Factory.<sup><a href="#cite_note-518">[517]</a></sup> Three more employees at Tesla's Fremont Factory claimed they were fired for staying home out of fear of catching COVID-19. This was subsequently denied by Tesla, which even stated that the employees were still on the payroll.<sup><a href="#cite_note-519">[518]</a></sup> COVID-19 cases at the factory grew from 10 in May 2020 to 125 in December 2020, with about 450 total cases in that time period out of the approximately 10,000 workers at the plant (4.5%).<sup><a href="#cite_note-:1-508">[507]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-520">[519]</a></sup>
</p><p>In China, Tesla had what one Tesla executive described as "not a green light from the government to get back to work – but a flashing-sirens police escort."<sup><a href="#cite_note-:162-521">[520]</a></sup> Tesla enjoyed special treatment and strong government support in China, including tax breaks, cheap financing, and assistance in building its <a href="/wiki/Giga_Shanghai">Giga Shanghai</a> factory at breakneck speeds.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:162-521">[520]</a></sup> Musk has praised China's way of doing things, a controversial stance due to deteriorating <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Chinese_relations">U.S.–Chinese relations</a>, China's ongoing persecution of <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_genocide">Uyghurs</a>, and alleged human rights abuses in Hong Kong.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:1622-522">[521]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-523">[522]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Criticism</h2>
<h3>Delays</h3>
<p>Musk has been criticized for repeated pushing out both production and release dates of products.<sup><a href="#cite_note-524">[523]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-525">[524]</a></sup> By one count in 2016, Musk had missed 20 projections.<sup><a href="#cite_note-526">[525]</a></sup> In October 2017, Musk predicted that Model 3 production would be 5,000 units per week by December.<sup><a href="#cite_note-527">[526]</a></sup> A month later, he revised that target to "sometime in March" 2018.<sup><a href="#cite_note-WP_production-hell-528">[527]</a></sup> Delivery dates for the Model 3 were delayed as well.<sup><a href="#cite_note-529">[528]</a></sup> Other projects like converting supercharger stations to be <a href="/wiki/Solar-power">solar-powered</a> have also lagged projections.<sup><a href="#cite_note-530">[529]</a></sup> Musk responded in late 2018: "punctuality is not my strong suit...I never made a mass-produced car. How am I supposed to know with precision when it's gonna get done?"<sup><a href="#cite_note-531">[530]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Giga New York audit</h3>
<p>In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Comptroller">New York State Comptroller</a> released an audit of the <a href="/wiki/Giga_New_York">Giga New York</a> factory project, concluding that it presented many red flags, including lack of basic due diligence and that the factory itself produced only $0.54 in economic benefits for every $1 spent by the state.<sup><a href="#cite_note-532">[531]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-533">[532]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-534">[533]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Tesla's mission</h3>
<p>According to automotive journalist Jamie Kitman, when multiple CEOs of major automotive manufacturers approached Tesla for EV technology that Musk had claimed the company was willing to share, they instead were offered the opportunity to buy regulatory credits from Tesla. This suggested, according to Kitman, that "the company may not be as eager for the electric revolution to occur as it claims."<sup><a href="#cite_note-535">[534]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Short-sellers and TSLAQ</h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/TSLAQ">TSLAQ</a> is a collective of Tesla critics and short sellers who aim to "shape [the] perception [of Tesla] and move its stock."<sup><a href="#cite_note-536">[535]</a></sup> In January 2020, 20% of Tesla stock was shorted, the highest at that time of any stock in the U.S. equity markets.<sup><a href="#cite_note-537">[536]</a></sup> By early 2021, according to CNN, short sellers had lost $40 billion during 2020 as the stock price climbed much higher.<sup><a href="#cite_note-538">[537]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Burry">Michael Burry</a>, a short seller portrayed in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Short_(film)">The Big Short</a></i>, had shorted Tesla previously via his firm Scion Asset Management, but removed his position in October 2021.<sup><a href="#cite_note-539">[538]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Vehicle product issues</h2>
<h3>Recalls</h3>
<p>On April 20, 2017, Tesla issued a worldwide recall of 53,000 (~70%) of the 76,000 vehicles it sold in 2016 due to faulty parking brakes which could become stuck and "prevent the vehicles from moving".<sup><a href="#cite_note-540">[539]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-541">[540]</a></sup> On March 29, 2018, Tesla issued a worldwide recall of 123,000 Model S cars built before April 2016 due to <a href="/wiki/Corrosion">corrosion</a>-susceptible <a href="/wiki/Power_steering">power steering</a> bolts, which could fail and require the driver to use "increased force" to control the vehicle.<sup><a href="#cite_note-542">[541]</a></sup>
</p><p>In October 2020, Tesla initiated a recall of nearly 50,000 Model X and Y vehicles throughout China for suspension issues.<sup><a href="#cite_note-543">[542]</a></sup> Soon after in November, the NHTSA announced it had opened its own investigation into 115,000 Tesla cars regarding "front suspension safety issues", citing specifically 2015–2017 Model S and 2016–2017 Model X years. Cases of the "whompy wheel" phenomenon, which also included Model X and the occasional Model 3 cars, have been documented through 2020.<sup><a href="#cite_note-544">[543]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-545">[544]</a></sup>
</p><p>In February 2021, Tesla was required by the NHTSA to recall 135,000 Model S and Model X vehicles built from 2012 to 2018 due to using a <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory">flash memory</a> device that was rated to last only 5 to 6 years.<sup><a href="#cite_note-546">[545]</a></sup> The problem was related to touchscreen failures that could possibly affect the rear-view camera, safety systems, Autopilot and other features.<sup><a href="#cite_note-547">[546]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-548">[547]</a></sup> The underlying technical reason is that the car writes a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Syslog">syslog</a> content to the device, wearing it out prematurely.<sup><a href="#cite_note-549">[548]</a></sup>
</p><p>Also in February 2021, the German Federal Motor Transport Authority (KBA) ordered Tesla to recall 12,300 Model X cars because of "body mouldings problems".<sup><a href="#cite_note-550">[549]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-551">[550]</a></sup>
</p><p>In June 2021, Tesla recalled 5,974 electric vehicles due to worries that brake caliper bolts might become loose, which could lead to loss of tire pressure, potentially increasing the chance of a crash.<sup><a href="#cite_note-552">[551]</a></sup>
</p><p>On December 30, 2021, Tesla announced that they are recalling more than 475,000 US model vehicles. This included 356,309 Model 3 Tesla vehicles from 2017 to 2020 due to rear-view camera issues and a further 119,009 Tesla Model S vehicles due to potential problems with the trunk or boot. The Model S recall includes vehicles manufactured between 2014 and 2021. Around 1% of recalled Model 3s may have a defective rear-view camera, and around 14% of recalled model S's may have the defect. The recall was not linked to a contemporaneous issue regarding the Passenger Play feature, which allowed games to be played on the touchscreen while the car is in motion.<sup><a href="#cite_note-553">[552]</a></sup> After an investigation was launched by the NHTSA covering 585,000 vehicles, Tesla agreed to make changes where the feature would be locked and unusable while the car is moving.<sup><a href="#cite_note-554">[553]</a></sup>
</p><p>In September 2022, Tesla announced that they are recalling almost 1.1 million US model vehicles because the automatic window reversal system might not react correctly after detecting an obstruction, increasing the risk of injury.<sup><a href="#cite_note-555">[554]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:21-556">[555]</a></sup> In response, Tesla announced an over-the-air software fix.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:21-556">[555]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Fires and Autopilot crashes</h3>
<p>Tesla customers have reported the company as being "slow" to address how their cars can ignite.<sup><a href="#cite_note-557">[556]</a></sup> In 2013, a Model S caught fire after the vehicle hit metal debris on a highway in <a href="/wiki/Kent,_Washington">Kent, Washington</a>. Tesla confirmed the fire began in the battery pack and was caused by the impact of an object.<sup><a href="#cite_note-558">[557]</a></sup> As a result of this and other incidents, Tesla announced its decision to extend its current vehicle warranty to cover fire damage.<sup><a href="#cite_note-559">[558]</a></sup> In March 2014, the NHTSA announced that it had closed the investigation into whether the Model S was prone to catch fire, after Tesla said it would provide more protection to its battery packs.<sup><a href="#cite_note-560">[559]</a></sup> All Model S cars manufactured after March 6, 2014, have had the 0.25-inch (6.4 mm) aluminum shield over the battery pack replaced with a new three-layer shield.<sup><a href="#cite_note-561">[560]</a></sup> In October 2019, the NHTSA opened an investigation into possible battery defects in Tesla's Model S and X vehicles from 2012 to 2019 that could cause "non-crash" fires.<sup><a href="#cite_note-562">[561]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-563">[562]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-564">[563]</a></sup>
</p><p>A Model S driver died in a collision with a tractor-trailer in 2016, while the vehicle was in Autopilot mode; the driver is believed to be the first person to have died in a Tesla vehicle in Autopilot.<sup><a href="#cite_note-565">[564]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-566">[565]</a></sup> The NHTSA investigated the accident but found no safety-related defect trend.<sup><a href="#cite_note-567">[566]</a></sup> In March 2018, a driver of a Tesla Model X was killed in a crash. Investigators say that the driver of the vehicle had his car in 'self-driving' mode and was using his phone to play games when the vehicle collided with the barrier in the middle of the freeway. Through investigation, the NTSB found that the Tesla malfunctioned due to the system being confused by an exit on the freeway.<sup><a href="#cite_note-568">[567]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to a document released in June 2021, the NHTSA has initiated at least 30 investigations into Tesla crashes that were believed to involve the use of Autopilot, with some <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot#Fatal_crashes">involving fatalities</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-569">[568]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-570">[569]</a></sup> In early September 2021, the NHTSA updated the list with an additional fatality incident<sup><a href="#cite_note-auto-571">[570]</a></sup> and ordered Tesla to hand over all extensive data pertaining to US cars with Autopilot to determine if there is a safety defect that leads Tesla cars to collide with first-responder vehicles.<sup><a href="#cite_note-auto-571">[570]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-572">[571]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-573">[572]</a></sup> In late September 2021, Tesla released an over-the-air software update to detect emergency lights at night.<sup><a href="#cite_note-574">[573]</a></sup> In October 2021, the NHTSA asked Tesla why it did not issue a recall when it sent out that update.<sup><a href="#cite_note-575">[574]</a></sup> In June 2022, the NHTSA said it would expand its probe, extending it to 830,000 cars from all current Tesla models. The probe will be moved up from the <i>Preliminary Evaluation</i> level to the <i>Engineering Analysis</i> one. The regulator cited the reason for the expansion as the need to "explore the degree to which Autopilot and associated Tesla systems may exacerbate human factors or behavioral safety risks by undermining the effectiveness of the driver's supervision."<sup><a href="#cite_note-576">[575]</a></sup>
</p><p>A safety test conducted by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dawn_Project&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Dawn Project</a> in August 2022 demonstrated that a test driver using the beta version of Full Self-Driving repeatedly hit a child-sized mannequin in its path,<sup><a href="#cite_note-577">[576]</a></sup> but there has been controversy over its conclusions.<sup><a href="#cite_note-578">[577]</a></sup> Several Tesla fans responded by conducting their own, independent tests using children; NHTSA released a statement warning against the practice.<sup><a href="#cite_note-579">[578]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Software hacking</h3>
<p>In August 2015, two researchers said they were able to take control of a Tesla Model S by hacking into the car's entertainment system.<sup><a href="#cite_note-580">[579]</a></sup> The hack required the researchers to physically access the car.<sup><a href="#cite_note-581">[580]</a></sup> Tesla issued a <a href="/wiki/Patch_(computing)">security update</a> for the Model S the day after the exploit was announced.<sup><a href="#cite_note-582">[581]</a></sup>
</p><p>In September 2016, researchers at <a href="/wiki/Tencent">Tencent</a>'s Keen Security Lab demonstrated a remote attack on a Tesla Model S and controlled the vehicle in both Parking and Driving Mode without physical access. They were able to compromise the automotive networking bus (<a href="/wiki/CAN_bus">CAN bus</a>) when the vehicle's web browser was used while the vehicle was connected to a malicious Wi-Fi hotspot.<sup><a href="#cite_note-583">[582]</a></sup> This was the first case of a remote control exploit demonstrated on a Tesla. The vulnerability was disclosed to Tesla under their <a href="/wiki/Bug_bounty_program">bug bounty program</a> and patched within 10 days, before the exploit was made public.<sup><a href="#cite_note-584">[583]</a></sup> Tencent also hacked the doors of a Model X in 2017.<sup><a href="#cite_note-585">[584]</a></sup>
</p><p>In January 2018, security researchers informed Tesla that an <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services">Amazon Web Services</a> account of theirs could be accessed directly from the Internet and that the account had been exploited for <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_mining">cryptocurrency mining</a>. Tesla responded by securing the compromised system, rewarding the security researchers financially via their bug bounty program, and stating that the compromise did not violate customer privacy, nor vehicle safety or security.<sup><a href="#cite_note-586">[585]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-587">[586]</a></sup> Later in 2019, Tesla awarded a car and $375,000 to <a href="/wiki/White_hat_(computer_security)">ethical hackers</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Pwn2Own">Pwn2Own</a> Model 3 hacking event.<sup><a href="#cite_note-588">[587]</a></sup>
</p><p>In June 2022, Martin Herfurt, a security researcher in Austria, discovered that changes made to make Tesla vehicles easier to start with <a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication">NFC</a> cards also allowed for pairing new keys to the vehicle, allowing an attacker to enroll their own keys to a vehicle.<sup><a href="#cite_note-589">[588]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Phantom braking</h3>
<p>Tesla drivers have reported a surge in "phantom braking" events when using Tesla Autopilot which coincides with the automaker's removal of radar as a supplemental sensor.<sup><a href="#cite_note-590">[589]</a></sup> In response, NHTSA has opened an investigation.<sup><a href="#cite_note-591">[590]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Vehicle sales</h2>
<p>In 2021, Tesla ranked as the world's bestselling <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle">plug-in</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle">battery electric</a> passenger car manufacturer, with a market share of 14% of the plug-in segment and 21% of the battery electric segment sales.<sup><a href="#cite_note-592">[591]</a></sup> Tesla reported 2022 vehicle deliveries of 1,313,851 units, up 40% from 2021.<sup><a href="#cite_note-productiondeliveries-12">[11]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Tesla4Q2021final-13">[12]</a></sup> At the end of 2021, Tesla's global sales since 2012 totaled 2.3 million units.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Tesla2021-593">[592]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Production and sales by quarter</h3>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p>100,000</p>
<p>200,000</p>
<p>300,000</p>
<p>400,000</p>
<p>500,000</p>
</div>
<div>
<p>3 2012</p>
<p>4</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>2 2013</p>
<p>3</p>
<p>4</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>2 2014</p>
<p>3</p>
<p>4</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>2 2015</p>
<p>3</p>
<p>4</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>2 2016</p>
<p>3</p>
<p>4</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>2 2017</p>
<p>3</p>
<p>4</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>2 2018</p>
<p>3</p>
<p>4</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>2 2019</p>
<p>3</p>
<p>4</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>2 2020</p>
<p>3</p>
<p>4</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>2 2021</p>
<p>3</p>
<p>4</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>2 2022</p>
<p>3</p>
<p>4</p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<ul><li>  Model S</li>
<li>  Model X</li>
<li>  Model S/X</li>
<li>  Model 3</li>
<li>  Model 3/Y</li></ul>
</div>
</div>
<p>Tesla deliveries vary significantly by month due to regional issues such as availability of <a href="/wiki/Car_carrier">car carriers</a> and registration. On March 9, 2020, the company produced its 1 millionth electric car, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Auto_manufacturer">auto manufacturer</a> to achieve such a milestone.<sup><a href="#cite_note-1million-594">[593]</a></sup> In the third quarter of 2021, Tesla sold its 2 millionth electric car, becoming the first auto manufacturer to achieve such a milestone.<sup><a href="#cite_note-595">[594]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Finances</h2>
<div><p>Tesla financial performance</p></div>
<p>For the fiscal (and calendar) year 2021, Tesla reported a net income of $5.52 billion.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Tesla4Q2021final-13">[12]</a></sup> The annual revenue was $53.8 billion, an increase of 71% over the previous fiscal year.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Tesla4Q2021final-13">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>Of the revenue number in 2021, $314 million came from selling regulatory credits to other automakers to meet government pollution standards. That number has been a smaller percentage of revenue for multiple quarters.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Tesla4Q2021final-13">[12]</a></sup> In Q1 2022, Tesla sold $679 million of regulatory carbon credits.<sup><a href="#cite_note-596">[595]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tesla ended 2021 with $17.6 billion of cash on hand, down $1.8 billion from the end of 2020.<sup><a href="#cite_note-10K_2021-230">[229]</a></sup><sup>: 31 </sup>
</p><p>In February 2021, a <a href="/wiki/Form_10-K">10-K</a> filing revealed that Tesla had invested some $1.5 billion in the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, and the company indicated it would soon accept Bitcoin as a form of payment.<sup><a href="#cite_note-bb20210208-85">[84]</a></sup> Critics then pointed out how investing in cryptocurrency can run counter to Tesla's environmental goals.<sup><a href="#cite_note-597">[596]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-598">[597]</a></sup> Tesla made more profit from the 2021 investment than the profit from selling cars in 2020, due to the Bitcoin price increase after the investment was announced.<sup><a href="#cite_note-599">[598]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-600">[599]</a></sup>
</p><p>The quarter ending June 2021 was the first time Tesla made a profit independent of Bitcoin and regulatory credits.<sup><a href="#cite_note-601">[600]</a></sup>
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Year
</th>
<th>Revenue<br />(mil. USD)
</th>
<th>Net income<br />(mil. USD)
</th>
<th>Total assets<br />(mil. USD)
</th>
<th>Employees
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>2005
</td>
<td>0
</td>
<td>−12
</td>
<td>8
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2006<sup><a href="#cite_note-602">[601]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-SEC-603">[602]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>0
</td>
<td>−30
</td>
<td>44
</td>
<td>70
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2007
</td>
<td>0.073
</td>
<td>−78
</td>
<td>34
</td>
<td>268
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2008
</td>
<td>15
</td>
<td>−83
</td>
<td>52
</td>
<td>252
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2009
</td>
<td>112
</td>
<td>−56
</td>
<td>130
</td>
<td>514
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2010<sup><a href="#cite_note-SEC-603">[602]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>117
</td>
<td>−154
</td>
<td>386
</td>
<td>899
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2011<sup><a href="#cite_note-SEC-603">[602]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>204
</td>
<td>−254
</td>
<td>713
</td>
<td>1,417
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2012<sup><a href="#cite_note-SEC-603">[602]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>413
</td>
<td>−396
</td>
<td>1,114
</td>
<td>2,914
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2013<sup><a href="#cite_note-SEC-603">[602]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>2,013
</td>
<td>−74
</td>
<td>2,417
</td>
<td>5,859
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2014<sup><a href="#cite_note-SEC-603">[602]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>3,198
</td>
<td>−294
</td>
<td>5,831
</td>
<td>10,161
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2015<sup><a href="#cite_note-SEC-603">[602]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>4,046
</td>
<td>−889
</td>
<td>8,068
</td>
<td>13,058
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2016<sup><a href="#cite_note-SEC-603">[602]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>7,000
</td>
<td>−675
</td>
<td>22,664
</td>
<td>17,782
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2017<sup><a href="#cite_note-SEC-603">[602]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>11,759
</td>
<td>−1,962
</td>
<td>28,655
</td>
<td>37,543
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2018<sup><a href="#cite_note-SEC-603">[602]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>21,461
</td>
<td>−976
</td>
<td>29,740
</td>
<td>48,817
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2019<sup><a href="#cite_note-SEC-603">[602]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>24,578
</td>
<td>−862
</td>
<td>34,309
</td>
<td>48,016
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2020<sup><a href="#cite_note-SEC-603">[602]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>31,536
</td>
<td>721
</td>
<td>52,148
</td>
<td>70,757
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2021<sup><a href="#cite_note-SEC-603">[602]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>53,823
</td>
<td>5,519
</td>
<td>62,131
</td>
<td>99,290
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2022<sup><a href="#cite_note-SEC-603">[602]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>81,462
</td>
<td>12,556
</td>
<td>82,338
</td>
<td>127,855
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2>Senior leadership</h2>
<h3>List of chief executives</h3>
<ol><li>Martin Eberhard (2004–2007)</li>
<li>Ze'ev Drori (2007–2008)</li>
<li>Elon Musk (since October 2008)<sup><a href="#cite_note-:20-604">[603]</a></sup></li></ol>
<h3>List of board chairs</h3>
<ol><li>Elon Musk (2004–2018)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robyn_Denholm">Robyn Denholm</a> (since November 2018)<sup><a href="#cite_note-:20-604">[603]</a></sup></li></ol>
<h3>Board of directors</h3>
<p>In an April 2017 public letter, a group of influential Tesla investors, including the <a href="/wiki/California_State_Teachers%27_Retirement_System">California State Teachers' Retirement System</a>, asked Tesla to add two new independent directors to its board "who do not have any ties with chief executive Elon Musk".<sup><a href="#cite_note-Independent-605">[604]</a></sup> The investors wrote that "five of six current non-executive directors have professional or personal ties to Mr. Musk that could put at risk their ability to exercise independent judgement."<sup><a href="#cite_note-USA-Today-2017-04-12-606">[605]</a></sup> Tesla's directors at the time included Brad Buss, who served as chief financial officer at SolarCity; <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jurvetson">Steve Jurvetson</a>, a venture capitalist who also sits on the board of SpaceX;<sup><a href="#cite_note-BI_BOD_2018-607">[606]</a></sup> Elon Musk's brother, <a href="/wiki/Kimbal_Musk">Kimbal</a>; and Ira Ehrenpreis and Antonio Gracias, both of whom also invested in SpaceX.<sup><a href="#cite_note-608">[607]</a></sup> The letter called for a more independent board that could put a check on <a href="/wiki/Groupthink">groupthink</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-USA-Today-2017-04-12-606">[605]</a></sup> At first Musk responded on Twitter, writing that the investors "should buy Ford stock" because "their governance is amazing."<sup><a href="#cite_note-USA-Today-2017-04-12-606">[605]</a></sup> Two days later, he promised he would add two independent board members;<sup><a href="#cite_note-609">[608]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Wilson-Thompson">Kathleen Wilson-Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Ellison">Larry Ellison</a> were added at the end of 2018.<sup><a href="#cite_note-610">[609]</a></sup> Ellison stepped down in August 2022.<sup><a href="#cite_note-611">[610]</a></sup>
</p><p>Other previous board members include businessman <a href="/wiki/Steve_Westly">Steve Westly</a>; Daimler executive Herbert Kohler;<sup><a href="#cite_note-TN_BOD_2012-394">[393]</a></sup> and CEO and Chairman of <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Publishing_Company">Johnson Publishing Company</a> Linda Johnson Rice.<sup><a href="#cite_note-GTM_BOD_2019-612">[611]</a></sup>
</p><p>As of September 2022, the board members are:<sup><a href="#cite_note-613">[612]</a></sup>
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Joined
</th>
<th>Name
</th>
<th>Titles
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Independent_director">Independent</a>
</th>
<th>Notes
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>2014<sup><a href="#cite_note-614">[613]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>Robyn Denholm
</td>
<td><b>Chairman</b> (since November 2018); former CFO and Head of Strategy of <a href="/wiki/Telstra">Telstra</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-cleantech_denholm_2018-615">[614]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>Yes
</td>
<td>As of March 2020, Denholm is the only board member with automotive experience besides Musk.<sup><a href="#cite_note-616">[615]</a></sup> (Denholm served in finance and corporate reporting roles at Toyota Motor Corporation Australia from 1989 to 1996.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cleantech_denholm_2018-615">[614]</a></sup>)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2004<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVance2015155-20">[19]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>Elon Musk
</td>
<td><b>CEO, <a href="/wiki/Chief_product_officer">product architect</a>, former chairman</b>; founder, CEO and CTO of SpaceX; former chairman of Tesla, Inc.; former chairman of SolarCity
</td>
<td>No
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2004<sup><a href="#cite_note-617">[616]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>Kimbal Musk
</td>
<td>SpaceX board member<sup><a href="#cite_note-618">[617]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>No
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2007<sup><a href="#cite_note-619">[618]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>Ira Ehrenpreis
</td>
<td>General Partner at Technology Partners<sup><a href="#cite_note-GTM_BOD_2019-612">[611]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>Disputed<sup><a href="#cite_note-Independent-605">[604]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2017<sup><a href="#cite_note-GTM_BOD_2019-612">[611]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/James_Murdoch">James Murdoch</a>
</td>
<td>Former CEO of <a href="/wiki/21st_Century_Fox">21st Century Fox</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-GTM_BOD_2019-612">[611]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>Yes
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2018<sup><a href="#cite_note-BI_BOD_2018-607">[606]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>Kathleen Wilson-Thompson
</td>
<td>Global head of Human Resources of <a href="/wiki/Walgreens_Boots_Alliance">Walgreens Boots Alliance</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-BI_BOD_2018-607">[606]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>Yes
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2020<sup><a href="#cite_note-620">[619]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Hiromichi_Mizuno">Hiromichi Mizuno</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Special_Envoy_of_the_Secretary-General">United Nations Special Envoy</a> on Innovative Finance and Sustainable Investments; former executive managing director and <a href="/wiki/Chief_investment_officer">chief investment officer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Government_Pension_Investment_Fund">Japan's Government Pension Investment Fund</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-621">[620]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>Yes
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2022<sup><a href="#cite_note-622">[621]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Gebbia">Joe Gebbia</a>
</td>
<td>Co-founder, board member and advisor of <a href="/wiki/Airbnb">Airbnb</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-623">[622]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>Yes
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2>See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_the_United_States">List of automobile manufacturers of the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Easter_eggs_in_Tesla_products">List of Easter eggs in Tesla products</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_production_battery_electric_vehicles">List of production battery electric vehicles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_California">Plug-in electric vehicles in California</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_the_United_States">Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States</a></li></ul>
<h2>Notes</h2>
<p><b>Footnotes</b>
</p>
<div><ol>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> According to company representatives, both pronunciations are correct,<sup><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> though <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a>'s surname is properly pronounced TESS-lə.
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2>References</h2>
<div><ol>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://tesla-cdn.thron.com/static/SVCPTV_2022_Q4_Quarterly_Update_6UDS97.pdf?xseo=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3Bfilename%3D%22b7871185-dd6a-4d79-9c3b-19b497227f2a.pdf%22">"Tesla 2022 Q4 Quarterly Update"</a> (PDF). Tesla. Retrieved January 31, 2023.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <cite>Hoskins, Peter (December 14, 2022). <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63981767">"Elon Musk sells $3.6bn of shares in electric car maker Tesla"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News">BBC News</a></i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <cite>Baer, Drake (November 11, 2014). <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-the-origin-story-2014-10">"The Making Of Tesla: Invention, Betrayal, And The Birth Of The Roadster"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. Retrieved October 3, 2018.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://insideevs.com/news/482496/tesla-energy-generation-storage-q4-2020-results/">"Tesla Energy Generation And Storage Business: Q4 2020 Results"</a>. January 27, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/elon-musk/">"Elon Musk"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes">Forbes</a></i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/000156459021044307/tsla-pre14a_20210813.htm">"Schedule 14A Information"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-10K_2022_7-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/000095017023001409/tsla-20221231.htm">"Annual report Form 10-K 2022 Tesla Inc"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a>. January 31, 2023.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/whats-correct-way-pronounce-tesla-asked-181021888.html">"What's the correct way to pronounce 'Tesla'? We asked"</a>. Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved October 6, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <cite>Crider, Johnna (January 26, 2023). <a href="https://www.teslarati.com/tesla-cybertruck-limited-production-summer-2023/">"Tesla Cybertruck to enter limited production this Summer"</a>. <i>Teslarati</i>. Teslarati. Retrieved January 30, 2023.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-1miModel3_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1miModel3_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Shahan, Zachary (August 26, 2021). <a href="https://cleantechnica.com/2021/08/26/tesla-model-3-has-passed-1-million-sales/">"Tesla Model 3 Has Passed 1 Million Sales"</a>. CleanTechnica. Retrieved August 26, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-productiondeliveries_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-productiondeliveries_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="https://ir.tesla.com/press-release/tesla-vehicle-production-deliveries-and-date-financial-results-webcast-fourth-quarter">"Tesla Vehicle Production &amp; Deliveries and Date for Financial Results &amp; Webcast for Fourth Quarter 2022"</a> (Press release). US: Tesla. January 2, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2023.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tesla4Q2021final_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tesla4Q2021final_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tesla4Q2021final_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tesla4Q2021final_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tesla4Q2021final_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="https://tesla-cdn.thron.com/static/WIIG2L_TSLA_Q4_2021_Update_O7MYNE.pdf?xseo=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3Bfilename%3D%22tsla-q4-and-fy-2021-update.pdf%22">"Tesla Fourth Quarter &amp; Full Year 2021 Update"</a> (PDF). Palo Alto: Tesla. January 26, 2022. Retrieved January 27, 2022.</cite> See table "Operational Summary" pp. 7 and 8 for revised and final production and sales numbers.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <cite>Leswing, Kif. <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/14/elon-musk-says-tesla-has-made-over-3-million-cars.html">"Elon Musk says Tesla has made over 3 million cars"</a>. CNBC. Retrieved September 6, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVance2015152_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVance2015152_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFVance2015">Vance 2015</a>, p. 152.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-timelinefacts_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timelinefacts_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Reed, Eric (February 4, 2020). <a href="https://www.thestreet.com/technology/history-of-tesla-15088992">"History of Tesla: Timeline and Facts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheStreet.com">TheStreet.com</a></i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-07-29/tesla-a-carmaker-with-silicon-valley-spark">"Tesla: A Carmaker With Silicon Valley Spark"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. July 30, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVance2015154_18-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFVance2015">Vance 2015</a>, p. 154.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-TC_history_2014_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TC_history_2014_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Burns, Matt (October 8, 2014). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717064829/https://techcrunch.com/gallery/a-brief-history-of-tesla/#/slide2">"A Brief History of Tesla"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a></i>. Archived from <a href="https://techcrunch.com/gallery/a-brief-history-of-tesla/">the original</a> on July 17, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2015. <q>Tesla was founded not by Elon Musk, but rather by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning in July 2003. The two bootstrapped the fledgling auto company until <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk">Elon Musk</a> led the company's US$7.5 million Series A financing round in February 2004.</q></cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVance2015155_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVance2015155_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFVance2015">Vance 2015</a>, p. 155.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <cite>LaMonica, Martin (September 21, 2009). <a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/tesla-motors-founders-now-there-are-five/">"Tesla Motors founders: Now there are five"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNET">CNET</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <cite>Mitchell, Russ (July 30, 2021). <a href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2021-07-30/power-play-tesla-book-review">"Review: A deep new history of Tesla takes the shine off Elon Musk"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>.</cite><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status">link</a>)
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-MasterPlan_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MasterPlan_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Musk, Elon (August 2, 2006). <a href="https://www.tesla.com/blog/secret-tesla-motors-master-plan-just-between-you-and-me">"The Secret Tesla Motors Master Plan (just between you and me) No. 124"</a>. <i>tesla.com</i>. Tesla Motors. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100802142703/http://www.teslamotors.com/blog/secret-tesla-motors-master-plan-just-between-you-and-me">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2010.</cite><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources">self-published source</a></i>]</sup>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <cite>Weinstock, Suzanne (January 5, 2013). <a href="https://www.privateequityinternational.com/venture-backed-tesla-cuts-costs/">"Venture-backed Tesla cuts costs"</a>. <i>Private Equity International</i>.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-GreenGiants_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenGiants_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Williams, E. Freya (2015). <i>Green giants : how smart companies turn sustainability into billion-dollar businesses</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8144-3614-1"><bdi>978-0-8144-3614-1</bdi></a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <cite>Lambert, Fred (July 19, 2016). <a href="https://electrek.co/2016/07/19/tesla-roadster-debut-10-years-ago-gallery/">"Tesla launched the Roadster exactly 10 years ago and came out of stealth mode – Here's a trip down memory lane"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Electrek">Electrek</a></i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <cite>Kanellos, Michael (August 13, 2007). <a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/tesla-ceo-steps-down-as-possible-delays-loom/">"Tesla CEO steps down as possible delays loom"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNET">CNET</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Eberhard-and-Marc-Tarpenning">"Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning | American entrepreneurs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-the-origin_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-the-origin_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Baer, Drake (November 11, 2014). <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-the-origin-story-2014-10">"The Making Of Tesla: Invention, Betrayal, And The Birth Of The Roadster"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider">Business Insider</a></i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <cite>Fehrenbacher, Katie (June 11, 2009). <a href="https://gigaom.com/2009/06/11/tesla-founder-eberhard-files-lawsuit-against-tesla-elon-musk/">"Tesla Founder Eberhard Files Lawsuit Against Tesla's Elon Musk"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GigaOm">GigaOm</a></i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <cite>Ramey, Jay (November 27, 2017). <a href="https://www.autoweek.com/news/green-cars/a1835876/first-tesla-roadster-look-back-early-adopters-electric-car/">"The first Tesla Roadster: A look back at the early adopter's electric car"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Autoweek">Autoweek</a></i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/the-rise-of-elon-musk-2016-7">"Elon Musk's Life Story: Tesla CEO's Early Years, Career"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider">Business Insider</a></i>. June 28, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <cite>Riddell, Lindsay (June 24, 2009). <a href="http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2009/06/22/daily33.html">"Tesla gets long-awaited government loan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals">American City Business Journals</a></i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505192107/http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2009/06/22/daily33.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <cite>Cole, Jay (May 22, 2013). <a href="https://insideevs.com/news/317959/tesla-repays-entire-doe-loan-taxpayers-make-26-million-on-the-deal-updated/">"Tesla Repays Entire DoE Loan, Taxpayers Make $12 Million on the Deal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InsideEVs">InsideEVs</a></i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506051437/http://insideevs.com/tesla-repays-entire-doe-loan-taxpayers-make-12-million-on-the-deal/">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <cite>Isidore, Chris (May 22, 2013). <a href="https://money.cnn.com/2013/05/22/autos/tesla-loan-repayment/index.html">"Tesla repays federal loan nearly 10 years early"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN">CNN</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Future_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Future_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Future_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Future_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Davis, Joshua (September 27, 2010). <a href="https://www.wired.com/2010/09/ff-tesla/">"How Elon Musk Turned Tesla into the Car Company of the Future"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)">Wired</a></i>. Vol. 18, no. 10. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624053602/http://www.wired.com/2010/09/ff_tesla/">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> <cite>Squatriglia, Chuck (October 20, 2010). <a href="https://www.wired.com/2010/10/teslas-got-the-factory-now-it-needs-to-fill-it/">"Tesla's Got the Factory, Now It Needs to Fill It"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)">Wired</a></i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> <cite>Andrejczak, Matt (June 28, 2010). <a href="https://www.marketwatch.com/story/tesla-motors-revs-up-244-million-ipo-2010-06-28">"Tesla Motors revs up $244 million IPO"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MarketWatch">MarketWatch</a></i>.</cite>
</li>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-Model3TopEV_121-0">^</a></b> <cite>Holland, Maximilian (February 10, 2020). <a href="https://cleantechnica.com/2020/03/10/tesla-passes-1-million-ev-milestone-and-model-3-becomes-all-time-best-seller/">"Tesla Passes 1 Million EV Milestone &amp; Model 3 Becomes All Time Best Seller"</a>. <i>CleanTechnica</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412045911/https://cleantechnica.com/2020/03/10/tesla-passes-1-million-ev-milestone-and-model-3-becomes-all-time-best-seller/">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020. <q>Tesla's quarterly reports, meanwhile, had put the Model 3's cumulative sales at 447,980 at the end of 2019.</q></cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-577">^</a></b> <cite>Helmore, Edward (August 9, 2022). <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/aug/09/tesla-self-driving-technology-safety-children">"Tesla's self-driving technology fails to detect children in the road, tests find"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-578">^</a></b> <cite>Stumpf, Rob (August 12, 2022). <a href="https://www.thedrive.com/news/controversy-erupts-over-video-of-fsd-tesla-striking-child-mannequin">"Controversy Erupts Over Video of FSD Tesla Striking Child Mannequin"</a>. <i>The Drive</i>. Retrieved August 17, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-579">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-17/don-t-use-your-kids-to-test-tesla-s-safety-features-nhtsa-warns?sref=ExbtjcSG">"Don't Use Your Kids to Test Tesla's Safety Features, NHTSA Warns"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. Bloomberg L.P. August 17, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-580">^</a></b> <cite>Masunaga, Samantha (August 6, 2015). <a href="https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-hy-tesla-hack-20150806-story.html">"Researchers hack a Tesla Model S, bring car to stop"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. Retrieved August 10, 2015.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-581">^</a></b> <cite>Mahaffey, Kevin (August 6, 2015). <a href="https://blog.lookout.com/blog/2015/08/06/tesla-research/">"The new assembly line: 3 best practices for building (secure) connected cars"</a>. <i>Lookout</i>. Retrieved August 13, 2015.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-582">^</a></b> <cite>O'Connor, Fred (August 7, 2015). <a href="https://www.wired.com/2015/08/researchers-hacked-model-s-teslas-already/">"Tesla patches Model S after researchers hack car's software"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)">Wired</a></i>. Retrieved August 11, 2015.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-583">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://keenlab.tencent.com/en/2016/09/19/Keen-Security-Lab-of-Tencent-Car-Hacking-Research-Remote-Attack-to-Tesla-Cars/">"Car Hacking Research: Remote Attack Tesla Motors"</a>. Retrieved September 21, 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-584">^</a></b> <cite>Lambert, Fred (September 20, 2016). <a href="https://electrek.co/2016/09/20/first-tesla-model-s-remotely-controlled-hackers-tesla-pushed-a-fix/">"First Tesla Model S remotely controlled by hackers, Tesla already pushed a fix"</a>. <i>Electrek</i>. Retrieved September 21, 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-585">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://fortune.com/2017/07/28/tesla-model-x-tencent/">"This Tesla Investor's Tech Team Just Hacked the Model X – Again"</a>. <i>Fortune</i>. July 28, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-586">^</a></b> <cite>Hackett, Robert (February 20, 2018). <a href="http://fortune.com/2018/02/20/tesla-hack-amazon-cloud-cryptocurrency-mining/">"Tesla Hackers Hijacked Amazon Cloud Account to Mine Cryptocurrency"</a>. <i>Fortune</i>. Retrieved February 21, 2018.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-587">^</a></b> <cite>Lambert, Fred (February 20, 2018). <a href="https://electrek.co/2018/02/20/tesla-cloud-hijacked-hackers-mine-cryptocurrencies/">"Tesla's cloud was 'hijacked' by hackers to mine cryptocurrencies"</a>. <i>electrek.co</i>. Retrieved February 21, 2018.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-588">^</a></b> <cite>Villaruel, John Carlo A. (March 24, 2019). <a href="https://www.techtimes.com/articles/240177/20190324/hackers-who-cracked-tesla-model-3-security-in-competition-win-electric-car-and-375k.htm">"Hackers Who Cracked Tesla Model 3 Security in Competition Win Electric Car And $375K"</a>. <i>Tech Times</i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-589">^</a></b> <cite>Goodin, Dan (June 8, 2022). <a href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/06/hackers-out-to-steal-a-tesla-can-create-their-very-own-personal-key/">"Gone in 130 seconds: New Tesla hack gives thieves their own personal key"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>. Retrieved July 21, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-590">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/02/02/tesla-phantom-braking/">"Tesla drivers report a surge in 'phantom braking'"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved September 9, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-591">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-60432351">"Tesla investigated over 'phantom braking' problem"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. February 18, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-592">^</a></b> <cite>Kane, Mark (February 2, 2022). <a href="https://insideevs.com/news/564800/world-top-oem-sales-2021/">"World's Top 5 EV Automotive Groups Ranked By Sales: 2021"</a>. <i>InsideEVs</i>. Retrieved August 4, 2022.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tesla2021_593-0">^</a></b> <cite>Kane, Mark (January 27, 2022). <a href="https://insideevs.com/news/563407/tesla-2021q4-final-delivery-numbers/">"Tesla Q4 2021 Final EV Delivery Numbers And Outlook"</a>. <i>InsideEVs</i>. Retrieved January 27, 2022. <q>Cumulatively, Tesla sold over 2.3 million electric cars.</q></cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-1million_594-0">^</a></b> <cite>Lambert, Fred (March 9, 2020). <a href="https://electrek.co/2020/03/09/tesla-produces-1000000th-electric-car/">"Tesla produces its 1 millionth electric car"</a>. <i>Electrek</i>. Retrieved March 28, 2020.</cite><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status">link</a>)
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-595">^</a></b> <cite>Kane, Mark (October 21, 2021). <a href="https://insideevs.com/news/542197/tesla-sold-2000000-electric-cars/">"Tesla Sold 2 Million Electric Cars: First Automaker To Reach Milestone"</a>. <i>InsideEVs</i>. Retrieved November 15, 2021.</cite><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status">link</a>)
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-596">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://carboncredits.com/tesla-regulatory-carbon-credit-sales-jumps-116/">"Tesla Carbon Credit Sales Jump by 116%"</a>. <i>CarbonCredits.com</i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-597">^</a></b> <cite>Jackson, Jon (February 8, 2021). <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/musk-bitcoin-environment-1567697">"Elon Musk's Bitcoin investment supports energy waste, some critics say"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>. Retrieved February 13, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-598">^</a></b> <cite>Shieber, Jonathan (February 8, 2021). <a href="https://au.finance.yahoo.com/news/teslas-bitcoin-investment-could-bad-010425356.html">"Tesla's Bitcoin investment could be bad for the company's climate reputation and its bottom line"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Finance">Yahoo! Finance</a>. Retrieved February 13, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-599">^</a></b> <cite>Dean, James. <a href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/tesla-made-more-profit-from-bitcoin-in-a-month-than-from-selling-cars-last-year-5sfl6qd0h">"Tesla made more profit from bitcoin in a month than from selling cars last year"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times">The Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460">0140-0460</a>. Retrieved February 19, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-600">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/tesla-may-already-made-more-224537165.html">"Tesla May Have Already Made More in Profits From Bitcoin Than Electric Vehicles"</a>. Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved February 19, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-601">^</a></b> <cite>O'Kane, Sean (July 26, 2021). <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/7/26/22594778/tesla-q2-2021-earnings-revenue-profit-credits-emissions-bitcoin">"Tesla finally made a profit without the help of emission credits"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. Retrieved October 22, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-602">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2014/07/14/2006-san-carlos-start-up-tesla-seeks-sexier-electric-car/">"2006: San Carlos start-up Tesla seeks sexier electric car"</a>. July 14, 2014.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-SEC_603-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEC_603-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEC_603-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEC_603-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEC_603-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEC_603-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEC_603-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEC_603-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEC_603-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEC_603-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEC_603-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEC_603-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEC_603-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEC_603-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=1318605">"Tesla, Inc. TSLA on Nasdaq"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_604-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_604-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/TSLA/company-people">"Tesla Inc. Company Profile &amp; Executives"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. Retrieved March 12, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_605-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_605-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-04-11/tesla-investors-press-for-more-board-members-without-musk-ties">"Tesla Seeks Independent Directors as Board's Musk Ties Eyed"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. April 11, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-USA-Today-2017-04-12_606-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USA-Today-2017-04-12_606-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USA-Today-2017-04-12_606-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2017/04/12/elon-musk-ctw-investment-group/100393980/">"Elon Musk spars with investors who want independent Tesla board"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today">USA Today</a></i>. Retrieved April 14, 2017.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-BI_BOD_2018_607-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BI_BOD_2018_607-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BI_BOD_2018_607-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Rapier, Graham. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-board-of-directors-full-list-elon-musk-chairman-replacement-2018-8">"Tesla has named two new board members – here's the full list of company directors"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. Retrieved January 26, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-608">^</a></b> <cite>Waters, Richard (April 12, 2017). <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/205aa80a-1f20-11e7-a454-ab04428977f9">"Tesla investors seek stronger boardroom controls"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/2rYjo">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved February 21, 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-609">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.foxbusiness.com/features/2017/04/12/musk-promises-2-new-directors-for-tesla-amid-shareholder-criticism.html">"Musk Promises 2 New Directors for Tesla Amid Shareholder Criticism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business">Fox Business</a></i>. April 12, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2017.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-610">^</a></b> <cite>Rai, Sonam; Klayman, Ben (December 28, 2018). <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tesla-directors-idUSKCN1OR0ZY">"Tesla names close Musk friend Larry Ellison to board"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Retrieved September 5, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-611">^</a></b> <cite>Ponciano, Jonathan (June 10, 2022). <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanponciano/2022/06/10/tesla-files-for-another-stock-split-reveals-billionaire-larry-ellison-to-leave-board/">"Tesla Files For Another Stock Split—Reveals Billionaire Larry Ellison To Leave Board"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. Retrieved September 5, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-GTM_BOD_2019_612-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GTM_BOD_2019_612-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GTM_BOD_2019_612-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GTM_BOD_2019_612-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Wesoff, Eric (April 22, 2019). <a href="https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/tesla-announces-departure-of-4-board-members-ahead-of-a-really-big-week">"Tesla Announces Departure of 4 Board Members Ahead of a Really Big Week"</a>. Greentech Media. Retrieved January 26, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-613">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/TSLA/company-people">"TSLA | Tesla Inc. Company Profile &amp; Executives – WSJ"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. Retrieved September 4, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-614">^</a></b> <cite>Kolodny, Lora (November 8, 2018). <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/08/robyn-denholm-will-replace-elon-musk-as-teslas-board-chair.html#:~:text=Robyn%20has%20served%20on%20the,Juniper%20Networks%2C%20and%20Sun%20Microsystems.">"Robyn Denholm replaces Elon Musk as Tesla's board chair"</a>. CNBC. Retrieved January 26, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-cleantech_denholm_2018_615-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cleantech_denholm_2018_615-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Holland, Maximilian (November 8, 2018). <a href="https://cleantechnica.com/2018/11/08/more-background-on-new-tesla-chair-robyn-denholm/">"More Background On New Tesla Chair Robyn Denholm"</a>. <i>CleanTechnica</i>. Retrieved March 9, 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-616">^</a></b> <cite>Hartmans, Avery. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-chairwoman-gives-elon-musk-emotional-support-baillie-gifford-2020-3">"Tesla's biggest investor says the company's chairwoman gives Elon Musk 'emotional' support so he can focus on leading the company"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. Retrieved March 9, 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-617">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/000156459021050737/tsla-8k_20211007.htm">"Date of report (Date of earliest event reported): October 7, 2021"</a>. <i>sec.gov</i>. Retrieved October 15, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-618">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://techcrunch.com/2019/01/03/elon-musk-is-sticking-with-spacex-board-member-steve-jurveston-shows-new-sec-filing/">"Elon Musk is sticking with SpaceX board member Steve Jurvetson, shows new SEC filing"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i>. Retrieved January 26, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-619">^</a></b> <cite>Ohnsman, Alan. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/alanohnsman/2018/09/13/elons-enablers-teslas-submissive-board-may-be-as-big-a-risk-as-an-erratic-ceo/">"Elon's Enablers: Tesla's Submissive Board May Be As Big A Risk As An Erratic CEO"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. Retrieved February 22, 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-620">^</a></b> <cite>Assis, Claudia (April 23, 2020). <a href="https://www.marketwatch.com/story/tesla-names-hiromichi-mizuno-its-10th-board-member-2020-04-23">"Tesla names Hiromichi Mizuno its 10th board member"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MarketWatch">MarketWatch</a></i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-621">^</a></b> <cite>Yoshida, Kaori (December 31, 2020). <a href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Finance/Tesla-director-Hiro-Mizuno-picked-as-UN-sustainable-investment-envoy">"Tesla director Hiro Mizuno picked as UN sustainable investment envoy"</a>. <i>Nikkei Asia</i>. Retrieved December 31, 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-622">^</a></b> <cite>Nishant, Niket; Sriram, Akash (September 28, 2022). <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/tesla-adds-airbnb-co-founder-gebbia-board-2022-09-28/">"Tesla adds billionaire Airbnb co-founder Gebbia to board"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters">Reuters</a></i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-623">^</a></b> <cite>Korosec, Kirsten (September 28, 2022). <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2022/09/28/tesla-appoints-airbnb-co-founder-to-board/">"Tesla appoints Airbnb co-founder to board"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a></i>.</cite>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2>Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>Higgins, Tim (2021). <i><a href="/wiki/Power_Play:_Tesla,_Elon_Musk,_and_the_Bet_of_the_Century">Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century</a></i>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385545464">978-0385545464</a>.</li>
<li><cite>McKenzie, Hamish (2018). <i>Insane Mode: How Elon Musk's Tesla Sparked an Electric Revolution to End the Age of Oil</i>. New York: Dutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1101985953"><bdi>978-1101985953</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li>Niedermeyer, Edward (2019). <i><a href="/wiki/Ludicrous:_The_Unvarnished_Story_of_Tesla_Motors">Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors</a></i>. Dallas: BenBella. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1948836326">978-1948836326</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)">OCLC</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1089841254">1089841254</a>.</li>
<li><cite>Vance, Ashlee (2015). <i>Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future</i>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062301239"><bdi>978-0062301239</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)">OCLC</a> <a href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/881436803">881436803</a>.</cite></li></ul>
<h2>External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.tesla.com/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478214#P856"></a></li>
<li>Business data for Tesla, Inc.: <div><ul><li><a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/TSLA:US">Bloomberg</a></li><li><a href="https://www.google.com/finance?q=TSLA">Google</a></li><li><a href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/TSLA.OQ">Reuters</a></li><li><a href="https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&amp;CIK=1318605">SEC filings</a></li><li><a href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/TSLA">Yahoo!</a></li></ul></div></li></ul>
<p><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system">Coordinates</a>: <a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tesla,_Inc.&amp;params=30.22_N_97.62_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA">30°13′N 97°37′W﻿ / ﻿30.22°N 97.62°W</a>
</p>
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 Contents

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 * (Top)
 * 1 History
 + 1.1 Founding (2003–2004)
 + 1.2 Roadster (2005–2009)
 + 1.3 IPO, Model S, and Model X (2010–2015)
 + 1.4 SolarCity and Model 3 (2016–2018)
 + 1.5 Global expansion and Model Y (2019–present)
 * 2 Automotive products
 + 2.1 In production
 o 2.1.1 Model S
 o 2.1.2 Model X
 o 2.1.3 Model 3
 o 2.1.4 Model Y
 o 2.1.5 Tesla Semi
 + 2.2 Future products
 o 2.2.1 Roadster (second generation)
 o 2.2.2 Cybertruck
 + 2.3 Discontinued
 o 2.3.1 Tesla Roadster
 + 2.4 Other concepts
 * 3 Tesla Energy products
 * 4 Other services
 + 4.1 Charging
 o 4.1.1 Supercharger network
 o 4.1.2 Destination charging location network
 o 4.1.3 North American Charging Standard
 + 4.2 Software updates and upgrades
 + 4.3 Connectivity
 + 4.4 Vehicle servicing
 + 4.5 Insurance
 * 5 Business strategy
 * 6 Technology
 + 6.1 Vehicle batteries
 o 6.1.1 Battery research
 + 6.2 Motors
 + 6.3 Autopilot
 + 6.4 Full Self-Driving
 + 6.5 Glass
 * 7 Facilities
 + 7.1 United States
 + 7.2 Europe
 + 7.3 Asia
 + 7.4 Rest of the world
 * 8 Partners
 + 8.1 Panasonic
 + 8.2 Other current partners
 + 8.3 Former partners
 o 8.3.1 Daimler AG
 o 8.3.2 Toyota
 o 8.3.3 Mobileye
 * 9 Lawsuits and controversies
 + 9.1 Sexual harassment
 + 9.2 Labor disputes
 + 9.3 Fraud
 + 9.4 Tesla US dealership disputes
 + 9.5 Intellectual property
 + 9.6 Defamation
 + 9.7 Misappropriation
 + 9.8 Environmental violations
 + 9.9 Property damage
 + 9.10 Racism
 + 9.11 Conduct during the COVID-19 pandemic
 * 10 Criticism
 + 10.1 Delays
 + 10.2 Giga New York audit
 + 10.3 Tesla's mission
 + 10.4 Short-sellers and TSLAQ
 * 11 Vehicle product issues
 + 11.1 Recalls
 + 11.2 Fires and Autopilot crashes
 + 11.3 Software hacking
 + 11.4 Phantom braking
 * 12 Vehicle sales
 + 12.1 Production and sales by quarter
 * 13 Finances
 * 14 Senior leadership
 + 14.1 List of chief executives
 + 14.2 List of board chairs
 + 14.3 Board of directors
 * 15 See also
 * 16 Notes
 * 17 References
 * 18 Further reading
 * 19 External links
 Toggle the table of contents

 Tesla, Inc.

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 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 "Tesla Motors" redirects here. For Nikola Tesla's motors, see Induction motor and AC motor.
 For the electrotechnical company, see Tesla (Czechoslovak company).

 Tesla, Inc.
  
 Gigafactory Texas, Tesla headquarters in Austin, Texas
 Trade name Tesla 
 Formerly Tesla Motors, Inc. (July 2003 – February 2017) 
 Type Public 
  * Nasdaq: TSLA 
 Traded as * Nasdaq-100 component 
  * S&P 100 component 
  * S&P 500 component 
 ISIN US88160R1014 
  * Automotive 
 Industry * Artificial intelligence 
  * Renewable energy 
 Founded July 1, 2003 ; 19 years ago in San Carlos, California, United States
 Founders See § Founding 
 Headquarters 13101 Tesla Road, Austin, Texas, U.S. 
 Number of locations 764 retail stores/galleries and service centers (2022)[1] 
  * North America 
  * Europe 
 Area served * Oceania 
  * East Asia 
  * Middle East 
  * Southeast Asia 
 Key people * Elon Musk (CEO) 
  * Robyn Denholm (chair) 
  * Model 3 
  * Model S 
  * Model X 
 Products * Model Y 
  * Semi 
  * Powerwall, Powerpack, and Megapack 
  * solar panels and Solar Roof 
  * 1,369,611 vehicles (2022) 
 Production output * 6.54 GWh battery energy storage systems (2022) 
  * 348 MW solar (2022) 
  * Service 
  * charging 
 Services * insurance 
  * software upgrades 
  * connectivity 
 Revenue US$81.46 billion (2022) 
 Operating income US$13.66 billion (2022) 
 Net income US$12.56 billion (2022) 
 Total assets US$82.34 billion (2022) 
 Total equity US$44.70 billion (2022) 
 Owner Elon Musk (13.4%)[2] 
 Number of employees 127,855 (December 2022) 
 Subsidiaries * Tesla Energy 
  * Tesla Grohmann Automation 
 Website www.tesla.com 
 Footnotes / references 
 [3][4][5][6][7] 
 
 This article is part of 
 a series about 
 Elon Musk 
 
 * Awards and honors 
 * Views 
 * Filmography 
 Companies 
 * Zip2 
 * X.com 
 + PayPal 
 * SpaceX 
 + Starlink 
 * Tesla, Inc. 
 + criticism 
 + Energy 
 + litigation 
 * OpenAI 
 * Neuralink 
 * The Boring Company 
 * Thud 
 * Twitter, Inc. 
 + acquisition 
 + tenure as CEO 
 In popular culture 
 * Elon Musk 
 * Ludicrous 
 * Power Play 
 * "Members Only" 
 * "The Platonic Permutation" 
 * "The Musk Who Fell to Earth" 
 * "One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty"
 Related 
 * Boring Test Tunnel 
 * Hyperloop 
 * Musk family 
 * SolarCity 
 * Tesla Roadster in space 
 * TSLAQ 
 * Twitter Files 
 * 2022 Twitter suspensions 
 * v 
 * t 
 * e 
 

 Tesla, Inc. (/ ˈ t ɛ s l ə / TESS -lə or / ˈ t ɛ z l ə / TEZ -lə[a]) is an American multinational automotive, artificial intelligence, and clean energy company headquartered in Austin, Texas. Tesla designs and manufactures electric vehicles (electric cars and trucks), battery energy storage from home to grid-scale, solar panels and solar roof tiles, and related products and services. Tesla is one of the world's most valuable companies and is, as of 2023, the world's most valuable automaker. In 2021, the company had the most worldwide sales of battery electric vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles, capturing 21% of the battery-electric (purely electric) market and 14% of the plug-in market (which includes plug-in hybrids). Through its subsidiary Tesla Energy, the company develops and is a major installer of photovoltaic systems in the United States. Tesla Energy is also one of the largest global suppliers of battery energy storage systems, with 3.99 gigawatt-hours (GWh) installed in 2021.

 Tesla was incorporated in July 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning as Tesla Motors. The company's name is a tribute to inventor and electrical engineer Nikola Tesla. In February 2004, via a $6.5 million investment, Elon Musk became the largest shareholder of the company. He has served as CEO since 2008. According to Musk, the purpose of Tesla is to help expedite the move to sustainable transport and energy, obtained through electric vehicles and solar power. Tesla began production of its first car model, the Roadster sports car, in 2009. This was followed by the Model S sedan in 2012, the Model X SUV in 2015, the Model 3 sedan in 2017, the Model Y crossover in 2020, and the Tesla Semi truck in 2022. The company plans to start production of the Cybertruck light-duty pickup truck in 2023.[9]The Model 3 is the all-time bestselling plug-in electric car worldwide, and, in June 2021, became the first electric car to sell 1 million units globally.[10] Tesla's 2022 full year deliveries were around 1.31 million vehicles, a 40% increase over the previous year,[11][12] and cumulative sales totaled 3 million cars as of August 2022.[13] In October 2021, Tesla's market capitalization reached $1 trillion, the sixth company to do so in U.S. history.

 Tesla has been the subject of several lawsuits, government scrutiny, journalistic criticism, and public controversies arising from statements and acts of CEO Elon Musk and from allegations of whistleblower retaliation, worker rights violations, and defects with their products.

 History

 Main article: History of Tesla, Inc.
 The insignia of Tesla Motors as seen on a Tesla Roadster Sport, c. 2010

 Founding (2003–2004)

 The company was incorporated as Tesla Motors, Inc. on July 1, 2003, by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning.[14] Eberhard and Tarpenning served as CEO and CFO, respectively.[15] Eberhard said he wanted to build "a car manufacturer that is also a technology company", with its core technologies as "the battery, the computer software, and the proprietary motor".[16]

 Ian Wright was Tesla's third employee, joining a few months later.[14] In February 2004, the company raised $7.5 million in series A funding, including $6.5 million from Elon Musk, who had received $100 million from the sale of his interest in PayPal two years earlier. Musk became the chairman of the board of directors and the largest shareholder of Tesla.[17][18][15] J. B. Straubel joined Tesla in May 2004 as chief technical officer.[19]

 A lawsuit settlement agreed to by Eberhard and Tesla in September 2009 allows all five – Eberhard, Tarpenning, Wright, Musk, and Straubel – to call themselves co-founders.[20]

 Roadster (2005–2009)

 Main article: Tesla Roadster (first generation)

 Elon Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw Roadster product design at a detailed level, but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations.[21] The company's strategy was to start with a premium sports car aimed at early adopters and then move into more mainstream vehicles, including sedans and affordable compacts.[22]

 In February 2006, Musk led Tesla's Series B venture capital funding round of $13 million, which added Valor Equity Partners to the funding team.[23][18] Musk co-led the third, $40 million round in May 2006 which saw investment from prominent entrepreneurs including Google co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page, and former eBay President Jeff Skoll.[24] A fourth round worth $45 million in May 2007 brought the total private financing investment to over $105 million.[24]

 Tesla's first car, the Roadster, was officially revealed to the public on July 19, 2006, in Santa Monica, California, at a 350-person invitation-only event held in Barker Hangar at Santa Monica Airport.[25]

 In August 2007, Eberhard was asked by the board, led by Elon Musk, to step down as CEO.[26] Eberhard then took the title of "President of Technology" before ultimately leaving the company in January 2008. Co-founder Marc Tarpenning, who served as the Vice President of Electrical Engineering of the company, also left the company in January 2008.[27] In August 2007, Michael Marks was brought in as interim CEO, and in December 2007, Ze'ev Drori became CEO and President.[28] Musk succeeded Drori as CEO in October 2008.[28] In June 2009, Eberhard filed a lawsuit against Musk for allegedly forcing him out.[29]

 Tesla began production of the Roadster in 2008.[30]

 By January 2009, Tesla had raised $187 million and delivered 147 cars. Musk had contributed $70 million of his own money to the company.[31]

 In June 2009, Tesla was approved to receive $465 million in interest-bearing loans from the United States Department of Energy. The funding, part of the $8 billion Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program, supported engineering and production of the Model S sedan, as well as the development of commercial powertrain technology.[32] Tesla repaid the loan in May 2013, with $12 million interest.[33][34]

 IPO, Model S, and Model X (2010–2015)

 First deliveries of Model S at the Tesla Fremont Factory in California, in June 2012

 In May 2010, Tesla purchased what would later become the Tesla Factory in Fremont, California, from Toyota for $42 million,[35] and opened the facility in October 2010 to start production of the Model S.[36] On June 29, 2010, the company became a public company via an initial public offering (IPO) on NASDAQ, the first American car company to do so since the Ford Motor Company had its IPO in 1956.[37] The company issued 13.3 million shares of common stock at a price of $17.00 per share, raising $226 million.[38]

 In January 2012, Tesla ceased production of the Roadster, and in June the company launched its second car, the Model S luxury sedan.[39] The Model S won several automotive awards during 2012 and 2013, including the 2013 Motor Trend Car of the Year,[40] and became the first electric car to top the monthly sales ranking of a country, when it achieved first place in the Norwegian new car sales list in September 2013.[41] The Model S was also the bestselling plug-in electric car worldwide for the years 2015 and 2016.[42]

 Tesla announced the Tesla Autopilot, a driver-assistance system, in 2014. In September that year, all Tesla cars started shipping with sensors and software to support the feature, with what would later be called "hardware version 1".[43] In April 2015, Tesla entered the energy storage market, unveiling its Tesla Powerwall (home) and Tesla Powerpack (business) battery packs.[44] The company received orders valued at $800 million within a week of the unveiling.[45]

 Tesla began shipping its third vehicle, the luxury SUV Tesla Model X, in September 2015, at which time it had 25,000 pre-orders.[46][47]

 SolarCity and Model 3 (2016–2018)

 In November 2016, Tesla acquired SolarCity, in an all-stock $2.6 billion deal, and entered the photovoltaics market.[48] The solar installation business was merged with Tesla's existing battery energy storage products division to form the Tesla Energy subsidiary.[49] The deal was controversial because at the time of the acquisition, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues of which Tesla's shareholders were not informed.[50]

 In February 2017, Tesla Motors changed its name to Tesla, Inc., to better reflect the scope of its expanded business, which now included electric vehicles, battery energy storage systems, and solar power generation.[51][52][53]

 That year Tesla also started its philanthropic effort. Tesla made multiple contributions of solar power to areas recovering from disasters in 2017, in particular installing a solar plus storage system to restore electricity at a hospital in Puerto Rico, following the destruction from Hurricane Maria.[54][55] In July 2018, the company donated $37.5 million to kindergarten to 12th grade science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education in Nevada.[56]

 Tesla began selling its fourth vehicle model, the Model 3 sedan, in July 2017.[57] The Model 3 was a cheaper vehicle compared to previous Tesla vehicles, and was intended for the mass market. It was highly anticipated, which prompted the company to try to speed up production.[58] By August 2017, there were 455,000 reservations for the Model 3.[59] The rollout was plagued by delays and production problems.[60] This increased pressure on the company, which at this time was one of the most shorted companies in the market.

 In August 2018, CEO Elon Musk briefly considered taking Tesla private.[61][62] The plan did not materialize, and gave rise to much controversy and many lawsuits including a securities fraud charge from the SEC. By the end of 2018, the production problems had been overcome, and the Model 3 was the world's best selling plug-in electric car for the year.[63]

 Global expansion and Model Y (2019–present)

 Tesla opened its first "Gigafactory" outside the United States in Shanghai, China, in 2019. Giga Shanghai was the first automobile factory in China fully owned by a foreign company, and was built in less than six months.[64] The following year Tesla also started construction on a new Gigafactory near Berlin, Germany, and another in Texas, United States. In March 2020, Tesla began deliveries of its fifth vehicle model, the Model Y crossover.[65]

 On January 10, 2020, Tesla reached a market capitalization of $86 billion, breaking the record for highest valuation of any American automaker.[66] On June 10, 2020, Tesla's market capitalization surpassed those of BMW, Daimler and Volkswagen combined.[67] The next month, Tesla reached a valuation of $206 billion, surpassing Toyota's $202 billion to become the world's most valuable automaker by market capitalization.[68] On August 31, 2020, following this increase in value, Tesla had a 5-for-1 stock split.[69]

 From July 2019 to June 2020, Tesla reported four profitable quarters in a row for the first time, which made it eligible for inclusion in the S&P 500.[70] Tesla was added to the index on December 21, 2020.[71] It was the largest company ever added, and the sixth-largest company in the index at the time of its inclusion.[71] As investors tried to buy more shares as a result of this inclusion, some analysts, such as J.P. Morgan's Ryan Brinkman, suggested investors exercise caution as Tesla was "dramatically" overvalued.[72] Throughout 2020, the share price of Tesla increased 740%,[73] and on January 26, 2021, its market capitalization reached $848 billion,[74] more than the next nine largest automakers combined and making it the 5th most valuable company in the US.[75][76]

 From 2015 to 2020, Tesla acquired companies including Riviera Tool, Grohmann Engineering, Perbix, Compass Automation, Hibar Systems, and German ATW Automation to advance Tesla's expertise in automation, along with Maxwell Technologies and SilLion to add to Tesla's abilities in battery technology.[77][78] Grohmann (renamed Tesla Grohmann Automation) and Maxwell would continue to operate as subsidiary companies, while the rest would be merged into Tesla. In July 2021, Musk acknowledged that Tesla had sold Maxwell to the former VP of sales for Maxwell.[79]

 In January 2020, Tesla donated RMB 5,000,000 ($723,000 in 2020 dollars) to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention to fight the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China.[80][81]

 In October 2020, Tesla told Electrek that it had dissolved its public relations (PR) department (with the exception of a few PR managers representing Tesla's European and Asian markets), becoming the first automaker to do so.[82]

 Tesla hit its goal of building 0.5 million cars in 2020.[83] The company ended the year with over $19 billion of cash,[84] compared to $6.3 billion at the end of 2019.[85]

 In February 2021, Tesla revealed that it had invested $1.5 billion in bitcoin in 2020[84][86] and on March 24 the company started accepting bitcoin as a form of payment for vehicle purchases in the United States and stated that it would introduce bitcoin payment in other countries later that year.[87] At the time, Musk tweeted that "Bitcoin paid to Tesla will be retained as Bitcoin, not converted to fiat currency."[88][ non-primary source needed ][ non-primary source needed ] It was later revealed in financial documents that between January 1 and March 31, 2021, Tesla had made a $101 million profit on the sale of bitcoin. After 49 days of accepting the digital currency, the company reversed course on May 12, 2021, saying they would no longer take bitcoin due to concerns that "mining" the cryptocurrency was contributing to the consumption of fossil fuels and climate change.[89] The decision resulted in the price of bitcoin dropping around 12% on May 13.[90] During a July bitcoin conference, Musk suggested Tesla could help bitcoin miners switch to renewable energy in the future and also stated at the same conference that if bitcoin mining reaches, and trends above 50 percent renewable energy usage, that "Tesla would resume accepting bitcoin." The price for bitcoin rose after this announcement.[91] In July 2022 it was reported that Tesla had sold about 75% of its bitcoin holdings.[92] It was worth $936 million.[93]

 After earlier disputes with California officials over COVID-19 restrictions, on December 1, 2021, Tesla moved its headquarters from Palo Alto, California, to its Gigafactory in Austin, Texas.[94][95] However, Musk stated that Tesla would continue to operate its Fremont factory in the San Francisco Bay Area,[95] and will continue to expand in California.[96] In September 2021, Tesla broke ground on a new battery factory in Lathrop, California,[97] and signed a lease in October 2021 for additional office space in Palo Alto.[98]

 Also in October 2021, Tesla's market capitalization reached $1 trillion, the sixth company to do so in U.S. history, on news that car rental company Hertz had placed an order for 100,000 Tesla vehicles for its fleet.[99]

 On March 22, 2022, Tesla launched its new car factory outside Berlin, with Chief Executive Elon Musk handing over the first deliveries to customers. The US carmaker's Giga Berlin plant is the largest for electric vehicles in Europe.[100] On April 7, 2022, Tesla celebrated the public opening of the Giga Texas facility with its Cyber Rodeo event attended by an estimated 15,000 invitees.[101]

 Musk said in an email sent to employees that he was reducing salaried headcount by 10 percent because the company had become "overstaffed in many areas", adding that "hourly headcount will increase." He also said in a tweet Tesla's total number of employees would increase over the next year, but said the number of salaried staff would remain "fairly flat".[102]

 In August 2022, Musk claimed that Tesla had made more than 3 million cars.[103]

 In 2023, Tesla had to pause plans to double Giga Shanghai production to 2 million cars per year after encountering roadblocks from the Chinese central government. Officials there expressed concerns with Elon's activities at SpaceX, in particular the quickly expanding military applications of Starlink and it's potential impact on global strategic defense.[104]

 Automotive products

 "Tesla electric car" redirects here. Not to be confused with Nikola Tesla electric car hoax.

 As of December 2022, Tesla offers four car models: Model S, Model 3, Model X and Model Y, and a semi-truck. Tesla's first vehicle, the first-generation Tesla Roadster, is no longer sold. Tesla has plans for a second-generation Roadster and a pickup called the Cybertruck.

 In production

 Model S

 Tesla Model S
 Main article: Tesla Model S

 The Model S is a five-door liftback sedan. Deliveries began on June 22, 2012.[105] The car became the first electric vehicle to top the monthly sales ranking in any country, when it achieved first place in the Norwegian new car sales list in September 2013.[106][41] The Model S won the 2013 Motor Trend Car of the Year,[40] the 2013 "World Green Car",[107] Automobile magazine's 2013 "Car of the Year",[108] Time magazine's Best 25 Inventions of the Year 2012 award,[109] as well as the 2019 Motor Trend "Ultimate Car of the Year".[110]

 The Model S was the bestselling plug-in electric car worldwide for the years 2015 and 2016, selling an estimated 50,931 units in 2016.[42] By the end of 2017, it was the world's second best selling plug-in electric car in history (after the Nissan Leaf), with global sales of 200,000 units.[111] In June 2020, Tesla announced that the Model S Long Range Plus had an EPA range of 402 miles (647 km), the highest of any battery electric vehicle at the time.[112]

 Model X

 Tesla Model X
 Main article: Tesla Model X

 The Tesla Model X is a mid-size crossover SUV. It is offered in 5-, 6- and 7-passenger configurations. The Model X was developed from the full-sized sedan platform of the Model S. The rear passenger doors open vertically with an articulating "falcon-wing" design.

 Deliveries started in September 2015.[113] In 2016, after one full year on the market, the Model X ranked seventh among the world's bestselling plug-in cars.[42] The United States is its main market, with an estimated 57,327 units sold through September 2018.[114]

 Model 3

 Tesla Model 3
 Main article: Tesla Model 3

 The Model 3 is a four-door fastback sedan. Tesla unveiled the Model 3 on March 31, 2016.[115] Potential customers began reserving spots earlier that day with a refundable deposit.[116] One week after the unveiling, Tesla reported over 325,000 reservations.[117] Bloomberg News claimed that, due to the number of reservations, "the Model 3's unveiling was unique in the 100-year history of the mass-market automobile."[118] Limited vehicle production began in July 2017.[119]

 Since March 2020, the Model 3 is the world's best selling electric car in history, and cumulative global sales passed the 1 million milestone in June 2021.[10][120][121] The Model 3 has ranked as the world's best selling plug-in electric car for four consecutive years, from 2018 to 2021,[121][122][123] and also as the best selling plug-in electric car in the United States since 2018.[124][125][126] The Model 3 also set records in Norway and the Netherlands, as the best selling passenger car model in those countries in 2019.[127][128]

 Model Y

 Tesla Model Y
 Main article: Tesla Model Y

 The Model Y is a compact crossover utility vehicle. The Model Y is built on a platform that shares many components with the Model 3.[129] The car has up to three rows of seats (up to 7 people),[130] 68 cubic feet (1.9 m3) of cargo space (with the second and third rows folded),[131] and has an EPA range of up to 326 miles (525 km).[132]

 The Model Y was unveiled on March 14, 2019.[133] Deliveries for the Model Y started on March 13, 2020. The Tesla Model Y is being manufactured at Tesla Factory in Fremont, California,[134] as well as in Giga Shanghai in China. Giga Berlin produces the Performance, AWD and RWD versions of the Model Y.[135]

 Tesla Semi

 Tesla Semi
 Main article: Tesla Semi

 The Tesla Semi is an all-electric Class 8 semi-trailer truck announced in November 2017. Musk confirmed that two variants would be available: one with 300 miles (480 km) and one with 500 miles (800 km) of range.[136] The Semi will be powered by four independent electric motors of the type used in the Tesla Model 3 and will include an extensive set of hardware sensors to enable it to stay in its own lane, a safe distance away from other vehicles, and later, when software and regulatory conditions allow, provide self-driving operation on highways.[137] Musk also announced that the company would be involved in installing a solar-powered global network of Tesla Megachargers to make the Semi more attractive to potential long-haul customers. A 30-minute charge would provide 400 miles (640 km) of range.[138][139]

 Musk initially said in 2017 that Semi deliveries would start in 2019 and be selling 100,000 trucks a year, but deliveries were later delayed to 2021 and then 2022.[140] Part of the reason for the delays, according to Musk, is that the Semi includes five times more battery cells than their passenger cars, and the battery supply is not yet sufficient for both Tesla cars and the Semi.[141][142]

 In October 2022, the company announced it would deliver its first all-electric semitrailer truck for PepsiCo in December, in what would be the first new model the company would give to consumers since the beginning of 2020, when it started delivering the Model Y crossover. At the time of the announcement, the trucks would support PepsiCo plants in Sacramento and Modesto, California.[143][144][145]

 Future products

 Roadster (second generation)

 Tesla Roadster prototype
 Main article: Tesla Roadster (second generation)

 In a surprise reveal at the end of the event that introduced the Tesla Semi on November 16, 2017, Tesla unveiled the second generation Roadster. Musk said that the new model will have a range of 620 miles (1,000 km) with the 200 kilowatt-hours (720 MJ) battery pack and will achieve 0–60 miles per hour (0–97 km/h) in 1.9 seconds; it also will achieve 0–100 miles per hour (0–161 km/h) in 4.2 seconds,[146] and the top speed will be over 250 miles per hour (400 km/h). The SpaceX Package will include cold air thrusters that will increase the speed even more.[147] The vehicle will have three electric motors allowing for all-wheel drive and torque vectoring during cornering.[147]

 At the time, the base price was set at $200,000, while the first 1,000 units (the Founder's series) will sell for $250,000.[147] Reservations required a deposit of $50,000, and those who ordered the Founder's series paid the $250,000 in full upon ordering. Those who made a reservation at the event were allowed a test drive (with a driver) in the prototype.[148] Deliveries are expected to start in 2023.[149]

 Cybertruck

 Tesla Cybertruck
 Main article: Tesla Cybertruck

 The Cybertruck is a pickup truck unveiled on November 21, 2019.[150] Production has been delayed past 2022, and as of January 2022 is rumored to be early 2023.[151] The truck's design had a mixed reception, and some Wall Street analysts questioned whether American pickup truck buyers will have interest in the Cybertruck.[152][153][154] On September 22, 2020, Musk revealed roughly 600,000 Cybertruck preorders.[155] James Goodwin, chief executive of ANCAP, said in 2019 that the design of the Cybertruck could pose safety risks, saying that the front "would look like it's not very forgiving".[156] After the Cybertruck's unveiling, Musk announced that the Tesla Cyberquad, an electric four-wheel quad bike revealed alongside the Cybertruck, would be an optional accessory for Cybertruck buyers.[157]

 Discontinued

 Tesla Roadster

 The original Roadster
 Main article: Tesla Roadster (first generation)

 The only discontinued Tesla vehicle model is the original Tesla Roadster.[158] The Roadster was a two-seater sports car, evolved from the Lotus Elise chassis,[159] that was produced from 2008 to 2012. The Roadster was the first highway legal serial production all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells and the first production all-electric car to travel more than 200 miles (320 km) per charge. It is also the first production car to be launched into space; Musk launched his Roadster into a Mars-crossing orbit on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket test flight on February 6, 2018.[160]

 Other concepts

 On July 20, 2016, Musk detailed his new master plan for Tesla. It includes more affordable cars produced in higher volume, solar roofs, mid-size vehicles, SUVs and pickup trucks, as well as the refinement of autonomous vehicles and the creation of a sharing economy, in which cars can be active while the owner is not using them.[161] Tesla's plan also indicated building a minibus on the Model X platform,[162] but in May 2017, Musk indicated that he might favor a 10–12 passenger version of the Model X over a dedicated minibus design.[163] Musk dashed hopes for a Tesla motorcycle, saying in 2018 "we're not going to do motorcycles".[164]

 Also in 2016, Musk revealed Tesla's intention to produce a car cheaper than the Model 3.[165] In 2018, Musk indicated a plan to enter a new market segment, offering a compact hatchback in "less than five years".[166][167] In 2020, Musk said Tesla expects to have a $25,000 electric car within 3 years, which "will basically be on-par or slightly better than a comparable gasoline car".[168]

 In April 2019, Musk announced Tesla's intention to launch an autonomous taxi service by the end of 2020 using more than 1 million Tesla vehicles.[169] A year later, in April 2020, Musk stated Tesla would not make the end of 2020 deadline but said, "we'll have the functionality necessary for full self-driving by the end of the year."[170]

 Tesla Energy products

 Main article: Tesla Energy
 Two Tesla Powerwall 2 home energy storage devices from Tesla Energy

 Tesla subsidiary Tesla Energy develops, builds, sells and installs solar energy generation systems and battery energy storage products (as well as related products and services) to residential, commercial and industrial customers.

 The subsidiary was created by the merger of Tesla's existing battery energy storage products division with SolarCity, a solar energy company that Tesla acquired in 2016.[171]

 Tesla Energy's generation products include solar panels (built by other companies for Tesla), the Tesla Solar Roof (a solar shingle system) and the Tesla Solar Inverter. Other products include the Powerwall (a home energy storage device) and the Powerpack and Megapack, which are large-scale energy storage systems.[172][173][174] Tesla Energy also develops software to allow customers to monitor and control their systems.[175][176]

 In 2021, the company deployed solar energy systems capable of generating 345 megawatts, an increase of 68% over 2020,[177] and deployed 3.99 gigawatt-hours of battery energy storage products, an increase of 32% over 2020.[178]

 Other services

 Tesla receives service revenue from its vehicle customers after their initial purchase; these revenues reached $1.47 billion in 2022 Q2.[179] As of August 2020, those services include vehicle servicing, charging, insurance, software upgrades, and improved connectivity. In July 2021, Tesla made Full Self-Driving available as a monthly subscription.[180] Future services which have been discussed include paying for a Wi-Fi hotspot in the car[181] and the Tesla robotaxi network.[182]

 Charging

 Supercharger network

 Main article: Tesla Supercharger
 Tesla Model S charging at a Supercharger station in Newark, Delaware

 In 2012, Tesla began building a network of 480-volt fast-charging Supercharger stations. As of June 2022, Tesla operates 36,165 Superchargers in 3,971 stations worldwide[183] (an average of 9 chargers per station). The Supercharger is a proprietary direct current (DC) technology that provides up to 250 kilowatts (kW) of power.[184] All Tesla cars except the first generation Roadster come standard with hardware to charge at Superchargers.[185] The navigation software in Tesla cars can recommend the fastest route for long-distance travel, incorporating charging stops.[186]

 Model S and X cars ordered before January 15, 2017,[187] and between August 3, 2019,[188] and May 26, 2020,[189] received free unlimited supercharging. Model S and X cars ordered between January 15, 2017, and August 3, 2019, got 400 kWh (1,400 MJ) of free Supercharging credits per year, which provides a range of roughly 1,000 miles per year (1,600 kilometres per year).[190] Subsequent Tesla models never received free unlimited supercharging.[191]

 Destination charging location network

 Tesla "Destination Charger" in North America

 In 2014, Tesla launched the "Destination Charging location" network by providing chargers to hotels, restaurants, shopping centers and resorts (and other locations where Tesla owners may spend an hour or more) to provide on-site vehicle charging at twice the power of a typical home charging station.[192]

 Destination chargers are installed free of charge by Tesla-certified contractors; the locations originally were required to provide the electricity at no cost to their customers.[193] As of August 2022, locations with six or more destination chargers may start charging for electricity.[194] All destination chargers appear in the in-car navigation system.[195]

 North American Charging Standard

 In November 2022, Tesla renamed its previously proprietary charging connector to "North American Charging Standard" (NACS), making the specs available to other EV manufacturers as an alternative to the standard Combined Charging System (CCS) connector used by competitors in North America.[196][197][198][199]

 Software updates and upgrades

 Tesla vehicles' software is regularly updated over-the-air when new software and firmware versions are released. This allows the cars to remain up to date and improve after purchase.[200] Tesla also offers the option to unlock features in the car through over-the-air software upgrades after purchase. Available upgrades include basic Autopilot, Full Self Driving,[201] acceleration boost (for Model 3 owners),[202] and rear-heated seats (for Model 3 owners).[203]

 Connectivity

 All Tesla cars come with "Standard Connectivity" which provides navigation using a cellular connection, and the following only over Wi-Fi or Bluetooth: internet browsing, music streaming (with a paid subscription), and, when parked, video streaming and "caraoke".[204] "Premium Connectivity" adds cellular access to those features and also provides live traffic and satellite maps for navigation.[204][205]

 Vehicle servicing

 Tesla service strategy is to service its vehicles first through remote diagnosis and repair. If it is not possible to resolve a problem remotely, customers are referred to a local Tesla-owned service center, or a mobile technician is dispatched.[206][207] Tesla has said that it does not want to make a profit on vehicle servicing, which has traditionally been a large profit center for most auto dealerships.[208]

 In 2016, Tesla recommended having any Tesla car inspected every 12,500 miles or once a year, whichever comes first. In early 2019, the manual was changed to say: "your Tesla does not require annual maintenance and regular fluid changes," and instead it recommends periodic servicing of the brake fluid, air conditioning, tires and air filters.[209]

 Insurance

 On June 4, 2017, the American Automobile Association raised insurance rates for Tesla owners following a report from the Highway Loss Data Institute.[210] The report concluded that the Model S crashes 46% more often and is 50% more expensive to repair than comparable vehicles.[210] Similarly, the Model X was concluded to crash 41% more often and to be 89% more expensive to repair than similar vehicles.[210] As a result, AAA raised insurance rates on Tesla cars by 30%.[210] Tesla said that the analysis is "severely flawed and not reflective of reality", however, Tesla failed to provide any contradictory numbers.[210] Shortly thereafter, Russ Rader, the spokesman for the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, confirmed the AAA's analysis and that "Teslas get into a lot of crashes and are costly to repair afterward".[211][212] The following year, an analysis of claim frequency and insurance cost data by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety conducted by financial research provider 24/7 Wall St. found that the Tesla Model S and Model X were the two most expensive vehicles to insure.[213] Musk stated that he expects these insurance rates will greatly decrease once driver-assist and self-driving technology become commonplace.[213]

 Starting in October 2017, Tesla partnered with Liberty Mutual Insurance Company to offer US customers an insurance plan designed specifically for Tesla cars.[214][215] In August 2019, this partnership was superseded by a partnership with State National Insurance,[216][217] but was initially only available to Tesla owners in California.[216] In July 2020, Musk, relying on data obtained through the partnership with State National Insurance, announced that Tesla was creating its own "major" insurance company.[218] Tesla claims the insurance uses individual vehicle data to offer personalized pricing.[218]

 As of January 2023, Tesla offers insurance in Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, Nevada, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Utah and Virginia.[219]

 Business strategy

 Robotic manufacturing of the Model S at the Tesla Factory in Fremont, California

 At the time of Tesla's founding in 2003, electric vehicles were very expensive.[220] In 2006, Elon Musk stated that Tesla's strategy was to first produce high-price, low-volume vehicles, such as sports cars, for which customers are less sensitive to price. This would allow them to progressively bring down the cost of batteries, which in turn would allow them to offer cheaper and higher volume cars.[22][221] Tesla's first vehicle, the Roadster, was low-volume (fewer than 2,500 were produced) and priced at over $100,000. The next models, the Model S and Model X, are more affordable but still luxury vehicles. The most recent models, the Model 3 and the Model Y, are priced still lower, and aimed at a higher volume market,[222][223] selling over 100,000 vehicles each quarter. Tesla continuously updates the hardware of its cars rather than waiting for a new model year, as opposed to nearly every other car manufacturer.[224]

 Unlike other automakers, Tesla does not rely on franchised auto dealerships to sell vehicles. Instead, the company directly sells vehicles through its website and a network of company-owned stores.[225][226] The company is the first automaker in the United States to sell cars directly to consumers.[227][228] Some jurisdictions, particularly in the United States, prohibit auto manufacturers from directly selling vehicles to consumers. In these areas, Tesla has locations that it calls galleries that the company says "educate and inform customers about our products, but such locations do not actually transact in the sale of vehicles."[229][230] In total, Tesla operates nearly 400 stores and galleries in more than 35 countries.[231] These locations are typically located in retail shopping districts, inside shopping malls, or other high-traffic areas,[226] instead of near other auto dealerships.[232][233][234]

 Tesla is notable for spending no money on paid advertising campaigns, unlike other automakers.[235]

 The Tesla Patent Wall at its headquarters was removed after the company announced its patents are part of the open source movement.[236]

 Tesla has a high degree of vertical integration,[237] estimated at 80% in 2016.[238] The company produces vehicle components as well as building proprietary stations where customers can charge their vehicles. Vertical integration is rare in the automotive industry, where companies typically outsource 80% of components to suppliers and focus on engine manufacturing and final assembly.[239][240] Tesla used low-cost strategy as a business approach, with which they can expand their business into a broader market by offering standard technology items.[241]

 Tesla generally allows its competitors to license its technology, stating that it wants to help its competitors accelerate the world's use of sustainable energy.[242] Licensing agreements include provisions whereby the recipient agrees not to file patent suits against Tesla, or to copy its designs directly.[243] Tesla retains control of its other intellectual property, such as trademarks and trade secrets to prevent direct copying of its technology.[244]

 Technology

 Tesla develops many components in-house, such as batteries, motors, and software.[238]

 Vehicle batteries

 Tesla vehicle chassis used in Model S and X, with the battery visible

 Tesla was the first automaker to use batteries containing thousands of small, cylindrical, lithium-ion commodity cells like those used in consumer electronics.[245][246][247] Tesla uses a version of these cells that is designed to be cheaper to manufacture and lighter than standard cells by removing some safety features; according to Tesla, these features are redundant because of the advanced thermal management system and an intumescent chemical in the battery to prevent fires.[248]

 The batteries are placed under the vehicle floor. This saves interior and trunk (boot) space but increases the risk of battery damage by debris or impact (see crashes and fires). After two vehicle fires in 2013 due to road debris, the Model S was retrofitted with a multi-part aluminum and titanium protection system to reduce the possibility of damage.[249]

 In 2016, former Tesla CTO J.B. Straubel expected batteries to last 10–15 years,[250] and discounted using electric cars to charge the grid with vehicle-to-grid because the related battery wear outweighs economic benefit.[251] He also preferred recycling over re-use for grid once they reach the end of their useful life for vehicles.[251][252] Tesla launched its battery recycling operation at Giga Nevada in 2019.[253] Straubel independently founded battery recycling company Redwood Materials in 2017, which supplies recycled materials to Panasonic.[254]

 Panasonic is Tesla's supplier of cells in the United States, and cooperates with Tesla in producing cylindrical 2170 batteries at Giga Nevada.[255] In January 2021, Panasonic had the capacity to produce 39 GWh per year of batteries at Giga Nevada.[256] Tesla's battery cells used in Giga Shanghai are supplied by Panasonic and Contemporary Amperex Technology (CATL), and are the more traditional prismatic (rectangular) cells used by other automakers.[257] As of April 2022, nearly half of all Tesla's vehicles produced last quarter are using cobalt-free Lithium iron phosphate battery (LFP) made in China.[258]

 Battery research

 This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Not an expert but a UC San Diego study showed 4680 batteries are actually less energy dense and tend to use more cobalt, the extraction of which is often linked to child slavery. See https://carbuzz.com/news/teslas-4680-cells-are-worse-than-those-in-regular-batteries. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( November 2022 )
 

 Tesla invests in lithium-ion battery research. Starting in 2016, the company established a 5-year battery research and development partnership at Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia, Canada, with lead researcher Jeff Dahn.[259][260][261][262] Tesla acquired two battery companies: Maxwell Technologies, acquired for over $200 million[263] – but sold in 2021[264] and Hibar Systems.[265][266]

 During Tesla's Battery Day event on September 22, 2020, Tesla announced the next generation of batteries, featuring a tab-less battery design to increase the range and decrease the price of Tesla vehicles.[267] The new battery is named the "4680" in reference to its dimensions: 46 millimetres (1.8 in) wide by 80 millimetres (3.1 in) tall.[268] Two weeks before Battery Day, Tesla paid a total of $3 to buy several battery manufacturing patent applications from Springpower International, a small Canadian battery company.[269][270]

 Tesla predicted the new batteries could be up to 56% cheaper and allow the cars to have a 54% longer range.[271] The company said this would be achieved by a more efficient production process, new battery design, cheaper resources for the anode and cathode, and better integration into the vehicle.[272] Business analysis company BloombergNEF estimated Tesla's battery pack price in 2021 at $112 per kWh, versus an industry average of $132 per kWh.[273] As of December 2021, BloombergNEF estimates the industry as a whole will reach $100 per kWh in 2024.[274] The United States Department of Energy estimated in 2020 that battery prices of about $100 per kWh would cause electric cars to reach cost parity with their gasoline-powered counterparts, which in turn would accelerate sales of new electric cars.[275]

 Motors

 Tesla makes two kinds of electric motors. Its oldest design in production is a three-phase four-pole alternating current induction motor with a copper rotor[276] (which inspired the Tesla logo), which is used as the rear motor in the Model S and Model X. Newer, higher-efficiency permanent magnet motors are used in the Model 3, Model Y, the front motor of 2019-onward versions of the Model S and X, and are expected to be used in the Tesla Semi.[277] The permanent magnet motors increase efficiency, especially in stop-start driving.[278]

 Autopilot

 Main article: Tesla Autopilot
 Tesla Autopilot in operation

 Autopilot is an advanced driver-assistance system developed by Tesla. The system requires active driver supervision at all times.[279]

 Since September 2014, all Tesla cars are shipped with sensors (initially hardware version 1 or "HW1") and software to support Autopilot.[280] Tesla upgraded its sensors and software in October 2016 ("HW2") to support full self-driving in the future.[281] HW2 includes eight cameras, twelve ultrasonic sensors, and forward-facing radar.[281] HW2.5 was released in mid-2017, and it upgraded HW2 with a second graphics processing unit (GPU) and, for the Model 3 only, a driver-facing camera.[282] HW3 was released in early 2019 with an updated and more powerful computer, employing a custom Tesla-designed system on a chip.[283]

 In April 2019, Tesla announced that all of its cars will include Autopilot software (defined as just Traffic-Aware Cruise Control and Autosteer (Beta)) as a standard feature moving forward.[284] Full self-driving software (Autopark, Navigate on Autopilot (Beta), Auto Lane Change (Beta), Summon (Beta), Smart Summon (Beta) and future abilities) is an extra cost option.[284]

 In 2020, Tesla released software updates where its cars recognize and automatically stop at stop signs and traffic lights.[285][286][287] In May 2021, Tesla removed the radar sensor and radar features from its Model 3 and Model Y vehicles, opting instead to rely on camera vision alone.[288][289][290] The New York Times reported in December 2021 that Musk "repeatedly told members of the Autopilot team that humans could drive with only two eyes and that this meant cars should be able to drive with cameras alone," an analogy some experts and former Tesla engineers described as "deeply flawed."[291] Similarly, a statistical analysis conducted in A Methodology for Normalizing Safety Statistics of Partially Automated Vehicles debunked a common Tesla claim that Autopilot reduced crash rates by 40 percent[292] by accounting for the relative safety of the given operating domain when using active safety measures.[293]

 Full Self-Driving

 Main article: Tesla Autopilot § Full Self-Driving

 Full Self-Driving (FSD) is an optional extension of Autopilot promoted as eventually being able to perform fully autonomous driving. At the end of 2016, Tesla expected to demonstrate full autonomy by the end of 2017,[294] which as of July 2022 has not occurred.[295] The first beta version of the software was released on October 22, 2020, to a small group of testers.[296] The release of the beta has renewed concern regarding whether the technology is ready for testing on public roads.[297][298] The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) has called for "tougher requirements" for any testing of Autopilot on public roads.[299]

 Tesla's approach to achieve full autonomy is different from that of other companies.[300] Whereas Waymo, Cruise, and other companies are relying on highly detailed (centimeter-scale) three-dimensional maps, lidar, and cameras, as well as radar and ultrasonic sensors in their autonomous vehicles, Tesla's approach is to use coarse-grained two-dimensional maps and cameras (no lidar) as well as radar and ultrasonic sensors.[300][301] Tesla claims that although its approach is much more difficult, it will ultimately be more useful, because its vehicles will be able to self-drive without geofencing concerns.[302] Tesla's self-driving software has been trained on over 20 billion miles driven by Tesla vehicles as of January 2021.[303] Tesla also designed a self-driving computer chip that has been installed in its cars since March 2019.[304]

 Most experts believe that Tesla's approach of trying to achieve full self-driving by eschewing lidar and high-definition maps is not feasible.[305][306][307] In March 2021, according to a letter that Tesla sent to the California Department of Motor Vehicles about FSD's capability – acquired by PlainSite via a public records request – Tesla stated that FSD is not capable of autonomous driving and is only at Society of Automotive Engineers Level 2 automation.[308] In a May 2021 study by Guidehouse Insights, Tesla was ranked last for both strategy and execution in the autonomous driving sector.[309] In October 2021, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) called on Tesla to change the design of its Autopilot to ensure it cannot be misused by drivers, according to a letter sent to Musk.[310]

 In September 2022, Tesla revealed prototypes of its proposed humanoid robot Optimus, which Musk has stated uses the same core software as FSD. During the presentations at Tesla's AI Day 2022, Musk suggested that, among other use cases, the finalized version of Optimus could be used in Tesla's car factories to help with repetitive tasks and relieve labor shortages.[311]

 Glass

 In November 2016, the company announced the Tesla glass technology group. The group produced the roof glass for the Tesla Model 3. It also produces the glass used in the Tesla Solar Roof's solar shingles.[312]

 Facilities

 See also: List of Tesla factories

 The company operates six large factories. The company also operates showrooms and galleries around the world.[313][314]

 Summary of main facilities operated by Tesla
 Opened Name City Country Employees Products Ref.  
 2010 Tesla Fremont Factory Fremont, California United States 10,000 Model S, Model X, Model 3, Model Y [35][315][316] 
 2016 Gigafactory Nevada Storey County, Nevada United States 7,000 Batteries, Powerwall, Powerpack, Megapack, Semi [317][318][319] 
 2017 Gigafactory New York Buffalo, New York United States 1,500 Solar Roof, Superchargers [320][321] 
 2019 Gigafactory Shanghai Shanghai China 15,000 Model 3, Model Y [322][323] 
  Model Y,  
 2022 Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg Grünheide Germany 10,000 [324][325][326] 
  (planned: batteries, Model 3)  
    
  Model Y, batteries  
 2022 Gigafactory Texas Austin, Texas United States 10,000 [327][328][329][ non-primary source needed ][ non-primary source needed ]
  (planned: Cybertruck, Model 3, Semi)  
    
 

 United States

 Main articles: Tesla Fremont Factory, Gigafactory Nevada, Gigafactory New York, and Gigafactory Texas
 New Tesla Model S cars at the Tesla Fremont Factory in 2012

 Tesla was founded in San Carlos, California.[330] In 2010, Tesla moved its corporate headquarters and opened a powertrain development facility in Palo Alto.[331]

 Tesla's first retail store was opened in 2008 in Los Angeles,[332] followed by others in major U.S. cities. As of June 2022, Tesla operates 196 stores and galleries in the United States,[333] has stores and galleries in 34 other countries, and has 655 service centers globally.[334]

 Tesla's first assembly plant occupies the former NUMMI plant in Fremont, California, known as the Tesla Fremont Factory. The factory was originally opened by General Motors in 1962, and then operated by a joint venture of GM and Toyota from 1984.[335] The original factory was closed in 2010, and was acquired by Tesla the same year.[35]

 Gigafactory Nevada in 2019
 Gigafactory Texas in 2022

 The first major battery production facility was opened in Nevada in 2016. Gigafactory Nevada (originally Gigafactory 1) produces Powerwalls, Powerpacks and Megapacks;[317] battery cells in partnership with Panasonic;[336] and Model 3 battery packs and drivetrains.[337] The factory received substantial subsidies from the local and state government, that, in exchange for opening in their jurisdiction, allowed Tesla to operate essentially tax free for 10 years.[338]

 As part of the acquisition of SolarCity in 2016, Tesla acquired Gigafactory New York located in Buffalo, New York, on the site of a former Republic Steel plant. SolarCity had received incentives to locate its factory in Buffalo through the Buffalo Billion program.[339][340] In 2017, the factory started production of solar shingles for the Tesla Solar Roof.[320] Between 2017 and 2020 Tesla partnered with Panasonic to assemble photovoltaic modules at the plant.

 In May 2020, after Alameda County had refused to let the Tesla factory reopen after a COVID-19 lockdown, Elon Musk threatened that he would move the company's headquarters from California to Texas or Nevada.[341]

 On July 23, 2020, Tesla picked Austin, Texas, as the site of Gigafactory 5, since then known as Gigafactory Texas[342] Giga Texas is planned to be the main factory for the Tesla Cybertruck and the Tesla Semi; it will also produce Model 3 and Model Y cars for the Eastern United States.[343][328] On April 7, 2022, Tesla celebrated the public opening of the Giga Texas facility with its Cyber Rodeo event attended by an estimated 15,000 invitees.[101]

 On December 1, 2021, Tesla officially relocated its headquarters to the Gigafactory site in Austin, Texas.[344] Because of Texas regulations, the company offers to cover costs for out-of-state healthcare, which include abortion and gender affirmation procedures.[345]

 Tesla acquired a former JC Penney distribution center near Lathrop, California, in 2021 to build a Megafactory to manufacture Megapacks.[346] The location opened in 2022 and produces the next-generation Megapacks to use prismatic lithium iron phosphate batteries.[347]

 Europe

 Main articles: Tesla facilities in Tilburg and Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg
 Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg under construction in October 2021

 Tesla opened its first European store in June 2009 in London.[348] Tesla's European headquarters are in the Netherlands.[349] Tesla operates facilities in Tilburg, including a 62,000-square-foot (5,800 m2) European Distribution Centre and an 835,800-square-foot (77,650 m2) final assembly facility that adds drivetrain, battery and software to imported car bodies to reduce import tax, which depends on the location of final assembly.[350]

 In late 2016, Tesla acquired German engineering firm Grohmann Engineering as a new division dedicated to helping Tesla increase the automation and effectiveness of its manufacturing process.[351] After winding down existing contracts with other auto manufacturers, the renamed Tesla Grohmann Automation now works exclusively on Tesla projects.[352]

 Tesla announced its plans to build a car and battery factory in Europe in 2016.[353] Several countries campaigned to be the host,[354] and eventually Germany was chosen in November 2019.[355] On March 22, 2022, Tesla's first European Gigafactory named Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg[356][357] opened with planned capacity to produce 500,000 electric vehicles annually as well as batteries for the cars.[357]

 Asia

 Main article: Gigafactory Shanghai
 Tesla store in Tokyo, the first showroom in Japan[358]

 Tesla opened its first Japanese showroom in Tokyo, Japan, in October 2010.[359] By 2013, showrooms and service centers were operating in Hong Kong,[360] Beijing and Shanghai.[361] Two showrooms opened in South Korea in March 2017[362] and a service center opened there in late 2017.[363] In August 2017, Taiwan opened its first service center and showroom.[364]

 In July 2018, Tesla signed an agreement with Chinese authorities to build a factory in Shanghai, China, which was Tesla's first Gigafactory outside of the United States.[365] The factory building was finished in August 2019, and the initial Tesla Model 3s were in production from Giga Shanghai in October 2019.[322]

 In response to the Chinese military banning Tesla cars from entering military housing complexes, Elon Musk stated during the China Development Forum in March 2021 that the company would stop producing cars in the country if cars were being used to spy. The comment came shortly after a meeting of Chinese and U.S. diplomats in Alaska, in part over concerns of U.S. intervention in China's internal affairs.[366][367][368][369]

 In 2021, China accounted for 26% of Tesla sales revenue, and was the second largest market for Tesla after the United States, which accounted for 45% of its sales.[370]

 Rest of the world

 Tesla opened the first Australian showroom in Sydney in 2010,[371] followed by a showroom and service center in Melbourne in 2015.[372] By 2019, Tesla had opened 4 service centers in Australia.[373] In 2012, Tesla opened its first store in Canada in Toronto.[374]

 The first expansion of Tesla in the Middle East was with the opening of a showroom and a service center in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE), in 2017. Five ultra-fast superchargers were also built between cities in the UAE, with a planned 50 destination chargers by the end of 2017.[375] One of the first Tesla customers was Dubai's Roads and Transport Authority which ordered 200 Tesla Model S and Model X vehicles that were added to Dubai Taxi Corporation's fleet.[376] In May 2017, a service center and store in Amman, Jordan was opened.[377] In January 2020 a "pop-up" store in Tel Aviv, Israel was opened as well as a research and development center.[378]

 Partners

 Panasonic

 The president of Panasonic Energy Company, Naoto Noguchi, presented Tesla's chief technology officer, JB Straubel, with the first lithium-ion cells from Panasonic's facility in Suminoe-ku, Osaka, Japan, in 2010.

 In January 2010, Tesla and battery cell maker Panasonic announced that they would together develop nickel-based lithium-ion battery cells for electric vehicles.[379] The partnership was part of Panasonic's $1 billion investment over three years in facilities for lithium-ion cell research, development and production.[380]

 Beginning in 2010, Panasonic invested $30 million for a multi-year collaboration on new battery cells designed specifically for electric vehicles.[381] In July 2014, Panasonic reached a basic agreement with Tesla to participate in battery production at Giga Nevada.[382]

 Tesla and Panasonic also collaborated on the manufacturing and production of photovoltaic (PV) cells and modules at the Giga New York factory in Buffalo, New York.[320] The partnership started in mid-2017 and ended in early 2020, before Panasonic exited the solar business entirely in January 2021.[383][384]

 In March 2021, the outgoing CEO of Panasonic stated that the company plans to reduce its reliance on Tesla as their battery partnership evolves.[385]

 Other current partners

 Tesla has long-term contracts in place for lithium supply. In September 2020, Tesla signed a sales agreement with Piedmont Lithium to buy high-purity lithium ore for up to ten years,[386] specifically to supply "spodumene concentrate from Piedmont's North Carolina mineral deposit".[387] In 2022, Tesla contracted for 110,000 tonnes of spodumene concentrate over four years from the Core Lithium's lithium mine in the Northern Territory of Australia.[388]

 Tesla also has a range of minor partnerships, for instance working with Airbnb and hotel chains to install destination chargers at selected locations.[389]

 Former partners

 Daimler AG

 The Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive used a Tesla-supplied battery pack.[390]

 Daimler AG and Tesla began working together in late 2007. On May 19, 2009, Daimler bought a stake of less than 10% in Tesla for a reported $50 million.[391][392] As part of the collaboration, Herbert Kohler, vice-president of E-Drive and Future Mobility at Daimler, took a Tesla board seat.[393] On July 13, 2009, Daimler AG sold 40% of its acquisition to Aabar. Aabar is an investment company controlled by the International Petroleum Investment Company (IPIC), which is owned by the government of Abu Dhabi.[394] In October 2014, Daimler sold its remaining holdings for a reported $780 million.[395]

 Tesla supplied battery packs for Freightliner Trucks' Custom Chassis electric van in 2010.[396][397] The company also built electric-powertrain components for the Mercedes-Benz A-Class E-Cell, with 500 cars planned to be built for trial in Europe beginning in September 2011.[398][399]

 Tesla produced and co-developed the Mercedes-Benz B250e's powertrain, which ended production in 2017.[400] The electric motor was rated 134 hp (100 kW) and 230 pound force-feet (310 N⋅m), with a 36 kWh (130 MJ) battery. The vehicle had a driving range of 200 km (124 mi) with a top speed of 150 km/h (93 mph).[401] Daimler division Smart produced the Smart ED2 cars from 2009 to 2012 which had a 14-kilowatt-hour (50 MJ) lithium-ion battery from Tesla.[402][403]

 Toyota

 Toyota RAV4 EV, which used a Tesla-supplied battery and powertrain components

 In May 2010, Tesla and Toyota announced a deal in which Tesla purchased the former NUMMI factory from Toyota for $42 million, Toyota purchased $50 million in Tesla stock, and the two companies collaborated on an electric vehicle.[35]

 In July 2010, the companies announced they would work together on a second generation Toyota RAV4 EV.[404] The vehicle was unveiled at the October 2010 Los Angeles Auto Show and 35 pilot vehicles were built for a demonstration and evaluation program that ran through 2011. Tesla supplied the lithium metal-oxide battery and other powertrain components[405][406] based on components from the Roadster.[407]

 The production version was unveiled in August 2012, using battery pack, electronics and powertrain components from the Tesla Model S sedan (also launched in 2012).[408] The RAV4 EV had a limited production run which resulted in just under 3,000 vehicles being produced, before it was discontinued in 2014.[409][410]

 According to Bloomberg News, the partnership between Tesla and Toyota was "marred by clashes between engineers".[411] Toyota engineers rejected designs that Tesla had proposed for an enclosure to protect the RAV4 EV's battery pack. Toyota took over responsibility for the enclosure's design and strengthened it. In 2014, Tesla ended up adding a titanium plate to protect the Model S sedan's battery after some debris-related crashes lead to cars catching fire.[411][249] On June 5, 2017, Toyota announced that it had sold all of its shares in Tesla and halted the partnership.[412][413]

 Mobileye

 Main article: Tesla Autopilot

 Initial versions of Autopilot were developed in partnership with Mobileye beginning in 2014.[414] Mobileye ended the partnership on July 26, 2016, citing "disagreements about how the technology was deployed."[415]

 Lawsuits and controversies

 Main articles: List of lawsuits involving Tesla, Inc. and Criticism of Tesla, Inc.

 Sexual harassment

 In 2021, seven women came forward with claims of having faced sexual harassment and discrimination while working at Tesla's Fremont factory.[416] They accused the company of facilitating a culture of rampant sexual harassment. The women said they were consistently subjected to catcalling, unwanted advances, unwanted touching, and discrimination while at work. "I was so tired of the unwanted attention and the males gawking at me I proceeded to create barriers around me just so I could get some relief," Brooks told The Washington Post. "That was something I felt necessary just so I can do my job." Stories range from intimate groping to being called out to the parking lot for sex.[417]

 Women feared calling HR for help as their supervisors were often participants.[418] Musk himself is not indicted, but most of the women pressing charges believe their abuse is connected to the behavior of CEO Elon Musk. They cite his crude remarks about women's bodies, wisecracks about starting a university that abbreviated to "T.IT.S", and his generally dismissive attitude towards reporting sexual harassment.[419] "What we're addressing for each of the lawsuits is just a shocking pattern of rampant harassment that exists at Tesla," said attorney David A. Lowe.[418] In 2017, another woman had accused Tesla of very similar behavior and was subsequently fired. In a statement to the Guardian, Tesla confirmed the company had fired her, saying it had thoroughly investigated the employee's allegations with the help of "a neutral, third-party expert" and concluded her complaints were unmerited.[420]

 In May 2022, a California judge ruled that the sexual harassment lawsuit could move to court, rejecting Tesla's request for closed-door arbitration.[421]

 Labor disputes

 See also: Tesla and unions

 In June 2016, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) took issue with Tesla's use of nondisclosure agreements (NDAs) regarding customer repairs[422] and, in October 2021, the NHTSA formally asked Tesla to explain its NDA policy regarding customers invited into the FSD Beta.[423] Tesla has used NDAs on multiple occasions with both employees[424] and customers[425] to allegedly prevent possible negative coverage.[426][427]

 From 2014 to 2018, Tesla's Fremont Factory had three times as many Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) violations as the ten largest U.S. auto plants combined.[428] An investigation by the Reveal podcast alleged that Tesla "failed to report some of its serious injuries on legally mandated reports" to downplay the extent of injuries.[429]

 In January 2019, former Tesla security manager Sean Gouthro filed a whistleblower complaint alleging that the company had hacked employees' phones and spied on them, while also failing to report illegal activities to the authorities and shareholders.[430][431][432] Several legal cases have revolved around alleged whistleblower retaliation by Tesla. These include the dismissal of Tesla safety official Carlos Ramirez[433][434] and Tesla security employee Karl Hansen.[435] In 2020, the court ordered Hansen's case to arbitration.[436] In June 2022, the arbitrator filed an unopposed motion with the court stating Hansen "has failed to establish the claims...Accordingly his claims are denied, and he shall take nothing".[437]

 In September 2019, a California judge ruled that 12 actions in 2017 and 2018 by Musk and other Tesla executives violated labor laws because they sabotaged employee attempts to unionize.[438][439]

 In March 2021, the US National Labor Relations Board ordered Musk to remove a tweet and reinstate a fired employee over union organization activities.[440][441]

 Fraud

 There have been numerous concerns about Tesla's financial reporting. In 2013, Bloomberg News questioned whether Tesla's financial reporting violated Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) reporting standards.[442] Fortune accused Tesla in 2016 of using creative accounting to show positive cash flow and quarterly profits.[443] In 2018, analysts expressed concerns over Tesla's accounts receivable balance.[444] In September 2019, the SEC questioned Tesla CFO Zach Kirkhorn about Tesla's warranty reserves and lease accounting.[445] Hedge fund manager David Einhorn accused Elon Musk in November 2019 of "significant fraud",[446] and publicly questioned Tesla's accounting practices, telling Musk that he was "beginning to wonder whether your accounts receivable exist."[447]

 From 2012 to 2014, Tesla earned more than $295 million in Zero Emission Vehicle credits for a battery-swapping technology that was never made available to customers.[448] Staff at California Air Resources Board were concerned that Tesla was "gaming" the battery swap subsidies and in 2013 recommended eliminating the credits.[449]

 A consolidated shareholders lawsuit alleges that Musk knew SolarCity was going broke before the acquisition, that he and the Tesla board overpaid for SolarCity, ignored their conflicts of interest and breached their fiduciary duties in connection with the deal, and failed to disclose "troubling facts" essential to an analysis of the proposed acquisition.[450] The members of the board settled in 2020, leaving Musk as the only defendant.[451] In April 2022, a Delaware court ruled in favor of defendant Elon Musk in a shareholder lawsuit over Tesla's $2.6 billion acquisition of SolarCity.[452][453]

 In August 2018, Elon Musk tweeted, "Am considering taking Tesla private at $420. Funding secured."[454] The tweet caused the stock to initially rise but then drop when it was revealed to be false.[455][456][457] Musk settled fraud charges with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) over his false statements in September 2018. According to the terms of the settlement, Musk agreed to have his tweets reviewed by Tesla's in-house counsel, he was removed from his chairman role at Tesla temporarily, and two new independent directors were appointed to the company's board.[458] Tesla and Musk also paid civil penalties of $20 million each.[458] A civil class-action shareholder lawsuit over Musk's statements and other derivative lawsuits were also filed against Musk and the members of Tesla's board of directors, as then constituted, in regard to claims and actions made that were associated with potentially going private.[459][460] In February 2023, a California jury unanimously found Musk and Tesla not liable in the class-action lawsuit.[461]

 In September 2018, Tesla disclosed that it was under investigation by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) regarding its Model 3 production figures.[462] Authorities were investigating whether the company misled investors and made projections about its Model 3 production that it knew would be impossible to meet.[462] A stockholder class action lawsuit against Tesla related to Model 3 production numbers (unrelated to the FBI investigation) was dismissed in March 2019.[463][464]

 Tesla US dealership disputes

 See also: Tesla US dealership disputes

 Unlike other automakers, Tesla does not rely on franchised auto dealerships to sell vehicles and instead directly sells vehicles through its website and a network of company-owned stores. In some areas, Tesla operates locations called "galleries" which "educate and inform customers about our products, but such locations do not actually transact in the sale of vehicles."[229] This is because some jurisdictions, particularly in the United States, prohibit auto manufacturers from directly selling vehicles to consumers. Dealership associations have filed lawsuits to prevent direct sales. These associations argued that the franchise system protects consumers by encouraging dealers to compete with each other, lowering the price a customer pays. They also claimed that direct sales would allow manufacturers to undersell their own dealers.[232] The United States Federal Trade Commission ultimately disproved the associations' claims and recommended allowing direct manufacturer sale, which they concluded would save consumers 8% in average vehicle price.[465][466][467]

 Tesla has also lobbied state governments for the right to directly sell cars.[468] The company has argued that directly operating stores improves consumer education about electric vehicles,[229] because dealerships would sell both Tesla and gas-powered vehicles. Doing this, according to the company, would then set up a conflict of interest for the dealers since properly advertising the benefits of an electric car would disparage the gas-powered vehicles, creating a disincentive to dealership EV sales.[232] Musk himself further contended that dealers would have a disincentive to sell electric vehicles because they require less maintenance and therefore would reduce after-sales service revenue, a large profit center for most dealerships.[208]

 Intellectual property

 In January 2021, Tesla filed a lawsuit against Alex Khatilov alleging that the former employee stole company information by downloading files related to its Warp Drive software to his personal Dropbox account.[469] Khatilov denies the allegation that he was acting as a "willful and malicious thief" and attributes his actions to an accidental data transfer.[470] The case was settled in August 2021 through mediation.[471]

 Tesla has sued former employees in the past for similar actions; for example, Guangzhi Cao, a Tesla engineer, was accused of uploading Tesla Autopilot source code to his iCloud account;[472] Tesla and Cao settled in April 2021.[473]

 Defamation

 In January 2022, Tesla's China division announced that it was taking legal action against Xiaogang Xuezhang (Chinese: 小刚学长 ; pinyin: xiǎo gāng xuézhǎng ), a Douyin (TikTok) user with over 14 million followers on the platform.[474][475] The lawsuit arose after Xiaogang posted two videos on Douyin in April 2021, in which he tested the automated emergency braking (AEB) systems of a Tesla Model 3 and an XPeng P7. In the videos, Xiaogang said the Model 3's AEB system failed to activate two out of three times, leading to collisions. Tesla claimed the data was fabricated and tarnishesmd the brand's reputation among consumers.[476]

 Misappropriation

 In 2018, a class action was filed against Musk and the members of Tesla's board alleging they breached their fiduciary duties by approving Musk's stock-based compensation plan.[460] Musk received the first portion of his stock options payout, worth more than $700 million in May 2020.[477]

 Environmental violations

 In 2019, The United States Environmental Protection Agency fined Tesla for hazardous waste violations that occurred in 2017.[478] In June 2019, Tesla began negotiating penalties for 19 environmental violations from the Bay Area Air Quality Management District;[479] the violations took place around Tesla Fremont's paint shop, where there had been at least four fires between 2014 and 2019.[480] Environmental violations and permit deviations at Tesla's Fremont Factory increased from 2018 to 2019 with the production ramp of the Model 3.[481]

 In June 2018, Tesla employee Martin Tripp leaked information that Tesla was scrapping or reworking up to 40% of its raw materials at the Nevada Gigafactory.[482] After Tesla fired him for the leak, Tripp filed a lawsuit and claimed Tesla's security team gave police a false tip that he was planning a mass shooting at the Nevada factory.[483][430] The court ruled in Tesla's favor on September 17, 2020.[484][485]

 Property damage

 In August 2019, Walmart filed a multi-million dollar lawsuit against Tesla, claiming that Tesla's "negligent installation and maintenance" of solar panels caused roof fires at seven Walmart stores dating back to 2012.[486] Walmart reached a settlement with Tesla in November 2019; the terms of the settlement were not disclosed.[487]

 In May 2021, a Norwegian judge found Tesla guilty of throttling charging speed through a 2019 over-the-air software update, awarding each of the 30 customers who were part of the lawsuit 136,000 Norwegian kroner ($16,000).[488] Approximately 10,000 other Norwegian Tesla owners may be granted a similar award.[488]

 Racism

 Tesla has faced numerous complaints regarding workplace harassment and racial discrimination,[489][490] with one former Tesla worker who attempted to sue the employer describing it as "a hotbed of racist behavior".[491] As of December 2021, three percent of leadership at the company are African American.[492] A former black worker described the work environment at Tesla's Buffalo plant as a "very racist place".[493] Tesla and SpaceX's treatment of Juneteenth in 2020 also came under fire.[494] Approximately 100 former employees have submitted signed statements alleging that Tesla discriminates specifically against African Americans and "allows a racist environment in its factories."[495] According to the state's Department of Fair Employment and Housing, the Fremont factory is a racially segregated place where Black employees claim they are given the most menial[496] and physically demanding work.[497] The accusations of racism culminated in February 2022 with the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing suing Tesla for "discriminating against its Black workers."[498]

 In July 2021, former employee Melvin Berry received $1 million in his discrimination case in arbitration against Tesla after he claimed he was referred to by the n-word and forced to work longer hours at the Fremont plant.[499]

 In October 2021, a jury verdict in the Owen Diaz vs. Tesla trial awarded the plaintiff $137 million in damages after he had faced racial harassment at Tesla's Fremont facility during 2015–2016.[500][501] In a blog, Tesla stressed that Diaz was never "really" a Tesla worker, and that most utterings of the n-word were expressed in a friendly manner.[502][503] In April 2022, federal judge William Orrick upheld the jury finding of Tesla's liability but reduced the total damage down to $15 million.[504] Diaz was given a two-week deadline to decide if he would collect the damages. In June 2022, Diaz announced that he would be rejecting the $15 million award, opening the door for a new trial.[505]

 Few of these cases against Tesla ever make it to trial as most employees are made to sign arbitration agreements.[506] Employees are afterwards required to resolve such disputes out of court, and behind closed doors.

 Conduct during the COVID-19 pandemic

 Tesla's initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States has been the subject of considerable criticism. Musk had sought to exempt the Tesla Fremont factory in Alameda County, California from the government's stay-at-home orders. In an earnings call in April, he was heard calling the public health orders "fascist".[507] He had also called the public's response to the pandemic "dumb" and had said online that there would be zero cases by April.[508] In May 2020, while Alameda County officials were negotiating with the company to reopen the Fremont Factory on the 18th, Musk defied local government orders by restarting production on the 11th.[509][510][511] Tesla also sued Alameda County, questioning the legality of the orders, but backed down after the Fremont Factory was given approval to reopen.[512][513] Tesla published a detailed plan for bringing employees back to work and keeping them safe,[514] however some employees continued to express concern for their health.[515]

 In May 2020, Musk told workers that they could stay home if they felt uncomfortable coming back to work.[516] But in June, Tesla fired an employee who criticized the company for taking inadequate safety measures to protect workers from the coronavirus at the Fremont Factory.[517] Three more employees at Tesla's Fremont Factory claimed they were fired for staying home out of fear of catching COVID-19. This was subsequently denied by Tesla, which even stated that the employees were still on the payroll.[518] COVID-19 cases at the factory grew from 10 in May 2020 to 125 in December 2020, with about 450 total cases in that time period out of the approximately 10,000 workers at the plant (4.5%).[507][519]

 In China, Tesla had what one Tesla executive described as "not a green light from the government to get back to work – but a flashing-sirens police escort."[520] Tesla enjoyed special treatment and strong government support in China, including tax breaks, cheap financing, and assistance in building its Giga Shanghai factory at breakneck speeds.[520] Musk has praised China's way of doing things, a controversial stance due to deteriorating U.S.–Chinese relations, China's ongoing persecution of Uyghurs, and alleged human rights abuses in Hong Kong.[521][522]

 Criticism

 Main article: Criticism of Tesla, Inc.

 Delays

 Musk has been criticized for repeated pushing out both production and release dates of products.[523][524] By one count in 2016, Musk had missed 20 projections.[525] In October 2017, Musk predicted that Model 3 production would be 5,000 units per week by December.[526] A month later, he revised that target to "sometime in March" 2018.[527] Delivery dates for the Model 3 were delayed as well.[528] Other projects like converting supercharger stations to be solar-powered have also lagged projections.[529] Musk responded in late 2018: "punctuality is not my strong suit...I never made a mass-produced car. How am I supposed to know with precision when it's gonna get done?"[530]

 Giga New York audit

 In 2020, the New York State Comptroller released an audit of the Giga New York factory project, concluding that it presented many red flags, including lack of basic due diligence and that the factory itself produced only $0.54 in economic benefits for every $1 spent by the state.[531][532][533]

 Tesla's mission

 According to automotive journalist Jamie Kitman, when multiple CEOs of major automotive manufacturers approached Tesla for EV technology that Musk had claimed the company was willing to share, they instead were offered the opportunity to buy regulatory credits from Tesla. This suggested, according to Kitman, that "the company may not be as eager for the electric revolution to occur as it claims."[534]

 Short-sellers and TSLAQ

 TSLAQ is a collective of Tesla critics and short sellers who aim to "shape [the] perception [of Tesla] and move its stock."[535] In January 2020, 20% of Tesla stock was shorted, the highest at that time of any stock in the U.S. equity markets.[536] By early 2021, according to CNN, short sellers had lost $40 billion during 2020 as the stock price climbed much higher.[537] Michael Burry, a short seller portrayed in The Big Short, had shorted Tesla previously via his firm Scion Asset Management, but removed his position in October 2021.[538]

 Vehicle product issues

 Recalls

 On April 20, 2017, Tesla issued a worldwide recall of 53,000 (~70%) of the 76,000 vehicles it sold in 2016 due to faulty parking brakes which could become stuck and "prevent the vehicles from moving".[539][540] On March 29, 2018, Tesla issued a worldwide recall of 123,000 Model S cars built before April 2016 due to corrosion-susceptible power steering bolts, which could fail and require the driver to use "increased force" to control the vehicle.[541]

 In October 2020, Tesla initiated a recall of nearly 50,000 Model X and Y vehicles throughout China for suspension issues.[542] Soon after in November, the NHTSA announced it had opened its own investigation into 115,000 Tesla cars regarding "front suspension safety issues", citing specifically 2015–2017 Model S and 2016–2017 Model X years. Cases of the "whompy wheel" phenomenon, which also included Model X and the occasional Model 3 cars, have been documented through 2020.[543][544]

 In February 2021, Tesla was required by the NHTSA to recall 135,000 Model S and Model X vehicles built from 2012 to 2018 due to using a flash memory device that was rated to last only 5 to 6 years.[545] The problem was related to touchscreen failures that could possibly affect the rear-view camera, safety systems, Autopilot and other features.[546][547] The underlying technical reason is that the car writes a large amount of syslog content to the device, wearing it out prematurely.[548]

 Also in February 2021, the German Federal Motor Transport Authority (KBA) ordered Tesla to recall 12,300 Model X cars because of "body mouldings problems".[549][550]

 In June 2021, Tesla recalled 5,974 electric vehicles due to worries that brake caliper bolts might become loose, which could lead to loss of tire pressure, potentially increasing the chance of a crash.[551]

 On December 30, 2021, Tesla announced that they are recalling more than 475,000 US model vehicles. This included 356,309 Model 3 Tesla vehicles from 2017 to 2020 due to rear-view camera issues and a further 119,009 Tesla Model S vehicles due to potential problems with the trunk or boot. The Model S recall includes vehicles manufactured between 2014 and 2021. Around 1% of recalled Model 3s may have a defective rear-view camera, and around 14% of recalled model S's may have the defect. The recall was not linked to a contemporaneous issue regarding the Passenger Play feature, which allowed games to be played on the touchscreen while the car is in motion.[552] After an investigation was launched by the NHTSA covering 585,000 vehicles, Tesla agreed to make changes where the feature would be locked and unusable while the car is moving.[553]

 In September 2022, Tesla announced that they are recalling almost 1.1 million US model vehicles because the automatic window reversal system might not react correctly after detecting an obstruction, increasing the risk of injury.[554][555] In response, Tesla announced an over-the-air software fix.[555]

 Fires and Autopilot crashes

 See also: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents § Tesla, and Tesla Autopilot § Fatal crashes

 Tesla customers have reported the company as being "slow" to address how their cars can ignite.[556] In 2013, a Model S caught fire after the vehicle hit metal debris on a highway in Kent, Washington. Tesla confirmed the fire began in the battery pack and was caused by the impact of an object.[557] As a result of this and other incidents, Tesla announced its decision to extend its current vehicle warranty to cover fire damage.[558] In March 2014, the NHTSA announced that it had closed the investigation into whether the Model S was prone to catch fire, after Tesla said it would provide more protection to its battery packs.[559] All Model S cars manufactured after March 6, 2014, have had the 0.25-inch (6.4 mm) aluminum shield over the battery pack replaced with a new three-layer shield.[560] In October 2019, the NHTSA opened an investigation into possible battery defects in Tesla's Model S and X vehicles from 2012 to 2019 that could cause "non-crash" fires.[561][562][563]

 A Model S driver died in a collision with a tractor-trailer in 2016, while the vehicle was in Autopilot mode; the driver is believed to be the first person to have died in a Tesla vehicle in Autopilot.[564][565] The NHTSA investigated the accident but found no safety-related defect trend.[566] In March 2018, a driver of a Tesla Model X was killed in a crash. Investigators say that the driver of the vehicle had his car in 'self-driving' mode and was using his phone to play games when the vehicle collided with the barrier in the middle of the freeway. Through investigation, the NTSB found that the Tesla malfunctioned due to the system being confused by an exit on the freeway.[567]

 According to a document released in June 2021, the NHTSA has initiated at least 30 investigations into Tesla crashes that were believed to involve the use of Autopilot, with some involving fatalities.[568][569] In early September 2021, the NHTSA updated the list with an additional fatality incident[570] and ordered Tesla to hand over all extensive data pertaining to US cars with Autopilot to determine if there is a safety defect that leads Tesla cars to collide with first-responder vehicles.[570][571][572] In late September 2021, Tesla released an over-the-air software update to detect emergency lights at night.[573] In October 2021, the NHTSA asked Tesla why it did not issue a recall when it sent out that update.[574] In June 2022, the NHTSA said it would expand its probe, extending it to 830,000 cars from all current Tesla models. The probe will be moved up from the Preliminary Evaluation level to the Engineering Analysis one. The regulator cited the reason for the expansion as the need to "explore the degree to which Autopilot and associated Tesla systems may exacerbate human factors or behavioral safety risks by undermining the effectiveness of the driver's supervision."[575]

 A safety test conducted by the Dawn Project in August 2022 demonstrated that a test driver using the beta version of Full Self-Driving repeatedly hit a child-sized mannequin in its path,[576] but there has been controversy over its conclusions.[577] Several Tesla fans responded by conducting their own, independent tests using children; NHTSA released a statement warning against the practice.[578]

 Software hacking

 In August 2015, two researchers said they were able to take control of a Tesla Model S by hacking into the car's entertainment system.[579] The hack required the researchers to physically access the car.[580] Tesla issued a security update for the Model S the day after the exploit was announced.[581]

 In September 2016, researchers at Tencent's Keen Security Lab demonstrated a remote attack on a Tesla Model S and controlled the vehicle in both Parking and Driving Mode without physical access. They were able to compromise the automotive networking bus (CAN bus) when the vehicle's web browser was used while the vehicle was connected to a malicious Wi-Fi hotspot.[582] This was the first case of a remote control exploit demonstrated on a Tesla. The vulnerability was disclosed to Tesla under their bug bounty program and patched within 10 days, before the exploit was made public.[583] Tencent also hacked the doors of a Model X in 2017.[584]

 In January 2018, security researchers informed Tesla that an Amazon Web Services account of theirs could be accessed directly from the Internet and that the account had been exploited for cryptocurrency mining. Tesla responded by securing the compromised system, rewarding the security researchers financially via their bug bounty program, and stating that the compromise did not violate customer privacy, nor vehicle safety or security.[585][586] Later in 2019, Tesla awarded a car and $375,000 to ethical hackers during a Pwn2Own Model 3 hacking event.[587]

 In June 2022, Martin Herfurt, a security researcher in Austria, discovered that changes made to make Tesla vehicles easier to start with NFC cards also allowed for pairing new keys to the vehicle, allowing an attacker to enroll their own keys to a vehicle.[588]

 Phantom braking

 Tesla drivers have reported a surge in "phantom braking" events when using Tesla Autopilot which coincides with the automaker's removal of radar as a supplemental sensor.[589] In response, NHTSA has opened an investigation.[590]

 Vehicle sales

 In 2021, Tesla ranked as the world's bestselling plug-in and battery electric passenger car manufacturer, with a market share of 14% of the plug-in segment and 21% of the battery electric segment sales.[591] Tesla reported 2022 vehicle deliveries of 1,313,851 units, up 40% from 2021.[11][12] At the end of 2021, Tesla's global sales since 2012 totaled 2.3 million units.[592]

 Production and sales by quarter

 See also: History of Tesla, Inc. § Timeline of production and sales

 100,000
 200,000
 300,000
 400,000
 500,000
 3 2012
 4
 1
 2 2013
 3
 4
 1
 2 2014
 3
 4
 1
 2 2015
 3
 4
 1
 2 2016
 3
 4
 1
 2 2017
 3
 4
 1
 2 2018
 3
 4
 1
 2 2019
 3
 4
 1
 2 2020
 3
 4
 1
 2 2021
 3
 4
 1
 2 2022
 3
 4
 * Model S
 * Model X
 * Model S/X
 * Model 3
 * Model 3/Y

 Tesla deliveries vary significantly by month due to regional issues such as availability of car carriers and registration. On March 9, 2020, the company produced its 1 millionth electric car, becoming the first auto manufacturer to achieve such a milestone.[593] In the third quarter of 2021, Tesla sold its 2 millionth electric car, becoming the first auto manufacturer to achieve such a milestone.[594]

 Finances

 Tesla financial performance

 For the fiscal (and calendar) year 2021, Tesla reported a net income of $5.52 billion.[12] The annual revenue was $53.8 billion, an increase of 71% over the previous fiscal year.[12]

 Of the revenue number in 2021, $314 million came from selling regulatory credits to other automakers to meet government pollution standards. That number has been a smaller percentage of revenue for multiple quarters.[12] In Q1 2022, Tesla sold $679 million of regulatory carbon credits.[595]

 Tesla ended 2021 with $17.6 billion of cash on hand, down $1.8 billion from the end of 2020.[229] : 31

 In February 2021, a 10-K filing revealed that Tesla had invested some $1.5 billion in the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, and the company indicated it would soon accept Bitcoin as a form of payment.[84] Critics then pointed out how investing in cryptocurrency can run counter to Tesla's environmental goals.[596][597] Tesla made more profit from the 2021 investment than the profit from selling cars in 2020, due to the Bitcoin price increase after the investment was announced.[598][599]

 The quarter ending June 2021 was the first time Tesla made a profit independent of Bitcoin and regulatory credits.[600]

 Year Revenue Net income Total assets Employees
 (mil. USD) (mil. USD) (mil. USD) 
 2005 0 −12 8 
 2006[601][602] 0 −30 44 70 
 2007 0.073 −78 34 268 
 2008 15 −83 52 252 
 2009 112 −56 130 514 
 2010[602] 117 −154 386 899 
 2011[602] 204 −254 713 1,417 
 2012[602] 413 −396 1,114 2,914 
 2013[602] 2,013 −74 2,417 5,859 
 2014[602] 3,198 −294 5,831 10,161 
 2015[602] 4,046 −889 8,068 13,058 
 2016[602] 7,000 −675 22,664 17,782 
 2017[602] 11,759 −1,962 28,655 37,543 
 2018[602] 21,461 −976 29,740 48,817 
 2019[602] 24,578 −862 34,309 48,016 
 2020[602] 31,536 721 52,148 70,757 
 2021[602] 53,823 5,519 62,131 99,290 
 2022[602] 81,462 12,556 82,338 127,855 
 

 Senior leadership

 List of chief executives

 1. Martin Eberhard (2004–2007)
 2. Ze'ev Drori (2007–2008)
 3. Elon Musk (since October 2008)[603]

 List of board chairs

 1. Elon Musk (2004–2018)
 2. Robyn Denholm (since November 2018)[603]

 Board of directors

 In an April 2017 public letter, a group of influential Tesla investors, including the California State Teachers' Retirement System, asked Tesla to add two new independent directors to its board "who do not have any ties with chief executive Elon Musk".[604] The investors wrote that "five of six current non-executive directors have professional or personal ties to Mr. Musk that could put at risk their ability to exercise independent judgement."[605] Tesla's directors at the time included Brad Buss, who served as chief financial officer at SolarCity; Steve Jurvetson, a venture capitalist who also sits on the board of SpaceX;[606] Elon Musk's brother, Kimbal; and Ira Ehrenpreis and Antonio Gracias, both of whom also invested in SpaceX.[607] The letter called for a more independent board that could put a check on groupthink.[605] At first Musk responded on Twitter, writing that the investors "should buy Ford stock" because "their governance is amazing."[605] Two days later, he promised he would add two independent board members;[608] Kathleen Wilson-Thompson and Larry Ellison were added at the end of 2018.[609] Ellison stepped down in August 2022.[610]

 Other previous board members include businessman Steve Westly; Daimler executive Herbert Kohler;[393] and CEO and Chairman of Johnson Publishing Company Linda Johnson Rice.[611]

 As of September 2022, the board members are:[612]

 Joined Name Titles   Independent Notes    
 2014[613] Robyn Denholm Chairman (since November 2018); former CFO and Head of Strategy of Telstra[614]  Yes As of March 2020, Denholm is the only board member with automotive experience besides Musk.[615] (Denholm served in finance and corporate reporting roles at Toyota Motor Corporation Australia from 1989 to 1996.[614])
 2004[19] Elon Musk CEO, product architect, former chairman; founder, CEO and CTO of SpaceX; former chairman of Tesla, Inc.; former chairman of SolarCity No    
 2004[616] Kimbal Musk SpaceX board member[617]   No    
 2007[618] Ira Ehrenpreis General Partner at Technology Partners[611]   Disputed[604]    
 2017[611] James Murdoch Former CEO of 21st Century Fox[611]   Yes    
 2018[606] Kathleen Wilson-Thompson Global head of Human Resources of Walgreens Boots Alliance[606]   Yes    
 2020[619] Hiromichi Mizuno United Nations Special Envoy on Innovative Finance and Sustainable Investments; former executive managing director and chief investment officer of Japan's Government Pension Investment Fund[620] Yes    
 2022[621] Joe Gebbia Co-founder, board member and advisor of Airbnb[622]   Yes    
 

 See also

 * List of automobile manufacturers of the United States
 * List of Easter eggs in Tesla products
 * List of production battery electric vehicles
 * Plug-in electric vehicles in California
 * Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States

 Notes

 Footnotes

 1. ^ According to company representatives, both pronunciations are correct, [8] though Nikola Tesla 's surname is properly pronounced TESS-lə.

 References

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 7. ^ "Annual report Form 10-K 2022 Tesla Inc". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. January 31, 2023.
 8. ^ "What's the correct way to pronounce 'Tesla'? We asked". Yahoo! Finance . Retrieved October 6, 2021 .
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 12. ^ a b c d e "Tesla Fourth Quarter & Full Year 2021 Update" (PDF) . Palo Alto: Tesla. January 26, 2022 . Retrieved January 27, 2022 . See table "Operational Summary" pp. 7 and 8 for revised and final production and sales numbers.
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 18. ^ a b Burns, Matt (October 8, 2014). "A Brief History of Tesla". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on July 17, 2015 . Retrieved June 11, 2015 . "Tesla was founded not by Elon Musk, but rather by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning in July 2003. The two bootstrapped the fledgling auto company until "Elon Musk" led the company's US$7.5 million Series A financing round in February 2004."
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 578. ^ "Don't Use Your Kids to Test Tesla's Safety Features, NHTSA Warns". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg L.P. August 17, 2022 . Retrieved September 9, 2022 .
 579. ^ Masunaga, Samantha (August 6, 2015). "Researchers hack a Tesla Model S, bring car to stop". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 10, 2015 .
 580. ^ Mahaffey, Kevin (August 6, 2015). "The new assembly line: 3 best practices for building (secure) connected cars". Lookout . Retrieved August 13, 2015 .
 581. ^ O'Connor, Fred (August 7, 2015). "Tesla patches Model S after researchers hack car's software". Wired . Retrieved August 11, 2015 .
 582. ^ "Car Hacking Research: Remote Attack Tesla Motors" . Retrieved September 21, 2016 .
 583. ^ Lambert, Fred (September 20, 2016). "First Tesla Model S remotely controlled by hackers, Tesla already pushed a fix". Electrek . Retrieved September 21, 2016 .
 584. ^ "This Tesla Investor's Tech Team Just Hacked the Model X – Again". Fortune. July 28, 2017 . Retrieved October 15, 2017 .
 585. ^ Hackett, Robert (February 20, 2018). "Tesla Hackers Hijacked Amazon Cloud Account to Mine Cryptocurrency". Fortune . Retrieved February 21, 2018 .
 586. ^ Lambert, Fred (February 20, 2018). "Tesla's cloud was 'hijacked' by hackers to mine cryptocurrencies". electrek.co . Retrieved February 21, 2018 .
 587. ^ Villaruel, John Carlo A. (March 24, 2019). "Hackers Who Cracked Tesla Model 3 Security in Competition Win Electric Car And $375K". Tech Times.
 588. ^ Goodin, Dan (June 8, 2022). "Gone in 130 seconds: New Tesla hack gives thieves their own personal key". Ars Technica . Retrieved July 21, 2022 .
 589. ^ "Tesla drivers report a surge in 'phantom braking'". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved September 9, 2022 .
 590. ^ "Tesla investigated over 'phantom braking' problem". BBC News. February 18, 2022.
 591. ^ Kane, Mark (February 2, 2022). "World's Top 5 EV Automotive Groups Ranked By Sales: 2021". InsideEVs . Retrieved August 4, 2022 .
 592. ^ Kane, Mark (January 27, 2022). "Tesla Q4 2021 Final EV Delivery Numbers And Outlook". InsideEVs . Retrieved January 27, 2022 . "Cumulatively, Tesla sold over 2.3 million electric cars."
 593. ^ Lambert, Fred (March 9, 2020). "Tesla produces its 1 millionth electric car". Electrek . Retrieved March 28, 2020 .{{cite web}} : CS1 maint: url-status ( link )
 594. ^ Kane, Mark (October 21, 2021). "Tesla Sold 2 Million Electric Cars: First Automaker To Reach Milestone". InsideEVs . Retrieved November 15, 2021 .{{cite web}} : CS1 maint: url-status ( link )
 595. ^ "Tesla Carbon Credit Sales Jump by 116%". CarbonCredits.com.
 596. ^ Jackson, Jon (February 8, 2021). "Elon Musk's Bitcoin investment supports energy waste, some critics say". Newsweek . Retrieved February 13, 2021 .
 597. ^ Shieber, Jonathan (February 8, 2021). "Tesla's Bitcoin investment could be bad for the company's climate reputation and its bottom line". Yahoo! Finance . Retrieved February 13, 2021 .
 598. ^ Dean, James. "Tesla made more profit from bitcoin in a month than from selling cars last year". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460 . Retrieved February 19, 2021 .
 599. ^ "Tesla May Have Already Made More in Profits From Bitcoin Than Electric Vehicles". Yahoo! Finance . Retrieved February 19, 2021 .
 600. ^ O'Kane, Sean (July 26, 2021). "Tesla finally made a profit without the help of emission credits". The Verge . Retrieved October 22, 2021 .
 601. ^ "2006: San Carlos start-up Tesla seeks sexier electric car". July 14, 2014.
 602. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Tesla, Inc. TSLA on Nasdaq". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
 603. ^ a b "Tesla Inc. Company Profile & Executives". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 12, 2022 .
 604. ^ a b "Tesla Seeks Independent Directors as Board's Musk Ties Eyed". Bloomberg.com. April 11, 2017 . Retrieved December 31, 2020 .
 605. ^ a b c "Elon Musk spars with investors who want independent Tesla board". USA Today . Retrieved April 14, 2017 .
 606. ^ a b c Rapier, Graham. "Tesla has named two new board members – here's the full list of company directors". Business Insider . Retrieved January 26, 2021 .
 607. ^ Waters, Richard (April 12, 2017). "Tesla investors seek stronger boardroom controls". Financial Times. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022 . Retrieved February 21, 2020 .
 608. ^ "Musk Promises 2 New Directors for Tesla Amid Shareholder Criticism". Fox Business. April 12, 2017 . Retrieved April 14, 2017 .
 609. ^ Rai, Sonam; Klayman, Ben (December 28, 2018). "Tesla names close Musk friend Larry Ellison to board". Reuters . Retrieved September 5, 2022 .
 610. ^ Ponciano, Jonathan (June 10, 2022). "Tesla Files For Another Stock Split—Reveals Billionaire Larry Ellison To Leave Board". Forbes . Retrieved September 5, 2022 .
 611. ^ a b c d Wesoff, Eric (April 22, 2019). "Tesla Announces Departure of 4 Board Members Ahead of a Really Big Week". Greentech Media . Retrieved January 26, 2021 .
 612. ^ "TSLA | Tesla Inc. Company Profile & Executives – WSJ". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 4, 2022 .
 613. ^ Kolodny, Lora (November 8, 2018). "Robyn Denholm replaces Elon Musk as Tesla's board chair". CNBC . Retrieved January 26, 2021 .
 614. ^ a b Holland, Maximilian (November 8, 2018). "More Background On New Tesla Chair Robyn Denholm". CleanTechnica . Retrieved March 9, 2020 .
 615. ^ Hartmans, Avery. "Tesla's biggest investor says the company's chairwoman gives Elon Musk 'emotional' support so he can focus on leading the company". Business Insider . Retrieved March 9, 2020 .
 616. ^ "Date of report (Date of earliest event reported): October 7, 2021". sec.gov . Retrieved October 15, 2021 .
 617. ^ "Elon Musk is sticking with SpaceX board member Steve Jurvetson, shows new SEC filing". TechCrunch . Retrieved January 26, 2021 .
 618. ^ Ohnsman, Alan. "Elon's Enablers: Tesla's Submissive Board May Be As Big A Risk As An Erratic CEO". Forbes . Retrieved February 22, 2020 .
 619. ^ Assis, Claudia (April 23, 2020). "Tesla names Hiromichi Mizuno its 10th board member". MarketWatch.
 620. ^ Yoshida, Kaori (December 31, 2020). "Tesla director Hiro Mizuno picked as UN sustainable investment envoy". Nikkei Asia . Retrieved December 31, 2020 .
 621. ^ Nishant, Niket; Sriram, Akash (September 28, 2022). "Tesla adds billionaire Airbnb co-founder Gebbia to board". Reuters.
 622. ^ Korosec, Kirsten (September 28, 2022). "Tesla appoints Airbnb co-founder to board". TechCrunch.

 Further reading

 * Higgins, Tim (2021). Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0385545464.
 * McKenzie, Hamish (2018). Insane Mode: How Elon Musk's Tesla Sparked an Electric Revolution to End the Age of Oil. New York: Dutton. ISBN 978-1101985953.
 * Niedermeyer, Edward (2019). Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors. Dallas: BenBella. ISBN 978-1948836326. OCLC 1089841254.
 * Vance, Ashlee (2015). Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0062301239. OCLC 881436803.

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Tesla, Inc.              Gigafactory Texas, Tesla headquarters in Austin, Texas         Trade name    Tesla   Formerly Tesla Motors, Inc. (July 2003 – February 2017)   Type  Public       Traded as        Nasdaq: TSLA   Nasdaq-100 component  S&amp;P 100 component  S&amp;P 500 component       ISIN   US88160R1014    Industry     Automotive   Artificial intelligence   Renewable energy       Founded July 1, 2003; 19 years ago in San Carlos, California, United States   Founders See § Founding    Headquarters  13101 Tesla Road, Austin, Texas, U.S.     Number of locations  764 retail stores/galleries and service centers (2022) [1]      Area served   
 North America
Europe
Oceania
East Asia
Middle East
Southeast Asia 
     Key people      Elon Musk (CEO)  Robyn Denholm (chair)      Products  
  Model 3 
 Model S 
 Model X 
 Model Y 
 Semi 
 Powerwall, Powerpack, and Megapack 
 solar panels and Solar Roof  
     Production output      1,369,611 vehicles (2022)  6.54 GWh battery energy storage systems (2022)  348 MW solar (2022)      Services  
  Service 
 charging 
 insurance 
 software upgrades 
 connectivity  
    Revenue  US$81.46 billion (2022)      Operating income     US$13.66 billion (2022)      Net income     US$12.56 billion (2022)    Total assets   US$82.34 billion (2022)    Total equity   US$44.70 billion (2022)   Owner  Elon Musk (13.4%) [2]      Number of employees   127,855 (December 2022)    Subsidiaries      Tesla Energy   Tesla Grohmann Automation       Website  www .tesla .com       Footnotes / references   [3]   [4]   [5]   [6]   [7]     
 Tesla, Inc. (  TESS-lə  or  TEZ-lə   [a] ) is an American multinational automotive, artificial intelligence, and clean energy company headquartered in Austin, Texas. Tesla designs and manufactures electric vehicles (electric cars and trucks), battery energy storage from home to grid-scale, solar panels and solar roof tiles, and related products and services. Tesla is one of the world's most valuable companies and is, as of 2023, the world's most valuable automaker. In 2021, the company had the most worldwide sales of battery electric vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles, capturing 21% of the battery-electric (purely electric) market and 14% of the plug-in market (which includes plug-in hybrids). Through its subsidiary Tesla Energy, the company develops and is a major installer of photovoltaic systems in the United States. Tesla Energy is also one of the largest global suppliers of battery energy storage systems, with 3.99 gigawatt-hours (GWh) installed in 2021.
 Tesla was incorporated in July 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning as Tesla Motors. The company's name is a tribute to inventor and electrical engineer Nikola Tesla. In February 2004, via a $6.5 million investment, Elon Musk became the largest shareholder of the company. He has served as CEO since 2008. According to Musk, the purpose of Tesla is to help expedite the move to sustainable transport and energy, obtained through electric vehicles and solar power. Tesla began production of its first car model, the Roadster sports car, in 2009. This was followed by the Model S sedan in 2012, the Model X SUV in 2015, the Model 3 sedan in 2017, the Model Y crossover in 2020, and the Tesla Semi truck in 2022. The company plans to start production of the Cybertruck light-duty pickup truck in 2023. [9] The Model 3 is the all-time bestselling plug-in electric car worldwide, and, in June 2021, became the first electric car to sell 1 million units globally. [10]  Tesla's 2022 full year deliveries were around 1.31 million vehicles, a 40% increase over the previous year, [11]   [12]  and cumulative sales totaled 3 million cars as of August 2022. [13]  In October 2021, Tesla's market capitalization reached $1 trillion, the sixth company to do so in U.S. history.
 Tesla has been the subject of several lawsuits, government scrutiny, journalistic criticism, and public controversies arising from statements and acts of CEO Elon Musk and from allegations of whistleblower retaliation, worker rights violations, and defects with their products.
History
     
Founding (2003–2004)
The company was incorporated as Tesla Motors, Inc. on July 1, 2003, by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning. [14]  Eberhard and Tarpenning served as CEO and CFO, respectively. [15]  Eberhard said he wanted to build "a car manufacturer that is also a technology company", with its core technologies as "the battery, the computer software, and the proprietary motor". [16] 
 Ian Wright was Tesla's third employee, joining a few months later. [14]  In February 2004, the company raised $7.5 million in series A funding, including $6.5 million from Elon Musk, who had received $100 million from the sale of his interest in PayPal two years earlier. Musk became the chairman of the board of directors and the largest shareholder of Tesla. [17]   [18]   [15]  J. B. Straubel joined Tesla in May 2004 as chief technical officer. [19] 
 A lawsuit settlement agreed to by Eberhard and Tesla in September 2009 allows all five – Eberhard, Tarpenning, Wright, Musk, and Straubel – to call themselves co-founders. [20] 
Roadster (2005–2009)
Elon Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw Roadster product design at a detailed level, but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations. [21]  The company's strategy was to start with a premium sports car aimed at early adopters and then move into more mainstream vehicles, including sedans and affordable compacts. [22] 
 In February 2006, Musk led Tesla's Series B venture capital funding round of $13 million, which added Valor Equity Partners to the funding team. [23]   [18]  Musk co-led the third, $40 million round in May 2006 which saw investment from prominent entrepreneurs including Google co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page, and former eBay President Jeff Skoll. [24]  A fourth round worth $45 million in May 2007 brought the total private financing investment to over $105 million. [24] 
 Tesla's first car, the Roadster, was officially revealed to the public on July 19, 2006, in Santa Monica, California, at a 350-person invitation-only event held in Barker Hangar at Santa Monica Airport. [25] 
 In August 2007, Eberhard was asked by the board, led by Elon Musk, to step down as CEO. [26]  Eberhard then took the title of "President of Technology" before ultimately leaving the company in January 2008. Co-founder Marc Tarpenning, who served as the Vice President of Electrical Engineering of the company, also left the company in January 2008. [27]  In August 2007, Michael Marks was brought in as interim CEO, and in December 2007, Ze'ev Drori became CEO and President. [28]  Musk succeeded Drori as CEO in October 2008. [28]  In June 2009, Eberhard filed a lawsuit against Musk for allegedly forcing him out. [29] 
 Tesla began production of the Roadster in 2008. [30] 
 By January 2009, Tesla had raised $187 million and delivered 147 cars. Musk had contributed $70 million of his own money to the company. [31] 
 In June 2009, Tesla was approved to receive $465 million in interest-bearing loans from the United States Department of Energy. The funding, part of the $8 billion Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program, supported engineering and production of the Model S sedan, as well as the development of commercial powertrain technology. [32]  Tesla repaid the loan in May 2013, with $12 million interest. [33]   [34] 
IPO, Model S, and Model X (2010–2015)
     
In May 2010, Tesla purchased what would later become the Tesla Factory in Fremont, California, from Toyota for $42 million, [35]  and opened the facility in October 2010 to start production of the Model S. [36]  On June 29, 2010, the company became a public company via an initial public offering (IPO) on NASDAQ, the first American car company to do so since the Ford Motor Company had its IPO in 1956. [37]  The company issued 13.3 million shares of common stock at a price of $17.00 per share, raising $226 million. [38] 
 In January 2012, Tesla ceased production of the Roadster, and in June the company launched its second car, the Model S luxury sedan. [39]  The Model S won several automotive awards during 2012 and 2013, including the 2013 Motor Trend Car of the Year, [40]  and became the first electric car to top the monthly sales ranking of a country, when it achieved first place in the Norwegian new car sales list in September 2013. [41]  The Model S was also the bestselling plug-in electric car worldwide for the years 2015 and 2016. [42] 
 Tesla announced the Tesla Autopilot, a driver-assistance system, in 2014. In September that year, all Tesla cars started shipping with sensors and software to support the feature, with what would later be called "hardware version 1". [43]  In April 2015, Tesla entered the energy storage market, unveiling its Tesla Powerwall (home) and Tesla Powerpack (business) battery packs. [44]  The company received orders valued at $800 million within a week of the unveiling. [45] 
 Tesla began shipping its third vehicle, the luxury SUV Tesla Model X, in September 2015, at which time it had 25,000 pre-orders. [46]   [47] 
SolarCity and Model 3 (2016–2018)
In November 2016, Tesla acquired SolarCity, in an all-stock $2.6 billion deal, and entered the photovoltaics market. [48]  The solar installation business was merged with Tesla's existing battery energy storage products division to form the Tesla Energy subsidiary. [49]  The deal was controversial because at the time of the acquisition, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues of which Tesla's shareholders were not informed. [50] 
 In February 2017, Tesla Motors changed its name to Tesla, Inc., to better reflect the scope of its expanded business, which now included electric vehicles, battery energy storage systems, and solar power generation. [51]   [52]   [53] 
 That year Tesla also started its philanthropic effort. Tesla made multiple contributions of solar power to areas recovering from disasters in 2017, in particular installing a solar plus storage system to restore electricity at a hospital in Puerto Rico, following the destruction from Hurricane Maria. [54]   [55]  In July 2018, the company donated $37.5 million to kindergarten to 12th grade science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education in Nevada. [56] 
 Tesla began selling its fourth vehicle model, the Model 3 sedan, in July 2017. [57]  The Model 3 was a cheaper vehicle compared to previous Tesla vehicles, and was intended for the mass market. It was highly anticipated, which prompted the company to try to speed up production. [58]  By August 2017, there were 455,000 reservations for the Model 3. [59]  The rollout was plagued by delays and production problems. [60]  This increased pressure on the company, which at this time was one of the most shorted companies in the market.
 In August 2018, CEO Elon Musk briefly considered taking Tesla private. [61]   [62]  The plan did not materialize, and gave rise to much controversy and many lawsuits including a securities fraud charge from the SEC. By the end of 2018, the production problems had been overcome, and the Model 3 was the world's best selling plug-in electric car for the year. [63] 
Global expansion and Model Y (2019–present)
Tesla opened its first "Gigafactory" outside the United States in Shanghai, China, in 2019. Giga Shanghai was the first automobile factory in China fully owned by a foreign company, and was built in less than six months. [64]  The following year Tesla also started construction on a new Gigafactory near Berlin, Germany, and another in Texas, United States. In March 2020, Tesla began deliveries of its fifth vehicle model, the Model Y crossover. [65] 
 On January 10, 2020, Tesla reached a market capitalization of $86 billion, breaking the record for highest valuation of any American automaker. [66]  On June 10, 2020, Tesla's market capitalization surpassed those of BMW, Daimler and Volkswagen combined. [67]  The next month, Tesla reached a valuation of $206 billion, surpassing Toyota's $202 billion to become the world's most valuable automaker by market capitalization. [68]  On August 31, 2020, following this increase in value, Tesla had a 5-for-1 stock split. [69] 
 From July 2019 to June 2020, Tesla reported four profitable quarters in a row for the first time, which made it eligible for inclusion in the S&amp;P 500. [70]  Tesla was added to the index on December 21, 2020. [71]  It was the largest company ever added, and the sixth-largest company in the index at the time of its inclusion. [71]  As investors tried to buy more shares as a result of this inclusion, some analysts, such as J.P. Morgan's Ryan Brinkman, suggested investors exercise caution as Tesla was "dramatically" overvalued. [72]  Throughout 2020, the share price of Tesla increased 740%, [73]  and on January 26, 2021, its market capitalization reached $848 billion, [74]  more than the next nine largest automakers combined and making it the 5th most valuable company in the US. [75]   [76] 
 From 2015 to 2020, Tesla acquired companies including Riviera Tool, Grohmann Engineering, Perbix, Compass Automation, Hibar Systems, and German ATW Automation to advance Tesla's expertise in automation, along with Maxwell Technologies and SilLion to add to Tesla's abilities in battery technology. [77]   [78]  Grohmann (renamed Tesla Grohmann Automation) and Maxwell would continue to operate as subsidiary companies, while the rest would be merged into Tesla. In July 2021, Musk acknowledged that Tesla had sold Maxwell to the former VP of sales for Maxwell. [79] 
 In January 2020, Tesla donated RMB 5,000,000 ($723,000 in 2020 dollars) to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention to fight the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China. [80]   [81] 
 In October 2020, Tesla told  Electrek  that it had dissolved its public relations (PR) department (with the exception of a few PR managers representing Tesla's European and Asian markets), becoming the first automaker to do so. [82] 
 Tesla hit its goal of building 0.5 million cars in 2020. [83]  The company ended the year with over $19 billion of cash, [84]  compared to $6.3 billion at the end of 2019. [85] 
 In February 2021, Tesla revealed that it had invested $1.5 billion in bitcoin in 2020 [84]   [86]  and on March 24 the company started accepting bitcoin as a form of payment for vehicle purchases in the United States and stated that it would introduce bitcoin payment in other countries later that year. [87]  At the time, Musk tweeted that "Bitcoin paid to Tesla will be retained as Bitcoin, not converted to fiat currency." [88]  [ non-primary source needed ] [ non-primary source needed ] It was later revealed in financial documents that between January 1 and March 31, 2021, Tesla had made a $101 million profit on the sale of bitcoin. After 49 days of accepting the digital currency, the company reversed course on May 12, 2021, saying they would no longer take bitcoin due to concerns that "mining" the cryptocurrency was contributing to the consumption of fossil fuels and climate change. [89]  The decision resulted in the price of bitcoin dropping around 12% on May 13. [90]  During a July bitcoin conference, Musk suggested Tesla could help bitcoin miners switch to renewable energy in the future and also stated at the same conference that if bitcoin mining reaches, and trends above 50 percent renewable energy usage, that "Tesla would resume accepting bitcoin." The price for bitcoin rose after this announcement. [91]  In July 2022 it was reported that Tesla had sold about 75% of its bitcoin holdings. [92]  It was worth $936 million. [93] 
 After earlier disputes with California officials over COVID-19 restrictions, on December 1, 2021, Tesla moved its headquarters from Palo Alto, California, to its Gigafactory in Austin, Texas. [94]   [95]  However, Musk stated that Tesla would continue to operate its Fremont factory in the San Francisco Bay Area, [95]  and will continue to expand in California. [96]  In September 2021, Tesla broke ground on a new battery factory in Lathrop, California, [97]  and signed a lease in October 2021 for additional office space in Palo Alto. [98] 
 Also in October 2021, Tesla's market capitalization reached $1 trillion, the sixth company to do so in U.S. history, on news that car rental company Hertz had placed an order for 100,000 Tesla vehicles for its fleet. [99] 
 On March 22, 2022, Tesla launched its new car factory outside Berlin, with Chief Executive Elon Musk handing over the first deliveries to customers. The US carmaker's Giga Berlin plant is the largest for electric vehicles in Europe. [100]  On April 7, 2022, Tesla celebrated the public opening of the Giga Texas facility with its Cyber Rodeo event attended by an estimated 15,000 invitees. [101] 
 Musk said in an email sent to employees that he was reducing salaried headcount by 10 percent because the company had become "overstaffed in many areas", adding that "hourly headcount will increase." He also said in a tweet Tesla's total number of employees would increase over the next year, but said the number of salaried staff would remain "fairly flat". [102] 
 In August 2022, Musk claimed that Tesla had made more than 3 million cars. [103] 
 In 2023, Tesla had to pause plans to double Giga Shanghai production to 2 million cars per year after encountering roadblocks from the Chinese central government. Officials there expressed concerns with Elon's activities at SpaceX, in particular the quickly expanding military applications of Starlink and it's potential impact on global strategic defense. [104] 
Automotive products
As of December 2022, Tesla offers four car models: Model S, Model 3, Model X and Model Y, and a semi-truck. Tesla's first vehicle, the first-generation Tesla Roadster, is no longer sold. Tesla has plans for a second-generation Roadster and a pickup called the Cybertruck.
In production
Model S
     
The Model S is a five-door liftback sedan. Deliveries began on June 22, 2012. [105]  The car became the first electric vehicle to top the monthly sales ranking in any country, when it achieved first place in the Norwegian new car sales list in September 2013. [106]   [41]  The Model S won the 2013 Motor Trend Car of the Year, [40]  the 2013 "World Green Car", [107]   Automobile  magazine's 2013 "Car of the Year", [108]   Time  magazine's Best 25 Inventions of the Year 2012 award, [109]  as well as the 2019 Motor Trend "Ultimate Car of the Year". [110] 
 The Model S was the bestselling plug-in electric car worldwide for the years 2015 and 2016, selling an estimated 50,931 units in 2016. [42]  By the end of 2017, it was the world's second best selling plug-in electric car in history (after the Nissan Leaf), with global sales of 200,000 units. [111]  In June 2020, Tesla announced that the Model S Long Range Plus had an EPA range of 402 miles (647 km), the highest of any battery electric vehicle at the time. [112] 
Model X
     
The Tesla Model X is a mid-size crossover SUV. It is offered in 5-, 6- and 7-passenger configurations. The Model X was developed from the full-sized sedan platform of the Model S. The rear passenger doors open vertically with an articulating "falcon-wing" design.
 Deliveries started in September 2015. [113]  In 2016, after one full year on the market, the Model X ranked seventh among the world's bestselling plug-in cars. [42]  The United States is its main market, with an estimated 57,327 units sold through September 2018. [114] 
Model 3
     
The Model 3 is a four-door fastback sedan. Tesla unveiled the Model 3 on March 31, 2016. [115]  Potential customers began reserving spots earlier that day with a refundable deposit. [116]  One week after the unveiling, Tesla reported over 325,000 reservations. [117]  Bloomberg News claimed that, due to the number of reservations, "the Model 3's unveiling was unique in the 100-year history of the mass-market automobile." [118]  Limited vehicle production began in July 2017. [119] 
 Since March 2020, the Model 3 is the world's best selling electric car in history, and cumulative global sales passed the 1 million milestone in June 2021. [10]   [120]   [121]  The Model 3 has ranked as the world's best selling plug-in electric car for four consecutive years, from 2018 to 2021, [121]   [122]   [123]  and also as the best selling plug-in electric car in the United States since 2018. [124]   [125]   [126]  The Model 3 also set records in Norway and the Netherlands, as the best selling passenger car model in those countries in 2019. [127]   [128] 
Model Y
     
The Model Y is a compact crossover utility vehicle. The Model Y is built on a platform that shares many components with the Model 3. [129]  The car has up to three rows of seats (up to 7 people), [130]  68 cubic feet (1.9 m3) of cargo space (with the second and third rows folded), [131]  and has an EPA range of up to 326 miles (525 km). [132] 
 The Model Y was unveiled on March 14, 2019. [133]  Deliveries for the Model Y started on March 13, 2020. The Tesla Model Y is being manufactured at Tesla Factory in Fremont, California, [134]  as well as in Giga Shanghai in China. Giga Berlin produces the Performance, AWD and RWD versions of the Model Y. [135] 
Tesla Semi
     
The Tesla Semi is an all-electric Class 8 semi-trailer truck announced in November 2017. Musk confirmed that two variants would be available: one with 300 miles (480 km) and one with 500 miles (800 km) of range. [136]  The Semi will be powered by four independent electric motors of the type used in the Tesla Model 3 and will include an extensive set of hardware sensors to enable it to stay in its own lane, a safe distance away from other vehicles, and later, when software and regulatory conditions allow, provide self-driving operation on highways. [137]  Musk also announced that the company would be involved in installing a solar-powered global network of Tesla Megachargers to make the Semi more attractive to potential long-haul customers. A 30-minute charge would provide 400 miles (640 km) of range. [138]   [139] 
 Musk initially said in 2017 that Semi deliveries would start in 2019 and be selling 100,000 trucks a year, but deliveries were later delayed to 2021 and then 2022. [140]  Part of the reason for the delays, according to Musk, is that the Semi includes five times more battery cells than their passenger cars, and the battery supply is not yet sufficient for both Tesla cars and the Semi. [141]   [142] 
 In October 2022, the company announced it would deliver its first all-electric semitrailer truck for PepsiCo in December, in what would be the first new model the company would give to consumers since the beginning of 2020, when it started delivering the Model Y crossover. At the time of the announcement, the trucks would support PepsiCo plants in Sacramento and Modesto, California. [143]   [144]   [145] 
Future products
Roadster (second generation)
     
In a surprise reveal at the end of the event that introduced the Tesla Semi on November 16, 2017, Tesla unveiled the second generation Roadster. Musk said that the new model will have a range of 620 miles (1,000 km) with the 200 kilowatt-hours (720 MJ) battery pack and will achieve 0–60 miles per hour (0–97 km/h) in 1.9 seconds; it also will achieve 0–100 miles per hour (0–161 km/h) in 4.2 seconds, [146]  and the top speed will be over 250 miles per hour (400 km/h). The SpaceX Package will include cold air thrusters that will increase the speed even more. [147]  The vehicle will have three electric motors allowing for all-wheel drive and torque vectoring during cornering. [147] 
 At the time, the base price was set at $200,000, while the first 1,000 units (the Founder's series) will sell for $250,000. [147]  Reservations required a deposit of $50,000, and those who ordered the Founder's series paid the $250,000 in full upon ordering. Those who made a reservation at the event were allowed a test drive (with a driver) in the prototype. [148]  Deliveries are expected to start in 2023. [149] 
Cybertruck
     
The Cybertruck is a pickup truck unveiled on November 21, 2019. [150]  Production has been delayed past 2022, and as of January 2022 is rumored to be early 2023. [151]  The truck's design had a mixed reception, and some Wall Street analysts questioned whether American pickup truck buyers will have interest in the Cybertruck. [152]   [153]   [154]  On September 22, 2020, Musk revealed roughly 600,000 Cybertruck preorders. [155]  James Goodwin, chief executive of ANCAP, said in 2019 that the design of the Cybertruck could pose safety risks, saying that the front "would look like it's not very forgiving". [156]  After the Cybertruck's unveiling, Musk announced that the Tesla Cyberquad, an electric four-wheel quad bike revealed alongside the Cybertruck, would be an optional accessory for Cybertruck buyers. [157] 
Discontinued
Tesla Roadster
     
The only discontinued Tesla vehicle model is the original Tesla Roadster. [158]  The Roadster was a two-seater sports car, evolved from the Lotus Elise chassis, [159]  that was produced from 2008 to 2012. The Roadster was the first highway legal serial production all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells and the first production all-electric car to travel more than 200 miles (320 km) per charge. It is also the first production car to be launched into space; Musk launched his Roadster into a Mars-crossing orbit on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket test flight on February 6, 2018. [160]  
Other concepts
On July 20, 2016, Musk detailed his new master plan for Tesla. It includes more affordable cars produced in higher volume, solar roofs, mid-size vehicles, SUVs and pickup trucks, as well as the refinement of autonomous vehicles and the creation of a sharing economy, in which cars can be active while the owner is not using them. [161]  Tesla's plan also indicated building a minibus on the Model X platform, [162]  but in May 2017, Musk indicated that he might favor a 10–12 passenger version of the Model X over a dedicated minibus design. [163]  Musk dashed hopes for a Tesla motorcycle, saying in 2018 "we're not going to do motorcycles". [164] 
 Also in 2016, Musk revealed Tesla's intention to produce a car cheaper than the Model 3. [165]  In 2018, Musk indicated a plan to enter a new market segment, offering a compact hatchback in "less than five years". [166]   [167]  In 2020, Musk said Tesla expects to have a $25,000 electric car within 3 years, which "will basically be on-par or slightly better than a comparable gasoline car". [168] 
 In April 2019, Musk announced Tesla's intention to launch an autonomous taxi service by the end of 2020 using more than 1 million Tesla vehicles. [169]  A year later, in April 2020, Musk stated Tesla would not make the end of 2020 deadline but said, "we'll have the functionality necessary for full self-driving by the end of the year." [170] 
Tesla Energy products
      Two Tesla Powerwall 2 home energy storage devices from Tesla Energy   
Tesla subsidiary Tesla Energy develops, builds, sells and installs solar energy generation systems and battery energy storage products (as well as related products and services) to residential, commercial and industrial customers.
 The subsidiary was created by the merger of Tesla's existing battery energy storage products division with SolarCity, a solar energy company that Tesla acquired in 2016. [171] 
 Tesla Energy's generation products include solar panels (built by other companies for Tesla), the Tesla Solar Roof (a solar shingle system) and the Tesla Solar Inverter. Other products include the Powerwall (a home energy storage device) and the Powerpack and Megapack, which are large-scale energy storage systems. [172]   [173]   [174]  Tesla Energy also develops software to allow customers to monitor and control their systems. [175]   [176] 
 In 2021, the company deployed solar energy systems capable of generating 345 megawatts, an increase of 68% over 2020, [177]  and deployed 3.99 gigawatt-hours of battery energy storage products, an increase of 32% over 2020. [178] 
Other services
Tesla receives service revenue from its vehicle customers after their initial purchase; these revenues reached $1.47 billion in 2022 Q2. [179]  As of August 2020, those services include vehicle servicing, charging, insurance, software upgrades, and improved connectivity. In July 2021, Tesla made Full Self-Driving available as a monthly subscription. [180]  Future services which have been discussed include paying for a Wi-Fi hotspot in the car [181]  and the Tesla robotaxi network. [182] 
Charging
 Supercharger network
     
In 2012, Tesla began building a network of 480-volt fast-charging Supercharger stations. As of June 2022, Tesla operates 36,165 Superchargers in 3,971 stations worldwide [183]  (an average of 9 chargers per station). The Supercharger is a proprietary direct current (DC) technology that provides up to 250 kilowatts (kW) of power. [184]  All Tesla cars except the first generation Roadster come standard with hardware to charge at Superchargers. [185]  The navigation software in Tesla cars can recommend the fastest route for long-distance travel, incorporating charging stops. [186] 
 Model S and X cars ordered before January 15, 2017, [187]  and between August 3, 2019, [188]  and May 26, 2020, [189]  received free unlimited supercharging. Model S and X cars ordered between January 15, 2017, and August 3, 2019, got 400 kWh (1,400 MJ) of free Supercharging credits per year, which provides a range of roughly 1,000 miles per year (1,600 kilometres per year). [190]  Subsequent Tesla models never received free unlimited supercharging. [191] 
Destination charging location network
      Tesla "Destination Charger" in North America  
In 2014, Tesla launched the "Destination Charging location" network by providing chargers to hotels, restaurants, shopping centers and resorts (and other locations where Tesla owners may spend an hour or more) to provide on-site vehicle charging at twice the power of a typical home charging station. [192] 
 Destination chargers are installed free of charge by Tesla-certified contractors; the locations originally were required to provide the electricity at no cost to their customers. [193]  As of August 2022, locations with six or more destination chargers may start charging for electricity. [194]  All destination chargers appear in the in-car navigation system. [195] 
 North American Charging Standard
In November 2022, Tesla renamed its previously proprietary charging connector to "North American Charging Standard" (NACS), making the specs available to other EV manufacturers as an alternative to the standard Combined Charging System (CCS) connector used by competitors in North America. [196]   [197]   [198]   [199] 
Software updates and upgrades
Tesla vehicles' software is regularly updated over-the-air when new software and firmware versions are released. This allows the cars to remain up to date and improve after purchase. [200]  Tesla also offers the option to unlock features in the car through over-the-air software upgrades after purchase. Available upgrades include basic Autopilot, Full Self Driving, [201]  acceleration boost (for Model 3 owners), [202]  and rear-heated seats (for Model 3 owners). [203] 
Connectivity
All Tesla cars come with "Standard Connectivity" which provides navigation using a cellular connection, and the following only over Wi-Fi or Bluetooth: internet browsing, music streaming (with a paid subscription), and, when parked, video streaming and "caraoke". [204]  "Premium Connectivity" adds cellular access to those features and also provides live traffic and satellite maps for navigation. [204]   [205] 
Vehicle servicing
Tesla service strategy is to service its vehicles first through remote diagnosis and repair. If it is not possible to resolve a problem remotely, customers are referred to a local Tesla-owned service center, or a mobile technician is dispatched. [206]   [207]  Tesla has said that it does not want to make a profit on vehicle servicing, which has traditionally been a large profit center for most auto dealerships. [208] 
 In 2016, Tesla recommended having any Tesla car inspected every 12,500 miles or once a year, whichever comes first. In early 2019, the manual was changed to say: "your Tesla does not require annual maintenance and regular fluid changes," and instead it recommends periodic servicing of the brake fluid, air conditioning, tires and air filters. [209] 
Insurance
On June 4, 2017, the American Automobile Association raised insurance rates for Tesla owners following a report from the Highway Loss Data Institute. [210]  The report concluded that the Model S crashes 46% more often and is 50% more expensive to repair than comparable vehicles. [210]  Similarly, the Model X was concluded to crash 41% more often and to be 89% more expensive to repair than similar vehicles. [210]  As a result, AAA raised insurance rates on Tesla cars by 30%. [210]  Tesla said that the analysis is "severely flawed and not reflective of reality", however, Tesla failed to provide any contradictory numbers. [210]  Shortly thereafter, Russ Rader, the spokesman for the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, confirmed the AAA's analysis and that "Teslas get into a lot of crashes and are costly to repair afterward". [211]   [212]  The following year, an analysis of claim frequency and insurance cost data by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety conducted by financial research provider 24/7 Wall St. found that the Tesla Model S and Model X were the two most expensive vehicles to insure. [213]  Musk stated that he expects these insurance rates will greatly decrease once driver-assist and self-driving technology become commonplace. [213] 
 Starting in October 2017, Tesla partnered with Liberty Mutual Insurance Company to offer US customers an insurance plan designed specifically for Tesla cars. [214]   [215]  In August 2019, this partnership was superseded by a partnership with State National Insurance, [216]   [217]  but was initially only available to Tesla owners in California. [216]  In July 2020, Musk, relying on data obtained through the partnership with State National Insurance, announced that Tesla was creating its own "major" insurance company. [218]  Tesla claims the insurance uses individual vehicle data to offer personalized pricing. [218] 
 As of January 2023, Tesla offers insurance in Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, Nevada, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Utah and Virginia. [219] 
Business strategy
     
At the time of Tesla's founding in 2003, electric vehicles were very expensive. [220]  In 2006, Elon Musk stated that Tesla's strategy was to first produce high-price, low-volume vehicles, such as sports cars, for which customers are less sensitive to price. This would allow them to progressively bring down the cost of batteries, which in turn would allow them to offer cheaper and higher volume cars. [22]   [221]  Tesla's first vehicle, the Roadster, was low-volume (fewer than 2,500 were produced) and priced at over $100,000. The next models, the Model S and Model X, are more affordable but still luxury vehicles. The most recent models, the Model 3 and the Model Y, are priced still lower, and aimed at a higher volume market, [222]   [223]  selling over 100,000 vehicles each quarter. Tesla continuously updates the hardware of its cars rather than waiting for a new model year, as opposed to nearly every other car manufacturer. [224] 
 Unlike other automakers, Tesla does not rely on franchised auto dealerships to sell vehicles. Instead, the company directly sells vehicles through its website and a network of company-owned stores. [225]   [226]  The company is the first automaker in the United States to sell cars directly to consumers. [227]   [228]  Some jurisdictions, particularly in the United States, prohibit auto manufacturers from directly selling vehicles to consumers. In these areas, Tesla has locations that it calls galleries that the company says "educate and inform customers about our products, but such locations do not actually transact in the sale of vehicles." [229]   [230]  In total, Tesla operates nearly 400 stores and galleries in more than 35 countries. [231]  These locations are typically located in retail shopping districts, inside shopping malls, or other high-traffic areas, [226]  instead of near other auto dealerships. [232]   [233]   [234] 
 Tesla is notable for spending no money on paid advertising campaigns, unlike other automakers. [235] 
     
Tesla has a high degree of vertical integration, [237]  estimated at 80% in 2016. [238]  The company produces vehicle components as well as building proprietary stations where customers can charge their vehicles. Vertical integration is rare in the automotive industry, where companies typically outsource 80% of components to suppliers and focus on engine manufacturing and final assembly. [239]   [240]  Tesla used low-cost strategy as a business approach, with which they can expand their business into a broader market by offering standard technology items. [241] 
 Tesla generally allows its competitors to license its technology, stating that it wants to help its competitors accelerate the world's use of sustainable energy. [242]  Licensing agreements include provisions whereby the recipient agrees not to file patent suits against Tesla, or to copy its designs directly. [243]  Tesla retains control of its other intellectual property, such as trademarks and trade secrets to prevent direct copying of its technology. [244] 
Technology
Tesla develops many components in-house, such as batteries, motors, and software. [238] 
Vehicle batteries
     
Tesla was the first automaker to use batteries containing thousands of small, cylindrical, lithium-ion commodity cells like those used in consumer electronics. [245]   [246]   [247]  Tesla uses a version of these cells that is designed to be cheaper to manufacture and lighter than standard cells by removing some safety features; according to Tesla, these features are redundant because of the advanced thermal management system and an intumescent chemical in the battery to prevent fires. [248] 
 The batteries are placed under the vehicle floor. This saves interior and trunk (boot) space but increases the risk of battery damage by debris or impact (see crashes and fires). After two vehicle fires in 2013 due to road debris, the Model S was retrofitted with a multi-part aluminum and titanium protection system to reduce the possibility of damage. [249] 
 In 2016, former Tesla CTO J.B. Straubel expected batteries to last 10–15 years, [250]  and discounted using electric cars to charge the grid with vehicle-to-grid because the related battery wear outweighs economic benefit. [251]  He also preferred recycling over re-use for grid once they reach the end of their useful life for vehicles. [251]   [252]  Tesla launched its battery recycling operation at Giga Nevada in 2019. [253]  Straubel independently founded battery recycling company Redwood Materials in 2017, which supplies recycled materials to Panasonic. [254] 
  Panasonic is Tesla's supplier of cells in the United States, and cooperates with Tesla in producing cylindrical 2170 batteries at Giga Nevada. [255] 
In January 2021, Panasonic had the capacity to produce 39 GWh per year of batteries at Giga Nevada. [256]  Tesla's battery cells used in Giga Shanghai are supplied by Panasonic and Contemporary Amperex Technology (CATL), and are the more traditional prismatic (rectangular) cells used by other automakers. [257] 
As of April 2022, nearly half of all Tesla's vehicles produced last quarter are using cobalt-free Lithium iron phosphate battery (LFP) made in China. [258] 
Battery research
        This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Not an expert but a UC San Diego study showed 4680 batteries are actually less energy dense and tend to use more cobalt, the extraction of which is often linked to child slavery. See https://carbuzz.com/news/teslas-4680-cells-are-worse-than-those-in-regular-batteries. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2022)     
Tesla invests in lithium-ion battery research. Starting in 2016, the company established a 5-year battery research and development partnership at Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia, Canada, with lead researcher Jeff Dahn. [259]   [260]   [261]   [262]  Tesla acquired two battery companies: Maxwell Technologies, acquired for over $200 million [263]  – but sold in 2021 [264]  and Hibar Systems. [265]   [266] 
 During Tesla's Battery Day event on September 22, 2020, Tesla announced the next generation of batteries, featuring a tab-less battery design to increase the range and decrease the price of Tesla vehicles. [267]  The new battery is named the "4680" in reference to its dimensions: 46 millimetres (1.8 in) wide by 80 millimetres (3.1 in) tall. [268]  Two weeks before Battery Day, Tesla paid a total of $3 to buy several battery manufacturing patent applications from Springpower International, a small Canadian battery company. [269]   [270] 
 Tesla predicted the new batteries could be up to 56% cheaper and allow the cars to have a 54% longer range. [271]  The company said this would be achieved by a more efficient production process, new battery design, cheaper resources for the anode and cathode, and better integration into the vehicle. [272]  Business analysis company BloombergNEF estimated Tesla's battery pack price in 2021 at $112 per kWh, versus an industry average of $132 per kWh. [273]  As of December 2021, BloombergNEF estimates the industry as a whole will reach $100 per kWh in 2024. [274]  The United States Department of Energy estimated in 2020 that battery prices of about $100 per kWh would cause electric cars to reach cost parity with their gasoline-powered counterparts, which in turn would accelerate sales of new electric cars. [275] 
Motors
Tesla makes two kinds of electric motors. Its oldest design in production is a three-phase four-pole alternating current induction motor with a copper rotor  [276]  (which inspired the Tesla logo), which is used as the rear motor in the Model S and Model X. Newer, higher-efficiency permanent magnet motors are used in the Model 3, Model Y, the front motor of 2019-onward versions of the Model S and X, and are expected to be used in the Tesla Semi. [277]  The permanent magnet motors increase efficiency, especially in stop-start driving. [278] 
Autopilot
     
Autopilot is an advanced driver-assistance system developed by Tesla. The system requires active driver supervision at all times. [279] 
 Since September 2014, all Tesla cars are shipped with sensors (initially hardware version 1 or "HW1") and software to support Autopilot. [280]  Tesla upgraded its sensors and software in October 2016 ("HW2") to support full self-driving in the future. [281]  HW2 includes eight cameras, twelve ultrasonic sensors, and forward-facing radar. [281]  HW2.5 was released in mid-2017, and it upgraded HW2 with a second graphics processing unit (GPU) and, for the Model 3 only, a driver-facing camera. [282]  HW3 was released in early 2019 with an updated and more powerful computer, employing a custom Tesla-designed system on a chip. [283] 
 In April 2019, Tesla announced that all of its cars will include Autopilot software (defined as just Traffic-Aware Cruise Control and Autosteer (Beta)) as a standard feature moving forward. [284]  Full self-driving software (Autopark, Navigate on Autopilot (Beta), Auto Lane Change (Beta), Summon (Beta), Smart Summon (Beta) and future abilities) is an extra cost option. [284] 
 In 2020, Tesla released software updates where its cars recognize and automatically stop at stop signs and traffic lights. [285]   [286]   [287]  In May 2021, Tesla removed the radar sensor and radar features from its Model 3 and Model Y vehicles, opting instead to rely on camera vision alone. [288]   [289]   [290]  The New York Times reported in December 2021 that Musk "repeatedly told members of the Autopilot team that humans could drive with only two eyes and that this meant cars should be able to drive with cameras alone," an analogy some experts and former Tesla engineers described as "deeply flawed." [291]  Similarly, a statistical analysis conducted in A Methodology for Normalizing Safety Statistics of Partially Automated Vehicles debunked a common Tesla claim that Autopilot reduced crash rates by 40 percent [292]  by accounting for the relative safety of the given operating domain when using active safety measures. [293] 
Full Self-Driving
 Full Self-Driving (FSD) is an optional extension of Autopilot promoted as eventually being able to perform fully autonomous driving. At the end of 2016, Tesla expected to demonstrate full autonomy by the end of 2017, [294]  which as of July 2022 has not occurred. [295]  The first beta version of the software was released on October 22, 2020, to a small group of testers. [296]  The release of the beta has renewed concern regarding whether the technology is ready for testing on public roads. [297]   [298]  The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) has called for "tougher requirements" for any testing of Autopilot on public roads. [299] 
 Tesla's approach to achieve full autonomy is different from that of other companies. [300]  Whereas Waymo, Cruise, and other companies are relying on highly detailed (centimeter-scale) three-dimensional maps, lidar, and cameras, as well as radar and ultrasonic sensors in their autonomous vehicles, Tesla's approach is to use coarse-grained two-dimensional maps and cameras (no lidar) as well as radar and ultrasonic sensors. [300]   [301]  Tesla claims that although its approach is much more difficult, it will ultimately be more useful, because its vehicles will be able to self-drive without geofencing concerns. [302]  Tesla's self-driving software has been trained on over 20 billion miles driven by Tesla vehicles as of January 2021. [303]  Tesla also designed a self-driving computer chip that has been installed in its cars since March 2019. [304] 
 Most experts believe that Tesla's approach of trying to achieve full self-driving by eschewing lidar and high-definition maps is not feasible. [305]   [306]   [307]  In March 2021, according to a letter that Tesla sent to the California Department of Motor Vehicles about FSD's capability – acquired by PlainSite via a public records request – Tesla stated that FSD is not capable of autonomous driving and is only at Society of Automotive Engineers Level 2 automation. [308]  In a May 2021 study by Guidehouse Insights, Tesla was ranked last for both strategy and execution in the autonomous driving sector. [309]  In October 2021, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) called on Tesla to change the design of its Autopilot to ensure it cannot be misused by drivers, according to a letter sent to Musk. [310] 
 In September 2022, Tesla revealed prototypes of its proposed humanoid robot Optimus, which Musk has stated uses the same core software as FSD. During the presentations at Tesla's AI Day 2022, Musk suggested that, among other use cases, the finalized version of Optimus could be used in Tesla's car factories to help with repetitive tasks and relieve labor shortages. [311] 
Glass
In November 2016, the company announced the Tesla glass technology group. The group produced the roof glass for the Tesla Model 3. It also produces the glass used in the Tesla Solar Roof's solar shingles. [312] 
Facilities
The company operates six large factories. The company also operates showrooms and galleries around the world. [313]   [314] 
Summary of main facilities operated by Tesla
 
Opened
Name
City
Country
Employees
Products
 Ref.
 
2010
 Tesla Fremont Factory
 Fremont, California
United States
10,000
 Model S, Model X, Model 3, Model Y
  [35]   [315]   [316] 
 
2016
 Gigafactory Nevada
 Storey County, Nevada
United States
7,000
 Batteries, Powerwall, Powerpack, Megapack, Semi
  [317]   [318]   [319] 
 
2017
 Gigafactory New York
 Buffalo, New York
United States
1,500
 Solar Roof, Superchargers
  [320]   [321] 
 
2019
 Gigafactory Shanghai
Shanghai
China
15,000
Model 3, Model Y
  [322]   [323] 
 
2022
 Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg
 Grünheide
Germany
10,000
Model Y,
 (planned: batteries, Model 3)
  [324]   [325]   [326] 
 
2022
 Gigafactory Texas
 Austin, Texas
United States
10,000
Model Y, batteries
(planned:  Cybertruck, Model 3, Semi)
  [327]   [328]   [329]  [ non-primary source needed ] [ non-primary source needed ]
   
United States
     
Tesla was founded in San Carlos, California. [330]  In 2010, Tesla moved its corporate headquarters and opened a powertrain development facility in Palo Alto. [331] 
 Tesla's first retail store was opened in 2008 in Los Angeles, [332]  followed by others in major U.S. cities. As of June 2022, Tesla operates 196 stores and galleries in the United States, [333]  has stores and galleries in 34 other countries, and has 655 service centers globally. [334] 
 Tesla's first assembly plant occupies the former NUMMI plant in Fremont, California, known as the Tesla Fremont Factory. The factory was originally opened by General Motors in 1962, and then operated by a joint venture of GM and Toyota from 1984. [335]  The original factory was closed in 2010, and was acquired by Tesla the same year. [35] 
     
     
The first major battery production facility was opened in Nevada in 2016. Gigafactory Nevada (originally Gigafactory 1) produces Powerwalls, Powerpacks and Megapacks; [317]  battery cells in partnership with Panasonic; [336]  and Model 3 battery packs and drivetrains. [337]  The factory received substantial subsidies from the local and state government, that, in exchange for opening in their jurisdiction, allowed Tesla to operate essentially tax free for 10 years. [338] 
 As part of the acquisition of SolarCity in 2016, Tesla acquired Gigafactory New York located in Buffalo, New York, on the site of a former Republic Steel plant. SolarCity had received incentives to locate its factory in Buffalo through the Buffalo Billion program. [339]   [340]  In 2017, the factory started production of solar shingles for the Tesla Solar Roof. [320]  Between 2017 and 2020 Tesla partnered with Panasonic to assemble photovoltaic modules at the plant.
 In May 2020, after Alameda County had refused to let the Tesla factory reopen after a COVID-19 lockdown, Elon Musk threatened that he would move the company's headquarters from California to Texas or Nevada. [341] 
 On July 23, 2020, Tesla picked Austin, Texas, as the site of Gigafactory 5, since then known as Gigafactory Texas  [342]  Giga Texas is planned to be the main factory for the Tesla Cybertruck and the Tesla Semi; it will also produce Model 3 and Model Y cars for the Eastern United States. [343]   [328]  On April 7, 2022, Tesla celebrated the public opening of the Giga Texas facility with its Cyber Rodeo event attended by an estimated 15,000 invitees. [101] 
 On December 1, 2021, Tesla officially relocated its headquarters to the Gigafactory site in Austin, Texas. [344]  Because of Texas regulations, the company offers to cover costs for out-of-state healthcare, which include abortion and gender affirmation procedures. [345] 
 Tesla acquired a former JC Penney distribution center near Lathrop, California, in 2021 to build a Megafactory to manufacture Megapacks. [346]  The location opened in 2022 and produces the next-generation Megapacks to use prismatic lithium iron phosphate batteries. [347] 
Europe
     
Tesla opened its first European store in June 2009 in London. [348]  Tesla's European headquarters are in the Netherlands. [349]  Tesla operates facilities in Tilburg, including a 62,000-square-foot (5,800 m2) European Distribution Centre and an 835,800-square-foot (77,650 m2) final assembly facility that adds drivetrain, battery and software to imported car bodies to reduce import tax, which depends on the location of final assembly. [350] 
 In late 2016, Tesla acquired German engineering firm Grohmann Engineering as a new division dedicated to helping Tesla increase the automation and effectiveness of its manufacturing process. [351]  After winding down existing contracts with other auto manufacturers, the renamed Tesla Grohmann Automation now works exclusively on Tesla projects. [352] 
 Tesla announced its plans to build a car and battery factory in Europe in 2016. [353]  Several countries campaigned to be the host, [354]  and eventually Germany was chosen in November 2019. [355]  On March 22, 2022, Tesla's first European Gigafactory named Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg  [356]   [357]  opened with planned capacity to produce 500,000 electric vehicles annually as well as batteries for the cars. [357] 
Asia
      Tesla store in Tokyo, the first showroom in Japan [358]    
Tesla opened its first Japanese showroom in Tokyo, Japan, in October 2010. [359]  By 2013, showrooms and service centers were operating in Hong Kong, [360]  Beijing and Shanghai. [361]  Two showrooms opened in South Korea in March 2017 [362]  and a service center opened there in late 2017. [363]  In August 2017, Taiwan opened its first service center and showroom. [364] 
 In July 2018, Tesla signed an agreement with Chinese authorities to build a factory in Shanghai, China, which was Tesla's first Gigafactory outside of the United States. [365]  The factory building was finished in August 2019, and the initial Tesla Model 3s were in production from Giga Shanghai in October 2019. [322] 
 In response to the Chinese military banning Tesla cars from entering military housing complexes, Elon Musk stated during the China Development Forum in March 2021 that the company would stop producing cars in the country if cars were being used to spy. The comment came shortly after a meeting of Chinese and U.S. diplomats in Alaska, in part over concerns of U.S. intervention in China's internal affairs. [366]   [367]   [368]   [369] 
 In 2021, China accounted for 26% of Tesla sales revenue, and was the second largest market for Tesla after the United States, which accounted for 45% of its sales. [370] 
Rest of the world
Tesla opened the first Australian showroom in Sydney in 2010, [371]  followed by a showroom and service center in Melbourne in 2015. [372]  By 2019, Tesla had opened 4 service centers in Australia. [373]  In 2012, Tesla opened its first store in Canada in Toronto. [374] 
 The first expansion of Tesla in the Middle East was with the opening of a showroom and a service center in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE), in 2017. Five ultra-fast superchargers were also built between cities in the UAE, with a planned 50 destination chargers by the end of 2017. [375]  One of the first Tesla customers was Dubai's Roads and Transport Authority which ordered 200 Tesla Model S and Model X vehicles that were added to Dubai Taxi Corporation's fleet. [376]  In May 2017, a service center and store in Amman, Jordan was opened. [377]  In January 2020 a "pop-up" store in Tel Aviv, Israel was opened as well as a research and development center. [378] 
Partners
Panasonic
     
In January 2010, Tesla and battery cell maker Panasonic announced that they would together develop nickel-based lithium-ion battery cells for electric vehicles. [379]  The partnership was part of Panasonic's $1 billion investment over three years in facilities for lithium-ion cell research, development and production. [380] 
 Beginning in 2010, Panasonic invested $30 million for a multi-year collaboration on new battery cells designed specifically for electric vehicles. [381]  In July 2014, Panasonic reached a basic agreement with Tesla to participate in battery production at Giga Nevada. [382] 
 Tesla and Panasonic also collaborated on the manufacturing and production of photovoltaic (PV) cells and modules at the Giga New York factory in Buffalo, New York. [320]  The partnership started in mid-2017 and ended in early 2020, before Panasonic exited the solar business entirely in January 2021. [383]   [384] 
 In March 2021, the outgoing CEO of Panasonic stated that the company plans to reduce its reliance on Tesla as their battery partnership evolves. [385] 
Other current partners
Tesla has long-term contracts in place for lithium supply. In September 2020, Tesla signed a sales agreement with Piedmont Lithium to buy high-purity lithium ore for up to ten years, [386]  specifically to supply "spodumene concentrate from Piedmont's North Carolina mineral deposit". [387]  In 2022, Tesla contracted for 110,000 tonnes of spodumene concentrate over four years from the Core Lithium's lithium mine in the Northern Territory of Australia. [388] 
 Tesla also has a range of minor partnerships, for instance working with Airbnb and hotel chains to install destination chargers at selected locations. [389] 
Former partners
Daimler AG
     
 Daimler AG and Tesla began working together in late 2007. On May 19, 2009, Daimler bought a stake of less than 10% in Tesla for a reported $50 million. [391]   [392]  As part of the collaboration, Herbert Kohler, vice-president of E-Drive and Future Mobility at Daimler, took a Tesla board seat. [393]  On July 13, 2009, Daimler AG sold 40% of its acquisition to Aabar. Aabar is an investment company controlled by the International Petroleum Investment Company (IPIC), which is owned by the government of Abu Dhabi. [394]  In October 2014, Daimler sold its remaining holdings for a reported $780 million. [395] 
 Tesla supplied battery packs for Freightliner Trucks' Custom Chassis electric van in 2010. [396]   [397]  The company also built electric-powertrain components for the Mercedes-Benz A-Class E-Cell, with 500 cars planned to be built for trial in Europe beginning in September 2011. [398]   [399] 
 Tesla produced and co-developed the Mercedes-Benz B250e's powertrain, which ended production in 2017. [400]  The electric motor was rated 134 hp (100 kW) and 230 pound force-feet (310 N⋅m), with a 36 kWh (130 MJ) battery. The vehicle had a driving range of 200 km (124 mi) with a top speed of 150 km/h (93 mph). [401]  Daimler division Smart produced the Smart ED2 cars from 2009 to 2012 which had a 14-kilowatt-hour (50 MJ) lithium-ion battery from Tesla. [402]   [403] 
Toyota
     
In May 2010, Tesla and Toyota announced a deal in which Tesla purchased the former NUMMI factory from Toyota for $42 million, Toyota purchased $50 million in Tesla stock, and the two companies collaborated on an electric vehicle. [35] 
 In July 2010, the companies announced they would work together on a second generation Toyota RAV4 EV. [404]  The vehicle was unveiled at the October 2010 Los Angeles Auto Show and 35 pilot vehicles were built for a demonstration and evaluation program that ran through 2011. Tesla supplied the lithium metal-oxide battery and other powertrain components [405]   [406]  based on components from the Roadster. [407] 
 The production version was unveiled in August 2012, using battery pack, electronics and powertrain components from the Tesla Model S sedan (also launched in 2012). [408]  The RAV4 EV had a limited production run which resulted in just under 3,000 vehicles being produced, before it was discontinued in 2014. [409]   [410] 
 According to Bloomberg News, the partnership between Tesla and Toyota was "marred by clashes between engineers". [411]  Toyota engineers rejected designs that Tesla had proposed for an enclosure to protect the RAV4 EV's battery pack. Toyota took over responsibility for the enclosure's design and strengthened it. In 2014, Tesla ended up adding a titanium plate to protect the Model S sedan's battery after some debris-related crashes lead to cars catching fire. [411]   [249]  On June 5, 2017, Toyota announced that it had sold all of its shares in Tesla and halted the partnership. [412]   [413] 
Mobileye
Initial versions of Autopilot were developed in partnership with Mobileye beginning in 2014. [414]  Mobileye ended the partnership on July 26, 2016, citing "disagreements about how the technology was deployed." [415] 
Lawsuits and controversies
Sexual harassment
In 2021, seven women came forward with claims of having faced sexual harassment and discrimination while working at Tesla's Fremont factory. [416]  They accused the company of facilitating a culture of rampant sexual harassment. The women said they were consistently subjected to catcalling, unwanted advances, unwanted touching, and discrimination while at work. "I was so tired of the unwanted attention and the males gawking at me I proceeded to create barriers around me just so I could get some relief," Brooks told  The Washington Post . "That was something I felt necessary just so I can do my job." Stories range from intimate groping to being called out to the parking lot for sex. [417] 
 Women feared calling HR for help as their supervisors were often participants. [418]  Musk himself is not indicted, but most of the women pressing charges believe their abuse is connected to the behavior of CEO Elon Musk. They cite his crude remarks about women's bodies, wisecracks about starting a university that abbreviated to "T.IT.S", and his generally dismissive attitude towards reporting sexual harassment. [419]  "What we're addressing for each of the lawsuits is just a shocking pattern of rampant harassment that exists at Tesla," said attorney David A. Lowe. [418]  In 2017, another woman had accused Tesla of very similar behavior and was subsequently fired. In a statement to the Guardian, Tesla confirmed the company had fired her, saying it had thoroughly investigated the employee's allegations with the help of "a neutral, third-party expert" and concluded her complaints were unmerited. [420] 
 In May 2022, a California judge ruled that the sexual harassment lawsuit could move to court, rejecting Tesla's request for closed-door arbitration. [421] 
Labor disputes
In June 2016, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) took issue with Tesla's use of nondisclosure agreements (NDAs) regarding customer repairs [422]  and, in October 2021, the NHTSA formally asked Tesla to explain its NDA policy regarding customers invited into the FSD Beta. [423]  Tesla has used NDAs on multiple occasions with both employees [424]  and customers [425]  to allegedly prevent possible negative coverage. [426]   [427] 
 From 2014 to 2018, Tesla's Fremont Factory had three times as many Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) violations as the ten largest U.S. auto plants combined. [428]  An investigation by the Reveal podcast alleged that Tesla "failed to report some of its serious injuries on legally mandated reports" to downplay the extent of injuries. [429] 
 In January 2019, former Tesla security manager Sean Gouthro filed a whistleblower complaint alleging that the company had hacked employees' phones and spied on them, while also failing to report illegal activities to the authorities and shareholders. [430]   [431]   [432]  Several legal cases have revolved around alleged whistleblower retaliation by Tesla. These include the dismissal of Tesla safety official Carlos Ramirez [433]   [434]  and Tesla security employee Karl Hansen. [435]  In 2020, the court ordered Hansen's case to arbitration. [436]  In June 2022, the arbitrator filed an unopposed motion with the court stating Hansen "has failed to establish the claims...Accordingly his claims are denied, and he shall take nothing". [437] 
 In September 2019, a California judge ruled that 12 actions in 2017 and 2018 by Musk and other Tesla executives violated labor laws because they sabotaged employee attempts to unionize. [438]   [439] 
 In March 2021, the US National Labor Relations Board ordered Musk to remove a tweet and reinstate a fired employee over union organization activities. [440]   [441] 
Fraud
There have been numerous concerns about Tesla's financial reporting. In 2013, Bloomberg News questioned whether Tesla's financial reporting violated Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) reporting standards. [442]   Fortune  accused Tesla in 2016 of using creative accounting to show positive cash flow and quarterly profits. [443]  In 2018, analysts expressed concerns over Tesla's accounts receivable balance. [444]  In September 2019, the SEC questioned Tesla CFO Zach Kirkhorn about Tesla's warranty reserves and lease accounting. [445]  Hedge fund manager David Einhorn accused Elon Musk in November 2019 of "significant fraud", [446]  and publicly questioned Tesla's accounting practices, telling Musk that he was "beginning to wonder whether your accounts receivable exist." [447] 
 From 2012 to 2014, Tesla earned more than $295 million in Zero Emission Vehicle credits for a battery-swapping technology that was never made available to customers. [448]  Staff at California Air Resources Board were concerned that Tesla was "gaming" the battery swap subsidies and in 2013 recommended eliminating the credits. [449] 
 A consolidated shareholders lawsuit alleges that Musk knew SolarCity was going broke before the acquisition, that he and the Tesla board overpaid for SolarCity, ignored their conflicts of interest and breached their fiduciary duties in connection with the deal, and failed to disclose "troubling facts" essential to an analysis of the proposed acquisition. [450]  The members of the board settled in 2020, leaving Musk as the only defendant. [451]  In April 2022, a Delaware court ruled in favor of defendant Elon Musk in a shareholder lawsuit over Tesla's $2.6 billion acquisition of SolarCity. [452]   [453] 
 In August 2018, Elon Musk tweeted, "Am considering taking Tesla private at $420. Funding secured." [454]  The tweet caused the stock to initially rise but then drop when it was revealed to be false. [455]   [456]   [457]  Musk settled fraud charges with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) over his false statements in September 2018. According to the terms of the settlement, Musk agreed to have his tweets reviewed by Tesla's in-house counsel, he was removed from his chairman role at Tesla temporarily, and two new independent directors were appointed to the company's board. [458]  Tesla and Musk also paid civil penalties of $20 million each. [458]  A civil class-action shareholder lawsuit over Musk's statements and other derivative lawsuits were also filed against Musk and the members of Tesla's board of directors, as then constituted, in regard to claims and actions made that were associated with potentially going private. [459]   [460]  In February 2023, a California jury unanimously found Musk and Tesla not liable in the class-action lawsuit. [461] 
 In September 2018, Tesla disclosed that it was under investigation by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) regarding its Model 3 production figures. [462]  Authorities were investigating whether the company misled investors and made projections about its Model 3 production that it knew would be impossible to meet. [462]  A stockholder class action lawsuit against Tesla related to Model 3 production numbers (unrelated to the FBI investigation) was dismissed in March 2019. [463]   [464] 
Tesla US dealership disputes
Unlike other automakers, Tesla does not rely on franchised auto dealerships to sell vehicles and instead directly sells vehicles through its website and a network of company-owned stores. In some areas, Tesla operates locations called "galleries" which "educate and inform customers about our products, but such locations do not actually transact in the sale of vehicles." [229]  This is because some jurisdictions, particularly in the United States, prohibit auto manufacturers from directly selling vehicles to consumers. Dealership associations have filed lawsuits to prevent direct sales. These associations argued that the franchise system protects consumers by encouraging dealers to compete with each other, lowering the price a customer pays. They also claimed that direct sales would allow manufacturers to undersell their own dealers. [232]  The United States Federal Trade Commission ultimately disproved the associations' claims and recommended allowing direct manufacturer sale, which they concluded would save consumers 8% in average vehicle price. [465]   [466]   [467] 
 Tesla has also lobbied state governments for the right to directly sell cars. [468]  The company has argued that directly operating stores improves consumer education about electric vehicles, [229]  because dealerships would sell both Tesla and gas-powered vehicles. Doing this, according to the company, would then set up a conflict of interest for the dealers since properly advertising the benefits of an electric car would disparage the gas-powered vehicles, creating a disincentive to dealership EV sales. [232]  Musk himself further contended that dealers would have a disincentive to sell electric vehicles because they require less maintenance and therefore would reduce after-sales service revenue, a large profit center for most dealerships. [208] 
Intellectual property
In January 2021, Tesla filed a lawsuit against Alex Khatilov alleging that the former employee stole company information by downloading files related to its Warp Drive software to his personal Dropbox account. [469]  Khatilov denies the allegation that he was acting as a "willful and malicious thief" and attributes his actions to an accidental data transfer. [470]  The case was settled in August 2021 through mediation. [471] 
 Tesla has sued former employees in the past for similar actions; for example, Guangzhi Cao, a Tesla engineer, was accused of uploading Tesla Autopilot source code to his iCloud account; [472]  Tesla and Cao settled in April 2021. [473] 
Defamation
In January 2022, Tesla's China division announced that it was taking legal action against Xiaogang Xuezhang (Chinese: 小刚学长; pinyin: xiǎo gāng xuézhǎng), a Douyin (TikTok) user with over 14 million followers on the platform. [474]   [475]  The lawsuit arose after Xiaogang posted two videos on Douyin in April 2021, in which he tested the automated emergency braking (AEB) systems of a Tesla Model 3 and an XPeng P7. In the videos, Xiaogang said the Model 3's AEB system failed to activate two out of three times, leading to collisions. Tesla claimed the data was fabricated and tarnishesmd the brand's reputation among consumers. [476] 
Misappropriation
In 2018, a class action was filed against Musk and the members of Tesla's board alleging they breached their fiduciary duties by approving Musk's stock-based compensation plan. [460]  Musk received the first portion of his stock options payout, worth more than $700 million in May 2020. [477] 
Environmental violations
In 2019, The United States Environmental Protection Agency fined Tesla for hazardous waste violations that occurred in 2017. [478]  In June 2019, Tesla began negotiating penalties for 19 environmental violations from the Bay Area Air Quality Management District; [479]  the violations took place around Tesla Fremont's paint shop, where there had been at least four fires between 2014 and 2019. [480]  Environmental violations and permit deviations at Tesla's Fremont Factory increased from 2018 to 2019 with the production ramp of the Model 3. [481] 
 In June 2018, Tesla employee Martin Tripp leaked information that Tesla was scrapping or reworking up to 40% of its raw materials at the Nevada Gigafactory. [482]  After Tesla fired him for the leak, Tripp filed a lawsuit and claimed Tesla's security team gave police a false tip that he was planning a mass shooting at the Nevada factory. [483]   [430]  The court ruled in Tesla's favor on September 17, 2020. [484]   [485] 
Property damage
In August 2019, Walmart filed a multi-million dollar lawsuit against Tesla, claiming that Tesla's "negligent installation and maintenance" of solar panels caused roof fires at seven Walmart stores dating back to 2012. [486]  Walmart reached a settlement with Tesla in November 2019; the terms of the settlement were not disclosed. [487] 
 In May 2021, a Norwegian judge found Tesla guilty of throttling charging speed through a 2019 over-the-air software update, awarding each of the 30 customers who were part of the lawsuit 136,000 Norwegian kroner ($16,000). [488]  Approximately 10,000 other Norwegian Tesla owners may be granted a similar award. [488] 
Racism
Tesla has faced numerous complaints regarding workplace harassment and racial discrimination, [489]   [490]  with one former Tesla worker who attempted to sue the employer describing it as "a hotbed of racist behavior". [491]  As of December 2021, three percent of leadership at the company are African American. [492]  A former black worker described the work environment at Tesla's Buffalo plant as a "very racist place". [493]  Tesla and SpaceX's treatment of Juneteenth in 2020 also came under fire. [494]  Approximately 100 former employees have submitted signed statements alleging that Tesla discriminates specifically against African Americans and "allows a racist environment in its factories." [495]  According to the state's Department of Fair Employment and Housing, the Fremont factory is a racially segregated place where Black employees claim they are given the most menial [496]  and physically demanding work. [497]  The accusations of racism culminated in February 2022 with the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing suing Tesla for "discriminating against its Black workers." [498] 
 In July 2021, former employee Melvin Berry received $1 million in his discrimination case in arbitration against Tesla after he claimed he was referred to by the n-word and forced to work longer hours at the Fremont plant. [499] 
 In October 2021, a jury verdict in the  Owen Diaz vs. Tesla  trial awarded the plaintiff $137 million in damages after he had faced racial harassment at Tesla's Fremont facility during 2015–2016. [500]   [501]  In a blog, Tesla stressed that Diaz was never "really" a Tesla worker, and that most utterings of the n-word were expressed in a friendly manner. [502]   [503]  In April 2022, federal judge William Orrick upheld the jury finding of Tesla's liability but reduced the total damage down to $15 million. [504]  Diaz was given a two-week deadline to decide if he would collect the damages. In June 2022, Diaz announced that he would be rejecting the $15 million award, opening the door for a new trial. [505] 
 Few of these cases against Tesla ever make it to trial as most employees are made to sign arbitration agreements. [506]  Employees are afterwards required to resolve such disputes out of court, and behind closed doors.
Conduct during the COVID-19 pandemic
Tesla's initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States has been the subject of considerable criticism. Musk had sought to exempt the Tesla Fremont factory in Alameda County, California from the government's stay-at-home orders. In an earnings call in April, he was heard calling the public health orders "fascist". [507]  He had also called the public's response to the pandemic "dumb" and had said online that there would be zero cases by April. [508]  In May 2020, while Alameda County officials were negotiating with the company to reopen the Fremont Factory on the 18th, Musk defied local government orders by restarting production on the 11th. [509]   [510]   [511]  Tesla also sued Alameda County, questioning the legality of the orders, but backed down after the Fremont Factory was given approval to reopen. [512]   [513]  Tesla published a detailed plan for bringing employees back to work and keeping them safe, [514]  however some employees continued to express concern for their health. [515] 
 In May 2020, Musk told workers that they could stay home if they felt uncomfortable coming back to work. [516]  But in June, Tesla fired an employee who criticized the company for taking inadequate safety measures to protect workers from the coronavirus at the Fremont Factory. [517]  Three more employees at Tesla's Fremont Factory claimed they were fired for staying home out of fear of catching COVID-19. This was subsequently denied by Tesla, which even stated that the employees were still on the payroll. [518]  COVID-19 cases at the factory grew from 10 in May 2020 to 125 in December 2020, with about 450 total cases in that time period out of the approximately 10,000 workers at the plant (4.5%). [507]   [519] 
 In China, Tesla had what one Tesla executive described as "not a green light from the government to get back to work – but a flashing-sirens police escort." [520]  Tesla enjoyed special treatment and strong government support in China, including tax breaks, cheap financing, and assistance in building its Giga Shanghai factory at breakneck speeds. [520]  Musk has praised China's way of doing things, a controversial stance due to deteriorating U.S.–Chinese relations, China's ongoing persecution of Uyghurs, and alleged human rights abuses in Hong Kong. [521]   [522] 
Criticism
Delays
Musk has been criticized for repeated pushing out both production and release dates of products. [523]   [524]  By one count in 2016, Musk had missed 20 projections. [525]  In October 2017, Musk predicted that Model 3 production would be 5,000 units per week by December. [526]  A month later, he revised that target to "sometime in March" 2018. [527]  Delivery dates for the Model 3 were delayed as well. [528]  Other projects like converting supercharger stations to be solar-powered have also lagged projections. [529]  Musk responded in late 2018: "punctuality is not my strong suit...I never made a mass-produced car. How am I supposed to know with precision when it's gonna get done?" [530] 
Giga New York audit
In 2020, the New York State Comptroller released an audit of the Giga New York factory project, concluding that it presented many red flags, including lack of basic due diligence and that the factory itself produced only $0.54 in economic benefits for every $1 spent by the state. [531]   [532]   [533] 
Tesla's mission
According to automotive journalist Jamie Kitman, when multiple CEOs of major automotive manufacturers approached Tesla for EV technology that Musk had claimed the company was willing to share, they instead were offered the opportunity to buy regulatory credits from Tesla. This suggested, according to Kitman, that "the company may not be as eager for the electric revolution to occur as it claims." [534] 
Short-sellers and TSLAQ
 TSLAQ is a collective of Tesla critics and short sellers who aim to "shape [the] perception [of Tesla] and move its stock." [535]  In January 2020, 20% of Tesla stock was shorted, the highest at that time of any stock in the U.S. equity markets. [536]  By early 2021, according to CNN, short sellers had lost $40 billion during 2020 as the stock price climbed much higher. [537]  Michael Burry, a short seller portrayed in  The Big Short , had shorted Tesla previously via his firm Scion Asset Management, but removed his position in October 2021. [538] 
Vehicle product issues
Recalls
On April 20, 2017, Tesla issued a worldwide recall of 53,000 (~70%) of the 76,000 vehicles it sold in 2016 due to faulty parking brakes which could become stuck and "prevent the vehicles from moving". [539]   [540]  On March 29, 2018, Tesla issued a worldwide recall of 123,000 Model S cars built before April 2016 due to corrosion-susceptible power steering bolts, which could fail and require the driver to use "increased force" to control the vehicle. [541] 
 In October 2020, Tesla initiated a recall of nearly 50,000 Model X and Y vehicles throughout China for suspension issues. [542]  Soon after in November, the NHTSA announced it had opened its own investigation into 115,000 Tesla cars regarding "front suspension safety issues", citing specifically 2015–2017 Model S and 2016–2017 Model X years. Cases of the "whompy wheel" phenomenon, which also included Model X and the occasional Model 3 cars, have been documented through 2020. [543]   [544] 
 In February 2021, Tesla was required by the NHTSA to recall 135,000 Model S and Model X vehicles built from 2012 to 2018 due to using a flash memory device that was rated to last only 5 to 6 years. [545]  The problem was related to touchscreen failures that could possibly affect the rear-view camera, safety systems, Autopilot and other features. [546]   [547]  The underlying technical reason is that the car writes a large amount of syslog content to the device, wearing it out prematurely. [548] 
 Also in February 2021, the German Federal Motor Transport Authority (KBA) ordered Tesla to recall 12,300 Model X cars because of "body mouldings problems". [549]   [550] 
 In June 2021, Tesla recalled 5,974 electric vehicles due to worries that brake caliper bolts might become loose, which could lead to loss of tire pressure, potentially increasing the chance of a crash. [551] 
 On December 30, 2021, Tesla announced that they are recalling more than 475,000 US model vehicles. This included 356,309 Model 3 Tesla vehicles from 2017 to 2020 due to rear-view camera issues and a further 119,009 Tesla Model S vehicles due to potential problems with the trunk or boot. The Model S recall includes vehicles manufactured between 2014 and 2021. Around 1% of recalled Model 3s may have a defective rear-view camera, and around 14% of recalled model S's may have the defect. The recall was not linked to a contemporaneous issue regarding the Passenger Play feature, which allowed games to be played on the touchscreen while the car is in motion. [552]  After an investigation was launched by the NHTSA covering 585,000 vehicles, Tesla agreed to make changes where the feature would be locked and unusable while the car is moving. [553] 
 In September 2022, Tesla announced that they are recalling almost 1.1 million US model vehicles because the automatic window reversal system might not react correctly after detecting an obstruction, increasing the risk of injury. [554]   [555]  In response, Tesla announced an over-the-air software fix. [555] 
Fires and Autopilot crashes
Tesla customers have reported the company as being "slow" to address how their cars can ignite. [556]  In 2013, a Model S caught fire after the vehicle hit metal debris on a highway in Kent, Washington. Tesla confirmed the fire began in the battery pack and was caused by the impact of an object. [557]  As a result of this and other incidents, Tesla announced its decision to extend its current vehicle warranty to cover fire damage. [558]  In March 2014, the NHTSA announced that it had closed the investigation into whether the Model S was prone to catch fire, after Tesla said it would provide more protection to its battery packs. [559]  All Model S cars manufactured after March 6, 2014, have had the 0.25-inch (6.4 mm) aluminum shield over the battery pack replaced with a new three-layer shield. [560]  In October 2019, the NHTSA opened an investigation into possible battery defects in Tesla's Model S and X vehicles from 2012 to 2019 that could cause "non-crash" fires. [561]   [562]   [563] 
 A Model S driver died in a collision with a tractor-trailer in 2016, while the vehicle was in Autopilot mode; the driver is believed to be the first person to have died in a Tesla vehicle in Autopilot. [564]   [565]  The NHTSA investigated the accident but found no safety-related defect trend. [566]  In March 2018, a driver of a Tesla Model X was killed in a crash. Investigators say that the driver of the vehicle had his car in 'self-driving' mode and was using his phone to play games when the vehicle collided with the barrier in the middle of the freeway. Through investigation, the NTSB found that the Tesla malfunctioned due to the system being confused by an exit on the freeway. [567] 
 According to a document released in June 2021, the NHTSA has initiated at least 30 investigations into Tesla crashes that were believed to involve the use of Autopilot, with some involving fatalities. [568]   [569]  In early September 2021, the NHTSA updated the list with an additional fatality incident [570]  and ordered Tesla to hand over all extensive data pertaining to US cars with Autopilot to determine if there is a safety defect that leads Tesla cars to collide with first-responder vehicles. [570]   [571]   [572]  In late September 2021, Tesla released an over-the-air software update to detect emergency lights at night. [573]  In October 2021, the NHTSA asked Tesla why it did not issue a recall when it sent out that update. [574]  In June 2022, the NHTSA said it would expand its probe, extending it to 830,000 cars from all current Tesla models. The probe will be moved up from the Preliminary Evaluation level to the Engineering Analysis one. The regulator cited the reason for the expansion as the need to "explore the degree to which Autopilot and associated Tesla systems may exacerbate human factors or behavioral safety risks by undermining the effectiveness of the driver's supervision." [575] 
 A safety test conducted by the Dawn Project in August 2022 demonstrated that a test driver using the beta version of Full Self-Driving repeatedly hit a child-sized mannequin in its path, [576]  but there has been controversy over its conclusions. [577]  Several Tesla fans responded by conducting their own, independent tests using children; NHTSA released a statement warning against the practice. [578] 
Software hacking
In August 2015, two researchers said they were able to take control of a Tesla Model S by hacking into the car's entertainment system. [579]  The hack required the researchers to physically access the car. [580]  Tesla issued a security update for the Model S the day after the exploit was announced. [581] 
 In September 2016, researchers at Tencent's Keen Security Lab demonstrated a remote attack on a Tesla Model S and controlled the vehicle in both Parking and Driving Mode without physical access. They were able to compromise the automotive networking bus (CAN bus) when the vehicle's web browser was used while the vehicle was connected to a malicious Wi-Fi hotspot. [582]  This was the first case of a remote control exploit demonstrated on a Tesla. The vulnerability was disclosed to Tesla under their bug bounty program and patched within 10 days, before the exploit was made public. [583]  Tencent also hacked the doors of a Model X in 2017. [584] 
 In January 2018, security researchers informed Tesla that an Amazon Web Services account of theirs could be accessed directly from the Internet and that the account had been exploited for cryptocurrency mining. Tesla responded by securing the compromised system, rewarding the security researchers financially via their bug bounty program, and stating that the compromise did not violate customer privacy, nor vehicle safety or security. [585]   [586]  Later in 2019, Tesla awarded a car and $375,000 to ethical hackers during a Pwn2Own Model 3 hacking event. [587] 
 In June 2022, Martin Herfurt, a security researcher in Austria, discovered that changes made to make Tesla vehicles easier to start with NFC cards also allowed for pairing new keys to the vehicle, allowing an attacker to enroll their own keys to a vehicle. [588] 
Phantom braking
Tesla drivers have reported a surge in "phantom braking" events when using Tesla Autopilot which coincides with the automaker's removal of radar as a supplemental sensor. [589]  In response, NHTSA has opened an investigation. [590] 
Vehicle sales
In 2021, Tesla ranked as the world's bestselling plug-in and battery electric passenger car manufacturer, with a market share of 14% of the plug-in segment and 21% of the battery electric segment sales. [591]  Tesla reported 2022 vehicle deliveries of 1,313,851 units, up 40% from 2021. [11]   [12]  At the end of 2021, Tesla's global sales since 2012 totaled 2.3 million units. [592] 
Production and sales by quarter
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
3 2012
4
1
2 2013
3
4
1
2 2014
3
4
1
2 2015
3
4
1
2 2016
3
4
1
2 2017
3
4
1
2 2018
3
4
1
2 2019
3
4
1
2 2020
3
4
1
2 2021
3
4
1
2 2022
3
4
   Model S
  Model X
  Model S/X
  Model 3
  Model 3/Y 
Tesla deliveries vary significantly by month due to regional issues such as availability of car carriers and registration. On March 9, 2020, the company produced its 1 millionth electric car, becoming the first auto manufacturer to achieve such a milestone. [593]  In the third quarter of 2021, Tesla sold its 2 millionth electric car, becoming the first auto manufacturer to achieve such a milestone. [594] 
Finances
 Tesla financial performance 
For the fiscal (and calendar) year 2021, Tesla reported a net income of $5.52 billion. [12]  The annual revenue was $53.8 billion, an increase of 71% over the previous fiscal year. [12] 
 Of the revenue number in 2021, $314 million came from selling regulatory credits to other automakers to meet government pollution standards. That number has been a smaller percentage of revenue for multiple quarters. [12]  In Q1 2022, Tesla sold $679 million of regulatory carbon credits. [595] 
 Tesla ended 2021 with $17.6 billion of cash on hand, down $1.8 billion from the end of 2020. [229]  : 31 
 In February 2021, a 10-K filing revealed that Tesla had invested some $1.5 billion in the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, and the company indicated it would soon accept Bitcoin as a form of payment. [84]  Critics then pointed out how investing in cryptocurrency can run counter to Tesla's environmental goals. [596]   [597]  Tesla made more profit from the 2021 investment than the profit from selling cars in 2020, due to the Bitcoin price increase after the investment was announced. [598]   [599] 
 The quarter ending June 2021 was the first time Tesla made a profit independent of Bitcoin and regulatory credits. [600] 
 
Year
Revenue(mil. USD)
Net income(mil. USD)
Total assets(mil. USD)
Employees
 
2005
0
−12
8
 
2006 [601]   [602] 
0
−30
44
70
 
2007
0.073
−78
34
268
 
2008
15
−83
52
252
 
2009
112
−56
130
514
 
2010 [602] 
117
−154
386
899
 
2011 [602] 
204
−254
713
1,417
 
2012 [602] 
413
−396
1,114
2,914
 
2013 [602] 
2,013
−74
2,417
5,859
 
2014 [602] 
3,198
−294
5,831
10,161
 
2015 [602] 
4,046
−889
8,068
13,058
 
2016 [602] 
7,000
−675
22,664
17,782
 
2017 [602] 
11,759
−1,962
28,655
37,543
 
2018 [602] 
21,461
−976
29,740
48,817
 
2019 [602] 
24,578
−862
34,309
48,016
 
2020 [602] 
31,536
721
52,148
70,757
 
2021 [602] 
53,823
5,519
62,131
99,290
 
2022 [602] 
81,462
12,556
82,338
127,855
   
Senior leadership
List of chief executives
 Martin Eberhard (2004–2007)
Ze'ev Drori (2007–2008)
Elon Musk (since October 2008) [603]   
List of board chairs
 Elon Musk (2004–2018)
 Robyn Denholm (since November 2018) [603]   
Board of directors
In an April 2017 public letter, a group of influential Tesla investors, including the California State Teachers' Retirement System, asked Tesla to add two new independent directors to its board "who do not have any ties with chief executive Elon Musk". [604]  The investors wrote that "five of six current non-executive directors have professional or personal ties to Mr. Musk that could put at risk their ability to exercise independent judgement." [605]  Tesla's directors at the time included Brad Buss, who served as chief financial officer at SolarCity; Steve Jurvetson, a venture capitalist who also sits on the board of SpaceX; [606]  Elon Musk's brother, Kimbal; and Ira Ehrenpreis and Antonio Gracias, both of whom also invested in SpaceX. [607]  The letter called for a more independent board that could put a check on groupthink. [605]  At first Musk responded on Twitter, writing that the investors "should buy Ford stock" because "their governance is amazing." [605]  Two days later, he promised he would add two independent board members; [608]  Kathleen Wilson-Thompson and Larry Ellison were added at the end of 2018. [609]  Ellison stepped down in August 2022. [610] 
 Other previous board members include businessman Steve Westly; Daimler executive Herbert Kohler; [393]  and CEO and Chairman of Johnson Publishing Company Linda Johnson Rice. [611] 
 As of September 2022, the board members are: [612] 
 
Joined
Name
Titles
 Independent
Notes
 
2014 [613] 
Robyn Denholm
 Chairman (since November 2018); former CFO and Head of Strategy of Telstra  [614] 
Yes
As of March 2020, Denholm is the only board member with automotive experience besides Musk. [615]  (Denholm served in finance and corporate reporting roles at Toyota Motor Corporation Australia from 1989 to 1996. [614] )
 
2004 [19] 
Elon Musk
 CEO, product architect, former chairman; founder, CEO and CTO of SpaceX; former chairman of Tesla, Inc.; former chairman of SolarCity
No
 
2004 [616] 
Kimbal Musk
SpaceX board member [617] 
No
 
2007 [618] 
Ira Ehrenpreis
General Partner at Technology Partners [611] 
Disputed [604] 
 
2017 [611] 
 James Murdoch
Former CEO of 21st Century Fox  [611] 
Yes
 
2018 [606] 
Kathleen Wilson-Thompson
Global head of Human Resources of Walgreens Boots Alliance  [606] 
Yes
 
2020 [619] 
 Hiromichi Mizuno
 United Nations Special Envoy on Innovative Finance and Sustainable Investments; former executive managing director and chief investment officer of Japan's Government Pension Investment Fund  [620] 
Yes
 
2022 [621] 
 Joe Gebbia
Co-founder, board member and advisor of Airbnb  [622] 
Yes
   
See also
  List of automobile manufacturers of the United States 
 List of Easter eggs in Tesla products 
 List of production battery electric vehicles 
 Plug-in electric vehicles in California 
 Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States  
Notes
 Footnotes
 
  ^  According to company representatives, both pronunciations are correct, [8]  though Nikola Tesla's surname is properly pronounced TESS-lə.
 
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Further reading
 Higgins, Tim (2021).  Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century . Doubleday. ISBN 978-0385545464.
 McKenzie, Hamish (2018). Insane Mode: How Elon Musk's Tesla Sparked an Electric Revolution to End the Age of Oil. New York: Dutton. ISBN  978-1101985953 . 
Niedermeyer, Edward (2019).  Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors . Dallas: BenBella. ISBN 978-1948836326. OCLC 1089841254.
 Vance, Ashlee (2015). Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN  978-0062301239 . OCLC 881436803.  
External links
  Official website   
Business data for Tesla, Inc.:    Bloomberg   Google   Reuters   SEC filings   Yahoo!     
 Coordinates: 30°13′N 97°37′W﻿ / ﻿30.22°N 97.62°W
Tesla, Inc. - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX
SpaceX - Wikipedia
2004-07-16
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<div><div>
<p>This article is about the rocket and spacecraft manufacturer. For the British art gallery, see <a href="/wiki/Spacex_(art_gallery)">Spacex (art gallery)</a>.</p>
<table><caption>Space Exploration Technologies Corp.</caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/File:SpaceX_logo_black.svg"></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/File:Iridium-4_Mission_(25557986177).jpg"></a><p>Headquarters in December 2017; plumes from a flight of a Falcon 9 rocket are visible overhead</p></td></tr><tr><th><div><p><a href="/wiki/Trade_name">Trade name</a></p></div></th><td>SpaceX</td></tr><tr><th>Type</th><td><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company">Private</a></td></tr><tr><th>Industry</th><td><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry">Space</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication">Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry">Defense</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th>Founded</th><td>March 14, 2002; 21 years ago in <a href="/wiki/El_Segundo,_California">El Segundo, California</a>, U.S.<sup><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th>Founder</th><td>Elon Musk</td></tr><tr><th>Headquarters</th><td><div><p><a href="/wiki/Hawthorne,_California">Hawthorne, California</a></p></div>, <p>United States</p></td></tr><tr><th><p>Key people</p></th><td><div><ul><li>Elon Musk (<a href="/wiki/CEO">CEO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chairman">chairman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer">CTO</a>, 2002–present)<sup><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gwynne_Shotwell">Gwynne Shotwell</a> (president and <a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer">COO</a>)<sup><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th>Products</th><td><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_vehicles">Several launch vehicles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_rocket_engines">Several rocket engines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2">Dragon capsules</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship">Starship</a> (in development)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Starlink">Starlink</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_Technologies#Satellite_constellation">SpaceBEE</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th>Services</th><td><div>
<ul><li>Orbital <a href="/wiki/Rocket_launch">rocket launch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_internet">Satellite internet</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th>Revenue</th><td>US$2 billion (2018)<sup><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th>Owner</th><td>Elon Musk Trust<br />(47.4% equity; 78.3% voting control)<sup><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th><p>Number of employees</p></th><td>12,000<sup><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> (April 2022)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Swarm_Technologies">Swarm Technologies</a></td></tr><tr><th>Website</th><td><a href="https://www.spacex.com/">www<wbr></wbr>.spacex<wbr></wbr>.com</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193701#P856"></a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>Space Exploration Technologies Corporation</b> (<b>SpaceX</b>)<sup><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> is an American <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer">spacecraft manufacturer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_launch">launcher</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication">satellite communications</a> corporation headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Hawthorne,_California">Hawthorne, California</a>. It was founded in 2002 by <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk">Elon Musk</a> with the stated goal of reducing space transportation costs to enable the <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars">colonization of Mars</a>. The company manufactures the <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9">Falcon 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship">Starship</a> launch vehicles, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_rocket_engines">several rocket engines</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2">Cargo Dragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon">Crew Dragon</a> spacecraft, and <a href="/wiki/Starlink">Starlink</a> communications satellites.
</p><p>SpaceX is developing a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_internet_constellation">satellite internet constellation</a> named <a href="/wiki/Starlink">Starlink</a> to provide commercial <a href="/wiki/Internet_service">internet service</a>. In January 2020, the Starlink constellation became the largest satellite constellation ever launched, and as of December 2022 comprises over 3,300 <a href="/wiki/Small_satellite">small satellites</a> in orbit.<sup><a href="#cite_note-sn2676101-10">[10]</a></sup>
The company is also developing Starship, a privately funded, <a href="/wiki/Fully-reusable_orbital_launch_vehicle">fully reusable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle">super heavy-lift launch system</a> for <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight">interplanetary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight">orbital spaceflight</a>. It is intended to become SpaceX's primary orbital vehicle once operational, supplanting the existing Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy, and Dragon fleet. It will have the highest payload capacity of any orbital rocket ever built on its debut, which is scheduled for early 2023 pending a launch license.<sup><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>SpaceX has made several achievements in space exploration. These include making the first privately developed <a href="/wiki/Liquid-propellant_rocket">liquid-propellant rocket</a> that reached orbit, the first private company to launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft, the first private company to send a spacecraft to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station">International Space Station</a>, the first to achieve <a href="/wiki/VTVL">vertical propulsive landing</a> of an orbital rocket booster, the first to reuse such a booster, and the first private company to send astronauts to orbit and to the International Space Station. In addition, SpaceX's Falcon 9 rockets have been flown and landed over one hundred times.
</p>
<h2>History[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1">edit</a>]</h2>
<h3>2001–2004: Founding[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>In early 2001, <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk">Elon Musk</a> donated US$100,000 to the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Society">Mars Society</a> and joined its board of directors for a short time.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:13-12">[12]</a></sup><sup>: 30–31 </sup> He gave a plenary talk at their fourth convention where he announced <i>Mars Oasis</i>, a project to land a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse">greenhouse</a> and grow plants on Mars.<sup><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-spectrum-14">[14]</a></sup> Musk initially attempted to acquire a <a href="/wiki/Dnepr_(rocket)">Dnepr</a> ICBM for the project through Russian contacts from <a href="/wiki/Jim_Cantrell">Jim Cantrell</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Two months later, however, the United States withdrew from the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty">ABM Treaty</a> and created the <a href="/wiki/Missile_Defense_Agency">Missile Defense Agency</a>, increasing tensions with Russia and generating new strategic interest for rapid and re-usable launch capability similar to the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-X">DC-X</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>When Musk returned to Moscow, Russia, with <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Griffin">Michael Griffin</a> (who led the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency">CIA</a>'s venture capital arm <a href="/wiki/In-Q-Tel">In-Q-Tel</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>), they found the Russians increasingly unreceptive.<sup><a href="#cite_note-A&amp;Ssmithsonian201201-18">[18]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a></sup> On the flight home Musk announced he could start a company to build the affordable rockets they needed instead.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a></sup> By applying <a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration">vertical integration</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-A&amp;Ssmithsonian201201-18">[18]</a></sup> using cheap <a href="/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf">commercial off-the-shelf</a> components when possible,<sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a></sup> and adopting the modular approach of modern software engineering, Musk believed SpaceX could significantly cut launch price.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a></sup> Griffin would later be appointed <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_NASA">NASA administrator</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> conceive the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services">COTS program</a>, and approve SpaceX for the $278 million award in 2006 before SpaceX had flown any rocket.<sup><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>In early 2002, Musk started to look for staff for his company, soon to be named SpaceX. Musk approached rocket engineer <a href="/wiki/Tom_Mueller">Tom Mueller</a> (later SpaceX's CTO of propulsion) and invited him to become his business partner. Mueller agreed to work for Musk, and thus SpaceX was born.<sup><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> SpaceX was first headquartered in a warehouse in <a href="/wiki/El_Segundo,_California">El Segundo, California</a>. Early SpaceX employees, such as <a href="/wiki/Tom_Mueller">Tom Mueller</a> (CTO), <a href="/wiki/Gwynne_Shotwell">Gwynne Shotwell</a> (COO), and Chris Thompson (VP of Operations), came from neighboring <a href="/wiki/TRW_Inc.">TRW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing">Boeing</a> corporations following the cancellation of the <a href="/wiki/Brilliant_Pebbles">Brilliant Pebbles</a> program.<sup><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> By November 2005, the company had 160 employees.<sup><a href="#cite_note-avweek20200527-25">[25]</a></sup> Musk personally interviewed and approved all of SpaceX's early employees.<sup><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
Musk has stated that one of his goals with SpaceX is to decrease the cost and improve the reliability of access to <a href="/wiki/Outer_space">space</a>, ultimately by a factor of ten.<sup><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>2005–2009: Falcon 1 and first orbital launches[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Falcon_1_Flight_4_liftoff.jpg"></a></p><div><p>The first successful <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1">Falcon 1</a> launch in September 2008</p></div></div>
<p>SpaceX developed its first <a href="/wiki/Orbital_launch_vehicle">orbital launch vehicle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1">Falcon 1</a>, with internal funding.<sup><a href="#cite_note-usat20050617-28">[28]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-wired20070522-29">[29]</a></sup>
The Falcon 1 was an <a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system">expendable</a> <a href="/wiki/Two-stage-to-orbit">two-stage-to-orbit</a> <a href="/wiki/Small-lift_launch_vehicle">small-lift launch vehicle</a>.
The total development cost of Falcon 1 was approximately US$90 million<sup><a href="#cite_note-nasa20110427-30">[30]</a></sup> to US$100 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> The Falcon name was adopted from the <a href="/wiki/DARPA_Falcon_Project">DARPA Falcon Project</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Prompt_Global_Strike">Prompt Global Strike</a> program of the US military.<sup><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2005, SpaceX announced plans to pursue a human-rated commercial space program through the end of the decade, a program that would later become the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon">Dragon spacecraft</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup>
In 2006, the company was selected by NASA and awarded $396 million to provide crew and cargo resupply demonstration contracts to the ISS under the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services">COTS program</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first two Falcon 1 launches were purchased by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> under a program that evaluates new US launch vehicles suitable for use by <a href="/wiki/DARPA">DARPA</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-wired20070522-29">[29]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> The first three launches of the rocket, between 2006 and 2008, all resulted in failures, which almost ended the company. Financing for Tesla Motors had failed, as well,<sup><a href="#cite_note-Levin2022-37">[37]</a></sup> and consequently <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.">Tesla</a>, <a href="/wiki/SolarCity">SolarCity</a>, and Musk personally were all nearly bankrupt at the same time.<sup><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> Musk was reportedly "waking from nightmares, screaming and in physical pain" because of the stress.<sup><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>The financial situation started to turn around with the first successful launch achieved on <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1#Fourth_flight">the fourth attempt</a> on 28 September 2008. Musk split his remaining $30 million between SpaceX and Tesla, and NASA awarded the first <a href="#Commercial_cargo">Commercial Resupply Services (CRS)</a> contract awarding $1.6 billion to SpaceX in December, thus financially saving the company.<sup><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> Based on these factors and the further business operations they enabled, the Falcon 1 was soon retired following its <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1#Fifth_flight">second successful, and fifth total, launch</a> in July 2009; this allowed SpaceX to focus company resources on the development of a larger orbital rocket, the Falcon 9.<sup><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gwynne_Shotwell">Gwynne Shotwell</a> was also promoted to company president at this time, for her role in successfully negotiating the CRS contract with the <a href="/wiki/NASA">NASA</a> Administrator (and former SpaceX contractor) <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Griffin">Michael Griffin</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> Griffin later estimated that SpaceX was around 85% funded by the federal government, mostly through his NASA awards, with the remaining 15% funding split between Elon Musk and other private investors. He felt the amount of government funding was "excessive in his view" compared with what he originally envisioned for the commercial space program.<sup><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>2010–2012: Falcon 9, Dragon, and NASA contracts[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4">edit</a>]</h3>
<div> <div><p>Video of the first launch of Falcon 9</p></div></div>
<p>SpaceX originally intended to follow its light Falcon 1 launch vehicle with an intermediate capacity vehicle, the Falcon 5.<sup><a href="#cite_note-msnbc2005-45">[45]</a></sup> The company instead decided in 2005 to proceed with the development of the <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9">Falcon 9</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle">reusable</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_launch_vehicle">heavier lift vehicle</a>. Development of the Falcon 9 was accelerated by <a href="/wiki/NASA">NASA</a>, which committed to purchasing several commercial flights if specific capabilities were demonstrated. This started with seed money from the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a> (COTS) program in 2006.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Lindenmoyer_quoted-46">[46]</a></sup>
The overall contract award was US$278 million to provide development funding for the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_spacecraft">Dragon spacecraft</a>, Falcon 9, and demonstration launches of Falcon 9 with Dragon.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Lindenmoyer_quoted-46">[46]</a></sup>
As part of this contract, the Falcon 9 launched for the first time in June 2010 with the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Spacecraft_Qualification_Unit">Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit</a>, using a mockup of the Dragon spacecraft.
</p><p>The first operational Dragon spacecraft was launched in December 2010 aboard <a href="/wiki/COTS_Demo_Flight_1">COTS Demo Flight 1</a>, the Falcon 9's second flight, and safely returned to Earth after two orbits, completing all its mission objectives.<sup><a href="#cite_note-BBCLaunchDec2010-47">[47]</a></sup> By December 2010, the SpaceX production line was manufacturing one Falcon 9 and Dragon every three months.<sup><a href="#cite_note-spacedotcom20101209-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2011, as part of its second-round <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Development">Commercial Crew Development</a> (CCDev) program, NASA issued a US$75 million contract for SpaceX to develop an integrated <a href="/wiki/Launch_escape_system">launch escape system</a> for Dragon in preparation for human-rating it as a crew transport vehicle to the ISS.<sup><a href="#cite_note-sdc20110418-49">[49]</a></sup> NASA awarded SpaceX a fixed-price <a href="/wiki/Space_Act_Agreement">Space Act Agreement</a> (SAA) to produce a detailed design of the crew transportation system in August 2012.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:4-50">[50]</a></sup>
</p><p>In early 2012, approximately two-thirds of SpaceX stock was owned by Musk<sup><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> and his 70 million shares were then estimated to be worth US$875 million on <a href="/wiki/Private_equity">private markets</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-IPO-52">[52]</a></sup> valuing SpaceX at US$1.3 billion.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cnbc20120427-53">[53]</a></sup> In May 2012, with the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_C2%2B">Dragon C2+</a> launch Dragon became the first commercial spacecraft to deliver cargo to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station">International Space Station</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cbcnews-54">[54]</a></sup>
After the flight, the company private equity valuation nearly doubled to US$2.4 billion or US$20/share.<sup><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> By that time, SpaceX had operated on total funding of approximately $1 billion over its first decade of operation. Of this, private equity provided approximately $200 million, with Musk investing approximately $100 million and other investors having put in about $100 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup>
</p><p>SpaceX's active reusability test program began in late 2012 with testing low-altitude, low-speed aspects of the landing technology.<sup><a href="#cite_note-qz_2017-58">[58]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_prototypes">Falcon 9 prototypes</a> performed vertical takeoffs and landings (<a href="/wiki/VTOL">VTOL</a>). High-velocity, high-altitude tests of the <a href="/wiki/Booster_(rocketry)">booster</a> atmospheric return technology began in late 2013.<sup><a href="#cite_note-qz_2017-58">[58]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>2013–2015: Commercial launches and rapid growth[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_ORBCOMM_OG2-M1_(16601442698).jpg"></a></p><div><p>Launch of Falcon 9 carrying ORBCOMM OG2-M1, July 2014</p></div></div>
<p>SpaceX launched the first commercial mission for a private customer in 2013. In 2014, SpaceX won nine contracts out of the 20 that were openly competed worldwide.<sup><a href="#cite_note-sn20150112-59">[59]</a></sup>
That year <a href="/wiki/Arianespace">Arianespace</a> requested that European governments provide additional <a href="/wiki/Subsidy">subsidies</a> to face the competition from SpaceX.<sup><a href="#cite_note-aw20140211-60">[60]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-sn20140414-61">[61]</a></sup>
Beginning in 2014, SpaceX capabilities and pricing also began to affect the market for launch of U.S. military payloads, which for nearly a decade had been dominated by the large U.S. launch provider <a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a> (ULA).<sup><a href="#cite_note-lat20141125-62">[62]</a></sup>
The monopoly had allowed launch costs by the U.S. provider to rise to over US$400 million over the years.<sup><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup>
In September 2014, NASA awarded SpaceX the Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap) contract to finalize the development of the Crew Transportation System. The contract included several technical and certification milestones, an uncrewed flight test, a crewed flight test, and six operational missions after certification.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:4-50">[50]</a></sup>
</p><p>In January 2015, SpaceX raised US$1 billion in funding from Google and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidelity_Ventures&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Fidelity</a>, in exchange for 8.33% of the company, establishing the company valuation at approximately US$12 billion.<sup><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup>
The same month SpaceX announced the development of a new satellite constellation, called <a href="/wiki/Starlink">Starlink</a>, to provide global broadband internet service with 4,000 satellites.<sup><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Falcon 9 had its first major failure in late June 2015, when the seventh ISS resupply mission, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-7">CRS-7</a> exploded two minutes into the flight. The problem was traced to a failed 2-foot-long steel strut that held a <a href="/wiki/Helium">helium</a> <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel">pressure vessel</a>, which broke free due to the force of <a href="/wiki/Acceleration">acceleration</a>. This caused a breach and allowed high-pressure helium to escape into the low-pressure propellant tank, causing the failure.<sup><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup>
</p><p>Elon Musk says <a href="https://proworldnews.com/technology/elon-musk-says-spacexs-starship-spacecraft-is-ready-to-launch-soon/">SpaceX’s</a> Starship spacecraft is ready to launch soon
Last week, <a href="https://proworldnews.com/technology/elon-musk-says-spacexs-starship-spacecraft-is-ready-to-launch-soon/">SpaceX</a> announced it’s poised to launch the fully stacked spacexs]-<a href="https://proworldnews.com/technology/elon-musk-says-spacexs-starship-spacecraft-is-ready-to-launch-soon/">starship</a>-<a href="https://proworldnews.com/technology/elon-musk-says-spacexs-starship-spacecraft-is-ready-to-launch-soon/">spacecraft</a>-is-ready-to-launch-soon/ Starship] <a href="https://proworldnews.com/technology/elon-musk-says-spacexs-starship-spacecraft-is-ready-to-launch-soon/">spacecraft</a> for a first orbital flight test following a launch rehearsal this week and pending regulatory approval. Now SpaceX CEO <a href="https://proworldnews.com/?s=elon+musk">Elon Musk</a> is confirming it’s ready, with launch “trending towards near the end of third week of April,” Musk wrote in a tweet on Monday.
</p>
<h3>2015–2017: Reusability milestones[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:CRS-8_(26239020092).jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>SpaceX first achieved a successful landing and recovery of a first stage in December 2015 with <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Flight_20">Falcon 9 Flight 20</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup>
In April 2016, the company achieved the first successful landing on the autonomous spaceport drone ship (ASDS) <i><a href="/wiki/Of_Course_I_Still_Love_You">Of Course I Still Love You</a></i> in the Atlantic Ocean.<sup><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup>
By October 2016, following the successful landings, SpaceX indicated they were offering their customers a 10% price discount if they choose to fly their payload on a reused Falcon 9 first stage.<sup><a href="#cite_note-sn20161005-69">[69]</a></sup>
</p><p>A second major rocket failure happened in early September 2016, when a Falcon 9 exploded during a propellant fill operation for a standard pre-launch <a href="/wiki/Static_fire_test">static fire test</a>.
The payload, the <a href="/wiki/AMOS-6">AMOS-6</a> communications satellite valued at US$200 million, was destroyed.<sup><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup> The explosion was caused by the <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> that is used as propellant turning so cold that it solidified and ignited with <a href="/wiki/Composite_overwrapped_pressure_vessel">carbon composite</a> helium vessels.<sup><a href="#cite_note-verge-sept-explod-cause-71">[71]</a></sup> Though not considered an unsuccessful flight, the rocket explosion sent the company into a four-month launch hiatus while it worked out what went wrong. SpaceX returned to flight in January 2017.<sup><a href="#cite_note-plarson-72">[72]</a></sup>
</p><p>Later that year, in March 2017, SpaceX launched a returned Falcon 9 for the <a href="/wiki/SES-10">SES-10</a> satellite. This was the first time a re-launch of a payload-carrying orbital rocket went back to space.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:2-73">[73]</a></sup> The first stage was recovered again, also making it the first landing of a reused orbital class rocket.<sup><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>2017–2018: Leading global commercial launch provider[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>In July 2017, the company raised US$350 million, which raised its valuation to US$21 billion.<sup><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup>
In 2017, SpaceX achieved a 45% global market share for awarded commercial launch contracts.<sup><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup>
By March 2018, SpaceX had more than 100 launches on its manifest representing about US$12 billion in contract revenue.<sup><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> The contracts included both commercial and <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States">government</a> (NASA/DOD) customers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-about-78">[78]</a></sup> This made SpaceX the leading global commercial launch provider measured by manifested launches.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:3-79">[79]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2017, SpaceX formed a subsidiary, <a href="/wiki/The_Boring_Company">The Boring Company</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-hawthore20180911-80">[80]</a></sup> and began work to construct a short test tunnel on and adjacent to the SpaceX headquarters and manufacturing facility, using a small number of SpaceX employees,<sup><a href="#cite_note-lat20171121-81">[81]</a></sup> which was completed in May 2018,<sup><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup> and opened to the public in December 2018.<sup><a href="#cite_note-wsj20181217-83">[83]</a></sup> During 2018, The Boring Company was <a href="/wiki/Spin-out">spun out</a> into a separate <a href="/wiki/Corporate_entity">corporate entity</a> with 6% of the equity going to SpaceX, less than 10% to early employees, and the remainder of the equity to Elon Musk.<sup><a href="#cite_note-wsj20181217-83">[83]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>2019–present: Starship, Starlink, and first crewed launches[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Starship_full_stack.jpg"></a></p><div><p>Starship in launch position</p></div></div>
<p>In January 2019 SpaceX announced it would lay off 10% of its workforce to help finance the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship">Starship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starlink">Starlink</a> projects.<sup><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup>
Construction of initial prototypes and tests for Starship started in early 2019 in Florida and Texas. All Starship construction and testing moved to the new <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_South_Texas_launch_site">SpaceX South Texas launch site</a> later that year.
In May 2019 SpaceX also launched the first large batch of 60 Starlink satellites, beginning the deployment of what would become the world's largest commercial satellite constellation the following year.<sup><a href="#cite_note-mittr_2020-85">[85]</a></sup>
The company raised a total of US$1.33 billion of capital across three funding rounds in 2019.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cnbc20200221-86">[86]</a></sup>
By May 2019, the valuation of SpaceX had risen to US$33.3 billion<sup><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup> and reached US$36 billion by March 2020.<sup><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup>
</p><p>A major milestone was achieved in May 2020, when SpaceX successfully launched two NASA astronauts (<a href="/wiki/Doug_Hurley">Doug Hurley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Behnken">Bob Behnken</a>) into orbit on a <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon">Crew Dragon</a> spacecraft during <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2">Crew Dragon Demo-2</a>, making SpaceX the first private company to send astronauts to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station">International Space Station</a> and marking the first crewed orbital launch from American soil in 9 years.<sup><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20200530-89">[89]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-CNN-20200530-90">[90]</a></sup>
The mission launched from <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A">Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A</a> (LC-39A) of the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> in Florida.<sup><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 19 August 2020, after a US$1.9 billion funding round, one of the largest single fundraising pushes by any privately held company, SpaceX's valuation increased to US$46 billion.<sup><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-cnbc20210216-94">[94]</a></sup>
In February 2021, SpaceX raised an additional US$1.61 billion in an equity round from 99 investors<sup><a href="#cite_note-sn20210415-95">[95]</a></sup> at a per share value of approximately $420,<sup><a href="#cite_note-cnbc20210216-94">[94]</a></sup> raising the company valuation to approximately US$74 billion. By 2021, SpaceX had raised a total of more than US$6 billion in equity financing. Most of the capital raised since 2019 has been used to support the operational fielding of the Starlink satellite constellation and the development and manufacture of the Starship launch vehicle.<sup><a href="#cite_note-sn20210415-95">[95]</a></sup> By October 2021, the valuation of SpaceX had risen to US$100.3 billion.<sup><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup>
By 2021, SpaceX had entered into agreements with <a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform">Google Cloud Platform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure">Microsoft Azure</a> to provide on-ground computer and networking services for <a href="/wiki/Starlink">Starlink</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup> A new round of financing in 2022 values ​​SpaceX at US$127 billion.<sup><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup>
</p><p>In July 2021, SpaceX unveiled another drone ship named <a href="/wiki/A_Shortfall_of_Gravitas">A Shortfall of Gravitas</a>, landing a booster from <a href="/wiki/CRS-23">CRS-23</a> on it for the first time on 29 August 2021<sup><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup> Within the first 130 days of 2022, SpaceX had 18 rocket launches and two astronaut splashdowns. The majority of 2022 SpaceX launches have focused on Starlink, a consumer internet business that sends batches of internet-beaming satellites and now has over 2,200 satellites in orbit.<sup><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup> On 13 December 2021, company CEO <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk">Elon Musk</a> announced that the company was starting a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal">carbon dioxide removal</a> program that would <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_utilization">convert captured carbon</a> into <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propellant">rocket fuel</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup> after he announced a $100 million donation to the <a href="/wiki/X_Prize_Foundation">X Prize Foundation</a> the previous February to provide the monetary rewards to winners in a contest to develop the best <a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture">carbon capture technology</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup>
</p><p>In August 2022, Reuters reported that the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) began initial discussions with SpaceX that could lead to the company's launchers being used temporarily, given that Russia blocked access to <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)">Soyuz</a> rockets amid the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2022, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) granted approval to launch up to 7,500 of SpaceX's next-generation satellites in its Starlink internet network.<sup><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2022, SpaceX's Falcon 9 became the world-record holder for the most launches of a single vehicle type in a single year.<sup><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources">non-primary source needed</a></i>]</sup> SpaceX launched a rocket approximately every 6 days in 2022, with 61 launches in total. All but one (a Falcon Heavy in November) was on a Falcon 9 rocket.<sup><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Summary of achievements[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><ol>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b> Excluding the passive objects launched as part of <a href="/wiki/Project_West_Ford">Project West Ford</a>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2>Hardware[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10">edit</a>]</h2>
<h3>Launch vehicles[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:CRS-18_Mission_(48380511427).jpg"></a></p><div><p>The landing of a <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5">Falcon 9 Block 5</a> first stage at Cape Canaveral in July 2019 – <a href="/wiki/VTVL">VTVL</a> technologies are used in many of SpaceX's launch vehicles.</p></div></div>
<p>SpaceX has developed three launch vehicles. The small-lift <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1">Falcon 1</a> was the first launch vehicle developed and was retired in 2009. The medium-lift <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9">Falcon 9</a> and the heavy-lift <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a> are both operational.
The <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1">Falcon 1</a> was a small rocket capable of placing several hundred kilograms into <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit">low Earth orbit</a>. It launched five times between 2006 and 2009, of which 2 were successful.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Falcon9_overview-127">[126]</a></sup> The Falcon 1 was the first privately funded, liquid-fueled rocket to reach orbit.<sup><a href="#cite_note-nasa2008-110">[110]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9">Falcon 9</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Medium-lift_launch_vehicle">medium-lift launch vehicle</a> capable of delivering up to 22,800 kilograms (50,265 lb) to orbit, competing with the <a href="/wiki/Delta_IV">Delta IV</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V">Atlas V</a> rockets, as well as other launch providers around the world. It has nine <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Merlin">Merlin</a> engines in its first stage. The <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.0">Falcon 9 v1.0</a> rocket successfully reached orbit on its first attempt on 4 June 2010. Its third flight, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_COTS_Demo_Flight_2">COTS Demo Flight 2</a>, launched on 22 May 2012, and launched the first <a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight">commercial</a> spacecraft to reach and dock with the International Space Station (ISS).<sup><a href="#cite_note-cbcnews-54">[54]</a></sup> The vehicle was upgraded to <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1">Falcon 9 v1.1</a> in 2013, <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust">Falcon 9 Full Thrust</a> in 2015, and finally to <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5">Falcon 9 Block 5</a> in 2018. The first stage of Falcon 9 is designed to retropropulsively land, be recovered, and reflown.<sup><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_launch_vehicle">heavy-lift launch vehicle</a> capable of delivering up to 63,800 kg (140,700 lb) to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit">Low Earth orbit</a> (LEO) or 26,700 kg (58,900 lb) to <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_transfer_orbit">geosynchronous transfer orbit</a> (GTO). It uses three slightly modified Falcon 9 first stage cores with a total of 27 <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Merlin">Merlin 1D</a> engines.<sup><a href="#cite_note-sxfh2011-129">[128]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-nsw20130103-130">[129]</a></sup>
The Falcon Heavy successfully flew its inaugural mission on 6 February 2018, launching Musk's personal <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_(2008)">Tesla Roadster</a> into <a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit">heliocentric orbit</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a></sup>
</p><p>Both the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy are certified to conduct launches for the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Space_Launch">National Security Space Launch</a> (NSSL).<sup><a href="#cite_note-NSSL1-132">[131]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a></sup> As of 7 April 2023, the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy have been launched 221 times, resulting in 219 full mission successes, one partial success, and <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-7">one in-flight failure</a>. In addition, a Falcon 9 experienced <a href="/wiki/AMOS-6#Destruction">a pre-flight failure</a> prior to a static fire test in 2016.<sup><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Rocket engines[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:SpaceX_Testing_Merlin_1D_Engine_In_Texas.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>Since the founding of SpaceX in 2002, the company has developed several <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine">rocket engines</a> – <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Merlin">Merlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Kestrel">Kestrel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor">Raptor</a> – for use in <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle">launch vehicles</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-raptor1-136">[135]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-falcon1k-137">[136]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Draco">Draco</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system">reaction control system</a> of the Dragon series of spacecraft,<sup><a href="#cite_note-sxF9LVPUG2009-138">[137]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/SuperDraco">SuperDraco</a> for abort capability in <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon">Crew Dragon</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-nsf20140530-139">[138]</a></sup>
</p><p>Merlin is a family of rocket engines that uses <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> (LOX) and <a href="/wiki/RP-1">RP-1</a> propellants. Merlin was first used to power the Falcon 1's first stage and is now used on both stages of the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy vehicles.<sup><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a></sup>
Kestrel uses the same propellants and was used as the Falcon 1 rocket's second stage main engine.<sup><a href="#cite_note-falcon1k-137">[136]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-good_boy_astro-141">[140]</a></sup>
</p><p>Draco and <a href="/wiki/SuperDraco">SuperDraco</a> are <a href="/wiki/Hypergolic">hypergolic</a> liquid-propellant rocket engines. Draco engines are used on the <a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system">reaction control system</a> of the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon">Dragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2">Dragon 2</a> spacecraft.<sup><a href="#cite_note-sxF9LVPUG2009-138">[137]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/SuperDraco">SuperDraco</a> engine is more powerful, and eight SuperDraco engines provide <a href="/wiki/Launch_escape_system">launch escape capability</a> for crewed Dragon 2 spacecraft during an abort scenario.<sup><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a></sup>
</p><p>Raptor is a new family of liquid oxygen and liquid <a href="/wiki/Methane">methane</a>-fueled <a href="/wiki/Full-flow_staged_combustion_cycle">full-flow staged combustion cycle</a> engines to power the first and second stages of the in-development <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship">Starship</a> launch system.<sup><a href="#cite_note-raptor1-136">[135]</a></sup> Development versions were test-fired in late 2016,<sup><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a></sup> and the engine flew for the first time in 2019, powering the <i>Starhopper</i> vehicle to an altitude of 20 m (66 ft).<sup><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Dragon spacecraft[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_(cropped).jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>SpaceX has developed the Dragon spacecraft to transport cargo and crew to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station">International Space Station</a>. The <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon">first version of Dragon</a>, used only for cargo, was first launched in 2010.<sup><a href="#cite_note-BBCLaunchDec2010-47">[47]</a></sup> The currently operational second generation Dragon spacecraft, known as <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2">Dragon 2</a>, conducted <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-1">its first flight</a>, without crew, to the ISS in early 2019, followed by <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2">a crewed flight</a> of Dragon 2 in 2020.<sup><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20200530-89">[89]</a></sup>
The <a href="/wiki/Dragon_2#Cargo_Dragon">cargo variant of Dragon 2</a> flew for the first time in December 2020, for a resupply to the Space Station as part of the CRS contract with NASA.<sup><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a></sup>
</p><p>In March 2020 SpaceX revealed the Dragon XL, designed as a resupply spacecraft for NASA's planned <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a> space station under a <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Logistics_Services">Gateway Logistics Services</a> (GLS) contract.<sup><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a></sup> Dragon XL is planned to launch on the <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a>, and is able to transport over 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) to the Gateway. Dragon XL will be docked at the Gateway for six to twelve months at a time.<sup><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Autonomous spaceport drone ships[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:SpaceX_ASDS_in_position_prior_to_Falcon_9_Flight_17_carrying_CRS-6_(17127808431).jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>SpaceX routinely returns the <a href="/wiki/First_stage_(rocketry)">first stage</a> of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets after orbital launches. The rocket flights and land to a predetermined landing site using only its own propulsion systems.<sup><a href="#cite_note-pm20120207-148">[147]</a></sup>
When propellent margins do not permit a return to launch site (RTLS), rockets return to floating landing platform in the ocean, called <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship">autonomous spaceport drone ships</a> (ASDS).<sup><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a></sup>
</p><p>SpaceX also plans to introduce <a href="/wiki/Floating_launch_platform">floating launch platforms</a>. These are modified oil rigs to use in the 2020s to provide a sea launch option for their second-generation launch vehicle: the heavy-lift Starship system, consisting of the Super Heavy booster and Starship second stage. SpaceX has purchased <a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX_Starship_offshore_platform&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">two deepwater oil rigs</a> and are refitting them to support Starship launches.<sup><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Starship[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Starship_SN9_Evening_Rays.jpg"></a></p><div><p>SpaceX Starship SN9 prototype</p></div></div>
<p>SpaceX is developing a fully reusable super-heavy lift launch system known as <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship">Starship</a>.
It comprises a reusable first stage, called Super Heavy, and the reusable Starship second stage space vehicle. The system is intended to supersede the company's existing launch vehicle hardware by the early 2020s.<sup><a href="#cite_note-nsf20170929-151">[150]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a></sup>
</p><p>SpaceX initially envisioned a 12-meter-diameter ITS concept in 2016 solely aimed at Mars transit and other interplanetary uses. In 2017 it articulated a smaller 9-meter-diameter vehicle to replace all of its launch service provider capabilities—Earth-orbit; lunar-orbit; interplanetary missions; and potentially, even intercontinental passenger transport on Earth—but do so on a fully reusable set of vehicles with a markedly lower-cost structure.<sup><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2018, the Starship system was redesigned to use stainless steel instead of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber_reinforced_polymer">carbon fiber</a> construction, to improve performance while drastically decreasing cost. Private passenger <a href="/wiki/Yusaku_Maezawa">Yusaku Maezawa</a> has contracted to <a href="/wiki/Circumlunar_trajectory">fly around the Moon</a> in a Starship vehicle in 2023.<sup><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a></sup> The company's long-term vision is the development of technology and resources suitable for human <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars">colonization of Mars</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a></sup>
</p><p>SpaceX started manufacturing the first prototypes of Starship in 2019 at the company's facility in Boca Chica, Texas, later renamed <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase">Starbase</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a></sup> It is developing Starship using <a href="/wiki/Iterative_design">iterative design</a> principles, aiming to build and test several prototypes at a fast pace.<sup><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a></sup> The first successful suborbital flight and landing of a full Starship prototype was achieved in May 2021.<sup><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Starlink[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>Starlink is an internet satellite constellation under development by SpaceX that consists of thousands of cross-linked <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite">communications satellites</a> in ~550 km orbits. Owned and operated by SpaceX, its goal is to address the significant unmet demand worldwide for low-cost broadband capabilities.<sup><a href="#cite_note-sn20150119-162">[161]</a></sup>
Development began in 2015, and initial prototype test-flight satellites were launched on the SpaceX <a href="/wiki/Paz_(satellite)">Paz satellite</a> mission in 2017.
In May 2019, SpaceX launched the first batch of 60 satellites aboard a Falcon 9.<sup><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a></sup> Initial test operation of the constellation began in late 2020<sup><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a></sup> and first orders were taken in early 2021.<sup><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a></sup> Customers were told to expect internet service speeds of 50 Mbps to 150 Mbps and latency from 20 ms to 40 ms.<sup><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a></sup> In December 2022, Starlink reached over 1 million subscribers worldwide.<sup><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a></sup>
</p>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Starlink_Mission_(47926144123).jpg"></a></p><div><p>60 Starlink satellites stacked together before deployment</p></div></div>
<p>The planned large number of <a href="/wiki/Starlink">Starlink</a> satellites has been criticized by astronomers due to concerns over <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution">light pollution</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a></sup> with the brightness of Starlink satellites in both optical and radio wavelengths interfering with scientific observations.<sup><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a></sup> In response, SpaceX has implemented several upgrades to Starlink satellites aimed at reducing their brightness.<sup><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a></sup> The large number of satellites employed by Starlink also creates long-term dangers of <a href="/wiki/Satellite_collision">space debris collisions</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a></sup> However, the satellites are equipped with <a href="/wiki/Krypton">krypton</a>-fueled <a href="/wiki/Hall-effect_thruster">Hall thrusters</a> which allow them to <a href="/wiki/De-orbit">de-orbit</a> at the end of their life. They are also designed to autonomously avoid collisions based on uplinked tracking data.<sup><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2022, SpaceX announced <a href="/wiki/Starshield_(satellite_constellation)">Starshield</a>, a program to incorporate military or government entity payloads on board a Starlink-derived satellite bus. The <a href="/wiki/Space_Development_Agency">Space Development Agency</a> is a key customer procuring satellites for a space-based <a href="/wiki/Missile_defense">missile defense</a> system.<sup><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Other projects[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>In June 2015, SpaceX announced that they would sponsor a <a href="/wiki/Hyperloop_pod_competition">Hyperloop competition</a>, and would build a 1.6 km (0.99 mi) long <a href="/wiki/Scale_model">subscale</a> test track near SpaceX's headquarters for the competitive events.<sup><a href="#cite_note-nbc20150615-178">[177]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-spacex-competition201506-179">[178]</a></sup> The company has held the annual competition since 2017.<sup><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a></sup>
</p><p>In collaboration with doctors and academic researchers, SpaceX invited all employees to participate in the creation of a <a href="/wiki/COVID-19">COVID-19</a> antibody-testing program in 2020. As such, 4300 employees volunteered to provide blood-samples resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Peer-reviewed">peer-reviewed</a> scientific paper crediting eight SpaceX employees as coauthors and suggesting that a certain level of COVID-19 antibodies may provide lasting protection against the virus.<sup><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a></sup>
</p><p>In July 2018, Musk arranged for his employees to build a <a href="/wiki/Midget_submarine">mini-submarine</a> to assist the <a href="/wiki/Tham_Luang_cave_rescue">rescue of children stuck in a flooded cavern in Thailand</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-ArsTechSubmarine-183">[182]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rick_Stanton">Richard Stanton</a>, leader of the international rescue diving team, urged Musk to facilitate the construction of the vehicle as a back-up, in case flooding worsened.<sup><a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a></sup> Engineers at SpaceX and <a href="/wiki/The_Boring_Company">The Boring Company</a> built the mini-submarine from a Falcon 9 <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> transfer tube in eight hours and personally delivered it to Thailand.<sup><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-auto5-187">[186]</a></sup> By this time, however, eight of the 12 children had already been rescued using full <a href="/wiki/Diving_mask">face masks</a> and oxygen under <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia">anesthesia</a>; consequently Thai authorities declined to use the submarine.<sup><a href="#cite_note-ArsTechSubmarine-183">[182]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Facilities[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18">edit</a>]</h2>
<p>SpaceX is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Hawthorne,_California">Hawthorne, California</a>, which also serves as its primary manufacturing plant.<sup><a href="#cite_note-pm-188">[187]</a></sup> The company operates a research and major operation in <a href="/wiki/Redmond,_Washington">Redmond, Washington</a>, owns a test site in Texas<sup><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg2021-189">[188]</a></sup> and operates three launch sites, with another under development. SpaceX also operates regional offices in Texas, Virginia, and Washington, D.C.<sup><a href="#cite_note-about-78">[78]</a></sup> SpaceX was incorporated in the state of <a href="/wiki/Delaware">Delaware</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Headquarters, manufacturing, and refurbishment facilities[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:The_SpaceX_Factory.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>SpaceX Headquarters is located in the Los Angeles suburb of <a href="/wiki/Hawthorne,_California">Hawthorne, California</a>. The large three-story facility, originally built by <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Corporation">Northrop Corporation</a> to build <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747">Boeing 747</a> fuselages,<sup><a href="#cite_note-pm-188">[187]</a></sup> houses SpaceX's office space, mission control, and Falcon 9 manufacturing facilities.<sup><a href="#cite_note-arstechnica_2019-191">[190]</a></sup>
</p><p>The area has one of the largest concentrations of space sector headquarters, facilities, and/or subsidiaries in the U.S., including <a href="/wiki/Boeing">Boeing</a>/<a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a> main satellite building campuses, <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Corp.">Aerospace Corp.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raytheon_Technologies">Raytheon</a>, NASA's <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force">United States Space Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Space_Systems_Command">Space Systems Command</a> at <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base">Los Angeles Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems">BAE Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AECOM">AECOM</a>, etc., with a large pool of aerospace engineers and recent college engineering graduates.<sup><a href="#cite_note-pm-188">[187]</a></sup>
</p><p>SpaceX uses a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration">vertical integration</a> in the production of its rockets and rocket engines.<sup><a href="#cite_note-A&amp;Ssmithsonian201201-18">[18]</a></sup> SpaceX builds its <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine">rocket engines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle">rocket stages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>, principal <a href="/wiki/Avionics">avionics</a> and all <a href="/wiki/Embedded_software">software</a> in-house in their Hawthorne facility, which is unusual for the space industry.<sup><a href="#cite_note-A&amp;Ssmithsonian201201-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>In January 2015, SpaceX announced it would be entering the satellite production business and global satellite internet business. The first satellite facility is a 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m<sup>2</sup>) office building located in <a href="/wiki/Redmond,_Washington">Redmond, Washington</a>. As of January 2017, a second facility in Redmond was acquired with 40,625 sq ft (3,774.2 m<sup>2</sup>) and has become a research and development laboratory for the satellites.<sup><a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a></sup> In July 2016, SpaceX acquired an additional 8,000 sq ft (740 m<sup>2</sup>) creative space in <a href="/wiki/Irvine,_California">Irvine, California</a> (Orange County) to focus on satellite communications.<sup><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Development and test facilities[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:2008_SpaceX%27s_Rocket_Development_facility,_McGregor,_TX.jpg"></a></p><div><p>Aerial view of the SpaceX McGregor engine testing facility, 2008</p></div></div>
<p>SpaceX operates its Rocket Development and Test Facility in <a href="/wiki/McGregor,_Texas">McGregor, Texas</a>. All SpaceX rocket engines are tested on <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine_test_facility">rocket test stands</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg2021-189">[188]</a></sup> and low-altitude <a href="/wiki/VTVL">VTVL</a> flight testing of the Falcon 9 <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_prototypes">Grasshopper</a> in 2012–2013 were carried out at McGregor.<sup><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a></sup>
Testing of the much larger Starship prototypes is conducted in the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_South_Texas_launch_site">SpaceX South Texas launch site</a> near <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-arstechnica_2019-191">[190]</a></sup>
</p><p>The company purchased the McGregor facilities from <a href="/wiki/Beal_Aerospace">Beal Aerospace</a>, where it refitted the largest test stand for <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9">Falcon 9</a> engine testing. SpaceX has made a number of improvements to the facility since its purchase and has also extended the acreage by purchasing several pieces of adjacent farmland. As of October 2012, the McGregor facility had seven test stands that are operated "18 hours a day, six days a week"<sup><a href="#cite_note-wired20121010-195">[194]</a></sup> and is building more test stands because production is ramping up and the company has a large manifest in the next several years.<sup><a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a></sup> In addition to routine testing, Dragon capsules (following recovery after an orbital mission), are shipped to McGregor for de-fueling, cleanup, and refurbishment for reuse in future missions.<sup><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Launch facilities[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Falcon_Heavy_Side_Boosters_landing_on_LZ1_and_LZ2_-_2018_(25254688767).jpg"></a></p><div><p>Falcon Heavy Side Boosters landing on <a href="/wiki/Landing_Zones_1_and_2">LZ1</a> and LZ2</p></div></div>
<p>SpaceX currently operates three <a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight">orbital</a> launch sites, at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base">Vandenberg Space Force Base</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>, with another under construction near <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a>. SpaceX has indicated that they see a niche for each of the four orbital facilities and that they have sufficient launch business to fill each pad.<sup><a href="#cite_note-sn20130802-198">[197]</a></sup> The Vandenberg launch site enables highly inclined orbits (66–145°), while Cape Canaveral enables orbits of medium inclination (28.5–51.6°).<sup><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a></sup> Before it was retired, all <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1">Falcon 1</a> launches took place at the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site">Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site</a> on <a href="/wiki/Omelek_Island">Omelek Island</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a></sup>
</p><p>
In April 2007 the USAF approved the use of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_40">Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40</a> (SLC-40) by SpaceX.<sup><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a></sup> The site has been used from 2010 for Falcon 9 launches, mainly to low Earth and geostationary orbits. SLC-40 is not capable of supporting Falcon Heavy launches. As part of SpaceX's booster reusability program, the former <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_13">Launch Complex 13</a> at Cape Canaveral, now renamed <a href="/wiki/Landing_Zone_1">Landing Zone 1</a>, has since 2015 been designated for use for Falcon 9 <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_first-stage_landing_tests">first-stage booster landings</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a></sup></p><div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Launch_of_Falcon_9_carrying_CASSIOPE_(130929-F-ET475-012).jpg"></a></p></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_4">Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 4</a> (SLC-4E) leased in 2011, is used for payloads to polar orbits. The Vandenberg site can launch both Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy vehicles,<sup><a href="#cite_note-nsf20110405-203">[202]</a></sup> but cannot launch to low inclination orbits. The neighboring SLC-4W has been converted to Landing Zone 4 since 2015, where SpaceX has successfully landed three Falcon 9 first-stage boosters, the first in October 2018.<sup><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a></sup>
</p><p>
On 14 April 2014, SpaceX signed a 20-year lease for <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A">Launch Complex 39A</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a></sup> The pad was subsequently modified to support <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9">Falcon 9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a> launches. SpaceX launched its <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2">first crewed mission</a> to the ISS from Launch Pad 39A on 30 May 2020.<sup><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a></sup> Pad 39A has been prepared since 2019 to eventually accommodate Starship launches. With delays in launch FAA permits for Boca Chica, the 39A Starship preparation was accelerated in 2022.<sup><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a></sup></p><div><p><a href="/wiki/File:The_Boca_Chica_Rocket_Factory.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>SpaceX manufactures and flies Starship test vehicles from <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship">Starbase</a> at Boca Chica, Texas, having announced first plans for the launch facility near <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a> in August 2014.<sup><a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> (FAA) issued the permit in July 2014.<sup><a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a></sup> SpaceX broke ground on the new launch facility in 2014 with construction ramping up in the latter half of 2015,<sup><a href="#cite_note-sn20140922-211">[210]</a></sup> with the first <a href="/wiki/Suborbital_spaceflight">suborbital</a> launches from the facility in 2019.<sup><a href="#cite_note-arstechnica_2019-191">[190]</a></sup> Some residents of <a href="/wiki/Boca_Chica_Village,_Texas">Boca Chica Village</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas">Brownsville</a>, and environmental activists criticized the site along with Starship development program in various aspects.<sup><a href="#cite_note-20210714cnbc-faa-212">[211]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Contracts[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22">edit</a>]</h2>
<p>SpaceX won demonstration and actual supply contracts from <a href="/wiki/NASA">NASA</a> for the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS) with technology the company developed. SpaceX is also certified for <a href="/wiki/U.S._military">U.S. military</a> launches of <a href="/wiki/Evolved_Expendable_Launch_Vehicle">Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle</a>-class (EELV) payloads. With approximately 30 missions on the manifest for 2018 alone, SpaceX represents over US$12 billion under contract.<sup><a href="#cite_note-about-78">[78]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Cargo to ISS[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>In 2006, SpaceX won a NASA <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a> (COTS) Phase 1 contract to demonstrate cargo delivery to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS), with a possible contract option for crew transport.<sup><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a></sup> Through this contract, designed by NASA to provide "seed money" through Space Act Agreements for developing new capabilities, NASA paid SpaceX US$396 million to develop the cargo configuration of the Dragon spacecraft, while SpaceX developed the Falcon 9 launch vehicle with their own resources.<sup><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Space_Act_Agreement">Space Act Agreements</a> have been shown to have saved NASA millions of dollars in development costs, making rocket development 4–10 times cheaper than if produced by NASA alone.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:5-216">[215]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2010 the launch of the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_COTS_Demo_Flight_1">SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1</a> mission, SpaceX became the first private company to successfully launch, orbit and recover a spacecraft.<sup><a href="#cite_note-nasa2010-217">[216]</a></sup> Dragon successfully berthed with the ISS during <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_COTS_Demo_Flight_2">SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2</a> in May 2012, a first for a <a href="/wiki/Private_spacecraft">private spacecraft</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services">Commercial Resupply Services</a> (CRS) are a series of contracts awarded by NASA from 2008 to 2016 for delivery of cargo and supplies to the ISS on commercially operated spacecraft. The first CRS contracts were signed in 2008 and awarded US$1.6 billion to SpaceX for 12 cargo transport missions, covering deliveries to 2016.<sup><a href="#cite_note-spaceflightinsider_2014-219">[218]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-1">SpaceX CRS-1</a>, the first of the 12 planned resupply missions, launched in October 2012, achieved orbit, berthed and remained on station for 20 days, before <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_re-entry">re-entering the atmosphere</a> and splashing down in the Pacific Ocean.<sup><a href="#cite_note-nasa20121028-220">[219]</a></sup>
</p><p>CRS missions have flown approximately twice a year to the ISS since then. In 2015, NASA extended the Phase 1 contracts by ordering an additional three resupply flights from SpaceX, and then extended the contract further for a total of twenty cargo missions to the ISS.<sup><a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-spaceflightinsider_2014-219">[218]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a></sup> The final Dragon 1 mission, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-20">SpaceX CRS-20</a>, departed the ISS in April 2020, and <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon">Dragon</a> was subsequently retired from service. A <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services_2">second phase</a> of contracts was awarded in January 2016 with SpaceX as one of the awardees. SpaceX will fly up to nine additional CRS flights with the upgraded <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2">Dragon 2</a> spacecraft.<sup><a href="#cite_note-NASA-SMSR-223">[222]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-grc-planned-224">[223]</a></sup> In March 2020, NASA contracted SpaceX to develop the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_XL">Dragon XL</a> spacecraft to send supplies to the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a> space station. Dragon XL will be launched on a Falcon Heavy.<sup><a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Crewed[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_astronauts_work_aboard_the_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_(iss064e004754).jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>SpaceX is responsible for the transportation of NASA astronauts to and from the ISS. The NASA contracts started as part of the Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program, aimed at developing commercially operated spacecraft capable of delivering astronauts to the ISS. The first contract was awarded to SpaceX in 2011,<sup><a href="#cite_note-Space_Abort_System_20111028-226">[225]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-aw20110422-227">[226]</a></sup> followed by another in 2012 to continue development and testing of its <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2">Dragon 2</a> spacecraft.<sup><a href="#cite_note-August2012-228">[227]</a></sup>
</p><p>In September 2014, NASA chose SpaceX and Boeing as the two companies that would be funded to develop systems to transport U.S. crews to and from the ISS.<sup><a href="#cite_note-September2014-229">[228]</a></sup> SpaceX won US$2.6 billion to complete and certify Dragon 2 by 2017. The contracts called for at least one crewed flight test with at least one NASA astronaut aboard. Once Crew Dragon received NASA human-spaceflight certification, the contract required SpaceX to conduct at least two, and as many as six, crewed missions to the space station.<sup><a href="#cite_note-September2014-229">[228]</a></sup>
</p><p>SpaceX completed the first key flight test of its Crew Dragon spacecraft, a <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Pad_Abort_Test">Pad Abort Test</a>, in May 2015,<sup><a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a></sup> and successfully conducted a full uncrewed test flight in early 2019. The capsule docked to the ISS and then splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean.<sup><a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a></sup> In January 2020, SpaceX conducted an <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_In-Flight_Abort_Test">in-flight abort test</a>, the last test flight before flying crew, in which the Dragon spacecraft fired its launch escape engines in a simulated abort scenario.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:7-232">[231]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 30 May 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2">Crew Dragon Demo-2</a> mission was launched to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station">International Space Station</a> with NASA astronauts <a href="/wiki/Bob_Behnken">Bob Behnken</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doug_Hurley">Doug Hurley</a>, the first time a crewed vehicle had launched from the U.S. since 2011, and the first commercial crewed launch to the <a href="/wiki/ISS">ISS</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a></sup>
The <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-1">Crew-1</a> mission was successfully launched to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station">International Space Station</a> on 16 November 2020, with <a href="/wiki/NASA">NASA</a> astronauts <a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Hopkins">Michael Hopkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Glover">Victor Glover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Walker">Shannon Walker</a> along with <a href="/wiki/JAXA">JAXA</a> astronaut <a href="/wiki/Soichi_Noguchi">Soichi Noguchi</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a></sup> all members of the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_64">Expedition 64</a> crew.<sup><a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a></sup> On 23 April 2021, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-2">Crew-2</a> was launched to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station">International Space Station</a> with NASA astronauts <a href="/wiki/Shane_Kimbrough">Shane Kimbrough</a> and <a href="/wiki/K._Megan_McArthur">K. Megan McArthur</a>, JAXA astronaut <a href="/wiki/Akihiko_Hoshide">Akihiko Hoshide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency">ESA</a> astronaut <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pesquet">Thomas Pesquet</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-2">Crew-2</a> mission successfully docked on 24 April 2021.<sup><a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a></sup>
</p>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Resilience_after_splashdown.jpg"></a></p><div><p><i>Resilience</i> after splashdown.</p></div></div>
<p>SpaceX also offers paid <a href="/wiki/Crewed_spaceflight">crewed spaceflights</a> for private individuals. The first of these missions, <a href="/wiki/Inspiration4">Inspiration4</a>, launched in 2021 on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Shift4_Payments">Shift4 Payments</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Jared_Isaacman">Jared Isaacman</a>. The mission launched the <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Resilience">Crew Dragon <i>Resilience</i></a> from the Florida <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A">Launch Complex 39A</a> atop a <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5">Falcon 9</a> launch vehicle, placed the Dragon <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule">capsule</a> into <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit">low Earth orbit</a>, and ended successfully about three days later, when the <i>Resilience</i> splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean. All four crew members received commercial astronaut training from SpaceX. The training included lessons in orbital mechanics, operating in a microgravity environment, stress testing, emergency-preparedness training and mission simulations.<sup><a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>National defense[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:STP-2_Mission_(48129211908).jpg"></a></p><div><p>Launch of the <a href="/wiki/STP-2">STP-2</a> mission on a Falcon Heavy in June 2019</p></div></div>
<p>In 2005, SpaceX announced that it had been awarded an <a href="/wiki/IDIQ">Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity</a> (IDIQ) contract, allowing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force">United States Air Force</a> to purchase up to US$100 million worth of launches from the company.<sup><a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a></sup> Three years later, <a href="/wiki/NASA">NASA</a> announced that it had awarded an IDIQ Launch Services contract to SpaceX for up to US$1 billion, depending on the number of missions awarded.<sup><a href="#cite_note-NASA_presser_20080422-240">[239]</a></sup> In December 2012, SpaceX announced its first two launch contracts with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> (DoD). The United States Air Force <a href="/wiki/Space_and_Missile_Systems_Center">Space and Missile Systems Center</a> awarded SpaceX two EELV-class missions: <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Climate_Observatory">Deep Space Climate Observatory</a> (DSCOVR) and <a href="/wiki/Space_Test_Program_2">Space Test Program 2</a> (STP-2). DSCOVR was launched on a <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9">Falcon 9</a> launch vehicle in 2015, while STP-2 was launched on a <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a> on 25 June 2019.<sup><a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1">Falcon 9 v1.1</a> was certified for <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Space_Launch">National Security Space Launch</a> (NSSL) in 2015, allowing SpaceX to contract launch services to the Air Force for any payloads classified under national security.<sup><a href="#cite_note-NSSL1-132">[131]</a></sup>
This broke the monopoly held since 2006 by <a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a> (ULA) over U.S. Air Force launches of classified payloads.<sup><a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a></sup>
In April 2016, the U.S. Air Force awarded the first such national security launch to SpaceX to launch the second <a href="/wiki/GPS_Block_III">GPS III</a> satellite for US$82.7 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a></sup> This was approximately 40% less than the estimated cost for similar previous missions.<sup><a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a></sup> SpaceX also launched the third GPS III launch on 20 June 2020.<sup><a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a></sup> In March 2018, SpaceX secured an additional US$290 million contract from the U.S. Air Force to launch another three GPS III satellites.<sup><a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a></sup>
</p><p>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a> (NRO) also purchased launches from SpaceX, with the first taking place on 1 May 2017.<sup><a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a></sup> In February 2019, SpaceX secured a US$297 million contract from the U.S. Air Force to launch another three national security missions, all slated to launch no earlier than FY 2021.<sup><a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a></sup> In August 2020, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Space_Force">U.S. Space Force</a> awarded its National Security Space Launch (NSSL) contracts for the following 5–7 years. SpaceX won a contract for US$316 million for one launch. In addition, SpaceX will handle 40% of the U.S. military's satellite launch requirements over the period.<sup><a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a></sup>
</p><p>SpaceX also designs and launches <a href="/wiki/Starlink#Military_satellites">custom military satellites</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Space_Development_Agency">Space Development Agency</a> as part of a new missile defense system in low Earth orbit.<sup><a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a></sup> The constellation would give the United States capabilities to sense, target and potentially intercept nuclear missiles and hypersonic weapons launched from anywhere on Earth.<sup><a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a></sup> Both China and Russia brought concerns to the United Nations about the program,<sup><a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a></sup> and various organizations warn it could be destabilizing and trigger an <a href="/wiki/Arms_race">arms race</a> in space.<sup><a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Launch market competition and pricing pressure[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26">edit</a>]</h2>
<p>SpaceX's low launch prices, especially for <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite">communications satellites</a> flying to <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit">geostationary transfer orbit</a> (GTO), have resulted in market pressure on its competitors to lower their own prices.<sup><a href="#cite_note-A&amp;Ssmithsonian201201-18">[18]</a></sup> Prior to 2013, the openly competed comsat launch market had been dominated by Arianespace (flying the <a href="/wiki/Ariane_5">Ariane 5</a>) and <a href="/wiki/International_Launch_Services">International Launch Services</a> (flying the <a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)">Proton</a>).<sup><a href="#cite_note-bbc20131203-255">[254]</a></sup> With a published price of US$56.5 million per launch to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit">low Earth orbit</a>, Falcon 9 rockets were the cheapest in the industry.<sup><a href="#cite_note-fp20131209-256">[255]</a></sup> European satellite operators are pushing the ESA to reduce launch prices of the <a href="/wiki/Ariane_5">Ariane 5</a> and the future <a href="/wiki/Ariane_6">Ariane 6</a> rockets as a result of competition from SpaceX.<sup><a href="#cite_note-smh20150519-257">[256]</a></sup>
</p><p>SpaceX ended the <a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a> (ULA) monopoly of U.S. military payloads when it began to compete for national security launches. In 2015, anticipating a slump in domestic, military, and spy launches, ULA stated that it would go out of business unless it won commercial satellite launch orders.<sup><a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a></sup> To that end, ULA announced a major restructuring of processes and workforce to decrease launch costs by half.<sup><a href="#cite_note-dbj20141016-259">[258]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-lat20141212-260">[259]</a></sup>
</p><p>Congressional testimony by SpaceX in 2017 suggested that the NASA <a href="/wiki/Space_Act_Agreement">Space Act Agreement</a> process of "setting only a high-level requirement for cargo transport to the space station [while] leaving the details to industry" had allowed SpaceX to design and develop the Falcon 9 rocket on its own at a substantially lower cost. According to NASA's own independently verified numbers, SpaceX's total development cost for the Falcon 9 rocket, including the Falcon 1 rocket, was estimated at US$390 million. In 2011, NASA estimated that it would have cost the agency about US$4 billion to develop a rocket like the Falcon 9 booster based upon NASA's traditional contracting processes, about ten times more.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:5-216">[215]</a></sup> In May 2020, NASA administrator <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bridenstine">Jim Bridenstine</a> remarked that thanks to NASA's investments into SpaceX, the United States has 70% of the commercial launch market, a major improvement since 2012 when there were no commercial launches from the country.<sup><a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Corporate affairs[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27">edit</a>]</h2>
<h3>Board of directors[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28">edit</a>]</h3>
<table>
<caption>SpaceX board of directors as of January 2021<sup><a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a></sup>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Joined board
</th>
<th>Name
</th>
<th>Titles
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>2002<sup><a href="#cite_note-:9-263">[262]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk">Elon Musk</a>
</td>
<td>Founder, chairman, CEO and CTO of SpaceX; CEO, <a href="/wiki/Chief_product_officer">Product Architect</a>, and former chairman of <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.">Tesla</a>; former chairman of <a href="/wiki/SolarCity">SolarCity</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-:9-263">[262]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2002<sup><a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kimbal_Musk">Kimbal Musk</a>
</td>
<td>Board member, Tesla<sup><a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2009<sup><a href="#cite_note-:8-266">[265]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gwynne_Shotwell">Gwynne Shotwell</a>
</td>
<td>President and COO of SpaceX<sup><a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2009<sup><a href="#cite_note-:8-266">[265]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Luke_Nosek">Luke Nosek</a>
</td>
<td>Co-founder, PayPal<sup><a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2009<sup><a href="#cite_note-:8-266">[265]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jurvetson">Steve Jurvetson</a>
</td>
<td>Co-founder, Future Ventures fund<sup><a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2010<sup><a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>Antonio Gracias
</td>
<td>CEO and Chairman of the Investment Committee at Valor Equity Partners<sup><a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2015<sup><a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>Donald Harrison
</td>
<td>President of global partnerships and corporate development, Google<sup><a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Leadership changes[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>In November 2022, the company announced COO Gwynne Shotwell and vice president <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Juncosa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Mark Juncosa</a> would oversee Starbase, its Texas launch facility, along with Omead Afshar, who at the time oversaw operations for Tesla in Texas. Shyamal Patel, who was senior director of operations at the site, would shift to its Cape Canaveral site. <i><a href="/wiki/CNBC">CNBC</a></i> reported that these executive moves demonstrated "the sense of urgency within the company to get Starship flying."<sup><a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Workplace culture[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>
According to former NASA deputy administrator <a href="/wiki/Lori_Garver">Lori Garver</a>, the company overall has a male-dominated employee culture, similar to that of the spaceflight industry in general.<sup><a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a></sup> In December 2021, claims of workplace sexual harassment from five former SpaceX employees, ranging from interns to full engineers, were published.<sup><a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a></sup> The former employees claimed to have experienced unwanted advances and uncomfortable interactions.<sup><a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a></sup> Additionally, the accounts included claims of a culture of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment">sexual harassment</a> existing at the company and one where complaints made to executives, managers, and human resources officers went largely unaddressed.<sup><a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2022, a Business Insider article alleged that Musk engaged in sexual misconduct with a SpaceX flight attendant in a private jet in 2016 citing an anonymous friend of the flight attendant.<sup><a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a></sup> In response, some employees collaborated on an open letter condemning "Elon's harmful Twitter behavior".<sup><a href="#cite_note-verge-282">[281]</a></sup> It also asks the company to clearly define SpaceX's "no-asshole" and "<a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance">zero tolerance</a>" policies, which it says is unequally enforced from one employee to the next. The next day, Gwynne Shotwell announced that those employees who were involved with the letter had been terminated and claimed that unsponsored, unsolicited surveys were sent to employees during the work day, and that some felt pressured to sign the letter.<sup><a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a></sup>
</p><p>The company has also been described as having a work culture that pushes employees to work excessively, and was described as fostering a <a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout">burnout</a> culture.<sup><a href="#cite_note-theverge2021-284">[283]</a></sup> According to a memo by <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin">Blue Origin</a>, SpaceX expected very long work hours, work on weekends, and limited use of holidays.<sup><a href="#cite_note-theverge2021-284">[283]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>References[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31">edit</a>]</h2>
<div>
<ol>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://spacenews.com/with-starshield-spacex-readies-for-battle/#comment-6094341178">"With Starshield, SpaceX readies for battle"</a>. Space News. 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-once-a-washington-outsider-courts-military-business-11604517046">"Elon Musk's SpaceX, Once a Washington Outsider, Courts Military Business"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. 4 November 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://icis.corp.delaware.gov/eCorp/EntitySearch/NameSearch.aspx">"Delaware Business Search (File # 3500808 – Space Exploration Technologies Corp)"</a>. Delaware Department of State: Division of Corporations. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920145319/https://icis.corp.delaware.gov/Ecorp/EntitySearch/NameSearch.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.dw.com/en/who-is-elon-musk-and-what-made-him-big/a-53591199">"Who is Elon Musk, and what made him big? | Business| Economy and finance news from a German perspective"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. 27 May 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200528162211/https://www.dw.com/en/who-is-elon-musk-and-what-made-him-big/a-53591199">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/15139446">"Luke Nosek, Gigafund: Profile and Biography"</a>. <i>bloomberg.com</i>. Bloomberg Markets. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224184445/https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/15139446">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b> <cite>Schubarth, Cromwell (15 February 2019). <a href="https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2019/02/15/the-funded-steve-jurvetson-raises-200m-for-new.html">"The Funded: Steve Jurvetson raises $200M for new venture fund"</a>. <i>Silicon Valley Business Journal</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228220552/https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2019/02/15/the-funded-steve-jurvetson-raises-200m-for-new.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain">public domain</a><i>:</i> <cite><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000118141210000001/xslFormDX01/primary_doc.xml">"SEC Form D: Notice of Exempt Offering of Securities"</a>. <i>sec.gov</i>. 9 November 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111191613/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000118141210000001/xslFormDX01/primary_doc.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://ir.tesla.com/board-directors/antonio-gracias">"Antonio Gracias | Board of Directors"</a>. <i>tesla.com</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107174258/https://ir.tesla.com/corporate">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b> <cite>Hardy, Quentin; Dougherty, Conor (20 January 2015). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/21/technology/google-makes-1-billion-investment-in-spacex.html">"Google and Fidelity Put $1 Billion into SpaceX (Published 2015)"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112043026/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/21/technology/google-makes-1-billion-investment-in-spacex.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b> <cite>Hagey, Keach (16 September 2020). <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-executive-gets-grilling-on-capitol-hill-11600219717">"Google Executive Gets Grilling on Capitol Hill"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115221848/https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-executive-gets-grilling-on-capitol-hill-11600219717">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b> <cite>Sheetz, Michael. <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/11/spacex-shakes-up-starbase-leadership-in-starship-push.html">"SpaceX shakes up Starship leadership in Texas as push for the rocket's next milestone intensifies"</a>. CNBC. Retrieved 11 November 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.theinformation.com/articles/spacexs-gwynne-shotwell-takes-over-starbase-mars-mission">"SpaceX's Gwynne Shotwell Takes Over Starbase Mars Mission"</a>. <i>The Information</i>. Retrieved 11 November 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-11-10/tesla-official-afshar-turns-up-at-spacex-in-new-starship-role">"Tesla Official Afshar Turns Up at SpaceX in New Starship Role"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. 10 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b> <cite><a href="/wiki/Lori_Garver">Garver, Lori B.</a> (2022). <i>Escaping Gravity: My Quest to Transform NASA and Launch a New Space Age</i>. Walter Isaacson. New York: Diversion Publishing Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63576-770-4"><bdi>978-1-63576-770-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)">OCLC</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1328013856">1328013856</a>. <q>As president and COO of SpaceX, Gwynne Shotwell is an effective and revered female leader in the space community [...] both companies have reputed "bro" cultures. Numerous charges of sexual harassment and discrimination have recently been made public by employees in both companies. [...] Progress toward diversity, equity, and inclusion has been much too slow.</q></cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.engadget.com/spacex-sexual-harassment-claims-204712046.html">"Former SpaceX workers say company has a culture of sexual harassment"</a>. <i>Engadget</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214205831/https://www.engadget.com/spacex-sexual-harassment-claims-204712046.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b> <cite>Roulette, Joey (14 December 2021). <a href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/14/science/spacex-sexual-harassment.html">"Former Interns Say SpaceX Ignored Sexual Harassment"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Archived from <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/14/science/spacex-sexual-harassment.html">the original</a> on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a></b> <cite>Grush, Loren (14 December 2021). <a href="https://www.theverge.com/22831380/spacex-employees-harassment-workplace-misconduct-elon-musk">"Five former SpaceX employees speak out about harassment at the company"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214185427/https://www.theverge.com/22831380/spacex-employees-harassment-workplace-misconduct-elon-musk">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a></b> <cite>McHugh, Rich (19 May 2022). <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-paid-250000-to-a-flight-attendant-who-accused-elon-musk-of-sexual-misconduct-2022-5">"A SpaceX flight attendant said Elon Musk exposed himself and propositioned her for sex, documents show. The company paid $250,000 for her silence"</a>. <i>Insider</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519235500/https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-paid-250000-to-a-flight-attendant-who-accused-elon-musk-of-sexual-misconduct-2022-5">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-verge_282-0">^</a></b> <cite>Grush, Loren (16 June 2022). <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2022/6/16/23170228/spacex-elon-musk-internal-open-letter-behavior">"SpaceX employees draft open letter to company executives denouncing Elon Musk's behavior"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616231618/https://www.theverge.com/2022/6/16/23170228/spacex-elon-musk-internal-open-letter-behavior">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a></b> <cite>Jacob, Nutson (17 June 2022). <a href="https://www.axios.com/2022/06/17/spacex-fires-employees-criticized-musk">"Reports: SpaceX fires employees who criticized Elon Musk in open letter"</a>. <i>Axios</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619022231/https://www.axios.com/2022/06/17/spacex-fires-employees-criticized-musk">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-theverge2021_284-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theverge2021_284-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Grush, Loren (4 October 2021). <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/4/22704784/blue-origin-2018-memo-spacex-success-long-hours-weekends">"Blue Origin's ideas to mimic SpaceX sound pretty brutal for employees"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220504190743/https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/4/22704784/blue-origin-2018-memo-spacex-success-long-hours-weekends">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.</cite>
</li>
</ol></div>
<p><b>Bundled references</b>
</p>
<h2>Further reading[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32">edit</a>]</h2>
<ul><li>Berger, Eric. <i>Liftoff: Elon Musk and the Desperate Early Days That Launched SpaceX</i>. William Collins (2021). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0008445621">978-0008445621</a></li>
<li>Davenport, Christian. <i>The Space Barons; Elon Musk. Jeff Bezos, and the Quest to Colonize the Cosmos</i>. PublicAffairs (2018). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610398299">978-1610398299</a></li>
<li>Fernholz, Tim. <i>Rocket Billionaires: Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, and the New Space Race</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2018). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1328662231">978-1328662231</a></li>
<li>Vance, Ashlee. <i>Elon Musk: How the Billionaire CEO of SpaceX and Tesla is Shaping Our Future</i>. Penguin Random House UK (2015). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0753555620">978-0753555620</a></li></ul>
<h2>External links[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33">edit</a>]</h2>
<div>
<p></p>
<p>Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:SpaceX">SpaceX</a>.</p></div>
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<div><p>Wikinews has news related to:
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<p></p>
<p>Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/SpaceX">SpaceX</a></b></i>.</p></div>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.spacex.com/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193701#P856"></a></li>
<li><a href="https://iss-sim.spacex.com/">SpaceX – ISS Docking Simulator</a></li></ul>
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 Contents

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 * (Top)
 * 1 History
 Toggle History subsection
 + 1.1 2001–2004: Founding
 + 1.2 2005–2009: Falcon 1 and first orbital launches
 + 1.3 2010–2012: Falcon 9, Dragon, and NASA contracts
 + 1.4 2013–2015: Commercial launches and rapid growth
 + 1.5 2015–2017: Reusability milestones
 + 1.6 2017–2018: Leading global commercial launch provider
 + 1.7 2019–present: Starship, Starlink, and first crewed launches
 + 1.8 Summary of achievements
 * 2 Hardware
 Toggle Hardware subsection
 + 2.1 Launch vehicles
 + 2.2 Rocket engines
 + 2.3 Dragon spacecraft
 + 2.4 Autonomous spaceport drone ships
 + 2.5 Starship
 + 2.6 Starlink
 + 2.7 Other projects
 * 3 Facilities
 Toggle Facilities subsection
 + 3.1 Headquarters, manufacturing, and refurbishment facilities
 + 3.2 Development and test facilities
 + 3.3 Launch facilities
 * 4 Contracts
 Toggle Contracts subsection
 + 4.1 Cargo to ISS
 + 4.2 Crewed
 + 4.3 National defense
 * 5 Launch market competition and pricing pressure
 * 6 Corporate affairs
 Toggle Corporate affairs subsection
 + 6.1 Board of directors
 + 6.2 Leadership changes
 + 6.3 Workplace culture
 * 7 References
 * 8 Further reading
 * 9 External links
 Toggle the table of contents
 Toggle the table of contents

 SpaceX

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 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 This article is about the rocket and spacecraft manufacturer. For the British art gallery, see Spacex (art gallery).
 "Space Exploration Technologies" redirects here. For the general topics, see Space exploration and Space technology.

 Space Exploration Technologies Corp.
  
 Headquarters in December 2017; plumes from a flight of a Falcon 9 rocket are visible overhead
 Trade name  SpaceX 
 Type  Private 
  * Space 
 Industry  * Communications 
  * Defense[1][2] 
 Founded  March 14, 2002 ; 21 years ago in El Segundo, California, U.S.[3]
 Founder  Elon Musk 
 Headquarters  Hawthorne, California, United States 
 Key people  * Elon Musk (CEO, chairman and CTO, 2002–present)[4] 
  * Gwynne Shotwell (president and COO)[5] 
  * Several launch vehicles 
  * Several rocket engines 
 Products  * Dragon capsules 
  * Starship (in development) 
  * Starlink 
  * SpaceBEE 
 Services  * Orbital rocket launch 
  * Satellite internet 
 Revenue  US$2 billion (2018)[6] 
 Owner  Elon Musk Trust 
  (47.4% equity; 78.3% voting control)[7] 
 Number of employees  12,000[8] (April 2022) 
 Subsidiaries  Swarm Technologies 
 Website  www.spacex.com 
 
 This article is part of 
 a series about 
 Elon Musk 
 
 * Awards and honors 
 * Views 
 * Filmography 
 Companies 
 * Zip2 
 * X.com 
 + PayPal 
 * SpaceX 
 + Starlink 
 * Tesla, Inc. 
 + criticism 
 + litigation 
 * OpenAI 
 * Neuralink 
 * The Boring Company 
 * Thud 
 * Twitter, Inc. 
 + acquisition 
 + tenure as CEO 
 + X Corp. 
 In popular culture 
 * Elon Musk 
 * Ludicrous 
 * Power Play 
 * "Members Only" 
 * "The Platonic Permutation" 
 * "The Musk Who Fell to Earth" 
 * "One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty"
 Related 
 * Boring Test Tunnel 
 * Hyperloop 
 * Musk family 
 * SolarCity 
 * Tesla Roadster in space 
 * TSLAQ 
 * Twitter Files 
 * 2022 Twitter suspensions 
 * v 
 * t 
 * e 
 

 The Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX)[9] is an American spacecraft manufacturer, launcher, and a satellite communications corporation headquartered in Hawthorne, California. It was founded in 2002 by Elon Musk with the stated goal of reducing space transportation costs to enable the colonization of Mars. The company manufactures the Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy, and Starship launch vehicles, several rocket engines, Cargo Dragon and Crew Dragon spacecraft, and Starlink communications satellites.

 SpaceX is developing a satellite internet constellation named Starlink to provide commercial internet service. In January 2020, the Starlink constellation became the largest satellite constellation ever launched, and as of December 2022 comprises over 3,300 small satellites in orbit.[10] The company is also developing Starship, a privately funded, fully reusable, super heavy-lift launch system for interplanetary and orbital spaceflight. It is intended to become SpaceX's primary orbital vehicle once operational, supplanting the existing Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy, and Dragon fleet. It will have the highest payload capacity of any orbital rocket ever built on its debut, which is scheduled for early 2023 pending a launch license.[11]

 SpaceX has made several achievements in space exploration. These include making the first privately developed liquid-propellant rocket that reached orbit, the first private company to launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft, the first private company to send a spacecraft to the International Space Station, the first to achieve vertical propulsive landing of an orbital rocket booster, the first to reuse such a booster, and the first private company to send astronauts to orbit and to the International Space Station. In addition, SpaceX's Falcon 9 rockets have been flown and landed over one hundred times.

 History [ edit ]

 Main article: History of SpaceX
 See also: List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches

 2001–2004: Founding [ edit ]

 In early 2001, Elon Musk donated US$100,000 to the Mars Society and joined its board of directors for a short time.[12] : 30–31 He gave a plenary talk at their fourth convention where he announced Mars Oasis, a project to land a greenhouse and grow plants on Mars.[13][14] Musk initially attempted to acquire a Dnepr ICBM for the project through Russian contacts from Jim Cantrell.[15] Two months later, however, the United States withdrew from the ABM Treaty and created the Missile Defense Agency, increasing tensions with Russia and generating new strategic interest for rapid and re-usable launch capability similar to the DC-X.[16]

 When Musk returned to Moscow, Russia, with Michael Griffin (who led the CIA's venture capital arm In-Q-Tel[17]), they found the Russians increasingly unreceptive.[18][19] On the flight home Musk announced he could start a company to build the affordable rockets they needed instead.[19] By applying vertical integration,[18] using cheap commercial off-the-shelf components when possible,[19] and adopting the modular approach of modern software engineering, Musk believed SpaceX could significantly cut launch price.[19] Griffin would later be appointed NASA administrator,[20] conceive the COTS program, and approve SpaceX for the $278 million award in 2006 before SpaceX had flown any rocket.[21][22]

 In early 2002, Musk started to look for staff for his company, soon to be named SpaceX. Musk approached rocket engineer Tom Mueller (later SpaceX's CTO of propulsion) and invited him to become his business partner. Mueller agreed to work for Musk, and thus SpaceX was born.[23] SpaceX was first headquartered in a warehouse in El Segundo, California. Early SpaceX employees, such as Tom Mueller (CTO), Gwynne Shotwell (COO), and Chris Thompson (VP of Operations), came from neighboring TRW and Boeing corporations following the cancellation of the Brilliant Pebbles program.[24] By November 2005, the company had 160 employees.[25] Musk personally interviewed and approved all of SpaceX's early employees.[26] Musk has stated that one of his goals with SpaceX is to decrease the cost and improve the reliability of access to space, ultimately by a factor of ten.[27]

 2005–2009: Falcon 1 and first orbital launches [ edit ]

 Main article: Falcon 1
 The first successful Falcon 1 launch in September 2008

 SpaceX developed its first orbital launch vehicle, the Falcon 1, with internal funding.[28][29] The Falcon 1 was an expendable two-stage-to-orbit small-lift launch vehicle. The total development cost of Falcon 1 was approximately US$90 million[30] to US$100 million.[31] The Falcon name was adopted from the DARPA Falcon Project, part of the Prompt Global Strike program of the US military.[32]

 In 2005, SpaceX announced plans to pursue a human-rated commercial space program through the end of the decade, a program that would later become the Dragon spacecraft.[33] In 2006, the company was selected by NASA and awarded $396 million to provide crew and cargo resupply demonstration contracts to the ISS under the COTS program.[34]

 The first two Falcon 1 launches were purchased by the United States Department of Defense under a program that evaluates new US launch vehicles suitable for use by DARPA.[29][35][36] The first three launches of the rocket, between 2006 and 2008, all resulted in failures, which almost ended the company. Financing for Tesla Motors had failed, as well,[37] and consequently Tesla, SolarCity, and Musk personally were all nearly bankrupt at the same time.[38] Musk was reportedly "waking from nightmares, screaming and in physical pain" because of the stress.[39]

 The financial situation started to turn around with the first successful launch achieved on the fourth attempt on 28 September 2008. Musk split his remaining $30 million between SpaceX and Tesla, and NASA awarded the first Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract awarding $1.6 billion to SpaceX in December, thus financially saving the company.[40] Based on these factors and the further business operations they enabled, the Falcon 1 was soon retired following its second successful, and fifth total, launch in July 2009; this allowed SpaceX to focus company resources on the development of a larger orbital rocket, the Falcon 9.[41] Gwynne Shotwell was also promoted to company president at this time, for her role in successfully negotiating the CRS contract with the NASA Administrator (and former SpaceX contractor) Michael Griffin.[42][43] Griffin later estimated that SpaceX was around 85% funded by the federal government, mostly through his NASA awards, with the remaining 15% funding split between Elon Musk and other private investors. He felt the amount of government funding was "excessive in his view" compared with what he originally envisioned for the commercial space program.[44]

 2010–2012: Falcon 9, Dragon, and NASA contracts [ edit ]

 Video of the first launch of Falcon 9

 SpaceX originally intended to follow its light Falcon 1 launch vehicle with an intermediate capacity vehicle, the Falcon 5.[45] The company instead decided in 2005 to proceed with the development of the Falcon 9, a reusable heavier lift vehicle. Development of the Falcon 9 was accelerated by NASA, which committed to purchasing several commercial flights if specific capabilities were demonstrated. This started with seed money from the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program in 2006.[46] The overall contract award was US$278 million to provide development funding for the Dragon spacecraft, Falcon 9, and demonstration launches of Falcon 9 with Dragon.[46] As part of this contract, the Falcon 9 launched for the first time in June 2010 with the Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit, using a mockup of the Dragon spacecraft.

 The first operational Dragon spacecraft was launched in December 2010 aboard COTS Demo Flight 1, the Falcon 9's second flight, and safely returned to Earth after two orbits, completing all its mission objectives.[47] By December 2010, the SpaceX production line was manufacturing one Falcon 9 and Dragon every three months.[48]

 In April 2011, as part of its second-round Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program, NASA issued a US$75 million contract for SpaceX to develop an integrated launch escape system for Dragon in preparation for human-rating it as a crew transport vehicle to the ISS.[49] NASA awarded SpaceX a fixed-price Space Act Agreement (SAA) to produce a detailed design of the crew transportation system in August 2012.[50]

 In early 2012, approximately two-thirds of SpaceX stock was owned by Musk[51] and his 70 million shares were then estimated to be worth US$875 million on private markets,[52] valuing SpaceX at US$1.3 billion.[53] In May 2012, with the Dragon C2+ launch Dragon became the first commercial spacecraft to deliver cargo to the International Space Station.[54] After the flight, the company private equity valuation nearly doubled to US$2.4 billion or US$20/share.[55][56] By that time, SpaceX had operated on total funding of approximately $1 billion over its first decade of operation. Of this, private equity provided approximately $200 million, with Musk investing approximately $100 million and other investors having put in about $100 million.[57]

 SpaceX's active reusability test program began in late 2012 with testing low-altitude, low-speed aspects of the landing technology.[58] The Falcon 9 prototypes performed vertical takeoffs and landings (VTOL). High-velocity, high-altitude tests of the booster atmospheric return technology began in late 2013.[58]

 2013–2015: Commercial launches and rapid growth [ edit ]

 Launch of Falcon 9 carrying ORBCOMM OG2-M1, July 2014

 SpaceX launched the first commercial mission for a private customer in 2013. In 2014, SpaceX won nine contracts out of the 20 that were openly competed worldwide.[59] That year Arianespace requested that European governments provide additional subsidies to face the competition from SpaceX.[60][61] Beginning in 2014, SpaceX capabilities and pricing also began to affect the market for launch of U.S. military payloads, which for nearly a decade had been dominated by the large U.S. launch provider United Launch Alliance (ULA).[62] The monopoly had allowed launch costs by the U.S. provider to rise to over US$400 million over the years.[63] In September 2014, NASA awarded SpaceX the Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap) contract to finalize the development of the Crew Transportation System. The contract included several technical and certification milestones, an uncrewed flight test, a crewed flight test, and six operational missions after certification.[50]

 In January 2015, SpaceX raised US$1 billion in funding from Google and Fidelity, in exchange for 8.33% of the company, establishing the company valuation at approximately US$12 billion.[64] The same month SpaceX announced the development of a new satellite constellation, called Starlink, to provide global broadband internet service with 4,000 satellites.[65]

 The Falcon 9 had its first major failure in late June 2015, when the seventh ISS resupply mission, CRS-7 exploded two minutes into the flight. The problem was traced to a failed 2-foot-long steel strut that held a helium pressure vessel, which broke free due to the force of acceleration. This caused a breach and allowed high-pressure helium to escape into the low-pressure propellant tank, causing the failure.[66]

 Elon Musk says SpaceX’s Starship spacecraft is ready to launch soon Last week, SpaceX announced it’s poised to launch the fully stacked spacexs]-starship-spacecraft-is-ready-to-launch-soon/ Starship] spacecraft for a first orbital flight test following a launch rehearsal this week and pending regulatory approval. Now SpaceX CEO Elon Musk is confirming it’s ready, with launch “trending towards near the end of third week of April,” Musk wrote in a tweet on Monday.

 2015–2017: Reusability milestones [ edit ]

 Falcon 9 first stage on an autonomous spaceport drone ship (ASDS) barge after the first successful landing at sea, SpaceX CRS-8 mission

 SpaceX first achieved a successful landing and recovery of a first stage in December 2015 with Falcon 9 Flight 20.[67] In April 2016, the company achieved the first successful landing on the autonomous spaceport drone ship (ASDS) Of Course I Still Love You in the Atlantic Ocean.[68] By October 2016, following the successful landings, SpaceX indicated they were offering their customers a 10% price discount if they choose to fly their payload on a reused Falcon 9 first stage.[69]

 A second major rocket failure happened in early September 2016, when a Falcon 9 exploded during a propellant fill operation for a standard pre-launch static fire test. The payload, the AMOS-6 communications satellite valued at US$200 million, was destroyed.[70] The explosion was caused by the liquid oxygen that is used as propellant turning so cold that it solidified and ignited with carbon composite helium vessels.[71] Though not considered an unsuccessful flight, the rocket explosion sent the company into a four-month launch hiatus while it worked out what went wrong. SpaceX returned to flight in January 2017.[72]

 Later that year, in March 2017, SpaceX launched a returned Falcon 9 for the SES-10 satellite. This was the first time a re-launch of a payload-carrying orbital rocket went back to space.[73] The first stage was recovered again, also making it the first landing of a reused orbital class rocket.[74]

 2017–2018: Leading global commercial launch provider [ edit ]

 In July 2017, the company raised US$350 million, which raised its valuation to US$21 billion.[75] In 2017, SpaceX achieved a 45% global market share for awarded commercial launch contracts.[76] By March 2018, SpaceX had more than 100 launches on its manifest representing about US$12 billion in contract revenue.[77] The contracts included both commercial and government (NASA/DOD) customers.[78] This made SpaceX the leading global commercial launch provider measured by manifested launches.[79]

 In 2017, SpaceX formed a subsidiary, The Boring Company,[80] and began work to construct a short test tunnel on and adjacent to the SpaceX headquarters and manufacturing facility, using a small number of SpaceX employees,[81] which was completed in May 2018,[82] and opened to the public in December 2018.[83] During 2018, The Boring Company was spun out into a separate corporate entity with 6% of the equity going to SpaceX, less than 10% to early employees, and the remainder of the equity to Elon Musk.[83]

 2019–present: Starship, Starlink, and first crewed launches [ edit ]

 Starship in launch position

 In January 2019 SpaceX announced it would lay off 10% of its workforce to help finance the Starship and Starlink projects.[84] Construction of initial prototypes and tests for Starship started in early 2019 in Florida and Texas. All Starship construction and testing moved to the new SpaceX South Texas launch site later that year. In May 2019 SpaceX also launched the first large batch of 60 Starlink satellites, beginning the deployment of what would become the world's largest commercial satellite constellation the following year.[85] The company raised a total of US$1.33 billion of capital across three funding rounds in 2019.[86] By May 2019, the valuation of SpaceX had risen to US$33.3 billion[87] and reached US$36 billion by March 2020.[88]

 A major milestone was achieved in May 2020, when SpaceX successfully launched two NASA astronauts (Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken) into orbit on a Crew Dragon spacecraft during Crew Dragon Demo-2, making SpaceX the first private company to send astronauts to the International Space Station and marking the first crewed orbital launch from American soil in 9 years.[89][90] The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A (LC-39A) of the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.[91]

 On 19 August 2020, after a US$1.9 billion funding round, one of the largest single fundraising pushes by any privately held company, SpaceX's valuation increased to US$46 billion.[92][93][94] In February 2021, SpaceX raised an additional US$1.61 billion in an equity round from 99 investors[95] at a per share value of approximately $420,[94] raising the company valuation to approximately US$74 billion. By 2021, SpaceX had raised a total of more than US$6 billion in equity financing. Most of the capital raised since 2019 has been used to support the operational fielding of the Starlink satellite constellation and the development and manufacture of the Starship launch vehicle.[95] By October 2021, the valuation of SpaceX had risen to US$100.3 billion.[96] By 2021, SpaceX had entered into agreements with Google Cloud Platform and Microsoft Azure to provide on-ground computer and networking services for Starlink.[97] A new round of financing in 2022 values ​​SpaceX at US$127 billion.[98]

 In July 2021, SpaceX unveiled another drone ship named A Shortfall of Gravitas, landing a booster from CRS-23 on it for the first time on 29 August 2021[99] Within the first 130 days of 2022, SpaceX had 18 rocket launches and two astronaut splashdowns. The majority of 2022 SpaceX launches have focused on Starlink, a consumer internet business that sends batches of internet-beaming satellites and now has over 2,200 satellites in orbit.[100] On 13 December 2021, company CEO Elon Musk announced that the company was starting a carbon dioxide removal program that would convert captured carbon into rocket fuel,[101][102] after he announced a $100 million donation to the X Prize Foundation the previous February to provide the monetary rewards to winners in a contest to develop the best carbon capture technology.[103][104]

 In August 2022, Reuters reported that the European Space Agency (ESA) began initial discussions with SpaceX that could lead to the company's launchers being used temporarily, given that Russia blocked access to Soyuz rockets amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[105]

 In December 2022, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) granted approval to launch up to 7,500 of SpaceX's next-generation satellites in its Starlink internet network.[106]

 In 2022, SpaceX's Falcon 9 became the world-record holder for the most launches of a single vehicle type in a single year.[107][108][ non-primary source needed ] SpaceX launched a rocket approximately every 6 days in 2022, with 61 launches in total. All but one (a Falcon Heavy in November) was on a Falcon 9 rocket.[109]

 Summary of achievements [ edit ]

 List of achievements by SpaceX
 Date Achievement  Flight 
 28 September 2008 First privately funded fully liquid-fueled rocket to reach orbit.[110]  Falcon 1 flight 4 
 14 July 2009 First privately developed liquid-fueled rocket to put a commercial satellite in orbit. RazakSAT on Falcon 1 flight 5 
 9 December 2010 First private company to successfully launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft. SpaceX Dragon on SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1 
 25 May 2012 First private company to send a spacecraft to the International Space Station (ISS).[111] Dragon C2+ 
 22 December 2015 First landing of an orbital-class rocket's first stage on land.  Falcon 9 B1019 on Orbcomm OG2 M2 
 8 April 2016 First landing of an orbital-class rocket's first stage on an ocean platform. Falcon 9 B1021 on SpaceX CRS-8 
 30 March 2017 First reuse, reflight and (second) landing of an orbital first stage.[73] Falcon 9 B1021 on SES-10 
 30 March 2017 First controlled flyback and recovery of a payload fairing.[112]  SES-10 
 3 June 2017 First re-flight of a commercial cargo spacecraft.[113]  Dragon C106 on SpaceX CRS-11 
 6 February 2018 First private spacecraft launched into heliocentric orbit.  Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster on Falcon Heavy test flight
 2 March 2019 First private company to send a human-rated spacecraft to orbit.  Crew Dragon Demo-1 
 3 March 2019 First private company to autonomously dock a crew-capable spacecraft to the International Space Station (ISS). 
 25 July 2019 First flight of a full-flow staged combustion cycle engine (Raptor).[114] Starhopper 
 11 November 2019 First reuse and re flight of payload fairing. The fairing was from the ArabSat-6A mission in April 2019.[115] Starlink 2 v1.0 
 January 2020 Largest commercial satellite constellation operator in the world.[85]  Starlink 3 v1.0 
 30 May 2020 First private company to send humans into orbit.[116]  Crew Dragon Demo-2 
 31 May 2020 First private company to send humans to the International Space Station (ISS).[117] 
 24 January 2021 Most spacecraft launched into space on a single mission, with 143 satellites.[a][118] Transporter-1 on Falcon 9 
 23 April 2021 First reuse and reflight of a crewed space capsule.[119]  Crew Dragon Endeavour 
 17 June 2021 First reused booster launch for a 'national security' mission.[120]  GPS III-05 on Falcon 9, second flight of booster B1062
 16 September 2021 First orbital launch of an all-private crew.[121][122]  Inspiration4 
 24 November 2021 Longest streak of orbital launches without a mission failure or partial failure for a single rocket type (Falcon 9, 101 launches).[123] Double Asteroid Redirection Test 
 9 April 2022 First all civilian crew to dock with the International Space Station[124] Axiom Mission 1 
 20 October 2022 Highest number of launches of a single rocket type in a calendar year (Falcon 9, 48 launches).[125] Starlink 4-36 
 
 1. ^ Excluding the passive objects launched as part of Project West Ford

 Hardware [ edit ]

 Launch vehicles [ edit ]

 Main article: SpaceX launch vehicles
 The landing of a Falcon 9 Block 5 first stage at Cape Canaveral in July 2019 – VTVL technologies are used in many of SpaceX's launch vehicles.

 SpaceX has developed three launch vehicles. The small-lift Falcon 1 was the first launch vehicle developed and was retired in 2009. The medium-lift Falcon 9 and the heavy-lift Falcon Heavy are both operational. The Falcon 1 was a small rocket capable of placing several hundred kilograms into low Earth orbit. It launched five times between 2006 and 2009, of which 2 were successful.[126] The Falcon 1 was the first privately funded, liquid-fueled rocket to reach orbit.[110]

 Falcon 9 is a medium-lift launch vehicle capable of delivering up to 22,800 kilograms (50,265 lb) to orbit, competing with the Delta IV and the Atlas V rockets, as well as other launch providers around the world. It has nine Merlin engines in its first stage. The Falcon 9 v1.0 rocket successfully reached orbit on its first attempt on 4 June 2010. Its third flight, COTS Demo Flight 2, launched on 22 May 2012, and launched the first commercial spacecraft to reach and dock with the International Space Station (ISS).[54] The vehicle was upgraded to Falcon 9 v1.1 in 2013, Falcon 9 Full Thrust in 2015, and finally to Falcon 9 Block 5 in 2018. The first stage of Falcon 9 is designed to retropropulsively land, be recovered, and reflown.[127]

 The Falcon Heavy is a heavy-lift launch vehicle capable of delivering up to 63,800 kg (140,700 lb) to Low Earth orbit (LEO) or 26,700 kg (58,900 lb) to geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO). It uses three slightly modified Falcon 9 first stage cores with a total of 27 Merlin 1D engines.[128][129] The Falcon Heavy successfully flew its inaugural mission on 6 February 2018, launching Musk's personal Tesla Roadster into heliocentric orbit[130]

 Both the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy are certified to conduct launches for the National Security Space Launch (NSSL).[131][132] As of 7 April 2023, the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy have been launched 221 times, resulting in 219 full mission successes, one partial success, and one in-flight failure. In addition, a Falcon 9 experienced a pre-flight failure prior to a static fire test in 2016.[133][134]

 Rocket engines [ edit ]

 Main article: SpaceX rocket engines
 The Merlin 1D engine undergoes a test at SpaceX's Rocket Development and Test Facility in McGregor, Texas.

 Since the founding of SpaceX in 2002, the company has developed several rocket engines – Merlin, Kestrel, and Raptor – for use in launch vehicles,[135][136] Draco for the reaction control system of the Dragon series of spacecraft,[137] and SuperDraco for abort capability in Crew Dragon.[138]

 Merlin is a family of rocket engines that uses liquid oxygen (LOX) and RP-1 propellants. Merlin was first used to power the Falcon 1's first stage and is now used on both stages of the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy vehicles.[139] Kestrel uses the same propellants and was used as the Falcon 1 rocket's second stage main engine.[136][140]

 Draco and SuperDraco are hypergolic liquid-propellant rocket engines. Draco engines are used on the reaction control system of the Dragon and Dragon 2 spacecraft.[137] The SuperDraco engine is more powerful, and eight SuperDraco engines provide launch escape capability for crewed Dragon 2 spacecraft during an abort scenario.[141]

 Raptor is a new family of liquid oxygen and liquid methane-fueled full-flow staged combustion cycle engines to power the first and second stages of the in-development Starship launch system.[135] Development versions were test-fired in late 2016,[142] and the engine flew for the first time in 2019, powering the Starhopper vehicle to an altitude of 20 m (66 ft).[143]

 Dragon spacecraft [ edit ]

 Main article: SpaceX Dragon
 The SpaceX's Crew Dragon spacecraft, designed to deliver crew to and from the International Space Station as part of the Commercial Crew Development program

 SpaceX has developed the Dragon spacecraft to transport cargo and crew to the International Space Station. The first version of Dragon, used only for cargo, was first launched in 2010.[47] The currently operational second generation Dragon spacecraft, known as Dragon 2, conducted its first flight, without crew, to the ISS in early 2019, followed by a crewed flight of Dragon 2 in 2020.[89] The cargo variant of Dragon 2 flew for the first time in December 2020, for a resupply to the Space Station as part of the CRS contract with NASA.[144]

 In March 2020 SpaceX revealed the Dragon XL, designed as a resupply spacecraft for NASA's planned Lunar Gateway space station under a Gateway Logistics Services (GLS) contract.[145] Dragon XL is planned to launch on the Falcon Heavy, and is able to transport over 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) to the Gateway. Dragon XL will be docked at the Gateway for six to twelve months at a time.[146]

 Autonomous spaceport drone ships [ edit ]

 Main articles: SpaceX reusable launch system development program, Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests, and Autonomous spaceport drone ship
 An autonomous spaceport drone ship in position prior to Falcon 9 Flight 17 carrying CRS-6

 SpaceX routinely returns the first stage of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets after orbital launches. The rocket flights and land to a predetermined landing site using only its own propulsion systems.[147] When propellent margins do not permit a return to launch site (RTLS), rockets return to floating landing platform in the ocean, called autonomous spaceport drone ships (ASDS).[148]

 SpaceX also plans to introduce floating launch platforms. These are modified oil rigs to use in the 2020s to provide a sea launch option for their second-generation launch vehicle: the heavy-lift Starship system, consisting of the Super Heavy booster and Starship second stage. SpaceX has purchased two deepwater oil rigs and are refitting them to support Starship launches.[149]

 Starship [ edit ]

 Main articles: SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure, SpaceX Starship, and Starship development history
 SpaceX Starship SN9 prototype

 SpaceX is developing a fully reusable super-heavy lift launch system known as Starship. It comprises a reusable first stage, called Super Heavy, and the reusable Starship second stage space vehicle. The system is intended to supersede the company's existing launch vehicle hardware by the early 2020s.[150][151]

 SpaceX initially envisioned a 12-meter-diameter ITS concept in 2016 solely aimed at Mars transit and other interplanetary uses. In 2017 it articulated a smaller 9-meter-diameter vehicle to replace all of its launch service provider capabilities—Earth-orbit; lunar-orbit; interplanetary missions; and potentially, even intercontinental passenger transport on Earth—but do so on a fully reusable set of vehicles with a markedly lower-cost structure.[152]

 In 2018, the Starship system was redesigned to use stainless steel instead of carbon fiber construction, to improve performance while drastically decreasing cost. Private passenger Yusaku Maezawa has contracted to fly around the Moon in a Starship vehicle in 2023.[153] The company's long-term vision is the development of technology and resources suitable for human colonization of Mars.[154][155][156]

 SpaceX started manufacturing the first prototypes of Starship in 2019 at the company's facility in Boca Chica, Texas, later renamed Starbase.[157] It is developing Starship using iterative design principles, aiming to build and test several prototypes at a fast pace.[158][159] The first successful suborbital flight and landing of a full Starship prototype was achieved in May 2021.[160]

 Starlink [ edit ]

 Main article: Starlink

 Starlink is an internet satellite constellation under development by SpaceX that consists of thousands of cross-linked communications satellites in ~550 km orbits. Owned and operated by SpaceX, its goal is to address the significant unmet demand worldwide for low-cost broadband capabilities.[161] Development began in 2015, and initial prototype test-flight satellites were launched on the SpaceX Paz satellite mission in 2017. In May 2019, SpaceX launched the first batch of 60 satellites aboard a Falcon 9.[162] Initial test operation of the constellation began in late 2020[163] and first orders were taken in early 2021.[164] Customers were told to expect internet service speeds of 50 Mbps to 150 Mbps and latency from 20 ms to 40 ms.[165] In December 2022, Starlink reached over 1 million subscribers worldwide.[166]

 60 Starlink satellites stacked together before deployment

 The planned large number of Starlink satellites has been criticized by astronomers due to concerns over light pollution,[167][168][169] with the brightness of Starlink satellites in both optical and radio wavelengths interfering with scientific observations.[170] In response, SpaceX has implemented several upgrades to Starlink satellites aimed at reducing their brightness.[171] The large number of satellites employed by Starlink also creates long-term dangers of space debris collisions.[172][173] However, the satellites are equipped with krypton-fueled Hall thrusters which allow them to de-orbit at the end of their life. They are also designed to autonomously avoid collisions based on uplinked tracking data.[174]

 In December 2022, SpaceX announced Starshield, a program to incorporate military or government entity payloads on board a Starlink-derived satellite bus. The Space Development Agency is a key customer procuring satellites for a space-based missile defense system.[175][176]

 Other projects [ edit ]

 Main article: Hyperloop pod competition

 In June 2015, SpaceX announced that they would sponsor a Hyperloop competition, and would build a 1.6 km (0.99 mi) long subscale test track near SpaceX's headquarters for the competitive events.[177][178] The company has held the annual competition since 2017.[179]

 In collaboration with doctors and academic researchers, SpaceX invited all employees to participate in the creation of a COVID-19 antibody-testing program in 2020. As such, 4300 employees volunteered to provide blood-samples resulting in a peer-reviewed scientific paper crediting eight SpaceX employees as coauthors and suggesting that a certain level of COVID-19 antibodies may provide lasting protection against the virus.[180][181]

 In July 2018, Musk arranged for his employees to build a mini-submarine to assist the rescue of children stuck in a flooded cavern in Thailand.[182] Richard Stanton, leader of the international rescue diving team, urged Musk to facilitate the construction of the vehicle as a back-up, in case flooding worsened.[183][184] Engineers at SpaceX and The Boring Company built the mini-submarine from a Falcon 9 liquid oxygen transfer tube in eight hours and personally delivered it to Thailand.[185][186] By this time, however, eight of the 12 children had already been rescued using full face masks and oxygen under anesthesia; consequently Thai authorities declined to use the submarine.[182]

 Facilities [ edit ]

 SpaceX is headquartered in Hawthorne, California, which also serves as its primary manufacturing plant.[187] The company operates a research and major operation in Redmond, Washington, owns a test site in Texas[188] and operates three launch sites, with another under development. SpaceX also operates regional offices in Texas, Virginia, and Washington, D.C.[78] SpaceX was incorporated in the state of Delaware.[189]

 Headquarters, manufacturing, and refurbishment facilities [ edit ]

 The headquarters of the company, located in Hawthorne, California

 SpaceX Headquarters is located in the Los Angeles suburb of Hawthorne, California. The large three-story facility, originally built by Northrop Corporation to build Boeing 747 fuselages,[187] houses SpaceX's office space, mission control, and Falcon 9 manufacturing facilities.[190]

 The area has one of the largest concentrations of space sector headquarters, facilities, and/or subsidiaries in the U.S., including Boeing/McDonnell Douglas main satellite building campuses, Aerospace Corp., Raytheon, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, United States Space Force's Space Systems Command at Los Angeles Air Force Base, Lockheed Martin, BAE Systems, Northrop Grumman, and AECOM, etc., with a large pool of aerospace engineers and recent college engineering graduates.[187]

 SpaceX uses a high degree of vertical integration in the production of its rockets and rocket engines.[18] SpaceX builds its rocket engines, rocket stages, spacecraft, principal avionics and all software in-house in their Hawthorne facility, which is unusual for the space industry.[18]

 In January 2015, SpaceX announced it would be entering the satellite production business and global satellite internet business. The first satellite facility is a 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m2) office building located in Redmond, Washington. As of January 2017, a second facility in Redmond was acquired with 40,625 sq ft (3,774.2 m2) and has become a research and development laboratory for the satellites.[191] In July 2016, SpaceX acquired an additional 8,000 sq ft (740 m2) creative space in Irvine, California (Orange County) to focus on satellite communications.[192]

 Development and test facilities [ edit ]

 Main article: SpaceX Rocket Development and Test Facility
 Aerial view of the SpaceX McGregor engine testing facility, 2008

 SpaceX operates its Rocket Development and Test Facility in McGregor, Texas. All SpaceX rocket engines are tested on rocket test stands,[188] and low-altitude VTVL flight testing of the Falcon 9 Grasshopper in 2012–2013 were carried out at McGregor.[193] Testing of the much larger Starship prototypes is conducted in the SpaceX South Texas launch site near Brownsville, Texas.[190]

 The company purchased the McGregor facilities from Beal Aerospace, where it refitted the largest test stand for Falcon 9 engine testing. SpaceX has made a number of improvements to the facility since its purchase and has also extended the acreage by purchasing several pieces of adjacent farmland. As of October 2012, the McGregor facility had seven test stands that are operated "18 hours a day, six days a week"[194] and is building more test stands because production is ramping up and the company has a large manifest in the next several years.[195] In addition to routine testing, Dragon capsules (following recovery after an orbital mission), are shipped to McGregor for de-fueling, cleanup, and refurbishment for reuse in future missions.[196]

 Launch facilities [ edit ]

 Main article: SpaceX launch facilities
 Falcon Heavy Side Boosters landing on LZ1 and LZ2

 SpaceX currently operates three orbital launch sites, at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Vandenberg Space Force Base, and Kennedy Space Center, with another under construction near Brownsville, Texas. SpaceX has indicated that they see a niche for each of the four orbital facilities and that they have sufficient launch business to fill each pad.[197] The Vandenberg launch site enables highly inclined orbits (66–145°), while Cape Canaveral enables orbits of medium inclination (28.5–51.6°).[198] Before it was retired, all Falcon 1 launches took place at the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site on Omelek Island.[199]

 In April 2007 the USAF approved the use of Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40) by SpaceX.[200] The site has been used from 2010 for Falcon 9 launches, mainly to low Earth and geostationary orbits. SLC-40 is not capable of supporting Falcon Heavy launches. As part of SpaceX's booster reusability program, the former Launch Complex 13 at Cape Canaveral, now renamed Landing Zone 1, has since 2015 been designated for use for Falcon 9 first-stage booster landings.[201]

 SpaceX west coast launch facility at Vandenberg Space Force Base, during the launch of CASSIOPE, September 2013

 Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 4 (SLC-4E) leased in 2011, is used for payloads to polar orbits. The Vandenberg site can launch both Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy vehicles,[202] but cannot launch to low inclination orbits. The neighboring SLC-4W has been converted to Landing Zone 4 since 2015, where SpaceX has successfully landed three Falcon 9 first-stage boosters, the first in October 2018.[203]

 On 14 April 2014, SpaceX signed a 20-year lease for Launch Complex 39A.[204] The pad was subsequently modified to support Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches. SpaceX launched its first crewed mission to the ISS from Launch Pad 39A on 30 May 2020.[205] Pad 39A has been prepared since 2019 to eventually accommodate Starship launches. With delays in launch FAA permits for Boca Chica, the 39A Starship preparation was accelerated in 2022.[206]

 The Starship assembly building at SpaceX Starbase in Texas

 SpaceX manufactures and flies Starship test vehicles from Starbase at Boca Chica, Texas, having announced first plans for the launch facility near Brownsville, Texas in August 2014.[207][208] The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued the permit in July 2014.[209] SpaceX broke ground on the new launch facility in 2014 with construction ramping up in the latter half of 2015,[210] with the first suborbital launches from the facility in 2019.[190] Some residents of Boca Chica Village, Brownsville, and environmental activists criticized the site along with Starship development program in various aspects.[211][212]

 Contracts [ edit ]

 Further information on SpaceX launches: Falcon 1 § Launches, List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches, and List of SpaceX Starship flight tests

 SpaceX won demonstration and actual supply contracts from NASA for the International Space Station (ISS) with technology the company developed. SpaceX is also certified for U.S. military launches of Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle-class (EELV) payloads. With approximately 30 missions on the manifest for 2018 alone, SpaceX represents over US$12 billion under contract.[78]

 Cargo to ISS [ edit ]

 Main articles: Commercial Orbital Transportation Services, Commercial Resupply Services, and Gateway Logistics Services
 The COTS 2 Dragon is berthed to the International Space Station (ISS) by Canadarm2.

 In 2006, SpaceX won a NASA Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) Phase 1 contract to demonstrate cargo delivery to the International Space Station (ISS), with a possible contract option for crew transport.[213] Through this contract, designed by NASA to provide "seed money" through Space Act Agreements for developing new capabilities, NASA paid SpaceX US$396 million to develop the cargo configuration of the Dragon spacecraft, while SpaceX developed the Falcon 9 launch vehicle with their own resources.[214] These Space Act Agreements have been shown to have saved NASA millions of dollars in development costs, making rocket development 4–10 times cheaper than if produced by NASA alone.[215]

 In December 2010 the launch of the SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1 mission, SpaceX became the first private company to successfully launch, orbit and recover a spacecraft.[216] Dragon successfully berthed with the ISS during SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2 in May 2012, a first for a private spacecraft.[217]

 Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) are a series of contracts awarded by NASA from 2008 to 2016 for delivery of cargo and supplies to the ISS on commercially operated spacecraft. The first CRS contracts were signed in 2008 and awarded US$1.6 billion to SpaceX for 12 cargo transport missions, covering deliveries to 2016.[218] SpaceX CRS-1, the first of the 12 planned resupply missions, launched in October 2012, achieved orbit, berthed and remained on station for 20 days, before re-entering the atmosphere and splashing down in the Pacific Ocean.[219]

 CRS missions have flown approximately twice a year to the ISS since then. In 2015, NASA extended the Phase 1 contracts by ordering an additional three resupply flights from SpaceX, and then extended the contract further for a total of twenty cargo missions to the ISS.[220][218][221] The final Dragon 1 mission, SpaceX CRS-20, departed the ISS in April 2020, and Dragon was subsequently retired from service. A second phase of contracts was awarded in January 2016 with SpaceX as one of the awardees. SpaceX will fly up to nine additional CRS flights with the upgraded Dragon 2 spacecraft.[222][223] In March 2020, NASA contracted SpaceX to develop the Dragon XL spacecraft to send supplies to the Lunar Gateway space station. Dragon XL will be launched on a Falcon Heavy.[224]

 Crewed [ edit ]

 See also: Commercial Crew Program
 NASA astronauts inside the Dragon spacecraft during the Crew-1 mission rendezvous with the International Space Station

 SpaceX is responsible for the transportation of NASA astronauts to and from the ISS. The NASA contracts started as part of the Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program, aimed at developing commercially operated spacecraft capable of delivering astronauts to the ISS. The first contract was awarded to SpaceX in 2011,[225][226] followed by another in 2012 to continue development and testing of its Dragon 2 spacecraft.[227]

 In September 2014, NASA chose SpaceX and Boeing as the two companies that would be funded to develop systems to transport U.S. crews to and from the ISS.[228] SpaceX won US$2.6 billion to complete and certify Dragon 2 by 2017. The contracts called for at least one crewed flight test with at least one NASA astronaut aboard. Once Crew Dragon received NASA human-spaceflight certification, the contract required SpaceX to conduct at least two, and as many as six, crewed missions to the space station.[228]

 SpaceX completed the first key flight test of its Crew Dragon spacecraft, a Pad Abort Test, in May 2015,[229] and successfully conducted a full uncrewed test flight in early 2019. The capsule docked to the ISS and then splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean.[230] In January 2020, SpaceX conducted an in-flight abort test, the last test flight before flying crew, in which the Dragon spacecraft fired its launch escape engines in a simulated abort scenario.[231]

 On 30 May 2020, the Crew Dragon Demo-2 mission was launched to the International Space Station with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley, the first time a crewed vehicle had launched from the U.S. since 2011, and the first commercial crewed launch to the ISS.[232] The Crew-1 mission was successfully launched to the International Space Station on 16 November 2020, with NASA astronauts Michael Hopkins, Victor Glover and Shannon Walker along with JAXA astronaut Soichi Noguchi,[233] all members of the Expedition 64 crew.[234] On 23 April 2021, Crew-2 was launched to the International Space Station with NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and K. Megan McArthur, JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, and ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet.[235] The Crew-2 mission successfully docked on 24 April 2021.[236]

 Resilience after splashdown.

 SpaceX also offers paid crewed spaceflights for private individuals. The first of these missions, Inspiration4, launched in 2021 on behalf of Shift4 Payments CEO Jared Isaacman. The mission launched the Crew Dragon Resilience from the Florida Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39A atop a Falcon 9 launch vehicle, placed the Dragon capsule into low Earth orbit, and ended successfully about three days later, when the Resilience splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean. All four crew members received commercial astronaut training from SpaceX. The training included lessons in orbital mechanics, operating in a microgravity environment, stress testing, emergency-preparedness training and mission simulations.[237]

 National defense [ edit ]

 Launch of the STP-2 mission on a Falcon Heavy in June 2019

 In 2005, SpaceX announced that it had been awarded an Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) contract, allowing the United States Air Force to purchase up to US$100 million worth of launches from the company.[238] Three years later, NASA announced that it had awarded an IDIQ Launch Services contract to SpaceX for up to US$1 billion, depending on the number of missions awarded.[239] In December 2012, SpaceX announced its first two launch contracts with the United States Department of Defense (DoD). The United States Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center awarded SpaceX two EELV-class missions: Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) and Space Test Program 2 (STP-2). DSCOVR was launched on a Falcon 9 launch vehicle in 2015, while STP-2 was launched on a Falcon Heavy on 25 June 2019.[240]

 The Falcon 9 v1.1 was certified for National Security Space Launch (NSSL) in 2015, allowing SpaceX to contract launch services to the Air Force for any payloads classified under national security.[131] This broke the monopoly held since 2006 by United Launch Alliance (ULA) over U.S. Air Force launches of classified payloads.[241] In April 2016, the U.S. Air Force awarded the first such national security launch to SpaceX to launch the second GPS III satellite for US$82.7 million.[242] This was approximately 40% less than the estimated cost for similar previous missions.[243] SpaceX also launched the third GPS III launch on 20 June 2020.[244] In March 2018, SpaceX secured an additional US$290 million contract from the U.S. Air Force to launch another three GPS III satellites.[245]

 The U.S. National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) also purchased launches from SpaceX, with the first taking place on 1 May 2017.[246] In February 2019, SpaceX secured a US$297 million contract from the U.S. Air Force to launch another three national security missions, all slated to launch no earlier than FY 2021.[247] In August 2020, the U.S. Space Force awarded its National Security Space Launch (NSSL) contracts for the following 5–7 years. SpaceX won a contract for US$316 million for one launch. In addition, SpaceX will handle 40% of the U.S. military's satellite launch requirements over the period.[248]

 SpaceX also designs and launches custom military satellites for the Space Development Agency as part of a new missile defense system in low Earth orbit.[249] The constellation would give the United States capabilities to sense, target and potentially intercept nuclear missiles and hypersonic weapons launched from anywhere on Earth.[250] Both China and Russia brought concerns to the United Nations about the program,[251] and various organizations warn it could be destabilizing and trigger an arms race in space.[252][253]

 Launch market competition and pricing pressure [ edit ]

 Main article: Space launch market competition

 SpaceX's low launch prices, especially for communications satellites flying to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), have resulted in market pressure on its competitors to lower their own prices.[18] Prior to 2013, the openly competed comsat launch market had been dominated by Arianespace (flying the Ariane 5) and International Launch Services (flying the Proton).[254] With a published price of US$56.5 million per launch to low Earth orbit, Falcon 9 rockets were the cheapest in the industry.[255] European satellite operators are pushing the ESA to reduce launch prices of the Ariane 5 and the future Ariane 6 rockets as a result of competition from SpaceX.[256]

 SpaceX ended the United Launch Alliance (ULA) monopoly of U.S. military payloads when it began to compete for national security launches. In 2015, anticipating a slump in domestic, military, and spy launches, ULA stated that it would go out of business unless it won commercial satellite launch orders.[257] To that end, ULA announced a major restructuring of processes and workforce to decrease launch costs by half.[258][259]

 Congressional testimony by SpaceX in 2017 suggested that the NASA Space Act Agreement process of "setting only a high-level requirement for cargo transport to the space station [while] leaving the details to industry" had allowed SpaceX to design and develop the Falcon 9 rocket on its own at a substantially lower cost. According to NASA's own independently verified numbers, SpaceX's total development cost for the Falcon 9 rocket, including the Falcon 1 rocket, was estimated at US$390 million. In 2011, NASA estimated that it would have cost the agency about US$4 billion to develop a rocket like the Falcon 9 booster based upon NASA's traditional contracting processes, about ten times more.[215] In May 2020, NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine remarked that thanks to NASA's investments into SpaceX, the United States has 70% of the commercial launch market, a major improvement since 2012 when there were no commercial launches from the country.[260]

 Corporate affairs [ edit ]

 Board of directors [ edit ]

 SpaceX board of directors as of January 2021[261]
 Joined board Name Titles  
 2002[262] Elon Musk Founder, chairman, CEO and CTO of SpaceX; CEO, Product Architect, and former chairman of Tesla; former chairman of SolarCity[262]
 2002[263] Kimbal Musk Board member, Tesla[264]  
 2009[265] Gwynne Shotwell President and COO of SpaceX[266]  
 2009[265] Luke Nosek Co-founder, PayPal[267]  
 2009[265] Steve Jurvetson Co-founder, Future Ventures fund[268]  
 2010[269] Antonio Gracias CEO and Chairman of the Investment Committee at Valor Equity Partners[270] 
 2015[271] Donald Harrison President of global partnerships and corporate development, Google[272] 
 

 Leadership changes [ edit ]

 In November 2022, the company announced COO Gwynne Shotwell and vice president Mark Juncosa would oversee Starbase, its Texas launch facility, along with Omead Afshar, who at the time oversaw operations for Tesla in Texas. Shyamal Patel, who was senior director of operations at the site, would shift to its Cape Canaveral site. CNBC reported that these executive moves demonstrated "the sense of urgency within the company to get Starship flying."[273][274][275]

 Workplace culture [ edit ]

 According to former NASA deputy administrator Lori Garver, the company overall has a male-dominated employee culture, similar to that of the spaceflight industry in general.[276] In December 2021, claims of workplace sexual harassment from five former SpaceX employees, ranging from interns to full engineers, were published.[277] The former employees claimed to have experienced unwanted advances and uncomfortable interactions.[278] Additionally, the accounts included claims of a culture of sexual harassment existing at the company and one where complaints made to executives, managers, and human resources officers went largely unaddressed.[279]

 In May 2022, a Business Insider article alleged that Musk engaged in sexual misconduct with a SpaceX flight attendant in a private jet in 2016 citing an anonymous friend of the flight attendant.[280] In response, some employees collaborated on an open letter condemning "Elon's harmful Twitter behavior".[281] It also asks the company to clearly define SpaceX's "no-asshole" and "zero tolerance" policies, which it says is unequally enforced from one employee to the next. The next day, Gwynne Shotwell announced that those employees who were involved with the letter had been terminated and claimed that unsponsored, unsolicited surveys were sent to employees during the work day, and that some felt pressured to sign the letter.[282]

 The company has also been described as having a work culture that pushes employees to work excessively, and was described as fostering a burnout culture.[283] According to a memo by Blue Origin, SpaceX expected very long work hours, work on weekends, and limited use of holidays.[283]

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 Bundled references

 Further reading [ edit ]

 * Berger, Eric. Liftoff: Elon Musk and the Desperate Early Days That Launched SpaceX. William Collins (2021). ISBN 978-0008445621
 * Davenport, Christian. The Space Barons; Elon Musk. Jeff Bezos, and the Quest to Colonize the Cosmos. PublicAffairs (2018). ISBN 978-1610398299
 * Fernholz, Tim. Rocket Billionaires: Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, and the New Space Race. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2018). ISBN 978-1328662231
 * Vance, Ashlee. Elon Musk: How the Billionaire CEO of SpaceX and Tesla is Shaping Our Future. Penguin Random House UK (2015). ISBN 978-0753555620

 External links [ edit ]

 Wikimedia Commons has media related to SpaceX.
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This article is about the rocket and spacecraft manufacturer. For the British art gallery, see Spacex (art gallery).
 Space Exploration Technologies Corp.            Headquarters in December 2017; plumes from a flight of a Falcon 9 rocket are visible overhead       Trade name    SpaceX   Type  Private    Industry  
  Space 
 Communications 
 Defense  [1]   [2]   
    Founded March 14, 2002; 21 years ago in El Segundo, California, U.S. [3]     Founder Elon Musk   Headquarters    Hawthorne, California  , United States     Key people     Elon Musk (CEO, chairman and CTO, 2002–present) [4]    Gwynne Shotwell (president and COO) [5]        Products  
  Several launch vehicles 
 Several rocket engines 
 Dragon capsules 
 Starship (in development)
 Starlink 
 SpaceBEE  
    Services  
 Orbital rocket launch 
 Satellite internet  
    Revenue US$2 billion (2018) [6]     Owner Elon Musk Trust(47.4% equity; 78.3% voting control) [7]      Number of employees  12,000 [8]  (April 2022)    Subsidiaries   Swarm Technologies    Website  www .spacex .com      
The Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX) [9]  is an American spacecraft manufacturer, launcher, and a satellite communications corporation headquartered in Hawthorne, California. It was founded in 2002 by Elon Musk with the stated goal of reducing space transportation costs to enable the colonization of Mars. The company manufactures the Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy, and Starship launch vehicles, several rocket engines, Cargo Dragon and Crew Dragon spacecraft, and Starlink communications satellites.
 SpaceX is developing a satellite internet constellation named Starlink to provide commercial internet service. In January 2020, the Starlink constellation became the largest satellite constellation ever launched, and as of December 2022 comprises over 3,300 small satellites in orbit. [10] 
The company is also developing Starship, a privately funded, fully reusable, super heavy-lift launch system for interplanetary and orbital spaceflight. It is intended to become SpaceX's primary orbital vehicle once operational, supplanting the existing Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy, and Dragon fleet. It will have the highest payload capacity of any orbital rocket ever built on its debut, which is scheduled for early 2023 pending a launch license. [11] 
 SpaceX has made several achievements in space exploration. These include making the first privately developed liquid-propellant rocket that reached orbit, the first private company to launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft, the first private company to send a spacecraft to the International Space Station, the first to achieve vertical propulsive landing of an orbital rocket booster, the first to reuse such a booster, and the first private company to send astronauts to orbit and to the International Space Station. In addition, SpaceX's Falcon 9 rockets have been flown and landed over one hundred times.
History[edit]
2001–2004: Founding[edit]
In early 2001, Elon Musk donated US$100,000 to the Mars Society and joined its board of directors for a short time. [12]  : 30–31  He gave a plenary talk at their fourth convention where he announced Mars Oasis, a project to land a greenhouse and grow plants on Mars. [13]   [14]  Musk initially attempted to acquire a Dnepr ICBM for the project through Russian contacts from Jim Cantrell. [15]  Two months later, however, the United States withdrew from the ABM Treaty and created the Missile Defense Agency, increasing tensions with Russia and generating new strategic interest for rapid and re-usable launch capability similar to the DC-X. [16] 
 When Musk returned to Moscow, Russia, with Michael Griffin (who led the CIA's venture capital arm In-Q-Tel  [17] ), they found the Russians increasingly unreceptive. [18]   [19]  On the flight home Musk announced he could start a company to build the affordable rockets they needed instead. [19]  By applying vertical integration, [18]  using cheap commercial off-the-shelf components when possible, [19]  and adopting the modular approach of modern software engineering, Musk believed SpaceX could significantly cut launch price. [19]  Griffin would later be appointed NASA administrator, [20]  conceive the COTS program, and approve SpaceX for the $278 million award in 2006 before SpaceX had flown any rocket. [21]   [22] 
 In early 2002, Musk started to look for staff for his company, soon to be named SpaceX. Musk approached rocket engineer Tom Mueller (later SpaceX's CTO of propulsion) and invited him to become his business partner. Mueller agreed to work for Musk, and thus SpaceX was born. [23]  SpaceX was first headquartered in a warehouse in El Segundo, California. Early SpaceX employees, such as Tom Mueller (CTO), Gwynne Shotwell (COO), and Chris Thompson (VP of Operations), came from neighboring TRW and Boeing corporations following the cancellation of the Brilliant Pebbles program. [24]  By November 2005, the company had 160 employees. [25]  Musk personally interviewed and approved all of SpaceX's early employees. [26] 
Musk has stated that one of his goals with SpaceX is to decrease the cost and improve the reliability of access to space, ultimately by a factor of ten. [27] 
2005–2009: Falcon 1 and first orbital launches[edit]
      The first successful Falcon 1 launch in September 2008  
SpaceX developed its first orbital launch vehicle, the Falcon 1, with internal funding. [28]   [29] 
The Falcon 1 was an expendable two-stage-to-orbit small-lift launch vehicle.
The total development cost of Falcon 1 was approximately US$90 million [30]  to US$100 million. [31]  The Falcon name was adopted from the DARPA Falcon Project, part of the Prompt Global Strike program of the US military. [32] 
 In 2005, SpaceX announced plans to pursue a human-rated commercial space program through the end of the decade, a program that would later become the Dragon spacecraft. [33] 
In 2006, the company was selected by NASA and awarded $396 million to provide crew and cargo resupply demonstration contracts to the ISS under the COTS program. [34] 
 The first two Falcon 1 launches were purchased by the United States Department of Defense under a program that evaluates new US launch vehicles suitable for use by DARPA. [29]   [35]   [36]  The first three launches of the rocket, between 2006 and 2008, all resulted in failures, which almost ended the company. Financing for Tesla Motors had failed, as well, [37]  and consequently Tesla, SolarCity, and Musk personally were all nearly bankrupt at the same time. [38]  Musk was reportedly "waking from nightmares, screaming and in physical pain" because of the stress. [39] 
 The financial situation started to turn around with the first successful launch achieved on the fourth attempt on 28 September 2008. Musk split his remaining $30 million between SpaceX and Tesla, and NASA awarded the first Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract awarding $1.6 billion to SpaceX in December, thus financially saving the company. [40]  Based on these factors and the further business operations they enabled, the Falcon 1 was soon retired following its second successful, and fifth total, launch in July 2009; this allowed SpaceX to focus company resources on the development of a larger orbital rocket, the Falcon 9. [41]  Gwynne Shotwell was also promoted to company president at this time, for her role in successfully negotiating the CRS contract with the NASA Administrator (and former SpaceX contractor) Michael Griffin. [42]   [43]  Griffin later estimated that SpaceX was around 85% funded by the federal government, mostly through his NASA awards, with the remaining 15% funding split between Elon Musk and other private investors. He felt the amount of government funding was "excessive in his view" compared with what he originally envisioned for the commercial space program. [44] 
2010–2012: Falcon 9, Dragon, and NASA contracts[edit]
  Video of the first launch of Falcon 9  
SpaceX originally intended to follow its light Falcon 1 launch vehicle with an intermediate capacity vehicle, the Falcon 5. [45]  The company instead decided in 2005 to proceed with the development of the Falcon 9, a reusable heavier lift vehicle. Development of the Falcon 9 was accelerated by NASA, which committed to purchasing several commercial flights if specific capabilities were demonstrated. This started with seed money from the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program in 2006. [46] 
The overall contract award was US$278 million to provide development funding for the Dragon spacecraft, Falcon 9, and demonstration launches of Falcon 9 with Dragon. [46] 
As part of this contract, the Falcon 9 launched for the first time in June 2010 with the Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit, using a mockup of the Dragon spacecraft.
 The first operational Dragon spacecraft was launched in December 2010 aboard COTS Demo Flight 1, the Falcon 9's second flight, and safely returned to Earth after two orbits, completing all its mission objectives. [47]  By December 2010, the SpaceX production line was manufacturing one Falcon 9 and Dragon every three months. [48] 
 In April 2011, as part of its second-round Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program, NASA issued a US$75 million contract for SpaceX to develop an integrated launch escape system for Dragon in preparation for human-rating it as a crew transport vehicle to the ISS. [49]  NASA awarded SpaceX a fixed-price Space Act Agreement (SAA) to produce a detailed design of the crew transportation system in August 2012. [50] 
 In early 2012, approximately two-thirds of SpaceX stock was owned by Musk [51]  and his 70 million shares were then estimated to be worth US$875 million on private markets, [52]  valuing SpaceX at US$1.3 billion. [53]  In May 2012, with the Dragon C2+ launch Dragon became the first commercial spacecraft to deliver cargo to the International Space Station. [54] 
After the flight, the company private equity valuation nearly doubled to US$2.4 billion or US$20/share. [55]   [56]  By that time, SpaceX had operated on total funding of approximately $1 billion over its first decade of operation. Of this, private equity provided approximately $200 million, with Musk investing approximately $100 million and other investors having put in about $100 million. [57] 
 SpaceX's active reusability test program began in late 2012 with testing low-altitude, low-speed aspects of the landing technology. [58]  The Falcon 9 prototypes performed vertical takeoffs and landings (VTOL). High-velocity, high-altitude tests of the booster atmospheric return technology began in late 2013. [58] 
2013–2015: Commercial launches and rapid growth[edit]
      Launch of Falcon 9 carrying ORBCOMM OG2-M1, July 2014  
SpaceX launched the first commercial mission for a private customer in 2013. In 2014, SpaceX won nine contracts out of the 20 that were openly competed worldwide. [59] 
That year Arianespace requested that European governments provide additional subsidies to face the competition from SpaceX. [60]   [61] 
Beginning in 2014, SpaceX capabilities and pricing also began to affect the market for launch of U.S. military payloads, which for nearly a decade had been dominated by the large U.S. launch provider United Launch Alliance (ULA). [62] 
The monopoly had allowed launch costs by the U.S. provider to rise to over US$400 million over the years. [63] 
In September 2014, NASA awarded SpaceX the Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap) contract to finalize the development of the Crew Transportation System. The contract included several technical and certification milestones, an uncrewed flight test, a crewed flight test, and six operational missions after certification. [50] 
 In January 2015, SpaceX raised US$1 billion in funding from Google and Fidelity, in exchange for 8.33% of the company, establishing the company valuation at approximately US$12 billion. [64] 
The same month SpaceX announced the development of a new satellite constellation, called Starlink, to provide global broadband internet service with 4,000 satellites. [65] 
 The Falcon 9 had its first major failure in late June 2015, when the seventh ISS resupply mission, CRS-7 exploded two minutes into the flight. The problem was traced to a failed 2-foot-long steel strut that held a helium pressure vessel, which broke free due to the force of acceleration. This caused a breach and allowed high-pressure helium to escape into the low-pressure propellant tank, causing the failure. [66] 
 Elon Musk says SpaceX’s Starship spacecraft is ready to launch soon
Last week, SpaceX announced it’s poised to launch the fully stacked spacexs]-starship-spacecraft-is-ready-to-launch-soon/ Starship] spacecraft for a first orbital flight test following a launch rehearsal this week and pending regulatory approval. Now SpaceX CEO Elon Musk is confirming it’s ready, with launch “trending towards near the end of third week of April,” Musk wrote in a tweet on Monday.
2015–2017: Reusability milestones[edit]
     
SpaceX first achieved a successful landing and recovery of a first stage in December 2015 with Falcon 9 Flight 20. [67] 
In April 2016, the company achieved the first successful landing on the autonomous spaceport drone ship (ASDS)  Of Course I Still Love You  in the Atlantic Ocean. [68] 
By October 2016, following the successful landings, SpaceX indicated they were offering their customers a 10% price discount if they choose to fly their payload on a reused Falcon 9 first stage. [69] 
 A second major rocket failure happened in early September 2016, when a Falcon 9 exploded during a propellant fill operation for a standard pre-launch static fire test.
The payload, the AMOS-6 communications satellite valued at US$200 million, was destroyed. [70]  The explosion was caused by the liquid oxygen that is used as propellant turning so cold that it solidified and ignited with carbon composite helium vessels. [71]  Though not considered an unsuccessful flight, the rocket explosion sent the company into a four-month launch hiatus while it worked out what went wrong. SpaceX returned to flight in January 2017. [72] 
 Later that year, in March 2017, SpaceX launched a returned Falcon 9 for the SES-10 satellite. This was the first time a re-launch of a payload-carrying orbital rocket went back to space. [73]  The first stage was recovered again, also making it the first landing of a reused orbital class rocket. [74] 
2017–2018: Leading global commercial launch provider[edit]
In July 2017, the company raised US$350 million, which raised its valuation to US$21 billion. [75] 
In 2017, SpaceX achieved a 45% global market share for awarded commercial launch contracts. [76] 
By March 2018, SpaceX had more than 100 launches on its manifest representing about US$12 billion in contract revenue. [77]  The contracts included both commercial and government (NASA/DOD) customers. [78]  This made SpaceX the leading global commercial launch provider measured by manifested launches. [79] 
 In 2017, SpaceX formed a subsidiary, The Boring Company, [80]  and began work to construct a short test tunnel on and adjacent to the SpaceX headquarters and manufacturing facility, using a small number of SpaceX employees, [81]  which was completed in May 2018, [82]  and opened to the public in December 2018. [83]  During 2018, The Boring Company was spun out into a separate corporate entity with 6% of the equity going to SpaceX, less than 10% to early employees, and the remainder of the equity to Elon Musk. [83] 
2019–present: Starship, Starlink, and first crewed launches[edit]
      Starship in launch position  
In January 2019 SpaceX announced it would lay off 10% of its workforce to help finance the Starship and Starlink projects. [84] 
Construction of initial prototypes and tests for Starship started in early 2019 in Florida and Texas. All Starship construction and testing moved to the new SpaceX South Texas launch site later that year.
In May 2019 SpaceX also launched the first large batch of 60 Starlink satellites, beginning the deployment of what would become the world's largest commercial satellite constellation the following year. [85] 
The company raised a total of US$1.33 billion of capital across three funding rounds in 2019. [86] 
By May 2019, the valuation of SpaceX had risen to US$33.3 billion [87]  and reached US$36 billion by March 2020. [88] 
 A major milestone was achieved in May 2020, when SpaceX successfully launched two NASA astronauts (Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken) into orbit on a Crew Dragon spacecraft during Crew Dragon Demo-2, making SpaceX the first private company to send astronauts to the International Space Station and marking the first crewed orbital launch from American soil in 9 years. [89]   [90] 
The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A (LC-39A) of the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. [91] 
 On 19 August 2020, after a US$1.9 billion funding round, one of the largest single fundraising pushes by any privately held company, SpaceX's valuation increased to US$46 billion. [92]   [93]   [94] 
In February 2021, SpaceX raised an additional US$1.61 billion in an equity round from 99 investors [95]  at a per share value of approximately $420, [94]  raising the company valuation to approximately US$74 billion. By 2021, SpaceX had raised a total of more than US$6 billion in equity financing. Most of the capital raised since 2019 has been used to support the operational fielding of the Starlink satellite constellation and the development and manufacture of the Starship launch vehicle. [95]  By October 2021, the valuation of SpaceX had risen to US$100.3 billion. [96] 
By 2021, SpaceX had entered into agreements with Google Cloud Platform and Microsoft Azure to provide on-ground computer and networking services for Starlink. [97]  A new round of financing in 2022 values ​​SpaceX at US$127 billion. [98] 
 In July 2021, SpaceX unveiled another drone ship named A Shortfall of Gravitas, landing a booster from CRS-23 on it for the first time on 29 August 2021 [99]  Within the first 130 days of 2022, SpaceX had 18 rocket launches and two astronaut splashdowns. The majority of 2022 SpaceX launches have focused on Starlink, a consumer internet business that sends batches of internet-beaming satellites and now has over 2,200 satellites in orbit. [100]  On 13 December 2021, company CEO Elon Musk announced that the company was starting a carbon dioxide removal program that would convert captured carbon into rocket fuel, [101]   [102]  after he announced a $100 million donation to the X Prize Foundation the previous February to provide the monetary rewards to winners in a contest to develop the best carbon capture technology. [103]   [104] 
 In August 2022, Reuters reported that the European Space Agency (ESA) began initial discussions with SpaceX that could lead to the company's launchers being used temporarily, given that Russia blocked access to Soyuz rockets amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine. [105] 
 In December 2022, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) granted approval to launch up to 7,500 of SpaceX's next-generation satellites in its Starlink internet network. [106] 
 In 2022, SpaceX's Falcon 9 became the world-record holder for the most launches of a single vehicle type in a single year. [107]   [108]  [ non-primary source needed ] SpaceX launched a rocket approximately every 6 days in 2022, with 61 launches in total. All but one (a Falcon Heavy in November) was on a Falcon 9 rocket. [109] 
Summary of achievements[edit]
 
  ^  Excluding the passive objects launched as part of Project West Ford
 
Hardware[edit]
Launch vehicles[edit]
      The landing of a Falcon 9 Block 5 first stage at Cape Canaveral in July 2019 – VTVL technologies are used in many of SpaceX's launch vehicles.  
SpaceX has developed three launch vehicles. The small-lift Falcon 1 was the first launch vehicle developed and was retired in 2009. The medium-lift Falcon 9 and the heavy-lift Falcon Heavy are both operational.
The Falcon 1 was a small rocket capable of placing several hundred kilograms into low Earth orbit. It launched five times between 2006 and 2009, of which 2 were successful. [126]  The Falcon 1 was the first privately funded, liquid-fueled rocket to reach orbit. [110] 
  Falcon 9 is a medium-lift launch vehicle capable of delivering up to 22,800 kilograms (50,265 lb) to orbit, competing with the Delta IV and the Atlas V rockets, as well as other launch providers around the world. It has nine Merlin engines in its first stage. The Falcon 9 v1.0 rocket successfully reached orbit on its first attempt on 4 June 2010. Its third flight, COTS Demo Flight 2, launched on 22 May 2012, and launched the first commercial spacecraft to reach and dock with the International Space Station (ISS). [54]  The vehicle was upgraded to Falcon 9 v1.1 in 2013, Falcon 9 Full Thrust in 2015, and finally to Falcon 9 Block 5 in 2018. The first stage of Falcon 9 is designed to retropropulsively land, be recovered, and reflown. [127] 
 The Falcon Heavy is a heavy-lift launch vehicle capable of delivering up to 63,800 kg (140,700 lb) to Low Earth orbit (LEO) or 26,700 kg (58,900 lb) to geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO). It uses three slightly modified Falcon 9 first stage cores with a total of 27 Merlin 1D engines. [128]   [129] 
The Falcon Heavy successfully flew its inaugural mission on 6 February 2018, launching Musk's personal Tesla Roadster into heliocentric orbit  [130] 
 Both the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy are certified to conduct launches for the National Security Space Launch (NSSL). [131]   [132]  As of 7 April 2023, the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy have been launched 221 times, resulting in 219 full mission successes, one partial success, and one in-flight failure. In addition, a Falcon 9 experienced a pre-flight failure prior to a static fire test in 2016. [133]   [134] 
Rocket engines[edit]
     
Since the founding of SpaceX in 2002, the company has developed several rocket engines – Merlin, Kestrel, and Raptor – for use in launch vehicles, [135]   [136]  Draco for the reaction control system of the Dragon series of spacecraft, [137]  and SuperDraco for abort capability in Crew Dragon. [138] 
 Merlin is a family of rocket engines that uses liquid oxygen (LOX) and RP-1 propellants. Merlin was first used to power the Falcon 1's first stage and is now used on both stages of the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy vehicles. [139] 
Kestrel uses the same propellants and was used as the Falcon 1 rocket's second stage main engine. [136]   [140] 
 Draco and SuperDraco are hypergolic liquid-propellant rocket engines. Draco engines are used on the reaction control system of the Dragon and Dragon 2 spacecraft. [137]  The SuperDraco engine is more powerful, and eight SuperDraco engines provide launch escape capability for crewed Dragon 2 spacecraft during an abort scenario. [141] 
 Raptor is a new family of liquid oxygen and liquid methane-fueled full-flow staged combustion cycle engines to power the first and second stages of the in-development Starship launch system. [135]  Development versions were test-fired in late 2016, [142]  and the engine flew for the first time in 2019, powering the Starhopper vehicle to an altitude of 20 m (66 ft). [143] 
Dragon spacecraft[edit]
     
SpaceX has developed the Dragon spacecraft to transport cargo and crew to the International Space Station. The first version of Dragon, used only for cargo, was first launched in 2010. [47]  The currently operational second generation Dragon spacecraft, known as Dragon 2, conducted its first flight, without crew, to the ISS in early 2019, followed by a crewed flight of Dragon 2 in 2020. [89] 
The cargo variant of Dragon 2 flew for the first time in December 2020, for a resupply to the Space Station as part of the CRS contract with NASA. [144] 
 In March 2020 SpaceX revealed the Dragon XL, designed as a resupply spacecraft for NASA's planned Lunar Gateway space station under a Gateway Logistics Services (GLS) contract. [145]  Dragon XL is planned to launch on the Falcon Heavy, and is able to transport over 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) to the Gateway. Dragon XL will be docked at the Gateway for six to twelve months at a time. [146] 
Autonomous spaceport drone ships[edit]
     
SpaceX routinely returns the first stage of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets after orbital launches. The rocket flights and land to a predetermined landing site using only its own propulsion systems. [147] 
When propellent margins do not permit a return to launch site (RTLS), rockets return to floating landing platform in the ocean, called autonomous spaceport drone ships (ASDS). [148] 
 SpaceX also plans to introduce floating launch platforms. These are modified oil rigs to use in the 2020s to provide a sea launch option for their second-generation launch vehicle: the heavy-lift Starship system, consisting of the Super Heavy booster and Starship second stage. SpaceX has purchased two deepwater oil rigs and are refitting them to support Starship launches. [149] 
Starship[edit]
      SpaceX Starship SN9 prototype  
SpaceX is developing a fully reusable super-heavy lift launch system known as Starship.
It comprises a reusable first stage, called Super Heavy, and the reusable Starship second stage space vehicle. The system is intended to supersede the company's existing launch vehicle hardware by the early 2020s. [150]   [151] 
 SpaceX initially envisioned a 12-meter-diameter ITS concept in 2016 solely aimed at Mars transit and other interplanetary uses. In 2017 it articulated a smaller 9-meter-diameter vehicle to replace all of its launch service provider capabilities—Earth-orbit; lunar-orbit; interplanetary missions; and potentially, even intercontinental passenger transport on Earth—but do so on a fully reusable set of vehicles with a markedly lower-cost structure. [152] 
 In 2018, the Starship system was redesigned to use stainless steel instead of carbon fiber construction, to improve performance while drastically decreasing cost. Private passenger Yusaku Maezawa has contracted to fly around the Moon in a Starship vehicle in 2023. [153]  The company's long-term vision is the development of technology and resources suitable for human colonization of Mars. [154]   [155]   [156] 
 SpaceX started manufacturing the first prototypes of Starship in 2019 at the company's facility in Boca Chica, Texas, later renamed Starbase. [157]  It is developing Starship using iterative design principles, aiming to build and test several prototypes at a fast pace. [158]   [159]  The first successful suborbital flight and landing of a full Starship prototype was achieved in May 2021. [160] 
Starlink[edit]
Starlink is an internet satellite constellation under development by SpaceX that consists of thousands of cross-linked communications satellites in ~550 km orbits. Owned and operated by SpaceX, its goal is to address the significant unmet demand worldwide for low-cost broadband capabilities. [161] 
Development began in 2015, and initial prototype test-flight satellites were launched on the SpaceX Paz satellite mission in 2017.
In May 2019, SpaceX launched the first batch of 60 satellites aboard a Falcon 9. [162]  Initial test operation of the constellation began in late 2020 [163]  and first orders were taken in early 2021. [164]  Customers were told to expect internet service speeds of 50 Mbps to 150 Mbps and latency from 20 ms to 40 ms. [165]  In December 2022, Starlink reached over 1 million subscribers worldwide. [166] 
      60 Starlink satellites stacked together before deployment  
The planned large number of Starlink satellites has been criticized by astronomers due to concerns over light pollution, [167]   [168]   [169]  with the brightness of Starlink satellites in both optical and radio wavelengths interfering with scientific observations. [170]  In response, SpaceX has implemented several upgrades to Starlink satellites aimed at reducing their brightness. [171]  The large number of satellites employed by Starlink also creates long-term dangers of space debris collisions. [172]   [173]  However, the satellites are equipped with krypton-fueled Hall thrusters which allow them to de-orbit at the end of their life. They are also designed to autonomously avoid collisions based on uplinked tracking data. [174] 
 In December 2022, SpaceX announced Starshield, a program to incorporate military or government entity payloads on board a Starlink-derived satellite bus. The Space Development Agency is a key customer procuring satellites for a space-based missile defense system. [175]   [176] 
Other projects[edit]
In June 2015, SpaceX announced that they would sponsor a Hyperloop competition, and would build a 1.6 km (0.99 mi) long subscale test track near SpaceX's headquarters for the competitive events. [177]   [178]  The company has held the annual competition since 2017. [179] 
 In collaboration with doctors and academic researchers, SpaceX invited all employees to participate in the creation of a COVID-19 antibody-testing program in 2020. As such, 4300 employees volunteered to provide blood-samples resulting in a peer-reviewed scientific paper crediting eight SpaceX employees as coauthors and suggesting that a certain level of COVID-19 antibodies may provide lasting protection against the virus. [180]   [181] 
 In July 2018, Musk arranged for his employees to build a mini-submarine to assist the rescue of children stuck in a flooded cavern in Thailand. [182]  Richard Stanton, leader of the international rescue diving team, urged Musk to facilitate the construction of the vehicle as a back-up, in case flooding worsened. [183]   [184]  Engineers at SpaceX and The Boring Company built the mini-submarine from a Falcon 9 liquid oxygen transfer tube in eight hours and personally delivered it to Thailand. [185]   [186]  By this time, however, eight of the 12 children had already been rescued using full face masks and oxygen under anesthesia; consequently Thai authorities declined to use the submarine. [182] 
Facilities[edit]
SpaceX is headquartered in Hawthorne, California, which also serves as its primary manufacturing plant. [187]  The company operates a research and major operation in Redmond, Washington, owns a test site in Texas [188]  and operates three launch sites, with another under development. SpaceX also operates regional offices in Texas, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. [78]  SpaceX was incorporated in the state of Delaware. [189] 
Headquarters, manufacturing, and refurbishment facilities[edit]
     
SpaceX Headquarters is located in the Los Angeles suburb of Hawthorne, California. The large three-story facility, originally built by Northrop Corporation to build Boeing 747 fuselages, [187]  houses SpaceX's office space, mission control, and Falcon 9 manufacturing facilities. [190] 
 The area has one of the largest concentrations of space sector headquarters, facilities, and/or subsidiaries in the U.S., including Boeing/McDonnell Douglas main satellite building campuses, Aerospace Corp., Raytheon, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, United States Space Force's Space Systems Command at Los Angeles Air Force Base, Lockheed Martin, BAE Systems, Northrop Grumman, and AECOM, etc., with a large pool of aerospace engineers and recent college engineering graduates. [187] 
 SpaceX uses a high degree of vertical integration in the production of its rockets and rocket engines. [18]  SpaceX builds its rocket engines, rocket stages, spacecraft, principal avionics and all software in-house in their Hawthorne facility, which is unusual for the space industry. [18] 
 In January 2015, SpaceX announced it would be entering the satellite production business and global satellite internet business. The first satellite facility is a 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m2) office building located in Redmond, Washington. As of January 2017, a second facility in Redmond was acquired with 40,625 sq ft (3,774.2 m2) and has become a research and development laboratory for the satellites. [191]  In July 2016, SpaceX acquired an additional 8,000 sq ft (740 m2) creative space in Irvine, California (Orange County) to focus on satellite communications. [192] 
Development and test facilities[edit]
      Aerial view of the SpaceX McGregor engine testing facility, 2008  
SpaceX operates its Rocket Development and Test Facility in McGregor, Texas. All SpaceX rocket engines are tested on rocket test stands, [188]  and low-altitude VTVL flight testing of the Falcon 9 Grasshopper in 2012–2013 were carried out at McGregor. [193] 
Testing of the much larger Starship prototypes is conducted in the SpaceX South Texas launch site near Brownsville, Texas. [190] 
 The company purchased the McGregor facilities from Beal Aerospace, where it refitted the largest test stand for Falcon 9 engine testing. SpaceX has made a number of improvements to the facility since its purchase and has also extended the acreage by purchasing several pieces of adjacent farmland. As of October 2012, the McGregor facility had seven test stands that are operated "18 hours a day, six days a week" [194]  and is building more test stands because production is ramping up and the company has a large manifest in the next several years. [195]  In addition to routine testing, Dragon capsules (following recovery after an orbital mission), are shipped to McGregor for de-fueling, cleanup, and refurbishment for reuse in future missions. [196] 
Launch facilities[edit]
      Falcon Heavy Side Boosters landing on LZ1 and LZ2  
SpaceX currently operates three orbital launch sites, at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Vandenberg Space Force Base, and Kennedy Space Center, with another under construction near Brownsville, Texas. SpaceX has indicated that they see a niche for each of the four orbital facilities and that they have sufficient launch business to fill each pad. [197]  The Vandenberg launch site enables highly inclined orbits (66–145°), while Cape Canaveral enables orbits of medium inclination (28.5–51.6°). [198]  Before it was retired, all Falcon 1 launches took place at the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site on Omelek Island. [199] 
 
In April 2007 the USAF approved the use of Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40) by SpaceX. [200]  The site has been used from 2010 for Falcon 9 launches, mainly to low Earth and geostationary orbits. SLC-40 is not capable of supporting Falcon Heavy launches. As part of SpaceX's booster reusability program, the former Launch Complex 13 at Cape Canaveral, now renamed Landing Zone 1, has since 2015 been designated for use for Falcon 9 first-stage booster landings. [201]        
 Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 4 (SLC-4E) leased in 2011, is used for payloads to polar orbits. The Vandenberg site can launch both Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy vehicles, [202]  but cannot launch to low inclination orbits. The neighboring SLC-4W has been converted to Landing Zone 4 since 2015, where SpaceX has successfully landed three Falcon 9 first-stage boosters, the first in October 2018. [203] 
 
On 14 April 2014, SpaceX signed a 20-year lease for Launch Complex 39A. [204]  The pad was subsequently modified to support Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches. SpaceX launched its first crewed mission to the ISS from Launch Pad 39A on 30 May 2020. [205]  Pad 39A has been prepared since 2019 to eventually accommodate Starship launches. With delays in launch FAA permits for Boca Chica, the 39A Starship preparation was accelerated in 2022. [206]        
SpaceX manufactures and flies Starship test vehicles from Starbase at Boca Chica, Texas, having announced first plans for the launch facility near Brownsville, Texas in August 2014. [207]   [208]  The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued the permit in July 2014. [209]  SpaceX broke ground on the new launch facility in 2014 with construction ramping up in the latter half of 2015, [210]  with the first suborbital launches from the facility in 2019. [190]  Some residents of Boca Chica Village, Brownsville, and environmental activists criticized the site along with Starship development program in various aspects. [211]   [212] 
Contracts[edit]
SpaceX won demonstration and actual supply contracts from NASA for the International Space Station (ISS) with technology the company developed. SpaceX is also certified for U.S. military launches of Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle-class (EELV) payloads. With approximately 30 missions on the manifest for 2018 alone, SpaceX represents over US$12 billion under contract. [78] 
Cargo to ISS[edit]
     
In 2006, SpaceX won a NASA Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) Phase 1 contract to demonstrate cargo delivery to the International Space Station (ISS), with a possible contract option for crew transport. [213]  Through this contract, designed by NASA to provide "seed money" through Space Act Agreements for developing new capabilities, NASA paid SpaceX US$396 million to develop the cargo configuration of the Dragon spacecraft, while SpaceX developed the Falcon 9 launch vehicle with their own resources. [214]  These Space Act Agreements have been shown to have saved NASA millions of dollars in development costs, making rocket development 4–10 times cheaper than if produced by NASA alone. [215] 
 In December 2010 the launch of the SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1 mission, SpaceX became the first private company to successfully launch, orbit and recover a spacecraft. [216]  Dragon successfully berthed with the ISS during SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2 in May 2012, a first for a private spacecraft. [217] 
  Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) are a series of contracts awarded by NASA from 2008 to 2016 for delivery of cargo and supplies to the ISS on commercially operated spacecraft. The first CRS contracts were signed in 2008 and awarded US$1.6 billion to SpaceX for 12 cargo transport missions, covering deliveries to 2016. [218]  SpaceX CRS-1, the first of the 12 planned resupply missions, launched in October 2012, achieved orbit, berthed and remained on station for 20 days, before re-entering the atmosphere and splashing down in the Pacific Ocean. [219] 
 CRS missions have flown approximately twice a year to the ISS since then. In 2015, NASA extended the Phase 1 contracts by ordering an additional three resupply flights from SpaceX, and then extended the contract further for a total of twenty cargo missions to the ISS. [220]   [218]   [221]  The final Dragon 1 mission, SpaceX CRS-20, departed the ISS in April 2020, and Dragon was subsequently retired from service. A second phase of contracts was awarded in January 2016 with SpaceX as one of the awardees. SpaceX will fly up to nine additional CRS flights with the upgraded Dragon 2 spacecraft. [222]   [223]  In March 2020, NASA contracted SpaceX to develop the Dragon XL spacecraft to send supplies to the Lunar Gateway space station. Dragon XL will be launched on a Falcon Heavy. [224] 
Crewed[edit]
     
SpaceX is responsible for the transportation of NASA astronauts to and from the ISS. The NASA contracts started as part of the Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program, aimed at developing commercially operated spacecraft capable of delivering astronauts to the ISS. The first contract was awarded to SpaceX in 2011, [225]   [226]  followed by another in 2012 to continue development and testing of its Dragon 2 spacecraft. [227] 
 In September 2014, NASA chose SpaceX and Boeing as the two companies that would be funded to develop systems to transport U.S. crews to and from the ISS. [228]  SpaceX won US$2.6 billion to complete and certify Dragon 2 by 2017. The contracts called for at least one crewed flight test with at least one NASA astronaut aboard. Once Crew Dragon received NASA human-spaceflight certification, the contract required SpaceX to conduct at least two, and as many as six, crewed missions to the space station. [228] 
 SpaceX completed the first key flight test of its Crew Dragon spacecraft, a Pad Abort Test, in May 2015, [229]  and successfully conducted a full uncrewed test flight in early 2019. The capsule docked to the ISS and then splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean. [230]  In January 2020, SpaceX conducted an in-flight abort test, the last test flight before flying crew, in which the Dragon spacecraft fired its launch escape engines in a simulated abort scenario. [231] 
 On 30 May 2020, the Crew Dragon Demo-2 mission was launched to the International Space Station with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley, the first time a crewed vehicle had launched from the U.S. since 2011, and the first commercial crewed launch to the ISS. [232] 
The Crew-1 mission was successfully launched to the International Space Station on 16 November 2020, with NASA astronauts Michael Hopkins, Victor Glover and Shannon Walker along with JAXA astronaut Soichi Noguchi, [233]  all members of the Expedition 64 crew. [234]  On 23 April 2021, Crew-2 was launched to the International Space Station with NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and K. Megan McArthur, JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, and ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet. [235]  The Crew-2 mission successfully docked on 24 April 2021. [236] 
       Resilience after splashdown.  
SpaceX also offers paid crewed spaceflights for private individuals. The first of these missions, Inspiration4, launched in 2021 on behalf of Shift4 Payments CEO Jared Isaacman. The mission launched the Crew Dragon Resilience  from the Florida Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39A atop a Falcon 9 launch vehicle, placed the Dragon capsule into low Earth orbit, and ended successfully about three days later, when the Resilience splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean. All four crew members received commercial astronaut training from SpaceX. The training included lessons in orbital mechanics, operating in a microgravity environment, stress testing, emergency-preparedness training and mission simulations. [237] 
National defense[edit]
      Launch of the STP-2 mission on a Falcon Heavy in June 2019  
In 2005, SpaceX announced that it had been awarded an Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) contract, allowing the United States Air Force to purchase up to US$100 million worth of launches from the company. [238]  Three years later, NASA announced that it had awarded an IDIQ Launch Services contract to SpaceX for up to US$1 billion, depending on the number of missions awarded. [239]  In December 2012, SpaceX announced its first two launch contracts with the United States Department of Defense (DoD). The United States Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center awarded SpaceX two EELV-class missions: Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) and Space Test Program 2 (STP-2). DSCOVR was launched on a Falcon 9 launch vehicle in 2015, while STP-2 was launched on a Falcon Heavy on 25 June 2019. [240] 
 The Falcon 9 v1.1 was certified for National Security Space Launch (NSSL) in 2015, allowing SpaceX to contract launch services to the Air Force for any payloads classified under national security. [131] 
This broke the monopoly held since 2006 by United Launch Alliance (ULA) over U.S. Air Force launches of classified payloads. [241] 
In April 2016, the U.S. Air Force awarded the first such national security launch to SpaceX to launch the second GPS III satellite for US$82.7 million. [242]  This was approximately 40% less than the estimated cost for similar previous missions. [243]  SpaceX also launched the third GPS III launch on 20 June 2020. [244]  In March 2018, SpaceX secured an additional US$290 million contract from the U.S. Air Force to launch another three GPS III satellites. [245] 
 The U.S. National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) also purchased launches from SpaceX, with the first taking place on 1 May 2017. [246]  In February 2019, SpaceX secured a US$297 million contract from the U.S. Air Force to launch another three national security missions, all slated to launch no earlier than FY 2021. [247]  In August 2020, the U.S. Space Force awarded its National Security Space Launch (NSSL) contracts for the following 5–7 years. SpaceX won a contract for US$316 million for one launch. In addition, SpaceX will handle 40% of the U.S. military's satellite launch requirements over the period. [248] 
 SpaceX also designs and launches custom military satellites for the Space Development Agency as part of a new missile defense system in low Earth orbit. [249]  The constellation would give the United States capabilities to sense, target and potentially intercept nuclear missiles and hypersonic weapons launched from anywhere on Earth. [250]  Both China and Russia brought concerns to the United Nations about the program, [251]  and various organizations warn it could be destabilizing and trigger an arms race in space. [252]   [253] 
Launch market competition and pricing pressure[edit]
SpaceX's low launch prices, especially for communications satellites flying to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), have resulted in market pressure on its competitors to lower their own prices. [18]  Prior to 2013, the openly competed comsat launch market had been dominated by Arianespace (flying the Ariane 5) and International Launch Services (flying the Proton). [254]  With a published price of US$56.5 million per launch to low Earth orbit, Falcon 9 rockets were the cheapest in the industry. [255]  European satellite operators are pushing the ESA to reduce launch prices of the Ariane 5 and the future Ariane 6 rockets as a result of competition from SpaceX. [256] 
 SpaceX ended the United Launch Alliance (ULA) monopoly of U.S. military payloads when it began to compete for national security launches. In 2015, anticipating a slump in domestic, military, and spy launches, ULA stated that it would go out of business unless it won commercial satellite launch orders. [257]  To that end, ULA announced a major restructuring of processes and workforce to decrease launch costs by half. [258]   [259] 
 Congressional testimony by SpaceX in 2017 suggested that the NASA Space Act Agreement process of "setting only a high-level requirement for cargo transport to the space station [while] leaving the details to industry" had allowed SpaceX to design and develop the Falcon 9 rocket on its own at a substantially lower cost. According to NASA's own independently verified numbers, SpaceX's total development cost for the Falcon 9 rocket, including the Falcon 1 rocket, was estimated at US$390 million. In 2011, NASA estimated that it would have cost the agency about US$4 billion to develop a rocket like the Falcon 9 booster based upon NASA's traditional contracting processes, about ten times more. [215]  In May 2020, NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine remarked that thanks to NASA's investments into SpaceX, the United States has 70% of the commercial launch market, a major improvement since 2012 when there were no commercial launches from the country. [260] 
Corporate affairs[edit]
Board of directors[edit]
SpaceX board of directors as of January 2021 [261] 
 
Joined board
Name
Titles
 
2002 [262] 
 Elon Musk
Founder, chairman, CEO and CTO of SpaceX; CEO, Product Architect, and former chairman of Tesla; former chairman of SolarCity  [262] 
 
2002 [263] 
 Kimbal Musk
Board member, Tesla [264] 
 
2009 [265] 
 Gwynne Shotwell
President and COO of SpaceX [266] 
 
2009 [265] 
 Luke Nosek
Co-founder, PayPal [267] 
 
2009 [265] 
 Steve Jurvetson
Co-founder, Future Ventures fund [268] 
 
2010 [269] 
Antonio Gracias
CEO and Chairman of the Investment Committee at Valor Equity Partners [270] 
 
2015 [271] 
Donald Harrison
President of global partnerships and corporate development, Google [272] 
   
Leadership changes[edit]
In November 2022, the company announced COO Gwynne Shotwell and vice president Mark Juncosa would oversee Starbase, its Texas launch facility, along with Omead Afshar, who at the time oversaw operations for Tesla in Texas. Shyamal Patel, who was senior director of operations at the site, would shift to its Cape Canaveral site.  CNBC  reported that these executive moves demonstrated "the sense of urgency within the company to get Starship flying." [273]   [274]   [275] 
Workplace culture[edit]
According to former NASA deputy administrator Lori Garver, the company overall has a male-dominated employee culture, similar to that of the spaceflight industry in general. [276]  In December 2021, claims of workplace sexual harassment from five former SpaceX employees, ranging from interns to full engineers, were published. [277]  The former employees claimed to have experienced unwanted advances and uncomfortable interactions. [278]  Additionally, the accounts included claims of a culture of sexual harassment existing at the company and one where complaints made to executives, managers, and human resources officers went largely unaddressed. [279] 
 In May 2022, a Business Insider article alleged that Musk engaged in sexual misconduct with a SpaceX flight attendant in a private jet in 2016 citing an anonymous friend of the flight attendant. [280]  In response, some employees collaborated on an open letter condemning "Elon's harmful Twitter behavior". [281]  It also asks the company to clearly define SpaceX's "no-asshole" and "zero tolerance" policies, which it says is unequally enforced from one employee to the next. The next day, Gwynne Shotwell announced that those employees who were involved with the letter had been terminated and claimed that unsponsored, unsolicited surveys were sent to employees during the work day, and that some felt pressured to sign the letter. [282] 
 The company has also been described as having a work culture that pushes employees to work excessively, and was described as fostering a burnout culture. [283]  According to a memo by Blue Origin, SpaceX expected very long work hours, work on weekends, and limited use of holidays. [283] 
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 Bundled references
Further reading[edit]
 Berger, Eric. Liftoff: Elon Musk and the Desperate Early Days That Launched SpaceX. William Collins (2021). ISBN 978-0008445621 
Davenport, Christian. The Space Barons; Elon Musk. Jeff Bezos, and the Quest to Colonize the Cosmos. PublicAffairs (2018). ISBN 978-1610398299 
Fernholz, Tim. Rocket Billionaires: Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, and the New Space Race. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2018). ISBN 978-1328662231 
Vance, Ashlee. Elon Musk: How the Billionaire CEO of SpaceX and Tesla is Shaping Our Future. Penguin Random House UK (2015). ISBN 978-0753555620  
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