leonardo dicaprio
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio
Leonardo DiCaprio
2002-05-20
Authority control databases
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<table><tbody><tr><th><p>Leonardo DiCaprio</p></th></tr><tr><td><p>DiCaprio in 2019</p></td></tr><tr><th>Born</th><td><p>Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio</p><br/>November 11, 1974<p>Los Angeles, California, U.S.</p></td></tr><tr><th>Occupations</th><td><div><ul><li>Actor</li><li>film producer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th>Years active</th><td>1989–present</td></tr><tr><th>Organizations</th><td><div>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian_Way_Productions">Appian Way Productions</a></li>
<li>Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th>Works</th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio_filmography">Full list</a></td></tr><tr><th>Title</th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Messenger_of_Peace">United Nations Messenger of Peace</a> (designated 2014)</td></tr><tr><th>Partners</th><td><div>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen">Gisele Bündchen</a> (2000–2005)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Refaeli">Bar Refaeli</a> (2005–2011)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camila_Morrone">Camila Morrone</a> (2017–2022)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th>Parent</th><td><div><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_DiCaprio">George DiCaprio</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th>Awards</th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Leonardo_DiCaprio">Full list</a></td></tr><tr><th>Website</th><td><div>
<ul><li></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio</b> (; ; born November 11, 1974) is an American actor and film producer. Known for his work in biographical and period films, he is the recipient of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Leonardo_DiCaprio">numerous accolades</a>, including an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award">Academy Award</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Award">British Academy Film Award</a>, and three <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards">Golden Globe Awards</a>. As of 2019, his films have grossed over $7.2 billion worldwide, and he has been placed eight times in annual rankings of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-paid_film_actors">the world's highest-paid actors</a>.
</p><p>Born in Los Angeles, DiCaprio began his career in the late 1980s by appearing in television commercials. In the early 1990s, he had recurring roles in various television shows, such as the sitcom <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthood_(1990_TV_series)">Parenthood</a></i>, and had his first major film part as author <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Wolff">Tobias Wolff</a> in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Boy%27s_Life">This Boy's Life</a></i> (1993). He received critical acclaim and his first <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor">Academy Award</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture">Golden Globe Award</a> nominations for his performance as a developmentally disabled boy in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_Eating_Gilbert_Grape">What's Eating Gilbert Grape</a></i> (1993). DiCaprio achieved international stardom with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-crossed">star-crossed</a> romances <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_%2B_Juliet">Romeo + Juliet</a></i> (1996) and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)">Titanic</a></i> (1997). After the latter became the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films">highest-grossing film</a> in the world at the time, he reduced his workload for a few years. In an attempt to shed his image of a romantic hero, DiCaprio sought roles in other genres, including the 2002 crime dramas <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_Me_If_You_Can">Catch Me If You Can</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangs_of_New_York">Gangs of New York</a></i>; the latter marked the first of his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese_and_Leonardo_DiCaprio">many successful collaborations</a> with director <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>.
</p><p>DiCaprio continued to gain acclaim for his performances in the biopic <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aviator_(2004_film)">The Aviator</a></i> (2004), the political thriller <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Diamond_(film)">Blood Diamond</a></i> (2006), the crime drama <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Departed">The Departed</a></i> (2006) and the romantic drama <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Road_(film)">Revolutionary Road</a></i> (2008). He later made environmental documentaries and starred in several high-profile directors' successful projects, including the action thriller <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inception">Inception</a></i> (2010), the western <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_Unchained">Django Unchained</a></i> (2012), the biopic <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wolf_of_Wall_Street_(2013_film)">The Wolf of Wall Street</a></i> (2013), the survival drama <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revenant_(2015_film)">The Revenant</a></i> (2015)—for which he won the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor">Academy Award for Best Actor</a>— the comedy-dramas <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Hollywood">Once Upon a Time in Hollywood</a></i> (2019) and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Look_Up">Don't Look Up</a></i> (2021), and the crime drama <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killers_of_the_Flower_Moon_(film)">Killers of the Flower Moon</a></i> (2023).
</p><p>DiCaprio is the founder of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian_Way_Productions">Appian Way Productions</a>—a production company that has made some of his films and the documentary series <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensburg_(TV_series)">Greensburg</a></i> (2008–2010)—and the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation, a nonprofit organization devoted to promoting environmental awareness. A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Messenger_of_Peace">United Nations Messenger of Peace</a>, he regularly supports charitable causes. In 2005, he was named a Commander of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres">Ordre des Arts et des Lettres</a> for his contributions to the arts, and in 2016, he appeared in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_100">100 most influential people in the world</a>. DiCaprio was voted one of the 50 greatest actors of all time in a 2022 readers' poll by <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(magazine)">Empire</a></i>.
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<p>Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio was born on November 11, 1974, in Los Angeles, California.<sup><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> He is the only child of Irmelin Indenbirken, a legal secretary, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_DiCaprio">George DiCaprio</a>, an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_comix">underground comix</a> artist and distributor; they met while attending college and moved to Los Angeles after graduating.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201211-2">[2]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> His mother is German and his father is of Italian and German descent.<sup><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> His maternal grandfather, Wilhelm Indenbirken, was German,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201210,_16-5">[5]</a></sup> and his maternal grandmother, Helene Indenbirken, was a Russian immigrant living in Germany.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201210-6">[6]</a></sup> DiCaprio was raised Catholic.<sup><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Sources have falsely claimed his maternal grandmother was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa">Odesa</a>, Ukraine; there is no evidence that DiCaprio has any relatives of Ukrainian birth or heritage.<sup><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>DiCaprio's parents named him Leonardo because his pregnant mother first felt him kick while she was looking at a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> painting in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizi">Uffizi</a> museum in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence">Florence</a>, Italy.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201215-9">[9]</a></sup> When DiCaprio was one year old, his parents divorced after his father fell in love with another woman and moved out.<sup><a href="#cite_note-blood-10">[10]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> To raise him together, his parents moved into twin cottages with a shared garden in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_Park,_Los_Angeles">Echo Park</a>, Los Angeles.<sup><a href="#cite_note-blood-10">[10]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201213-12">[12]</a></sup> DiCaprio's father lived with his girlfriend and her son, Adam Farrar, with whom DiCaprio developed a close bond.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201216–17,_29–30-13">[13]</a></sup> DiCaprio and his mother later moved to other neighborhoods, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Feliz,_Los_Angeles">Los Feliz</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201228-14">[14]</a></sup> He has described his parents as "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemianism">bohemian</a> in every sense of the word" and as "the people I trust the most in the world".<sup><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> DiCaprio has stated that he grew up poor in a neighborhood plagued with prostitution, crime and violence.<sup><a href="#cite_note-ti2014-16">[16]</a></sup> Attending the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Center_for_Enriched_Studies">Los Angeles Center for Enriched Studies</a> for four years and later the Seeds Elementary School, he later enrolled at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_High_School_(Los_Angeles)">John Marshall High School</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201213,_23-18">[18]</a></sup> DiCaprio disliked public school and wanted to audition for acting jobs instead.<sup><a href="#cite_note-ti2014-16">[16]</a></sup> He dropped out of high school later, eventually earning a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Educational_Development">general equivalency diploma</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>As a child, DiCaprio wanted to become either a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biologist">marine biologist</a> or an actor. He eventually favored the latter; he liked impersonating characters and imitating people, and enjoyed seeing their reactions to his acting.<sup><a href="#cite_note-parade1-20">[20]</a></sup> According to DiCaprio, his interest in performing began at the age of two when he went onto the stage at a performance festival and danced spontaneously to a positive response from the crowd.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201214-21">[21]</a></sup> He was also motivated to learn acting when Farrar's appearance in a television commercial earned him $50,000.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201217–18-22">[22]</a></sup> DiCaprio has said in interviews that his first television appearance was in the children's series <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romper_Room">Romper Room</a></i>, and that he was dismissed from the show for being disruptive. The show's host has denied that any children were removed from the show in this way.<sup><a href="#cite_note-pp1-23">[23]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> At 14, he began appearing in several commercials for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchbox_(brand)">Matchbox</a> cars, which he calls his first role.<sup><a href="#cite_note-pp1-23">[23]</a></sup> DiCaprio later appeared in commercials for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_Singles">Kraft Singles</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_Yum">Bubble Yum</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Jacks">Apple Jacks</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> In 1989, he played the role of Glen in two episodes of the television show <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Lassie">The New Lassie</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>At the beginning of his career, DiCaprio had difficulty finding an agent. When he found one, the agent suggested DiCaprio change his name to Lenny Williams to appeal to American audiences, which he declined to do.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201228–29-27">[27]</a></sup> DiCaprio remained jobless for a year and a half, although he had 100auditions. Following this lack of success, DiCaprio was going to give up acting but his father persuaded him to persevere. Motivated by his father and by the prospect of financial security, he continued to audition. After a talent agent, who knew his mother's friend, recommended him to casting directors, DiCaprio secured roles in about 20commercials.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201221–22-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>By the early1990s, DiCaprio began acting regularly on television, starting with a role in the pilot of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outsiders_(American_TV_series)">The Outsiders</a></i> (1990) and one episode of the soap opera <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_(TV_series)">Santa Barbara</a></i> (1990), in which he played a teenage alcoholic.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201223-29">[29]</a></sup> DiCaprio's career prospects improved when he was cast in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthood_(1990_TV_series)">Parenthood</a></i>, a series based on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthood_(1989_film)">1989 comedy film of the same name</a>. To prepare for the role of Garry Buckman, a troubled teenager, he analyzed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquin_Phoenix">Joaquin Phoenix</a>'s performance in the original film.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201223–24-30">[30]</a></sup> His work that year earned him two nominations at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Youth_in_Film_Awards">12th Youth in Film Awards</a>—Best Young Actor in a Daytime Series for <i>Santa Barbara</i> and Best Young Actor Starring in a New Television Series for <i>Parenthood</i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> Around this time, he was a contestant on the children's game show <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun_House_(American_game_show)">Fun House</a></i>, on which he performed several stunts, including catching the fish inside a small pool using only his teeth.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzRyanWostbrock199980-32">[32]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup>
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<p>DiCaprio made his film debut in 1991 as the stepson of an unscrupulous landlord in the low-budget horror sequel <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critters_3">Critters 3</a></i> – a part he later described as "your average, no-depth, standard kid with blond hair".<sup><a href="#cite_note-ny1-34">[34]</a></sup> DiCaprio has stated that he prefers not to remember <i>Critters 3</i>, viewing it as "possibly one of the worst films of all time" and the kind of role he wanted to avoid in the future.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201226-35">[35]</a></sup> Later in 1991, he became a recurring cast member on the sitcom <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_Pains">Growing Pains</a></i>, playing Luke Brower, a homeless boy who is taken in by the show's central family.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201224-36">[36]</a></sup> Co-star <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Kerns">Joanna Kerns</a> recalls DiCaprio being "especially intelligent and disarming for his age" but she noted that he was also mischievous and jocular on set, and often made fun of his co-stars.<sup><a href="#cite_note-theindependent-37">[37]</a></sup> DiCaprio was cast by the producers to appeal to young female audience, but his arrival did not improve the show's ratings and he left before the end of its run.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201224–25-38">[38]</a></sup> He was nominated for a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Artist_Award">Young Artist Award</a> for Best Young Actor Co-starring in a Television Series.<sup><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> DiCaprio also had an uncredited role in 1991 in one episode of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseanne">Roseanne</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight2012255-40">[40]</a></sup>
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<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lasse_Hallstr%C3%B6m_at_2013_MIFF_(cropped).jpg"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasse_Hallstr%C3%B6m">Lasse Hallström</a> directed DiCaprio in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_Eating_Gilbert_Grape">What's Eating Gilbert Grape</a></i> (1993), for which he earned his first <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award">Academy Award</a> nomination.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1992, DiCaprio had a brief role in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_Ivy_(1992_film)">the first installment</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_Ivy_(film_series)"><i>Poison Ivy</i> film series</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-rollingstone-41">[41]</a></sup> and was handpicked by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_De_Niro">Robert De Niro</a> from a shortlist of 400 young actors to co-star with him in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Boy%27s_Life">This Boy's Life</a>.</i> Adapted from the memoir by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Wolff">Tobias Wolff</a>, the film focuses on the relationship between a rebellious teenager, Toby (DiCaprio), and his mother (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Barkin">Ellen Barkin</a>) and abusive stepfather (De Niro).<sup><a href="#cite_note-pp1-23">[23]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201238-43">[43]</a></sup> Director <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Caton-Jones">Michael Caton-Jones</a> said that DiCaprio did not know how to behave on set; accordingly, Caton-Jones used a strict mentoring style, after which DiCaprio's behavior began to improve.<sup><a href="#cite_note-theindependent-37">[37]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilge_Ebiri">Bilge Ebiri</a> of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> found that the powerful bond between Barkin and DiCaprio elevated the film, praising DiCaprio's portrayal of his character's complex growth from a rebellious teen to an independent young man.<sup><a href="#cite_note-rollingstone-41">[41]</a></sup> <i>This Boy's Life</i> was the first film that gained him recognition.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomerance2012104–105-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>DiCaprio played the developmentally disabled brother of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Depp">Johnny Depp</a>'s character in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_Eating_Gilbert_Grape">What's Eating Gilbert Grape</a></i> (1993), a comedy-drama about a dysfunctional <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa">Iowa</a> family. Caton-Jones recommended DiCaprio to director <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasse_Hallstr%C3%B6m">Lasse Hallström</a>, but he was initially skeptical, as he considered DiCaprio too good-looking for the part. Hallström cast DiCaprio after he emerged as "the most observant" auditionee.<sup><a href="#cite_note-ny1-34">[34]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-theindependent-37">[37]</a></sup> To ensure authenticity in his portrayal, DiCaprio studied similarly impaired children and their mannerisms, and Hallström allowed him to create the character using his own researched attributes.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201236-45">[45]</a></sup> The film became a critical success.<sup><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> At 19, DiCaprio earned a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Board_of_Review_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor">National Board of Review Award</a>, as well as nominations for a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture">Golden Globe Award</a> and an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor">Academy Award</a> for Best Supporting Actor, making him the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_and_youngest_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees#Youngest_nominees_4">seventh-youngest Oscar nominee</a> in the category.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomerance2012106–107-47">[47]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> "The film's real show-stopping turn comes from Mr. DiCaprio," wrote <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times">New York Times</a></i> critic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Maslin">Janet Maslin</a>, "who makes Arnie's many tics so startling and vivid that at first he is difficult to watch. The performance has a sharp, desperate intensity from beginning to end."<sup><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryn_James">Caryn James</a>, also writing for <i>The New York Times</i>, said of his performances in <i>This Boy's Life</i> and <i>What's Eating Gilbert Grape</i>: "He made the raw, emotional neediness of those boys completely natural and powerful."<sup><a href="#cite_note-nyt-50">[50]</a></sup>
</p><p>DiCaprio's first role of 1995 was in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Raimi">Sam Raimi</a>'s Western <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quick_and_the_Dead_(1995_film)">The Quick and the Dead</a></i>. When <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures">Sony Pictures</a> became dubious over DiCaprio's casting, co-star <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Stone">Sharon Stone</a> paid his salary herself.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuir2004171–179-51">[51]</a></sup> The film was released to dismal box office performance and mixed reviews from critics.<sup><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> DiCaprio next starred as a teenage <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Carroll">Jim Carroll</a>, a drug-addicted high school basketball player and budding writer, in the biopic <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Basketball_Diaries_(film)">The Basketball Diaries</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> He starred in the erotic drama <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Eclipse_(film)">Total Eclipse</a></i> (1995), driven by the desire to showcase an exceptional performance, which would focus on his acting talent rather than his much-discussed physical appeal.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomerance2012111,_113-55">[55]</a></sup> Directed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnieszka_Holland">Agnieszka Holland</a>, it is a fictionalized account of the same-sex relationship between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud">Arthur Rimbaud</a> (DiCaprio) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thewlis">David Thewlis</a>). DiCaprio was cast when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Phoenix">River Phoenix</a> died before filming began.<sup><a href="#cite_note-blood-10">[10]</a></sup> Although the film failed commercially,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201262-56">[56]</a></sup> it has been included in the catalog of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Archive_Collection">Warner Archive Collection</a>, which releases classic and cult films from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>' library on home video.<sup><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> A review in the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i> called DiCaprio "his generation's great acting promise" but criticized the mismatch between Thewlis's "cultivated" British accent and DiCaprio's "Southern California twang".<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomerance2012115-58">[58]</a></sup>
</p><p>DiCaprio next starred opposite <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Danes">Claire Danes</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz_Luhrmann">Baz Luhrmann</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_%2B_Juliet">Romeo + Juliet</a></i> (1996), an abridged modernization of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet">romantic tragedy</a>, which retained the original Shakespearean dialogue. DiCaprio was initially unsure about another Romeo and Juliet adaptation, but at his father's suggestion, he agreed to examine Luhrmann's work more closely. DiCaprio and Luhrmann then spent a two-week workshop exchanging ideas, which led to the collaboration.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201267–68-59">[59]</a></sup> <i>Romeo + Juliet</i> established DiCaprio as a leading Hollywood actor; according to film scholar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Pomerance">Murray Pomerance</a>, DiCaprio's newfound popularity helped the film become profitable only days after its release.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201267-60">[60]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomerance2012117-61">[61]</a></sup> Reviewing DiCaprio's early works, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thomson_(film_critic)">David Thomson</a> of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> called DiCaprio "a revelation" in <i>What's Eating Gilbert Grape</i>, "very moving" in <i>This Boy's Life</i>, "suitably desperate" in <i>The Basketball Diaries</i> and "a vital spark" in <i>Romeo + Juliet</i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> The latter earned DiCaprio a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Bear_for_Best_Actor">Silver Bear for Best Actor</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival">1997 Berlin International Film Festival</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller2001400-63">[63]</a></sup> He then portrayed a young man who has been committed to a mental asylum in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin%27s_Room_(film)">Marvin's Room</a></i> (1996), a family drama about two estranged sisters, played by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryl_Streep">Meryl Streep</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Keaton">Diane Keaton</a>, who are reunited through tragedy. He played Hank, the troubled son of Streep's character.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201265–67-64">[64]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Schwarzbaum">Lisa Schwarzbaum</a> of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i> praised "the deeply gifted DiCaprio" for holding his own against veteran actresses Keaton and Streep, describing the three as "full-bodied and so powerfully affecting that you're carried along on the pleasure of being in the presence of their extraordinary talent".<sup><a href="#cite_note-ew-mr-65">[65]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3></h3>
<p>"Leo-mania" redirects here.</p>
<p>DiCaprio rejected a role in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Nights">Boogie Nights</a></i> (1997) to star opposite <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Winslet">Kate Winslet</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cameron">James Cameron</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)">Titanic</a></i> as members of different social classes who fall in love aboard <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a> during its ill-fated maiden voyage.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight20128-66">[66]</a></sup> DiCaprio initially had doubts, but was eventually encouraged by Cameron to pursue the part.<sup><a href="#cite_note-www.ew.com-67">[67]</a></sup> With a production budget of more than $200 million, including DiCaprio's $40million salary,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockWilson2010714-68">[68]</a></sup> the film was the most expensive in history at the time, and was shot at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosarito,_Baja_California">Rosarito, Baja California</a> where a replica of the ship was created.<sup><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup> <i>Titanic</i> became the highest-grossing film at the time, eventually earning more than $2.1 billion in box-office receipts worldwide.<sup><a href="#cite_note-72">[a]</a></sup> The role of Jack Dawson transformed DiCaprio into a superstar, resulting in intense adoration among teenage girls and young women that became known as "Leo-mania".<sup><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENashLahti199974–83-74">[73]</a></sup> The film won 11 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards">Academy Awards</a>—the most wins for any film – including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture">Best Picture</a>, but DiCaprio's failure to gain a nomination led to a protest against the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a> (AMPAS) by more than 200fans.<sup><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-busch19980306-76">[75]</a></sup> He was nominated for other high-profile awards, including a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actor_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture_Drama">Golden Globe Award for Best Actor</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonardo_DiCaprio.jpeg"></a><figcaption>DiCaprio at a press conference for <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_(film)">The Beach</a></i> in 2000</figcaption></figure>
<p>DiCaprio stated in 2000: "I have no connection with me during that whole <i>Titanic</i> phenomenon and what my face became around the world[...] I'll never reach that state of popularity again, and I don't expect to[...] It's not something I'm going to try to achieve either."<sup><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a></sup> In his 2015 <i>Rolling Stone</i> article, Ebiri called the role DiCaprio's best, writing that he and Winslet "infuse their earnest back-and-forth with so much genuine emotion that it's hard not to get swept up in their doomed love affair."<sup><a href="#cite_note-rollingstone-41">[41]</a></sup> A writer for <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i> in 2008 similarly labeled them "Hollywood's most iconic screen couple" since <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart">Humphrey Bogart</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-deneuvely-79">[78]</a></sup> Essaying her first viewing of the film in 2017, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)">Vox</a></i> contributor Alissa Wilkinson took note of DiCaprio's "boyish charm" and found his performance "natural and unaffected".<sup><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a></sup> The success of <i>Titanic</i> intensified DiCaprio's standing as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_idol">teen idol</a> and romantic lead, an image from which he sought to dissociate himself.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENashLahti199974–83-74">[73]</a></sup> He reduced his workload "to learn to hear [his] own voice in choosing the roles" that he wanted to pursue.<sup><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a></sup>
</p><p>DiCaprio had a brief featured role in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Allen">Woody Allen</a>'s 1998 satire of fame, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_(1998_film)">Celebrity</a></i>. Ebiri labeled DiCaprio "the best thing in the film".<sup><a href="#cite_note-rollingstone-41">[41]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></sup> That year, he also took on the dual roles of villainous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Louis_XIV">King Louis XIV</a> and his secret, sympathetic twin brother Philippe in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Wallace">Randall Wallace</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Iron_Mask_(1998_film)">The Man in the Iron Mask</a></i>, with common elements from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Iron_Mask_(1939_film)">the 1939 film</a> of the same name and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Iron_Mask_(1929_film)">1929 film</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks">Douglas Fairbanks</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></sup> It received mixed to negative reviews,<sup><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a></sup> but grossed $180 million against a budget of $35 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a></sup> <i>Entertainment Weekly</i> critic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Gleiberman">Owen Gleiberman</a> wrote that DiCaprio did not look old enough to play the part, but praised him as "a fluid and instinctive actor, with the face of a mischievous angel".<sup><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a></sup> <i>The Guardian</i> Alex von Tunzelmann was similarly impressed with the actor's performance but found his talent wasted in the film.<sup><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a></sup> DiCaprio won a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Award_for_Worst_Screen_Couple">Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Couple</a> for the dual roles in 1999.<sup><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a></sup>
</p><p>Also in 1998, DiCaprio was cast to star in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psycho_(film)">American Psycho</a></i> (2000) for a reported salary of $20 million; after disagreements with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Stone">Oliver Stone</a> on the film's direction, DiCaprio left the project, taking the lead role in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_(film)">The Beach</a></i> instead.<sup><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a></sup> Adapted from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Garland">Alex Garland</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_(novel)">1996 novel</a>, the film saw him play a backpacking American tourist who ends up in a secret island commune in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a></sup> Budgeted at $50 million, the film earned almost three times that at the box office,<sup><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a></sup> but was negatively reviewed by critics, and earned him a nomination for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Award_for_Worst_Actor">Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-raspberry-94">[93]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_McCarthy">Todd McCarthy</a> of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)">Variety</a></i> thought DiCaprio gave a compelling performance but his character lacked defining qualities.<sup><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a></sup> The film received criticism for damaging the filming location in Thailand, after which DiCaprio worked to restore the area.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErdős2019218-96">[95]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the mid-1990s, DiCaprio agreed to be in the mostly improvised black-and-white short film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27s_Plum">Don's Plum</a></i> as a favor to aspiring director <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._D._Robb">R. D. Robb</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-pp1-23">[23]</a></sup> When Robb expanded it to a full-length film, DiCaprio and co-star <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobey_Maguire">Tobey Maguire</a> had its release blocked in the US and Canada by court order, arguing they never intended to make a feature film. The film premiered at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival">2001 Berlin International Film Festival</a> but remains obscure.<sup><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3></h3>
<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leo_Scor_Diaz(GangsofNY)-.jpg"></a><figcaption>DiCaprio attending an event for <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangs_of_New_York">Gangs of New York</a></i> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Diaz">Cameron Diaz</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Cannes_Film_Festival">2002 Cannes Film Festival</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>DiCaprio turned down the role of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darth_Vader">Anakin Skywalker</a> in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_II_%E2%80%93_Attack_of_the_Clones">Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones</a></i> (2002), feeling unprepared to "take that dive" at the time.<sup><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a></sup> His first film that year was the biopic <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_Me_If_You_Can">Catch Me If You Can</a></i>, based on the life of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Abagnale_Jr.">Frank Abagnale Jr.</a>, who before his 19th birthday committed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_fraud">check fraud</a> to make millions in the 1960s.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cmiyc-99">[98]</a></sup> Directed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>, the film was shot across 147 different locations in 52 days, making it "the most adventurous, super-charged movie-making" DiCaprio had experienced yet.<sup><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a></sup> The film received critical acclaim and grossed $355 million against a budget of $52 million, becoming his second highest-grossing release after <i>Titanic</i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-mojo-102">[101]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> praised his departure from dark and troubled characters,<sup><a href="#cite_note-cmiyc-99">[98]</a></sup> and two <i>Entertainment Weekly</i> critics in 2018 called it DiCaprio's best role, labeling him "delightfully persuasive, deceptive, flirtatious, and sometimes tragic—and we dare you to find a better role, if you can".<sup><a href="#cite_note-ewbest-103">[102]</a></sup> DiCaprio received his third Golden Globe nomination for his performance in the film.<sup><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a></sup>
</p><p>Also in 2002, DiCaprio starred in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangs_of_New_York">Gangs of New York</a></i>, a historical drama set in the mid-19th century in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Points,_Manhattan">Five Points district</a> of New York City. Scorsese initially struggled selling his idea of realizing the film until DiCaprio became interested in starring in the film, and thus <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramax_Films">Miramax Films</a> got involved with financing the project. Nonetheless, production on the film was plagued by overshooting of budgets and producer-director disagreements, resulting in an eight-month shoot. With a budget of $103 million, the film was the most expensive Scorsese had ever made. DiCaprio was drawn to playing Amsterdam Vallon, the young leader of an Irish-American street gang, as it marked a shift from "boyish" roles to a mature leading man.<sup><a href="#cite_note-tage-105">[104]</a></sup> <i>Gangs of New York</i> earned $193 million worldwide and received positive critical response.<sup><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a></sup> Anne Thompson of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer">The Observer</a></i> took note of DiCaprio's "low-key, sturdy performance", but felt that co-star <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Day-Lewis">Daniel Day-Lewis</a> overshadowed him.<sup><a href="#cite_note-to-108">[107]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2004, DiCaprio founded the production company <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian_Way_Productions">Appian Way Productions</a>, a namesake of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian_Way">the Italian road</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight2012142-109">[108]</a></sup> He was interested in finding unique source material and preserving its essence during development, citing previous experiences where the involvement of too many people influenced the final product in a negative way.<sup><a href="#cite_note-deadline-110">[109]</a></sup> DiCaprio first executive-produced <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Assassination_of_Richard_Nixon">The Assassination of Richard Nixon</a></i>, which starred <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Penn">Sean Penn</a> as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Byck">Samuel Byck</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight2012255-40">[40]</a></sup> and was screened at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Cannes_Film_Festival">2004 Cannes Film Festival</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a></sup> DiCaprio and Scorsese reunited for a biopic of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes">Howard Hughes</a>, an American film director and aviation pioneer suffering from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a>, in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aviator_(2004_film)">The Aviator</a></i> (2004), which DiCaprio also co-produced under Appian Way. He initially developed the project with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mann_(director)">Michael Mann</a> who was eventually replaced by Scorsese.<sup><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a></sup> <i>The Aviator</i> became a critical and financial success, grossing $213million against its budget of $110million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a></sup> Simond Braund of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(magazine)">Empire</a></i> thought DiCaprio convincingly played a complex role and highlighted the scenes depicting Hughes's paranoia and obsession.<sup><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a></sup> He received his first Golden Globe Award for Best Actor — Motion Picture Drama and nominations for an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor">Academy Award</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Leading_Role">BAFTA Award</a> and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Male_Actor_in_a_Leading_Role">Screen Actors Guild Award</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2006, DiCaprio starred in the crime film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Departed">The Departed</a></i> and the political war thriller <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Diamond_(film)">Blood Diamond</a></i>. In Scorsese's <i>The Departed</i>, DiCaprio played the role of Billy Costigan, a state trooper working undercover in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Mob">Irish Mob</a> in Boston, someone he characterizes as being in a "constant 24-hour panic attack". DiCaprio especially liked the experience of working with co-star <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a>, describing a scene with him as "one of the most memorable moments" of his life as an actor.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeibaur2016159-118">[117]</a></sup> In preparation, he visited Boston to interact with people associated with the Irish Mob and gained 15 pounds (6.8 kg) of muscle.<sup><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a></sup> Critically acclaimed,<sup><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a></sup> the film grossed $291 million against a budget of $90 million, becoming DiCaprio and Scorsese's highest-grossing collaboration to that point.<sup><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-mojo-102">[101]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Travers">Peter Travers</a> of <i>Rolling Stone</i> praised DiCaprio's and co-star <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Damon">Matt Damon</a>'s performances as "explosive, emotionally complex", but felt that Nicholson overshadowed the two.<sup><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a></sup> Despite DiCaprio's leading role in <i>The Departed</i>, the film's distributor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures">Warner Bros. Pictures</a> submitted his performance for a Best Supporting Actor nomination at the AMPAS to avoid internal conflict with his part in <i>Blood Diamond</i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a></sup> Instead, his co-star <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wahlberg">Mark Wahlberg</a> was nominated, though DiCaprio earned other accolades for <i>The Departed</i>, including a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture">Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor</a> and Best Actor nominations at the Golden Globes and BAFTA Awards.<sup><a href="#cite_note-2006awards-124">[123]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonardo_DiCaprio_by_David_Shankbone.jpg"></a><figcaption>DiCaprio at the 2007 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival">Tribeca Film Festival</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>In <i>Blood Diamond</i>, DiCaprio starred as a diamond smuggler from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> who is involved in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a>. While filming, he worked with 24 orphaned children from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS_Children%27s_Village">SOS Children's Village</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputo">Maputo</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, and said he was touched by his interactions with them.<sup><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a></sup> To prepare, he spent six months in Africa, learned about camouflage from people in South African military and interviewed and recorded people in the country to improve his accent.<sup><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a></sup> The film received generally favorable reviews,<sup><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a></sup> and DiCaprio was noted for his South African accent, which is generally known as difficult to imitate.<sup><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a></sup> Claudia Puig of the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today">USA Today</a></i> approvingly highlighted DiCaprio's transition from a boy to a man on screen,<sup><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Hornaday">Ann Hornaday</a> of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post">The Washington Post</a></i> similarly noted his growth as an actor since <i>The Departed</i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a></sup> DiCaprio received nominations for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe for <i>Blood Diamond</i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-2006awards-124">[123]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2007, DiCaprio produced the comedy drama <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardener_of_Eden">Gardener of Eden</a></i>, which according to <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>s Frank Scheck "lack[ed] the necessary dramatic urgency or black humor to connect with audiences".<sup><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a></sup> Later that year, he produced, co-wrote and narrated <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_11th_Hour_(2007_film)">The 11th Hour</a></i>, a documentary on the state of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment">natural environment</a> that won the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthwatch_Institute">Earthwatch Environmental</a> Film Award in 2008.<sup><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a></sup> DiCaprio's Appian Way produced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Green">Planet Green</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensburg_(TV_series)">Greensburg</a></i> (2008–2010), which ran for three seasons. Set in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensburg,_Kansas">Greensburg, Kansas</a>, it is about rebuilding the town in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability">sustainable</a> way after being hit by the May 2007 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensburg_tornado">EF5 tornado</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a></sup> Also in 2008, DiCaprio starred in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_of_Lies_(film)">Body of Lies</a></i>, a spy film based on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_of_Lies_(novel)">novel of the same name</a>. He played one of three agents battling a terrorist organization in the Middle East.<sup><a href="#cite_note-mtv-bol-134">[133]</a></sup> Considering the film to be a throwback to political features of the 1970s like <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Parallax_View">The Parallax View</a></i> (1974) and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Days_of_the_Condor">Three Days of the Condor</a></i> (1975), DiCaprio dyed his hair brown and wore brown contacts for the role.<sup><a href="#cite_note-mtv-bol-134">[133]</a></sup> The film received mixed reviews from critics,<sup><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a></sup> and grossed $118 million against a budget of $67.5 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a></sup>
</p><p>Later in 2008, DiCaprio collaborated with Kate Winslet for the drama <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Road_(film)">Revolutionary Road</a></i>, directed by her then-husband <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Mendes">Sam Mendes</a>. As both actors had been reluctant to make romantic films similar to <i>Titanic</i>, it was Winslet who suggested that they both work with her on a film adaptation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Road">1961 eponymous novel</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Yates_(novelist)">Richard Yates</a>. She found that the script, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Haythe">Justin Haythe</a>, had little in common with the 1997 blockbuster.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cnn-137">[136]</a></sup> Playing a couple in a failing marriage in the 1950s, DiCaprio and Winslet spent some time together in preparation, and DiCaprio felt claustrophobic on the small set they used.<sup><a href="#cite_note-deneuvely-79">[78]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-gq-138">[137]</a></sup> He saw his character as "unheroic", "slightly cowardly" and someone "willing to be just a product of his environment".<sup><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a></sup> Peter Travers liked DiCaprio's pairing with Winslet and his multi-layered portrayal of an overwhelmed character,<sup><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a></sup> and Marshall Sella of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ_(magazine)">GQ</a></i> called it the "most mature and memorable performance of his lifetime".<sup><a href="#cite_note-gq-138">[137]</a></sup> DiCaprio earned his seventh Golden Globes nomination for the film.<sup><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a></sup> <i>Revolutionary Road</i> grossed $75.9million against its budget of $35million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a></sup> He ended the 2000s by producing director <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaume_Collet-Serra">Jaume Collet-Serra</a>'s psychological horror thriller film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_(2009_film)">Orphan</a></i> (2009), starring <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Farmiga">Vera Farmiga</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sarsgaard">Peter Sarsgaard</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_Fuhrman">Isabelle Fuhrman</a>. Although the film received mixed reviews, it was a commercial success.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOchoa201175-143">[142]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3></h3>
<p>DiCaprio continued to collaborate with Scorsese in the 2010 psychological thriller film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_Island_(film)">Shutter Island</a></i>, based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_Island">the 2003 novel of the same name</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Lehane">Dennis Lehane</a>. He played Edward "Teddy" Daniels, a U.S. Marshal investigating a psychiatric facility located on an island, who comes to question his own sanity. DiCaprio and Scorsese became interested in the project in 2007, and the former co-produced the film under Appian Way with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Pictures">Phoenix Pictures</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a></sup> Because of the film's disturbing scenes, DiCaprio had nightmares of mass murder during production and considered relaxing with his friends a form of therapy.<sup><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a></sup> The film was released to mixed reviews;<sup><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bradshaw">Peter Bradshaw</a> of <i>The Guardian</i> praised Scorsese's direction and the acting but criticized its twist ending.<sup><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a></sup> Peter Travers called it DiCaprio's "most haunting and emotionally complex performance yet", and particularly liked his cave scene with co-star <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Clarkson">Patricia Clarkson</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a></sup> The film was a commercial success, grossing $294 million worldwide against a budget of $80 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-BoxOfficeMojo-149">[148]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:InceptionCastPremiereJuly10.jpg"></a><figcaption>DiCaprio (first from the right) with the cast of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inception">Inception</a></i> at the film's premiere in 2010</figcaption></figure>
<p>DiCaprio's second role in 2010 was in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a>'s critically acclaimed ensemble science-fiction film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inception">Inception</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a></sup> Inspired by the experience of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucid_dreaming">lucid dreaming</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_incubation">dream incubation</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a></sup> the film features Dom Cobb (DiCaprio), an "extractor" who enters the dreams of others to obtain information that is otherwise inaccessible. Cobb is promised a chance to regain his old life in exchange for planting an idea in a corporate target's mind.<sup><a href="#cite_note-synop-152">[151]</a></sup> DiCaprio was fascinated with the idea of a "dream-heist" and the potential for his character to manipulate his dreamworld and impact his real life.<sup><a href="#cite_note-EmpireMag2-153">[152]</a></sup> Made on a budget of $160 million, the film grossed $836 million worldwide to become DiCaprio's second highest-grossing film.<sup><a href="#cite_note-mojo-102">[101]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a></sup> To star in this film, DiCaprio agreed to a pay cut from his $20 million fee and opted for a share in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-dollar_gross">first-dollar gross</a> points, which entitled him to a percentage of the cinema ticket sales. The risk proved fruitful, as DiCaprio earned $50 million from the film, becoming his highest payday yet.<sup><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a></sup>
</p><p>DiCaprio starred as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar">J. Edgar</a></i> (2011). A biopic about Hoover, the film focuses on his career as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation">FBI</a> director, including an examination of his private life as an alleged <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closeted">closeted</a> homosexual.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight2012217-156">[155]</a></sup> Critics felt that the film lacked coherence overall but commended DiCaprio's performance.<sup><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-WSJ.com-158">[157]</a></sup> Roger Ebert praised DiCaprio's ability to bring depth and nuance to the character, suggesting that his performance conveyed aspects of Hoover's personality that were possibly even unknown to the man himself.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Ebert-159">[158]</a></sup> Also in 2011, he produced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Hardwicke">Catherine Hardwicke</a>'s romantic horror film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Riding_Hood_(2011_film)">Red Riding Hood</a></i>. Though it was named one of the ten worst films of 2011 by <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine,<sup><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a></sup> it had moderate box-office returns.<sup><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a></sup> Also that year, DiCaprio's Appian Way produced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clooney">George Clooney</a>'s political drama <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ides_of_March_(2011_film)">The Ides of March</a></i>, an adaptation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Willimon">Beau Willimon</a>'s 2008 play <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farragut_North_(play)">Farragut North</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2012, DiCaprio starred as plantation owner Calvin Candie in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaghetti_Western">Spaghetti Western</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_Unchained">Django Unchained</a></i>. After reading the script, DiCaprio felt uncomfortable with the extent of racism portrayed in the film, but his co-stars and Tarantino convinced him not to sugarcoat it.<sup><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a></sup> While filming, DiCaprio accidentally cut his hand on glass, but continued filming, and Tarantino elected to use the take in the final product.<sup><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a></sup> The film received critical acclaim;<sup><a href="#cite_note-rottentomatoes-165">[164]</a></sup> a writer for <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)">Wired</a></i> magazine commended him for playing a villainous role and found his performance "blood-chilling".<sup><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a></sup> The film earned DiCaprio a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.<sup><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a></sup> <i>Django Unchained</i> grossed $425 million worldwide on a production budget of $100 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a></sup>
</p><p>In January 2013, DiCaprio said he would take a long break from acting to "fly around the world doing good for the environment".<sup><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a></sup> That year, he had four releases as an actor and a producer. His first was in the role of millionaire <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Gatsby">Jay Gatsby</a> in Baz Luhrmann's <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby_(2013_film)">The Great Gatsby</a></i>, an adaptation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a>'s 1925 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby">novel of the same name</a>, co-starring <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carey_Mulligan">Carey Mulligan</a> and Tobey Maguire.<sup><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a></sup> The film received mixed reviews from critics, but DiCaprio's performance was praised and earned him the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AACTA_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Leading_Role">AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a></sup> Critic Rafer Guzman of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday">Newsday</a></i> wrote that DiCaprio was not only "tough[...] but also vulnerable, touching, funny, a faker, a human. It's a tremendous, hard-won performance."<sup><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a></sup> Matt Zoller Seitz of Roger Ebert's website described his performance as "the movie's greatest and simplest special effect", and "iconic—maybe his career best".<sup><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a></sup> The film grossed $353 million worldwide, more than three times its budget.<sup><a href="#cite_note-boxoffice-175">[174]</a></sup> Three films were produced by DiCaprio under Appian Way in 2013—the ensemble crime thriller <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runner_Runner_(film)">Runner Runner</a></i>, which <i>The Guardian</i>s Xan Brooks described as "a lazy, trashy film that barely goes through the motions";<sup><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a></sup> the commercially failed thriller <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Furnace">Out of the Furnace</a></i>; and the black comedy-drama <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wolf_of_Wall_Street_(2013_film)">The Wolf of Wall Street</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-meta-178">[177]</a></sup>
</p><p>DiCaprio reunited with Scorsese for the fifth time in <i>The Wolf of the Wall Street</i>, a film based on the life of stockbroker <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Belfort">Jordan Belfort</a> (played by DiCaprio), who was arrested in the late 1990s for securities fraud and money laundering.<sup><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a></sup> DiCaprio wanted to play Belfort ever since he had read <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wolf_of_Wall_Street_(book)">his autobiography</a> and won a bidding war with Warner Bros. against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Pitt">Brad Pitt</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> for the rights to Belfort's memoir in 2007.<sup><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a></sup> He was fond of Belfort's honest and unapologetic portrayal of his actual experiences in the book, and was inspired by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a> to make the film.<sup><a href="#cite_note-deadline-110">[109]</a></sup> <i>The Wolf of Wall Street</i> received positive reviews for Scorsese's and DiCaprio's work together.<sup><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a></sup> <i>The Hollywood Reporter</i> Todd McCarthy lauded DiCaprio for fully realizing his character's potential with a carefree performance.<sup><a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a></sup> Jonathan Romney of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Comment">Film Comment</a></i> wrote that DiCaprio displays a great deal of comedic talent, excelling in "rubber-limbed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapstick">slapstick</a>" humor.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomney201426-185">[184]</a></sup> The film earned him the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actor_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture_Musical_or_Comedy">Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy</a> and nominations for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, as well as Academy Awards for Best Actor and Best Picture.<sup><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3></h3>
<p>DiCaprio was an executive producer on <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virunga_(film)">Virunga</a></i>, a 2014 British documentary film about four people fighting to protect the world's last <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_gorillas">mountain gorillas</a> from war and poaching.<sup><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a></sup> The film premiered at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival">Tribeca Film Festival</a> in April2014,<sup><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a></sup> and DiCaprio was nominated for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/67th_Primetime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards">2015</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Documentary_or_Nonfiction_Special">Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a></sup> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowspiracy:_The_Sustainability_Secret">Cowspiracy: The Sustainability Secret</a></i> was another documentary film that year for which he was an executive producer—he took part in the new cut released exclusively on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix">Netflix</a> that September.<sup><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a></sup> It explores the impact of animal agriculture on the environment.<sup><a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a></sup>
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<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonardo_DiCaprio_2016_2.jpg"></a><figcaption>DiCaprio at the French premiere of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revenant_(2015_film)">The Revenant</a></i> in 2016</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 2015, DiCaprio produced and played <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_trapper">fur trapper</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Glass">Hugh Glass</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu">Alejandro G. Iñárritu</a>'s survival drama <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revenant_(2015_film)">The Revenant</a></i>. DiCaprio found his role in the film difficult; he had to eat a raw slab of bison's liver and sleep in animal carcasses.<sup><a href="#cite_note-setoodeh-193">[192]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a></sup> He also learned to shoot a musket, build a fire, speak two Native American languages (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawnee_language">Pawnee</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arikara_language">Arikara</a>) and apply ancient healing techniques.<sup><a href="#cite_note-setoodeh-193">[192]</a></sup> Built on a budget of $135 million, the film earned $533 million worldwide.<sup><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a></sup> The film received positive reviews with particular praise for DiCaprio's acting.<sup><a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kermode">Mark Kermode</a> of <i>The Guardian</i> wrote that DiCaprio shone with a performance that prioritizes physicality over speech,<sup><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a></sup> and Nick De Semlyen of <i>Empire</i> noted that he uplifted the film.<sup><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a></sup> The film earned him numerous awards, including an Academy Award, a Golden Globe, a BAFTA, a Screen Actors Guild Award and a Critic's Choice Award for Best Actor.<sup><a href="#cite_note-troscar-199">[198]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-trsaga-200">[199]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a></sup> For the next three years, DiCaprio narrated documentaries and served as a producer for films. In 2016, he was an executive producer for <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ivory_Game">The Ivory Game</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catching_the_Sun_(film)">Catching the Sun</a></i>;<sup><a href="#cite_note-meta-178">[177]</a></sup> he also produced, hosted and narrated the documentary <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_the_Flood_(film)">Before the Flood</a></i> about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming">climate change</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a></sup> He produced the crime drama <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_by_Night_(film)">Live by Night</a></i> (2016), which received unenthusiastic reviews and failed to recoup its $65 million production budget.<sup><a href="#cite_note-meta-178">[177]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a></sup> His next production ventures were in 2018—the psychological horror <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delirium_(2018_film)">Delirium</a></i> and the commercially failed action–adventure <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood_(2018_film)">Robin Hood</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a></sup>
</p><p>After producing and narrating the 2019 global warming documentary <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_on_Fire_(2019_film)">Ice on Fire</a></i>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a></sup> DiCaprio returned to acting following a four-year break in Quentin Tarantino's comedy-drama <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Hollywood">Once Upon a Time in Hollywood</a></i>, which traces the relationship between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Dalton">Rick Dalton</a> (DiCaprio), an aging television actor and his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuntman">stuntman</a>, Cliff Booth (Brad Pitt).<sup><a href="#cite_note-deadline2019-207">[206]</a></sup> To help the film's financing, DiCaprio and Pitt agreed to take a pay cut, and they each received $10 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a></sup> DiCaprio liked working with Pitt, and Tarantino described the pair as the most exciting since <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Redford">Robert Redford</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Newman">Paul Newman</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-esquire-210">[209]</a></sup> DiCaprio was fascinated with the film's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_(arts)">homage</a> to Hollywood and focus on the friendship between his and Pitt's characters. He drew from real-life experience of witnessing the struggles and rejections of his actor friends in the industry.<sup><a href="#cite_note-esquire-210">[209]</a></sup> The film premiered at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Cannes_Film_Festival">2019 Cannes Film Festival</a>, where critics praised his and Pitt's performances.<sup><a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a></sup> A writer for <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider">Business Insider</a></i> called it one of the best performances of DiCaprio's career,<sup><a href="#cite_note-jason-212">[211]</a></sup> and Ian Sandwell of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy">Digital Spy</a> particularly liked the duo's chemistry, believing their scenes together to be some of the film's strongest parts.<sup><a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a></sup> DiCaprio received nominations for an Oscar, a Golden Globe, a BAFTA Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor.<sup><a href="#cite_note-oatih-214">[213]</a></sup> The film earned $374 million against a budget of $90 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2020, DiCaprio served as an executive producer for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(TV_series)"><i>The Right Stuff</i></a>, a television series adaption of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(book)">1973 namesake book</a>. After being in development at National Geographic, it was released on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B">Disney+</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a></sup> That May, DiCaprio briefly featured in the finale of the miniseries <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Dance_(TV_series)">The Last Dance</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a></sup> In 2021, DiCaprio appeared in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_McKay">Adam McKay</a>'s satirical comedy <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Look_Up">Don't Look Up</a></i>. He spent five months changing the film's script with McKay before agreeing to the part.<sup><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a></sup> Starring alongside <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Lawrence">Jennifer Lawrence</a> as two astronomers attempting to warn humanity about an extinction-level comet, DiCaprio saw this film as an analogy of the world's indifference to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_crisis">climate crisis</a>. As a frequent supporter of environmentalism, DiCaprio said he has often looked to star in and make films tackling issues related to it, something he found hard due to people's inability to listen. He praised McKay for envisioning a project on how humans would react to a serious issue from a political, social and scientific standpoint.<sup><a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a></sup> While reviews for the film were mixed, most critics praised DiCaprio's and Lawrence's performances;<sup><a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a></sup> journalists from Digital Spy and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV">NDTV</a> lauded their pairing.<sup><a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a></sup> DiCaprio earned nominations for a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award for the film.<sup><a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a></sup> It broke the record for the most views (152 million hours) in a single week in Netflix history.<sup><a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a></sup>
</p><p>DiCaprio next starred in Scorsese's crime drama <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killers_of_the_Flower_Moon_(film)">Killers of the Flower Moon</a></i> (2023) based on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killers_of_the_Flower_Moon_(book)">book of the same name</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grann">David Grann</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a></sup> for which he was paid $30 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a></sup> Initially signed for the heroic part of FBI agent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bruce_White_Sr.">Thomas Bruce White Sr.</a>, DiCaprio insisted on playing the morally complex role of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Burkhart">Ernest Burkhart</a>, a nephew of murderer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_King_Hale">William King Hale</a>, leading to extensive script rewrites.<sup><a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a></sup> Declaring it the best performance of DiCaprio's career, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieWire">IndieWire</a>'s David Ehrlich wrote that "his nuanced and uncompromising turn as the cretinous Ernest Burkhart mines new wonders from the actor's long-standing lack of vanity".<sup><a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a></sup>
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<p>Early in his career, DiCaprio gained a reputation for his reckless behavior and intense partying with a group of male celebrities dubbed "the Pussy Posse" in the 1990s.<sup><a href="#cite_note-theindependent-37">[37]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-nymag-231">[230]</a></sup> In an infamous article published by <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)">New York Magazine</a></i> in 1998, journalist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Jo_Sales">Nancy Jo Sales</a> criticized the group as men whose pursuit was to "chase girls, pick fights and not tip the waitress".<sup><a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a></sup> During an unknown activity, DiCaprio got himself and friend <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Herwick">Justin Herwick</a> almost killed when his parachute failed to open, after which his instructor released an emergency core. In response, DiCaprio said he is fond of doing things that scare him. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain">John McCain</a>, who was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senator">United States Senator</a> for Arizona, called him "an androgynous wimp".<sup><a href="#cite_note-nymag-231">[230]</a></sup> DiCaprio found people's perception of him exaggerated, adding, "They want you miserable, just like them. They don't want heroes; what they want is to see you fall."<sup><a href="#cite_note-blood-10">[10]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>, who directed him in <i>Catch Me If You Can</i>, defended DiCaprio's reputation as a "party boy", believing it is a common behavior for young people and describing him as a family-oriented person during the film's production.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight2012138-233">[232]</a></sup> Considering DiCaprio to be conscious of his public reputation, <i>The New York Times</i> Caryn James credited him as one of the few actors to use his stardom to further social causes.<sup><a href="#cite_note-nyt-50">[50]</a></sup> Carole Cadwalladr of <i>The Guardian</i> said DiCaprio is "polite, charming, makes jokes, engages eye contact. And manages[...] to give almost no hint whatsoever of his actual personality."<sup><a href="#cite_note-Cadwalladr-234">[233]</a></sup>
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<p>"Life can get pretty monotonous. Acting is like living multiple lives. When you make a movie, you go off to different places, live different cultures, investigate somebody else's reality, and you try to manifest that to the best of your ability. It is incredibly eye-opening. That's why I love acting. There's nothing as transformative as what a film, a documentary, can do to get people to care about something else besides their own lives."
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</blockquote>
<p><cite>—DiCaprio on his love of acting<sup><a href="#cite_note-parade1-20">[20]</a></sup></cite>
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<p>DiCaprio is regarded as one of the finest actors of his generation.<sup><a href="#cite_note-239">[b]</a></sup> In a 2022 readers' poll by <i>Empire</i>, he was voted one of the 50 greatest actors of all time. The magazine praised his willingness to "go to the ends of the earth (often literally) to get under his characters' skin".<sup><a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a></sup> Colin Covert of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times">The Seattle Times</a></i> similarly believed DiCaprio "redefines film stardom" through his willingness to take on challenging roles that few of his contemporaries are capable of performing.<sup><a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since his international stardom with <i>Titanic</i> (1997), he has admitted feeling nervous about starring in big-budget studio films because of their hype and marketing campaigns. As an actor, he views film as a "relevant art form, like a painting or sculpture. A hundred years from now, people will still be watching that movie."<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201211-2">[2]</a></sup> He often plays roles based on real-life people and stories told in specific periods.<sup><a href="#cite_note-parade1-20">[20]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a></sup> According to Caryn James, DiCaprio is unafraid of working with established directors on unconventional projects; taking such risks has led him to star in failed films like <i>The Beach</i> (2000),<sup><a href="#cite_note-nyt-50">[50]</a></sup> but also his successful collaborations with Martin Scorsese.<sup><a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a></sup> DiCaprio has described his relationship with Scorsese as dreamlike and admires his knowledge of film, crediting the director with having taught him its history and importance.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Cadwalladr-234">[233]</a></sup> Scorsese has commented on DiCaprio's ability to repeatedly demonstrate emotion on screen.<sup><a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a></sup> Jesse Hassenger of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club">The A.V. Club</a></i> considers the duo's collaborations—which earned them the 2013 National Board of Review (Spotlight Award)<sup><a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a></sup>—to be career-defining moments for both of them and as vital as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese_and_Robert_De_Niro">Scorsese's acclaimed collaborations with Robert De Niro</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-av-247">[245]</a></sup>
</p><p>Author Michael K. Hammond wrote that DiCaprio built his star reputation by demonstrating his acting ability, and praised him for "revealing a character while concealing the actor" and "disappearing into [his] roles".<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond2012166–167-248">[246]</a></sup> According to Agnieszka Holland, who directed DiCaprio in <i>Total Eclipse</i> (1995), DiCaprio is "one of the most mature actors" she has worked with and is "courageous" in his choice of roles.<sup><a href="#cite_note-bbc-249">[247]</a></sup> Holland remarked that he does not rely on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_acting">method acting</a> but rather on a trick that allows him to truly "become the character".<sup><a href="#cite_note-bbc-249">[247]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryl_Streep">Meryl Streep</a>, who co-starred with DiCaprio in <i>Marvin's Room</i>, said he possesses the kind of unpredictability that makes his career difficult to classify, his life precarious and his work thrilling.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight201267-60">[60]</a></sup> Writing for <i>The Observer</i>, film critic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_French">Philip French</a> has asserted that many characters portrayed by DiCaprio are in the process of becoming men. He wrote that DiCaprio's inclination toward films about dysfunctional families and characters seeking father figures may allude to his own troubled childhood.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Cadwalladr-234">[233]</a></sup> DiCaprio often plays characters who themselves are playing roles, which Caryn James says looks simple on screen but requires sophisticated acting.<sup><a href="#cite_note-nyt-50">[50]</a></sup> He tends to play <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihero">antiheroes</a> and characters who lose their mental stability as the narrative progresses.<sup><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-250">[248]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a></sup> Derek Thompson of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i> argued that DiCaprio gives his best performances when playing "frauds and cheats and double-crossing liars and mercenaries".<sup><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-250">[248]</a></sup>
</p><p>Several media publications, such as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)">People</a></i>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd201487-252">[250]</a></sup> <i>Empire</i><sup><a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a></sup> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar">Harper's Bazaar</a></i>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a></sup> have included DiCaprio in their listings of the most attractive actors. In 1998, he sued <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playgirl">Playgirl</a></i> magazine over plans to publish a fully nude picture of him.<sup><a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a></sup> He has said he does not believe in focusing on appearance—as this is only temporary and can negatively affect one's profession in the industry—and looks for career longevity instead.<sup><a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a></sup> In 2005, DiCaprio was made a commander of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres">Ordre des Arts et des Lettres</a> by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Culture_(France)">French Minister of Culture</a> for his contributions to the arts.<sup><a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a></sup> In 2016, he was named one of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_100">100most influential people in the world</a> by <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine.<sup><a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a></sup> He was included on <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes">Forbes</a></i> annual list of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-paid_film_actors">the world's highest-paid actors</a> in 2008 and from 2010 to 2016 with respective earnings of $45 million, $28 million, $77 million, $37 million, $39 million, $39 million, $29 million and $27 million, topping the list in 2011. The magazine has commended DiCaprio's ability to star in risky, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_film_rating_system#MPA_film_ratings">R-rated</a> films that become box office successes.<sup><a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a></sup> <i>The Hollywood Reporter</i> listed him as one of the 100 most powerful people in entertainment from 2016 to 2019.<sup><a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a></sup> A writer for the same magazine credits DiCaprio as the rare actor to have a successful career "without ever having made a comic book movie, family film or pre-branded franchise. Leo is the franchise."<sup><a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a></sup> Stacey Wilson Hunt, analyzing his career in <i>New York Magazine</i> in 2016, opined DiCaprio, unlike most of his contemporaries, had not starred in a bad film in the previous ten years.<sup><a href="#cite_note-bbc-249">[247]</a></sup> Of his success, DiCaprio says, "My attitude is the same as when I started. I feel very connected to that fifteen-year-old kid who got his first movie."<sup><a href="#cite_note-esquire-210">[209]</a></sup>
</p><p>DiCaprio has named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_De_Niro">Robert De Niro</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dean">James Dean</a> as two of his favorite and most influential actors, stating "There were a lot of great actors I really fell in love with, but if I were to pick two, from different generations, it would be De Niro and James Dean".<sup><a href="#cite_note-deadline2019-207">[206]</a></sup> When asked about a performance that stayed with him the most, DiCaprio responded, "I remember being incredibly moved by Jimmy Dean, in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_of_Eden_(film)">East of Eden</a></i>. There was something so raw and powerful about that performance. His vulnerability [...] his confusion about his entire history, his identity, his desperation to be loved. That performance just broke my heart."<sup><a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a></sup>
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<h2></h2>
<h3></h3>
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<blockquote>
<p>"Climate change is real, it is happening right now. It is the most urgent threat facing our entire species, and we need to work collectively together and stop procrastinating. We need to support leaders around the world who do not speak for the big polluters, but who speak for all of humanity, for the indigenous people of the world, for the billions and billions of underprivileged people out there who would be most affected by this. For our children's children, and for those people out there whose voices have been drowned out by the politics of greed."
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<p><cite>—DiCaprio during his acceptance speech at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/88th_Academy_Awards">88th Academy Awards</a>, 2016<sup><a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a></sup></cite>
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</div>
<p>An active celebrity in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_movement">climate change movement</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a></sup> DiCaprio believes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming">global warming</a> is the world's "number-one environmental challenge".<sup><a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a></sup> Eager to learn about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology">ecology</a> from an early age, he would watch documentaries on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation">rainforest depletion</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction">loss of species</a> and habitats.<sup><a href="#cite_note-parade-266">[264]</a></sup> In 1998, he established the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation, a non-profit organization devoted to promoting environmental awareness.<sup><a href="#cite_note-foundation-267">[265]</a></sup> It supports organizations and campaigns committed to ensuring a viable future for planet Earth, and produced the short web documentaries <i>Water Planet</i> and <i>Global Warning.</i><sup><a href="#cite_note-wwf-268">[266]</a></sup> The foundation has also funded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt-for-nature_swap">debt-for-nature swaps</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a></sup> By 2018, the foundation had funded more than 200 projects, providing $100 million in support.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErdős2019217-270">[268]</a></sup> He has been an active supporter of numerous environmental organizations and sat on the board of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fund_for_Animal_Welfare">International Fund for Animal Welfare</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-wwf-268">[266]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-271">[269]</a></sup>
</p><p>DiCaprio has owned environment-friendly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle">electric-hybrid vehicles</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a></sup> His use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_jet">private jets</a> and large <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachts">yachts</a> have been criticized as hypocritical due to their large <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_footprint">carbon footprints</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a></sup> DiCaprio chaired the national <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day">Earth Day</a> celebration in 2000 where he interviewed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and they discussed plans to deal with global warming and the environment.<sup><a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a></sup> He presented at the 2007 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Earth_concert,_New_York_City">American leg</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Earth">Live Earth</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a></sup> DiCaprio donated $1 million to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Conservation_Society">Wildlife Conservation Society</a> at Russia's Tiger Summit. DiCaprio's persistence in reaching the event after encountering two plane delays caused then Prime Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> to describe him as a "<i>muzhik</i>" or "real man".<sup><a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a></sup> In 2013, he organized a benefit fine art auction, "11th Hour", which raised nearly $38.8 million for his foundation.<sup><a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a></sup> In September 2014, United Nations Secretary-General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> designated DiCaprio as a United Nations Messenger of Peace with a focus on climate change.<sup><a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a></sup> Later that month, he made an opening statement to members of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_UN_Climate_Summit">UN Climate Summit</a>; his speech reached an estimated one billion people worldwide.<sup><a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErdős2019219-283">[281]</a></sup> In 2015, he announced his intention to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment">divest from fossil fuels</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a></sup> He again spoke at the UN in April 2016 prior to the signing of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference">Paris Climate Change Agreement</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Actor_and_Environmentalist_Leonardo_DiCaprio_Walks_With_Secretary_Kerry_Before_he_Addresses_the_Third_Our_Ocean_Conference_in_Washington_(29627440831).jpg"></a><figcaption>U.S. Secretary of State <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry">John Kerry</a> and DiCaprio at the Our Ocean Conference in 2016</figcaption></figure>
<p>At a 2016 meeting with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis">Pope Francis</a>, DiCaprio donated to charity and discussed environmental issues with him. A few days later, possibly influenced by this meeting, the Pope said he would act in a charity film.<sup><a href="#cite_note-287">[c]</a></sup> DiCaprio traveled to Indonesia in early 2016 where he criticized the government's palm oil industry's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a> forest clearing methods.<sup><a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a></sup> In July 2016, his foundation donated $15.6 million to help protect wildlife and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_of_Native_Americans">rights of Native Americans</a>, along with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation">mitigating climate change</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:4-289">[286]</a></sup> That October, DiCaprio joined <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ruffalo">Mark Ruffalo</a> in support of the Standing Rock tribe's opposition to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline">Dakota Access Pipeline</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2017, DiCaprio protested against President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s inaction on climate change by attending the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Climate_March_(2017)">People's Climate March</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a></sup> In July, a charity auction and celebrity concert arranged by DiCaprio's foundation had raised over $30 million in one night.<sup><a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a></sup> The DiCaprio foundation donated $100 million in December 2018 to fight climate change.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:1-293">[290]</a></sup> In May 2021, DiCaprio pledged $43million to enact conservation operations across the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands">Galápagos Islands</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3></h3>
<p>DiCaprio endorsed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election">2016 presidential election</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a></sup> In March 2020, DiCaprio attended a fundraiser for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a> at the home of Paramount Pictures executive Sherry Lansing.<sup><a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a></sup> Prior to the 2020 election, DiCaprio narrated a Netflix documentary series about voting rights, stating, "All of us may have been created equal. But we'll never actually be equal until we all vote. So don't wait."<sup><a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a></sup> On social media, DiCaprio urged voters to make a plan to cast their ballots<sup><a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a></sup> and to draw attention to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_suppression">voter suppression</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a></sup> and restrictive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_identification_laws_in_the_United_States">voter ID laws</a>, citing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoteRiders">VoteRiders</a> as a source of information and assistance.<sup><a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2023, DiCaprio testified during the trial against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakazrel_Michel">Prakazrel Michel</a>, who is being accused of participating in a foreign influence campaign that was aimed at the Obama and Trump administrations.<sup><a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3></h3>
<p>In 1998, DiCaprio and his mother donated $35,000 for a "Leonardo DiCaprio Computer Center" at a library in Los Feliz.<sup><a href="#cite_note-302">[299]</a></sup> In May 2009, DiCaprio joined Kate Winslet, director James Cameron and Canadian singer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine_Dion">Celine Dion</a>, in a campaign to raise money to financially support the fees of the nursing home where <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millvina_Dean">Millvina Dean</a>, a survivor of the RMS <i>Titanic</i>, was residing. DiCaprio and Winslet donated $20,000 to support Dean.<sup><a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a></sup> In 2010, he donated $1 million to relief efforts in Haiti after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake">the earthquake</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:2-304">[301]</a></sup> In 2011, DiCaprio joined the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Legal_Defense_Fund">Animal Legal Defense Fund</a>'s campaign to release Tony, a tiger that had spent the last decade at a truck stop in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosse_T%C3%AAte,_Louisiana">Grosse Tête, Louisiana</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a></sup> DiCaprio donated $61,000 to the gay rights group <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLAAD">GLAAD</a> in 2013.<sup><a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2016, DiCaprio donated $65,000 to the annual fundraising gala for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Armenia_Fund">Children of Armenia Fund</a>, where he was a special guest of his friend and honorary chair, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Shafrazi">Tony Shafrazi</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a></sup> Supporting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey">Hurricane Harvey (2017)</a> relief efforts, DiCaprio provided $1 million through his foundation.<sup><a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a></sup> In 2020, DiCaprio's foundation donated $3 million to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season">Australia bushfire</a> relief efforts.<sup><a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a></sup> Amidst the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the media announced DiCaprio donated $10million to support Ukraine,<sup><a href="#cite_note-311">[d]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-SupportForUkraine-312">[308]</a></sup> although the news agency <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press">Associated Press</a> suggested this amount was inaccurate.<sup><a href="#cite_note-tap-310">[307]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2></h2>
<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LeonardoDiCaprioNov08.jpg"></a><figcaption>DiCaprio in 2008</figcaption></figure>
<p>DiCaprio is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnostic">agnostic</a> but does not identify as an atheist.<sup><a href="#cite_note-313">[309]</a></sup> His personal life is the subject of widespread media attention.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooney2021249-314">[310]</a></sup> He rarely grants interviews and is reluctant to discuss his private life.<sup><a href="#cite_note-bbc-249">[247]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-315">[311]</a></sup> DiCaprio has been the focus of various reports detailing his involvement with women aged 25 or younger, and has faced criticism for those relationships.<sup><a href="#cite_note-321">[e]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-323">[f]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-324">[318]</a></sup> In 1999, DiCaprio met Brazilian model <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen">Gisele Bündchen</a>, whom he dated until 2005.<sup><a href="#cite_note-325">[319]</a></sup> He was romantically involved with Israeli model <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Refaeli">Bar Refaeli</a> from 2005 to 2011. He later dated German fashion model <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Garrn">Toni Garrn</a> from 2013 to 2014 and later in 2017.<sup><a href="#cite_note-326">[320]</a></sup> DiCaprio was in a relationship with American model and actress <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camila_Morrone">Camila Morrone</a> from <abbr>c.</abbr> 2017 until 2022.<sup><a href="#cite_note-327">[321]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-328">[322]</a></sup>
</p><p>DiCaprio owns houses in Los Angeles and apartments in New York City.<sup><a href="#cite_note-329">[323]</a></sup> In 2009, he bought an island, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadore_Caye">Blackadore Caye</a>, off mainland <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize">Belize</a>—on which he is set to open an environment-friendly resort<sup><a href="#cite_note-330">[324]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-331">[325]</a></sup>—and in 2014, he purchased the original <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinah_Shore">Dinah Shore</a> residence designed by architect <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wexler">Donald Wexler</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California">Palm Springs, California</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-332">[326]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2005, DiCaprio's face was severely injured when model Aretha Wilson hit him over the head with a broken bottle at a Hollywood party. As a result, he required seventeen stitches to his face and neck.<sup><a href="#cite_note-333">[327]</a></sup> Wilson pleaded guilty to the assault and was sentenced in 2010 to two years in prison.<sup><a href="#cite_note-334">[328]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2017, when <i>The Wolf of Wall Street</i> producer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Granite_Pictures">Red Granite Pictures</a> was involved in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Malaysia_Development_Berhad_scandal">1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal</a>, DiCaprio turned over the gifts he received from business associates at the production company, including from fugitive businessman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jho_Low">Jho Low</a>, to the US government.<sup><a href="#cite_note-335">[329]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-336">[330]</a></sup> These included a Best Actor Oscar trophy won by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Brando">Marlon Brando</a>, a $3.2 million <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> painting and a $9 million <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Basquiat">Jean-Michel Basquiat</a> collage.<sup><a href="#cite_note-337">[331]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2></h2>
<p>According to the online portal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregate">review aggregate</a> site <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>, DiCaprio's most critically and commercially successful films include <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_Eating_Gilbert_Grape">What's Eating Gilbert Grape</a></i> (1993), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_%2B_Juliet">Romeo + Juliet</a></i> (1996), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)">Titanic</a></i> (1997), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_Me_If_You_Can">Catch Me If You Can</a></i> (2002), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangs_of_New_York">Gangs of New York</a></i> (2002), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aviator_(2004_film)">The Aviator</a></i> (2004), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Departed">The Departed</a></i> (2006), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Diamond">Blood Diamond</a></i> (2006), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_Island_(film)">Shutter Island</a></i> (2010), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inception">Inception</a></i> (2010), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_Unchained">Django Unchained</a></i> (2012), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby_(2013_film)">The Great Gatsby</a></i> (2013), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wolf_of_Wall_Street_(2013_film)">The Wolf of Wall Street</a></i> (2013), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revenant_(2015_film)">The Revenant</a></i> (2015) and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Hollywood">Once Upon a Time in Hollywood</a></i> (2019). His films have grossed $7.2 billion worldwide.<sup><a href="#cite_note-mojo-102">[101]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-338">[332]</a></sup>
</p><p>DiCaprio has been recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for the following performances:<sup><a href="#cite_note-339">[333]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-troscar-199">[198]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-oatih-214">[213]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/66th_Academy_Awards">66th Academy Awards</a> (1994): <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor">Best Supporting Actor</a>, nomination, for <i>What's Eating Gilbert Grape</i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/77th_Academy_Awards">77th Academy Awards</a> (2005): <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor">Best Actor</a>, nomination, for <i>The Aviator</i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/79th_Academy_Awards">79th Academy Awards</a> (2007): Best Actor, nomination, for <i>Blood Diamond</i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86th_Academy_Awards">86th Academy Awards</a> (2014): <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture">Best Picture</a> and Best Actor, nominations, for <i>The Wolf of Wall Street</i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/88th_Academy_Awards">88th Academy Awards</a> (2016): Best Actor, win, for <i>The Revenant</i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92nd_Academy_Awards">92nd Academy Awards</a> (2020): Best Actor, nomination, for <i>Once Upon a Time in Hollywood</i></li></ul>
<p>DiCaprio has won three <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards">Golden Globe Awards</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actor_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture_Drama">Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama</a> for <i>The Aviator</i> and <i>The Revenant</i> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actor_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture_Musical_or_Comedy">Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy</a> for <i>The Wolf of Wall Street</i>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-340">[334]</a></sup> as well as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Leading_Role">BAFTA Award</a> and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Male_Actor_in_a_Leading_Role">Screen Actors Guild Award</a> for Best Actor for <i>The Revenant</i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-341">[335]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-trsaga-200">[199]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2></h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_and_youngest_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees#Youngest_nominees_4">List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees – Youngest nominees for Best Actor in a Supporting Role</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_actors_with_Academy_Award_nominations">List of actors with Academy Award nominations</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_actors_with_two_or_more_Academy_Award_nominations_in_acting_categories">List of actors with two or more Academy Awards nominations in acting categories</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Golden_Globe_winners">List of Golden Globe winners</a></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grouvellinus_leonardodicaprioi">Grouvellinus leonardodicaprioi</a></i>, a beetle named after DiCaprio</li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spintharus_leonardodicaprioi">Spintharus leonardodicaprioi</a></i>, a spider named after DiCaprio</li></ul>
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<h2></h2>
<div>
<ul><li><cite>Block, Alex Ben; Wilson, Lucy Autrey, eds. (2010). <a href="https://archive.org/details/georgelucassbloc00alex/page/714"><i>George Lucas's Blockbusting: A Decade-By-Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-061-77889-6"><bdi>978-0-061-77889-6</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Erdős, László (2019). "Greening Hollywood – the Activism of Leonardo DiCaprio". <i>Green Heroes</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. pp. 217–221. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-31806-2_43">10.1007/978-3-030-31806-2_43</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-31805-5"><bdi>978-3-030-31805-5</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213723782">213723782</a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Hammond, Michael K. (2012). "Leonardo DiCaprio and Sean Penn: Acting Authentic". In Pomerance, Murray (ed.). <i>Shining in Shadows: Movie Stars of the 2000s</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. pp. 166–181. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81355-216-3"><bdi>978-0-81355-216-3</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Mooney, William H. (2021). "Citizen Kane (1941) and Baz Luhrmann's the Great Gatsby (2013)". <i>Adaptation and the New Art Film</i>. Palgrave Studies in Adaptation and Visual Culture. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 237–268. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-62934-2_9">10.1007/978-3-030-62934-2_9</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-62933-5"><bdi>978-3-030-62933-5</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238014709">238014709</a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Muir, John Kenneth (2004). . <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield#Imprints">Applause: Theatre &amp; Cinema Books</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55783-607-6"><bdi>978-1-55783-607-6</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Müller, Jürgen (2001). <i>Movies of the 90s</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taschen">Taschen</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-5878-3"><bdi>978-3-8228-5878-3</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Nash, Melanie; Lahti, Marti (1999). "The Paradoxes of Girls' Fandom". In Sandler, Kevin S.; Studlar, Gaylyn (eds.). . Rutgers University Press. pp. 64–88. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2669-0"><bdi>978-0-8135-2669-0</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Neibaur, James L. (2016). <i>The Essential Jack Nicholson</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield">Rowman &amp; Littlefield</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-6989-7"><bdi>978-1-4422-6989-7</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Ochoa, George (2011). <i>Deformed and Destructive Beings: The Purpose of Horror Films</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company">McFarland &amp; Company</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8654-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-8654-0</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Pomerance">Pomerance, Murray</a> (2012). "Leonardo DiCaprio: King of the 'World'". In Everett, Anna (ed.). <i>Pretty People: Movie Stars of the 1990s</i>. Rutgers University Press. pp. 103–122. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.36019%2F9780813553252-007">10.36019/9780813553252-007</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813553252"><bdi>9780813553252</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225038492">225038492</a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Romney, Jonathan (2014). "The Man Who Sold the World". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Comment">Film Comment</a></i>. <b>50</b> (1): 22–27. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43459881">43459881</a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Schwartz, David; Ryan, Steve; Wostbrock, Fred (1999). <i>The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows, 3rd Edition</i>. Checkmark Books. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-3847-3"><bdi>978-0-8160-3847-3</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Todd, Erica (2014). <i>Passionate Love and Popular Cinema</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137295385">10.1057/9781137295385</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-45183-8"><bdi>978-1-349-45183-8</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Wight, Douglas (2012). <i>Leonardo DiCaprio – The Biography</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Blake_(journalist)#Publishing">John Blake Publishing Ltd.</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78219-859-8"><bdi>978-1-78219-859-8</bdi></a>.</cite></li></ul>
</div>
<h2></h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://leonardodicaprio.org/">Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000138/">Leonardo DiCaprio</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)">IMDb</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/leonardo_di_caprio">Leonardo DiCaprio</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/leonardodicaprio/">Leonardo DiCaprio</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram">Instagram</a></li></ul>
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 Contents

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 * (Top)
 * 1 Early life and acting background
 * 2 Career
 Toggle Career subsection
 + 2.1 1991–1996: Early work and breakthrough
 + 2.2 1997–2001: Titanic and worldwide recognition
 + 2.3 2002–2009: Venture into film production
 + 2.4 2010–2013: Films with high-profile directors
 + 2.5 2014–present: Environmental documentaries and awards success
 * 3 Reception and acting style
 * 4 Other ventures
 Toggle Other ventures subsection
 + 4.1 Activism
 + 4.2 Political views
 + 4.3 Philanthropy
 * 5 Personal life
 * 6 Filmography and accolades
 * 7 See also
 * 8 Notes
 * 9 References
 * 10 Cited sources
 * 11 External links
 Toggle the table of contents

 Leonardo DiCaprio

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 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 "DiCaprio" redirects here. For his father, see George DiCaprio. For the football player, see Dicaprio Bootle.

 Leonardo DiCaprio 
 DiCaprio in 2019
 Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio 
 Born November 11, 1974 (age 49) 
 Los Angeles, California, U.S. 
 Occupations * Actor 
 * film producer 
 Years active 1989–present 
 Organizations * Appian Way Productions 
 * Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation 
 Works Full list 
 Title United Nations Messenger of Peace (designated 2014)
 * Gisele Bündchen (2000–2005) 
 Partners * Bar Refaeli (2005–2011) 
 * Camila Morrone (2017–2022) 
 Parent * George DiCaprio (father) 
 Awards Full list 
 Website * leonardodicaprio.org 
 

 Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio (/ d i ˈ k æ p r i oʊ , d ɪ -/; Italian: [diˈkaːprjo]; born November 11, 1974) is an American actor and film producer. Known for his work in biographical and period films, he is the recipient of numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, and three Golden Globe Awards. As of 2019, his films have grossed over $7.2 billion worldwide, and he has been placed eight times in annual rankings of the world's highest-paid actors.

 Born in Los Angeles, DiCaprio began his career in the late 1980s by appearing in television commercials. In the early 1990s, he had recurring roles in various television shows, such as the sitcom Parenthood, and had his first major film part as author Tobias Wolff in This Boy's Life (1993). He received critical acclaim and his first Academy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for his performance as a developmentally disabled boy in What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993). DiCaprio achieved international stardom with the star-crossed romances Romeo + Juliet (1996) and Titanic (1997). After the latter became the highest-grossing film in the world at the time, he reduced his workload for a few years. In an attempt to shed his image of a romantic hero, DiCaprio sought roles in other genres, including the 2002 crime dramas Catch Me If You Can and Gangs of New York; the latter marked the first of his many successful collaborations with director Martin Scorsese.

 DiCaprio continued to gain acclaim for his performances in the biopic The Aviator (2004), the political thriller Blood Diamond (2006), the crime drama The Departed (2006) and the romantic drama Revolutionary Road (2008). He later made environmental documentaries and starred in several high-profile directors' successful projects, including the action thriller Inception (2010), the western Django Unchained (2012), the biopic The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), the survival drama The Revenant (2015)—for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor— the comedy-dramas Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019) and Don't Look Up (2021), and the crime drama Killers of the Flower Moon (2023).

 DiCaprio is the founder of Appian Way Productions—a production company that has made some of his films and the documentary series Greensburg (2008–2010)—and the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation, a nonprofit organization devoted to promoting environmental awareness. A United Nations Messenger of Peace, he regularly supports charitable causes. In 2005, he was named a Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres for his contributions to the arts, and in 2016, he appeared in Time magazine's 100 most influential people in the world. DiCaprio was voted one of the 50 greatest actors of all time in a 2022 readers' poll by Empire.

 Early life and acting background

 Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio was born on November 11, 1974, in Los Angeles, California.[1] He is the only child of Irmelin Indenbirken, a legal secretary, and George DiCaprio, an underground comix artist and distributor; they met while attending college and moved to Los Angeles after graduating.[2][3] His mother is German and his father is of Italian and German descent.[4] His maternal grandfather, Wilhelm Indenbirken, was German,[5] and his maternal grandmother, Helene Indenbirken, was a Russian immigrant living in Germany.[6] DiCaprio was raised Catholic.[7] Sources have falsely claimed his maternal grandmother was born in Odesa, Ukraine; there is no evidence that DiCaprio has any relatives of Ukrainian birth or heritage.[8]

 DiCaprio's parents named him Leonardo because his pregnant mother first felt him kick while she was looking at a Leonardo da Vinci painting in the Uffizi museum in Florence, Italy.[9] When DiCaprio was one year old, his parents divorced after his father fell in love with another woman and moved out.[10][11] To raise him together, his parents moved into twin cottages with a shared garden in Echo Park, Los Angeles.[10][12] DiCaprio's father lived with his girlfriend and her son, Adam Farrar, with whom DiCaprio developed a close bond.[13] DiCaprio and his mother later moved to other neighborhoods, such as Los Feliz.[14] He has described his parents as "bohemian in every sense of the word" and as "the people I trust the most in the world".[15] DiCaprio has stated that he grew up poor in a neighborhood plagued with prostitution, crime and violence.[16] Attending the Los Angeles Center for Enriched Studies for four years and later the Seeds Elementary School, he later enrolled at the John Marshall High School.[17][18] DiCaprio disliked public school and wanted to audition for acting jobs instead.[16] He dropped out of high school later, eventually earning a general equivalency diploma.[19]

 As a child, DiCaprio wanted to become either a marine biologist or an actor. He eventually favored the latter; he liked impersonating characters and imitating people, and enjoyed seeing their reactions to his acting.[20] According to DiCaprio, his interest in performing began at the age of two when he went onto the stage at a performance festival and danced spontaneously to a positive response from the crowd.[21] He was also motivated to learn acting when Farrar's appearance in a television commercial earned him $50,000.[22] DiCaprio has said in interviews that his first television appearance was in the children's series Romper Room, and that he was dismissed from the show for being disruptive. The show's host has denied that any children were removed from the show in this way.[23][24] At 14, he began appearing in several commercials for Matchbox cars, which he calls his first role.[23] DiCaprio later appeared in commercials for Kraft Singles, Bubble Yum and Apple Jacks.[25] In 1989, he played the role of Glen in two episodes of the television show The New Lassie.[26]

 At the beginning of his career, DiCaprio had difficulty finding an agent. When he found one, the agent suggested DiCaprio change his name to Lenny Williams to appeal to American audiences, which he declined to do.[27] DiCaprio remained jobless for a year and a half, although he had 100 auditions. Following this lack of success, DiCaprio was going to give up acting but his father persuaded him to persevere. Motivated by his father and by the prospect of financial security, he continued to audition. After a talent agent, who knew his mother's friend, recommended him to casting directors, DiCaprio secured roles in about 20 commercials.[28]

 By the early 1990s, DiCaprio began acting regularly on television, starting with a role in the pilot of The Outsiders (1990) and one episode of the soap opera Santa Barbara (1990), in which he played a teenage alcoholic.[29] DiCaprio's career prospects improved when he was cast in Parenthood, a series based on the 1989 comedy film of the same name. To prepare for the role of Garry Buckman, a troubled teenager, he analyzed Joaquin Phoenix's performance in the original film.[30] His work that year earned him two nominations at the 12th Youth in Film Awards—Best Young Actor in a Daytime Series for Santa Barbara and Best Young Actor Starring in a New Television Series for Parenthood.[31] Around this time, he was a contestant on the children's game show Fun House, on which he performed several stunts, including catching the fish inside a small pool using only his teeth.[32][33]

 Career

 1991–1996: Early work and breakthrough

 DiCaprio made his film debut in 1991 as the stepson of an unscrupulous landlord in the low-budget horror sequel Critters 3 – a part he later described as "your average, no-depth, standard kid with blond hair".[34] DiCaprio has stated that he prefers not to remember Critters 3, viewing it as "possibly one of the worst films of all time" and the kind of role he wanted to avoid in the future.[35] Later in 1991, he became a recurring cast member on the sitcom Growing Pains, playing Luke Brower, a homeless boy who is taken in by the show's central family.[36] Co-star Joanna Kerns recalls DiCaprio being "especially intelligent and disarming for his age" but she noted that he was also mischievous and jocular on set, and often made fun of his co-stars.[37] DiCaprio was cast by the producers to appeal to young female audience, but his arrival did not improve the show's ratings and he left before the end of its run.[38] He was nominated for a Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor Co-starring in a Television Series.[39] DiCaprio also had an uncredited role in 1991 in one episode of Roseanne.[40]

 Lasse Hallström directed DiCaprio in What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), for which he earned his first Academy Award nomination.

 In 1992, DiCaprio had a brief role in the first installment of the Poison Ivy film series,[41] and was handpicked by Robert De Niro from a shortlist of 400 young actors to co-star with him in This Boy's Life. Adapted from the memoir by Tobias Wolff, the film focuses on the relationship between a rebellious teenager, Toby (DiCaprio), and his mother (Ellen Barkin) and abusive stepfather (De Niro).[23][42][43] Director Michael Caton-Jones said that DiCaprio did not know how to behave on set; accordingly, Caton-Jones used a strict mentoring style, after which DiCaprio's behavior began to improve.[37] Bilge Ebiri of Rolling Stone found that the powerful bond between Barkin and DiCaprio elevated the film, praising DiCaprio's portrayal of his character's complex growth from a rebellious teen to an independent young man.[41] This Boy's Life was the first film that gained him recognition.[44]

 DiCaprio played the developmentally disabled brother of Johnny Depp's character in What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), a comedy-drama about a dysfunctional Iowa family. Caton-Jones recommended DiCaprio to director Lasse Hallström, but he was initially skeptical, as he considered DiCaprio too good-looking for the part. Hallström cast DiCaprio after he emerged as "the most observant" auditionee.[34][37] To ensure authenticity in his portrayal, DiCaprio studied similarly impaired children and their mannerisms, and Hallström allowed him to create the character using his own researched attributes.[45] The film became a critical success.[46] At 19, DiCaprio earned a National Board of Review Award, as well as nominations for a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, making him the seventh-youngest Oscar nominee in the category.[47][48] "The film's real show-stopping turn comes from Mr. DiCaprio," wrote New York Times critic Janet Maslin, "who makes Arnie's many tics so startling and vivid that at first he is difficult to watch. The performance has a sharp, desperate intensity from beginning to end."[49] Caryn James, also writing for The New York Times, said of his performances in This Boy's Life and What's Eating Gilbert Grape: "He made the raw, emotional neediness of those boys completely natural and powerful."[50]

 DiCaprio's first role of 1995 was in Sam Raimi's Western The Quick and the Dead. When Sony Pictures became dubious over DiCaprio's casting, co-star Sharon Stone paid his salary herself.[51] The film was released to dismal box office performance and mixed reviews from critics.[52][53] DiCaprio next starred as a teenage Jim Carroll, a drug-addicted high school basketball player and budding writer, in the biopic The Basketball Diaries.[54] He starred in the erotic drama Total Eclipse (1995), driven by the desire to showcase an exceptional performance, which would focus on his acting talent rather than his much-discussed physical appeal.[55] Directed by Agnieszka Holland, it is a fictionalized account of the same-sex relationship between Arthur Rimbaud (DiCaprio) and Paul Verlaine (David Thewlis). DiCaprio was cast when River Phoenix died before filming began.[10] Although the film failed commercially,[56] it has been included in the catalog of the Warner Archive Collection, which releases classic and cult films from Warner Bros.' library on home video.[57] A review in the San Francisco Chronicle called DiCaprio "his generation's great acting promise" but criticized the mismatch between Thewlis's "cultivated" British accent and DiCaprio's "Southern California twang".[58]

 DiCaprio next starred opposite Claire Danes in Baz Luhrmann's Romeo + Juliet (1996), an abridged modernization of William Shakespeare's romantic tragedy, which retained the original Shakespearean dialogue. DiCaprio was initially unsure about another Romeo and Juliet adaptation, but at his father's suggestion, he agreed to examine Luhrmann's work more closely. DiCaprio and Luhrmann then spent a two-week workshop exchanging ideas, which led to the collaboration.[59] Romeo + Juliet established DiCaprio as a leading Hollywood actor; according to film scholar Murray Pomerance, DiCaprio's newfound popularity helped the film become profitable only days after its release.[60][61] Reviewing DiCaprio's early works, David Thomson of The Guardian called DiCaprio "a revelation" in What's Eating Gilbert Grape, "very moving" in This Boy's Life, "suitably desperate" in The Basketball Diaries and "a vital spark" in Romeo + Juliet.[62] The latter earned DiCaprio a Silver Bear for Best Actor at the 1997 Berlin International Film Festival.[63] He then portrayed a young man who has been committed to a mental asylum in Marvin's Room (1996), a family drama about two estranged sisters, played by Meryl Streep and Diane Keaton, who are reunited through tragedy. He played Hank, the troubled son of Streep's character.[64] Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly praised "the deeply gifted DiCaprio" for holding his own against veteran actresses Keaton and Streep, describing the three as "full-bodied and so powerfully affecting that you're carried along on the pleasure of being in the presence of their extraordinary talent".[65]

 1997–2001: Titanic and worldwide recognition

 "Leo-mania" redirects here.

 DiCaprio rejected a role in Boogie Nights (1997) to star opposite Kate Winslet in James Cameron's Titanic as members of different social classes who fall in love aboard RMS Titanic during its ill-fated maiden voyage.[66] DiCaprio initially had doubts, but was eventually encouraged by Cameron to pursue the part.[67] With a production budget of more than $200 million, including DiCaprio's $40 million salary,[68] the film was the most expensive in history at the time, and was shot at Rosarito, Baja California where a replica of the ship was created.[69] Titanic became the highest-grossing film at the time, eventually earning more than $2.1 billion in box-office receipts worldwide.[a] The role of Jack Dawson transformed DiCaprio into a superstar, resulting in intense adoration among teenage girls and young women that became known as "Leo-mania".[72][73] The film won 11 Academy Awards—the most wins for any film – including Best Picture, but DiCaprio's failure to gain a nomination led to a protest against the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) by more than 200 fans.[74][75] He was nominated for other high-profile awards, including a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor.[76]

 DiCaprio at a press conference for The Beach in 2000

 DiCaprio stated in 2000: "I have no connection with me during that whole Titanic phenomenon and what my face became around the world [...] I'll never reach that state of popularity again, and I don't expect to [...] It's not something I'm going to try to achieve either."[77] In his 2015 Rolling Stone article, Ebiri called the role DiCaprio's best, writing that he and Winslet "infuse their earnest back-and-forth with so much genuine emotion that it's hard not to get swept up in their doomed love affair."[41] A writer for Vanity Fair in 2008 similarly labeled them "Hollywood's most iconic screen couple" since Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman.[78] Essaying her first viewing of the film in 2017, Vox contributor Alissa Wilkinson took note of DiCaprio's "boyish charm" and found his performance "natural and unaffected".[79] The success of Titanic intensified DiCaprio's standing as a teen idol and romantic lead, an image from which he sought to dissociate himself.[73] He reduced his workload "to learn to hear [his] own voice in choosing the roles" that he wanted to pursue.[80]

 DiCaprio had a brief featured role in Woody Allen's 1998 satire of fame, Celebrity. Ebiri labeled DiCaprio "the best thing in the film".[41][81] That year, he also took on the dual roles of villainous King Louis XIV and his secret, sympathetic twin brother Philippe in Randall Wallace's The Man in the Iron Mask, with common elements from the 1939 film of the same name and a 1929 film with Douglas Fairbanks.[82] It received mixed to negative reviews,[83] but grossed $180 million against a budget of $35 million.[84][85] Entertainment Weekly critic Owen Gleiberman wrote that DiCaprio did not look old enough to play the part, but praised him as "a fluid and instinctive actor, with the face of a mischievous angel".[86] The Guardian 's Alex von Tunzelmann was similarly impressed with the actor's performance but found his talent wasted in the film.[87] DiCaprio won a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Couple for the dual roles in 1999.[88]

 Also in 1998, DiCaprio was cast to star in American Psycho (2000) for a reported salary of $20 million; after disagreements with Oliver Stone on the film's direction, DiCaprio left the project, taking the lead role in The Beach instead.[89] Adapted from Alex Garland's 1996 novel, the film saw him play a backpacking American tourist who ends up in a secret island commune in the Gulf of Thailand.[90] Budgeted at $50 million, the film earned almost three times that at the box office,[91] but was negatively reviewed by critics, and earned him a nomination for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor.[92][93] Todd McCarthy of Variety thought DiCaprio gave a compelling performance but his character lacked defining qualities.[94] The film received criticism for damaging the filming location in Thailand, after which DiCaprio worked to restore the area.[95]

 In the mid-1990s, DiCaprio agreed to be in the mostly improvised black-and-white short film Don's Plum as a favor to aspiring director R. D. Robb.[23] When Robb expanded it to a full-length film, DiCaprio and co-star Tobey Maguire had its release blocked in the US and Canada by court order, arguing they never intended to make a feature film. The film premiered at the 2001 Berlin International Film Festival but remains obscure.[96]

 2002–2009: Venture into film production

 See also: Martin Scorsese and Leonardo DiCaprio and Appian Way Productions

 DiCaprio attending an event for Gangs of New York with Martin Scorsese and Cameron Diaz at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival

 DiCaprio turned down the role of Anakin Skywalker in Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002), feeling unprepared to "take that dive" at the time.[97] His first film that year was the biopic Catch Me If You Can, based on the life of Frank Abagnale Jr., who before his 19th birthday committed check fraud to make millions in the 1960s.[98] Directed by Steven Spielberg, the film was shot across 147 different locations in 52 days, making it "the most adventurous, super-charged movie-making" DiCaprio had experienced yet.[99] The film received critical acclaim and grossed $355 million against a budget of $52 million, becoming his second highest-grossing release after Titanic.[100][101] Roger Ebert praised his departure from dark and troubled characters,[98] and two Entertainment Weekly critics in 2018 called it DiCaprio's best role, labeling him "delightfully persuasive, deceptive, flirtatious, and sometimes tragic—and we dare you to find a better role, if you can".[102] DiCaprio received his third Golden Globe nomination for his performance in the film.[103]

 Also in 2002, DiCaprio starred in Martin Scorsese's Gangs of New York, a historical drama set in the mid-19th century in the Five Points district of New York City. Scorsese initially struggled selling his idea of realizing the film until DiCaprio became interested in starring in the film, and thus Miramax Films got involved with financing the project. Nonetheless, production on the film was plagued by overshooting of budgets and producer-director disagreements, resulting in an eight-month shoot. With a budget of $103 million, the film was the most expensive Scorsese had ever made. DiCaprio was drawn to playing Amsterdam Vallon, the young leader of an Irish-American street gang, as it marked a shift from "boyish" roles to a mature leading man.[104] Gangs of New York earned $193 million worldwide and received positive critical response.[105][106] Anne Thompson of The Observer took note of DiCaprio's "low-key, sturdy performance", but felt that co-star Daniel Day-Lewis overshadowed him.[107]

 In 2004, DiCaprio founded the production company Appian Way Productions, a namesake of the Italian road.[108] He was interested in finding unique source material and preserving its essence during development, citing previous experiences where the involvement of too many people influenced the final product in a negative way.[109] DiCaprio first executive-produced The Assassination of Richard Nixon, which starred Sean Penn as Samuel Byck,[40] and was screened at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival.[110] DiCaprio and Scorsese reunited for a biopic of Howard Hughes, an American film director and aviation pioneer suffering from obsessive–compulsive disorder, in The Aviator (2004), which DiCaprio also co-produced under Appian Way. He initially developed the project with Michael Mann who was eventually replaced by Scorsese.[111][112] The Aviator became a critical and financial success, grossing $213 million against its budget of $110 million.[113][114] Simond Braund of Empire thought DiCaprio convincingly played a complex role and highlighted the scenes depicting Hughes's paranoia and obsession.[115] He received his first Golden Globe Award for Best Actor — Motion Picture Drama and nominations for an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award.[116]

 In 2006, DiCaprio starred in the crime film The Departed and the political war thriller Blood Diamond. In Scorsese's The Departed, DiCaprio played the role of Billy Costigan, a state trooper working undercover in the Irish Mob in Boston, someone he characterizes as being in a "constant 24-hour panic attack". DiCaprio especially liked the experience of working with co-star Jack Nicholson, describing a scene with him as "one of the most memorable moments" of his life as an actor.[117] In preparation, he visited Boston to interact with people associated with the Irish Mob and gained 15 pounds (6.8 kg) of muscle.[118] Critically acclaimed,[119] the film grossed $291 million against a budget of $90 million, becoming DiCaprio and Scorsese's highest-grossing collaboration to that point.[120][101] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone praised DiCaprio's and co-star Matt Damon's performances as "explosive, emotionally complex", but felt that Nicholson overshadowed the two.[121] Despite DiCaprio's leading role in The Departed, the film's distributor Warner Bros. Pictures submitted his performance for a Best Supporting Actor nomination at the AMPAS to avoid internal conflict with his part in Blood Diamond.[122] Instead, his co-star Mark Wahlberg was nominated, though DiCaprio earned other accolades for The Departed, including a Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor and Best Actor nominations at the Golden Globes and BAFTA Awards.[123]

 DiCaprio at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival

 In Blood Diamond, DiCaprio starred as a diamond smuggler from Rhodesia who is involved in the Sierra Leone Civil War. While filming, he worked with 24 orphaned children from the SOS Children's Village in Maputo, Mozambique, and said he was touched by his interactions with them.[124] To prepare, he spent six months in Africa, learned about camouflage from people in South African military and interviewed and recorded people in the country to improve his accent.[125] The film received generally favorable reviews,[126] and DiCaprio was noted for his South African accent, which is generally known as difficult to imitate.[127] Claudia Puig of the USA Today approvingly highlighted DiCaprio's transition from a boy to a man on screen,[128] and Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post similarly noted his growth as an actor since The Departed.[129] DiCaprio received nominations for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe for Blood Diamond.[123]

 In 2007, DiCaprio produced the comedy drama Gardener of Eden, which according to The Hollywood Reporter ' s Frank Scheck "lack[ed] the necessary dramatic urgency or black humor to connect with audiences".[130] Later that year, he produced, co-wrote and narrated The 11th Hour, a documentary on the state of the natural environment that won the Earthwatch Environmental Film Award in 2008.[131] DiCaprio's Appian Way produced Planet Green's Greensburg (2008–2010), which ran for three seasons. Set in Greensburg, Kansas, it is about rebuilding the town in a sustainable way after being hit by the May 2007 EF5 tornado.[132] Also in 2008, DiCaprio starred in Body of Lies, a spy film based on the novel of the same name. He played one of three agents battling a terrorist organization in the Middle East.[133] Considering the film to be a throwback to political features of the 1970s like The Parallax View (1974) and Three Days of the Condor (1975), DiCaprio dyed his hair brown and wore brown contacts for the role.[133] The film received mixed reviews from critics,[134] and grossed $118 million against a budget of $67.5 million.[135]

 Later in 2008, DiCaprio collaborated with Kate Winslet for the drama Revolutionary Road, directed by her then-husband Sam Mendes. As both actors had been reluctant to make romantic films similar to Titanic, it was Winslet who suggested that they both work with her on a film adaptation of the 1961 eponymous novel by Richard Yates. She found that the script, by Justin Haythe, had little in common with the 1997 blockbuster.[136] Playing a couple in a failing marriage in the 1950s, DiCaprio and Winslet spent some time together in preparation, and DiCaprio felt claustrophobic on the small set they used.[78][137] He saw his character as "unheroic", "slightly cowardly" and someone "willing to be just a product of his environment".[138] Peter Travers liked DiCaprio's pairing with Winslet and his multi-layered portrayal of an overwhelmed character,[139] and Marshall Sella of GQ called it the "most mature and memorable performance of his lifetime".[137] DiCaprio earned his seventh Golden Globes nomination for the film.[140] Revolutionary Road grossed $75.9 million against its budget of $35 million.[141] He ended the 2000s by producing director Jaume Collet-Serra's psychological horror thriller film Orphan (2009), starring Vera Farmiga, Peter Sarsgaard and Isabelle Fuhrman. Although the film received mixed reviews, it was a commercial success.[142]

 2010–2013: Films with high-profile directors

 DiCaprio continued to collaborate with Scorsese in the 2010 psychological thriller film Shutter Island, based on the 2003 novel of the same name by Dennis Lehane. He played Edward "Teddy" Daniels, a U.S. Marshal investigating a psychiatric facility located on an island, who comes to question his own sanity. DiCaprio and Scorsese became interested in the project in 2007, and the former co-produced the film under Appian Way with Phoenix Pictures.[143] Because of the film's disturbing scenes, DiCaprio had nightmares of mass murder during production and considered relaxing with his friends a form of therapy.[144] The film was released to mixed reviews;[145] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Scorsese's direction and the acting but criticized its twist ending.[146] Peter Travers called it DiCaprio's "most haunting and emotionally complex performance yet", and particularly liked his cave scene with co-star Patricia Clarkson.[147] The film was a commercial success, grossing $294 million worldwide against a budget of $80 million.[148]

 DiCaprio (first from the right) with the cast of Inception at the film's premiere in 2010

 DiCaprio's second role in 2010 was in Christopher Nolan's critically acclaimed ensemble science-fiction film Inception.[149] Inspired by the experience of lucid dreaming and dream incubation,[150] the film features Dom Cobb (DiCaprio), an "extractor" who enters the dreams of others to obtain information that is otherwise inaccessible. Cobb is promised a chance to regain his old life in exchange for planting an idea in a corporate target's mind.[151] DiCaprio was fascinated with the idea of a "dream-heist" and the potential for his character to manipulate his dreamworld and impact his real life.[152] Made on a budget of $160 million, the film grossed $836 million worldwide to become DiCaprio's second highest-grossing film.[101][153] To star in this film, DiCaprio agreed to a pay cut from his $20 million fee and opted for a share in first-dollar gross points, which entitled him to a percentage of the cinema ticket sales. The risk proved fruitful, as DiCaprio earned $50 million from the film, becoming his highest payday yet.[154]

 DiCaprio starred as J. Edgar Hoover in Clint Eastwood's J. Edgar (2011). A biopic about Hoover, the film focuses on his career as an FBI director, including an examination of his private life as an alleged closeted homosexual.[155] Critics felt that the film lacked coherence overall but commended DiCaprio's performance.[156][157] Roger Ebert praised DiCaprio's ability to bring depth and nuance to the character, suggesting that his performance conveyed aspects of Hoover's personality that were possibly even unknown to the man himself.[158] Also in 2011, he produced Catherine Hardwicke's romantic horror film Red Riding Hood. Though it was named one of the ten worst films of 2011 by Time magazine,[159] it had moderate box-office returns.[160] Also that year, DiCaprio's Appian Way produced George Clooney's political drama The Ides of March, an adaptation of Beau Willimon's 2008 play Farragut North.[161]

 In 2012, DiCaprio starred as plantation owner Calvin Candie in Quentin Tarantino's Spaghetti Western, Django Unchained. After reading the script, DiCaprio felt uncomfortable with the extent of racism portrayed in the film, but his co-stars and Tarantino convinced him not to sugarcoat it.[162] While filming, DiCaprio accidentally cut his hand on glass, but continued filming, and Tarantino elected to use the take in the final product.[163] The film received critical acclaim;[164] a writer for Wired magazine commended him for playing a villainous role and found his performance "blood-chilling".[165] The film earned DiCaprio a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.[166] Django Unchained grossed $425 million worldwide on a production budget of $100 million.[167]

 In January 2013, DiCaprio said he would take a long break from acting to "fly around the world doing good for the environment".[168] That year, he had four releases as an actor and a producer. His first was in the role of millionaire Jay Gatsby in Baz Luhrmann's The Great Gatsby, an adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel of the same name, co-starring Carey Mulligan and Tobey Maguire.[169] The film received mixed reviews from critics, but DiCaprio's performance was praised and earned him the AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role.[170][171] Critic Rafer Guzman of Newsday wrote that DiCaprio was not only "tough [...] but also vulnerable, touching, funny, a faker, a human. It's a tremendous, hard-won performance."[172] Matt Zoller Seitz of Roger Ebert's website described his performance as "the movie's greatest and simplest special effect", and "iconic—maybe his career best".[173] The film grossed $353 million worldwide, more than three times its budget.[174] Three films were produced by DiCaprio under Appian Way in 2013—the ensemble crime thriller Runner Runner, which The Guardian ' s Xan Brooks described as "a lazy, trashy film that barely goes through the motions";[175] the commercially failed thriller Out of the Furnace; and the black comedy-drama The Wolf of Wall Street.[176][177]

 DiCaprio reunited with Scorsese for the fifth time in The Wolf of the Wall Street, a film based on the life of stockbroker Jordan Belfort (played by DiCaprio), who was arrested in the late 1990s for securities fraud and money laundering.[178][179] DiCaprio wanted to play Belfort ever since he had read his autobiography and won a bidding war with Warner Bros. against Brad Pitt and Paramount Pictures for the rights to Belfort's memoir in 2007.[180][181] He was fond of Belfort's honest and unapologetic portrayal of his actual experiences in the book, and was inspired by the financial crisis of 2007–2008 to make the film.[109] The Wolf of Wall Street received positive reviews for Scorsese's and DiCaprio's work together.[182] The Hollywood Reporter 's Todd McCarthy lauded DiCaprio for fully realizing his character's potential with a carefree performance.[183] Jonathan Romney of Film Comment wrote that DiCaprio displays a great deal of comedic talent, excelling in "rubber-limbed slapstick" humor.[184] The film earned him the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and nominations for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, as well as Academy Awards for Best Actor and Best Picture.[185][186]

 2014–present: Environmental documentaries and awards success

 DiCaprio was an executive producer on Virunga, a 2014 British documentary film about four people fighting to protect the world's last mountain gorillas from war and poaching.[187] The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2014,[188] and DiCaprio was nominated for the 2015 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special.[189] Cowspiracy: The Sustainability Secret was another documentary film that year for which he was an executive producer—he took part in the new cut released exclusively on Netflix that September.[190] It explores the impact of animal agriculture on the environment.[191]

 DiCaprio at the French premiere of The Revenant in 2016

 In 2015, DiCaprio produced and played fur trapper Hugh Glass in Alejandro G. Iñárritu's survival drama The Revenant. DiCaprio found his role in the film difficult; he had to eat a raw slab of bison's liver and sleep in animal carcasses.[192][193] He also learned to shoot a musket, build a fire, speak two Native American languages (Pawnee and Arikara) and apply ancient healing techniques.[192] Built on a budget of $135 million, the film earned $533 million worldwide.[194] The film received positive reviews with particular praise for DiCaprio's acting.[195] Mark Kermode of The Guardian wrote that DiCaprio shone with a performance that prioritizes physicality over speech,[196] and Nick De Semlyen of Empire noted that he uplifted the film.[197] The film earned him numerous awards, including an Academy Award, a Golden Globe, a BAFTA, a Screen Actors Guild Award and a Critic's Choice Award for Best Actor.[198][199][200] For the next three years, DiCaprio narrated documentaries and served as a producer for films. In 2016, he was an executive producer for The Ivory Game and Catching the Sun;[177] he also produced, hosted and narrated the documentary Before the Flood about climate change.[201] He produced the crime drama Live by Night (2016), which received unenthusiastic reviews and failed to recoup its $65 million production budget.[177][202] His next production ventures were in 2018—the psychological horror Delirium and the commercially failed action–adventure Robin Hood.[203][204]

 After producing and narrating the 2019 global warming documentary Ice on Fire,[205] DiCaprio returned to acting following a four-year break in Quentin Tarantino's comedy-drama Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, which traces the relationship between Rick Dalton (DiCaprio), an aging television actor and his stuntman, Cliff Booth (Brad Pitt).[206] To help the film's financing, DiCaprio and Pitt agreed to take a pay cut, and they each received $10 million.[207] DiCaprio liked working with Pitt, and Tarantino described the pair as the most exciting since Robert Redford and Paul Newman.[208][209] DiCaprio was fascinated with the film's homage to Hollywood and focus on the friendship between his and Pitt's characters. He drew from real-life experience of witnessing the struggles and rejections of his actor friends in the industry.[209] The film premiered at the 2019 Cannes Film Festival, where critics praised his and Pitt's performances.[210] A writer for Business Insider called it one of the best performances of DiCaprio's career,[211] and Ian Sandwell of Digital Spy particularly liked the duo's chemistry, believing their scenes together to be some of the film's strongest parts.[212] DiCaprio received nominations for an Oscar, a Golden Globe, a BAFTA Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor.[213] The film earned $374 million against a budget of $90 million.[214]

 In 2020, DiCaprio served as an executive producer for The Right Stuff, a television series adaption of the 1973 namesake book. After being in development at National Geographic, it was released on Disney+.[215] That May, DiCaprio briefly featured in the finale of the miniseries The Last Dance.[216] In 2021, DiCaprio appeared in Adam McKay's satirical comedy Don't Look Up. He spent five months changing the film's script with McKay before agreeing to the part.[217] Starring alongside Jennifer Lawrence as two astronomers attempting to warn humanity about an extinction-level comet, DiCaprio saw this film as an analogy of the world's indifference to the climate crisis. As a frequent supporter of environmentalism, DiCaprio said he has often looked to star in and make films tackling issues related to it, something he found hard due to people's inability to listen. He praised McKay for envisioning a project on how humans would react to a serious issue from a political, social and scientific standpoint.[218] While reviews for the film were mixed, most critics praised DiCaprio's and Lawrence's performances;[219] journalists from Digital Spy and NDTV lauded their pairing.[220][221] DiCaprio earned nominations for a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award for the film.[222][223] It broke the record for the most views (152 million hours) in a single week in Netflix history.[224]

 DiCaprio next starred in Scorsese's crime drama Killers of the Flower Moon (2023) based on the book of the same name by David Grann,[225] for which he was paid $30 million.[226] Initially signed for the heroic part of FBI agent Thomas Bruce White Sr., DiCaprio insisted on playing the morally complex role of Ernest Burkhart, a nephew of murderer William King Hale, leading to extensive script rewrites.[227][228] Declaring it the best performance of DiCaprio's career, IndieWire's David Ehrlich wrote that "his nuanced and uncompromising turn as the cretinous Ernest Burkhart mines new wonders from the actor's long-standing lack of vanity".[229]

 Reception and acting style

 Early in his career, DiCaprio gained a reputation for his reckless behavior and intense partying with a group of male celebrities dubbed "the Pussy Posse" in the 1990s.[37][230] In an infamous article published by New York Magazine in 1998, journalist Nancy Jo Sales criticized the group as men whose pursuit was to "chase girls, pick fights and not tip the waitress".[231] During an unknown activity, DiCaprio got himself and friend Justin Herwick almost killed when his parachute failed to open, after which his instructor released an emergency core. In response, DiCaprio said he is fond of doing things that scare him. John McCain, who was a United States Senator for Arizona, called him "an androgynous wimp".[230] DiCaprio found people's perception of him exaggerated, adding, "They want you miserable, just like them. They don't want heroes; what they want is to see you fall."[10] Steven Spielberg, who directed him in Catch Me If You Can, defended DiCaprio's reputation as a "party boy", believing it is a common behavior for young people and describing him as a family-oriented person during the film's production.[232] Considering DiCaprio to be conscious of his public reputation, The New York Times ' Caryn James credited him as one of the few actors to use his stardom to further social causes.[50] Carole Cadwalladr of The Guardian said DiCaprio is "polite, charming, makes jokes, engages eye contact. And manages [...] to give almost no hint whatsoever of his actual personality."[233]

 "Life can get pretty monotonous. Acting is like living multiple lives. When you make a movie, you go off to different places, live different cultures, investigate somebody else's reality, and you try to manifest that to the best of your ability. It is incredibly eye-opening. That's why I love acting. There's nothing as transformative as what a film, a documentary, can do to get people to care about something else besides their own lives."

 —DiCaprio on his love of acting[20]

 DiCaprio is regarded as one of the finest actors of his generation.[b] In a 2022 readers' poll by Empire, he was voted one of the 50 greatest actors of all time. The magazine praised his willingness to "go to the ends of the earth (often literally) to get under his characters' skin".[238] Colin Covert of The Seattle Times similarly believed DiCaprio "redefines film stardom" through his willingness to take on challenging roles that few of his contemporaries are capable of performing.[239]

 Since his international stardom with Titanic (1997), he has admitted feeling nervous about starring in big-budget studio films because of their hype and marketing campaigns. As an actor, he views film as a "relevant art form, like a painting or sculpture. A hundred years from now, people will still be watching that movie."[2] He often plays roles based on real-life people and stories told in specific periods.[20][240] According to Caryn James, DiCaprio is unafraid of working with established directors on unconventional projects; taking such risks has led him to star in failed films like The Beach (2000),[50] but also his successful collaborations with Martin Scorsese.[241][242] DiCaprio has described his relationship with Scorsese as dreamlike and admires his knowledge of film, crediting the director with having taught him its history and importance.[233] Scorsese has commented on DiCaprio's ability to repeatedly demonstrate emotion on screen.[243] Jesse Hassenger of The A.V. Club considers the duo's collaborations—which earned them the 2013 National Board of Review (Spotlight Award)[244]—to be career-defining moments for both of them and as vital as Scorsese's acclaimed collaborations with Robert De Niro.[245]

 Author Michael K. Hammond wrote that DiCaprio built his star reputation by demonstrating his acting ability, and praised him for "revealing a character while concealing the actor" and "disappearing into [his] roles".[246] According to Agnieszka Holland, who directed DiCaprio in Total Eclipse (1995), DiCaprio is "one of the most mature actors" she has worked with and is "courageous" in his choice of roles.[247] Holland remarked that he does not rely on method acting but rather on a trick that allows him to truly "become the character".[247] Meryl Streep, who co-starred with DiCaprio in Marvin's Room, said he possesses the kind of unpredictability that makes his career difficult to classify, his life precarious and his work thrilling.[60] Writing for The Observer, film critic Philip French has asserted that many characters portrayed by DiCaprio are in the process of becoming men. He wrote that DiCaprio's inclination toward films about dysfunctional families and characters seeking father figures may allude to his own troubled childhood.[233] DiCaprio often plays characters who themselves are playing roles, which Caryn James says looks simple on screen but requires sophisticated acting.[50] He tends to play antiheroes and characters who lose their mental stability as the narrative progresses.[248][249] Derek Thompson of The Atlantic argued that DiCaprio gives his best performances when playing "frauds and cheats and double-crossing liars and mercenaries".[248]

 Several media publications, such as People,[250] Empire[251] and Harper's Bazaar,[252] have included DiCaprio in their listings of the most attractive actors. In 1998, he sued Playgirl magazine over plans to publish a fully nude picture of him.[253] He has said he does not believe in focusing on appearance—as this is only temporary and can negatively affect one's profession in the industry—and looks for career longevity instead.[254] In 2005, DiCaprio was made a commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Minister of Culture for his contributions to the arts.[255] In 2016, he was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine.[256] He was included on Forbes ' annual list of the world's highest-paid actors in 2008 and from 2010 to 2016 with respective earnings of $45 million, $28 million, $77 million, $37 million, $39 million, $39 million, $29 million and $27 million, topping the list in 2011. The magazine has commended DiCaprio's ability to star in risky, R-rated films that become box office successes.[257] The Hollywood Reporter listed him as one of the 100 most powerful people in entertainment from 2016 to 2019.[258] A writer for the same magazine credits DiCaprio as the rare actor to have a successful career "without ever having made a comic book movie, family film or pre-branded franchise. Leo is the franchise."[259] Stacey Wilson Hunt, analyzing his career in New York Magazine in 2016, opined DiCaprio, unlike most of his contemporaries, had not starred in a bad film in the previous ten years.[247] Of his success, DiCaprio says, "My attitude is the same as when I started. I feel very connected to that fifteen-year-old kid who got his first movie."[209]

 DiCaprio has named Robert De Niro and James Dean as two of his favorite and most influential actors, stating "There were a lot of great actors I really fell in love with, but if I were to pick two, from different generations, it would be De Niro and James Dean".[206] When asked about a performance that stayed with him the most, DiCaprio responded, "I remember being incredibly moved by Jimmy Dean, in East of Eden. There was something so raw and powerful about that performance. His vulnerability [...] his confusion about his entire history, his identity, his desperation to be loved. That performance just broke my heart."[260]

 Other ventures

 Activism

 "Climate change is real, it is happening right now. It is the most urgent threat facing our entire species, and we need to work collectively together and stop procrastinating. We need to support leaders around the world who do not speak for the big polluters, but who speak for all of humanity, for the indigenous people of the world, for the billions and billions of underprivileged people out there who would be most affected by this. For our children's children, and for those people out there whose voices have been drowned out by the politics of greed."

 —DiCaprio during his acceptance speech at the 88th Academy Awards, 2016[261]

 An active celebrity in the climate change movement,[262] DiCaprio believes global warming is the world's "number-one environmental challenge".[263] Eager to learn about ecology from an early age, he would watch documentaries on rainforest depletion and the loss of species and habitats.[264] In 1998, he established the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation, a non-profit organization devoted to promoting environmental awareness.[265] It supports organizations and campaigns committed to ensuring a viable future for planet Earth, and produced the short web documentaries Water Planet and Global Warning.[266] The foundation has also funded debt-for-nature swaps.[267] By 2018, the foundation had funded more than 200 projects, providing $100 million in support.[268] He has been an active supporter of numerous environmental organizations and sat on the board of the World Wildlife Fund and International Fund for Animal Welfare.[266][269]

 DiCaprio has owned environment-friendly electric-hybrid vehicles.[270] His use of private jets and large yachts have been criticized as hypocritical due to their large carbon footprints.[271][272] DiCaprio chaired the national Earth Day celebration in 2000 where he interviewed Bill Clinton and they discussed plans to deal with global warming and the environment.[273] He presented at the 2007 American leg of Live Earth.[274] DiCaprio donated $1 million to the Wildlife Conservation Society at Russia's Tiger Summit. DiCaprio's persistence in reaching the event after encountering two plane delays caused then Prime Minister Vladimir Putin to describe him as a "muzhik" or "real man".[275][276] In 2013, he organized a benefit fine art auction, "11th Hour", which raised nearly $38.8 million for his foundation.[277] In September 2014, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon designated DiCaprio as a United Nations Messenger of Peace with a focus on climate change.[278][279] Later that month, he made an opening statement to members of the UN Climate Summit; his speech reached an estimated one billion people worldwide.[280][281] In 2015, he announced his intention to divest from fossil fuels.[282] He again spoke at the UN in April 2016 prior to the signing of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.[283]

 U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and DiCaprio at the Our Ocean Conference in 2016

 At a 2016 meeting with Pope Francis, DiCaprio donated to charity and discussed environmental issues with him. A few days later, possibly influenced by this meeting, the Pope said he would act in a charity film.[c] DiCaprio traveled to Indonesia in early 2016 where he criticized the government's palm oil industry's slash-and-burn forest clearing methods.[285] In July 2016, his foundation donated $15.6 million to help protect wildlife and the rights of Native Americans, along with mitigating climate change.[286] That October, DiCaprio joined Mark Ruffalo in support of the Standing Rock tribe's opposition to the Dakota Access Pipeline.[287]

 In April 2017, DiCaprio protested against President Donald Trump's inaction on climate change by attending the People's Climate March.[288] In July, a charity auction and celebrity concert arranged by DiCaprio's foundation had raised over $30 million in one night.[289] The DiCaprio foundation donated $100 million in December 2018 to fight climate change.[290] In May 2021, DiCaprio pledged $43 million to enact conservation operations across the Galápagos Islands.[291]

 Political views

 DiCaprio endorsed Hillary Clinton for the 2016 presidential election.[292] In March 2020, DiCaprio attended a fundraiser for Joe Biden at the home of Paramount Pictures executive Sherry Lansing.[293] Prior to the 2020 election, DiCaprio narrated a Netflix documentary series about voting rights, stating, "All of us may have been created equal. But we'll never actually be equal until we all vote. So don't wait."[294] On social media, DiCaprio urged voters to make a plan to cast their ballots[295] and to draw attention to voter suppression[296] and restrictive voter ID laws, citing VoteRiders as a source of information and assistance.[297]

 In 2023, DiCaprio testified during the trial against Prakazrel Michel, who is being accused of participating in a foreign influence campaign that was aimed at the Obama and Trump administrations.[298]

 Philanthropy

 In 1998, DiCaprio and his mother donated $35,000 for a "Leonardo DiCaprio Computer Center" at a library in Los Feliz.[299] In May 2009, DiCaprio joined Kate Winslet, director James Cameron and Canadian singer Celine Dion, in a campaign to raise money to financially support the fees of the nursing home where Millvina Dean, a survivor of the RMS Titanic, was residing. DiCaprio and Winslet donated $20,000 to support Dean.[300] In 2010, he donated $1 million to relief efforts in Haiti after the earthquake.[301] In 2011, DiCaprio joined the Animal Legal Defense Fund's campaign to release Tony, a tiger that had spent the last decade at a truck stop in Grosse Tête, Louisiana.[302] DiCaprio donated $61,000 to the gay rights group GLAAD in 2013.[303]

 In 2016, DiCaprio donated $65,000 to the annual fundraising gala for the Children of Armenia Fund, where he was a special guest of his friend and honorary chair, Tony Shafrazi.[304] Supporting Hurricane Harvey (2017) relief efforts, DiCaprio provided $1 million through his foundation.[305] In 2020, DiCaprio's foundation donated $3 million to Australia bushfire relief efforts.[306] Amidst the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the media announced DiCaprio donated $10 million to support Ukraine,[d][308] although the news agency Associated Press suggested this amount was inaccurate.[307]

 Personal life

 DiCaprio in 2008

 DiCaprio is agnostic but does not identify as an atheist.[309] His personal life is the subject of widespread media attention.[310] He rarely grants interviews and is reluctant to discuss his private life.[247][311] DiCaprio has been the focus of various reports detailing his involvement with women aged 25 or younger, and has faced criticism for those relationships.[e][f][318] In 1999, DiCaprio met Brazilian model Gisele Bündchen, whom he dated until 2005.[319] He was romantically involved with Israeli model Bar Refaeli from 2005 to 2011. He later dated German fashion model Toni Garrn from 2013 to 2014 and later in 2017.[320] DiCaprio was in a relationship with American model and actress Camila Morrone from c. 2017 until 2022.[321][322]

 DiCaprio owns houses in Los Angeles and apartments in New York City.[323] In 2009, he bought an island, Blackadore Caye, off mainland Belize—on which he is set to open an environment-friendly resort[324][325]—and in 2014, he purchased the original Dinah Shore residence designed by architect Donald Wexler in Palm Springs, California.[326]

 In 2005, DiCaprio's face was severely injured when model Aretha Wilson hit him over the head with a broken bottle at a Hollywood party. As a result, he required seventeen stitches to his face and neck.[327] Wilson pleaded guilty to the assault and was sentenced in 2010 to two years in prison.[328]

 In 2017, when The Wolf of Wall Street producer Red Granite Pictures was involved in the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, DiCaprio turned over the gifts he received from business associates at the production company, including from fugitive businessman Jho Low, to the US government.[329][330] These included a Best Actor Oscar trophy won by Marlon Brando, a $3.2 million Pablo Picasso painting and a $9 million Jean-Michel Basquiat collage.[331]

 Filmography and accolades

 Main articles: Leonardo DiCaprio filmography and List of awards and nominations received by Leonardo DiCaprio

 According to the online portal Box Office Mojo and the review aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, DiCaprio's most critically and commercially successful films include What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), Romeo + Juliet (1996), Titanic (1997), Catch Me If You Can (2002), Gangs of New York (2002), The Aviator (2004), The Departed (2006), Blood Diamond (2006), Shutter Island (2010), Inception (2010), Django Unchained (2012), The Great Gatsby (2013), The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), The Revenant (2015) and Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019). His films have grossed $7.2 billion worldwide.[101][332]

 DiCaprio has been recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for the following performances:[333][198][213]

 * 66th Academy Awards (1994): Best Supporting Actor, nomination, for What's Eating Gilbert Grape
 * 77th Academy Awards (2005): Best Actor, nomination, for The Aviator
 * 79th Academy Awards (2007): Best Actor, nomination, for Blood Diamond
 * 86th Academy Awards (2014): Best Picture and Best Actor, nominations, for The Wolf of Wall Street
 * 88th Academy Awards (2016): Best Actor, win, for The Revenant
 * 92nd Academy Awards (2020): Best Actor, nomination, for Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

 DiCaprio has won three Golden Globe Awards: Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama for The Aviator and The Revenant and Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for The Wolf of Wall Street,[334] as well as a BAFTA Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor for The Revenant.[335][199]

 See also

 * List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees – Youngest nominees for Best Actor in a Supporting Role
 * List of actors with Academy Award nominations
 * List of actors with two or more Academy Awards nominations in acting categories
 * List of Golden Globe winners
 * Grouvellinus leonardodicaprioi, a beetle named after DiCaprio
 * Spintharus leonardodicaprioi, a spider named after DiCaprio

 Notes

 1. ^ Titanic grossed $1.84 billion at the time of its release. After a re-release in 3D in 2012, it earned an additional $343.6 million worldwide, totaling up to $2.18 billion. [70][71]
 2. ^ Attributed to multiple references [211][234][235][236][237]
 3. ^ The Pope appeared in the faith-based charity film Beyond the Sun , whose profits were donated to charities in Argentina. [284]
 4. ^ DiCaprio donated to humanitarian groups, including CARE , International Rescue Committee , the United Nation's High Commissioner for Refugees and Save the Children . [307]
 5. ^ These criticisms include a reference in Taylor Swift 's song " The Man ", [312] as well as jokes made by hosts of the Golden Globe Awards in 2014 , [313] and in 2020[314][315] and at the 94th Academy Awards . [316]
 6. ^ In 2019, Camila Morrone addressed the criticism as follows: "There's so many relationships in Hollywood – and in the history of the world – where people have large age gaps [...] I just think anyone should be able to date who they want to date". [317]

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 302. ^ Franzetta, Lisa (April 29, 2011). "Leonardo Speaks Out For Tony: 'We Need to Act Now'". Animal Legal Defense Fund. Archived from the original on August 7, 2013 . Retrieved April 29, 2011 .
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 306. ^ Petski, Denise (January 10, 2020). "Leonardo DiCaprio's Foundation to Donate $3 Million to Australia Wildfire Relief Efforts". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on January 10, 2020 . Retrieved January 10, 2020 .
 307. ^ a b Coyle, Jake (March 10, 2022). "DiCaprio Donates to Ukraine, but Earlier Reports False". AP News. Archived from the original on March 11, 2022 . Retrieved March 11, 2022 .
 308. ^ "Leonardo DiCaprio Donates $10 Million to His Grandmother's Homeland Ukraine". Hindustan Times. Asian News International. March 8, 2022. Archived from the original on March 8, 2022 . Retrieved March 9, 2022 .
 309. ^ Hiatt, Brian (August 5, 2010). "Leonardo DiCaprio Faces His Demons". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 6, 2023 . Retrieved July 29, 2023 . "I'm not an atheist, I'm agnostic. What I honestly think about is the planet, not my specific spiritual soul floating around. I know that sounds slightly eco-boy, but I think about the idea that there's going to be a mass extinction, and then something else is going to evolve."
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 312. ^ Pollard, Alexandra (August 23, 2019). "Taylor Swift, Lover Review: The Sound of an Artist Excited to Be Earnest Again". The Independent. Archived from the original on August 23, 2019 . Retrieved January 31, 2022 .
 313. ^ Hare, Breeanna (January 13, 2014). "Golden Globes: Tina Fey and Amy Poehler's Best Jokes". CNN. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020 . Retrieved January 13, 2020 .
 314. ^ "Leonardo DiCaprio Laughs Off Ricky Gervais' Joke at Golden Globes". Variety. January 6, 2020. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020 . Retrieved January 13, 2020 .
 315. ^ Jones, Allie (June 5, 2019). "Extremely Blonde and Disturbingly Young: The Anatomy of a Leonardo DiCaprio Relationship". Vice. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020 . Retrieved January 14, 2020 .
 316. ^ Stolworthy, Jacob (March 28, 2022). "Oscars 2022: Amy Schumer Joke About Leonardo DiCaprio and His 'Girlfriends' Draws Gasps". The Independent. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022 . Retrieved March 30, 2022 .
 317. ^ "Camila Morrone Doesn't Always Want to Talk About Leonardo DiCaprio. But She Understands Why People Ask". Los Angeles Times. December 3, 2019. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022 . Retrieved September 6, 2022 .
 318. ^ Mahdawi, Arwa (September 3, 2022). "Leonardo DiCaprio, Why Don't You Date Someone Your Own Age?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022 . Retrieved September 6, 2022 .
 319. ^ Wallace, Francesca (September 27, 2018). "Gisele Bündchen Finally Opened Up About Why She and Leonardo DiCaprio Broke Up in 2005". Vogue Australia. Archived from the original on August 5, 2019 . Retrieved August 5, 2019 .
 320. ^ Torres, Libby (September 11, 2022). "Leonardo DiCaprio Has Been Romantically Linked to Everyone From Blake Lively to Rihanna. Here's a Complete History of His Relationships". Insider Inc. Archived from the original on July 30, 2023 . Retrieved March 9, 2023 .
 321. ^ "Another Breakup for Leonardo DiCaprio, Netizens Say He Doesn't Date Anyone Over 25". The Indian Express. September 2, 2022. Archived from the original on September 2, 2022 . Retrieved September 3, 2022 .
 322. ^ Baker-Whitelaw, Gavia (August 31, 2022). "'Will You Still Love Me When I'm No Longer Young and Beautiful?': Leonardo DiCaprio's '25th Birthday Rule' Strikes Again After Camila Morrone". The Daily Dot. Archived from the original on September 3, 2022 . Retrieved September 4, 2022 .
 323. ^ Halberg, Morgan (December 13, 2021). "Leonardo DiCaprio Paid $9.9 Million for a Remodeled Beverly Hills Home". The New York Observer. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023 . Retrieved March 2, 2023 .
 324. ^ Satow, Julie (April 3, 2015). "Leonardo DiCaprio Builds an Eco-Resort". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017 . Retrieved October 22, 2016 .
 325. ^ Bown, Jessica (May 31, 2019). "The Sea-Cooled Eco-Resort That's Nearly Mosquito-Free". BBC News. Archived from the original on October 2, 2019 . Retrieved October 29, 2019 .
 326. ^ Beale, Lauren (March 7, 2014). "Leonardo DiCaprio Buys Dinah Shore's Onetime Desert Home". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 6, 2015 . Retrieved August 11, 2015 .
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 Cited sources

 * Block, Alex Ben; Wilson, Lucy Autrey, eds. (2010). George Lucas's Blockbusting: A Decade-By-Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-061-77889-6.
 * Erdős, László (2019). "Greening Hollywood – the Activism of Leonardo DiCaprio". Green Heroes. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 217–221. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31806-2_43. ISBN 978-3-030-31805-5. S2CID 213723782.
 * Hammond, Michael K. (2012). "Leonardo DiCaprio and Sean Penn: Acting Authentic". In Pomerance, Murray (ed.). Shining in Shadows: Movie Stars of the 2000s. Rutgers University Press. pp. 166–181. ISBN 978-0-81355-216-3.
 * Mooney, William H. (2021). "Citizen Kane (1941) and Baz Luhrmann's the Great Gatsby (2013)". Adaptation and the New Art Film. Palgrave Studies in Adaptation and Visual Culture. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 237–268. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62934-2_9. ISBN 978-3-030-62933-5. S2CID 238014709.
 * Muir, John Kenneth (2004). The Unseen Force: The Films of Sam Raimi. Applause: Theatre & Cinema Books. ISBN 978-1-55783-607-6.
 * Müller, Jürgen (2001). Movies of the 90s. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-5878-3.
 * Nash, Melanie; Lahti, Marti (1999). "The Paradoxes of Girls' Fandom". In Sandler, Kevin S.; Studlar, Gaylyn (eds.). Titanic: Anatomy of a Blockbuster. Rutgers University Press. pp. 64–88. ISBN 978-0-8135-2669-0.
 * Neibaur, James L. (2016). The Essential Jack Nicholson. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-6989-7.
 * Ochoa, George (2011). Deformed and Destructive Beings: The Purpose of Horror Films. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-8654-0.
 * Pomerance, Murray (2012). "Leonardo DiCaprio: King of the 'World'". In Everett, Anna (ed.). Pretty People: Movie Stars of the 1990s. Rutgers University Press. pp. 103–122. doi:10.36019/9780813553252-007. ISBN 9780813553252. S2CID 225038492.
 * Romney, Jonathan (2014). "The Man Who Sold the World". Film Comment. 50 (1): 22–27. JSTOR 43459881.
 * Schwartz, David; Ryan, Steve; Wostbrock, Fred (1999). The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows, 3rd Edition. Checkmark Books. ISBN 978-0-8160-3847-3.
 * Todd, Erica (2014). Passionate Love and Popular Cinema. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781137295385. ISBN 978-1-349-45183-8.
 * Wight, Douglas (2012). Leonardo DiCaprio – The Biography. John Blake Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78219-859-8.

 External links

 Leonardo DiCaprio at Wikipedia's sister projects
 * Media from Commons
 * News from Wikinews
 * Quotations from Wikiquote
 * Data from Wikidata
 * Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation
 * Leonardo DiCaprio at IMDb
 * Leonardo DiCaprio at Rotten Tomatoes
 * Leonardo DiCaprio on Instagram
 * v 
 * t 
 * e 
 Leonardo DiCaprio
 * Filmography 
 * Accolades 
 Screenwriter * The 11th Hour (2007)
 * Greensburg (2008) 
  
 * Gardener of Eden (2007) 
 * Orphan (2009) 
 * Red Riding Hood (2011) 
 * Runner Runner (2013) 
 Producer * Out of the Furnace (2013) 
 * The Wolf of Wall Street (2013) 
 * Before the Flood (2016) 
 * Live by Night (2016) 
 * Delirium (2018) 
 * Robin Hood (2018) 
 * Ice on Fire (2019) 
 * Richard Jewell (2019) 
 * Appian Way Productions 
 * George DiCaprio (father) 
 Related * Martin Scorsese and Leonardo DiCaprio 
 * Grouvellinus leonardodicaprioi 
 * Spintharus leonardodicaprioi 
 Category 
 
 Awards for Leonardo DiCaprio    
 * v    
 * t    
 * e    
 Academy Award for Best Actor    
 * Emil Jannings (1928)   
 * Warner Baxter (1929)   
 * George Arliss (1930)   
 * Lionel Barrymore (1931)   
 * Fredric March / Wallace Beery (1932)   
 * Charles Laughton (1933)   
 * Clark Gable (1934)   
 * Victor McLaglen (1935)   
 * Paul Muni (1936)   
 * Spencer Tracy (1937)   
 * Spencer Tracy (1938)   
 1928–1950 * Robert Donat (1939)   
 * James Stewart (1940)   
 * Gary Cooper (1941)   
 * James Cagney (1942)   
 * Paul Lukas (1943)   
 * Bing Crosby (1944)   
 * Ray Milland (1945)   
 * Fredric March (1946)   
 * Ronald Colman (1947)   
 * Laurence Olivier (1948)   
 * Broderick Crawford (1949)   
 * José Ferrer (1950)   
 * Humphrey Bogart (1951)   
 * Gary Cooper (1952)   
 * William Holden (1953)   
 * Marlon Brando (1954)   
 * Ernest Borgnine (1955)   
 * Yul Brynner (1956)   
 * Alec Guinness (1957)   
 * David Niven (1958)   
 * Charlton Heston (1959)   
 * Burt Lancaster (1960)   
 * Maximilian Schell (1961)   
 * Gregory Peck (1962)   
 1951–1975 * Sidney Poitier (1963)   
 * Rex Harrison (1964)   
 * Lee Marvin (1965)   
 * Paul Scofield (1966)   
 * Rod Steiger (1967)   
 * Cliff Robertson (1968)   
 * John Wayne (1969)   
 * George C. Scott1 (1970)   
 * Gene Hackman (1971)   
 * Marlon Brando1 (1972)   
 * Jack Lemmon (1973)   
 * Art Carney (1974)   
 * Jack Nicholson (1975)   
 * Peter Finch (1976)   
 * Richard Dreyfuss (1977)   
 * Jon Voight (1978)   
 * Dustin Hoffman (1979)   
 * Robert De Niro (1980)   
 * Henry Fonda (1981)   
 * Ben Kingsley (1982)   
 * Robert Duvall (1983)   
 * F. Murray Abraham (1984)   
 * William Hurt (1985)   
 * Paul Newman (1986)   
 * Michael Douglas (1987)   
 1976–2000 * Dustin Hoffman (1988)   
 * Daniel Day-Lewis (1989)   
 * Jeremy Irons (1990)   
 * Anthony Hopkins (1991)   
 * Al Pacino (1992)   
 * Tom Hanks (1993)   
 * Tom Hanks (1994)   
 * Nicolas Cage (1995)   
 * Geoffrey Rush (1996)   
 * Jack Nicholson (1997)   
 * Roberto Benigni (1998)   
 * Kevin Spacey (1999)   
 * Russell Crowe (2000)   
 * Denzel Washington (2001)   
 * Adrien Brody (2002)   
 * Sean Penn (2003)   
 * Jamie Foxx (2004)   
 * Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005)   
 * Forest Whitaker (2006)   
 * Daniel Day-Lewis (2007)   
 * Sean Penn (2008)   
 * Jeff Bridges (2009)   
 * Colin Firth (2010)   
 2001–present * Jean Dujardin (2011)   
 * Daniel Day-Lewis (2012)   
 * Matthew McConaughey (2013)   
 * Eddie Redmayne (2014)   
 * Leonardo DiCaprio (2015)   
 * Casey Affleck (2016)   
 * Gary Oldman (2017)   
 * Rami Malek (2018)   
 * Joaquin Phoenix (2019)   
 * Anthony Hopkins (2020)   
 * Will Smith (2021)   
 * Brendan Fraser (2022)   
 1 refused award that year    
     
 * v    
 * t    
 * e    
 AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role    
  * Bruce Spence (1972)   
  * Robert McDarra (1973)   
  * Jack Thompson (1974)   
  * Martin Vaughan (1975)   
  * Simon Burke and Nick Tate (1976)   
  * John Meillon (1977)   
  * Bill Hunter (1978)   
  * Mel Gibson (1979)   
  * Jack Thompson (1980)   
  * Mel Gibson (1981)   
  * Ray Barrett (1982)   
  * Norman Kaye (1983)   
  * John Hargreaves (1984)   
  * Chris Haywood (1985)   
 1972–2000 * Colin Friels (1986)   
  * Leo McKern (1987)   
  * John Waters (1988)   
  * Sam Neill (1989)   
  * Max von Sydow (1990)   
  * Hugo Weaving (1991)   
  * Russell Crowe (1992)   
  * Harvey Keitel (1993)   
  * Nicholas Hope (1994)   
  * John Lynch (1995)   
  * Geoffrey Rush (1996)   
  * Richard Roxburgh (1997)   
  * Hugo Weaving (1998)   
  * Russell Dykstra (1999)   
  * Eric Bana (2000)   
  * Anthony LaPaglia (2001)   
  * David Gulpilil (2002)   
  * David Wenham (2003)   
  * Sam Worthington (2004)   
  * Hugo Weaving (2005)   
  * Shane Jacobson (2006)   
  * Eric Bana (2007)   
  * William McInnes (2008)   
  * Anthony LaPaglia (2009)   
  * Ben Mendelsohn (2010)   
 2001–present * Daniel Henshall (2011)   
  * Chris O'Dowd (2012)   
  * Leonardo DiCaprio (2013)   
  * David Gulpilil (2014)   
  * Michael Caton (2015)   
  * Andrew Garfield (2016)   
  * Sunny Pawar (2017)   
  * Hamilton Morris (2018)   
  * Damon Herriman (2019)   
  * Toby Wallace (2020)   
  * Caleb Landry Jones (2021)   
  * Austin Butler (2022)   
     
 * v    
 * t    
 * e    
 AACTA International Award for Best Actor    
 * Jean Dujardin (2011)    
 * Daniel Day-Lewis (2012)    
 * Chiwetel Ejiofor (2013)    
 * Michael Keaton (2014)    
 * Leonardo DiCaprio (2015)    
 * Casey Affleck (2016)    
 * Gary Oldman (2017)    
 * Rami Malek (2018)    
 * Adam Driver (2019)    
 * Chadwick Boseman (2020)    
 * Benedict Cumberbatch (2021)    
 * Austin Butler (2022)    
     
 * v    
 * t    
 * e    
 BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role    
  * Ralph Richardson (1952)   
  * John Gielgud (1953)   
  * Kenneth More (1954)   
  * Laurence Olivier (1955)   
  * Peter Finch (1956)   
  * Alec Guinness (1957)   
  * Trevor Howard (1958)   
  British * Peter Sellers (1959)   
  * Peter Finch (1960)   
  * Peter Finch (1961)   
  * Peter O'Toole (1962)   
  * Dirk Bogarde (1963)   
  * Richard Attenborough (1964)   
  * Dirk Bogarde (1965)   
  * Richard Burton (1966)   
  * Paul Scofield (1967)   
 1952–1967 * Marlon Brando (1952)   
  * Marlon Brando (1953)   
  * Marlon Brando (1954)   
  * Ernest Borgnine (1955)   
  * François Périer (1956)   
  * Henry Fonda (1957)   
  * Sidney Poitier (1958)   
  Foreign * Jack Lemmon (1959)   
  * Jack Lemmon (1960)   
  * Paul Newman (1961)   
  * Burt Lancaster (1962)   
  * Marcello Mastroianni (1963)   
  * Marcello Mastroianni (1964)   
  * Lee Marvin (1965)   
  * Rod Steiger (1966)   
  * Rod Steiger (1967)   
     
  * Spencer Tracy (1968)   
  * Dustin Hoffman (1969)   
  * Robert Redford (1970)   
  * Peter Finch (1971)   
  * Gene Hackman (1972)   
  * Walter Matthau (1973)   
  * Jack Nicholson (1974)   
  * Al Pacino (1975)   
  * Jack Nicholson (1976)   
  * Peter Finch (1977)   
  * Richard Dreyfuss (1978)   
  * Jack Lemmon (1979)   
  * John Hurt (1980)   
  * Burt Lancaster (1981)   
  * Ben Kingsley (1982)   
  * Michael Caine / Dustin Hoffman (1983)   
  * Haing S. Ngor (1984)   
  * William Hurt (1985)   
  * Bob Hoskins (1986)   
  * Sean Connery (1987)   
  * John Cleese (1988)   
  * Daniel Day-Lewis (1989)   
  * Philippe Noiret (1990)   
  * Anthony Hopkins (1991)   
  * Robert Downey Jr. (1992)   
  * Anthony Hopkins (1993)   
  * Hugh Grant (1994)   
 1968–present * Nigel Hawthorne (1995)   
  * Geoffrey Rush (1996)   
  * Robert Carlyle (1997)   
  * Roberto Benigni (1998)   
  * Kevin Spacey (1999)   
  * Jamie Bell (2000)   
  * Russell Crowe (2001)   
  * Daniel Day-Lewis (2002)   
  * Bill Murray (2003)   
  * Jamie Foxx (2004)   
  * Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005)   
  * Forest Whitaker (2006)   
  * Daniel Day-Lewis (2007)   
  * Mickey Rourke (2008)   
  * Colin Firth (2009)   
  * Colin Firth (2010)   
  * Jean Dujardin (2011)   
  * Daniel Day-Lewis (2012)   
  * Chiwetel Ejiofor (2013)   
  * Eddie Redmayne (2014)   
  * Leonardo DiCaprio (2015)   
  * Casey Affleck (2016)   
  * Gary Oldman (2017)   
  * Rami Malek (2018)   
  * Joaquin Phoenix (2019)   
  * Anthony Hopkins (2020)   
  * Will Smith (2021)   
  * Austin Butler (2022)   
     
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 Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor   
  * Robert De Niro (1980)   
  * Burt Lancaster (1981)   
  * Dustin Hoffman (1982)   
  * Eric Roberts (1983)   
  * Haing S. Ngor (1984)   
  * Jack Nicholson (1985)   
  * Bob Hoskins (1986)   
  * Albert Brooks (1987)   
  * Daniel Day-Lewis (1988)   
  * Daniel Day-Lewis (1989)   
 1980–2000 * Jeremy Irons (1990)   
  * Nick Nolte (1991)   
  * Denzel Washington (1992)   
  * Daniel Day-Lewis (1993)   
  * Albert Finney (1994)   
  * Nicolas Cage (1995)   
  * Geoffrey Rush (1996)   
  * Al Pacino (1997)   
  * Brendan Gleeson (1998)   
  * Jim Carrey (1999)   
  * Colin Farrell (2000)   
  * Brian Cox / Denzel Washington (2001)   
  * Adrien Brody (2002)   
  * Bill Murray (2003)   
  * Jamie Foxx (2004)   
  * Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005)   
  * Forest Whitaker (2006)   
  * Frank Langella (2007)   
  * Sean Penn / Mickey Rourke (2008)   
  * Jeremy Renner (2009)   
  * Jesse Eisenberg (2010)   
 2001–present * Brad Pitt (2011)   
  * Daniel Day-Lewis (2012)   
  * Chiwetel Ejiofor (2013)   
  * Michael Keaton (2014)   
  * Paul Dano / Leonardo DiCaprio (2015)   
  * Casey Affleck (2016)   
  * Daniel Kaluuya (2017)   
  * John C. Reilly (2018)   
  * Adam Sandler (2019)   
  * Anthony Hopkins (2020)   
  * Hidetoshi Nishijima (2021)   
  * Colin Farrell (2022)   
     
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 Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor   
 * Jeremy Irons (1988)    
 * Tom Cruise (1989)    
 * Jeremy Irons (1990)    
 * Anthony Hopkins (1991)    
 * Denzel Washington (1992)    
 * Liam Neeson (1993)    
 * Tom Hanks (1994)    
 * Nicolas Cage (1995)    
 * Billy Bob Thornton (1996)    
 * Robert Duvall (1997)    
 * Ian McKellen (1998)    
 * Russell Crowe (1999)    
 * Tom Hanks (2000)    
 * Gene Hackman (2001)    
 * Daniel Day-Lewis (2002)    
 * Bill Murray (2003)    
 * Paul Giamatti (2004)    
 * Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005)    
 * Forest Whitaker (2006)    
 * Daniel Day-Lewis (2007)    
 * Mickey Rourke (2008)    
 * Jeremy Renner (2009)    
 * Colin Firth (2010)    
 * Michael Shannon (2011)    
 * Daniel Day-Lewis (2012)    
 * Chiwetel Ejiofor (2013)    
 * Michael Keaton (2014)    
 * Leonardo DiCaprio (2015)    
 * Casey Affleck (2016)    
 * Timothée Chalamet (2017)    
 * Ethan Hawke (2018)    
 * Adam Driver (2019)    
 * Chadwick Boseman (2020)    
 * Benedict Cumberbatch (2021)    
 * Colin Farrell (2022)    
     
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 Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor   
 * Kevin Bacon (1995)    
 * Geoffrey Rush (1996)    
 * Jack Nicholson (1997)    
 * Ian McKellen (1998)    
 * Russell Crowe (1999)    
 * Russell Crowe (2000)    
 * Russell Crowe (2001)    
 * Daniel Day-Lewis / Jack Nicholson (2002)   
 * Sean Penn (2003)    
 * Jamie Foxx (2004)    
 * Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005)    
 * Forest Whitaker (2006)    
 * Daniel Day-Lewis (2007)    
 * Sean Penn (2008)    
 * Jeff Bridges (2009)    
 * Colin Firth (2010)    
 * George Clooney (2011)    
 * Daniel Day-Lewis (2012)    
 * Matthew McConaughey (2013)    
 * Michael Keaton (2014)    
 * Leonardo DiCaprio (2015)    
 * Casey Affleck (2016)    
 * Gary Oldman (2017)    
 * Christian Bale (2018)    
 * Joaquin Phoenix (2019)    
 * Chadwick Boseman (2020)    
 * Will Smith (2021)    
 * Brendan Fraser (2022)    
     
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 Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor in a Comedy   
 * Bradley Cooper (2012)    
 * Leonardo DiCaprio (2013)    
 * Michael Keaton (2014)    
 * Christian Bale (2015)    
 * Ryan Reynolds (2016)    
 * James Franco (2017)    
 * Christian Bale (2018)    
     
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 * e    
 Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor   
 * Jeremy Irons (1990)    
 * Anthony Hopkins (1991)    
 * Denzel Washington (1992)    
 * Anthony Hopkins (1993)    
 * Tom Hanks (1994)    
 * Nicolas Cage (1995)    
 * Geoffrey Rush (1996)    
 * Peter Fonda (1997)    
 * Jim Carrey (1998)    
 * Kevin Spacey (1999)    
 * Russell Crowe (2000)    
 * Russell Crowe (2001)    
 * Jack Nicholson (2002)    
 * Sean Penn (2003)    
 * Paul Giamatti (2004)    
 * Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005)    
 * Forest Whitaker (2006)    
 * Daniel Day-Lewis (2007)    
 * Sean Penn (2008)    
 * George Clooney (2009)    
 * James Franco (2010)    
 * George Clooney (2011)    
 * Daniel Day-Lewis (2012)    
 * Matthew McConaughey (2013)    
 * Michael Keaton (2014)    
 * Leonardo DiCaprio (2015)    
 * Casey Affleck (2016)    
 * Gary Oldman (2017)    
 * Christian Bale (2018)    
 * Adam Driver (2019)    
 * Chadwick Boseman (2020)    
 * Benedict Cumberbatch (2021)    
 * Colin Farrell (2022)    
     
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 Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama   
  * Paul Lukas (1943)   
  * Alexander Knox (1944)   
  * Ray Milland (1945)   
  * Gregory Peck (1946)   
  * Ronald Colman (1947)   
  * Laurence Olivier (1948)   
  * Broderick Crawford (1949)   
  * José Ferrer (1950)   
  * Fredric March (1951)   
  * Gary Cooper (1952)   
  * Spencer Tracy (1953)   
  * Marlon Brando (1954)   
  * Ernest Borgnine (1955)   
  * Kirk Douglas (1956)   
  * Alec Guinness (1957)   
  * David Niven (1958)   
 1943–1975 * Anthony Franciosa (1959)   
  * Burt Lancaster (1960)   
  * Maximilian Schell (1961)   
  * Gregory Peck (1962)   
  * Sidney Poitier (1963)   
  * Peter O'Toole (1964)   
  * Omar Sharif (1965)   
  * Paul Scofield (1966)   
  * Rod Steiger (1967)   
  * Peter O'Toole (1968)   
  * John Wayne (1969)   
  * George C. Scott (1970)   
  * Gene Hackman (1971)   
  * Marlon Brando (1972)   
  * Al Pacino (1973)   
  * Jack Nicholson (1974)   
  * Jack Nicholson (1975)   
  * Peter Finch (1976)   
  * Richard Burton (1977)   
  * Jon Voight (1978)   
  * Dustin Hoffman (1979)   
  * Robert De Niro (1980)   
  * Henry Fonda (1981)   
  * Ben Kingsley (1982)   
  * Robert Duvall / Tom Courtenay (1983)  
  * F. Murray Abraham (1984)   
  * Jon Voight (1985)   
  * Bob Hoskins (1986)   
  * Michael Douglas (1987)   
 1976–2000 * Dustin Hoffman (1988)   
  * Tom Cruise (1989)   
  * Jeremy Irons (1990)   
  * Nick Nolte (1991)   
  * Al Pacino (1992)   
  * Tom Hanks (1993)   
  * Tom Hanks (1994)   
  * Nicolas Cage (1995)   
  * Geoffrey Rush (1996)   
  * Peter Fonda (1997)   
  * Jim Carrey (1998)   
  * Denzel Washington (1999)   
  * Tom Hanks (2000)   
  * Russell Crowe (2001)   
  * Jack Nicholson (2002)   
  * Sean Penn (2003)   
  * Leonardo DiCaprio (2004)   
  * Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005)  
  * Forest Whitaker (2006)   
  * Daniel Day-Lewis (2007)   
  * Mickey Rourke (2008)   
  * Jeff Bridges (2009)   
  * Colin Firth (2010)   
 2001–present * George Clooney (2011)   
  * Daniel Day-Lewis (2012)   
  * Matthew McConaughey (2013)   
  * Eddie Redmayne (2014)   
  * Leonardo DiCaprio (2015)   
  * Casey Affleck (2016)   
  * Gary Oldman (2017)   
  * Rami Malek (2018)   
  * Joaquin Phoenix (2019)   
  * Chadwick Boseman (2020)   
  * Will Smith (2021)   
  * Austin Butler (2022)   
     
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 Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy   
  * Fred Astaire (1949)  
  * Danny Kaye (1951)  
  * Donald O'Connor (1952)  
  * David Niven (1953)  
  * James Mason (1954)  
  * Tom Ewell (1955)  
  * Mario Moreno (1956)  
  * Frank Sinatra (1957)  
  * Danny Kaye (1958)  
  * Jack Lemmon (1959)  
  * Jack Lemmon (1960)  
  * Glenn Ford (1961)  
 1950–1976  * Marcello Mastroianni (1962)  
  * Alberto Sordi (1963)  
  * Rex Harrison (1964)  
  * Lee Marvin (1965)  
  * Alan Arkin (1966)  
  * Richard Harris (1967)  
  * Ron Moody (1968)  
  * Peter O'Toole (1969)  
  * Albert Finney (1970)  
  * Chaim Topol (1971)  
  * Jack Lemmon (1972)  
  * George Segal (1973)  
  * Art Carney (1974)  
  * George Burns / Walter Matthau (1975)  
  * Kris Kristofferson (1976)  
  * Richard Dreyfuss (1977)  
  * Warren Beatty (1978)  
  * Peter Sellers (1979)  
  * Ray Sharkey (1980)  
  * Dudley Moore (1981)  
  * Dustin Hoffman (1982)  
  * Michael Caine (1983)  
  * Dudley Moore (1984)  
  * Jack Nicholson (1985)  
  * Paul Hogan (1986)  
  * Robin Williams (1987)  
 1976–2000  * Tom Hanks (1988)  
  * Morgan Freeman (1989)  
  * Gérard Depardieu (1990)  
  * Robin Williams (1991)  
  * Tim Robbins (1992)  
  * Robin Williams (1993)  
  * Hugh Grant (1994)  
  * John Travolta (1995)  
  * Tom Cruise (1996)  
  * Jack Nicholson (1997)  
  * Michael Caine (1998)  
  * Jim Carrey (1999)  
  * George Clooney (2000)  
  * Gene Hackman (2001)  
  * Richard Gere (2002)  
  * Bill Murray (2003)  
  * Jamie Foxx (2004)  
  * Joaquin Phoenix (2005)  
  * Sacha Baron Cohen (2006)  
  * Johnny Depp (2007)  
  * Colin Farrell (2008)  
  * Robert Downey Jr. (2009)  
  * Paul Giamatti (2010)  
 2001–present  * Jean Dujardin (2011)  
  * Hugh Jackman (2012)  
  * Leonardo DiCaprio (2013)  
  * Michael Keaton (2014)  
  * Matt Damon (2015)  
  * Ryan Gosling (2016)  
  * James Franco (2017)  
  * Christian Bale (2018)  
  * Taron Egerton (2019)  
  * Sacha Baron Cohen (2020)  
  * Andrew Garfield (2021)  
  * Colin Farrell (2022)  
     
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 Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Combo   
  * Tom Cruise and Brad Pitt – Interview with the Vampire / Sylvester Stallone and Sharon Stone – The Specialist (1994) 
  * Any combination of two people (or two body parts) – Showgirls (1995)  
 1990s  * Demi Moore and Burt Reynolds – Striptease (1996)  
  * Dennis Rodman and Jean-Claude Van Damme – Double Team (1997)  
  * Leonardo DiCaprio and Leonardo DiCaprio (as twins) – The Man in the Iron Mask (1998) 
  * Kevin Kline and Will Smith – Wild Wild West (1999)  
  * John Travolta and anyone sharing the screen with him – Battlefield Earth (2000)  
  * Tom Green and any animal he abuses – Freddy Got Fingered (2001)  
  * Adriano Giannini and Madonna – Swept Away (2002)  
  * Ben Affleck and Jennifer Lopez – Gigli (2003)  
 2000s  * George W. Bush and either Condoleezza Rice or his pet goat – Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004) 
  * Will Ferrell and Nicole Kidman – Bewitched (2005)  
  * Shawn Wayans and either Kerry Washington or Marlon Wayans – Little Man (2006)  
  * Lindsay Lohan and Lindsay Lohan (as twins) – I Know Who Killed Me (2007)  
  * Paris Hilton and either Christine Lakin or Joel David Moore – The Hottie and the Nottie (2008) 
  * Sandra Bullock and Bradley Cooper – All About Steve (2009)  
  * The entire cast of Sex and the City 2 (2010)  
  * Adam Sandler and either Katie Holmes, Al Pacino or Adam Sandler – Jack and Jill / The entire cast of Jack and Jill (2011) 
  * Mackenzie Foy and Taylor Lautner – The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 / The entire cast of The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 (2012)
  * Jaden Smith and Will Smith on planet nepotism – After Earth (2013)  
 2010s  * Kirk Cameron and his ego – Saving Christmas (2014)  
  * Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson – Fifty Shades of Grey (2015)  
  * Ben Affleck and Henry Cavill – Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016)  
  * Any two obnoxious Emojis – The Emoji Movie (2017)  
  * Donald Trump and "His Self Perpetuating Pettiness" – Death of a Nation and Fahrenheit 11/9 (2018) 
  * Any two half-feline/half-human hairballs – Cats (2019)  
  * Rudy Giuliani and his pants zipper – Borat Subsequent Moviefilm (2020)  
 2020s  * LeBron James and any Warner cartoon character (or Time-Warner product) he dribbles on – Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021) 
  * Tom Hanks and his latex-laden face (and ludicrous accent) – Elvis (2022)  
 Between 2010–2012, the category also included Worst Screen Ensemble.   
     
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 MTV Movie & TV Award for Best Performance in a Movie   
  * Arnold Schwarzenegger - Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1992)  
  * Denzel Washington - Malcolm X (1993)  
  * Tom Hanks - Philadelphia (1994)   
  * Brad Pitt - Interview with the Vampire (1995)  
  * Jim Carrey - Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls (1996)  
  * Tom Cruise - Jerry Maguire (1997)  
  * Leonardo DiCaprio - Titanic (1998)  
  * Jim Carrey - The Truman Show (1999)  
  * Keanu Reeves - The Matrix (2000)  
  * Tom Cruise - Mission: Impossible 2 (2001)  
 Best Male Performance * Will Smith - Ali (2002)   
 (1992–2005, 2008–2016) * Eminem - 8 Mile (2003)   
  * Johnny Depp - Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2004)  
  * Leonardo DiCaprio - The Aviator (2005)  
  * Will Smith - I Am Legend (2008)   
  * Zac Efron - High School Musical 3: Senior Year (2009)  
  * Robert Pattinson - The Twilight Saga: New Moon (2010)  
  * Robert Pattinson - The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2011)  
  * Josh Hutcherson - The Hunger Games (2012)  
  * Bradley Cooper - Silver Linings Playbook (2013)  
  * Josh Hutcherson - The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2014)  
  * Bradley Cooper - American Sniper (2015)  
  * Leonardo DiCaprio - The Revenant (2016)  
  * Linda Hamilton - Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1992)  
  * Sharon Stone - Basic Instinct (1993)  
  * Janet Jackson - Poetic Justice (1994)  
  * Sandra Bullock - Speed (1995)   
  * Alicia Silverstone - Clueless (1996)  
  * Claire Danes - William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet (1997)  
  * Neve Campbell - Scream 2 (1998)   
  * Cameron Diaz - There's Something About Mary (1999)  
  * Sarah Michelle Gellar - Cruel Intentions (2000)  
  * Julia Roberts - Erin Brockovich (2001)  
 Best Female Performance * Nicole Kidman - Moulin Rouge! (2002)  
 (1992–2005, 2008–2016) * Kirsten Dunst - Spider-Man (2003)  
  * Uma Thurman - Kill Bill: Volume 1 (2004)  
  * Lindsay Lohan - Mean Girls (2005)  
  * Ellen Page - Juno (2008)   
  * Kristen Stewart - Twilight (2009)  
  * Kristen Stewart - The Twilight Saga: New Moon (2010)  
  * Kristen Stewart - The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2011)  
  * Jennifer Lawrence - The Hunger Games (2012)  
  * Jennifer Lawrence - Silver Linings Playbook (2013)  
  * Jennifer Lawrence - The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2014)  
  * Shailene Woodley - The Fault in Our Stars (2015)  
  * Charlize Theron - Mad Max: Fury Road (2016)  
  * Jake Gyllenhaal - Brokeback Mountain (2006)  
  * Johnny Depp - Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2007)  
  * Emma Watson - Beauty and the Beast (2017)  
 Best Performance * Chadwick Boseman - Black Panther (2018)  
 (2006–2007, 2017–present) * Lady Gaga - A Star Is Born (2019)  
  * Chadwick Boseman - Ma Rainey's Black Bottom (2021)  
  * Tom Holland - Spider-Man: No Way Home (2022)  
  * Tom Cruise - Top Gun: Maverick (2023)  
     
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 MTV Movie Award for Best Gut-Wrenching Performance   
 * Amy Poehler - Baby Mama (2009)†   
 * Ken Jeong - The Hangover (2010)†   
 * Justin Bieber - Justin Bieber: Never Say Never (2011)‡   
 * Kristen Wiig , Maya Rudolph , Rose Byrne , Melissa McCarthy , Wendi McLendon-Covey , and Ellie Kemper - Bridesmaids (2012)  
 * Jamie Foxx and Samuel L. Jackson - Django Unchained (2013)   
 * Leonardo DiCaprio - The Wolf of Wall Street (2014)   
 * Seth Rogen and Rose Byrne - Neighbors (2015)   
 † The award was initially named Best WTF Moment; ‡ The award was re-named Best Jaw-Dropping Moment  
     
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 National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actor   
  * John Williams - Dial M for Murder and Sabrina (1954)  
  * Charles Bickford - Not as a Stranger (1955)  
  * Richard Basehart - Moby Dick (1956)  
  * Sessue Hayakawa - The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)  
  * Albert Salmi - The Bravados and The Brothers Karamazov (1958)  
  * Hugh Griffith - Ben-Hur (1959)  
  * George Peppard - Home from the Hill (1960)  
  * Jackie Gleason - The Hustler (1961)  
  * Burgess Meredith - Advise & Consent (1962)  
  * Melvyn Douglas - Hud (1963)  
 1954–1975 * Martin Balsam - The Carpetbaggers (1964)  
  * Harry Andrews - The Agony and the Ecstasy and The Hill (1965)  
  * Robert Shaw - A Man for All Seasons (1966)  
  * Paul Ford - The Comedians (1967)  
  * Leo McKern - The Shoes of the Fisherman (1968)  
  * Philippe Noiret - Topaz (1969)  
  * Frank Langella - Diary of a Mad Housewife and The Twelve Chairs (1970)  
  * Ben Johnson - The Last Picture Show (1971)  
  * Joel Grey - Cabaret / Al Pacino - The Godfather (1972)  
  * John Houseman - The Paper Chase (1973)  
  * Holger Löwenadler - Lacombe, Lucien (1974)  
  * Charles Durning - Dog Day Afternoon (1975)  
  * Jason Robards - All the President's Men (1976)  
  * Tom Skerritt - The Turning Point (1977)  
  * Richard Farnsworth - Comes a Horseman (1978)  
  * Paul Dooley - Breaking Away (1979)  
  * Joe Pesci - Raging Bull (1980)  
  * Jack Nicholson - Reds (1981)  
  * Robert Preston - Victor/Victoria (1982)  
  * Jack Nicholson - Terms of Endearment (1983)  
  * John Malkovich - Places in the Heart (1984)  
  * Klaus Maria Brandauer - Out of Africa (1985)  
  * Daniel Day-Lewis - My Beautiful Laundrette and A Room with a View (1986)  
  * Sean Connery - The Untouchables (1987)  
 1976–2000 * River Phoenix - Running on Empty (1988)  
  * Alan Alda - Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989)  
  * Joe Pesci - Goodfellas (1990)  
  * Anthony Hopkins - The Silence of the Lambs (1991)  
  * Jack Nicholson - A Few Good Men (1992)  
  * Leonardo DiCaprio - What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993)  
  * Gary Sinise - Forrest Gump (1994)  
  * Kevin Spacey - Seven and The Usual Suspects (1995)  
  * Edward Norton - Everyone Says I Love You , The People vs. Larry Flynt , and Primal Fear (1996) 
  * Greg Kinnear - As Good as It Gets (1997)  
  * Ed Harris - The Truman Show (1998)  
  * Philip Seymour Hoffman - Magnolia and The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999)  
  * Joaquin Phoenix - Gladiator , Quills , and The Yards (2000)  
  * Jim Broadbent - Iris and Moulin Rouge! (2001)  
  * Chris Cooper - Adaptation (2002)  
  * Alec Baldwin - The Cooler (2003)  
  * Thomas Haden Church - Sideways (2004)  
  * Jake Gyllenhaal - Brokeback Mountain (2005)  
  * Djimon Hounsou - Blood Diamond (2006)  
  * Casey Affleck - The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007)  
  * Josh Brolin - Milk (2008)  
  * Woody Harrelson - The Messenger (2009)  
  * Christian Bale - The Fighter (2010)  
 2001–present * Christopher Plummer - Beginners (2011)  
  * Leonardo DiCaprio - Django Unchained (2012)  
  * Will Forte - Nebraska (2013)  
  * Edward Norton - Birdman (2014)  
  * Sylvester Stallone - Creed (2015)  
  * Jeff Bridges - Hell or High Water (2016)  
  * Willem Dafoe - The Florida Project (2017)  
  * Sam Elliott - A Star Is Born (2018)  
  * Brad Pitt - Once Upon a Time...in Hollywood (2019)  
  * Paul Raci - Sound of Metal (2020)  
  * Ciarán Hinds - Belfast (2021)  
  * Brendan Gleeson - The Banshees of Inisherin (2022)  
     
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 San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor   
 * Kenneth Branagh (1996)   
 * Jack Nicholson (1997)   
 * Ian McKellen (1998)   
 * Kevin Spacey (1999)   
 * Russell Crowe (2000)   
 * Guy Pearce (2001)    
 * Daniel Day-Lewis (2002)   
 * Chiwetel Ejiofor (2003)   
 * Jim Carrey (2004)    
 * Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005)   
 * Ken Takakura (2006)   
 * Daniel Day-Lewis (2007)   
 * Mickey Rourke (2008)   
 * Colin Firth (2009)   
 * Colin Farrell (2010)   
 * Michael Shannon (2011)   
 * Daniel Day-Lewis (2012)   
 * Oscar Isaac (2013)   
 * Jake Gyllenhaal (2014)   
 * Leonardo DiCaprio (2015)   
 * Casey Affleck (2016)   
 * James McAvoy (2017)   
 * Ethan Hawke (2018)   
 * Adam Driver / Joaquin Phoenix (2019)   
 * Riz Ahmed (2020)    
 * Nicolas Cage (2021)   
 * Colin Farrell (2022)   
     
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 Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture   
  * Geoffrey Rush (1996)   
  * Robert Duvall (1997)   
  * Edward Norton (1998)   
  * Terence Stamp (1999)   
  * Geoffrey Rush (2000)   
  * Brian Cox (2001)   
  * Michael Caine / Daniel Day-Lewis (2002)  
  * Sean Penn (2003)   
  * Don Cheadle (2004)   
 Drama * Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005)  
 (1996–2010, 2018–present) * Forest Whitaker (2006)   
  * Viggo Mortensen (2007)   
  * Richard Jenkins (2008)   
  * Jeremy Renner (2009)   
  * Colin Firth (2010)   
  * Willem Dafoe (2018)   
  * Christian Bale (2019)   
  * Riz Ahmed (2020)   
  * Benedict Cumberbatch (2021)   
  * Brendan Fraser (2022)   
  * Tom Cruise (1996)   
  * Jack Nicholson (1997)   
  * Ian Bannen / David Kelly (1998)  
  * Philip Seymour Hoffman (1999)  
  * Michael Douglas (2000)   
  * Ewan McGregor (2001)   
  * Kieran Culkin (2002)   
  * Bill Murray (2003)   
  * Jamie Foxx (2004)   
 Musical or Comedy * Terrence Howard (2005)   
 (1996–2010, 2018–present) * Joseph Cross (2006)   
  * Ryan Gosling (2007)   
  * Ricky Gervais (2008)   
  * Michael Stuhlbarg (2009)   
  * Michael Cera (2010)   
  * Rami Malek (2018)   
  * Taron Egerton (2019)   
  * Sacha Baron Cohen (2020)   
  * Andrew Garfield (2021)   
  * Austin Butler (2022)   
  * Ryan Gosling (2011)   
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Leonardo DiCaprio     DiCaprio in 2019    Born  Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio November 11, 1974Los Angeles, California, U.S.    Occupations    Actor film producer      Years active 1989–present   Organizations  
  Appian Way Productions 
Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation 
    Works  Full list    Title  United Nations Messenger of Peace (designated 2014)   Partners  
  Gisele Bündchen (2000–2005)
 Bar Refaeli (2005–2011)
 Camila Morrone (2017–2022) 
    Parent     George DiCaprio (father)      Awards  Full list    Website  
   
    
 Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio (; ; born November 11, 1974) is an American actor and film producer. Known for his work in biographical and period films, he is the recipient of numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, and three Golden Globe Awards. As of 2019, his films have grossed over $7.2 billion worldwide, and he has been placed eight times in annual rankings of the world's highest-paid actors.
 Born in Los Angeles, DiCaprio began his career in the late 1980s by appearing in television commercials. In the early 1990s, he had recurring roles in various television shows, such as the sitcom  Parenthood , and had his first major film part as author Tobias Wolff in  This Boy's Life  (1993). He received critical acclaim and his first Academy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for his performance as a developmentally disabled boy in  What's Eating Gilbert Grape  (1993). DiCaprio achieved international stardom with the star-crossed romances  Romeo + Juliet  (1996) and  Titanic  (1997). After the latter became the highest-grossing film in the world at the time, he reduced his workload for a few years. In an attempt to shed his image of a romantic hero, DiCaprio sought roles in other genres, including the 2002 crime dramas  Catch Me If You Can  and  Gangs of New York ; the latter marked the first of his many successful collaborations with director Martin Scorsese.
 DiCaprio continued to gain acclaim for his performances in the biopic  The Aviator  (2004), the political thriller  Blood Diamond  (2006), the crime drama  The Departed  (2006) and the romantic drama  Revolutionary Road  (2008). He later made environmental documentaries and starred in several high-profile directors' successful projects, including the action thriller  Inception  (2010), the western  Django Unchained  (2012), the biopic  The Wolf of Wall Street  (2013), the survival drama  The Revenant  (2015)—for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor— the comedy-dramas  Once Upon a Time in Hollywood  (2019) and  Don't Look Up  (2021), and the crime drama  Killers of the Flower Moon  (2023).
 DiCaprio is the founder of Appian Way Productions—a production company that has made some of his films and the documentary series  Greensburg  (2008–2010)—and the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation, a nonprofit organization devoted to promoting environmental awareness. A United Nations Messenger of Peace, he regularly supports charitable causes. In 2005, he was named a Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres for his contributions to the arts, and in 2016, he appeared in  Time  magazine's 100 most influential people in the world. DiCaprio was voted one of the 50 greatest actors of all time in a 2022 readers' poll by  Empire .
 
Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio was born on November 11, 1974, in Los Angeles, California. [1]  He is the only child of Irmelin Indenbirken, a legal secretary, and George DiCaprio, an underground comix artist and distributor; they met while attending college and moved to Los Angeles after graduating. [2]   [3]  His mother is German and his father is of Italian and German descent. [4]  His maternal grandfather, Wilhelm Indenbirken, was German, [5]  and his maternal grandmother, Helene Indenbirken, was a Russian immigrant living in Germany. [6]  DiCaprio was raised Catholic. [7]  Sources have falsely claimed his maternal grandmother was born in Odesa, Ukraine; there is no evidence that DiCaprio has any relatives of Ukrainian birth or heritage. [8] 
 DiCaprio's parents named him Leonardo because his pregnant mother first felt him kick while she was looking at a Leonardo da Vinci painting in the Uffizi museum in Florence, Italy. [9]  When DiCaprio was one year old, his parents divorced after his father fell in love with another woman and moved out. [10]   [11]  To raise him together, his parents moved into twin cottages with a shared garden in Echo Park, Los Angeles. [10]   [12]  DiCaprio's father lived with his girlfriend and her son, Adam Farrar, with whom DiCaprio developed a close bond. [13]  DiCaprio and his mother later moved to other neighborhoods, such as Los Feliz. [14]  He has described his parents as "bohemian in every sense of the word" and as "the people I trust the most in the world". [15]  DiCaprio has stated that he grew up poor in a neighborhood plagued with prostitution, crime and violence. [16]  Attending the Los Angeles Center for Enriched Studies for four years and later the Seeds Elementary School, he later enrolled at the John Marshall High School. [17]   [18]  DiCaprio disliked public school and wanted to audition for acting jobs instead. [16]  He dropped out of high school later, eventually earning a general equivalency diploma. [19] 
 As a child, DiCaprio wanted to become either a marine biologist or an actor. He eventually favored the latter; he liked impersonating characters and imitating people, and enjoyed seeing their reactions to his acting. [20]  According to DiCaprio, his interest in performing began at the age of two when he went onto the stage at a performance festival and danced spontaneously to a positive response from the crowd. [21]  He was also motivated to learn acting when Farrar's appearance in a television commercial earned him $50,000. [22]  DiCaprio has said in interviews that his first television appearance was in the children's series  Romper Room , and that he was dismissed from the show for being disruptive. The show's host has denied that any children were removed from the show in this way. [23]   [24]  At 14, he began appearing in several commercials for Matchbox cars, which he calls his first role. [23]  DiCaprio later appeared in commercials for Kraft Singles, Bubble Yum and Apple Jacks. [25]  In 1989, he played the role of Glen in two episodes of the television show  The New Lassie . [26] 
 At the beginning of his career, DiCaprio had difficulty finding an agent. When he found one, the agent suggested DiCaprio change his name to Lenny Williams to appeal to American audiences, which he declined to do. [27]  DiCaprio remained jobless for a year and a half, although he had 100auditions. Following this lack of success, DiCaprio was going to give up acting but his father persuaded him to persevere. Motivated by his father and by the prospect of financial security, he continued to audition. After a talent agent, who knew his mother's friend, recommended him to casting directors, DiCaprio secured roles in about 20commercials. [28] 
 By the early1990s, DiCaprio began acting regularly on television, starting with a role in the pilot of  The Outsiders  (1990) and one episode of the soap opera  Santa Barbara  (1990), in which he played a teenage alcoholic. [29]  DiCaprio's career prospects improved when he was cast in  Parenthood , a series based on the 1989 comedy film of the same name. To prepare for the role of Garry Buckman, a troubled teenager, he analyzed Joaquin Phoenix's performance in the original film. [30]  His work that year earned him two nominations at the 12th Youth in Film Awards—Best Young Actor in a Daytime Series for Santa Barbara and Best Young Actor Starring in a New Television Series for Parenthood. [31]  Around this time, he was a contestant on the children's game show  Fun House , on which he performed several stunts, including catching the fish inside a small pool using only his teeth. [32]   [33] 
 
 
DiCaprio made his film debut in 1991 as the stepson of an unscrupulous landlord in the low-budget horror sequel  Critters 3  – a part he later described as "your average, no-depth, standard kid with blond hair". [34]  DiCaprio has stated that he prefers not to remember Critters 3, viewing it as "possibly one of the worst films of all time" and the kind of role he wanted to avoid in the future. [35]  Later in 1991, he became a recurring cast member on the sitcom  Growing Pains , playing Luke Brower, a homeless boy who is taken in by the show's central family. [36]  Co-star Joanna Kerns recalls DiCaprio being "especially intelligent and disarming for his age" but she noted that he was also mischievous and jocular on set, and often made fun of his co-stars. [37]  DiCaprio was cast by the producers to appeal to young female audience, but his arrival did not improve the show's ratings and he left before the end of its run. [38]  He was nominated for a Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor Co-starring in a Television Series. [39]  DiCaprio also had an uncredited role in 1991 in one episode of  Roseanne . [40] 
    Lasse Hallström directed DiCaprio in  What's Eating Gilbert Grape  (1993), for which he earned his first Academy Award nomination. 
In 1992, DiCaprio had a brief role in the first installment of the  Poison Ivy film series, [41]  and was handpicked by Robert De Niro from a shortlist of 400 young actors to co-star with him in  This Boy's Life. Adapted from the memoir by Tobias Wolff, the film focuses on the relationship between a rebellious teenager, Toby (DiCaprio), and his mother (Ellen Barkin) and abusive stepfather (De Niro). [23]   [42]   [43]  Director Michael Caton-Jones said that DiCaprio did not know how to behave on set; accordingly, Caton-Jones used a strict mentoring style, after which DiCaprio's behavior began to improve. [37]  Bilge Ebiri of  Rolling Stone  found that the powerful bond between Barkin and DiCaprio elevated the film, praising DiCaprio's portrayal of his character's complex growth from a rebellious teen to an independent young man. [41]  This Boy's Life was the first film that gained him recognition. [44] 
 DiCaprio played the developmentally disabled brother of Johnny Depp's character in  What's Eating Gilbert Grape  (1993), a comedy-drama about a dysfunctional Iowa family. Caton-Jones recommended DiCaprio to director Lasse Hallström, but he was initially skeptical, as he considered DiCaprio too good-looking for the part. Hallström cast DiCaprio after he emerged as "the most observant" auditionee. [34]   [37]  To ensure authenticity in his portrayal, DiCaprio studied similarly impaired children and their mannerisms, and Hallström allowed him to create the character using his own researched attributes. [45]  The film became a critical success. [46]  At 19, DiCaprio earned a National Board of Review Award, as well as nominations for a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, making him the seventh-youngest Oscar nominee in the category. [47]   [48]  "The film's real show-stopping turn comes from Mr. DiCaprio," wrote  New York Times  critic Janet Maslin, "who makes Arnie's many tics so startling and vivid that at first he is difficult to watch. The performance has a sharp, desperate intensity from beginning to end." [49]  Caryn James, also writing for The New York Times, said of his performances in This Boy's Life and What's Eating Gilbert Grape: "He made the raw, emotional neediness of those boys completely natural and powerful." [50] 
 DiCaprio's first role of 1995 was in Sam Raimi's Western  The Quick and the Dead . When Sony Pictures became dubious over DiCaprio's casting, co-star Sharon Stone paid his salary herself. [51]  The film was released to dismal box office performance and mixed reviews from critics. [52]   [53]  DiCaprio next starred as a teenage Jim Carroll, a drug-addicted high school basketball player and budding writer, in the biopic  The Basketball Diaries . [54]  He starred in the erotic drama  Total Eclipse  (1995), driven by the desire to showcase an exceptional performance, which would focus on his acting talent rather than his much-discussed physical appeal. [55]  Directed by Agnieszka Holland, it is a fictionalized account of the same-sex relationship between Arthur Rimbaud (DiCaprio) and Paul Verlaine (David Thewlis). DiCaprio was cast when River Phoenix died before filming began. [10]  Although the film failed commercially, [56]  it has been included in the catalog of the Warner Archive Collection, which releases classic and cult films from Warner Bros.' library on home video. [57]  A review in the  San Francisco Chronicle  called DiCaprio "his generation's great acting promise" but criticized the mismatch between Thewlis's "cultivated" British accent and DiCaprio's "Southern California twang". [58] 
 DiCaprio next starred opposite Claire Danes in Baz Luhrmann's  Romeo + Juliet  (1996), an abridged modernization of William Shakespeare's romantic tragedy, which retained the original Shakespearean dialogue. DiCaprio was initially unsure about another Romeo and Juliet adaptation, but at his father's suggestion, he agreed to examine Luhrmann's work more closely. DiCaprio and Luhrmann then spent a two-week workshop exchanging ideas, which led to the collaboration. [59]  Romeo + Juliet established DiCaprio as a leading Hollywood actor; according to film scholar Murray Pomerance, DiCaprio's newfound popularity helped the film become profitable only days after its release. [60]   [61]  Reviewing DiCaprio's early works, David Thomson of  The Guardian  called DiCaprio "a revelation" in What's Eating Gilbert Grape, "very moving" in This Boy's Life, "suitably desperate" in The Basketball Diaries and "a vital spark" in Romeo + Juliet. [62]  The latter earned DiCaprio a Silver Bear for Best Actor at the 1997 Berlin International Film Festival. [63]  He then portrayed a young man who has been committed to a mental asylum in  Marvin's Room  (1996), a family drama about two estranged sisters, played by Meryl Streep and Diane Keaton, who are reunited through tragedy. He played Hank, the troubled son of Streep's character. [64]  Lisa Schwarzbaum of  Entertainment Weekly  praised "the deeply gifted DiCaprio" for holding his own against veteran actresses Keaton and Streep, describing the three as "full-bodied and so powerfully affecting that you're carried along on the pleasure of being in the presence of their extraordinary talent". [65] 
 
"Leo-mania" redirects here.
DiCaprio rejected a role in  Boogie Nights  (1997) to star opposite Kate Winslet in James Cameron's  Titanic  as members of different social classes who fall in love aboard RMS Titanic  during its ill-fated maiden voyage. [66]  DiCaprio initially had doubts, but was eventually encouraged by Cameron to pursue the part. [67]  With a production budget of more than $200 million, including DiCaprio's $40million salary, [68]  the film was the most expensive in history at the time, and was shot at Rosarito, Baja California where a replica of the ship was created. [69]  Titanic became the highest-grossing film at the time, eventually earning more than $2.1 billion in box-office receipts worldwide. [a]  The role of Jack Dawson transformed DiCaprio into a superstar, resulting in intense adoration among teenage girls and young women that became known as "Leo-mania". [72]   [73]  The film won 11 Academy Awards—the most wins for any film – including Best Picture, but DiCaprio's failure to gain a nomination led to a protest against the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) by more than 200fans. [74]   [75]  He was nominated for other high-profile awards, including a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor. [76] 
   DiCaprio at a press conference for  The Beach  in 2000 
DiCaprio stated in 2000: "I have no connection with me during that whole Titanic phenomenon and what my face became around the world[...] I'll never reach that state of popularity again, and I don't expect to[...] It's not something I'm going to try to achieve either." [77]  In his 2015 Rolling Stone article, Ebiri called the role DiCaprio's best, writing that he and Winslet "infuse their earnest back-and-forth with so much genuine emotion that it's hard not to get swept up in their doomed love affair." [41]  A writer for  Vanity Fair  in 2008 similarly labeled them "Hollywood's most iconic screen couple" since Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman. [78]  Essaying her first viewing of the film in 2017,  Vox  contributor Alissa Wilkinson took note of DiCaprio's "boyish charm" and found his performance "natural and unaffected". [79]  The success of Titanic intensified DiCaprio's standing as a teen idol and romantic lead, an image from which he sought to dissociate himself. [73]  He reduced his workload "to learn to hear [his] own voice in choosing the roles" that he wanted to pursue. [80] 
 DiCaprio had a brief featured role in Woody Allen's 1998 satire of fame,  Celebrity . Ebiri labeled DiCaprio "the best thing in the film". [41]   [81]  That year, he also took on the dual roles of villainous King Louis XIV and his secret, sympathetic twin brother Philippe in Randall Wallace's  The Man in the Iron Mask , with common elements from the 1939 film of the same name and a 1929 film with Douglas Fairbanks. [82]  It received mixed to negative reviews, [83]  but grossed $180 million against a budget of $35 million. [84]   [85]  Entertainment Weekly critic Owen Gleiberman wrote that DiCaprio did not look old enough to play the part, but praised him as "a fluid and instinctive actor, with the face of a mischievous angel". [86]  The Guardian Alex von Tunzelmann was similarly impressed with the actor's performance but found his talent wasted in the film. [87]  DiCaprio won a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Couple for the dual roles in 1999. [88] 
 Also in 1998, DiCaprio was cast to star in  American Psycho  (2000) for a reported salary of $20 million; after disagreements with Oliver Stone on the film's direction, DiCaprio left the project, taking the lead role in  The Beach  instead. [89]  Adapted from Alex Garland's 1996 novel, the film saw him play a backpacking American tourist who ends up in a secret island commune in the Gulf of Thailand. [90]  Budgeted at $50 million, the film earned almost three times that at the box office, [91]  but was negatively reviewed by critics, and earned him a nomination for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor. [92]   [93]  Todd McCarthy of  Variety  thought DiCaprio gave a compelling performance but his character lacked defining qualities. [94]  The film received criticism for damaging the filming location in Thailand, after which DiCaprio worked to restore the area. [95] 
 In the mid-1990s, DiCaprio agreed to be in the mostly improvised black-and-white short film  Don's Plum  as a favor to aspiring director R. D. Robb. [23]  When Robb expanded it to a full-length film, DiCaprio and co-star Tobey Maguire had its release blocked in the US and Canada by court order, arguing they never intended to make a feature film. The film premiered at the 2001 Berlin International Film Festival but remains obscure. [96] 
 
   DiCaprio attending an event for  Gangs of New York  with Martin Scorsese and Cameron Diaz at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival  
DiCaprio turned down the role of Anakin Skywalker in  Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones  (2002), feeling unprepared to "take that dive" at the time. [97]  His first film that year was the biopic  Catch Me If You Can , based on the life of Frank Abagnale Jr., who before his 19th birthday committed check fraud to make millions in the 1960s. [98]  Directed by Steven Spielberg, the film was shot across 147 different locations in 52 days, making it "the most adventurous, super-charged movie-making" DiCaprio had experienced yet. [99]  The film received critical acclaim and grossed $355 million against a budget of $52 million, becoming his second highest-grossing release after Titanic. [100]   [101]  Roger Ebert praised his departure from dark and troubled characters, [98]  and two Entertainment Weekly critics in 2018 called it DiCaprio's best role, labeling him "delightfully persuasive, deceptive, flirtatious, and sometimes tragic—and we dare you to find a better role, if you can". [102]  DiCaprio received his third Golden Globe nomination for his performance in the film. [103] 
 Also in 2002, DiCaprio starred in Martin Scorsese's  Gangs of New York , a historical drama set in the mid-19th century in the Five Points district of New York City. Scorsese initially struggled selling his idea of realizing the film until DiCaprio became interested in starring in the film, and thus Miramax Films got involved with financing the project. Nonetheless, production on the film was plagued by overshooting of budgets and producer-director disagreements, resulting in an eight-month shoot. With a budget of $103 million, the film was the most expensive Scorsese had ever made. DiCaprio was drawn to playing Amsterdam Vallon, the young leader of an Irish-American street gang, as it marked a shift from "boyish" roles to a mature leading man. [104]  Gangs of New York earned $193 million worldwide and received positive critical response. [105]   [106]  Anne Thompson of  The Observer  took note of DiCaprio's "low-key, sturdy performance", but felt that co-star Daniel Day-Lewis overshadowed him. [107] 
 In 2004, DiCaprio founded the production company Appian Way Productions, a namesake of the Italian road. [108]  He was interested in finding unique source material and preserving its essence during development, citing previous experiences where the involvement of too many people influenced the final product in a negative way. [109]  DiCaprio first executive-produced  The Assassination of Richard Nixon , which starred Sean Penn as Samuel Byck, [40]  and was screened at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival. [110]  DiCaprio and Scorsese reunited for a biopic of Howard Hughes, an American film director and aviation pioneer suffering from obsessive–compulsive disorder, in  The Aviator  (2004), which DiCaprio also co-produced under Appian Way. He initially developed the project with Michael Mann who was eventually replaced by Scorsese. [111]   [112]  The Aviator became a critical and financial success, grossing $213million against its budget of $110million. [113]   [114]  Simond Braund of  Empire  thought DiCaprio convincingly played a complex role and highlighted the scenes depicting Hughes's paranoia and obsession. [115]  He received his first Golden Globe Award for Best Actor — Motion Picture Drama and nominations for an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award. [116] 
 In 2006, DiCaprio starred in the crime film  The Departed  and the political war thriller  Blood Diamond . In Scorsese's The Departed, DiCaprio played the role of Billy Costigan, a state trooper working undercover in the Irish Mob in Boston, someone he characterizes as being in a "constant 24-hour panic attack". DiCaprio especially liked the experience of working with co-star Jack Nicholson, describing a scene with him as "one of the most memorable moments" of his life as an actor. [117]  In preparation, he visited Boston to interact with people associated with the Irish Mob and gained 15 pounds (6.8 kg) of muscle. [118]  Critically acclaimed, [119]  the film grossed $291 million against a budget of $90 million, becoming DiCaprio and Scorsese's highest-grossing collaboration to that point. [120]   [101]  Peter Travers of Rolling Stone praised DiCaprio's and co-star Matt Damon's performances as "explosive, emotionally complex", but felt that Nicholson overshadowed the two. [121]  Despite DiCaprio's leading role in The Departed, the film's distributor Warner Bros. Pictures submitted his performance for a Best Supporting Actor nomination at the AMPAS to avoid internal conflict with his part in Blood Diamond. [122]  Instead, his co-star Mark Wahlberg was nominated, though DiCaprio earned other accolades for The Departed, including a Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor and Best Actor nominations at the Golden Globes and BAFTA Awards. [123] 
   DiCaprio at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival  
In Blood Diamond, DiCaprio starred as a diamond smuggler from Rhodesia who is involved in the Sierra Leone Civil War. While filming, he worked with 24 orphaned children from the SOS Children's Village in Maputo, Mozambique, and said he was touched by his interactions with them. [124]  To prepare, he spent six months in Africa, learned about camouflage from people in South African military and interviewed and recorded people in the country to improve his accent. [125]  The film received generally favorable reviews, [126]  and DiCaprio was noted for his South African accent, which is generally known as difficult to imitate. [127]  Claudia Puig of the  USA Today  approvingly highlighted DiCaprio's transition from a boy to a man on screen, [128]  and Ann Hornaday of  The Washington Post  similarly noted his growth as an actor since The Departed. [129]  DiCaprio received nominations for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe for Blood Diamond. [123] 
 In 2007, DiCaprio produced the comedy drama  Gardener of Eden , which according to  The Hollywood Reporter s Frank Scheck "lack[ed] the necessary dramatic urgency or black humor to connect with audiences". [130]  Later that year, he produced, co-wrote and narrated  The 11th Hour , a documentary on the state of the natural environment that won the Earthwatch Environmental Film Award in 2008. [131]  DiCaprio's Appian Way produced Planet Green's  Greensburg  (2008–2010), which ran for three seasons. Set in Greensburg, Kansas, it is about rebuilding the town in a sustainable way after being hit by the May 2007 EF5 tornado. [132]  Also in 2008, DiCaprio starred in  Body of Lies , a spy film based on the novel of the same name. He played one of three agents battling a terrorist organization in the Middle East. [133]  Considering the film to be a throwback to political features of the 1970s like  The Parallax View  (1974) and  Three Days of the Condor  (1975), DiCaprio dyed his hair brown and wore brown contacts for the role. [133]  The film received mixed reviews from critics, [134]  and grossed $118 million against a budget of $67.5 million. [135] 
 Later in 2008, DiCaprio collaborated with Kate Winslet for the drama  Revolutionary Road , directed by her then-husband Sam Mendes. As both actors had been reluctant to make romantic films similar to Titanic, it was Winslet who suggested that they both work with her on a film adaptation of the 1961 eponymous novel by Richard Yates. She found that the script, by Justin Haythe, had little in common with the 1997 blockbuster. [136]  Playing a couple in a failing marriage in the 1950s, DiCaprio and Winslet spent some time together in preparation, and DiCaprio felt claustrophobic on the small set they used. [78]   [137]  He saw his character as "unheroic", "slightly cowardly" and someone "willing to be just a product of his environment". [138]  Peter Travers liked DiCaprio's pairing with Winslet and his multi-layered portrayal of an overwhelmed character, [139]  and Marshall Sella of  GQ  called it the "most mature and memorable performance of his lifetime". [137]  DiCaprio earned his seventh Golden Globes nomination for the film. [140]  Revolutionary Road grossed $75.9million against its budget of $35million. [141]  He ended the 2000s by producing director Jaume Collet-Serra's psychological horror thriller film  Orphan  (2009), starring Vera Farmiga, Peter Sarsgaard and Isabelle Fuhrman. Although the film received mixed reviews, it was a commercial success. [142] 
 
DiCaprio continued to collaborate with Scorsese in the 2010 psychological thriller film  Shutter Island , based on the 2003 novel of the same name by Dennis Lehane. He played Edward "Teddy" Daniels, a U.S. Marshal investigating a psychiatric facility located on an island, who comes to question his own sanity. DiCaprio and Scorsese became interested in the project in 2007, and the former co-produced the film under Appian Way with Phoenix Pictures. [143]  Because of the film's disturbing scenes, DiCaprio had nightmares of mass murder during production and considered relaxing with his friends a form of therapy. [144]  The film was released to mixed reviews; [145]  Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Scorsese's direction and the acting but criticized its twist ending. [146]  Peter Travers called it DiCaprio's "most haunting and emotionally complex performance yet", and particularly liked his cave scene with co-star Patricia Clarkson. [147]  The film was a commercial success, grossing $294 million worldwide against a budget of $80 million. [148] 
   DiCaprio (first from the right) with the cast of  Inception  at the film's premiere in 2010 
DiCaprio's second role in 2010 was in Christopher Nolan's critically acclaimed ensemble science-fiction film  Inception . [149]  Inspired by the experience of lucid dreaming and dream incubation, [150]  the film features Dom Cobb (DiCaprio), an "extractor" who enters the dreams of others to obtain information that is otherwise inaccessible. Cobb is promised a chance to regain his old life in exchange for planting an idea in a corporate target's mind. [151]  DiCaprio was fascinated with the idea of a "dream-heist" and the potential for his character to manipulate his dreamworld and impact his real life. [152]  Made on a budget of $160 million, the film grossed $836 million worldwide to become DiCaprio's second highest-grossing film. [101]   [153]  To star in this film, DiCaprio agreed to a pay cut from his $20 million fee and opted for a share in first-dollar gross points, which entitled him to a percentage of the cinema ticket sales. The risk proved fruitful, as DiCaprio earned $50 million from the film, becoming his highest payday yet. [154] 
 DiCaprio starred as J. Edgar Hoover in Clint Eastwood's  J. Edgar  (2011). A biopic about Hoover, the film focuses on his career as an FBI director, including an examination of his private life as an alleged closeted homosexual. [155]  Critics felt that the film lacked coherence overall but commended DiCaprio's performance. [156]   [157]  Roger Ebert praised DiCaprio's ability to bring depth and nuance to the character, suggesting that his performance conveyed aspects of Hoover's personality that were possibly even unknown to the man himself. [158]  Also in 2011, he produced Catherine Hardwicke's romantic horror film  Red Riding Hood . Though it was named one of the ten worst films of 2011 by  Time  magazine, [159]  it had moderate box-office returns. [160]  Also that year, DiCaprio's Appian Way produced George Clooney's political drama  The Ides of March , an adaptation of Beau Willimon's 2008 play  Farragut North . [161] 
 In 2012, DiCaprio starred as plantation owner Calvin Candie in Quentin Tarantino's Spaghetti Western,  Django Unchained . After reading the script, DiCaprio felt uncomfortable with the extent of racism portrayed in the film, but his co-stars and Tarantino convinced him not to sugarcoat it. [162]  While filming, DiCaprio accidentally cut his hand on glass, but continued filming, and Tarantino elected to use the take in the final product. [163]  The film received critical acclaim; [164]  a writer for  Wired  magazine commended him for playing a villainous role and found his performance "blood-chilling". [165]  The film earned DiCaprio a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. [166]  Django Unchained grossed $425 million worldwide on a production budget of $100 million. [167] 
 In January 2013, DiCaprio said he would take a long break from acting to "fly around the world doing good for the environment". [168]  That year, he had four releases as an actor and a producer. His first was in the role of millionaire Jay Gatsby in Baz Luhrmann's  The Great Gatsby , an adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel of the same name, co-starring Carey Mulligan and Tobey Maguire. [169]  The film received mixed reviews from critics, but DiCaprio's performance was praised and earned him the AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role. [170]   [171]  Critic Rafer Guzman of  Newsday  wrote that DiCaprio was not only "tough[...] but also vulnerable, touching, funny, a faker, a human. It's a tremendous, hard-won performance." [172]  Matt Zoller Seitz of Roger Ebert's website described his performance as "the movie's greatest and simplest special effect", and "iconic—maybe his career best". [173]  The film grossed $353 million worldwide, more than three times its budget. [174]  Three films were produced by DiCaprio under Appian Way in 2013—the ensemble crime thriller  Runner Runner , which The Guardians Xan Brooks described as "a lazy, trashy film that barely goes through the motions"; [175]  the commercially failed thriller  Out of the Furnace ; and the black comedy-drama  The Wolf of Wall Street . [176]   [177] 
 DiCaprio reunited with Scorsese for the fifth time in The Wolf of the Wall Street, a film based on the life of stockbroker Jordan Belfort (played by DiCaprio), who was arrested in the late 1990s for securities fraud and money laundering. [178]   [179]  DiCaprio wanted to play Belfort ever since he had read his autobiography and won a bidding war with Warner Bros. against Brad Pitt and Paramount Pictures for the rights to Belfort's memoir in 2007. [180]   [181]  He was fond of Belfort's honest and unapologetic portrayal of his actual experiences in the book, and was inspired by the financial crisis of 2007–2008 to make the film. [109]  The Wolf of Wall Street received positive reviews for Scorsese's and DiCaprio's work together. [182]  The Hollywood Reporter Todd McCarthy lauded DiCaprio for fully realizing his character's potential with a carefree performance. [183]  Jonathan Romney of  Film Comment  wrote that DiCaprio displays a great deal of comedic talent, excelling in "rubber-limbed slapstick" humor. [184]  The film earned him the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and nominations for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, as well as Academy Awards for Best Actor and Best Picture. [185]   [186] 
 
DiCaprio was an executive producer on  Virunga , a 2014 British documentary film about four people fighting to protect the world's last mountain gorillas from war and poaching. [187]  The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April2014, [188]  and DiCaprio was nominated for the 2015 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special. [189]   Cowspiracy: The Sustainability Secret  was another documentary film that year for which he was an executive producer—he took part in the new cut released exclusively on Netflix that September. [190]  It explores the impact of animal agriculture on the environment. [191] 
   DiCaprio at the French premiere of  The Revenant  in 2016 
In 2015, DiCaprio produced and played fur trapper Hugh Glass in Alejandro G. Iñárritu's survival drama  The Revenant . DiCaprio found his role in the film difficult; he had to eat a raw slab of bison's liver and sleep in animal carcasses. [192]   [193]  He also learned to shoot a musket, build a fire, speak two Native American languages (Pawnee and Arikara) and apply ancient healing techniques. [192]  Built on a budget of $135 million, the film earned $533 million worldwide. [194]  The film received positive reviews with particular praise for DiCaprio's acting. [195]  Mark Kermode of The Guardian wrote that DiCaprio shone with a performance that prioritizes physicality over speech, [196]  and Nick De Semlyen of Empire noted that he uplifted the film. [197]  The film earned him numerous awards, including an Academy Award, a Golden Globe, a BAFTA, a Screen Actors Guild Award and a Critic's Choice Award for Best Actor. [198]   [199]   [200]  For the next three years, DiCaprio narrated documentaries and served as a producer for films. In 2016, he was an executive producer for  The Ivory Game  and  Catching the Sun ; [177]  he also produced, hosted and narrated the documentary  Before the Flood  about climate change. [201]  He produced the crime drama  Live by Night  (2016), which received unenthusiastic reviews and failed to recoup its $65 million production budget. [177]   [202]  His next production ventures were in 2018—the psychological horror  Delirium  and the commercially failed action–adventure  Robin Hood . [203]   [204] 
 After producing and narrating the 2019 global warming documentary  Ice on Fire , [205]  DiCaprio returned to acting following a four-year break in Quentin Tarantino's comedy-drama  Once Upon a Time in Hollywood , which traces the relationship between Rick Dalton (DiCaprio), an aging television actor and his stuntman, Cliff Booth (Brad Pitt). [206]  To help the film's financing, DiCaprio and Pitt agreed to take a pay cut, and they each received $10 million. [207]  DiCaprio liked working with Pitt, and Tarantino described the pair as the most exciting since Robert Redford and Paul Newman. [208]   [209]  DiCaprio was fascinated with the film's homage to Hollywood and focus on the friendship between his and Pitt's characters. He drew from real-life experience of witnessing the struggles and rejections of his actor friends in the industry. [209]  The film premiered at the 2019 Cannes Film Festival, where critics praised his and Pitt's performances. [210]  A writer for  Business Insider  called it one of the best performances of DiCaprio's career, [211]  and Ian Sandwell of Digital Spy particularly liked the duo's chemistry, believing their scenes together to be some of the film's strongest parts. [212]  DiCaprio received nominations for an Oscar, a Golden Globe, a BAFTA Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor. [213]  The film earned $374 million against a budget of $90 million. [214] 
 In 2020, DiCaprio served as an executive producer for  The Right Stuff , a television series adaption of the 1973 namesake book. After being in development at National Geographic, it was released on Disney+. [215]  That May, DiCaprio briefly featured in the finale of the miniseries  The Last Dance . [216]  In 2021, DiCaprio appeared in Adam McKay's satirical comedy  Don't Look Up . He spent five months changing the film's script with McKay before agreeing to the part. [217]  Starring alongside Jennifer Lawrence as two astronomers attempting to warn humanity about an extinction-level comet, DiCaprio saw this film as an analogy of the world's indifference to the climate crisis. As a frequent supporter of environmentalism, DiCaprio said he has often looked to star in and make films tackling issues related to it, something he found hard due to people's inability to listen. He praised McKay for envisioning a project on how humans would react to a serious issue from a political, social and scientific standpoint. [218]  While reviews for the film were mixed, most critics praised DiCaprio's and Lawrence's performances; [219]  journalists from Digital Spy and NDTV lauded their pairing. [220]   [221]  DiCaprio earned nominations for a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award for the film. [222]   [223]  It broke the record for the most views (152 million hours) in a single week in Netflix history. [224] 
 DiCaprio next starred in Scorsese's crime drama  Killers of the Flower Moon  (2023) based on the book of the same name by David Grann, [225]  for which he was paid $30 million. [226]  Initially signed for the heroic part of FBI agent Thomas Bruce White Sr., DiCaprio insisted on playing the morally complex role of Ernest Burkhart, a nephew of murderer William King Hale, leading to extensive script rewrites. [227]   [228]  Declaring it the best performance of DiCaprio's career, IndieWire's David Ehrlich wrote that "his nuanced and uncompromising turn as the cretinous Ernest Burkhart mines new wonders from the actor's long-standing lack of vanity". [229] 
 
Early in his career, DiCaprio gained a reputation for his reckless behavior and intense partying with a group of male celebrities dubbed "the Pussy Posse" in the 1990s. [37]   [230]  In an infamous article published by  New York Magazine  in 1998, journalist Nancy Jo Sales criticized the group as men whose pursuit was to "chase girls, pick fights and not tip the waitress". [231]  During an unknown activity, DiCaprio got himself and friend Justin Herwick almost killed when his parachute failed to open, after which his instructor released an emergency core. In response, DiCaprio said he is fond of doing things that scare him. John McCain, who was a United States Senator for Arizona, called him "an androgynous wimp". [230]  DiCaprio found people's perception of him exaggerated, adding, "They want you miserable, just like them. They don't want heroes; what they want is to see you fall." [10]  Steven Spielberg, who directed him in Catch Me If You Can, defended DiCaprio's reputation as a "party boy", believing it is a common behavior for young people and describing him as a family-oriented person during the film's production. [232]  Considering DiCaprio to be conscious of his public reputation, The New York Times Caryn James credited him as one of the few actors to use his stardom to further social causes. [50]  Carole Cadwalladr of The Guardian said DiCaprio is "polite, charming, makes jokes, engages eye contact. And manages[...] to give almost no hint whatsoever of his actual personality." [233] 
"Life can get pretty monotonous. Acting is like living multiple lives. When you make a movie, you go off to different places, live different cultures, investigate somebody else's reality, and you try to manifest that to the best of your ability. It is incredibly eye-opening. That's why I love acting. There's nothing as transformative as what a film, a documentary, can do to get people to care about something else besides their own lives."
 —DiCaprio on his love of acting [20]  
DiCaprio is regarded as one of the finest actors of his generation. [b]  In a 2022 readers' poll by Empire, he was voted one of the 50 greatest actors of all time. The magazine praised his willingness to "go to the ends of the earth (often literally) to get under his characters' skin". [238]  Colin Covert of  The Seattle Times  similarly believed DiCaprio "redefines film stardom" through his willingness to take on challenging roles that few of his contemporaries are capable of performing. [239] 
 Since his international stardom with Titanic (1997), he has admitted feeling nervous about starring in big-budget studio films because of their hype and marketing campaigns. As an actor, he views film as a "relevant art form, like a painting or sculpture. A hundred years from now, people will still be watching that movie." [2]  He often plays roles based on real-life people and stories told in specific periods. [20]   [240]  According to Caryn James, DiCaprio is unafraid of working with established directors on unconventional projects; taking such risks has led him to star in failed films like The Beach (2000), [50]  but also his successful collaborations with Martin Scorsese. [241]   [242]  DiCaprio has described his relationship with Scorsese as dreamlike and admires his knowledge of film, crediting the director with having taught him its history and importance. [233]  Scorsese has commented on DiCaprio's ability to repeatedly demonstrate emotion on screen. [243]  Jesse Hassenger of  The A.V. Club  considers the duo's collaborations—which earned them the 2013 National Board of Review (Spotlight Award) [244] —to be career-defining moments for both of them and as vital as Scorsese's acclaimed collaborations with Robert De Niro. [245] 
 Author Michael K. Hammond wrote that DiCaprio built his star reputation by demonstrating his acting ability, and praised him for "revealing a character while concealing the actor" and "disappearing into [his] roles". [246]  According to Agnieszka Holland, who directed DiCaprio in Total Eclipse (1995), DiCaprio is "one of the most mature actors" she has worked with and is "courageous" in his choice of roles. [247]  Holland remarked that he does not rely on method acting but rather on a trick that allows him to truly "become the character". [247]  Meryl Streep, who co-starred with DiCaprio in Marvin's Room, said he possesses the kind of unpredictability that makes his career difficult to classify, his life precarious and his work thrilling. [60]  Writing for The Observer, film critic Philip French has asserted that many characters portrayed by DiCaprio are in the process of becoming men. He wrote that DiCaprio's inclination toward films about dysfunctional families and characters seeking father figures may allude to his own troubled childhood. [233]  DiCaprio often plays characters who themselves are playing roles, which Caryn James says looks simple on screen but requires sophisticated acting. [50]  He tends to play antiheroes and characters who lose their mental stability as the narrative progresses. [248]   [249]  Derek Thompson of  The Atlantic  argued that DiCaprio gives his best performances when playing "frauds and cheats and double-crossing liars and mercenaries". [248] 
 Several media publications, such as  People , [250]  Empire  [251]  and  Harper's Bazaar , [252]  have included DiCaprio in their listings of the most attractive actors. In 1998, he sued  Playgirl  magazine over plans to publish a fully nude picture of him. [253]  He has said he does not believe in focusing on appearance—as this is only temporary and can negatively affect one's profession in the industry—and looks for career longevity instead. [254]  In 2005, DiCaprio was made a commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Minister of Culture for his contributions to the arts. [255]  In 2016, he was named one of the 100most influential people in the world by  Time  magazine. [256]  He was included on  Forbes  annual list of the world's highest-paid actors in 2008 and from 2010 to 2016 with respective earnings of $45 million, $28 million, $77 million, $37 million, $39 million, $39 million, $29 million and $27 million, topping the list in 2011. The magazine has commended DiCaprio's ability to star in risky, R-rated films that become box office successes. [257]  The Hollywood Reporter listed him as one of the 100 most powerful people in entertainment from 2016 to 2019. [258]  A writer for the same magazine credits DiCaprio as the rare actor to have a successful career "without ever having made a comic book movie, family film or pre-branded franchise. Leo is the franchise." [259]  Stacey Wilson Hunt, analyzing his career in New York Magazine in 2016, opined DiCaprio, unlike most of his contemporaries, had not starred in a bad film in the previous ten years. [247]  Of his success, DiCaprio says, "My attitude is the same as when I started. I feel very connected to that fifteen-year-old kid who got his first movie." [209] 
 DiCaprio has named Robert De Niro and James Dean as two of his favorite and most influential actors, stating "There were a lot of great actors I really fell in love with, but if I were to pick two, from different generations, it would be De Niro and James Dean". [206]  When asked about a performance that stayed with him the most, DiCaprio responded, "I remember being incredibly moved by Jimmy Dean, in  East of Eden . There was something so raw and powerful about that performance. His vulnerability [...] his confusion about his entire history, his identity, his desperation to be loved. That performance just broke my heart." [260] 
 
 
"Climate change is real, it is happening right now. It is the most urgent threat facing our entire species, and we need to work collectively together and stop procrastinating. We need to support leaders around the world who do not speak for the big polluters, but who speak for all of humanity, for the indigenous people of the world, for the billions and billions of underprivileged people out there who would be most affected by this. For our children's children, and for those people out there whose voices have been drowned out by the politics of greed."
 —DiCaprio during his acceptance speech at the 88th Academy Awards, 2016 [261]  
An active celebrity in the climate change movement, [262]  DiCaprio believes global warming is the world's "number-one environmental challenge". [263]  Eager to learn about ecology from an early age, he would watch documentaries on rainforest depletion and the loss of species and habitats. [264]  In 1998, he established the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation, a non-profit organization devoted to promoting environmental awareness. [265]  It supports organizations and campaigns committed to ensuring a viable future for planet Earth, and produced the short web documentaries Water Planet and Global Warning.  [266]  The foundation has also funded debt-for-nature swaps. [267]  By 2018, the foundation had funded more than 200 projects, providing $100 million in support. [268]  He has been an active supporter of numerous environmental organizations and sat on the board of the World Wildlife Fund and International Fund for Animal Welfare. [266]   [269] 
 DiCaprio has owned environment-friendly electric-hybrid vehicles. [270]  His use of private jets and large yachts have been criticized as hypocritical due to their large carbon footprints. [271]   [272]  DiCaprio chaired the national Earth Day celebration in 2000 where he interviewed Bill Clinton and they discussed plans to deal with global warming and the environment. [273]  He presented at the 2007 American leg of Live Earth. [274]  DiCaprio donated $1 million to the Wildlife Conservation Society at Russia's Tiger Summit. DiCaprio's persistence in reaching the event after encountering two plane delays caused then Prime Minister Vladimir Putin to describe him as a "muzhik" or "real man". [275]   [276]  In 2013, he organized a benefit fine art auction, "11th Hour", which raised nearly $38.8 million for his foundation. [277]  In September 2014, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon designated DiCaprio as a United Nations Messenger of Peace with a focus on climate change. [278]   [279]  Later that month, he made an opening statement to members of the UN Climate Summit; his speech reached an estimated one billion people worldwide. [280]   [281]  In 2015, he announced his intention to divest from fossil fuels. [282]  He again spoke at the UN in April 2016 prior to the signing of the Paris Climate Change Agreement. [283] 
   U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and DiCaprio at the Our Ocean Conference in 2016 
At a 2016 meeting with Pope Francis, DiCaprio donated to charity and discussed environmental issues with him. A few days later, possibly influenced by this meeting, the Pope said he would act in a charity film. [c]  DiCaprio traveled to Indonesia in early 2016 where he criticized the government's palm oil industry's slash-and-burn forest clearing methods. [285]  In July 2016, his foundation donated $15.6 million to help protect wildlife and the rights of Native Americans, along with mitigating climate change. [286]  That October, DiCaprio joined Mark Ruffalo in support of the Standing Rock tribe's opposition to the Dakota Access Pipeline. [287] 
 In April 2017, DiCaprio protested against President Donald Trump's inaction on climate change by attending the People's Climate March. [288]  In July, a charity auction and celebrity concert arranged by DiCaprio's foundation had raised over $30 million in one night. [289]  The DiCaprio foundation donated $100 million in December 2018 to fight climate change. [290]  In May 2021, DiCaprio pledged $43million to enact conservation operations across the Galápagos Islands. [291] 
 
DiCaprio endorsed Hillary Clinton for the 2016 presidential election. [292]  In March 2020, DiCaprio attended a fundraiser for Joe Biden at the home of Paramount Pictures executive Sherry Lansing. [293]  Prior to the 2020 election, DiCaprio narrated a Netflix documentary series about voting rights, stating, "All of us may have been created equal. But we'll never actually be equal until we all vote. So don't wait." [294]  On social media, DiCaprio urged voters to make a plan to cast their ballots [295]  and to draw attention to voter suppression  [296]  and restrictive voter ID laws, citing VoteRiders as a source of information and assistance. [297] 
 In 2023, DiCaprio testified during the trial against Prakazrel Michel, who is being accused of participating in a foreign influence campaign that was aimed at the Obama and Trump administrations. [298] 
 
In 1998, DiCaprio and his mother donated $35,000 for a "Leonardo DiCaprio Computer Center" at a library in Los Feliz. [299]  In May 2009, DiCaprio joined Kate Winslet, director James Cameron and Canadian singer Celine Dion, in a campaign to raise money to financially support the fees of the nursing home where Millvina Dean, a survivor of the RMS Titanic, was residing. DiCaprio and Winslet donated $20,000 to support Dean. [300]  In 2010, he donated $1 million to relief efforts in Haiti after the earthquake. [301]  In 2011, DiCaprio joined the Animal Legal Defense Fund's campaign to release Tony, a tiger that had spent the last decade at a truck stop in Grosse Tête, Louisiana. [302]  DiCaprio donated $61,000 to the gay rights group GLAAD in 2013. [303] 
 In 2016, DiCaprio donated $65,000 to the annual fundraising gala for the Children of Armenia Fund, where he was a special guest of his friend and honorary chair, Tony Shafrazi. [304]  Supporting Hurricane Harvey (2017) relief efforts, DiCaprio provided $1 million through his foundation. [305]  In 2020, DiCaprio's foundation donated $3 million to Australia bushfire relief efforts. [306]  Amidst the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the media announced DiCaprio donated $10million to support Ukraine, [d]   [308]  although the news agency Associated Press suggested this amount was inaccurate. [307] 
 
   DiCaprio in 2008 
DiCaprio is agnostic but does not identify as an atheist. [309]  His personal life is the subject of widespread media attention. [310]  He rarely grants interviews and is reluctant to discuss his private life. [247]   [311]  DiCaprio has been the focus of various reports detailing his involvement with women aged 25 or younger, and has faced criticism for those relationships. [e]   [f]   [318]  In 1999, DiCaprio met Brazilian model Gisele Bündchen, whom he dated until 2005. [319]  He was romantically involved with Israeli model Bar Refaeli from 2005 to 2011. He later dated German fashion model Toni Garrn from 2013 to 2014 and later in 2017. [320]  DiCaprio was in a relationship with American model and actress Camila Morrone from c. 2017 until 2022. [321]   [322] 
 DiCaprio owns houses in Los Angeles and apartments in New York City. [323]  In 2009, he bought an island, Blackadore Caye, off mainland Belize—on which he is set to open an environment-friendly resort [324]   [325] —and in 2014, he purchased the original Dinah Shore residence designed by architect Donald Wexler in Palm Springs, California. [326] 
 In 2005, DiCaprio's face was severely injured when model Aretha Wilson hit him over the head with a broken bottle at a Hollywood party. As a result, he required seventeen stitches to his face and neck. [327]  Wilson pleaded guilty to the assault and was sentenced in 2010 to two years in prison. [328] 
 In 2017, when The Wolf of Wall Street producer Red Granite Pictures was involved in the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, DiCaprio turned over the gifts he received from business associates at the production company, including from fugitive businessman Jho Low, to the US government. [329]   [330]  These included a Best Actor Oscar trophy won by Marlon Brando, a $3.2 million Pablo Picasso painting and a $9 million Jean-Michel Basquiat collage. [331] 
 
According to the online portal Box Office Mojo and the review aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, DiCaprio's most critically and commercially successful films include  What's Eating Gilbert Grape  (1993),  Romeo + Juliet  (1996),  Titanic  (1997),  Catch Me If You Can  (2002),  Gangs of New York  (2002),  The Aviator  (2004),  The Departed  (2006),  Blood Diamond  (2006),  Shutter Island  (2010),  Inception  (2010),  Django Unchained  (2012),  The Great Gatsby  (2013),  The Wolf of Wall Street  (2013),  The Revenant  (2015) and  Once Upon a Time in Hollywood  (2019). His films have grossed $7.2 billion worldwide. [101]   [332] 
 DiCaprio has been recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for the following performances: [333]   [198]   [213] 
  66th Academy Awards (1994): Best Supporting Actor, nomination, for What's Eating Gilbert Grape 
 77th Academy Awards (2005): Best Actor, nomination, for The Aviator 
 79th Academy Awards (2007): Best Actor, nomination, for Blood Diamond 
 86th Academy Awards (2014): Best Picture and Best Actor, nominations, for The Wolf of Wall Street 
 88th Academy Awards (2016): Best Actor, win, for The Revenant 
 92nd Academy Awards (2020): Best Actor, nomination, for Once Upon a Time in Hollywood  
DiCaprio has won three Golden Globe Awards: Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama for The Aviator and The Revenant and Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for The Wolf of Wall Street, [334]  as well as a BAFTA Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor for The Revenant. [335]   [199] 
 
  List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees – Youngest nominees for Best Actor in a Supporting Role 
 List of actors with Academy Award nominations 
 List of actors with two or more Academy Awards nominations in acting categories 
 List of Golden Globe winners 
  Grouvellinus leonardodicaprioi , a beetle named after DiCaprio
  Spintharus leonardodicaprioi , a spider named after DiCaprio 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Block, Alex Ben; Wilson, Lucy Autrey, eds. (2010).  George Lucas's Blockbusting: A Decade-By-Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . HarperCollins. ISBN  978-0-061-77889-6 . 
 Erdős, László (2019). "Greening Hollywood – the Activism of Leonardo DiCaprio". Green Heroes. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 217–221. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31806-2_43. ISBN  978-3-030-31805-5 . S2CID 213723782. 
 Hammond, Michael K. (2012). "Leonardo DiCaprio and Sean Penn: Acting Authentic". In Pomerance, Murray (ed.). Shining in Shadows: Movie Stars of the 2000s. Rutgers University Press. pp. 166–181. ISBN  978-0-81355-216-3 . 
 Mooney, William H. (2021). "Citizen Kane (1941) and Baz Luhrmann's the Great Gatsby (2013)". Adaptation and the New Art Film. Palgrave Studies in Adaptation and Visual Culture. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 237–268. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62934-2_9. ISBN  978-3-030-62933-5 . S2CID 238014709. 
 Muir, John Kenneth (2004). . Applause: Theatre &amp; Cinema Books. ISBN  978-1-55783-607-6 . 
 Müller, Jürgen (2001). Movies of the 90s. Taschen. ISBN  978-3-8228-5878-3 . 
 Nash, Melanie; Lahti, Marti (1999). "The Paradoxes of Girls' Fandom". In Sandler, Kevin S.; Studlar, Gaylyn (eds.). . Rutgers University Press. pp. 64–88. ISBN  978-0-8135-2669-0 . 
 Neibaur, James L. (2016). The Essential Jack Nicholson. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. ISBN  978-1-4422-6989-7 . 
 Ochoa, George (2011). Deformed and Destructive Beings: The Purpose of Horror Films. McFarland &amp; Company. ISBN  978-0-7864-8654-0 . 
  Pomerance, Murray (2012). "Leonardo DiCaprio: King of the 'World'". In Everett, Anna (ed.). Pretty People: Movie Stars of the 1990s. Rutgers University Press. pp. 103–122. doi:10.36019/9780813553252-007. ISBN  9780813553252 . S2CID 225038492. 
 Romney, Jonathan (2014). "The Man Who Sold the World".  Film Comment . 50 (1): 22–27. JSTOR 43459881. 
 Schwartz, David; Ryan, Steve; Wostbrock, Fred (1999). The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows, 3rd Edition. Checkmark Books. ISBN  978-0-8160-3847-3 . 
 Todd, Erica (2014). Passionate Love and Popular Cinema. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781137295385. ISBN  978-1-349-45183-8 . 
 Wight, Douglas (2012). Leonardo DiCaprio – The Biography. John Blake Publishing Ltd. ISBN  978-1-78219-859-8 .  
 
  Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation 
 Leonardo DiCaprio at IMDb 
 Leonardo DiCaprio at Rotten Tomatoes 
 Leonardo DiCaprio on Instagram
Leonardo DiCaprio
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000138/
Leonardo DiCaprio - IMDb
2021-11-08
Writer
<div><div><section><section><section><div><ul><li><a href="/name/nm0000138/bio/?ref_=nm_ql_1">Biography</a></li><li><a href="/name/nm0000138/awards/?ref_=nm_ql_2">Awards</a></li><li><a href="/name/nm0000138/trivia/?ref_=nm_ql_3">Trivia</a></li></ul></div><div><div><ul><li>Producer</li><li>Actor</li><li>Writer</li></ul></div><article></article></div><div><div><div><p></p><a href="/name/nm0000138/mediaviewer/rm487490304/?ref_=nm_ov_ph"></a></div><div><p></p><div><div><p>Play clip1:44</p><p>Leonardo DiCaprio | Career Retrospective</p></div></div></div></div><div><a href="/name/nm0000138/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm"></a><div><p>Few actors in the world have had a career quite as diverse as Leonardo DiCaprio's. DiCaprio has gone from relatively humble beginnings, as a supporting cast member of the sitcom <a href="/title/tt0088527/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Growing Pains (1985)</a> and low budget horror movies, such as <a href="/title/tt0101627/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Critters 3 (1991)</a>, to a major teenage heartthrob in the 1990s, as the hunky lead actor in movies such as <a href="/title/tt0117509/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Romeo + Juliet (1996)</a> and <a href="/title/tt0120338/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Titanic (1997)</a>, to then become a leading man in Hollywood blockbusters, made by internationally renowned directors such as <a href="/name/nm0000217/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Martin Scorsese</a> and <a href="/name/nm0634240/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Christopher Nolan</a>.</p><p>Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio was born November 11, 1974 in Los Angeles, California, the only child of <a href="/name/nm2638069/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Irmelin DiCaprio</a> (née Indenbirken) and former comic book artist <a href="/name/nm1096247/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">George DiCaprio</a>. His father is of Italian and German descent, and his mother, who is German-born, is of German and Russian ancestry. His middle name, "Wilhelm", was his maternal grandfather's first name. Leonardo's father had achieved minor status as an artist and distributor of cult comic book titles, and was even depicted in several issues of American Splendor, the cult semi-autobiographical comic book series by the late 'Harvey Pekar', a friend of George's. Leonardo's performance skills became obvious to his parents early on, and after signing him up with a talent agent who wanted Leonardo to perform under the stage name "Lenny Williams", DiCaprio began appearing on a number of television commercials and educational programs.</p><p>DiCaprio began attracting the attention of producers, who cast him in small roles in a number of television series, such as <a href="/title/tt0094540/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Roseanne (1988)</a> and <a href="/title/tt0096661/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">The New Lassie (1989)</a>, but it wasn't until 1991 that DiCaprio made his film debut in <a href="/title/tt0101627/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Critters 3 (1991)</a>, a low-budget horror movie. While <a href="/title/tt0101627/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Critters 3 (1991)</a> did little to help showcase DiCaprio's acting abilities, it did help him develop his show-reel, and attract the attention of the people behind the hit sitcom <a href="/title/tt0088527/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Growing Pains (1985)</a>, in which Leonardo was cast in the "Cousin Oliver" role of a young homeless boy who moves in with the Seavers. While DiCaprio's stint on <a href="/title/tt0088527/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Growing Pains (1985)</a> was very short, as the sitcom was axed the year after he joined, it helped bring DiCaprio into the public's attention and, after the sitcom ended, DiCaprio began auditioning for roles in which he would get the chance to prove his acting chops.</p><p>Leonardo took up a diverse range of roles in the early 1990s, including a mentally challenged youth in <a href="/title/tt0108550/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993)</a>, a young gunslinger in <a href="/title/tt0114214/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">The Quick and the Dead (1995)</a> and a drug addict in one of his most challenging roles to date, Jim Carroll in <a href="/title/tt0112461/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">The Basketball Diaries (1995)</a>, a role which the late <a href="/name/nm0000203/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">River Phoenix</a> originally expressed interest in. While these diverse roles helped establish Leonardo's reputation as an actor, it wasn't until his role as Romeo Montague in <a href="/name/nm0525303/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Baz Luhrmann</a>'s <a href="/title/tt0117509/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Romeo + Juliet (1996)</a> that Leonardo became a household name, a true movie star. The following year, DiCaprio starred in another movie about doomed lovers, <a href="/title/tt0120338/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Titanic (1997)</a>, which went on to beat all box office records held before then, as, at the time, <a href="/title/tt0120338/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Titanic (1997)</a> became the highest grossing movie of all time, and cemented DiCaprio's reputation as a teen heartthrob. Following his work on <a href="/title/tt0120338/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Titanic (1997)</a>, DiCaprio kept a low profile for a number of years, with roles in <a href="/title/tt0120744/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">The Man in the Iron Mask (1998)</a> and the low-budget <a href="/title/tt0163978/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">The Beach (2000)</a> being some of his few notable roles during this period.</p><p>In 2002, he burst back into screens throughout the world with leading roles in <a href="/title/tt0264464/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Catch Me If You Can (2002)</a> and <a href="/title/tt0217505/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Gangs of New York (2002)</a>, his first of many collaborations with director <a href="/name/nm0000217/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Martin Scorsese</a>. With a current salary of $20 million a movie, DiCaprio is now one of the biggest movie stars in the world. However, he has not limited his professional career to just acting in movies, as DiCaprio is a committed environmentalist, who is actively involved in many environmental causes, and his commitment to this issue led to his involvement in The 11th Hour, a documentary movie about the state of the natural environment. As someone who has gone from small roles in television commercials to one of the most respected actors in the world, DiCaprio has had one of the most diverse careers in cinema. DiCaprio continued to defy conventions about the types of roles he would accept, and with his career now seeing him leading all-star casts in action thrillers such as <a href="/title/tt0407887/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">The Departed (2006)</a>, <a href="/title/tt1130884/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Shutter Island (2010)</a> and <a href="/name/nm0634240/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Christopher Nolan</a>'s <a href="/title/tt1375666/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Inception (2010)</a>, DiCaprio continues to wow audiences by refusing to conform to any cliché about actors.</p><p>In 2012, he played a mustache twirling villain in <a href="/title/tt1853728/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">Django Unchained (2012)</a>, and then tragic literary character Jay Gatsby in <a href="/title/tt1343092/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">The Great Gatsby (2013)</a> and Jordan Belfort in <a href="/title/tt0993846/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk">The Wolf of Wall Street (2013)</a>.</p><p>DiCaprio is passionate about environmental and humanitarian causes, having donated $1,000,000 to earthquake relief efforts in 2010, the same year he contributed $1,000,000 to the Wildlife Conservation Society.</p></div></div></div></section></section><div><div><section><h2>Did Leonardo DiCaprio Almost Star in 'The Matrix'?</h2><div><div><h2>Did Leonardo DiCaprio Almost Star in 'The Matrix'?</h2><div><p>It's easy to believe Leonardo DiCaprio really is the "king of the world." But Leo struggled at the beginning, just like everyone else. What roles did he almost play along the way?</p></div><p><a href="/list/ls048450772/videoplayer/vi3496459289?ref_=nm_eds_center-3_nm_cc_ld_cta">Watch the video</a></p></div><div><p></p><a href="/video/vi3496459289/?listId=ls048450772&amp;ref_=nm_eds_center-3_nm_cc_ld_i"></a></div></div></section><section><p><a href="/name/nm0000138/videogallery/?ref_=nm_vi_sm"><h3>Videos145</h3></a></p></section><section><div><hgroup><h3>Contribute to this page</h3></hgroup><p>Suggest an edit or add missing content</p></div><p><a href="https://contribute.imdb.com/updates?ref_=nm_cn_edt&amp;edit=legacy%2Fname%2Fnm0000138%2F">Edit page</a></p></section></div><div><section><p><hgroup><h3>More to explore</h3></hgroup></p></section></div></div></section></div><div><hgroup><h3>Recently viewed</h3></hgroup></div></div>||||I|||| Menu
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 Leonardo DiCaprio

 * Producer
 * Actor
 * Writer
 IMDbPro Starmeter Top 500 4
 Play clip 1 :44
 Leonardo DiCaprio | Career Retrospective
 99+ Videos
 99+ Photos
 Few actors in the world have had a career quite as diverse as Leonardo DiCaprio's. DiCaprio has gone from relatively humble beginnings, as a supporting cast member of the sitcom Growing Pains (1985) and low budget horror movies, such as Critters 3 (1991), to a major teenage heartthrob in the 1990s, as the hunky lead actor in movies such as Romeo + Juliet (1996) and Titanic (1997), to then become a leading man in Hollywood blockbusters, made by internationally renowned directors such as Martin Scorsese and Christopher Nolan.

 Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio was born November 11, 1974 in Los Angeles, California, the only child of Irmelin DiCaprio (née Indenbirken) and former comic book artist George DiCaprio. His father is of Italian and German descent, and his mother, who is German-born, is of German and Russian ancestry. His middle name, "Wilhelm", was his maternal grandfather's first name. Leonardo's father had achieved minor status as an artist and distributor of cult comic book titles, and was even depicted in several issues of American Splendor, the cult semi-autobiographical comic book series by the late 'Harvey Pekar', a friend of George's. Leonardo's performance skills became obvious to his parents early on, and after signing him up with a talent agent who wanted Leonardo to perform under the stage name "Lenny Williams", DiCaprio began appearing on a number of television commercials and educational programs.

 DiCaprio began attracting the attention of producers, who cast him in small roles in a number of television series, such as Roseanne (1988) and The New Lassie (1989), but it wasn't until 1991 that DiCaprio made his film debut in Critters 3 (1991), a low-budget horror movie. While Critters 3 (1991) did little to help showcase DiCaprio's acting abilities, it did help him develop his show-reel, and attract the attention of the people behind the hit sitcom Growing Pains (1985), in which Leonardo was cast in the "Cousin Oliver" role of a young homeless boy who moves in with the Seavers. While DiCaprio's stint on Growing Pains (1985) was very short, as the sitcom was axed the year after he joined, it helped bring DiCaprio into the public's attention and, after the sitcom ended, DiCaprio began auditioning for roles in which he would get the chance to prove his acting chops.

 Leonardo took up a diverse range of roles in the early 1990s, including a mentally challenged youth in What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), a young gunslinger in The Quick and the Dead (1995) and a drug addict in one of his most challenging roles to date, Jim Carroll in The Basketball Diaries (1995), a role which the late River Phoenix originally expressed interest in. While these diverse roles helped establish Leonardo's reputation as an actor, it wasn't until his role as Romeo Montague in Baz Luhrmann's Romeo + Juliet (1996) that Leonardo became a household name, a true movie star. The following year, DiCaprio starred in another movie about doomed lovers, Titanic (1997), which went on to beat all box office records held before then, as, at the time, Titanic (1997) became the highest grossing movie of all time, and cemented DiCaprio's reputation as a teen heartthrob. Following his work on Titanic (1997), DiCaprio kept a low profile for a number of years, with roles in The Man in the Iron Mask (1998) and the low-budget The Beach (2000) being some of his few notable roles during this period.

 In 2002, he burst back into screens throughout the world with leading roles in Catch Me If You Can (2002) and Gangs of New York (2002), his first of many collaborations with director Martin Scorsese. With a current salary of $20 million a movie, DiCaprio is now one of the biggest movie stars in the world. However, he has not limited his professional career to just acting in movies, as DiCaprio is a committed environmentalist, who is actively involved in many environmental causes, and his commitment to this issue led to his involvement in The 11th Hour, a documentary movie about the state of the natural environment. As someone who has gone from small roles in television commercials to one of the most respected actors in the world, DiCaprio has had one of the most diverse careers in cinema. DiCaprio continued to defy conventions about the types of roles he would accept, and with his career now seeing him leading all-star casts in action thrillers such as The Departed (2006), Shutter Island (2010) and Christopher Nolan's Inception (2010), DiCaprio continues to wow audiences by refusing to conform to any cliché about actors.

 In 2012, he played a mustache twirling villain in Django Unchained (2012), and then tragic literary character Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby (2013) and Jordan Belfort in The Wolf of Wall Street (2013).

 DiCaprio is passionate about environmental and humanitarian causes, having donated $1,000,000 to earthquake relief efforts in 2010, the same year he contributed $1,000,000 to the Wildlife Conservation Society.
 Born November 11, 1974
 * More at IMDbPro
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 Born November 11, 1974
 IMDbPro Starmeter Top 500 4
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 * Won 1 Oscar
 + 102 wins & 263 nominations total

 Did Leonardo DiCaprio Almost Star in 'The Matrix'?

 Did Leonardo DiCaprio Almost Star in 'The Matrix'?

 It's easy to believe Leonardo DiCaprio really is the "king of the world." But Leo struggled at the beginning, just like everyone else. What roles did he almost play along the way?
 Watch the video
 4:07

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 Known for

 Inception
 8.8
 * Cobb
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 Titanic
 7.9
 * Jack Dawson
 * 1997
 The Departed
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 * 2006
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 * 2013

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 Videos 145

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 Leonardo DiCaprio | Career Retrospective
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 IMDb's Most Anticipated Movies of 2019
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 Clip: Dancing a Jig in 3rd Class
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 Clip: Leaving Southampton
 Clip 0:45
 Clip: Arrival
 Clip 0:38
 Clip: "I'm the King of the World!"
 Clip 0:47
 Clip: "Don't Let Go of My Hand"
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 Clip: "I Couldn't Go"
 Clip 0:47
 Clip of Jack and Rose: "I'm Flying"

 Personal details

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 * Official sites
 + Facebook
 + Instagram
 * Alternative names
 + Leonardo Di Caprio
 * Height
 + 6′ (1.83 m)
 * Born
 + November 11 , 1974
 + Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA
 * Children
 + No Children
 * Parents
 Irmelin DiCaprio
 * Other works
 (Late 1990s - 2001) Print ads for Orient Corporation Orico Card (Japan).
 * Publicity listings
 + 3 Biographical Movies
 + 1 Portrayal
 + 27 Interviews
 + 86 Articles
 + 18 Pictorials
 + 487 Magazine Cover Photos

 Did you know

 Edit
 * Trivia
 DiCaprio, along with Kate Winslet and director James Cameron, publicly pledged to support the financial future of the last living Titanic survivor, Millvina Dean, after it was reported that she had been forced to sell her mementos to pay for nursing home bills.
 * Quotes
 The best thing about acting is that I get to lose myself in another character and actually get paid for it. It's a great outlet. As for myself, I'm not sure who I am. It seems that I change every day.
 * Trademarks
 Often appears in the films of Martin Scorsese
 * Nicknames
 + Leo
 + Lenny D
 * Salaries
 Killers of the Flower Moon
 (2023)
 $30,000,000

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Biography   Awards   Trivia       Producer Actor Writer                   Play clip1:44 Leonardo DiCaprio | Career Retrospective         Few actors in the world have had a career quite as diverse as Leonardo DiCaprio's. DiCaprio has gone from relatively humble beginnings, as a supporting cast member of the sitcom Growing Pains (1985) and low budget horror movies, such as Critters 3 (1991), to a major teenage heartthrob in the 1990s, as the hunky lead actor in movies such as Romeo + Juliet (1996) and Titanic (1997), to then become a leading man in Hollywood blockbusters, made by internationally renowned directors such as Martin Scorsese and Christopher Nolan. Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio was born November 11, 1974 in Los Angeles, California, the only child of Irmelin DiCaprio (née Indenbirken) and former comic book artist George DiCaprio. His father is of Italian and German descent, and his mother, who is German-born, is of German and Russian ancestry. His middle name, "Wilhelm", was his maternal grandfather's first name. Leonardo's father had achieved minor status as an artist and distributor of cult comic book titles, and was even depicted in several issues of American Splendor, the cult semi-autobiographical comic book series by the late 'Harvey Pekar', a friend of George's. Leonardo's performance skills became obvious to his parents early on, and after signing him up with a talent agent who wanted Leonardo to perform under the stage name "Lenny Williams", DiCaprio began appearing on a number of television commercials and educational programs. DiCaprio began attracting the attention of producers, who cast him in small roles in a number of television series, such as Roseanne (1988) and The New Lassie (1989), but it wasn't until 1991 that DiCaprio made his film debut in Critters 3 (1991), a low-budget horror movie. While Critters 3 (1991) did little to help showcase DiCaprio's acting abilities, it did help him develop his show-reel, and attract the attention of the people behind the hit sitcom Growing Pains (1985), in which Leonardo was cast in the "Cousin Oliver" role of a young homeless boy who moves in with the Seavers. While DiCaprio's stint on Growing Pains (1985) was very short, as the sitcom was axed the year after he joined, it helped bring DiCaprio into the public's attention and, after the sitcom ended, DiCaprio began auditioning for roles in which he would get the chance to prove his acting chops. Leonardo took up a diverse range of roles in the early 1990s, including a mentally challenged youth in What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), a young gunslinger in The Quick and the Dead (1995) and a drug addict in one of his most challenging roles to date, Jim Carroll in The Basketball Diaries (1995), a role which the late River Phoenix originally expressed interest in. While these diverse roles helped establish Leonardo's reputation as an actor, it wasn't until his role as Romeo Montague in Baz Luhrmann's Romeo + Juliet (1996) that Leonardo became a household name, a true movie star. The following year, DiCaprio starred in another movie about doomed lovers, Titanic (1997), which went on to beat all box office records held before then, as, at the time, Titanic (1997) became the highest grossing movie of all time, and cemented DiCaprio's reputation as a teen heartthrob. Following his work on Titanic (1997), DiCaprio kept a low profile for a number of years, with roles in The Man in the Iron Mask (1998) and the low-budget The Beach (2000) being some of his few notable roles during this period. In 2002, he burst back into screens throughout the world with leading roles in Catch Me If You Can (2002) and Gangs of New York (2002), his first of many collaborations with director Martin Scorsese. With a current salary of $20 million a movie, DiCaprio is now one of the biggest movie stars in the world. However, he has not limited his professional career to just acting in movies, as DiCaprio is a committed environmentalist, who is actively involved in many environmental causes, and his commitment to this issue led to his involvement in The 11th Hour, a documentary movie about the state of the natural environment. As someone who has gone from small roles in television commercials to one of the most respected actors in the world, DiCaprio has had one of the most diverse careers in cinema. DiCaprio continued to defy conventions about the types of roles he would accept, and with his career now seeing him leading all-star casts in action thrillers such as The Departed (2006), Shutter Island (2010) and Christopher Nolan's Inception (2010), DiCaprio continues to wow audiences by refusing to conform to any cliché about actors. In 2012, he played a mustache twirling villain in Django Unchained (2012), and then tragic literary character Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby (2013) and Jordan Belfort in The Wolf of Wall Street (2013). DiCaprio is passionate about environmental and humanitarian causes, having donated $1,000,000 to earthquake relief efforts in 2010, the same year he contributed $1,000,000 to the Wildlife Conservation Society.         Did Leonardo DiCaprio Almost Star in 'The Matrix'?   Did Leonardo DiCaprio Almost Star in 'The Matrix'?  It's easy to believe Leonardo DiCaprio really is the "king of the world." But Leo struggled at the beginning, just like everyone else. What roles did he almost play along the way?   Watch the video              Videos145       Contribute to this page  Suggest an edit or add missing content   Edit page        More to explore          Recently viewed
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Before They Were Famous: Actors' Early Roles
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<div><div><p></p><div><div><p><a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000129/?ref_=rg_mv_desc">Tom Cruise</a> in <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086066/?ref_=rg_mv_desc">The Outsiders (1983)</a></p></div><div><div><p></p></div><div><p></p></div><div><p>Image courtesy <a href="http://www.gettyimages.com/EditorialImages/Entertainment">gettyimages.com</a></p></div></div></div></div></div>||||I|||| Close
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Tom Cruise in The Outsiders (1983)             Image courtesy gettyimages.com
Before They Were Famous: Actors' Early Roles
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https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/leonardo-dicaprio
leonardo dicaprio: Latest News & Videos, Photos about leonardo dicaprio  | The Economic Times - Page 1
2024-01-08
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<div><div><div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/leonardo-dicaprio-was-zack-snyders-first-choice-to-play-lex-luthor-in-batman-v-superman/articleshow/109434966.cms"><h2>Leonardo DiCaprio was Zack Snyder's first choice to play Lex Luthor in 'Batman v Superman'</h2></a><p>Filmmaker Zack Snyder revealed that he considered Leonardo DiCaprio for the role of Lex Luthor in "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice." Although DiCaprio had insightful ideas about the character during their meeting, the role ultimately went to Jesse Eisenberg. Snyder also addressed rumors about considering Tom Hanks and Adam Driver for the role.</p><p><time>19 Apr, 2024, 04:43 PM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/golden-globe-awards-oppenheimer-dominates-2024-awards-ceremony/videoshow/106644466.cms"><h2>Golden Globe Awards: 'Oppenheimer' dominates 2024 awards ceremony</h2></a><p>The 81st edition of the Golden Globe Awards unfolded with glitz and glamour at the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Los Angeles, California. Hollywood's elite, including Margot Robbie, Leonardo DiCaprio, Meryl Streep, Florence Pugh, Angela Bassett, Taylor Swift, and Dua Lipa, gathered to kick ...</p><p><time>08 Jan, 2024, 09:14 PM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/killers-of-the-flower-moon-when-and-where-will-it-release-on-ott-/articleshow/106601570.cms"><h2>Killers of the Flower Moon: When and where will it release on OTT ?</h2></a><p>Killers of the Flower Moon, by Martin Scorsese, is a crime thriller movie that will be making its OTT debut on Apple TV +. Here's everything you need to know about the OTT release date of Killers of the Flower Moon.</p><p><time>06 Jan, 2024, 10:21 PM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/jeffrey-epstein-documents-cate-blanchett-leonardo-dicaprio-and-cameron-diaz-named-how-have-they-reacted/articleshow/106581902.cms"><h2>Jeffrey Epstein documents: Cate Blanchett, Leonardo DiCaprio and Cameron Diaz named. How have they reacted?</h2></a><p>Many Hollywood stars including Cate Blanchett, Leonardo DiCaprio and Cameron Diaz have been named in the newly-released legal documents linked to the pedophile Jeffrey Epstein. Know in detail.</p><p><time>05 Jan, 2024, 10:45 PM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/who-is-lottie-moss-spotted-with-leonardo-dicaprio-all-about-rumored-relationship-and-link-to-kate-moss/articleshow/105994928.cms"><h2>Who is Lottie Moss, spotted with Leonardo DiCaprio? All about rumored relationship and link to Kate Moss</h2></a><p>Leonardo DiCaprio and Lottie Moss were pictured arriving at a celeb haunt in London for a secret date 30 years after his fling with Kate Moss. Who is Lottie and how is she related to Kate? Know in detail.</p><p><time>14 Dec, 2023, 05:49 PM IST</time></p></div></div></div><div><ul><li><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/leonardo-dicaprio">All</a></li><li><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/leonardo-dicaprio/news">News</a></li><li><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/leonardo-dicaprio/videos">Videos</a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="#1"></a><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/taylor-swifts-the-eras-tour-movie-gets-golden-globe-nomination/articleshow/105912795.cms"><h2>Taylor Swift's 'The Eras Tour' movie gets Golden Globe nomination</h2></a><p>Taylor Swift, has secured a nomination in the Cinematic and Box-Office Achievement category for the 81st annual Golden Globe Awards. To qualify for this category, movies must achieve a global box office revenue of $150 million and a domestic revenue of $100 million. Notable contenders in the same category include Barbie, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, John Wick: Chapter 4, Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One, Oppenheimer, Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, and The Super Mario Bros. Movie.</p><p><time>12 Dec, 2023, 12:15 AM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/kate-winslet-reflects-on-26-yr-old-friendship-with-titanic-co-star-leonardo-dicaprio-reveals-they-clicked-immediately/articleshow/105731694.cms"><h2>Kate Winslet reflects on 26-yr-old friendship with 'Titanic' co-star Leonardo DiCaprio, reveals they 'clicked immediately'</h2></a><p>​The Oscar-winning actors played doomed lovers Jack and Rose in James Cameron's romance drama that went on to become one of the most successful movies in 1997</p><p><time>04 Dec, 2023, 06:43 PM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/happy-birthday-martin-scorsese-4-films-you-should-watch-by-the-legendary-movie-director/articleshow/105299014.cms"><h2>Happy birthday Martin Scorsese: 4 films you should watch by the legendary movie director</h2></a><p>Martin Scorsese, the acclaimed Hollywood director, celebrates his 81st birthday today. Scorsese is widely considered to be one of the most legendary movie directors and has worked with some of the best actors in the industry like Robert De Niro and Leonardo DiCaprio. Let’s revisit 4 of his best films till date.</p><p><time>17 Nov, 2023, 11:14 PM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/killers-of-the-flower-moon-crime-drama-to-receive-vanguard-honor-from-palm-springs-international-film-awards/articleshow/105215485.cms"><h2>Killers of the Flower Moon: Crime Drama to Receive Vanguard Honor From Palm Springs International Film Awards</h2></a><p>Martin Scorsese's "Killers of the Flower Moon" is set to be honored with the Vanguard Award at the 2024 Palm Springs International Film Festival. The Vanguard Award, recognizing the collaborative excellence of a film's cast and director, will be presented to Martin Scorsese, an Academy Award-winning director as confirmed by the Palm Springs International Film Awards.</p><p><time>14 Nov, 2023, 09:44 PM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/leonardo-dicaprio-birthday-victoria-lamas-was-denied-entry-heres-why/articleshow/105193228.cms"><h2>Leonardo DiCaprio birthday: Victoria Lamas was denied entry. Here's why</h2></a><p>Leonardo DiCaprio's birthday party was graced by top Hollywood stars but one person was denied entry.</p><p><time>14 Nov, 2023, 02:26 AM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/victoria-lamas-leonardo-dicaprios-former-girlfriend-was-refused-entry-to-the-actors-birthday-celebration/articleshow/105192747.cms"><h2>Victoria Lamas, Leonardo DiCaprio's former girlfriend, was refused entry to the actor's birthday celebration</h2></a><p>Victoria Lamas who is the ex-girlfriend of Leonardo DiCaprio did not get entry at the actor's 49 birthday party. She tried to enter the party but after not getting the entry she waited outside.</p><p><time>14 Nov, 2023, 12:18 AM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/leonardo-dicaprio-relationship-history-of-the-killers-of-the-flower-moon-star-latest-relationship-with-vittoria-ceretti/articleshow/104973348.cms"><h2>Leonardo DiCaprio: Relationship History of the ‘Killers of the Flower Moon’ Star &amp; Latest Relationship With Vittoria Ceretti</h2></a><p>Leonardo DiCaprio, the acclaimed Hollywood actor who recently starred in “Killer of the Flower Moon,” is reportedly dating Italian model Vittoria Ceretti as rumours are flying around stating that DiCaprio is “completely smitten” by the 25 year-old.</p><p><time>04 Nov, 2023, 09:59 PM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/killers-of-the-flower-moon-the-crime-saga-crosses-100m-global-box-office/articleshow/104951594.cms"><h2>Killers Of The Flower Moon’: The Crime Saga Crosses $100M Global Box Office</h2></a><p>Martin Scorsese's 'Killers of the Flower Moon' has reached a stunning milestone, crossing the $100 million mark at the global box office. This captivating epic, featuring a star-studded cast, continues to captivate audiences with its narrative, setting the stage for its imminent digital debut while generating considerable awards season buzz.</p><p><time>04 Nov, 2023, 12:18 AM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/killers-of-the-flower-moon-trounces-taylor-swifts-the-eras-tour-concert-film-at-global-box-office/articleshow/104680233.cms"><h2>'Killers of the Flower Moon' trounces Taylor Swift's 'The Eras Tour' concert film at global box office</h2></a><p>Martin Scorsese's film "Killers of the Flower Moon" has been successful internationally, earning $21 million from 63 territories. Despite being behind Taylor Swift's "The Eras Tour" in North America, the crime saga has made $23 million domestically, contributing to a total global earnings of $44 million. Paramount, the film's distributor, sees the movie's performance in key markets as promising. Apple's $200 million investment in the film highlights its significance within the company's content strategy and its focus on the synergy between theatrical releases and streaming platforms.</p><p><time>24 Oct, 2023, 11:00 PM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/box-office-leo-beats-leonardo-dicaprios-killers-of-the-flower-moon-know-its-weekend-earnings/articleshow/104640703.cms"><h2>Box office: 'Leo' beats Leonardo DiCaprio's 'Killers of the Flower Moon'. Know its weekend earnings</h2></a><p>According to estimates released by Comscore on Sunday, 'Leo' debuted in third position at the global box office over the latest weekend, with $31.2 million planetwide. But in terms of worldwide cumulative among new releases, 'Leo' collected $48.5 million after four days compared to the $44 million earned by 'Killers of the Flower Moon'. Know in detail.</p><p><time>23 Oct, 2023, 07:24 PM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/prince-harry-enjoys-visit-to-austin-race-track-ahead-of-us-grand-prix/articleshow/104633336.cms"><h2>​Prince Harry enjoys visit to Austin race track ahead of US Grand Prix</h2></a><p>Prince Harry showed his enthusiasm for racing during a visit to a race track in Austin, Texas, ahead of the US Grand Prix. He interacted with the Mercedes team and was seen smiling and waving at eager fans. Harry has a history in go-karting and has previously raced against Grand Prix winner Johnny Herbert. This trip comes after he and Meghan Markle returned from a romantic getaway in the Caribbean. Body language expert Judi James noted a shift in their demeanor, with Meghan appearing more distant and hurried.</p><p><time>23 Oct, 2023, 12:04 AM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/rodrigo-prieto-reflects-on-the-controversial-spanking-scene-in-killers-of-the-flower-moon/articleshow/104613524.cms"><h2>Rodrigo Prieto reflects on the controversial ​spanking scene in 'Killers of the Flower Moon'</h2></a><p>Renowned cinematographer Rodrigo Prieto expressed surprise at an unexpected scene in the movie adaptation of "Killers of the Flower Moon." The scene features Robert De Niro's character administering a severe spanking to Leonardo DiCaprio's character, which wasn't initially part of the script. Prieto highlighted the physical demands endured by DiCaprio during the filming of the scene, emphasizing his commitment to his roles. Prieto's insights offer a glimpse into the efforts made by actors and crew to bring challenging scenes to life and deliver compelling narratives on the silver screen.</p><p><time>21 Oct, 2023, 09:08 PM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/martin-scorseses-killers-of-the-flower-moon-a-gripping-tale-of-forgotten-injustices-in-american-history/articleshow/104590310.cms"><h2>Martin Scorsese's Killers of the Flower Moon: A gripping tale of forgotten injustices in American History</h2></a><p>Martin Scorsese's upcoming film "Killers of the Flower Moon" brings to light the dark history of the 1920s Osage murders in Oklahoma. Based on David Grann's book, the movie tells the story of the systematic killings of wealthy Osage Native Americans for their oil money. The film highlights the cultural prejudice and white supremacy that allowed these crimes to occur, as well as the erasure of this chapter in American history.</p><p><time>20 Oct, 2023, 09:49 PM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/dwayne-johnson-makes-history-as-first-wrestler-honored-with-wax-statue-at-muse-grvin-in-paris/articleshow/104586024.cms"><h2>Dwayne Johnson makes history as first wrestler honored with wax statue at Musée Grévin in Paris</h2></a><p>Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson has made history as the first wrestler to be immortalized in Paris's renowned Musée Grévin. His wax statue was unveiled this week. The internet users were invited to cast their votes for their favorite international star to be featured at the Grévin Museum. Johnson win the contest with 48% of the votes.</p><p><time>20 Oct, 2023, 06:23 PM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/killers-of-the-flower-moon-release-date-box-office-collection-prediction-martin-scorseses-movie-faces-competition-against-taylor-swifts-the-eras-tour/articleshow/104535984.cms"><h2>Killers of the Flower Moon release date, box office collection prediction: Martin Scorsese's movie faces competition against Taylor Swift's 'The Eras Tour'</h2></a><p>"Killers of the Flower Moon", starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Robert De Niro, will be releasing this Friday in the US. The movie is set to do positive business in the domestic box-office.</p><p><time>19 Oct, 2023, 02:01 AM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/robert-de-niro-talks-about-parenting-daughter-with-tiffany-chen-here-is-what-godfather-actor-said/articleshow/104533879.cms"><h2>Robert De Niro talks about parenting daughter with Tiffany Chen. Here is what 'Godfather' actor said</h2></a><p>'Godfather' actor Robert De Niro has opened up about his personal life, girlfriend Tiffany Chen and parenting daughter Gia Virginia Chen. He also said that parenting is not easy and his girlfriend does the things.</p><p><time>18 Oct, 2023, 10:24 PM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/martin-scorsese-and-leonardo-dicaprio-join-forces-again-for-the-wager/articleshow/104476329.cms"><h2>Martin Scorsese and Leonardo DiCaprio join forces again for 'The Wager'</h2></a><p>​"The Wager" is a period piece set in the early 1740s, recounting the incredible journey of a makeshift vessel that washes ashore in Brazil. Onboard, the vessel carries 30 emaciated men who have miraculously survived a perilous expedition, believed to be remnants of the crew of the British ship "The Wager." The ill-fated ship was in pursuit of a Spanish warship known as "the prize of all the oceans," culminating in a shipwreck on a desolate island off the coast of Patagonia.</p><p><time>16 Oct, 2023, 10:28 PM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/gigi-hadid-and-bradley-cooper-seen-enjoying-each-others-company-after-a-weekend-getaway-with-irresistible-attraction/articleshow/104313347.cms"><h2>Gigi Hadid and Bradley Cooper seen enjoying each other's company after a weekend getaway with 'irresistible attraction'</h2></a><p>Supermodel Gigi Hadid and actor Bradley Cooper have been spotted together, sparking rumors of a possible romantic connection. While they have common interests and understand the demands of their busy lives, insiders suggest that any relationship would likely be casual due to their individual responsibilities. Both Hadid and Cooper have children from previous relationships, which could provide a point of connection.</p><p><time>10 Oct, 2023, 03:58 PM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/taxi-driver-director-martin-scorsese-reveals-watching-satyajit-rays-pather-panchali-gave-him-rare-insight-into-lives-of-the-marginalised/articleshow/104288108.cms"><h2>'Taxi Driver' director Martin Scorsese reveals watching Satyajit Ray's 'Pather Panchali' gave him rare insight into lives of the marginalised</h2></a><p>The 80-year-old said he saw a dubbed English version of 'Pather Panchali' on television in New York as a youngster.</p><p><time>09 Oct, 2023, 06:04 PM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/hollywood-in-auction-from-captain-jack-sparrows-pirate-gear-to-di-caprios-titanic-costume-multiple-pop-culture-props-showcased-at-entertainment-auctioneer-propstore/articleshow/104118050.cms"><h2>Hollywood in auction: From Captain Jack Sparrow's pirate gear to Di Caprio's 'Titanic' costume, multiple pop culture props showcased at entertainment auctioneer Propstore</h2></a><p>More than 1,800 items are being sold by entertainment memorabilia auctioneer Propstore at its annual live auction, which this year runs from Nov. 9-12.</p><p><time>03 Oct, 2023, 08:16 AM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/martin-scorseses-killers-of-the-flower-moon-all-about-leonardo-dicaprio-and-robert-de-niros-crime-drama/articleshow/103670269.cms"><h2>Martin Scorsese's ‘Killers of the Flower Moon’: All about Leonardo DiCaprio and Robert De Niro’s crime drama</h2></a><p>The creators have unveiled a fresh trailer for the Martin Scorsese-directed film "Killers of the Flower Moon," featuring prominent roles played by Leonardo DiCaprio and Robert De Niro, among others.</p><p><time>14 Sep, 2023, 09:12 PM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/leonardo-dicaprio-in-love-again-actors-video-with-italian-model-vittoria-ceretti-from-ibiza-nighclub-goes-viral/articleshow/103464362.cms"><h2>Leonardo DiCaprio in love again? Actor's video with Italian model Vittoria Ceretti from Ibiza nightclub goes viral</h2></a><p>Leonardo DiCaprio is rumored to be dating model Vittoria Ceretti, as they were seen getting intimate and dancing at a nightclub in Ibiza. The pair were also spotted on an ice cream date in California last month.</p><p><time>07 Sep, 2023, 03:46 PM IST</time></p></div></div><div><p></p><div><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/leonardo-dicaprio-will-fund-scholarships-climate-education-programme-at-his-ucla-based-elementary-school/articleshow/101700108.cms"><h2>Leonardo DiCaprio will fund scholarships, climate education programme at his UCLA-based elementary school</h2></a><p>Actor Leonardo DiCaprio has funded scholarships and a Climate Justice Education Program at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Lab School, where he was a scholarship student during the 1980s.</p><p><time>12 Jul, 2023, 05:28 PM IST</time></p></div></div></li><li></li><li></li><li></li></ul></div></div></div>||||I|||| English Edition English Edition हिन्दीગુજરાતીमराठीবাংলাಕನ್ನಡമലയാളംதமிழ்తెలుగు
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 Business News› leonardo dicaprio
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 LEONARDO DICAPRIO

 Leonardo DiCaprio was Zack Snyder's first choice to play Lex Luthor in 'Batman v Superman'

 Filmmaker Zack Snyder revealed that he considered Leonardo DiCaprio for the role of Lex Luthor in "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice." Although DiCaprio had insightful ideas about the character during their meeting, the role ultimately went to Jesse Eisenberg. Snyder also addressed rumors about considering Tom Hanks and Adam Driver for the role.
 19 Apr, 2024, 04:43 PM IST

 Golden Globe Awards: 'Oppenheimer' dominates 2024 awards ceremony

 The 81st edition of the Golden Globe Awards unfolded with glitz and glamour at the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Los Angeles, California. Hollywood's elite, including Margot Robbie, Leonardo DiCaprio, Meryl Streep, Florence Pugh, Angela Bassett, Taylor Swift, and Dua Lipa, gathered to kick ...
 08 Jan, 2024, 09:14 PM IST

 Killers of the Flower Moon: When and where will it release on OTT ?

 Killers of the Flower Moon, by Martin Scorsese, is a crime thriller movie that will be making its OTT debut on Apple TV +. Here's everything you need to know about the OTT release date of Killers of the Flower Moon.
 06 Jan, 2024, 10:21 PM IST

 Jeffrey Epstein documents: Cate Blanchett, Leonardo DiCaprio and Cameron Diaz named. How have they reacted?

 Many Hollywood stars including Cate Blanchett, Leonardo DiCaprio and Cameron Diaz have been named in the newly-released legal documents linked to the pedophile Jeffrey Epstein. Know in detail.
 05 Jan, 2024, 10:45 PM IST

 Donald Trump, Leonardo DiCaprio, more: 15 big names in Jeffrey Epstein list

 05 Jan, 2024, 05:07 PM IST

 Who is Lottie Moss, spotted with Leonardo DiCaprio? All about rumored relationship and link to Kate Moss

 Leonardo DiCaprio and Lottie Moss were pictured arriving at a celeb haunt in London for a secret date 30 years after his fling with Kate Moss. Who is Lottie and how is she related to Kate? Know in detail.
 14 Dec, 2023, 05:49 PM IST
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 Taylor Swift's 'The Eras Tour' movie gets Golden Globe nomination

 Taylor Swift, has secured a nomination in the Cinematic and Box-Office Achievement category for the 81st annual Golden Globe Awards. To qualify for this category, movies must achieve a global box office revenue of $150 million and a domestic revenue of $100 million. Notable contenders in the same category include Barbie, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, John Wick: Chapter 4, Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One, Oppenheimer, Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, and The Super Mario Bros. Movie.
 12 Dec, 2023, 12:15 AM IST

 Kate Winslet reflects on 26-yr-old friendship with 'Titanic' co-star Leonardo DiCaprio, reveals they 'clicked immediately'

 ​The Oscar-winning actors played doomed lovers Jack and Rose in James Cameron's romance drama that went on to become one of the most successful movies in 1997
 04 Dec, 2023, 06:43 PM IST

 Happy birthday Martin Scorsese: 4 films you should watch by the legendary movie director

 Martin Scorsese, the acclaimed Hollywood director, celebrates his 81st birthday today. Scorsese is widely considered to be one of the most legendary movie directors and has worked with some of the best actors in the industry like Robert De Niro and Leonardo DiCaprio. Let’s revisit 4 of his best films till date.
 17 Nov, 2023, 11:14 PM IST

 Killers of the Flower Moon: Crime Drama to Receive Vanguard Honor From Palm Springs International Film Awards

 Martin Scorsese's "Killers of the Flower Moon" is set to be honored with the Vanguard Award at the 2024 Palm Springs International Film Festival. The Vanguard Award, recognizing the collaborative excellence of a film's cast and director, will be presented to Martin Scorsese, an Academy Award-winning director as confirmed by the Palm Springs International Film Awards.
 14 Nov, 2023, 09:44 PM IST

 Leonardo DiCaprio birthday: Victoria Lamas was denied entry. Here's why

 Leonardo DiCaprio's birthday party was graced by top Hollywood stars but one person was denied entry.
 14 Nov, 2023, 02:26 AM IST

 Victoria Lamas, Leonardo DiCaprio's former girlfriend, was refused entry to the actor's birthday celebration

 Victoria Lamas who is the ex-girlfriend of Leonardo DiCaprio did not get entry at the actor's 49 birthday party. She tried to enter the party but after not getting the entry she waited outside.
 14 Nov, 2023, 12:18 AM IST

 Leonardo DiCaprio: Relationship History of the ‘Killers of the Flower Moon’ Star & Latest Relationship With Vittoria Ceretti

 Leonardo DiCaprio, the acclaimed Hollywood actor who recently starred in “Killer of the Flower Moon,” is reportedly dating Italian model Vittoria Ceretti as rumours are flying around stating that DiCaprio is “completely smitten” by the 25 year-old.
 04 Nov, 2023, 09:59 PM IST

 Killers Of The Flower Moon’: The Crime Saga Crosses $100M Global Box Office

 Martin Scorsese's 'Killers of the Flower Moon' has reached a stunning milestone, crossing the $100 million mark at the global box office. This captivating epic, featuring a star-studded cast, continues to captivate audiences with its narrative, setting the stage for its imminent digital debut while generating considerable awards season buzz.
 04 Nov, 2023, 12:18 AM IST

 'Killers of the Flower Moon' trounces Taylor Swift's 'The Eras Tour' concert film at global box office

 Martin Scorsese's film "Killers of the Flower Moon" has been successful internationally, earning $21 million from 63 territories. Despite being behind Taylor Swift's "The Eras Tour" in North America, the crime saga has made $23 million domestically, contributing to a total global earnings of $44 million. Paramount, the film's distributor, sees the movie's performance in key markets as promising. Apple's $200 million investment in the film highlights its significance within the company's content strategy and its focus on the synergy between theatrical releases and streaming platforms.
 24 Oct, 2023, 11:00 PM IST

 Box office: 'Leo' beats Leonardo DiCaprio's 'Killers of the Flower Moon'. Know its weekend earnings

 According to estimates released by Comscore on Sunday, 'Leo' debuted in third position at the global box office over the latest weekend, with $31.2 million planetwide. But in terms of worldwide cumulative among new releases, 'Leo' collected $48.5 million after four days compared to the $44 million earned by 'Killers of the Flower Moon'. Know in detail.
 23 Oct, 2023, 07:24 PM IST

 ​Prince Harry enjoys visit to Austin race track ahead of US Grand Prix

 Prince Harry showed his enthusiasm for racing during a visit to a race track in Austin, Texas, ahead of the US Grand Prix. He interacted with the Mercedes team and was seen smiling and waving at eager fans. Harry has a history in go-karting and has previously raced against Grand Prix winner Johnny Herbert. This trip comes after he and Meghan Markle returned from a romantic getaway in the Caribbean. Body language expert Judi James noted a shift in their demeanor, with Meghan appearing more distant and hurried.
 23 Oct, 2023, 12:04 AM IST

 Rodrigo Prieto reflects on the controversial ​spanking scene in 'Killers of the Flower Moon'

 Renowned cinematographer Rodrigo Prieto expressed surprise at an unexpected scene in the movie adaptation of "Killers of the Flower Moon." The scene features Robert De Niro's character administering a severe spanking to Leonardo DiCaprio's character, which wasn't initially part of the script. Prieto highlighted the physical demands endured by DiCaprio during the filming of the scene, emphasizing his commitment to his roles. Prieto's insights offer a glimpse into the efforts made by actors and crew to bring challenging scenes to life and deliver compelling narratives on the silver screen.
 21 Oct, 2023, 09:08 PM IST

 Martin Scorsese's Killers of the Flower Moon: A gripping tale of forgotten injustices in American History

 Martin Scorsese's upcoming film "Killers of the Flower Moon" brings to light the dark history of the 1920s Osage murders in Oklahoma. Based on David Grann's book, the movie tells the story of the systematic killings of wealthy Osage Native Americans for their oil money. The film highlights the cultural prejudice and white supremacy that allowed these crimes to occur, as well as the erasure of this chapter in American history.
 20 Oct, 2023, 09:49 PM IST

 Dwayne Johnson makes history as first wrestler honored with wax statue at Musée Grévin in Paris

 Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson has made history as the first wrestler to be immortalized in Paris's renowned Musée Grévin. His wax statue was unveiled this week. The internet users were invited to cast their votes for their favorite international star to be featured at the Grévin Museum. Johnson win the contest with 48% of the votes.
 20 Oct, 2023, 06:23 PM IST

 Killers of the Flower Moon release date, box office collection prediction: Martin Scorsese's movie faces competition against Taylor Swift's 'The Eras Tour'

 "Killers of the Flower Moon", starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Robert De Niro, will be releasing this Friday in the US. The movie is set to do positive business in the domestic box-office.
 19 Oct, 2023, 02:01 AM IST

 Robert De Niro talks about parenting daughter with Tiffany Chen. Here is what 'Godfather' actor said

 'Godfather' actor Robert De Niro has opened up about his personal life, girlfriend Tiffany Chen and parenting daughter Gia Virginia Chen. He also said that parenting is not easy and his girlfriend does the things.
 18 Oct, 2023, 10:24 PM IST

 Martin Scorsese and Leonardo DiCaprio join forces again for 'The Wager'

 ​"The Wager" is a period piece set in the early 1740s, recounting the incredible journey of a makeshift vessel that washes ashore in Brazil. Onboard, the vessel carries 30 emaciated men who have miraculously survived a perilous expedition, believed to be remnants of the crew of the British ship "The Wager." The ill-fated ship was in pursuit of a Spanish warship known as "the prize of all the oceans," culminating in a shipwreck on a desolate island off the coast of Patagonia.
 16 Oct, 2023, 10:28 PM IST

 Gigi Hadid and Bradley Cooper seen enjoying each other's company after a weekend getaway with 'irresistible attraction'

 Supermodel Gigi Hadid and actor Bradley Cooper have been spotted together, sparking rumors of a possible romantic connection. While they have common interests and understand the demands of their busy lives, insiders suggest that any relationship would likely be casual due to their individual responsibilities. Both Hadid and Cooper have children from previous relationships, which could provide a point of connection.
 10 Oct, 2023, 03:58 PM IST

 'Taxi Driver' director Martin Scorsese reveals watching Satyajit Ray's 'Pather Panchali' gave him rare insight into lives of the marginalised

 The 80-year-old said he saw a dubbed English version of 'Pather Panchali' on television in New York as a youngster.
 09 Oct, 2023, 06:04 PM IST

 Hollywood in auction: From Captain Jack Sparrow's pirate gear to Di Caprio's 'Titanic' costume, multiple pop culture props showcased at entertainment auctioneer Propstore

 More than 1,800 items are being sold by entertainment memorabilia auctioneer Propstore at its annual live auction, which this year runs from Nov. 9-12.
 03 Oct, 2023, 08:16 AM IST

 Martin Scorsese's ‘Killers of the Flower Moon’: All about Leonardo DiCaprio and Robert De Niro’s crime drama

 The creators have unveiled a fresh trailer for the Martin Scorsese-directed film "Killers of the Flower Moon," featuring prominent roles played by Leonardo DiCaprio and Robert De Niro, among others.
 14 Sep, 2023, 09:12 PM IST

 Leonardo DiCaprio in love again? Actor's video with Italian model Vittoria Ceretti from Ibiza nightclub goes viral

 Leonardo DiCaprio is rumored to be dating model Vittoria Ceretti, as they were seen getting intimate and dancing at a nightclub in Ibiza. The pair were also spotted on an ice cream date in California last month.
 07 Sep, 2023, 03:46 PM IST

 Leonardo DiCaprio will fund scholarships, climate education programme at his UCLA-based elementary school

 Actor Leonardo DiCaprio has funded scholarships and a Climate Justice Education Program at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Lab School, where he was a scholarship student during the 1980s.
 12 Jul, 2023, 05:28 PM IST
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 BACK TO TOP
Leonardo DiCaprio was Zack Snyder's first choice to play Lex Luthor in 'Batman v Superman'  Filmmaker Zack Snyder revealed that he considered Leonardo DiCaprio for the role of Lex Luthor in "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice." Although DiCaprio had insightful ideas about the character during their meeting, the role ultimately went to Jesse Eisenberg. Snyder also addressed rumors about considering Tom Hanks and Adam Driver for the role.  19 Apr, 2024, 04:43 PM IST         Golden Globe Awards: 'Oppenheimer' dominates 2024 awards ceremony  The 81st edition of the Golden Globe Awards unfolded with glitz and glamour at the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Los Angeles, California. Hollywood's elite, including Margot Robbie, Leonardo DiCaprio, Meryl Streep, Florence Pugh, Angela Bassett, Taylor Swift, and Dua Lipa, gathered to kick ...  08 Jan, 2024, 09:14 PM IST         Killers of the Flower Moon: When and where will it release on OTT ?  Killers of the Flower Moon, by Martin Scorsese, is a crime thriller movie that will be making its OTT debut on Apple TV +. Here's everything you need to know about the OTT release date of Killers of the Flower Moon.  06 Jan, 2024, 10:21 PM IST         Jeffrey Epstein documents: Cate Blanchett, Leonardo DiCaprio and Cameron Diaz named. How have they reacted?  Many Hollywood stars including Cate Blanchett, Leonardo DiCaprio and Cameron Diaz have been named in the newly-released legal documents linked to the pedophile Jeffrey Epstein. Know in detail.  05 Jan, 2024, 10:45 PM IST             Who is Lottie Moss, spotted with Leonardo DiCaprio? All about rumored relationship and link to Kate Moss  Leonardo DiCaprio and Lottie Moss were pictured arriving at a celeb haunt in London for a secret date 30 years after his fling with Kate Moss. Who is Lottie and how is she related to Kate? Know in detail.  14 Dec, 2023, 05:49 PM IST        All   News   Videos            Taylor Swift's 'The Eras Tour' movie gets Golden Globe nomination  Taylor Swift, has secured a nomination in the Cinematic and Box-Office Achievement category for the 81st annual Golden Globe Awards. To qualify for this category, movies must achieve a global box office revenue of $150 million and a domestic revenue of $100 million. Notable contenders in the same category include Barbie, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, John Wick: Chapter 4, Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One, Oppenheimer, Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, and The Super Mario Bros. Movie.  12 Dec, 2023, 12:15 AM IST         Kate Winslet reflects on 26-yr-old friendship with 'Titanic' co-star Leonardo DiCaprio, reveals they 'clicked immediately'  ​The Oscar-winning actors played doomed lovers Jack and Rose in James Cameron's romance drama that went on to become one of the most successful movies in 1997  04 Dec, 2023, 06:43 PM IST         Happy birthday Martin Scorsese: 4 films you should watch by the legendary movie director  Martin Scorsese, the acclaimed Hollywood director, celebrates his 81st birthday today. Scorsese is widely considered to be one of the most legendary movie directors and has worked with some of the best actors in the industry like Robert De Niro and Leonardo DiCaprio. Let’s revisit 4 of his best films till date.  17 Nov, 2023, 11:14 PM IST         Killers of the Flower Moon: Crime Drama to Receive Vanguard Honor From Palm Springs International Film Awards  Martin Scorsese's "Killers of the Flower Moon" is set to be honored with the Vanguard Award at the 2024 Palm Springs International Film Festival. The Vanguard Award, recognizing the collaborative excellence of a film's cast and director, will be presented to Martin Scorsese, an Academy Award-winning director as confirmed by the Palm Springs International Film Awards.  14 Nov, 2023, 09:44 PM IST         Leonardo DiCaprio birthday: Victoria Lamas was denied entry. Here's why  Leonardo DiCaprio's birthday party was graced by top Hollywood stars but one person was denied entry.  14 Nov, 2023, 02:26 AM IST         Victoria Lamas, Leonardo DiCaprio's former girlfriend, was refused entry to the actor's birthday celebration  Victoria Lamas who is the ex-girlfriend of Leonardo DiCaprio did not get entry at the actor's 49 birthday party. She tried to enter the party but after not getting the entry she waited outside.  14 Nov, 2023, 12:18 AM IST         Leonardo DiCaprio: Relationship History of the ‘Killers of the Flower Moon’ Star &amp; Latest Relationship With Vittoria Ceretti  Leonardo DiCaprio, the acclaimed Hollywood actor who recently starred in “Killer of the Flower Moon,” is reportedly dating Italian model Vittoria Ceretti as rumours are flying around stating that DiCaprio is “completely smitten” by the 25 year-old.  04 Nov, 2023, 09:59 PM IST         Killers Of The Flower Moon’: The Crime Saga Crosses $100M Global Box Office  Martin Scorsese's 'Killers of the Flower Moon' has reached a stunning milestone, crossing the $100 million mark at the global box office. This captivating epic, featuring a star-studded cast, continues to captivate audiences with its narrative, setting the stage for its imminent digital debut while generating considerable awards season buzz.  04 Nov, 2023, 12:18 AM IST         'Killers of the Flower Moon' trounces Taylor Swift's 'The Eras Tour' concert film at global box office  Martin Scorsese's film "Killers of the Flower Moon" has been successful internationally, earning $21 million from 63 territories. Despite being behind Taylor Swift's "The Eras Tour" in North America, the crime saga has made $23 million domestically, contributing to a total global earnings of $44 million. Paramount, the film's distributor, sees the movie's performance in key markets as promising. Apple's $200 million investment in the film highlights its significance within the company's content strategy and its focus on the synergy between theatrical releases and streaming platforms.  24 Oct, 2023, 11:00 PM IST         Box office: 'Leo' beats Leonardo DiCaprio's 'Killers of the Flower Moon'. Know its weekend earnings  According to estimates released by Comscore on Sunday, 'Leo' debuted in third position at the global box office over the latest weekend, with $31.2 million planetwide. But in terms of worldwide cumulative among new releases, 'Leo' collected $48.5 million after four days compared to the $44 million earned by 'Killers of the Flower Moon'. Know in detail.  23 Oct, 2023, 07:24 PM IST         ​Prince Harry enjoys visit to Austin race track ahead of US Grand Prix  Prince Harry showed his enthusiasm for racing during a visit to a race track in Austin, Texas, ahead of the US Grand Prix. He interacted with the Mercedes team and was seen smiling and waving at eager fans. Harry has a history in go-karting and has previously raced against Grand Prix winner Johnny Herbert. This trip comes after he and Meghan Markle returned from a romantic getaway in the Caribbean. Body language expert Judi James noted a shift in their demeanor, with Meghan appearing more distant and hurried.  23 Oct, 2023, 12:04 AM IST         Rodrigo Prieto reflects on the controversial ​spanking scene in 'Killers of the Flower Moon'  Renowned cinematographer Rodrigo Prieto expressed surprise at an unexpected scene in the movie adaptation of "Killers of the Flower Moon." The scene features Robert De Niro's character administering a severe spanking to Leonardo DiCaprio's character, which wasn't initially part of the script. Prieto highlighted the physical demands endured by DiCaprio during the filming of the scene, emphasizing his commitment to his roles. Prieto's insights offer a glimpse into the efforts made by actors and crew to bring challenging scenes to life and deliver compelling narratives on the silver screen.  21 Oct, 2023, 09:08 PM IST         Martin Scorsese's Killers of the Flower Moon: A gripping tale of forgotten injustices in American History  Martin Scorsese's upcoming film "Killers of the Flower Moon" brings to light the dark history of the 1920s Osage murders in Oklahoma. Based on David Grann's book, the movie tells the story of the systematic killings of wealthy Osage Native Americans for their oil money. The film highlights the cultural prejudice and white supremacy that allowed these crimes to occur, as well as the erasure of this chapter in American history.  20 Oct, 2023, 09:49 PM IST         Dwayne Johnson makes history as first wrestler honored with wax statue at Musée Grévin in Paris  Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson has made history as the first wrestler to be immortalized in Paris's renowned Musée Grévin. His wax statue was unveiled this week. The internet users were invited to cast their votes for their favorite international star to be featured at the Grévin Museum. Johnson win the contest with 48% of the votes.  20 Oct, 2023, 06:23 PM IST         Killers of the Flower Moon release date, box office collection prediction: Martin Scorsese's movie faces competition against Taylor Swift's 'The Eras Tour'  "Killers of the Flower Moon", starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Robert De Niro, will be releasing this Friday in the US. The movie is set to do positive business in the domestic box-office.  19 Oct, 2023, 02:01 AM IST         Robert De Niro talks about parenting daughter with Tiffany Chen. Here is what 'Godfather' actor said  'Godfather' actor Robert De Niro has opened up about his personal life, girlfriend Tiffany Chen and parenting daughter Gia Virginia Chen. He also said that parenting is not easy and his girlfriend does the things.  18 Oct, 2023, 10:24 PM IST         Martin Scorsese and Leonardo DiCaprio join forces again for 'The Wager'  ​"The Wager" is a period piece set in the early 1740s, recounting the incredible journey of a makeshift vessel that washes ashore in Brazil. Onboard, the vessel carries 30 emaciated men who have miraculously survived a perilous expedition, believed to be remnants of the crew of the British ship "The Wager." The ill-fated ship was in pursuit of a Spanish warship known as "the prize of all the oceans," culminating in a shipwreck on a desolate island off the coast of Patagonia.  16 Oct, 2023, 10:28 PM IST         Gigi Hadid and Bradley Cooper seen enjoying each other's company after a weekend getaway with 'irresistible attraction'  Supermodel Gigi Hadid and actor Bradley Cooper have been spotted together, sparking rumors of a possible romantic connection. While they have common interests and understand the demands of their busy lives, insiders suggest that any relationship would likely be casual due to their individual responsibilities. Both Hadid and Cooper have children from previous relationships, which could provide a point of connection.  10 Oct, 2023, 03:58 PM IST         'Taxi Driver' director Martin Scorsese reveals watching Satyajit Ray's 'Pather Panchali' gave him rare insight into lives of the marginalised  The 80-year-old said he saw a dubbed English version of 'Pather Panchali' on television in New York as a youngster.  09 Oct, 2023, 06:04 PM IST         Hollywood in auction: From Captain Jack Sparrow's pirate gear to Di Caprio's 'Titanic' costume, multiple pop culture props showcased at entertainment auctioneer Propstore  More than 1,800 items are being sold by entertainment memorabilia auctioneer Propstore at its annual live auction, which this year runs from Nov. 9-12.  03 Oct, 2023, 08:16 AM IST         Martin Scorsese's ‘Killers of the Flower Moon’: All about Leonardo DiCaprio and Robert De Niro’s crime drama  The creators have unveiled a fresh trailer for the Martin Scorsese-directed film "Killers of the Flower Moon," featuring prominent roles played by Leonardo DiCaprio and Robert De Niro, among others.  14 Sep, 2023, 09:12 PM IST         Leonardo DiCaprio in love again? Actor's video with Italian model Vittoria Ceretti from Ibiza nightclub goes viral  Leonardo DiCaprio is rumored to be dating model Vittoria Ceretti, as they were seen getting intimate and dancing at a nightclub in Ibiza. The pair were also spotted on an ice cream date in California last month.  07 Sep, 2023, 03:46 PM IST         Leonardo DiCaprio will fund scholarships, climate education programme at his UCLA-based elementary school  Actor Leonardo DiCaprio has funded scholarships and a Climate Justice Education Program at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Lab School, where he was a scholarship student during the 1980s.  12 Jul, 2023, 05:28 PM IST
leonardo dicaprio: Latest News & Videos, Photos about leonardo dicaprio  | The Economic Times - Page 1
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/leonardo-dicaprio
https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/07/martin-scorsese-and-leonardo-dicaprio-prepare-to-get-salty-with-the-wager
Martin Scorsese and Leonardo DiCaprio Prepare to Get Salty With The Wager
2022-07-29T19:30:00Z
Jordan Hoffman
<html><body><div><div><p><strong>Martin Scorsese</strong> will have to swap in a few “weigh anchor”s in between “action” and “cut” during production of his next feature film. The 79-year-old director has firmly attached himself to the hull of Apple Original Films, who have secured for him the rights to the forthcoming non-fiction book <em>The Wager: A Tale of Shipwreck, Mutiny, and Murder</em> by <strong>David Grann</strong>, as per <a href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/leonardo-dicaprio-martin-scorsese-naval-survival-movie-wager-apple-1235189018/"><em>The Hollywood Reporter</em></a><em>.</em></p><p>The new movie will be a re-teaming of Scorsese and Grann, who authored <em>Killers of the Flower Moon</em>, which is currently in post-production and eyeing a Cannes 2023 debut. What’s more, <strong>Leonardo DiCaprio</strong>, who stars in <em>Flower Moon</em>, will be back in the lead for <em>The Wager</em>. The actor-director team have worked together numerous times over the last 20 years, beginning with <em>Gangs of New York</em>, then on <em>The Aviator</em>, <em>The Departed</em>, <em>Shutter Island</em>, and, most recently, <em>The Wolf of Wall Street</em>. </p><p>The HMS <em>Wager</em> was a Royal Navy ship that was wrecked off the coast of Latin America in 1741. The story involves tales of survival in a brutal Patagonian winter, chasing Spanish treasure, mutiny, and, no doubt, a lot of men batting around terms like “gunwale,” “leeward,” “fo’c’sle,” and “mizzenmast.” Chances are we <em>won’t</em> <a href="https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/best-martin-scorsese-soundtrack-music-scenes-songs-moments">hear the Rolling Stones</a> in this one, but you never know. </p><p>Scorsese, DiCaprio, and Apple’s current project, <em>Killers of the Flower Moon</em>, also based on a true story, concerns a group of murders within the Osage Nation in the 1920s when oil was discovered on the land. It co-stars <strong>Robert DeNiro</strong>, <strong>Jesse Plemons</strong>, <strong>Lily Gladstone</strong>, and <strong>Tantoo Cardinal</strong>. Musicians <strong>Jason Isbell</strong> and <strong>Sturgill Simpson</strong> are also listed in the cast. <strong>Robbie Robertson</strong>, a frequent Scorsese collaborator (and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tJqk4XWJRE">ex-roommate</a>!) is composing the score. Robertson’s mother was indigenous, and raised on a First Nations reserve, which has informed much of Robertson’s work <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JoDYyzqz8m8&amp;list=PLX66jEixZe1wrJxYALU_p92hzuF_Eb0cj">over the years</a>. The film was shot on location in Oklahoma. </p><p>Martin Scorsese has done just about everything with a camera, but he hasn’t done an Age of Sail picture. Indeed, other than the ending of <em>Cape Fear</em>, he’s tended to stick to dry land—even if Manhattan is an island. We’re bringing life preservers to this one. </p><figure><div><p></p></div></figure></div><div><ul><li><p><a href="https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/anne-hathaway-cover-story">Anne Hathaway</a> on Tuning Out the Haters and Embracing Her True Self</p></li><li></li><li></li><li></li><li><p>Behind the Scenes With <a href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/caitlin-clark-wnba-draft">Caitlin Clark</a> on WNBA Draft Day</p></li><li></li><li></li><li></li></ul></div></div></body></html>
Martin Scorsese will have to swap in a few “weigh anchor”s in between “action” and “cut” during production of his next feature film. The 79-year-old director has firmly attached himself to the hull of Apple Original Films, who have secured for him the rights to the forthcoming non-fiction book The Wager: A Tale of Shipwreck, Mutiny, and Murder by David Grann, as per  The Hollywood Reporter  .  The new movie will be a re-teaming of Scorsese and Grann, who authored Killers of the Flower Moon, which is currently in post-production and eyeing a Cannes 2023 debut. What’s more, Leonardo DiCaprio, who stars in Flower Moon, will be back in the lead for The Wager. The actor-director team have worked together numerous times over the last 20 years, beginning with Gangs of New York, then on The Aviator, The Departed, Shutter Island, and, most recently, The Wolf of Wall Street.  The HMS Wager was a Royal Navy ship that was wrecked off the coast of Latin America in 1741. The story involves tales of survival in a brutal Patagonian winter, chasing Spanish treasure, mutiny, and, no doubt, a lot of men batting around terms like “gunwale,” “leeward,” “fo’c’sle,” and “mizzenmast.” Chances are we won’t hear the Rolling Stones in this one, but you never know.  Scorsese, DiCaprio, and Apple’s current project, Killers of the Flower Moon, also based on a true story, concerns a group of murders within the Osage Nation in the 1920s when oil was discovered on the land. It co-stars Robert DeNiro, Jesse Plemons, Lily Gladstone, and Tantoo Cardinal. Musicians Jason Isbell and Sturgill Simpson are also listed in the cast. Robbie Robertson, a frequent Scorsese collaborator (and ex-roommate!) is composing the score. Robertson’s mother was indigenous, and raised on a First Nations reserve, which has informed much of Robertson’s work over the years. The film was shot on location in Oklahoma.  Martin Scorsese has done just about everything with a camera, but he hasn’t done an Age of Sail picture. Indeed, other than the ending of Cape Fear, he’s tended to stick to dry land—even if Manhattan is an island. We’re bringing life preservers to this one.             Anne Hathaway on Tuning Out the Haters and Embracing Her True Self         Behind the Scenes With Caitlin Clark on WNBA Draft Day
Martin Scorsese and Leonardo DiCaprio Prepare to Get Salty With The Wager
https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/07/martin-scorsese-and-leonardo-dicaprio-prepare-to-get-salty-with-the-wager
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2023-05-16
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci - Wikipedia
2001-09-07
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<table><tbody><tr><th><p>Leonardo da Vinci</p></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Melzi_-_Portrait_of_Leonardo.png"></a><p>This portrait attributed to <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Melzi">Francesco Melzi</a>, <abbr>c.</abbr> 1515–1518, is the only certain contemporary depiction of Leonardo.<sup><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZöllner201920-2">[2]</a></sup></p></td></tr><tr><th>Born</th><td><p>Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci</p><br />15 April 1452<br /><div><p>(possibly <a href="/wiki/Anchiano">Anchiano</a>),<sup><a href="#cite_note-Birthplace-3">[a]</a></sup> Vinci, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence">Republic of Florence</a></p></div></td></tr><tr><th>Died</th><td>2 May 1519 (aged 67)<br /><div><p><a href="/wiki/Clos_Luc%C3%A9">Clos Lucé</a>, Amboise, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France">Kingdom of France</a></p></div></td></tr><tr><th>Education</th><td>Studio of <a href="/wiki/Andrea_del_Verrocchio">Andrea del Verrocchio</a></td></tr><tr><th>Known for</th><td><div><ul><li>Painting</li><li>drawing</li><li>engineering</li><li>anatomical studies</li><li>hydrology</li><li>botany</li><li>optics</li><li>geology</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th>Notable work</th><td><div>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_the_Rocks">Virgin of the Rocks</a></i> (<abbr>c.</abbr> 1483–1493)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_with_an_Ermine">Lady with an Ermine</a></i> (c. 1489–1491)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man">The Vitruvian Man</a></i> (c. 1490)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)">The Last Supper</a></i> (c. 1495–1498)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></i> (c. 1503–1516)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th>Movement</th><td><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></td></tr><tr><th>Family</th><td><a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_family">Da Vinci family</a></td></tr><tr><th>Signature</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/File:Firma_de_Leonardo_Da_Vinci.svg"></a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci</b><sup><a href="#cite_note-IPA-4">[b]</a></sup> (15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519) was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Polymath">polymath</a> of the <a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance">High Renaissance</a> who was active as a painter, <a href="/wiki/Drawing">draughtsman</a>, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2003-5">[3]</a></sup> While his fame initially rested on his achievements as a painter, he also became known for <a href="#Journals_and_notes">his notebooks</a>, in which he made drawings and notes on a variety of subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and <a href="/wiki/Paleontology">paleontology</a>. Leonardo is widely regarded to have been a <a href="/wiki/Genius">genius</a> who epitomized the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism">Renaissance humanist</a> ideal,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeydenreich2020-6">[4]</a></sup> and his <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci">collective works</a> comprise a contribution to later generations of artists matched only by that of his younger contemporary, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2003-5">[3]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeydenreich2020-6">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>Born <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)">out of wedlock</a> to a successful <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_notary">notary</a> and a lower-class woman in, or near, <a href="/wiki/Vinci,_Tuscany">Vinci</a>, he was educated in Florence by the Italian painter and sculptor <a href="/wiki/Andrea_del_Verrocchio">Andrea del Verrocchio</a>. He began his career in the city, but then spent much time in the service of <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza">Ludovico Sforza</a> in Milan. Later, he worked in Florence and Milan again, as well as briefly in <a href="/wiki/Rome">Rome</a>, all while attracting a <a href="/wiki/Leonardeschi">large following</a> of imitators and students. Upon the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France">Francis I</a>, he spent his last three years in France, where he died in 1519. Since his death, there has not been a time where his achievements, diverse interests, <a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci">personal life</a>, and empirical thinking have failed to incite interest and admiration,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2003-5">[3]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeydenreich2020-6">[4]</a></sup> making him a frequent <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Leonardo_da_Vinci">namesake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_references_to_Leonardo_da_Vinci">subject in culture</a>. 
</p><p>Leonardo is identified as one of the greatest painters in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_art">history of art</a> and is often credited as the founder of the High Renaissance.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2003-5">[3]</a></sup> Despite having many <a href="/wiki/Lost_artworks">lost works</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci#Major_extant_works">fewer than 25 attributed major works</a>—including numerous <a href="/wiki/Unfinished_creative_work">unfinished works</a>—he created some of the most influential paintings in <a href="/wiki/Western_art">Western art</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2003-5">[3]</a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus">magnum opus</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></i>, is his best known work and often regarded as the world's most famous painting. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)">The Last Supper</a></i> is the most reproduced religious painting of all time and his <i><a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man">Vitruvian Man</a></i> drawing is also regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon">cultural icon</a>. In 2017, <i><a href="/wiki/Salvator_Mundi_(Leonardo)">Salvator Mundi</a></i>, attributed in whole or part to Leonardo,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZöllner2019250-7">[5]</a></sup> was sold at auction for US$450.3 million, setting a new record for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_paintings">most expensive painting ever sold</a> at public auction.
</p><p>Revered for his <a href="/wiki/Science_and_inventions_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci">technological ingenuity</a>, he conceptualized flying machines, a type of <a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_fighting_vehicle">armored fighting vehicle</a>, concentrated solar power, a ratio machine that could be used in an <a href="/wiki/Adding_machine">adding machine</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-AddingMachine-8">[6]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Double_hull">double hull</a>. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or were even feasible during his lifetime, as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. Some of his smaller inventions, however, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire. He made substantial discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Anatomy">anatomy</a>, civil engineering, <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics">hydrodynamics</a>, geology, <a href="/wiki/Optics">optics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tribology">tribology</a>, but he did not publish his findings and they had little to no direct influence on subsequent science.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapra20075–6-10">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Biography</h2>
<h3>Early life (1452–1472)</h3>
<h4>Birth and background</h4>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Geburtshaus_von_Leonardo_da_Vinci_in_Vinci_(Toskana).jpg"></a></p><div><p>The possible birthplace and childhood home of Leonardo in <a href="/wiki/Anchiano">Anchiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinci,_Tuscany">Vinci</a>, Italy</p></div></div>
<p>Leonardo da Vinci,<sup><a href="#cite_note-IPA-4">[b]</a></sup> properly named Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (Leonardo, son of ser Piero from Vinci),<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19987-11">[9]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp20061-12">[10]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-ser-13">[c]</a></sup> was born on 15 April 1452 in, or close to, the <a href="/wiki/Tuscany">Tuscan</a> hill town of <a href="/wiki/Vinci,_Tuscany">Vinci</a>, 20 miles from <a href="/wiki/Florence">Florence</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19985-14">[11]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage17_17]-15">[12]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-19">[d]</a></sup> He was born <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)">out of wedlock</a> to Piero da Vinci (Ser Piero da Vinci d'Antonio di ser Piero di ser Guido; 1426–1504),<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambach201916,_24-20">[16]</a></sup> a Florentine <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_notary">legal notary</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19985-14">[11]</a></sup> and Caterina di Meo Lippi (<abbr>c.</abbr> 1434 – 1494), from the lower-class.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarani200313-21">[17]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambach201916-22">[18]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-25">[e]</a></sup> It remains uncertain where Leonardo was born; the traditional account, from a local <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition">oral tradition</a> recorded by the historian <a href="/wiki/Emanuele_Repetti">Emanuele Repetti</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambach201924-26">[21]</a></sup> is that he was born in <a href="/wiki/Anchiano">Anchiano</a>, a country <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)">hamlet</a> that would have offered sufficient privacy for the illegitimate birth, though it is still possible he was born in a house in Florence that Ser Piero almost certainly had.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage18_18]-27">[22]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Birthplace-3">[a]</a></sup> Leonardo's parents both married separately the year after his birth. Caterina—who later appears in Leonardo's notes as only "Caterina" or "Catelina"—is usually identified as the Caterina Buti del Vacca who married the local <a href="/wiki/Artisan">artisan</a> Antonio di Piero Buti del Vacca, nicknamed <i>"L'Accattabriga"</i>, '"the quarrelsome one"'.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarani200313-21">[17]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambach201924-26">[21]</a></sup> Ser Piero married Albiera Amadori—having been <a href="/wiki/Betrothed">betrothed</a> to her the previous year—and after her death in 1464, went on to have three subsequent marriages.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambach201924-26">[21]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKempPallanti201765-28">[23]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-29">[f]</a></sup> From all the marriages, Leonardo eventually had 16 half-siblings (of whom 11 survived infancy)<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKempPallanti201765–66-30">[24]</a></sup> who were much younger than he (the last was born when Leonardo was 46 years old)<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKempPallanti201765–66-30">[24]</a></sup> and with whom he had very little contact.<sup><a href="#cite_note-33">[g]</a></sup>
</p><p>Very little is known about Leonardo's childhood and much is shrouded in myth, partially because of his biography in the frequently apocryphal <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Excellent_Painters,_Sculptors,_and_Architects">Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects</a></i> (1550) by the 16th-century art historian <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19981,_5-34">[27]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarani200312-35">[28]</a></sup> Tax records indicate that by at least 1457 he lived in the household of his paternal grandfather, Antonio da Vinci,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19985-14">[11]</a></sup> but it is possible that he spent the years before then in the care of his mother in Vinci, either Anchiano or Campo Zeppi in the parish of San Pantaleone.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1998175-36">[29]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage28_28]-37">[30]</a></sup> He is thought to have been close to his uncle, Francesco da Vinci,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2003-5">[3]</a></sup> but his father was probably in Florence most of the time.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19985-14">[11]</a></sup> Ser Piero, who was the descendant of a long line of notaries, established an official residence in Florence by at least 1469 and had a successful career.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19985-14">[11]</a></sup> Despite his family history, Leonardo only received a basic and informal education in (<a href="/wiki/Vernacular">vernacular</a>) writing, reading and mathematics, possibly because his artistic talents were recognised early, so his family decided to focus their attention there.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19985-14">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>Later in life, Leonardo recorded his earliest memory, now in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Atlanticus">Codex Atlanticus</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage30_30],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage506_506]-38">[31]</a></sup> While writing on the flight of birds, he recalled as an infant when a <a href="/wiki/Kite_(bird)">kite</a> came to his cradle and opened his mouth with its tail; commentators still debate whether the anecdote was an actual memory or a fantasy.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage30_30]-39">[32]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Verrocchio's workshop</h4>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_del_Verrocchio,_Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Baptism_of_Christ_-_Uffizi.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>In the mid-1460s, Leonardo's family moved to Florence, which at the time was the centre of Christian <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism">Humanist</a> thought and culture.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosci197713-40">[33]</a></sup> Around the age of 14,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace197211-31">[25]</a></sup> he became a <i>garzone</i> (studio boy) in the workshop of <a href="/wiki/Andrea_del_Verrocchio">Andrea del Verrocchio</a>, who was the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his time.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosci197713-40">[33]</a></sup> This was about the time of the death of Verrocchio's master, the great sculptor <a href="/wiki/Donatello">Donatello</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-42">[h]</a></sup> Leonardo became an apprentice by the age of 17 and remained in training for seven years.<sup><a href="#cite_note-43">[35]</a></sup> Other famous painters apprenticed in the workshop or associated with it include <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio">Ghirlandaio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perugino">Perugino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botticelli">Botticelli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_di_Credi">Lorenzo di Credi</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a></sup> Leonardo was exposed to both theoretical training and a wide range of technical skills,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosci197727-46">[38]</a></sup> including drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics, and woodwork, as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting, and modelling.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1972-47">[39]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-48">[i]</a></sup>
</p><p>Leonardo was a contemporary of Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Perugino, who were all slightly older than he was.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosci19779–20-49">[40]</a></sup> He would have met them at the workshop of Verrocchio or at the <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy_(Florence)">Platonic Academy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Medici">Medici</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a></sup> Florence was ornamented by the works of artists such as Donatello's contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Masaccio">Masaccio</a>, whose figurative <a href="/wiki/Fresco">frescoes</a> were imbued with realism and emotion, and <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti">Ghiberti</a>, whose <i><a href="/wiki/Florence_Baptistery#Lorenzo_Ghiberti">Gates of Paradise</a></i>, gleaming with <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf">gold leaf</a>, displayed the art of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds. <a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a> had made a detailed study of <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)">perspective</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-50">[41]</a></sup> and was the first painter to make a scientific study of light. These studies and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a>'s treatise <i><a href="/wiki/De_pictura">De pictura</a></i> were to have a profound effect on younger artists and in particular on Leonardo's own observations and artworks.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartt1970127–133-41">[34]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Rach-51">[42]</a></sup>
</p><p>Much of the painting in Verrocchio's workshop was done by his assistants. According to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Christ_(Verrocchio)">The Baptism of Christ</a></i>, painting the young angel holding Jesus' robe in a manner that was so far superior to his master's that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again,<sup><a href="#cite_note-52">[‡ 1]</a></sup> although this is believed to be an apocryphal story.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198583-17">[14]</a></sup> Close examination reveals areas of the work that have been painted or touched-up over the <a href="/wiki/Tempera">tempera</a>, using the new technique of <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting">oil paint</a>, including the landscape, the rocks seen through the brown mountain stream, and much of the figure of Jesus, bearing witness to the hand of Leonardo.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198588-53">[43]</a></sup> Leonardo may have been the model for two works by Verrocchio: the bronze statue of <i><a href="/wiki/David_(Verrocchio)">David</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Bargello">Bargello</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Archangel_Raphael">Archangel Raphael</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Tobias_and_the_Angel_(Verrocchio)">Tobias and the Angel</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198583-17">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>Vasari tells a story of Leonardo as a very young man: a local peasant made himself a round shield and requested that Ser Piero have it painted for him. Leonardo, inspired by the story of <a href="/wiki/Medusa">Medusa</a>, responded with a <a href="/wiki/Medusa_(Leonardo)">painting of a monster</a> spitting fire that was so terrifying that his father bought a different shield to give to the peasant and sold Leonardo's to a Florentine art dealer for 100 <a href="/wiki/Ducat">ducats</a>, who in turn sold it to the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Milan">Duke of Milan</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-54">[‡ 2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>First Florentine period (1472–c. 1482)</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Adorazione_dei_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"></a></p><div><p><i>Adoration of the Magi</i> <abbr>c.</abbr> 1478–1482,<sup><a href="#cite_note-55">[d 1]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uffizi">Uffizi</a>, Florence</p></div></div>
<p>By 1472, at the age of 20, Leonardo qualified as a master in the <a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Saint_Luke">Guild of Saint Luke</a>, the guild of artists and doctors of medicine,<sup><a href="#cite_note-56">[j]</a></sup> but even after his father set him up in his own workshop, his attachment to Verrocchio was such that he continued to collaborate and live with him.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace197213-57">[44]</a></sup> Leonardo's earliest known dated work is a 1473 pen-and-ink drawing of the <a href="/wiki/Arno">Arno</a> valley (see below).<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Polidoro-58">[45]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-59">[k]</a></sup> According to Vasari, the young Leonardo was the first to suggest making the Arno river a navigable channel between Florence and <a href="/wiki/Pisa">Pisa</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace197215-60">[46]</a></sup>
</p><p>In January 1478, Leonardo received an independent commission to paint an altarpiece for the Chapel of Saint Bernard in the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio">Palazzo Vecchio</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-61">[47]</a></sup> an indication of his independence from Verrocchio's studio. An anonymous early biographer, known as <a href="/wiki/Anonimo_Gaddiano">Anonimo Gaddiano</a>, claims that in 1480 Leonardo was living with the Medici and often worked in the garden of the <a href="/wiki/Piazza_San_Marco,_Florence">Piazza San Marco, Florence</a>, where a Neoplatonic academy of artists, poets and philosophers organized by the Medici met.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198583-17">[14]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-62">[l]</a></sup> In March 1481, he received a commission from the monks of <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_di_San_Donato_in_Scopeto">San Donato in Scopeto</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Leonardo)">The Adoration of the Magi</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserman197577–78-63">[48]</a></sup> Neither of these initial commissions were completed, being abandoned when Leonardo went to offer his services to <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Milan">Duke of Milan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza">Ludovico Sforza</a>. Leonardo wrote Sforza a letter which described the diverse things that he could achieve in the fields of engineering and weapon design, and mentioned that he could paint.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace197253–54-64">[49]</a></sup> He brought with him a silver <a href="/wiki/String_instrument">string instrument</a>—either a <a href="/wiki/Lute">lute</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lyre">lyre</a>—in the form of a horse's head.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace197253–54-64">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p>With Alberti, Leonardo visited the home of the Medici and through them came to know the older Humanist philosophers of whom <a href="/wiki/Marsiglio_Ficino">Marsiglio Ficino</a>, proponent of <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_Landino">Cristoforo Landino</a>, writer of commentaries on Classical writings, and <a href="/wiki/John_Argyropoulos">John Argyropoulos</a>, teacher of Greek and translator of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle">Aristotle</a> were the foremost. Also associated with the Platonic Academy of the Medici was Leonardo's contemporary, the brilliant young poet and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Pico_della_Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosci19779–20-49">[40]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Rach-51">[42]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1974-65">[50]</a></sup> In 1482, Leonardo was sent as an ambassador by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_il_Moro">Ludovico il Moro</a>, who ruled <a href="/wiki/Milan">Milan</a> between 1479 and 1499.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosci19779–20-49">[40]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198583-17">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul>
	<li><div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_Madonna_of_the_Carnation.jpg"></a></p></div></li>
	<li><div>
	<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Paisagem_do_Arno_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci.jpg"></a></p></div>
	<p><i>Landscape of the Arno Valley</i> (1473)
</p>
	</div></li>
	<li><div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Ginevra_de%27_Benci_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"></a></p></div></li>
	<li></li>
	<li></li>
</ul>
<h3>First Milanese period (c. 1482–1499)</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_Vergine_delle_Rocce_(Louvre).jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499. He was commissioned to paint the <i><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_the_Rocks">Virgin of the Rocks</a></i> for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo_da_Vinci)">The Last Supper</a></i> for the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_(Milan)">Santa Maria delle Grazie</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2011-67">[51]</a></sup> In the spring of 1485, Leonardo travelled to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931538)">Hungary</a> (on behalf of Sforza) to meet king <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a>, and was commissioned by him to paint a <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)">Madonna</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-68">[52]</a></sup> In 1490 he was called as a consultant, together with <a href="/wiki/Francesco_di_Giorgio_Martini">Francesco di Giorgio Martini</a>, for the building site of the <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Cathedral">cathedral</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pavia">Pavia</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-69">[53]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-70">[54]</a></sup> and was struck by the equestrian statue of <a href="/wiki/Regisole">Regisole</a>, of which he left a sketch.<sup><a href="#cite_note-71">[55]</a></sup> Leonardo was employed on many other projects for Sforza, such as preparation of floats and pageants for special occasions; <a href="/wiki/File:Study_for_the_Cupola_of_Milan_Cathedral_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci.jpg">a drawing of</a>, and wooden model for, a competition to design the <a href="/wiki/Cupola">cupola</a> for <a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral">Milan Cathedral</a>;<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace197279-72">[56]</a></sup> and a model for a huge <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_monument">equestrian monument</a> to Ludovico's predecessor <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Sforza">Francesco Sforza</a>. This would have surpassed in size the only two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance, <a href="/wiki/Donatello">Donatello</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Gattamelata">Gattamelata</a></i> in Padua and Verrocchio's <i><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Colleoni">Bartolomeo Colleoni</a></i> in Venice, and became known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_horse">Gran Cavallo</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a></sup> Leonardo completed a model for the horse and made detailed plans for its <a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)">casting</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a></sup> but in November 1494, Ludovico gave the metal to <a href="/wiki/Ercole_I_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Ferrara">his brother-in-law</a> to be used for a cannon to defend the city from <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France">Charles VIII of France</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p>
Contemporary correspondence records that Leonardo and his assistants were commissioned by the Duke of Milan to paint the <a href="/wiki/Sala_delle_Asse">Sala delle Asse</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sforza_Castle">Sforza Castle</a>. The decoration was completed in 1498. The project became a <a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il">trompe-l'œil</a> decoration that made the great hall appear to be a pergola created by the interwoven limbs of sixteen mulberry trees,<sup><a href="#cite_note-73">[57]</a></sup> whose canopy included an intricate labyrinth of leaves and knots on the ceiling.<sup><a href="#cite_note-74">[58]</a></sup></p>
<ul>
	<li><div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_vinci,_Head_of_a_girl_01.jpg"></a></p></div></li>
	<li><div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Portrait_of_a_Musician_-_Pinacoteca_Ambrosiana.jpg"></a></p></div></li>
	<li></li>
	<li><div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Study_of_horse.jpg"></a></p></div></li>
	<li><div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_(attrib)-_la_Belle_Ferroniere.jpg"></a></p></div></li>
	<li></li>
</ul>
<h3>Second Florentine period (1500–1508)</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Virgin_and_Child_with_Ss_Anne_and_John_the_Baptist.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>When Ludovico Sforza was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novara_(1500)">overthrown by France</a> in 1500, Leonardo fled Milan for <a href="/wiki/Venice">Venice</a>, accompanied by his assistant <a href="/wiki/Sala%C3%AC">Salaì</a> and friend, the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198585-76">[60]</a></sup> In Venice, Leonardo was employed as a military architect and engineer, devising methods to defend the city from naval attack.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a></sup> On his return to Florence in 1500, he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Santissima_Annunziata,_Florence">Santissima Annunziata</a> and were provided with a workshop where, according to Vasari, Leonardo created the cartoon of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_with_Saint_Anne_and_Saint_John_the_Baptist">The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist</a></i>, a work that won such admiration that "men [and] women, young and old" flocked to see it "as if they were going to a solemn festival."<sup><a href="#cite_note-V265-77">[‡ 3]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-79">[m]</a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Cesena">Cesena</a> in 1502, Leonardo entered the service of <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Borgia">Cesare Borgia</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI">Pope Alexander VI</a>, acting as a military architect and engineer and travelling throughout Italy with his patron.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198585-76">[60]</a></sup> Leonardo created a map of Cesare Borgia's stronghold, a town plan of <a href="/wiki/Imola">Imola</a> in order to win his patronage. Upon seeing it, Cesare hired Leonardo as his chief <a href="/wiki/Military_engineer">military engineer</a> and architect. Later in the year, Leonardo produced another map for his patron, one of <a href="/wiki/Chiana_Valley">Chiana Valley</a>, Tuscany, so as to give his patron a better overlay of the land and greater strategic position. He created this map in conjunction with his other project of constructing a dam from the sea to Florence, in order to allow a supply of water to sustain the canal during all seasons.
</p><p>Leonardo had left Borgia's service and returned to Florence by early 1503,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972124-80">[62]</a></sup> where he rejoined the <a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Saint_Luke#Italy">Guild of Saint Luke</a> on 18 October of that year. By this same month, Leonardo had begun working on a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Lisa_del_Giocondo">Lisa del Giocondo</a>, the model for the <i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></i>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-81">[63]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-82">[64]</a></sup> which he would continue working on until his twilight years. In January 1504, he was part of a committee formed to recommend where Michelangelo's statue of <i><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)">David</a></i> should be placed.<sup><a href="#cite_note-83">[65]</a></sup> He then spent two years in Florence designing and painting a mural of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Anghiari_(painting)">The Battle of Anghiari</a></i> for the Signoria,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198585-76">[60]</a></sup> with Michelangelo designing its companion piece, <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cascina_(Michelangelo)">The Battle of Cascina</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-86">[n]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1506, Leonardo was summoned to Milan by <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_d%27Amboise">Charles II d'Amboise</a>, the acting <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France">French governor</a> of the city.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972145-87">[68]</a></sup> There, Leonardo took on another pupil, Count <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Melzi">Francesco Melzi</a>, the son of a <a href="/wiki/Lombardy">Lombard</a> aristocrat, who is considered to have been his favourite student.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence">Council of Florence</a> wished Leonardo to return promptly to finish <i>The Battle of Anghiari</i>, but he was given leave at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII">Louis XII</a>, who considered commissioning the artist to make some portraits.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972145-87">[68]</a></sup> Leonardo may have commenced a project for an equestrian figure of d'Amboise;<sup><a href="#cite_note-88">[69]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Horse_and_Rider_(Leonardo_da_Vinci)">a wax model</a> survives and, if genuine, is the only extant example of Leonardo's sculpture. Leonardo was otherwise free to pursue his scientific interests.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972145-87">[68]</a></sup> Many of Leonardo's most prominent pupils either knew or worked with him in Milan,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Luini">Bernardino Luini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Boltraffio">Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marco_d%27Oggiono">Marco d'Oggiono</a>. In 1507, Leonardo was in Florence sorting out a dispute with his brothers over the estate of his father, who had died in 1504.
</p>
<ul>
	<li><div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Virgin_and_Child_with_St_Anne_C2RMF_retouched.jpg"></a></p></div></li>
	<li></li>
	<li></li>
	<li><div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_vinci_-_La_scapigliata.jpg"></a></p></div></li>
	<li></li>
</ul>
<h3>Second Milanese period (1508–1513)</h3>
<p>By 1508, Leonardo was back in Milan, living in his own house in Porta Orientale in the parish of Santa Babila.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198586-89">[70]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1512, Leonardo was working on plans for an equestrian monument for <a href="/wiki/Gian_Giacomo_Trivulzio">Gian Giacomo Trivulzio</a>, but this was prevented by an invasion of a confederation of Swiss, Spanish and Venetian forces, which drove the French from Milan. Leonardo stayed in the city, spending several months in 1513 at the Medici's <a href="/wiki/Vaprio_d%27Adda">Vaprio d'Adda</a> villa.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972149–150-90">[71]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Rome and France (1513–1519)</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_A_deluge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"></a></p><div><p>An apocalyptic deluge drawn in black chalk by Leonardo near the end of his life (part of a series of 10, paired with written description in his notebooks)<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972151-91">[72]</a></sup></p></div></div>
<p>In March 1513, Lorenzo de' Medici's son <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X">Giovanni</a> assumed the papacy (as Leo X); Leonardo went to Rome that September, where he was received by the pope's brother <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Nemours">Giuliano</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972149–150-90">[71]</a></sup> From September 1513 to 1516, Leonardo spent much of his time living in the <a href="/wiki/Belvedere_Courtyard">Belvedere Courtyard</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace">Apostolic Palace</a>, where Michelangelo and <a href="/wiki/Raphael">Raphael</a> were both active.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198586-89">[70]</a></sup> Leonardo was given an allowance of 33 ducats a month, and according to Vasari, decorated a lizard with scales dipped in <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)">quicksilver</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972150-92">[73]</a></sup> The pope gave him a painting commission of unknown subject matter, but cancelled it when the artist set about developing a new kind of <a href="/wiki/Varnish">varnish</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972150-92">[73]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-93">[o]</a></sup> Leonardo became ill, in what may have been the first of multiple <a href="/wiki/Stroke">strokes</a> leading to his death.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972150-92">[73]</a></sup> He practiced botany in the <a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Vatican_City">Gardens of Vatican City</a>, and was commissioned to make plans for the pope's proposed draining of the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_Marshes">Pontine Marshes</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-94">[74]</a></sup> He also dissected <a href="/wiki/Cadaver">cadavers</a>, making notes for a treatise on <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords">vocal cords</a>;<sup><a href="#cite_note-95">[75]</a></sup> these he gave to an official in hopes of regaining the pope's favor, but was unsuccessful.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972150-92">[73]</a></sup>
</p><p>In October 1515, King <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France">Francis I of France</a> recaptured Milan.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserman197577–78-63">[48]</a></sup> Leonardo was present at the 19 December meeting of Francis I and Leo X, which took place in Bologna.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-96">[76]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-97">[77]</a></sup> In 1516, Leonardo entered Francis' service, being given the use of the manor house <a href="/wiki/Clos_Luc%C3%A9">Clos Lucé</a>, near the king's residence at the royal <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Amboise">Château d'Amboise</a>. Being frequently visited by Francis, he drew plans for an immense <a href="/wiki/Castle_town">castle town</a> the king intended to erect at <a href="/wiki/Romorantin-Lanthenay">Romorantin</a>, and made a mechanical lion, which during a pageant walked toward the king and—upon being struck by a wand—opened its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972163,_164-98">[78]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-V265-77">[‡ 3]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-100">[p]</a></sup> Leonardo was accompanied during this time by his friend and apprentice Francesco Melzi, and supported by a pension totalling 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Scudi">scudi</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198586-89">[70]</a></sup> At some point, Melzi drew a <a href="/wiki/File:A_portrait_of_Leonardo,_by_Francesco_Melzi.jpg">portrait of Leonardo</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci">only others known</a> from his lifetime were a sketch by an unknown assistant on the back of one of Leonardo's studies (c. 1517)<sup><a href="#cite_note-101">[80]</a></sup> and a drawing by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Ambrogio_Figino">Giovanni Ambrogio Figino</a> depicting an elderly Leonardo with his right arm wrapped in clothing.<sup><a href="#cite_note-paralysis-102">[81]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-104">[q]</a></sup> The latter, in addition to the record of an October 1517 visit by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_d%27Aragona">Louis d'Aragon</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-106">[r]</a></sup> confirms an account of Leonardo's right hand being paralytic when he was 65,<sup><a href="#cite_note-seeker-107">[84]</a></sup> which may indicate why he left works such as the <i>Mona Lisa</i> unfinished.<sup><a href="#cite_note-guardian2005-103">[82]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-108">[85]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-fainting-109">[86]</a></sup> He continued to work at some capacity until eventually becoming ill and bedridden for several months.<sup><a href="#cite_note-seeker-107">[84]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Death</h4>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:The_castle_of_Amboise.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>Leonardo died at Clos Lucé on 2 May 1519 at the age of 67, possibly of a stroke.<sup><a href="#cite_note-neurology-110">[87]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-fainting-109">[86]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-111">[88]</a></sup> Francis I had become a close friend. Vasari describes Leonardo as lamenting on his deathbed, full of repentance, that "he had offended against God and men by failing to practice his art as he should have done."<sup><a href="#cite_note-112">[89]</a></sup> Vasari states that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist">Holy Sacrament</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-113">[‡ 4]</a></sup> Vasari also records that the king held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died, although this story may be legend rather than fact.<sup><a href="#cite_note-114">[s]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-edict-116">[t]</a></sup> In accordance with his will, sixty beggars carrying tapers followed Leonardo's casket.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1974-65">[50]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-117">[u]</a></sup> Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving, as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library and personal effects. Leonardo's other long-time pupil and companion, Salaì, and his servant Baptista de Vilanis, each received half of Leonardo's <a href="/wiki/Vineyard">vineyards</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp201126-118">[91]</a></sup> His brothers received land, and his serving woman received a fur-lined cloak. On 12 August 1519, <a href="#Location_of_remains">Leonardo's remains</a> were interred in the Collegiate Church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Florentine-119">[92]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Sala%C3%AC">Salaì</a>, or Il Salaino ("The Little Unclean One", i.e., the devil), entered Leonardo's household in 1490 as an assistant. After only a year, Leonardo made a list of his misdemeanours, calling him "a thief, a liar, stubborn, and a glutton," after he had made off with money and valuables on at least five occasions and spent a fortune on clothes.<sup><a href="#cite_note-120">[93]</a></sup> Nevertheless, Leonardo treated him with great indulgence, and he remained in Leonardo's household for the next thirty years.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198584-121">[94]</a></sup> Salaì executed a number of paintings under the name of Andrea Salaì, but although Vasari claims that Leonardo "taught him many things about painting,"<sup><a href="#cite_note-V265-77">[‡ 3]</a></sup> his work is generally considered to be of less artistic merit than others among Leonardo's pupils, such as <a href="/wiki/Marco_d%27Oggiono">Marco d'Oggiono</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boltraffio">Boltraffio</a>.
</p><p>Salaì owned the <i>Mona Lisa</i> at the time of Leonardo's death in 1524, and in his will it was assessed at 505 lire, an exceptionally high valuation for a small panel portrait.<sup><a href="#cite_note-NR-122">[95]</a></sup> Some 20 years after Leonardo's death, Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor <a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini">Benvenuto Cellini</a> as saying: "There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher."<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGascaNicolòLucertini2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsspringer_101007-978-3-0348-7951-4pagen28_13]-123">[96]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Personal life</h2>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Saint_John_the_Baptist_C2RMF_retouched.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>Despite the thousands of pages Leonardo left in notebooks and manuscripts, he scarcely made reference to his personal life.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZöllner201920-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>Within Leonardo's lifetime, his extraordinary powers of invention, his "great physical beauty" and "infinite grace," as described by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari">Vasari</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-126">[‡ 5]</a></sup> as well as all other aspects of his life, attracted the curiosity of others. One such aspect was his love for animals, likely including <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a> and according to Vasari, a habit of purchasing caged birds and releasing them.<sup><a href="#cite_note-127">[98]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-128">[‡ 6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Leonardo had many friends who are now notable either in their fields or for their historical significance, including mathematician <a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambach2003-129">[99]</a></sup> with whom he collaborated on the book <i><a href="/wiki/Divina_proportione">Divina proportione</a></i> in the 1490s. Leonardo appears to have had no close relationships with women except for his friendship with <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Gallerani">Cecilia Gallerani</a> and the two Este sisters, <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_d%27Este">Beatrice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_d%27Este">Isabella</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-130">[100]</a></sup> While on a journey that took him through <a href="/wiki/Mantua">Mantua</a>, he drew a portrait of Isabella that appears to have been used to create a painted portrait, now lost.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p>
Beyond friendship, Leonardo kept his private life secret. His sexuality has been the subject of satire, analysis, and speculation. This trend began in the mid-16th century and was revived in the 19th and 20th centuries, most notably by <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci,_A_Memory_of_His_Childhood">Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-131">[101]</a></sup> Leonardo's most intimate relationships were perhaps with his pupils <a href="/wiki/Sala%C3%AC">Salaì</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Melzi">Melzi</a>. Melzi, writing to inform Leonardo's brothers of his death, described Leonardo's feelings for his pupils as both loving and passionate. It has been claimed since the 16th century that these relationships were of a sexual or erotic nature. Court records of 1476, when he was aged twenty-four, show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with <a href="/wiki/Sodomy">sodomy</a> in an incident involving a well-known male prostitute. The charges were dismissed for lack of evidence, and there is speculation that since one of the accused, Lionardo de Tornabuoni, was related to Lorenzo de' Medici, the family exerted its influence to secure the dismissal.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2017-132">[102]</a></sup> Since that date much has been written about his presumed homosexuality<sup><a href="#cite_note-133">[103]</a></sup> and its role in his art, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Androgyny">androgyny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eroticism">eroticism</a> manifested in <i><a href="/wiki/Saint_John_the_Baptist_(Leonardo)">Saint John the Baptist</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bacchus_(Leonardo)">Bacchus</a></i> and more explicitly in a number of erotic drawings.<sup><a href="#cite_note-134">[104]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:1-125">[97]</a></sup> </p>
<h2>Paintings</h2>
<p>Despite the recent awareness and admiration of Leonardo as a scientist and inventor, for the better part of four hundred years his fame rested on his achievements as a painter. A handful of works that are either authenticated or attributed to him have been regarded as among the great masterpieces. These paintings are famous for a variety of qualities that have been much imitated by students and discussed at great length by connoisseurs and critics. By the 1490s Leonardo had already been described as a "Divine" painter.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse199811–15-135">[105]</a></sup>
</p><p>Among the qualities that make Leonardo's work unique are his innovative techniques for laying on the paint; his detailed knowledge of anatomy, light, botany and geology; his interest in <a href="/wiki/Physiognomy">physiognomy</a> and the way humans register emotion in expression and gesture; his innovative use of the human form in figurative composition; and his use of subtle gradation of tone. All these qualities come together in his most famous painted works, the <i>Mona Lisa</i>, the <i>Last Supper</i>, and the <i>Virgin of the Rocks</i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-136">[v]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Early works</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_Annunciazione.jpeg"></a></p><div><p><i><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_(Leonardo)">Annunciation</a></i> <abbr>c.</abbr> 1472–1476,<sup><a href="#cite_note-137">[d 4]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uffizi">Uffizi</a>, is thought to be Leonardo's earliest extant and complete major work.</p></div></div>
<p>Leonardo first gained attention for his work on the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Christ_(Verrocchio)">Baptism of Christ</a></i>, painted in conjunction with Verrocchio. Two other paintings appear to date from his time at Verrocchio's workshop, both of which are <a href="/wiki/Annunciation">Annunciations</a>. One is small, 59 centimetres (23 in) long and 14 cm (5.5 in) high. It is a "<a href="/wiki/Predella">predella</a>" to go at the base of a larger composition, a painting by Lorenzo di Credi from which it has become separated. The other is a much larger work, 217 cm (85 in) long.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198588,_90-138">[106]</a></sup> In both Annunciations, Leonardo used a formal arrangement, like two well-known pictures by <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico">Fra Angelico</a> of the same subject, of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary">Virgin Mary</a> sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture, approached from the left by an angel in profile, with a rich flowing garment, raised wings and bearing a lily. Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio, the larger work is now generally attributed to Leonardo.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarani2003338-139">[107]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the smaller painting, Mary averts her eyes and folds her hands in a gesture that symbolised submission to God's will. Mary is not submissive, however, in the larger piece. The girl, interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger, puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartt1970127–133-41">[34]</a></sup> This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God">Mother of God</a>, not with resignation but with confidence. In this painting, the young Leonardo presents the humanist face of the Virgin Mary, recognising humanity's role in God's incarnation.
</p>
<h3>Paintings of the 1480s</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci,_Saint_Jerome.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>In the 1480s, Leonardo received two very important commissions and commenced another work that was of ground-breaking importance in terms of composition. Two of the three were never finished, and the third took so long that it was subject to lengthy negotiations over completion and payment.
</p><p>One of these paintings was <i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Jerome_in_the_Wilderness_(Leonardo)">Saint Jerome in the Wilderness</a></i>, which Bortolon associates with a difficult period of Leonardo's life, as evidenced in his diary: "I thought I was learning to live; I was only learning to die."<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a></sup> Although the painting is barely begun, the composition can be seen and is very unusual.<sup><a href="#cite_note-142">[w]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jerome">Jerome</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Penitent">penitent</a>, occupies the middle of the picture, set on a slight diagonal and viewed somewhat from above. His kneeling form takes on a trapezoid shape, with one arm stretched to the outer edge of the painting and his gaze looking in the opposite direction. J. Wasserman points out the link between this painting and Leonardo's anatomical studies.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserman1975104–106-141">[108]</a></sup> Across the foreground sprawls his symbol, a great lion whose body and tail make a double spiral across the base of the picture space. The other remarkable feature is the sketchy landscape of craggy rocks against which the figure is silhouetted.
</p><p>The daring display of figure composition, the landscape elements and personal drama also appear in the great unfinished masterpiece, the <i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Leonardo)">Adoration of the Magi</a></i>, a commission from the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto. It is a complex composition, of about 250 x 250 centimetres. Leonardo did numerous drawings and preparatory studies, including a detailed one in linear perspective of the ruined <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture">classical architecture</a> that forms part of the background. In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan at the behest of Lorenzo de' Medici in order to win favour with Ludovico il Moro, and the painting was abandoned.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198583-17">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>The third important work of this period is the <i><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_the_Rocks">Virgin of the Rocks</a></i>, commissioned in Milan for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception. The painting, to be done with the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Ambrogio_de_Predis">de Predis brothers</a>, was to fill a large complex <a href="/wiki/Altarpiece">altarpiece</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserman1975108-144">[109]</a></sup> Leonardo chose to paint an apocryphal moment of the infancy of Christ when the infant <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, in protection of an angel, met the Holy Family on the road to Egypt. The painting demonstrates an eerie beauty as the graceful figures kneel in adoration around the infant Christ in a wild landscape of tumbling rock and whirling water.<sup><a href="#cite_note-145">[110]</a></sup> While the painting is quite large, about 200×120 centimetres, it is not nearly as complex as the painting ordered by the monks of San Donato, having only four figures rather than about fifty and a rocky landscape rather than architectural details. The painting was eventually finished; in fact, two versions of the painting were finished: one remained at the chapel of the Confraternity, while Leonardo took the other to France. The Brothers did not get their painting, however, nor the de Predis their payment, until the next century.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198585-76">[60]</a></sup>
</p><p>Leonardo's most remarkable portrait of this period is the <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_with_an_Ermine">Lady with an Ermine</a></i>, presumed to be <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Gallerani">Cecilia Gallerani</a> (<abbr>c.</abbr> 1483–1490), lover of Ludovico Sforza.<sup><a href="#cite_note-treasures-146">[111]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-147">[112]</a></sup> The painting is characterised by the pose of the figure with the head turned at a very different angle to the torso, unusual at a date when many portraits were still rigidly in profile. The ermine plainly carries symbolic meaning, relating either to the sitter, or to Ludovico who belonged to the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Ermine_(France)">Order of the Ermine</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-treasures-146">[111]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Paintings of the 1490s</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:The_Last_Supper_-_Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_High_Resolution_32x16.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>Leonardo's most famous painting of the 1490s is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)">The Last Supper</a></i>, commissioned for the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan. It represents the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper">last meal</a> shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death, and shows the moment when Jesus has just said "one of you will betray me", and the consternation that this statement caused.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p>The writer <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Bandello">Matteo Bandello</a> observed Leonardo at work and wrote that some days he would paint from dawn till dusk without stopping to eat and then not paint for three or four days at a time.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserman1975124-149">[113]</a></sup> This was beyond the comprehension of the <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)">prior</a> of the convent, who hounded him until Leonardo asked Ludovico to intervene. Vasari describes how Leonardo, troubled over his ability to adequately depict the faces of Christ and the traitor <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot">Judas</a>, told the duke that he might be obliged to use the prior as his model.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-150">[‡ 7]</a></sup>
</p><p>The painting was acclaimed as a masterpiece of design and characterization,<sup><a href="#cite_note-151">[‡ 8]</a></sup> but it deteriorated rapidly, so that within a hundred years it was described by one viewer as "completely ruined."<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198597-152">[114]</a></sup> Leonardo, instead of using the reliable technique of fresco, had used tempera over a <a href="/wiki/Ground_(art)">ground</a> that was mainly <a href="/wiki/Gesso">gesso</a>, resulting in a surface subject to mould and to flaking.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198598-153">[115]</a></sup> Despite this, the painting remains one of the most reproduced works of art; countless copies have been made in various mediums.
</p><p>Toward the end of this period, in 1498 Leonardo's trompe-l'œil decoration of the <a href="/wiki/Sala_delle_Asse">Sala delle Asse</a> was painted for the Duke of Milan in the <a href="/wiki/Castello_Sforzesco">Castello Sforzesco</a>.
</p>
<h3>Paintings of the 1500s</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Mona_Lisa,_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>In 1505, Leonardo was commissioned to paint <i>The Battle of Anghiari</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Salone_dei_Cinquecento">Salone dei Cinquecento</a> (Hall of the Five Hundred) in the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio">Palazzo Vecchio</a>, Florence. Leonardo devised a dynamic composition depicting four men riding raging war horses engaged in a battle for possession of a standard, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anghiari">Battle of Anghiari</a> in 1440. Michelangelo was assigned the opposite wall to depict the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cascina">Battle of Cascina</a>. Leonardo's painting deteriorated rapidly and is now known from a copy by <a href="/wiki/Rubens">Rubens</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-155">[116]</a></sup>
</p><p>Among the works created by Leonardo in the 16th century is the small portrait known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></i> or <i>La Gioconda</i>, the laughing one. In the present era, it is arguably the most famous painting in the world. Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality perhaps due to the subtly shadowed corners of the mouth and eyes such that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined. The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called "<a href="/wiki/Sfumato">sfumato</a>", or Leonardo's smoke. Vasari wrote that the smile was "so pleasing that it seems more divine than human, and it was considered a wondrous thing that it was as lively as the smile of the living original."<sup><a href="#cite_note-156">[‡ 9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Other characteristics of the painting are the unadorned dress, in which the eyes and hands have no competition from other details; the dramatic landscape background, in which the world seems to be in a state of flux; the subdued colouring; and the extremely smooth nature of the painterly technique, employing <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint">oils</a> laid on much like <a href="/wiki/Tempera">tempera</a>, and blended on the surface so that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserman1975144-157">[117]</a></sup> Vasari expressed that the painting's quality would make even "the most confident master ... despair and lose heart."<sup><a href="#cite_note-158">[‡ 10]</a></sup> The perfect state of preservation and the fact that there is no sign of repair or overpainting is rare in a panel painting of this date.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa1985103-159">[118]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_with_Saint_Anne_(Leonardo)">Virgin and Child with Saint Anne</a></i>, the composition again picks up the theme of figures in a landscape, which Wasserman describes as "breathtakingly beautiful"<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserman1975150-160">[119]</a></sup> and harkens back to the <i>Saint Jerome</i> with the figure set at an oblique angle. What makes this painting unusual is that there are two obliquely set figures superimposed. Mary is seated on the knee of her mother, Saint Anne. She leans forward to restrain the Christ Child as he plays roughly with a lamb, the sign of his own impending sacrifice.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a></sup> This painting, which was copied many times, influenced Michelangelo, Raphael, and <a href="/wiki/Andrea_del_Sarto">Andrea del Sarto</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa1985109-161">[120]</a></sup> and through them <a href="/wiki/Pontormo">Pontormo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Correggio">Correggio</a>. The trends in composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese">Veronese</a>.
</p>
<h2>Drawings</h2>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_presumed_self-portrait_-_WGA12798.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>Leonardo was a prolific draughtsman, keeping journals full of small sketches and detailed drawings recording all manner of things that took his attention. As well as the journals there exist many studies for paintings, some of which can be identified as preparatory to particular works such as <i>The Adoration of the Magi</i>, <i>The Virgin of the Rocks</i> and <i>The Last Supper</i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Popham-162">[121]</a></sup> His earliest dated drawing is a <i>Landscape of the Arno Valley</i>, 1473, which shows the river, the mountains, Montelupo Castle and the farmlands beyond it in great detail.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Popham-162">[121]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-163">[x]</a></sup>
</p><p>Among his famous drawings are the <i><a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man">Vitruvian Man</a></i>, a study of the proportions of the human body; the <i>Head of an Angel</i>, for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_of_the_Rocks">The Virgin of the Rocks</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre">Louvre</a>; a botanical study of <i>Star of Bethlehem</i>; and a large drawing (160×100 cm) in black chalk on coloured paper of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_with_Saint_Anne_and_Saint_John_the_Baptist">The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist</a></i> in the National Gallery, London.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Popham-162">[121]</a></sup> This drawing employs the subtle <i><a href="/wiki/Sfumato">sfumato</a></i> technique of shading, in the manner of the <i>Mona Lisa</i>. It is thought that Leonardo never made a painting from it, the closest similarity being to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_with_Saint_Anne_(Leonardo)">The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne</a></i> in the Louvre.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa1985102-164">[122]</a></sup>
</p>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_a_Warrior_-_Da_Vinci_1.jpg"></a></p><div><p><i>Antique warrior in profile</i>, c. 1472. British Museum, London</p></div></div>
<p>Other drawings of interest include numerous studies generally referred to as "caricatures" because, although exaggerated, they appear to be based upon observation of live models. Vasari relates that Leonardo would look for interesting faces in public to use as models for some of his work.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-150">[‡ 7]</a></sup> There are numerous studies of beautiful young men, often associated with Salaì, with the rare and much admired facial feature, the so-called "Grecian profile".<sup><a href="#cite_note-165">[y]</a></sup> These faces are often contrasted with that of a warrior.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Popham-162">[121]</a></sup> Salaì is often depicted in fancy-dress costume. Leonardo is known to have designed sets for pageants with which these may be associated. Other, often meticulous, drawings show studies of drapery. A marked development in Leonardo's ability to draw drapery occurred in his early works. Another often-reproduced drawing is a macabre sketch that was done by Leonardo in Florence in 1479 showing the body of <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Baroncelli">Bernardo Baroncelli</a>, hanged in connection with the murder of <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_de%27_Medici">Giuliano</a>, brother of Lorenzo de' Medici, in the <a href="/wiki/Pazzi_conspiracy">Pazzi conspiracy</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Popham-162">[121]</a></sup> In his notes, Leonardo recorded the colours of the robes that Baroncelli was wearing when he died.
</p><p>Like the two contemporary architects <a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante">Donato Bramante</a> (who designed the <a href="/wiki/Cortile_del_Belvedere">Belvedere Courtyard</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_da_Sangallo_the_Elder">Antonio da Sangallo the Elder</a>, Leonardo experimented with designs for centrally planned churches, a number of which appear in his journals, as both plans and views, although none was ever realised.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosci19779–20-49">[40]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartt1970391–392-166">[123]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Journals and notes</h2>
<p><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism">Renaissance humanism</a> recognised no mutually exclusive polarities between the sciences and the arts, and Leonardo's studies in science and engineering are sometimes considered as impressive and innovative as his artistic work.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a></sup> These studies were recorded in 13,000 pages of notes and drawings, which fuse art and <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy">natural philosophy</a> (the forerunner of modern science). They were made and maintained daily throughout Leonardo's life and travels, as he made continual observations of the world around him.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a></sup> Leonardo's notes and drawings display an enormous range of interests and preoccupations, some as mundane as lists of groceries and people who owed him money and some as intriguing as designs for wings and shoes for walking on water. There are compositions for paintings, studies of details and drapery, studies of faces and emotions, of animals, babies, dissections, plant studies, rock formations, whirlpools, war machines, flying machines and architecture.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a></sup>
</p>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Studies_of_the_foetus_in_the_womb.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>These notebooks—originally loose papers of different types and sizes—were largely entrusted to Leonardo's pupil and heir Francesco Melzi after the master's death.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972169-167">[124]</a></sup> These were to be published, a task of overwhelming difficulty because of its scope and Leonardo's idiosyncratic writing.<sup><a href="#cite_note-KDK-168">[125]</a></sup> Some of Leonardo's drawings were copied by an anonymous Milanese artist for <a href="/wiki/Codex_Huygens">a planned treatise on art</a> <abbr>c.</abbr> 1570.<sup><a href="#cite_note-169">[126]</a></sup> After Melzi's death in 1570, the collection passed to his son, the lawyer Orazio, who initially took little interest in the journals.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972169-167">[124]</a></sup> In 1587, a Melzi household tutor named Lelio Gavardi took 13 of the manuscripts to Pisa; there, the architect <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Magenta">Giovanni Magenta</a> reproached Gavardi for having taken the manuscripts illicitly and returned them to Orazio. Having many more such works in his possession, Orazio gifted the volumes to Magenta. News spread of these lost works of Leonardo's, and Orazio retrieved seven of the 13 manuscripts, which he then gave to <a href="/wiki/Pompeo_Leoni">Pompeo Leoni</a> for publication in two volumes; one of these was the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Atlanticus">Codex Atlanticus</a>. The other six works had been distributed to a few others.<sup><a href="#cite_note-170">[127]</a></sup> After Orazio's death, his heirs sold the rest of Leonardo's possessions, and thus began their dispersal.<sup><a href="#cite_note-171">[128]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some works have found their way into major collections such as the Royal Library at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, the Louvre, the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a">Biblioteca Nacional de España</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Ambrosiana">Biblioteca Ambrosiana</a> in Milan, which holds the 12-volume Codex Atlanticus, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Library">British Library</a> in London, which has put a selection from the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Arundel">Codex Arundel</a> (BL Arundel MS 263) online.<sup><a href="#cite_note-172">[129]</a></sup> Works have also been at <a href="/wiki/Holkham_Hall">Holkham Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, and in the private hands of <a href="/wiki/John_Nicholas_Brown_I">John Nicholas Brown I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lehman">Robert Lehman</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972169-167">[124]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Codex_Leicester">Codex Leicester</a> is the only privately owned major scientific work of Leonardo; it is owned by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates">Bill Gates</a> and displayed once a year in different cities around the world.
</p><p>
Most of Leonardo's writings are in <a href="/wiki/Mirror_writing">mirror-image</a> cursive.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Polidoro-58">[45]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-173">[130]</a></sup> Since Leonardo wrote with his left hand, it was probably easier for him to write from right to left.<sup><a href="#cite_note-174">[131]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-177">[z]</a></sup> Leonardo used a variety of shorthand and symbols, and states in his notes that he intended to prepare them for publication.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-173">[130]</a></sup> In many cases a single topic is covered in detail in both words and pictures on a single sheet, together conveying information that would not be lost if the pages were published out of order.<sup><a href="#cite_note-178">[134]</a></sup> Why they were not published during Leonardo's lifetime is unknown.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a></sup></p>
<h2>Science and inventions</h2>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:De_divina_proportione_-_Vigintisex_Basium_Planum_Vacuum.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>Leonardo's approach to science was observational: he tried to understand a phenomenon by describing and depicting it in utmost detail and did not emphasise experiments or theoretical explanation. Since he lacked formal education in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language">Latin</a> and mathematics, contemporary scholars mostly ignored Leonardo the scientist, although he did teach himself Latin. His keen observations in many areas were noted, such as when he wrote "Il sole non si move." ("The Sun does not move.")<sup><a href="#cite_note-179">[135]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the 1490s he studied mathematics under Luca Pacioli and prepared a series of drawings of regular solids in a skeletal form to be engraved as plates for Pacioli's book <i><a href="/wiki/Divina_proportione">Divina proportione</a></i>, published in 1509.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a></sup> While living in Milan, he studied light from the summit of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Rosa">Monte Rosa</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972145-87">[68]</a></sup> Scientific writings in his notebook on fossils have been considered as influential on <a href="/wiki/Palaeontology#History">early palaeontology</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-180">[136]</a></sup>
</p><p>The content of his journals suggest that he was planning a series of treatises on a variety of subjects. A coherent treatise on <a href="/wiki/Anatomy">anatomy</a> is said to have been observed during a visit by Cardinal Louis d'Aragon's secretary in 1517.<sup><a href="#cite_note-181">[137]</a></sup> Aspects of his work on the studies of anatomy, light and the landscape were assembled for publication by Melzi and eventually published as <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Urbinas">A Treatise on Painting</a></i> in France and Italy in 1651 and Germany in 1724,<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa1985117-182">[138]</a></sup> with engravings based upon drawings by the Classical painter <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeydenreich2020-6">[4]</a></sup> According to Arasse, the treatise, which in France went into 62 editions in fifty years, caused Leonardo to be seen as "the precursor of French academic thought on art."<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p>While Leonardo's experimentation followed scientific methods, a recent and exhaustive analysis of Leonardo as a scientist by Fritjof Capra argues that Leonardo was a fundamentally different kind of scientist from <a href="/wiki/Galileo">Galileo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton">Newton</a> and other scientists who followed him in that, as a "<a href="/wiki/Polymath">Renaissance Man</a>", his theorising and hypothesising integrated the arts and particularly painting.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapra2007XVII–XX-183">[139]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Anatomy and physiology</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_919000,_Verso_The_bones_and_muscles_of_the_arm_c.1510-11.jpg"></a></p><div><p>Anatomical study of the arm (c. 1510)</p></div></div>
<p>Leonardo started his study in the <a href="/wiki/Anatomy">anatomy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_body">human body</a> under the apprenticeship of Verrocchio, who demanded that his students develop a deep knowledge of the subject. As an artist, he quickly became master of <i>topographic anatomy</i>, drawing many studies of <a href="/wiki/Muscle">muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tendon">tendons</a> and other visible anatomical features.<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>As a successful artist, Leonardo was given permission to <a href="/wiki/Dissection">dissect</a> human corpses at the <a href="/wiki/Hospital_of_Santa_Maria_Nuova">Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova</a> in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome. From 1510 to 1511 he collaborated in his studies with the doctor <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_della_Torre">Marcantonio della Torre</a>, professor of Anatomy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia">University of Pavia</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-184">[140]</a></sup> Leonardo made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about 13,000 words toward a treatise on anatomy.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Sooke-185">[141]</a></sup> Only a small amount of the material on anatomy was published in Leonardo's <i>Treatise on painting</i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-KDK-168">[125]</a></sup> During the time that Melzi was ordering the material into chapters for publication, they were examined by a number of anatomists and artists, including Vasari, <a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini">Cellini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, who made a number of drawings from them.<sup><a href="#cite_note-KDK-168">[125]</a></sup>
</p><p>Leonardo's anatomical drawings include many studies of the <a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton">human skeleton</a> and its parts, and of muscles and sinews. He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it in a manner that prefigured the modern science of <a href="/wiki/Biomechanics">biomechanics</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Mason-186">[142]</a></sup> He drew the heart and <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system">vascular system</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sex_organs">sex organs</a> and other internal organs, making one of the first scientific drawings of a <a href="/wiki/Fetus">fetus</a> <i>in utero</i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Popham-162">[121]</a></sup> The drawings and notation are far ahead of their time, and if published would undoubtedly have made a major contribution to medical science.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Sooke-185">[141]</a></sup>
</p>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_Da_Vinci%27s_Brain_Physiology.jpg"></a></p><div><p>Leonardo's physiological sketch of the human brain and skull (c. 1510)</p></div></div>
<p>Leonardo also closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage. He drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Popham-162">[121]</a></sup> Leonardo also studied and drew the anatomy of many animals, dissecting cows, birds, monkeys, bears, and frogs, and comparing in his drawings their anatomical structure with that of humans. He also made a number of studies of horses.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Popham-162">[121]</a></sup>
</p><p>Leonardo's dissections and documentation of muscles, nerves, and vessels helped to describe the physiology and mechanics of movement. He attempted to identify the source of 'emotions' and their expression. He found it difficult to incorporate the prevailing system and theories of <a href="/wiki/Humorism">bodily humours</a>, but eventually he abandoned these physiological explanations of bodily functions. He made the observations that humours were not located in cerebral spaces or <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_system">ventricles</a>. He documented that the humours were not contained in the heart or the liver, and that it was the heart that defined the circulatory system. He was the first to define <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a> and liver <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>. He created models of the cerebral ventricles with the use of melted wax and constructed a glass <a href="/wiki/Aorta">aorta</a> to observe the circulation of blood through the aortic valve by using water and grass seed to watch flow patterns.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Jones2012-187">[143]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Engineering and inventions</h3>
<div><div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_vinci,_Drawing_of_a_flying_machine.jpg"></a></p></div><div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_helicopter.jpg"></a></p><p>An <i>aerial screw</i> (<abbr>c.</abbr> 1489), suggestive of a helicopter, from the <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Atlanticus">Codex Atlanticus</a></i></p></div></div>
<p>During his lifetime, Leonardo was also valued as an engineer. With the same rational and analytical approach that moved him to represent the human body and to investigate anatomy, Leonardo studied and designed many machines and devices. He drew their "anatomy" with unparalleled mastery, producing the first form of the modern technical drawing, including a perfected "exploded view" technique, to represent internal components. Those studies and projects collected in his codices fill more than 5,000 pages.<sup><a href="#cite_note-guarnieri1-188">[144]</a></sup> In a letter of 1482 to the lord of Milan <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_il_Moro">Ludovico il Moro</a>, he wrote that he could create all sorts of machines both for the protection of a city and for siege. When he fled from Milan to Venice in 1499, he found employment as an engineer and devised a system of moveable barricades to protect the city from attack. In 1502, he created a scheme for diverting the flow of the Arno river, a project on which <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> also worked.<sup><a href="#cite_note-189">[145]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-190">[146]</a></sup> He continued to contemplate the canalization of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy#Soils">Lombardy's plains</a> while in Louis XII's company<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972145-87">[68]</a></sup> and of the <a href="/wiki/Loire">Loire</a> and its tributaries in the company of Francis I.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972164-191">[147]</a></sup> Leonardo's journals include a vast number of inventions, both practical and impractical. They include <a href="/wiki/Viola_organista">musical instruments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_robot">a mechanical knight</a>, hydraulic pumps, reversible crank mechanisms, finned mortar shells, and a <a href="/wiki/Steam_cannon">steam cannon</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a></sup>
</p>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Da_Vinci_Scythed_Chariot_and_Armoured_Tank.JPG"></a></p></div>
<p>Leonardo was fascinated by the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/History_of_aviation">flight</a> for much of his life, producing many studies, including <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_on_the_Flight_of_Birds">Codex on the Flight of Birds</a></i> (<abbr>c.</abbr> 1505), as well as plans for several flying machines, such as a flapping <a href="/wiki/Ornithopter">ornithopter</a> and a machine with a helical <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_rotor">rotor</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a></sup> In a 2003 documentary by British television station <a href="/wiki/Channel_Four">Channel Four</a>, titled <i>Leonardo's Dream Machines</i>, various designs by Leonardo, such as a <a href="/wiki/Parachute#Early_Renaissance">parachute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_crossbow">a giant crossbow</a>, were interpreted and constructed.<sup><a href="#cite_note-192">[148]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-193">[149]</a></sup> Some of those designs proved successful, whilst others fared less well when tested. Similarly, a team of engineers built ten machines designed by Leonardo in the 2009 American television series <i><a href="/wiki/Doing_DaVinci">Doing DaVinci</a></i>, including a <a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_fighting_vehicle">fighting vehicle</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_self-propelled_cart">self-propelled cart</a>.
</p><p>Research performed by <a href="/wiki/Marc_van_den_Broek">Marc van den Broek</a> revealed older prototypes for more than 100 inventions that are ascribed to Leonardo. Similarities between Leonardo's illustrations and drawings from the Middle Ages and from Ancient Greece and Rome, the Chinese and Persian Empires, and Egypt suggest that a large portion of Leonardo's inventions had been conceived before his lifetime. Leonardo's innovation was to combine different functions from existing drafts and set them into scenes that illustrated their utility. By reconstituting technical inventions he created something new.<sup><a href="#cite_note-194">[150]</a></sup>
</p><p>In his notebooks, Leonardo first stated the 'laws' of sliding <a href="/wiki/Friction">friction</a> in 1493.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-195">[151]</a></sup> His inspiration for investigating friction came about in part from his study of <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion">perpetual motion</a>, which he correctly concluded was not possible.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2017194–197-196">[152]</a></sup> His results were never published and the friction laws were not rediscovered until 1699 by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Amontons">Guillaume Amontons</a>, with whose name they are now usually associated.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-195">[151]</a></sup> For this contribution, Leonardo was named as the first of the 23 "Men of Tribology" by <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Dowson">Duncan Dowson</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-197">[153]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Legacy</h2>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Leonardo_DaVinci_in_Uffizi_Alley,_Florence,_Italy.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>Although he had no formal academic training,<sup><a href="#cite_note-198">[154]</a></sup> many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the "<a href="/wiki/Universal_Genius">Universal Genius</a>" or "Renaissance Man", an individual of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination."<sup><a href="#cite_note-HG-199">[155]</a></sup> He is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived.<sup><a href="#cite_note-genius-200">[156]</a></sup> According to art historian <a href="/wiki/Helen_Gardner_(art_historian)">Helen Gardner</a>, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history, and "his mind and <a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci">personality</a> seem to us superhuman, while the man himself mysterious and remote."<sup><a href="#cite_note-HG-199">[155]</a></sup> Scholars interpret his view of the world as being based in logic, though the empirical methods he used were unorthodox for his time.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosci19778-201">[157]</a></sup>
</p><p>Leonardo's fame within his own lifetime was such that the King of France carried him away like a trophy, and was claimed to have supported him in his old age and held him in his arms as he died. Interest in Leonardo and his work has never diminished. Crowds still queue to see his best-known artworks, T-shirts still bear his most famous drawing, and writers continue to hail him as a genius while speculating about his private life, as well as about what one so intelligent actually believed in.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p>The continued admiration that Leonardo commanded from painters, critics and historians is reflected in many other written tributes. <a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione">Baldassare Castiglione</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Cortegiano">Il Cortegiano</a></i> (<i>The Courtier</i>), wrote in 1528: "...Another of the greatest painters in this world looks down on this art in which he is unequalled..."<sup><a href="#cite_note-202">[158]</a></sup> while the biographer known as "Anonimo Gaddiano" wrote, c. 1540: "His genius was so rare and universal that it can be said that nature worked a miracle on his behalf..."<sup><a href="#cite_note-203">[159]</a></sup> Vasari, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Artists">Lives of the Artists</a></i> (1568), opens his chapter on Leonardo:<sup><a href="#cite_note-204">[‡ 11]</a></sup>
</p>
<blockquote><p>In the normal course of events many men and women are born with remarkable talents; but occasionally, in a way that transcends nature, a single person is marvellously endowed by Heaven with beauty, grace and talent in such abundance that he leaves other men far behind, all his actions seem inspired and indeed everything he does clearly comes from God rather than from human skill. Everyone acknowledged that this was true of Leonardo da Vinci, an artist of outstanding physical beauty, who displayed infinite grace in everything that he did and who cultivated his genius so brilliantly that all problems he studied he solved with ease.</p></blockquote>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Francois_Ier_Leonard_de_Vinci-Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>The 19th century brought a particular admiration for Leonardo's genius, causing <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a> to write in 1801: "Such was the dawn of modern art, when Leonardo da Vinci broke forth with a splendour that distanced former excellence: made up of all the elements that constitute the essence of genius..."<sup><a href="#cite_note-205">[160]</a></sup> This is echoed by A.E. Rio who wrote in 1861: "He towered above all other artists through the strength and the nobility of his talents."<sup><a href="#cite_note-206">[161]</a></sup>
</p><p>By the 19th century, the scope of Leonardo's notebooks was known, as well as his paintings. <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine">Hippolyte Taine</a> wrote in 1866: "There may not be in the world an example of another genius so universal, so incapable of fulfilment, so full of yearning for the infinite, so naturally refined, so far ahead of his own century and the following centuries."<sup><a href="#cite_note-207">[162]</a></sup> Art historian <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Berenson">Bernard Berenson</a> wrote in 1896: "Leonardo is the one artist of whom it may be said with perfect literalness: Nothing that he touched but turned into a thing of eternal beauty. Whether it be the cross section of a skull, the structure of a weed, or a study of muscles, he, with his feeling for line and for light and shade, forever transmuted it into life-communicating values."<sup><a href="#cite_note-208">[163]</a></sup>
</p><p>The interest in Leonardo's genius has continued unabated; experts study and translate his writings, analyse his paintings using scientific techniques, argue over attributions and search for works which have been recorded but never found.<sup><a href="#cite_note-209">[164]</a></sup> Liana Bortolon, writing in 1967, said: "Because of the multiplicity of interests that spurred him to pursue every field of knowledge...Leonardo can be considered, quite rightly, to have been the universal genius par excellence, and with all the disquieting overtones inherent in that term. Man is as uncomfortable today, faced with a genius, as he was in the 16th century. Five centuries have passed, yet we still view Leonardo with awe."<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Belt_Library_of_Vinciana">Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana</a> is a special collection at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-210">[165]</a></sup>
</p>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_leonardiano_di_vinci,_04.JPG"></a></p></div>
<p>Twenty-first-century author <a href="/wiki/Walter_Isaacson">Walter Isaacson</a> based much of his biography of Leonardo<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2017-132">[102]</a></sup> on thousands of notebook entries, studying the personal notes, sketches, budget notations, and musings of the man whom he considers the greatest of innovators. Isaacson was surprised to discover a "fun, joyous" side of Leonardo in addition to his limitless curiosity and creative genius.<sup><a href="#cite_note-211">[166]</a></sup>
</p><p>On the 500th anniversary of Leonardo's death, the Louvre in Paris arranged for the largest ever single exhibit of his work, called <i>Leonardo</i>, between November 2019 and February 2020. The exhibit includes over 100 paintings, drawings and notebooks. Eleven of the paintings that Leonardo completed in his lifetime were included. Five of these are owned by the Louvre, but the <i>Mona Lisa</i> was not included because it is in such great demand among general visitors to the Louvre; it remains on display in its gallery. <i>Vitruvian Man</i>, however, is on display following a legal battle with its owner, the <a href="/wiki/Gallerie_dell%27Accademia">Gallerie dell'Accademia</a> in Venice. <i><a href="/wiki/Salvator_Mundi_(Leonardo)">Salvator Mundi</a></i><sup><a href="#cite_note-214">[aa]</a></sup> was also not included because its Saudi owner did not agree to lease the work.<sup><a href="#cite_note-215">[169]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-216">[170]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <i>Mona Lisa</i>, considered Leonardo's <a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus">magnum opus</a>, is often regarded as the most famous portrait ever made.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2003-5">[3]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner19933-217">[171]</a></sup> <i>The Last Supper</i> is the most reproduced religious painting of all time,<sup><a href="#cite_note-HG-199">[155]</a></sup> and Leonardo's <i>Vitruvian Man</i> drawing is also considered a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon">cultural icon</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-218">[172]</a></sup>
</p><p>More than a decade of analysis of Leonardo's <a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy">genetic genealogy</a>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Vezzosi">Alessandro Vezzosi</a> and Agnese Sabato, came to a conclusion in mid-2021. It was determined that the artist has 14 living male relatives. The work could also help determine the authenticity of remains thought to belong to Leonardo.<sup><a href="#cite_note-219">[173]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Location of remains</h2>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Tombe_de_L%C3%A9onard_de_Vinci.JPG"></a></p><div><p>Tomb in the chapel of Saint Hubert at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Amboise">Château d'Amboise</a> where a plaque describes it as the presumed site of Leonardo's remains</p></div></div>
<p>While Leonardo was certainly buried in the <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church">collegiate church</a> of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise in 12 August 1519, the current location of his remains is unclear.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage502_502]-220">[174]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2017515-221">[175]</a></sup> Much of Château d'Amboise was damaged during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution">French Revolution</a>, leading to the church's demolition in 1802.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage502_502]-220">[174]</a></sup> Some of the graves were destroyed in the process, scattering the bones interred there and thereby leaving the whereabouts of Leonardo's remains subject to dispute; a gardener may have even buried some in the corner of the courtyard.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage502_502]-220">[174]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1863, fine-arts <a href="/wiki/Inspector_general">inspector general</a> <a href="/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Houssaye">Arsène Houssaye</a> received an imperial commission to excavate the site and discovered a partially complete skeleton with a bronze ring on one finger, white hair, and stone fragments bearing the inscriptions "EO", "AR", "DUS", and "VINC"—interpreted as forming "Leonardus Vinci".<sup><a href="#cite_note-Florentine-119">[92]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage502_502]-220">[174]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Ouest-222">[176]</a></sup> The skull's eight teeth corresponds to someone of approximately the appropriate age and a silver shield found near the bones depicts a beardless <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France">Francis I</a>, corresponding to the king's appearance during Leonardo's time in France.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Ouest-222">[176]</a></sup>
</p><p>Houssaye postulated that the unusually large skull was an indicator of Leonardo's intelligence; author <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicholl_(author)">Charles Nicholl</a> describes this as a "dubious <a href="/wiki/Phrenological">phrenological</a> deduction".<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage502_502]-220">[174]</a></sup> At the same time, Houssaye noted some issues with his observations, including that the feet were turned toward the <a href="/wiki/High_altar">high altar</a>, a practice generally reserved for <a href="/wiki/Laymen">laymen</a>, and that the skeleton of 1.73 metres (5.7 ft) seemed too short.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Ouest-222">[176]</a></sup><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Leonardo_da_Vinci#Houssaye_and_1.73_m/5.7ft_inconsistency">see discussion</a></i>]</sup> Art historian <a href="/wiki/Mary_Margaret_Heaton">Mary Margaret Heaton</a> wrote in 1874 that the height would be appropriate for Leonardo.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaton1874[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfqUaAAAAYAAJpgPA204_204]&quot;The_skeleton,_which_measured_five_feet_eight_inches,_accords_with_the_height_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci._The_skull_might_have_served_for_the_model_of_the_portrait_Leonardo_drew_of_himself_in_red_chalk_a_few_years_before_his_death.&quot;-223">[177]</a></sup> The skull was allegedly presented to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III">Napoleon III</a> before being returned to the Château d'Amboise, where they were re-interred in the chapel of Saint Hubert in 1874.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Ouest-222">[176]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-224">[178]</a></sup> A plaque above the tomb states that its contents are only presumed to be those of Leonardo.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2017515-221">[175]</a></sup>
</p><p>It has since been theorized that the folding of the skeleton's right arm over the head may correspond to the paralysis of Leonardo's right hand.<sup><a href="#cite_note-paralysis-102">[81]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-neurology-110">[87]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Ouest-222">[176]</a></sup> In 2016, it was announced that DNA tests would be conducted to determine whether the attribution is correct.<sup><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-224">[178]</a></sup> The DNA of the remains will be compared to that of samples collected from Leonardo's work and his half-brother Domenico's descendants;<sup><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-224">[178]</a></sup> it may also be <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing">sequenced</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-225">[179]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2019, documents were published revealing that Houssaye had kept the ring and a lock of hair. In 1925, his great-grandson sold these to an American collector. Sixty years later, another American acquired them, leading to them being displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Ideale_Leonardo_da_Vinci">Leonardo Museum in Vinci</a> beginning on 2 May 2019, the 500th anniversary of the artist's death.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Florentine-119">[92]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-226">[180]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Notes</h2>
<p><b>General</b>
</p>
<div><ol>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birthplace_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birthplace_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> See <a href="#CITEREFNicholl2005">Nicholl (2005</a>, pp. 17–20) and <a href="#CITEREFBambach2019">Bambach (2019</a>, p. 24) for further information on the dispute and uncertainty surrounding Leonardo's exact birthplace.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-IPA_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPA_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> ; <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"><i>LEE-ə-NAR-doh də VIN-chee, LEE-oh-, LAY-oh-</i></a>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-ser_13-0">^</a></b> <small>Italian: </small><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian">[leoˈnardo di ˈsɛr ˈpjɛːro da (v)ˈvintʃi]</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:It-Leonardo_di_ser_Piero_da_Vinci.ogg"></a><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/It-Leonardo_di_ser_Piero_da_Vinci.ogg">listen</a>) The inclusion of the title 'ser' (shortening of Italian <i>Messer</i> or <i>Messere</i>, title of courtesy prefixed to the first name) indicates that Leonardo's father was a gentleman.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> The diary of his paternal grandfather Ser Antonio relays a precise account: "There was born to me a grandson, son of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piero_da_Vinci&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Ser Piero</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_da_Vinci">fr</a>], on 15 April, a Saturday, at the third hour of the night."<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVezzosi199713-16">[13]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198583-17">[14]</a></sup> Ser Antonio records Leonardo being baptized the following day by Piero di Bartolomeo at the <a href="/wiki/Parish">parish</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiesa_di_Santa_Croce_(Vinci)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Santa Croce</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_di_Santa_Croce_(Vinci)">it</a>].<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage20_20]-18">[15]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> It has been suggested that Caterina may have been a slave from the Middle East "or at least, from the Mediterranean" or even of Chinese descent. According to art critic <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Vezzosi">Alessandro Vezzosi</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Ideale_Leonardo_da_Vinci">Leonardo Museum in Vinci</a>, there is evidence that Piero owned a slave called Caterina.<sup><a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a></sup> The reconstruction of one of Leonardo's fingerprints shows a pattern that matches 60% of people of Middle Eastern origin, suggesting the possibility that Leonardo may have had Middle Eastern blood. The claim is refuted by Simon Cole, associate professor of criminology, law and society at the University of California at Irvine: "You can't predict one person's race from these kinds of incidences, especially if looking at only one finger". More recently, historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kemp_(art_historian)">Martin Kemp</a>, after digging through overlooked archives and records in Italy, found evidence that Leonardo's mother was a young local woman identified as Caterina di Meo Lippi.<sup><a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> See <a href="#CITEREFKempPallanti2017">Kemp &amp; Pallanti (2017</a>, pp. 65–66) for detailed table on Ser Piero's marriages.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> He also never wrote about his father, except a passing note of his death in which he overstates his age by three years.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace197211-31">[25]</a></sup> Leonardo's siblings caused him difficulty after his father's death in a dispute over their inheritance.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnano2007138-32">[26]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> The humanist influence of Donatello's <i><a href="/wiki/David_(Donatello)">David</a></i> can be seen in Leonardo's late paintings, particularly <i><a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist_(Leonardo)">John the Baptist</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartt1970127–133-41">[34]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosci197713-40">[33]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> The "diverse arts" and technical skills of Medieval and Renaissance workshops are described in detail in the 12th-century text <i>On Divers Arts</i> by <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Presbyter">Theophilus Presbyter</a> and in the early 15th-century text <i>Il Libro Dell'arte O Trattato Della Pittui </i> by <a href="/wiki/Cennino_Cennini">Cennino Cennini</a>.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> That Leonardo joined the guild by this time is deduced from the record of payment made to the Compagnia di San Luca in the company's register, Libro Rosso A, 1472–1520, Accademia di Belle Arti.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198583-17">[14]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b> On the back he wrote: "I, staying with Anthony, am happy," possibly in reference to his father.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b> Leonardo later wrote in the margin of a journal, "The Medici made me and the Medici destroyed me."<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b> In 2005, the studio was rediscovered during the restoration of part of a building occupied for 100 years by the Department of Military Geography.<sup><a href="#cite_note-78">[61]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b> Both works are lost. The entire composition of Michelangelo's painting is known from a copy by Aristotole da Sangallo, 1542.<sup><a href="#cite_note-84">[66]</a></sup> Leonardo's painting is known only from preparatory sketches and several copies of the centre section, of which the best known, and probably least accurate, is by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa1985106–07-85">[67]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b> Pope Leo X is quoted as saying, "This man will never accomplish anything! He thinks of the end before the beginning!" <sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972150-92">[73]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b> It is unknown for what occasion the mechanical lion was made, but it is believed to have greeted the king at his entry into <a href="/wiki/Lyon">Lyon</a> and perhaps was used for the peace talks between the French king and Pope Leo X in Bologna. A conjectural recreation of the lion has been made and is on display in the Museum of Bologna.<sup><a href="#cite_note-99">[79]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b> Identified via its similarity to Leonardo's <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Man_in_Red_Chalk">presumed self-portrait</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-guardian2005-103">[82]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b> "... Messer Lunardo Vinci [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic">sic</a></i>] ... an old graybeard of more than 70 years ... showed His Excellency three pictures ... from whom, since he was then subject to a certain paralysis of the right hand, one could not expect any more good work." <sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972163-105">[83]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b> This scene is portrayed in romantic paintings by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres">Ingres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Guillaume_M%C3%A9nageot">Ménageot</a> and other French artists, as well as <a href="/wiki/Angelica_Kauffman">Angelica Kauffman</a>.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-edict_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edict_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> On the day of Leonardo's death, a royal edict was issued by the king at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>, a two-day journey from Clos Lucé. This has been taken as evidence that King Francis cannot have been present at Leonardo's deathbed, but the edict was not signed by the king.<sup><a href="#cite_note-115">[90]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b> Each of the sixty paupers were to have been awarded in accord with Leonardo's will.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1974-65">[50]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b> These qualities of Leonardo's works are discussed in <a href="#CITEREFHartt1970">Hartt (1970</a>, pp. 387–411)
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b> The painting, which in the 18th century belonged to <a href="/wiki/Angelica_Kauffman">Angelica Kauffman</a>, was later cut up. The two main sections were found in a junk shop and cobbler's shop and were reunited.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserman1975104–106-141">[108]</a></sup> It is probable that outer parts of the composition are missing.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b> This work is now in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Uffizi">Uffizi</a>, Drawing No. 8P.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b> The "Grecian profile" has a continuous straight line from forehead to nose-tip, the bridge of the nose being exceptionally high. It is a feature of many <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture">Classical Greek</a> statues.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b> He also drew with his left hand, his <a href="/wiki/Hatching">hatch</a> strokes "slanting down from left to right—the natural stroke of a left-handed artist".<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace197231-175">[132]</a></sup> He also sometimes wrote conventionally with his right hand.<sup><a href="#cite_note-176">[133]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Salvator_Mundi_(Leonardo)">Salvator Mundi</a></i>, a painting by Leonardo depicting Jesus holding an orb, sold for a world record US$450.3 million at a <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s">Christie's</a> auction in New York, 15 November 2017.<sup><a href="#cite_note-212">[167]</a></sup> The highest known sale price for any artwork was previously US$300 million, for <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning">Willem de Kooning</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(de_Kooning)">Interchange</a></i>, which was sold privately in September 2015.<sup><a href="#cite_note-fox-213">[168]</a></sup> The highest price previously paid for a work of art at auction was for <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Femmes_d%27Alger">Les Femmes d'Alger</a></i>, which sold for US$179.4 million in May 2015 at Christie's New York.<sup><a href="#cite_note-fox-213">[168]</a></sup>
</li>
</ol></div>
<p><b>Dates of works</b>
</p>
<div>
<ol>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b> <i><b>The Adoration of the Magi</b></i>
<ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKemp2019">Kemp (2019</a>, p. 27): <abbr>c.</abbr> 1481–1482</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFMarani2003">Marani (2003</a>, p. 338): 1481</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFSyson_et_al.2011">Syson <i>et al.</i> (2011</a>, p. 56): <abbr>c.</abbr> 1480–1482</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFZöllner2019">Zöllner (2019</a>, p. 222): 1481/1482</li></ul>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b> <i><b>Virgin of the Rocks</b></i> (Louvre version)
<ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKemp2019">Kemp (2019</a>, p. 41): <abbr>c.</abbr> 1483–1493</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFMarani2003">Marani (2003</a>, p. 339): between 1483 and 1486</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFSyson_et_al.2011">Syson <i>et al.</i> (2011</a>, p. 164): 1483–<abbr>c.</abbr> 1485</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFZöllner2019">Zöllner (2019</a>, p. 223): 1483–1484/1485</li></ul>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b> <i><b>Saint John the Baptist</b></i>
<ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKemp2019">Kemp (2019</a>, p. 189): c. 1507–1514</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFMarani2003">Marani (2003</a>, p. 340): c. 1508</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFSyson_et_al.2011">Syson <i>et al.</i> (2011</a>, p. 63): c. 1500 onwards</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFZöllner2019">Zöllner (2019</a>, p. 248): c. 1508–1516</li></ul>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b> <i><b>The Annunciation</b></i>
<ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKemp2019">Kemp (2019</a>, p. 6): <abbr>c.</abbr> 1473–1474</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFMarani2003">Marani (2003</a>, p. 338): <abbr>c.</abbr> 1472–1475</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFSyson_et_al.2011">Syson <i>et al.</i> (2011</a>, p. 15): <abbr>c.</abbr> 1472–1476</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFZöllner2019">Zöllner (2019</a>, p. 216): <abbr>c.</abbr> 1473–1475</li></ul>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b> <i><b>Saint Jerome in the Wilderness</b></i>
<ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKemp2019">Kemp (2019</a>, p. 31): <abbr>c.</abbr> 1481–1482</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFMarani2003">Marani (2003</a>, p. 338): probably <abbr>c.</abbr> 1480</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFSyson_et_al.2011">Syson <i>et al.</i> (2011</a>, p. 139): <abbr>c.</abbr> 1488–1490</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFZöllner2019">Zöllner (2019</a>, p. 221): <abbr>c.</abbr> 1480–1482</li></ul>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b> <i><b>Lady with an Ermine</b></i>
<ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKemp2019">Kemp (2019</a>, p. 49): <abbr>c.</abbr> 1491</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFMarani2003">Marani (2003</a>, p. 339): 1489–1490</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFSyson_et_al.2011">Syson <i>et al.</i> (2011</a>, p. 111): <abbr>c.</abbr> 1489–1490</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFZöllner2019">Zöllner (2019</a>, p. 226): 1489/1490</li></ul>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b> <i><b>The Last Supper</b></i>
<ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKemp2019">Kemp (2019</a>, p. 67): <abbr>c.</abbr> 1495–1497</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFMarani2003">Marani (2003</a>, p. 339): between 1494 and 1498</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFSyson_et_al.2011">Syson <i>et al.</i> (2011</a>, p. 252): 1492–1497/1498</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFZöllner2019">Zöllner (2019</a>, p. 230): <abbr>c.</abbr> 1495–1498</li></ul>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b> <i><b>Mona Lisa</b></i>
<ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKemp2019">Kemp (2019</a>, p. 127): <abbr>c.</abbr> 1503–1515</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFMarani2003">Marani (2003</a>, p. 340): <abbr>c.</abbr> 1503–1504; 1513–1514</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFSyson_et_al.2011">Syson <i>et al.</i> (2011</a>, p. 48): <abbr>c.</abbr> 1502 onward</li>
<li><a href="#CITEREFZöllner2019">Zöllner (2019</a>, p. 240): <abbr>c.</abbr> 1503–1506; 1510</li></ul>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2>References</h2>
<h3>Citations</h3>
<p><b>Early</b>
</p>
<div>
<ol>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFVasari1991">Vasari 1991</a>, p. 287
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFVasari1991">Vasari 1991</a>, pp. 287–289
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-V265_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-V265_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-V265_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFVasari1991">Vasari 1991</a>, p. 293
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFVasari1991">Vasari 1991</a>, p. 297
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFVasari1991">Vasari 1991</a>, p. 284
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFVasari1991">Vasari 1991</a>, p. 286
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFVasari1991">Vasari 1991</a>, p. 290
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFVasari1991">Vasari 1991</a>, pp. 289–291
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFVasari1991">Vasari 1991</a>, p. 294
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFVasari1965">Vasari 1965</a>, p. 266
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFVasari1965">Vasari 1965</a>, p. 255
</li>
</ol></div>
<p><b>Modern</b>
</p>
<div><ol>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123161405/https://www.rct.uk/collection/912726/a-portrait-of-leonardo">"A portrait of Leonardo c.1515–18"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust">Royal Collection Trust</a>. Archived from <a href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/912726/a-portrait-of-leonardo">the original</a> on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZöllner201920_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZöllner201920_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFZöllner2019">Zöllner 2019</a>, p. 20.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2003_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2003_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2003_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2003_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2003_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2003_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2003_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2003">Kemp 2003</a>.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeydenreich2020_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeydenreich2020_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeydenreich2020_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeydenreich2020_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFHeydenreich2020">Heydenreich 2020</a>.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZöllner2019250_7-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFZöllner2019">Zöllner 2019</a>, p. 250.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-AddingMachine_8-0">^</a></b> <cite>Kaplan, Erez (1996). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110529140741/http://192.220.96.166/leonardo/leonardo.html">"Roberto Guatelli's Controversial Replica of Leonardo da Vinci's Adding Machine"</a>. Archived from <a href="http://192.220.96.166/leonardo/leonardo.html">the original</a> on 29 May 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2013.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <cite>Kaplan, E. (April 1997). <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/586074">"Anecdotes"</a>. <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 62–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.1997.586074">10.1109/MAHC.1997.586074</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1058-6180">1058-6180</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapra20075–6_10-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFCapra2007">Capra 2007</a>, pp. 5–6.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19987_11-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1998">Brown 1998</a>, p. 7.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp20061_12-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2006">Kemp 2006</a>, p. 1.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19985_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19985_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19985_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19985_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19985_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19985_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1998">Brown 1998</a>, p. 5.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage17_17]_15-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFNicholl2005">Nicholl 2005</a>, p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci00char/page/17">17</a>.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVezzosi199713_16-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFVezzosi1997">Vezzosi 1997</a>, p. 13.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198583_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198583_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198583_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198583_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198583_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198583_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198583_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFOttino_della_Chiesa1985">Ottino della Chiesa 1985</a>, p. 83.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage20_20]_18-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFNicholl2005">Nicholl 2005</a>, p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci00char/page/20">20</a>.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBambach201916,_24_20-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFBambach2019">Bambach 2019</a>, pp. 16, 24.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarani200313_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarani200313_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFMarani2003">Marani 2003</a>, p. 13.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBambach201916_22-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFBambach2019">Bambach 2019</a>, p. 16.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <cite>Hooper, John (12 April 2008). <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/apr/12/art.italy">"Da Vinci's mother was a slave, Italian study claims"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Retrieved 16 August 2015.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <cite>Alberge, Dalya (21 May 2017). <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/may/20/leonardo-da-vinci-orphan-mother-caterina">"Tuscan archives yield up secrets of Leonardo's mystery mother"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Retrieved 5 June 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBambach201924_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBambach201924_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBambach201924_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFBambach2019">Bambach 2019</a>, p. 24.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage18_18]_27-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFNicholl2005">Nicholl 2005</a>, p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci00char/page/18">18</a>.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKempPallanti201765_28-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFKempPallanti2017">Kemp &amp; Pallanti 2017</a>, p. 65.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKempPallanti201765–66_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKempPallanti201765–66_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFKempPallanti2017">Kemp &amp; Pallanti 2017</a>, pp. 65–66.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace197211_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace197211_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFWallace1972">Wallace 1972</a>, p. 11.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnano2007138_32-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFMagnano2007">Magnano 2007</a>, p. 138.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19981,_5_34-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1998">Brown 1998</a>, pp. 1, 5.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarani200312_35-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFMarani2003">Marani 2003</a>, p. 12.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1998175_36-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1998">Brown 1998</a>, p. 175.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage28_28]_37-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFNicholl2005">Nicholl 2005</a>, p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci00char/page/28">28</a>.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage30_30],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage506_506]_38-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFNicholl2005">Nicholl 2005</a>, p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci00char/page/30">30</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci00char/page/506">506</a>.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage30_30]_39-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFNicholl2005">Nicholl 2005</a>, p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci00char/page/30">30</a>. See p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci00char/page/506">506</a> for the original Italian.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosci197713_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosci197713_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosci197713_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFRosci1977">Rosci 1977</a>, p. 13.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartt1970127–133_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartt1970127–133_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartt1970127–133_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFHartt1970">Hartt 1970</a>, pp. 127–133.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <cite>Bacci, Mina (1978) [1963]. <i>The Great Artists: Da Vinci</i>. Translated by Tanguy, J. New York: Funk &amp; Wagnalls.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967_44-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967_44-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967_44-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967_44-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967_44-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967_44-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967_44-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967_44-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFBortolon1967">Bortolon 1967</a>.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArasse1998_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArasse1998_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArasse1998_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArasse1998_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArasse1998_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArasse1998_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArasse1998_45-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArasse1998_45-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArasse1998_45-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArasse1998_45-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArasse1998_45-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArasse1998_45-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArasse1998_45-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArasse1998_45-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArasse1998_45-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArasse1998_45-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArasse1998_45-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArasse1998_45-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArasse1998_45-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFArasse1998">Arasse 1998</a>.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosci197727_46-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFRosci1977">Rosci 1977</a>, p. 27.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1972_47-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFMartindale1972">Martindale 1972</a>.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosci19779–20_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosci19779–20_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosci19779–20_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosci19779–20_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFRosci1977">Rosci 1977</a>, pp. 9–20.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> Piero della Francesca, <i>On Perspective for Painting (De Prospectiva Pingendi)</i>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rach_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rach_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Rachum, Ilan (1979). <i>The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia</i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198588_53-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFOttino_della_Chiesa1985">Ottino della Chiesa 1985</a>, p. 88.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace197213_57-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFWallace1972">Wallace 1972</a>, p. 13.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polidoro_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polidoro_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro">Polidoro, Massimo</a> (2019). "The Mind of Leonardo da Vinci, Part 1". <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. Center for Inquiry. <b>43</b> (2): 30–31.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace197215_60-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFWallace1972">Wallace 1972</a>, p. 15.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b> <cite>Clark, Kenneth; Kemp, Martin (26 November 2015). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fXifCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR45"><i>Leonardo da Vinci</i></a> (Newition ed.). United Kingdom: Penguin. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-198237-3"><bdi>978-0-14-198237-3</bdi></a>.</cite>
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<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasserman197577–78_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasserman197577–78_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFWasserman1975">Wasserman 1975</a>, pp. 77–78.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace197253–54_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace197253–54_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFWallace1972">Wallace 1972</a>, pp. 53–54.
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<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1974_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1974_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1974_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliamson1974">Williamson 1974</a>.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2011_67-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2011">Kemp 2011</a>.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz-Joachim_Verspohl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Franz-Joachim Verspohl</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz-Joachim_Verspohl">de</a>], <i>Michelangelo Buonarroti und Leonardo Da Vinci: Republikanischer Alltag und Künstlerkonkurrenz in Florenz zwischen 1501 und 1505</i> (Wallstein Verlag, 2007), p. 151.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b> <cite>Schofield, Richard. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/19632579">"Amadeo, Bramante and Leonardo and the Cupola of Milan Cathedral"</a>. <i>Achademia Leonardi Vinci</i>. Retrieved 9 August 2022.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b> <cite>Barbieri, Ezio; Catanese, Filippo (January 2020). <a href="https://www.academia.edu/44632998">"Leonardo a (e i rapporti con) Pavia: una verifica sui documenti"</a>. <i>Annuario dell'Archivio di Stato di Milano</i>. Retrieved 9 August 2022.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b> Carlo Pedretti, <i>Leonardo da Vinci: drawings of horses and other animals</i> (Windsor Castle. Royal Library) 1984.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace197279_72-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFWallace1972">Wallace 1972</a>, p. 79.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b> <cite>Rocky, Ruggiero (6 October 2021). <a href="https://rockyruggiero.com/episode-142-leonardo-da-vincis-sala-delle-asse/">"Episode 142 – Leonardo da Vinci's Sala delle Asse"</a>. <i>rockyruggiero.com</i>. Making Art and History Come to Life, Rebuilding the Renaissance.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016091633/http://www.saladelleassecastello.it/">"Segui il restauro"</a> [Follow the restoration]. <i>Castello Sforzesco – Sala delle Asse</i> (in Italian). Archived from <a href="http://www.saladelleassecastello.it/">the original</a> on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace197265_75-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFWallace1972">Wallace 1972</a>, p. 65.
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<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198585_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198585_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198585_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198585_76-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFOttino_della_Chiesa1985">Ottino della Chiesa 1985</a>, p. 85.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1972124_80-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFWallace1972">Wallace 1972</a>, p. 124.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105050239/http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/Englisch/news/monalisa.html">"Mona Lisa – Heidelberg discovery confirms identity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/Englisch/news/monalisa.html">the original</a> on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2010.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b> <cite>Coughlan, Robert (1966). <a href="https://archive.org/details/worldofmichaelan0000unse"><i>The World of Michelangelo: 1475–1564</i></a>. et al. Time-Life Books. p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/worldofmichaelan0000unse/page/90">90</a>.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b> <cite>Goldscheider, Ludwig (1967). <i>Michelangelo: paintings, sculptures, architecture</i>. Phaidon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-1314-1"><bdi>978-0-7148-1314-1</bdi></a>.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa1985106–07_85-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFOttino_della_Chiesa1985">Ottino della Chiesa 1985</a>, pp. 106–07.
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<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1972145_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1972145_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1972145_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1972145_87-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1972145_87-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFWallace1972">Wallace 1972</a>, p. 145.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b> <cite>"Achademia Leonardi Vinci". <i>Journal of Leonardo Studies &amp; Bibliography of Vinciana</i>. <b>VIII</b>: 243–44. 1990.</cite>
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<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198586_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198586_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198586_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFOttino_della_Chiesa1985">Ottino della Chiesa 1985</a>, p. 86.
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<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1972149–150_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1972149–150_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFWallace1972">Wallace 1972</a>, pp. 149–150.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1972151_91-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFWallace1972">Wallace 1972</a>, p. 151.
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<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1972150_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1972150_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1972150_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1972150_92-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1972150_92-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFWallace1972">Wallace 1972</a>, p. 150.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b> Georges Goyau, <i>François I</i>, Transcribed by Gerald Rossi. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VI. Published 1909. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved on 4 October 2007
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b> <cite><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Miranda_(historian)">Miranda, Salvador</a> (1998–2007). <a href="http://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1527-ii.htm#Prat">"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Antoine du Prat"</a>. Retrieved 4 October 2007.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1972163,_164_98-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFWallace1972">Wallace 1972</a>, pp. 163, 164.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825195910/http://www.ancientandautomata.com/ita/lavori/leone.htm">"Reconstruction of Leonardo's walking lion"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a href="http://www.ancientandautomata.com/ita/lavori/leone.htm">the original</a> on 25 August 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2010.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1972163_105-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFWallace1972">Wallace 1972</a>, p. 163.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b> <cite>Saplakoglu, Yasemin (4 May 2019). <a href="https://www.livescience.com/65396-da-vinci-hand-injury.html">"A Portrait of Leonardo da Vinci May Reveal Why He Never Finished the Mona Lisa"</a>. <i>Live Science</i>. Retrieved 5 May 2019.</cite>
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<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-fainting_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fainting_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Bodkin, Henry (4 May 2019). <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2019/05/04/leonardo-da-vinci-never-finished-mona-lisa-injured-arm-fainting/">"Leonardo da Vinci never finished the Mona Lisa because he injured his arm while fainting, experts say"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2019/05/04/leonardo-da-vinci-never-finished-mona-lisa-injured-arm-fainting/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2019.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b> Antonina Vallentin, Leonardo da Vinci: The Tragic Pursuit of Perfection, (New York: The Viking Press, 1938), 533
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b> White, <i>Leonardo: The First Scientist</i>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp201126_118-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFKemp2011">Kemp 2011</a>, p. 26.
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<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Florentine_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Florentine_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Florentine_119-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Florentine editorial staff (2 May 2019). <a href="http://www.theflorentine.net/news/2019/05/hair-believed-belonged-leonardo-displayed-vinci/">"Hair believed to have belonged to Leonardo on display in Vinci"</a>. <i>The Florentine</i>. Retrieved 4 May 2019.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198584_121-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFOttino_della_Chiesa1985">Ottino della Chiesa 1985</a>, p. 84.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198588,_90_138-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFOttino_della_Chiesa1985">Ottino della Chiesa 1985</a>, pp. 88, 90.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015062743/http://nationalgallery.org.uk/collection/features/potm/2006/may/feature1.htm">"The Mysterious Virgin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery,_London">National Gallery, London</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/collection/features/potm/2006/may/feature1.htm">the original</a> on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2007.</cite>
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<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-treasures_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-treasures_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="http://culture.pl/en/event/da-vincis-lady-with-an-ermine-among-polands-treasures">"Da Vinci's Lady with an Ermine among Poland's "Treasures" – Event – Culture.pl"</a>. Retrieved 18 November 2017.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasserman1975124_149-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFWasserman1975">Wasserman 1975</a>, p. 124.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198597_152-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFOttino_della_Chiesa1985">Ottino della Chiesa 1985</a>, p. 97.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa198598_153-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFOttino_della_Chiesa1985">Ottino della Chiesa 1985</a>, p. 98.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b> <cite>Seracini, Maurizio (2012). <a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/maurizio_seracini_the_secret_lives_of_paintings?language=en#t-48953">"The Secret Lives of Paintings"</a> (lecture).</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasserman1975144_157-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFWasserman1975">Wasserman 1975</a>, p. 144.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa1985103_159-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFOttino_della_Chiesa1985">Ottino della Chiesa 1985</a>, p. 103.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasserman1975150_160-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFWasserman1975">Wasserman 1975</a>, p. 150.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa1985109_161-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFOttino_della_Chiesa1985">Ottino della Chiesa 1985</a>, p. 109.
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<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Popham_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popham_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popham_162-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popham_162-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popham_162-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popham_162-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popham_162-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popham_162-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Popham, A. E. (1946). <i>The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci</i>.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartt1970391–392_166-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFHartt1970">Hartt 1970</a>, pp. 391–392.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b> <cite><a href="/wiki/Marc_van_den_Broek">Marc van den Broek</a> (2019), <i>Leonardo da Vinci Spirits of Invention. A Search for Traces</i>, Hamburg: A.TE.M., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-00-063700-1"><bdi>978-3-00-063700-1</bdi></a></cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_195-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_195-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Hutchings, Ian M. (15 August 2016). <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164816300588">"Leonardo da Vinci׳s studies of friction"</a>. <i>Wear</i>. 360–361: 51–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wear.2016.04.019">10.1016/j.wear.2016.04.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-1648">0043-1648</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2017194–197_196-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFIsaacson2017">Isaacson 2017</a>, pp. 194–197.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b> <cite>Dowson, Duncan (1 October 1977). <a href="https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/tribology/article/99/4/382/429918/Men-of-Tribology-Leonardo-da-Vinci-1452-1519">"Men of Tribology: Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)"</a>. <i>Journal of Lubrication Technology</i>. <b>99</b> (4): 382–386. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1115%2F1.3453230">10.1115/1.3453230</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2305">0022-2305</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b> <cite><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro">Polidoro, Massimo</a> (2019). "The Mind of Leonardo da Vinci, Part 2". <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i>. <b>43</b> (3): 23–24.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-HG_199-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HG_199-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HG_199-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Gardner, Helen (1970). <i>Art through the Ages</i>. pp. 450–56.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-genius_200-0">^</a></b> See the quotations from the following authors, in section "Fame and reputation": Vasari, Boltraffio, Castiglione, "Anonimo" Gaddiano, Berensen, Taine, Fuseli, Rio, Bortolon.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosci19778_201-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFRosci1977">Rosci 1977</a>, p. 8.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b> <cite><a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione">Castiglione, Baldassare</a> (1528). <a href="https://archive.org/details/illibrodelcorteg00cast_2">"Il Cortegiano"</a> (in Italian).</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b> "Anonimo Gaddiani", elaborating on <i>Libro di Antonio Billi</i>, 1537–1542
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b> <cite>Fuseli, Henry (1801). "Lectures". <b>II</b>.</cite> 
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b> <cite>Rio, A.E. (1861). <a href="https://archive.org/details/ldpd_10800128_000">"L'art chrétien"</a> (in French). Retrieved 19 May 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b> <cite>Taine, Hippolyte (1866). <a href="https://archive.org/details/voyageenitalie00taingoog">"Voyage en Italie"</a> (in Italian). Paris, Hachette et cie. Retrieved 19 May 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b> <cite><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Berenson">Berenson, Bernard</a> (1896). <i>The Italian Painters of the Renaissance</i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b> <cite>Henneberger, Melinda. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060505165842/http://www.artnewsonline.com/currentarticle.cfm?art_id=1240">"ArtNews article about current studies into Leonardo's life and works"</a>. Art News Online. Archived from <a href="http://www.artnewsonline.com/currentarticle.cfm?art_id=1240">the original</a> on 5 May 2006. Retrieved 10 January 2010.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b> Marmor, Max. "The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_Collector">The Book Collector</a></i> 38, no. 3 (Autumn 1989): 1–23.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b> <cite>Italie, Hillel (7 January 2018). "NonFiction: Biography honors 'fun, joyous' sides of genius da Vinci". <i>Richmond Times-Dispatch</i>. Associated Press. p. G6.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b> <cite>Crow, Kelly (16 November 2017). <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/leonardo-da-vinci-painting-salvator-mundi-sells-for-450-3-million-1510794281">"Leonardo da Vinci Painting 'Salvator Mundi' Sells for $450.3 Million"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. Retrieved 16 November 2017.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-fox_213-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fox_213-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/11/15/leonardo-da-vinci-painting-salvator-mundi-sold-for-record-450-3-million.html"><i>Leonardo da Vinci painting 'Salvator Mundi' sold for record $450.3 million</i>, Fox News</a>, 16 November 2017
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://aleteia.org/2019/12/01/louvre-exhibit-has-most-da-vinci-paintings-ever-assembled/">"Leonardo da Vinci's Unexamined Life as a Painter"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. 1 December 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://aleteia.org/2019/12/01/louvre-exhibit-has-most-da-vinci-paintings-ever-assembled/">"Louvre exhibit has most da Vinci paintings ever assembled"</a>. Aleteia. 1 December 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner19933_217-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1993">Turner 1993</a>, p. 3.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b> Vitruvian Man is referred to as "iconic" at the following websites and many others: <a href="https://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Vitruvian-Man.html">Vitruvian Man</a>, <a href="http://artpassions.com/art/1109-Fine-Art-Classics/0000067329-Leonardo-Da-Vinci-Vitruvian-Man.html">Fine Art Classics</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909064630/http://artpassions.com/art/1109-Fine-Art-Classics/0000067329-Leonardo-Da-Vinci-Vitruvian-Man.html">Archived</a> 9 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=403230&amp;sectioncode=26">Key Images in the History of Science</a>; <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130113435/http://ingenious.org.uk/read/identity/bodyimage/Curiosityanddifference/">Curiosity and difference</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 30 January 2009); <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2006/aug/30/art1">"The Guardian: The Real da Vinci Code"</a>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b> <cite>Turner, Ben (6 July 2021). <a href="https://www.livescience.com/da-vinci-family-history.html">"Scientists may have cracked the mystery of da Vinci's DNA"</a>. <i>Live Science</i>. Retrieved 9 July 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage502_502]_220-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage502_502]_220-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage502_502]_220-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage502_502]_220-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage502_502]_220-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholl2005">Nicholl 2005</a>, p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci00char/page/502">502</a>.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2017515_221-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2017515_221-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaacson2017">Isaacson 2017</a>, p. 515.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ouest_222-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ouest_222-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ouest_222-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ouest_222-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ouest_222-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Montard, Nicolas (30 April 2019). <a href="https://www.ouest-france.fr/leditiondusoir/data/49693/reader/reader.html?t=1556639116403#!preferred/1/package/49693/pub/71961/page/4">"Léonard de Vinci est-il vraiment enterré au château d'Amboise?"</a> [Is Leonardo da Vinci really buried at the Château d'Amboise?]. <i><a href="/wiki/Ouest-France">Ouest-France</a></i> (in French). Retrieved 4 May 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeaton1874[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfqUaAAAAYAAJpgPA204_204]&quot;The_skeleton,_which_measured_five_feet_eight_inches,_accords_with_the_height_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci._The_skull_might_have_served_for_the_model_of_the_portrait_Leonardo_drew_of_himself_in_red_chalk_a_few_years_before_his_death.&quot;_223-0">^</a></b> <a href="#CITEREFHeaton1874">Heaton 1874</a>, p. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA204">204</a>, "The skeleton, which measured five feet eight inches, accords with the height of Leonardo da Vinci. The skull might have served for the model of the portrait Leonardo drew of himself in red chalk a few years before his death.".
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_224-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_224-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_224-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Knapton, Sarah (5 May 2016). <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/05/05/leonardo-da-vinci-paintings-analysed-for-dna-to-solve-grave-myst/">"Leonardo da Vinci paintings analysed for DNA to solve grave mystery"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/05/05/leonardo-da-vinci-paintings-analysed-for-dna-to-solve-grave-myst/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2017.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b> <cite>Newman, Lily Hay (6 May 2016). <a href="https://slate.com/technology/2016/05/scientists-at-the-leonardo-project-want-to-sequence-da-vinci-s-genome.html">"Researchers Are Planning to Sequence Leonardo da Vinci's 500-Year-Old Genome"</a>. <i>Slate Magazine</i>. Retrieved 4 May 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b> <cite>Messia, Hada; Robinson, Matthew (30 April 2019). <a href="https://www.cnn.com/style/article/leonardo-da-vinci-hair-lock-intl-scli/index.html">"Leonardo da Vinci's 'hair' to undergo DNA testing"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h3>Works cited</h3>
<h4>Early</h4>
<div>
<ul><li><cite><a href="/wiki/Anonimo_Gaddiano">Anonimo Gaddiano</a> (c. 1530). "Leonardo da Vinci". <i>Codice Magliabechiano</i>.</cite> in <cite><i>Lives of Leonardo da Vinci (Lives of the Artists)</i>. Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a>. 2019. pp. 103–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-621-8"><bdi>978-1-60606-621-8</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Giovio">Giovio, Paolo</a> (c. 1527). "The Life of Leonardo da Vinci". <i>Elogia virorum illustrium</i>.</cite> in <cite><i>Lives of Leonardo da Vinci (Lives of the Artists)</i>. Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a>. 2019. pp. 103–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-621-8"><bdi>978-1-60606-621-8</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari">Vasari, Giorgio</a> (1965) [1568]. "The Life of Leonardo da Vinci". <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Excellent_Painters,_Sculptors,_and_Architects">Lives of the Artists</a></i>. Translated by George Bull. Penguin Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044164-2"><bdi>978-0-14-044164-2</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>—— (1991) [1568]. <a href="https://archive.org/details/livesofartists0000vasa_k5j0"><i>The Lives of the Artists</i></a>. Oxford World's Classics. Translated by Bondanella, Peter; Bondanella, Julia Conway. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283410-X"><bdi>0-19-283410-X</bdi></a>.</cite></li></ul>
</div>
<h4>Modern</h4>
<p><b>Books</b>
</p>
<div>
<ul><li><cite><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Arasse">Arasse, Daniel</a> [in French] (1998). <i>Leonardo da Vinci</i>. <a href="/wiki/Old_Saybrook">Old Saybrook</a>: Konecky &amp; Konecky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56852-198-5"><bdi>978-1-56852-198-5</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Carmen_C._Bambach">Bambach, Carmen C.</a>, ed. (2003). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QwQxDJMKRE4C"><i>Leonardo da Vinci, Master Draftsman</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09878-5"><bdi>978-0-300-09878-5</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Carmen_C._Bambach">Bambach, Carmen C.</a> (2019). <i>Leonardo da Vinci Rediscovered</i>. Vol. 1, The Making of an Artist: 1452–1500. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19195-0"><bdi>978-0-300-19195-0</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Bortolon, Liana (1967). <i>The Life and Times of Leonardo</i>. London: Paul Hamlyn.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Brown, David Alan (1998). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z34SeyFWV8oC"><i>Leonardo Da Vinci: Origins of a Genius</i></a>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07246-4"><bdi>978-0-300-07246-4</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Fritjof_Capra">Capra, Fritjof</a> (2007). <a href="https://archive.org/details/scienceofleonard00capr"><i>The Science of Leonardo</i></a>. US: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51390-6"><bdi>978-0-385-51390-6</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Ottino della Chiesa, Angela (1985) [1967]. <a href="https://archive.org/details/completepainting0000leon"><i>The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci</i></a>. Penguin Classics of World Art. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-008649-2"><bdi>978-0-14-008649-2</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clark">Clark, Kenneth</a> (1961). <i>Leonardo da Vinci</i>. City of Westminster: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)">OCLC</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/187223">187223</a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Gasca, Ana Millàn; Nicolò, Fernando; Lucertini, Mario (2004). <a href="https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-3-0348-7951-4"><i>Technological Concepts and Mathematical Models in the Evolution of Modern Engineering Systems</i></a>. Birkhauser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-6940-8"><bdi>978-3-7643-6940-8</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Hartt, Frederich (1970). <i>A History of Italian Renaissance Art</i>. Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23136-4"><bdi>978-0-500-23136-4</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Mary_Margaret_Heaton">Heaton, Mary Margaret</a> (1874). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUaAAAAYAAJ"><i>Leonardo Da Vinci and His Works: Consisting of a Life of Leonardo Da Vinci</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)">OCLC</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1706262">1706262</a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Walter_Isaacson">Isaacson, Walter</a> (2017). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vkA5DwAAQBAJ"><i>Leonardo da Vinci</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster">Simon &amp; Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-3915-4"><bdi>978-1-5011-3915-4</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kemp_(art_historian)">Kemp, Martin</a> (2006) [1981]. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oJwVDAAAQBAJ"><i>Leonardo Da Vinci: The Marvellous Works of Nature and Man</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920778-7"><bdi>978-0-19-920778-7</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Kemp, Martin (2011) [2004]. <i>Leonardo</i> (Revised ed.). Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280644-4"><bdi>978-0-19-280644-4</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Kemp, Martin; Pallanti, Giuseppe (2017). <i>Mona Lisa: The People and the Painting</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874990-5"><bdi>978-0-19-874990-5</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Kemp, Martin (2019). <i>Leonardo da Vinci: The 100 Milestones</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Publishing">Sterling</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4549-3042-6"><bdi>978-1-4549-3042-6</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Magnano, Milena (2007). <i>Leonardo, collana I Geni dell'arte</i>. Mondadori Arte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-370-6432-7"><bdi>978-88-370-6432-7</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Pietro_C._Marani">Marani, Pietro C.</a> (2003) [2000]. <i>Leonardo da Vinci: The Complete Paintings</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harry_N._Abrams">Harry N. Abrams</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3581-5"><bdi>978-0-8109-3581-5</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Martindale, Andrew (1972). <a href="https://archive.org/details/riseofartistinmi0000mart"><i>The Rise of the Artist</i></a>. Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-56006-8"><bdi>978-0-500-56006-8</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicholl_(author)">Nicholl, Charles</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci:_The_Flights_of_the_Mind"><i>Leonardo da Vinci: The Flights of the Mind</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029681-5"><bdi>978-0-14-029681-5</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>O'Malley, Charles D.; Sounders, J.B. de C.M. (1952). <i>Leonardo on the Human Body: The Anatomical, Physiological, and Embryological Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. With Translations, Emendations and a Biographical Introduction</i>. New York: Henry Schuman.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Pedretti">Pedretti, Carlo</a> (1982). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TgXMajWbVfcC"><i>Leonardo, a study in chronology and style</i></a>. Cambridge: Johnson Reprint Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-384-45281-7"><bdi>978-0-384-45281-7</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Pedretti, Carlo (2006). <i>Leonardo da Vinci</i>. Surrey: Taj Books International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84406-036-8"><bdi>978-1-84406-036-8</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Popham">Popham, A.E.</a> (1946). <i>The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci</i>. Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-60462-8"><bdi>978-0-224-60462-8</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul_Richter">Richter, Jean Paul</a> (1970). <a href="https://archive.org/details/notebooksofleona01leon"><i>The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci</i></a>. Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-22572-2"><bdi>978-0-486-22572-2</bdi></a>.</cite> volume 2: <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-22573-9">0-486-22573-9</a>. A reprint of <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5000">the original 1883 edition</a></li>
<li><cite>Rosci, Marco (1977). <i>Leonardo</i>. Bay Books Pty Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85835-176-9"><bdi>978-0-85835-176-9</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Syson, Luke; Keith, Larry; Galansino, Arturo; Mazzotta, Antoni; Nethersole, Scott; Rumberg, Per (2011). <i>Leonardo da Vinci: Painter at the Court of Milan</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery">National Gallery</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85709-491-6"><bdi>978-1-85709-491-6</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Turner, A. Richard (1993). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zlMZDSe21aAC"><i>Inventing Leonardo</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08938-9"><bdi>978-0-520-08938-9</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Wallace, Robert (1972) [1966]. <a href="https://archive.org/details/worldofleonardo100wall"><i>The World of Leonardo: 1452–1519</i></a>. New York: Time-Life Books.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Wasserman, Jack (1975). <i>Leonardo da Vinci</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harry_N._Abrams">Harry N. Abrams</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-0262-6"><bdi>978-0-8109-0262-6</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Ross_Williamson">Williamson, Hugh Ross</a> (1974). <i>Lorenzo the Magnificent</i>. Michael Joseph. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-1204-2"><bdi>978-0-7181-1204-2</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Vezzosi">Vezzosi, Alessandro</a> (1997). <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci:_The_Mind_of_the_Renaissance"><i>Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Man</i></a>. '<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard">New Horizons</a>' series. Translated by Bonfante-Warren, Alexandra (English translation ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson">Thames &amp; Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-30081-7"><bdi>978-0-500-30081-7</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Frank_Z%C3%B6llner">Zöllner, Frank</a> (2015). <i>Leonardo</i> (2nd ed.). Cologne: <a href="/wiki/Taschen">Taschen</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-0215-3"><bdi>978-3-8365-0215-3</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Zöllner, Frank (2019) [2003]. <i>Leonardo da Vinci: The Complete Paintings and Drawings</i> (Anniversary ed.). Cologne: <a href="/wiki/Taschen">Taschen</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-7625-3"><bdi>978-3-8365-7625-3</bdi></a>.</cite></li></ul>
</div>
<p><b>Journals and encyclopedia articles</b>
</p>
<div>
<ul><li><cite>Brown, David Alan (1983). "Leonardo and the Idealized Portrait in Milan". <i>Arte Lombarda</i>. <b>64</b> (4): 102–116. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43105426">43105426</a>.</cite> (subscription required)</li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Colvin">Colvin, Sidney</a> (1911). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Leonardo_da_Vinci">"Leonardo da Vinci" </a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. 444–454.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Cremante, Simona (2005). <i>Leonardo da Vinci: Artist, Scientist, Inventor</i>. Giunti. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-09-03891-2"><bdi>978-88-09-03891-2</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Giacomelli">Giacomelli, Raffaele</a> (1936). <i>Gli scritti di Leonardo da Vinci sul volo</i>. Roma: G. Bardi.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Heinrich_Heydenreich">Heydenreich, Ludwig Heinrich</a> (28 April 2020). <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonardo-da-Vinci">"Leonardo da Vinci | Biography, Art &amp; Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a></cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kemp_(art_historian)">Kemp, Martin</a> (2003). <a href="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000050401">"Leonardo da Vinci"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Art_Online">Grove Art Online</a></i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.T050401">10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T050401</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4"><bdi>978-1-884446-05-4</bdi></a>.</cite> (subscription or <a href="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li>
<li><cite>Lupia, John N. (Summer 1994). "The Secret Revealed: How to Look at Italian Renaissance Painting". <i>Medieval and Renaissance Times</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 6–17. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1075-2110">1075-2110</a>.</cite></li></ul>
</div>
<h2>Further reading</h2>
<p>See <a href="#CITEREFKemp2003">Kemp (2003)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFBambach2019">Bambach (2019</a>, pp. 442–579) for extensive bibliographies
</p>
<div>
<ul><li><cite>Vanna, Arrighi; Bellinazzi, Anna; Villata, Edoardo, eds. (2005). <i>Leonardo da Vinci: la vera immagine: documenti e testimonianze sulla vita e sull'opera</i> [<i>Leonardo da Vinci: the true image: documents and testimonies on life and work</i>] (in Italian). Florence: <a href="/wiki/Giunti_Editore">Giunti Editore</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-09-04519-4"><bdi>978-88-09-04519-4</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Vecce">Vecce, Carlo</a> (2006). <i>Leonardo</i> (in Italian). Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Pedretti">Carlo Pedretti</a>. Rome: Salerno. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8402-548-7"><bdi>978-88-8402-548-7</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Winternitz, Emanuel (1982). <a href="https://archive.org/details/leonardodavincia0000wint"><i>Leonardo da Vinci As a Musician</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02631-3"><bdi>978-0-300-02631-3</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/84801/rec/2"><i>Leonardo da Vinci: anatomical drawings from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. 1983. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-362-6"><bdi>978-0-87099-362-6</bdi></a>.</cite></li></ul>
</div>
<h2>External links</h2>
<dl><dt>General</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.universalleonardo.org/index.php">Universal Leonardo</a>, a database of Leonardo's life and works maintained by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kemp_(art_historian)">Martin Kemp</a> and Marina Wallace</li>
<li><a href="https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/leonardo-da-vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> on the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery">National Gallery</a> website</li></ul>
<dl><dt>Works</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.catalogo.bibliotecaleonardiana.it/">Biblioteca Leonardiana</a>, online bibliography (in Italian)</li>
<li><a href="https://www.leonardodigitale.com/">e-Leo: Archivio digitale di storia della tecnica e della scienza</a>, archive of drawings, notes and manuscripts</li>
<li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1629">Works by Leonardo da Vinci</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
<li><a href="https://librivox.org/author/12252">Works by Leonardo da Vinci</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) </li>
<li><a href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/aor/dv/index.htm">Complete text and images of Richter's translation of the Notebooks</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.fulltextarchive.com/page/The-Notebooks-of-Leonardo-Da-Vinci-Complete1">The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci</a></li></ul>
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 Contents

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 * (Top)
 * 1 Biography
 Toggle Biography subsection
 + 1.1 Early life (1452–1472)
 o 1.1.1 Birth and background
 o 1.1.2 Verrocchio's workshop
 + 1.2 First Florentine period (1472–c. 1482)
 + 1.3 First Milanese period (c. 1482–1499)
 + 1.4 Second Florentine period (1500–1508)
 + 1.5 Second Milanese period (1508–1513)
 + 1.6 Rome and France (1513–1519)
 o 1.6.1 Death
 * 2 Personal life
 * 3 Paintings
 Toggle Paintings subsection
 + 3.1 Early works
 + 3.2 Paintings of the 1480s
 + 3.3 Paintings of the 1490s
 + 3.4 Paintings of the 1500s
 * 4 Drawings
 * 5 Journals and notes
 * 6 Science and inventions
 Toggle Science and inventions subsection
 + 6.1 Anatomy and physiology
 + 6.2 Engineering and inventions
 * 7 Legacy
 * 8 Location of remains
 * 9 Notes
 * 10 References
 Toggle References subsection
 + 10.1 Citations
 + 10.2 Works cited
 o 10.2.1 Early
 o 10.2.2 Modern
 * 11 Further reading
 * 12 External links
 Toggle the table of contents
 Toggle the table of contents

 Leonardo da Vinci

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 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 In this Renaissance Florentine name, the name da Vinci is an indicator of birthplace, not a family name; the person is properly referred to by the given name, Leonardo.
 "Da Vinci" redirects here. For other uses, see Da Vinci (disambiguation) and Leonardo da Vinci (disambiguation).

 Leonardo da Vinci  
 This portrait attributed to Francesco Melzi, c. 1515–1518 , is the only certain contemporary depiction of Leonardo.[1][2]
   Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci 
 Born  15 April 1452 
   (possibly Anchiano),[a] Vinci, Republic of Florence
 Died  2 May 1519 (aged 67) 
   Clos Lucé, Amboise, Kingdom of France 
 Education  Studio of Andrea del Verrocchio 
   * Painting 
   * drawing 
   * engineering 
 Known for  * anatomical studies 
   * hydrology 
   * botany 
   * optics 
   * geology 
   * Virgin of the Rocks (c. 1483–1493 ) 
   * Lady with an Ermine ( c. 1489–1491 ) 
 Notable work  * The Vitruvian Man ( c. 1490 ) 
   * The Last Supper ( c. 1495–1498 ) 
   * Mona Lisa ( c. 1503–1516 ) 
 Movement  High Renaissance 
 Family  Da Vinci family 
 Signature  
   
 

 Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci[b] (15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect.[3] While his fame initially rested on his achievements as a painter, he also became known for his notebooks, in which he made drawings and notes on a variety of subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and paleontology. Leonardo is widely regarded to have been a genius who epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal,[4] and his collective works comprise a contribution to later generations of artists matched only by that of his younger contemporary, Michelangelo.[3][4]

 Born out of wedlock to a successful notary and a lower-class woman in, or near, Vinci, he was educated in Florence by the Italian painter and sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio. He began his career in the city, but then spent much time in the service of Ludovico Sforza in Milan. Later, he worked in Florence and Milan again, as well as briefly in Rome, all while attracting a large following of imitators and students. Upon the invitation of Francis I, he spent his last three years in France, where he died in 1519. Since his death, there has not been a time where his achievements, diverse interests, personal life, and empirical thinking have failed to incite interest and admiration,[3][4] making him a frequent namesake and subject in culture.

 Leonardo is identified as one of the greatest painters in the history of art and is often credited as the founder of the High Renaissance.[3] Despite having many lost works and fewer than 25 attributed major works—including numerous unfinished works—he created some of the most influential paintings in Western art.[3] His magnum opus, the Mona Lisa, is his best known work and often regarded as the world's most famous painting. The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time and his Vitruvian Man drawing is also regarded as a cultural icon. In 2017, Salvator Mundi, attributed in whole or part to Leonardo,[5] was sold at auction for US$450.3 million , setting a new record for the most expensive painting ever sold at public auction.

 Revered for his technological ingenuity, he conceptualized flying machines, a type of armored fighting vehicle, concentrated solar power, a ratio machine that could be used in an adding machine,[6][7] and the double hull. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or were even feasible during his lifetime, as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance. Some of his smaller inventions, however, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire. He made substantial discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, hydrodynamics, geology, optics, and tribology, but he did not publish his findings and they had little to no direct influence on subsequent science.[8]

 Biography

 Early life (1452–1472)

 Birth and background

 The possible birthplace and childhood home of Leonardo in Anchiano, Vinci, Italy

 Leonardo da Vinci,[b] properly named Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (Leonardo, son of ser Piero from Vinci),[9][10][c] was born on 15 April 1452 in, or close to, the Tuscan hill town of Vinci, 20 miles from Florence.[11][12][d] He was born out of wedlock to Piero da Vinci (Ser Piero da Vinci d'Antonio di ser Piero di ser Guido; 1426–1504),[16] a Florentine legal notary,[11] and Caterina di Meo Lippi (c. 1434 – 1494), from the lower-class.[17][18][e] It remains uncertain where Leonardo was born; the traditional account, from a local oral tradition recorded by the historian Emanuele Repetti,[21] is that he was born in Anchiano, a country hamlet that would have offered sufficient privacy for the illegitimate birth, though it is still possible he was born in a house in Florence that Ser Piero almost certainly had.[22][a] Leonardo's parents both married separately the year after his birth. Caterina—who later appears in Leonardo's notes as only "Caterina" or "Catelina"—is usually identified as the Caterina Buti del Vacca who married the local artisan Antonio di Piero Buti del Vacca, nicknamed "L'Accattabriga", '"the quarrelsome one"'.[17][21] Ser Piero married Albiera Amadori—having been betrothed to her the previous year—and after her death in 1464, went on to have three subsequent marriages.[21][23][f] From all the marriages, Leonardo eventually had 16 half-siblings (of whom 11 survived infancy)[24] who were much younger than he (the last was born when Leonardo was 46 years old)[24] and with whom he had very little contact.[g]

 Very little is known about Leonardo's childhood and much is shrouded in myth, partially because of his biography in the frequently apocryphal Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (1550) by the 16th-century art historian Giorgio Vasari.[27][28] Tax records indicate that by at least 1457 he lived in the household of his paternal grandfather, Antonio da Vinci,[11] but it is possible that he spent the years before then in the care of his mother in Vinci, either Anchiano or Campo Zeppi in the parish of San Pantaleone.[29][30] He is thought to have been close to his uncle, Francesco da Vinci,[3] but his father was probably in Florence most of the time.[11] Ser Piero, who was the descendant of a long line of notaries, established an official residence in Florence by at least 1469 and had a successful career.[11] Despite his family history, Leonardo only received a basic and informal education in (vernacular) writing, reading and mathematics, possibly because his artistic talents were recognised early, so his family decided to focus their attention there.[11]

 Later in life, Leonardo recorded his earliest memory, now in the Codex Atlanticus.[31] While writing on the flight of birds, he recalled as an infant when a kite came to his cradle and opened his mouth with its tail; commentators still debate whether the anecdote was an actual memory or a fantasy.[32]

 Verrocchio's workshop

 The Baptism of Christ (1472–1475) by Verrocchio and Leonardo, Uffizi Gallery

 In the mid-1460s, Leonardo's family moved to Florence, which at the time was the centre of Christian Humanist thought and culture.[33] Around the age of 14,[25] he became a garzone (studio boy) in the workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio, who was the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his time.[33] This was about the time of the death of Verrocchio's master, the great sculptor Donatello.[h] Leonardo became an apprentice by the age of 17 and remained in training for seven years.[35] Other famous painters apprenticed in the workshop or associated with it include Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, and Lorenzo di Credi.[36][37] Leonardo was exposed to both theoretical training and a wide range of technical skills,[38] including drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics, and woodwork, as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting, and modelling.[39][i]

 Leonardo was a contemporary of Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Perugino, who were all slightly older than he was.[40] He would have met them at the workshop of Verrocchio or at the Platonic Academy of the Medici.[36] Florence was ornamented by the works of artists such as Donatello's contemporaries Masaccio, whose figurative frescoes were imbued with realism and emotion, and Ghiberti, whose Gates of Paradise, gleaming with gold leaf, displayed the art of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds. Piero della Francesca had made a detailed study of perspective,[41] and was the first painter to make a scientific study of light. These studies and Leon Battista Alberti's treatise De pictura were to have a profound effect on younger artists and in particular on Leonardo's own observations and artworks.[34][42]

 Much of the painting in Verrocchio's workshop was done by his assistants. According to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his The Baptism of Christ, painting the young angel holding Jesus' robe in a manner that was so far superior to his master's that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again,[‡ 1] although this is believed to be an apocryphal story.[14] Close examination reveals areas of the work that have been painted or touched-up over the tempera, using the new technique of oil paint, including the landscape, the rocks seen through the brown mountain stream, and much of the figure of Jesus, bearing witness to the hand of Leonardo.[43] Leonardo may have been the model for two works by Verrocchio: the bronze statue of David in the Bargello, and the Archangel Raphael in Tobias and the Angel.[14]

 Vasari tells a story of Leonardo as a very young man: a local peasant made himself a round shield and requested that Ser Piero have it painted for him. Leonardo, inspired by the story of Medusa, responded with a painting of a monster spitting fire that was so terrifying that his father bought a different shield to give to the peasant and sold Leonardo's to a Florentine art dealer for 100 ducats, who in turn sold it to the Duke of Milan.[‡ 2]

 First Florentine period (1472–c. 1482)

 Adoration of the Magi c. 1478–1482 ,[d 1] Uffizi, Florence

 By 1472, at the age of 20, Leonardo qualified as a master in the Guild of Saint Luke, the guild of artists and doctors of medicine,[j] but even after his father set him up in his own workshop, his attachment to Verrocchio was such that he continued to collaborate and live with him.[36][44] Leonardo's earliest known dated work is a 1473 pen-and-ink drawing of the Arno valley (see below).[37][45][k] According to Vasari, the young Leonardo was the first to suggest making the Arno river a navigable channel between Florence and Pisa.[46]

 In January 1478, Leonardo received an independent commission to paint an altarpiece for the Chapel of Saint Bernard in the Palazzo Vecchio,[47] an indication of his independence from Verrocchio's studio. An anonymous early biographer, known as Anonimo Gaddiano, claims that in 1480 Leonardo was living with the Medici and often worked in the garden of the Piazza San Marco, Florence, where a Neoplatonic academy of artists, poets and philosophers organized by the Medici met.[14][l] In March 1481, he received a commission from the monks of San Donato in Scopeto for The Adoration of the Magi.[48] Neither of these initial commissions were completed, being abandoned when Leonardo went to offer his services to Duke of Milan Ludovico Sforza. Leonardo wrote Sforza a letter which described the diverse things that he could achieve in the fields of engineering and weapon design, and mentioned that he could paint.[37][49] He brought with him a silver string instrument—either a lute or lyre—in the form of a horse's head.[49]

 With Alberti, Leonardo visited the home of the Medici and through them came to know the older Humanist philosophers of whom Marsiglio Ficino, proponent of Neoplatonism; Cristoforo Landino, writer of commentaries on Classical writings, and John Argyropoulos, teacher of Greek and translator of Aristotle were the foremost. Also associated with the Platonic Academy of the Medici was Leonardo's contemporary, the brilliant young poet and philosopher Pico della Mirandola.[40][42][50] In 1482, Leonardo was sent as an ambassador by Lorenzo de' Medici to Ludovico il Moro, who ruled Milan between 1479 and 1499.[40][14]

 * Madonna of the Carnation, c. 1472–1478 , Alte Pinakothek, Munich

 * Landscape of the Arno Valley (1473)

 * Ginevra de' Benci, c. 1474–1480 , National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.

 * Benois Madonna, c. 1478–1481 , Hermitage, Saint Petersburg

 * Sketch of the hanging of Bernardo Bandini Baroncelli, 1479

 First Milanese period (c. 1482–1499)

 Virgin of the Rocks, c. 1483–1493 ,[d 2] Louvre version

 Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499. He was commissioned to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie.[51] In the spring of 1485, Leonardo travelled to Hungary (on behalf of Sforza) to meet king Matthias Corvinus, and was commissioned by him to paint a Madonna.[52] In 1490 he was called as a consultant, together with Francesco di Giorgio Martini, for the building site of the cathedral of Pavia[53][54] and was struck by the equestrian statue of Regisole, of which he left a sketch.[55] Leonardo was employed on many other projects for Sforza, such as preparation of floats and pageants for special occasions; a drawing of, and wooden model for, a competition to design the cupola for Milan Cathedral;[56] and a model for a huge equestrian monument to Ludovico's predecessor Francesco Sforza. This would have surpassed in size the only two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance, Donatello's Gattamelata in Padua and Verrocchio's Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice, and became known as the Gran Cavallo.[37] Leonardo completed a model for the horse and made detailed plans for its casting,[37] but in November 1494, Ludovico gave the metal to his brother-in-law to be used for a cannon to defend the city from Charles VIII of France.[37]

 Contemporary correspondence records that Leonardo and his assistants were commissioned by the Duke of Milan to paint the Sala delle Asse in the Sforza Castle. The decoration was completed in 1498. The project became a trompe-l'œil decoration that made the great hall appear to be a pergola created by the interwoven limbs of sixteen mulberry trees,[57] whose canopy included an intricate labyrinth of leaves and knots on the ceiling.[58]

 * Head of a Woman, c. 1483–1485 , Royal Library of Turin

 * Portrait of a Musician, c. 1483–1487 , Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, Milan

 * The Vitruvian Man (c. 1485 ) Accademia, Venice

 * Leonardo's horse in silverpoint, c. 1488 [59]

 * La Belle Ferronnière, c. 1490–1498

 * Detail of 1902 restoration, trompe-l'œil painting (1498)

 Second Florentine period (1500–1508)

 The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist, c. 1499–1508 , National Gallery, London

 When Ludovico Sforza was overthrown by France in 1500, Leonardo fled Milan for Venice, accompanied by his assistant Salaì and friend, the mathematician Luca Pacioli.[60] In Venice, Leonardo was employed as a military architect and engineer, devising methods to defend the city from naval attack.[36] On his return to Florence in 1500, he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of Santissima Annunziata and were provided with a workshop where, according to Vasari, Leonardo created the cartoon of The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist, a work that won such admiration that "men [and] women, young and old" flocked to see it "as if they were going to a solemn festival."[‡ 3][m]

 In Cesena in 1502, Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, acting as a military architect and engineer and travelling throughout Italy with his patron.[60] Leonardo created a map of Cesare Borgia's stronghold, a town plan of Imola in order to win his patronage. Upon seeing it, Cesare hired Leonardo as his chief military engineer and architect. Later in the year, Leonardo produced another map for his patron, one of Chiana Valley, Tuscany, so as to give his patron a better overlay of the land and greater strategic position. He created this map in conjunction with his other project of constructing a dam from the sea to Florence, in order to allow a supply of water to sustain the canal during all seasons.

 Leonardo had left Borgia's service and returned to Florence by early 1503,[62] where he rejoined the Guild of Saint Luke on 18 October of that year. By this same month, Leonardo had begun working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the model for the Mona Lisa,[63][64] which he would continue working on until his twilight years. In January 1504, he was part of a committee formed to recommend where Michelangelo's statue of David should be placed.[65] He then spent two years in Florence designing and painting a mural of The Battle of Anghiari for the Signoria,[60] with Michelangelo designing its companion piece, The Battle of Cascina.[n]

 In 1506, Leonardo was summoned to Milan by Charles II d'Amboise, the acting French governor of the city.[68] There, Leonardo took on another pupil, Count Francesco Melzi, the son of a Lombard aristocrat, who is considered to have been his favourite student.[36] The Council of Florence wished Leonardo to return promptly to finish The Battle of Anghiari, but he was given leave at the behest of Louis XII, who considered commissioning the artist to make some portraits.[68] Leonardo may have commenced a project for an equestrian figure of d'Amboise;[69] a wax model survives and, if genuine, is the only extant example of Leonardo's sculpture. Leonardo was otherwise free to pursue his scientific interests.[68] Many of Leonardo's most prominent pupils either knew or worked with him in Milan,[36] including Bernardino Luini, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio, and Marco d'Oggiono. In 1507, Leonardo was in Florence sorting out a dispute with his brothers over the estate of his father, who had died in 1504.

 * The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne, c. 1501–1519 , Louvre, Paris

 * Leonardo's map of Imola, created for Cesare Borgia, 1502

 * Study for The Battle of Anghiari (now lost), c. 1503 , Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest

 * La Scapigliata, c. 1506–1508 (unfinished), Galleria Nazionale di Parma, Parma

 * Study for Leda and the Swan (now lost), c. 1506–1508 , Chatsworth House, England

 Second Milanese period (1508–1513)

 By 1508, Leonardo was back in Milan, living in his own house in Porta Orientale in the parish of Santa Babila.[70]

 In 1512, Leonardo was working on plans for an equestrian monument for Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, but this was prevented by an invasion of a confederation of Swiss, Spanish and Venetian forces, which drove the French from Milan. Leonardo stayed in the city, spending several months in 1513 at the Medici's Vaprio d'Adda villa.[71]

 Rome and France (1513–1519)

 An apocalyptic deluge drawn in black chalk by Leonardo near the end of his life (part of a series of 10, paired with written description in his notebooks)[72]

 In March 1513, Lorenzo de' Medici's son Giovanni assumed the papacy (as Leo X); Leonardo went to Rome that September, where he was received by the pope's brother Giuliano.[71] From September 1513 to 1516, Leonardo spent much of his time living in the Belvedere Courtyard in the Apostolic Palace, where Michelangelo and Raphael were both active.[70] Leonardo was given an allowance of 33 ducats a month, and according to Vasari, decorated a lizard with scales dipped in quicksilver.[73] The pope gave him a painting commission of unknown subject matter, but cancelled it when the artist set about developing a new kind of varnish.[73][o] Leonardo became ill, in what may have been the first of multiple strokes leading to his death.[73] He practiced botany in the Gardens of Vatican City, and was commissioned to make plans for the pope's proposed draining of the Pontine Marshes.[74] He also dissected cadavers, making notes for a treatise on vocal cords;[75] these he gave to an official in hopes of regaining the pope's favor, but was unsuccessful.[73]

 In October 1515, King Francis I of France recaptured Milan.[48] Leonardo was present at the 19 December meeting of Francis I and Leo X, which took place in Bologna.[36][76][77] In 1516, Leonardo entered Francis' service, being given the use of the manor house Clos Lucé, near the king's residence at the royal Château d'Amboise. Being frequently visited by Francis, he drew plans for an immense castle town the king intended to erect at Romorantin, and made a mechanical lion, which during a pageant walked toward the king and—upon being struck by a wand—opened its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies.[78][‡ 3][p] Leonardo was accompanied during this time by his friend and apprentice Francesco Melzi, and supported by a pension totalling 10,000 scudi.[70] At some point, Melzi drew a portrait of Leonardo; the only others known from his lifetime were a sketch by an unknown assistant on the back of one of Leonardo's studies ( c. 1517 )[80] and a drawing by Giovanni Ambrogio Figino depicting an elderly Leonardo with his right arm wrapped in clothing.[81][q] The latter, in addition to the record of an October 1517 visit by Louis d'Aragon,[r] confirms an account of Leonardo's right hand being paralytic when he was 65,[84] which may indicate why he left works such as the Mona Lisa unfinished.[82][85][86] He continued to work at some capacity until eventually becoming ill and bedridden for several months.[84]

 Death

 Drawing of the Château d'Amboise ( c. 1518 ) attributed to Francesco Melzi

 Leonardo died at Clos Lucé on 2 May 1519 at the age of 67, possibly of a stroke.[87][86][88] Francis I had become a close friend. Vasari describes Leonardo as lamenting on his deathbed, full of repentance, that "he had offended against God and men by failing to practice his art as he should have done."[89] Vasari states that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the Holy Sacrament.[‡ 4] Vasari also records that the king held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died, although this story may be legend rather than fact.[s][t] In accordance with his will, sixty beggars carrying tapers followed Leonardo's casket.[50][u] Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving, as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library and personal effects. Leonardo's other long-time pupil and companion, Salaì, and his servant Baptista de Vilanis, each received half of Leonardo's vineyards.[91] His brothers received land, and his serving woman received a fur-lined cloak. On 12 August 1519, Leonardo's remains were interred in the Collegiate Church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise.[92]

 Salaì, or Il Salaino ("The Little Unclean One", i.e., the devil), entered Leonardo's household in 1490 as an assistant. After only a year, Leonardo made a list of his misdemeanours, calling him "a thief, a liar, stubborn, and a glutton," after he had made off with money and valuables on at least five occasions and spent a fortune on clothes.[93] Nevertheless, Leonardo treated him with great indulgence, and he remained in Leonardo's household for the next thirty years.[94] Salaì executed a number of paintings under the name of Andrea Salaì, but although Vasari claims that Leonardo "taught him many things about painting,"[‡ 3] his work is generally considered to be of less artistic merit than others among Leonardo's pupils, such as Marco d'Oggiono and Boltraffio.

 Salaì owned the Mona Lisa at the time of Leonardo's death in 1524, and in his will it was assessed at 505 lire, an exceptionally high valuation for a small panel portrait.[95] Some 20 years after Leonardo's death, Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benvenuto Cellini as saying: "There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher."[96]

 Personal life

 Main article: Personal life of Leonardo da Vinci
 Saint John the Baptist c. 1507–1516 ,[d 3] Louvre. Leonardo is thought to have used Salaì as the model.[97]

 Despite the thousands of pages Leonardo left in notebooks and manuscripts, he scarcely made reference to his personal life.[2]

 Within Leonardo's lifetime, his extraordinary powers of invention, his "great physical beauty" and "infinite grace," as described by Vasari,[‡ 5] as well as all other aspects of his life, attracted the curiosity of others. One such aspect was his love for animals, likely including vegetarianism and according to Vasari, a habit of purchasing caged birds and releasing them.[98][‡ 6]

 Leonardo had many friends who are now notable either in their fields or for their historical significance, including mathematician Luca Pacioli,[99] with whom he collaborated on the book Divina proportione in the 1490s. Leonardo appears to have had no close relationships with women except for his friendship with Cecilia Gallerani and the two Este sisters, Beatrice and Isabella.[100] While on a journey that took him through Mantua, he drew a portrait of Isabella that appears to have been used to create a painted portrait, now lost.[36]

 Beyond friendship, Leonardo kept his private life secret. His sexuality has been the subject of satire, analysis, and speculation. This trend began in the mid-16th century and was revived in the 19th and 20th centuries, most notably by Sigmund Freud in his Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood.[101] Leonardo's most intimate relationships were perhaps with his pupils Salaì and Melzi. Melzi, writing to inform Leonardo's brothers of his death, described Leonardo's feelings for his pupils as both loving and passionate. It has been claimed since the 16th century that these relationships were of a sexual or erotic nature. Court records of 1476, when he was aged twenty-four, show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with sodomy in an incident involving a well-known male prostitute. The charges were dismissed for lack of evidence, and there is speculation that since one of the accused, Lionardo de Tornabuoni, was related to Lorenzo de' Medici, the family exerted its influence to secure the dismissal.[102] Since that date much has been written about his presumed homosexuality[103] and its role in his art, particularly in the androgyny and eroticism manifested in Saint John the Baptist and Bacchus and more explicitly in a number of erotic drawings.[104][97]

 Paintings

 See also: List of works by Leonardo da Vinci

 Despite the recent awareness and admiration of Leonardo as a scientist and inventor, for the better part of four hundred years his fame rested on his achievements as a painter. A handful of works that are either authenticated or attributed to him have been regarded as among the great masterpieces. These paintings are famous for a variety of qualities that have been much imitated by students and discussed at great length by connoisseurs and critics. By the 1490s Leonardo had already been described as a "Divine" painter.[105]

 Among the qualities that make Leonardo's work unique are his innovative techniques for laying on the paint; his detailed knowledge of anatomy, light, botany and geology; his interest in physiognomy and the way humans register emotion in expression and gesture; his innovative use of the human form in figurative composition; and his use of subtle gradation of tone. All these qualities come together in his most famous painted works, the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, and the Virgin of the Rocks.[v]

 Early works

 Annunciation c. 1472–1476 ,[d 4] Uffizi, is thought to be Leonardo's earliest extant and complete major work.

 Leonardo first gained attention for his work on the Baptism of Christ, painted in conjunction with Verrocchio. Two other paintings appear to date from his time at Verrocchio's workshop, both of which are Annunciations. One is small, 59 centimetres (23 in) long and 14 cm (5.5 in) high. It is a "predella" to go at the base of a larger composition, a painting by Lorenzo di Credi from which it has become separated. The other is a much larger work, 217 cm (85 in) long.[106] In both Annunciations, Leonardo used a formal arrangement, like two well-known pictures by Fra Angelico of the same subject, of the Virgin Mary sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture, approached from the left by an angel in profile, with a rich flowing garment, raised wings and bearing a lily. Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio, the larger work is now generally attributed to Leonardo.[107]

 In the smaller painting, Mary averts her eyes and folds her hands in a gesture that symbolised submission to God's will. Mary is not submissive, however, in the larger piece. The girl, interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger, puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise.[34] This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the Mother of God, not with resignation but with confidence. In this painting, the young Leonardo presents the humanist face of the Virgin Mary, recognising humanity's role in God's incarnation.

 Paintings of the 1480s

 Unfinished painting of Saint Jerome in the Wilderness c. 1480–1490 ,[d 5] Vatican

 In the 1480s, Leonardo received two very important commissions and commenced another work that was of ground-breaking importance in terms of composition. Two of the three were never finished, and the third took so long that it was subject to lengthy negotiations over completion and payment.

 One of these paintings was Saint Jerome in the Wilderness, which Bortolon associates with a difficult period of Leonardo's life, as evidenced in his diary: "I thought I was learning to live; I was only learning to die."[36] Although the painting is barely begun, the composition can be seen and is very unusual.[w] Jerome, as a penitent, occupies the middle of the picture, set on a slight diagonal and viewed somewhat from above. His kneeling form takes on a trapezoid shape, with one arm stretched to the outer edge of the painting and his gaze looking in the opposite direction. J. Wasserman points out the link between this painting and Leonardo's anatomical studies.[108] Across the foreground sprawls his symbol, a great lion whose body and tail make a double spiral across the base of the picture space. The other remarkable feature is the sketchy landscape of craggy rocks against which the figure is silhouetted.

 The daring display of figure composition, the landscape elements and personal drama also appear in the great unfinished masterpiece, the Adoration of the Magi, a commission from the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto. It is a complex composition, of about 250 x 250 centimetres. Leonardo did numerous drawings and preparatory studies, including a detailed one in linear perspective of the ruined classical architecture that forms part of the background. In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan at the behest of Lorenzo de' Medici in order to win favour with Ludovico il Moro, and the painting was abandoned.[14]

 Lady with an Ermine, c. 1489–1491 ,[d 6] Czartoryski Museum, Kraków, Poland

 The third important work of this period is the Virgin of the Rocks, commissioned in Milan for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception. The painting, to be done with the assistance of the de Predis brothers, was to fill a large complex altarpiece.[109] Leonardo chose to paint an apocryphal moment of the infancy of Christ when the infant John the Baptist, in protection of an angel, met the Holy Family on the road to Egypt. The painting demonstrates an eerie beauty as the graceful figures kneel in adoration around the infant Christ in a wild landscape of tumbling rock and whirling water.[110] While the painting is quite large, about 200×120 centimetres , it is not nearly as complex as the painting ordered by the monks of San Donato, having only four figures rather than about fifty and a rocky landscape rather than architectural details. The painting was eventually finished; in fact, two versions of the painting were finished: one remained at the chapel of the Confraternity, while Leonardo took the other to France. The Brothers did not get their painting, however, nor the de Predis their payment, until the next century.[37][60]

 Leonardo's most remarkable portrait of this period is the Lady with an Ermine, presumed to be Cecilia Gallerani (c. 1483–1490 ), lover of Ludovico Sforza.[111][112] The painting is characterised by the pose of the figure with the head turned at a very different angle to the torso, unusual at a date when many portraits were still rigidly in profile. The ermine plainly carries symbolic meaning, relating either to the sitter, or to Ludovico who belonged to the prestigious Order of the Ermine.[111]

 Paintings of the 1490s

 The Last Supper,[d 7] Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan (c. 1492–1498 )

 Leonardo's most famous painting of the 1490s is The Last Supper, commissioned for the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan. It represents the last meal shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death, and shows the moment when Jesus has just said "one of you will betray me", and the consternation that this statement caused.[37]

 The writer Matteo Bandello observed Leonardo at work and wrote that some days he would paint from dawn till dusk without stopping to eat and then not paint for three or four days at a time.[113] This was beyond the comprehension of the prior of the convent, who hounded him until Leonardo asked Ludovico to intervene. Vasari describes how Leonardo, troubled over his ability to adequately depict the faces of Christ and the traitor Judas, told the duke that he might be obliged to use the prior as his model.[‡ 7]

 The painting was acclaimed as a masterpiece of design and characterization,[‡ 8] but it deteriorated rapidly, so that within a hundred years it was described by one viewer as "completely ruined."[114] Leonardo, instead of using the reliable technique of fresco, had used tempera over a ground that was mainly gesso, resulting in a surface subject to mould and to flaking.[115] Despite this, the painting remains one of the most reproduced works of art; countless copies have been made in various mediums.

 Toward the end of this period, in 1498 Leonardo's trompe-l'œil decoration of the Sala delle Asse was painted for the Duke of Milan in the Castello Sforzesco.

 Paintings of the 1500s

 Mona Lisa or La Gioconda c. 1503–1516 ,[d 8] Louvre, Paris

 In 1505, Leonardo was commissioned to paint The Battle of Anghiari in the Salone dei Cinquecento (Hall of the Five Hundred) in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence. Leonardo devised a dynamic composition depicting four men riding raging war horses engaged in a battle for possession of a standard, at the Battle of Anghiari in 1440. Michelangelo was assigned the opposite wall to depict the Battle of Cascina. Leonardo's painting deteriorated rapidly and is now known from a copy by Rubens.[116]

 Among the works created by Leonardo in the 16th century is the small portrait known as the Mona Lisa or La Gioconda, the laughing one. In the present era, it is arguably the most famous painting in the world. Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality perhaps due to the subtly shadowed corners of the mouth and eyes such that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined. The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called "sfumato", or Leonardo's smoke. Vasari wrote that the smile was "so pleasing that it seems more divine than human, and it was considered a wondrous thing that it was as lively as the smile of the living original."[‡ 9]

 Other characteristics of the painting are the unadorned dress, in which the eyes and hands have no competition from other details; the dramatic landscape background, in which the world seems to be in a state of flux; the subdued colouring; and the extremely smooth nature of the painterly technique, employing oils laid on much like tempera, and blended on the surface so that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable.[117] Vasari expressed that the painting's quality would make even "the most confident master ... despair and lose heart."[‡ 10] The perfect state of preservation and the fact that there is no sign of repair or overpainting is rare in a panel painting of this date.[118]

 In the painting Virgin and Child with Saint Anne, the composition again picks up the theme of figures in a landscape, which Wasserman describes as "breathtakingly beautiful"[119] and harkens back to the Saint Jerome with the figure set at an oblique angle. What makes this painting unusual is that there are two obliquely set figures superimposed. Mary is seated on the knee of her mother, Saint Anne. She leans forward to restrain the Christ Child as he plays roughly with a lamb, the sign of his own impending sacrifice.[37] This painting, which was copied many times, influenced Michelangelo, Raphael, and Andrea del Sarto,[120] and through them Pontormo and Correggio. The trends in composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters Tintoretto and Veronese.

 Drawings

 Presumed self-portrait of Leonardo (c. 1510 ) at the Royal Library of Turin, Italy

 Leonardo was a prolific draughtsman, keeping journals full of small sketches and detailed drawings recording all manner of things that took his attention. As well as the journals there exist many studies for paintings, some of which can be identified as preparatory to particular works such as The Adoration of the Magi, The Virgin of the Rocks and The Last Supper.[121] His earliest dated drawing is a Landscape of the Arno Valley, 1473, which shows the river, the mountains, Montelupo Castle and the farmlands beyond it in great detail.[36][121][x]

 Among his famous drawings are the Vitruvian Man, a study of the proportions of the human body; the Head of an Angel, for The Virgin of the Rocks in the Louvre; a botanical study of Star of Bethlehem; and a large drawing (160×100 cm) in black chalk on coloured paper of The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist in the National Gallery, London.[121] This drawing employs the subtle sfumato technique of shading, in the manner of the Mona Lisa. It is thought that Leonardo never made a painting from it, the closest similarity being to The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne in the Louvre.[122]

 Antique warrior in profile, c. 1472 . British Museum, London

 Other drawings of interest include numerous studies generally referred to as "caricatures" because, although exaggerated, they appear to be based upon observation of live models. Vasari relates that Leonardo would look for interesting faces in public to use as models for some of his work.[‡ 7] There are numerous studies of beautiful young men, often associated with Salaì, with the rare and much admired facial feature, the so-called "Grecian profile".[y] These faces are often contrasted with that of a warrior.[121] Salaì is often depicted in fancy-dress costume. Leonardo is known to have designed sets for pageants with which these may be associated. Other, often meticulous, drawings show studies of drapery. A marked development in Leonardo's ability to draw drapery occurred in his early works. Another often-reproduced drawing is a macabre sketch that was done by Leonardo in Florence in 1479 showing the body of Bernardo Baroncelli, hanged in connection with the murder of Giuliano, brother of Lorenzo de' Medici, in the Pazzi conspiracy.[121] In his notes, Leonardo recorded the colours of the robes that Baroncelli was wearing when he died.

 Like the two contemporary architects Donato Bramante (who designed the Belvedere Courtyard) and Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Leonardo experimented with designs for centrally planned churches, a number of which appear in his journals, as both plans and views, although none was ever realised.[40][123]

 Journals and notes

 See also: List of works by Leonardo da Vinci § Manuscripts

 Renaissance humanism recognised no mutually exclusive polarities between the sciences and the arts, and Leonardo's studies in science and engineering are sometimes considered as impressive and innovative as his artistic work.[37] These studies were recorded in 13,000 pages of notes and drawings, which fuse art and natural philosophy (the forerunner of modern science). They were made and maintained daily throughout Leonardo's life and travels, as he made continual observations of the world around him.[37] Leonardo's notes and drawings display an enormous range of interests and preoccupations, some as mundane as lists of groceries and people who owed him money and some as intriguing as designs for wings and shoes for walking on water. There are compositions for paintings, studies of details and drapery, studies of faces and emotions, of animals, babies, dissections, plant studies, rock formations, whirlpools, war machines, flying machines and architecture.[37]

 A page showing Leonardo's study of a foetus in the womb ( c. 1510 ), Royal Library, Windsor Castle

 These notebooks—originally loose papers of different types and sizes—were largely entrusted to Leonardo's pupil and heir Francesco Melzi after the master's death.[124] These were to be published, a task of overwhelming difficulty because of its scope and Leonardo's idiosyncratic writing.[125] Some of Leonardo's drawings were copied by an anonymous Milanese artist for a planned treatise on art c. 1570 .[126] After Melzi's death in 1570, the collection passed to his son, the lawyer Orazio, who initially took little interest in the journals.[124] In 1587, a Melzi household tutor named Lelio Gavardi took 13 of the manuscripts to Pisa; there, the architect Giovanni Magenta reproached Gavardi for having taken the manuscripts illicitly and returned them to Orazio. Having many more such works in his possession, Orazio gifted the volumes to Magenta. News spread of these lost works of Leonardo's, and Orazio retrieved seven of the 13 manuscripts, which he then gave to Pompeo Leoni for publication in two volumes; one of these was the Codex Atlanticus. The other six works had been distributed to a few others.[127] After Orazio's death, his heirs sold the rest of Leonardo's possessions, and thus began their dispersal.[128]

 Some works have found their way into major collections such as the Royal Library at Windsor Castle, the Louvre, the Biblioteca Nacional de España, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan, which holds the 12-volume Codex Atlanticus, and the British Library in London, which has put a selection from the Codex Arundel (BL Arundel MS 263) online.[129] Works have also been at Holkham Hall, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in the private hands of John Nicholas Brown I and Robert Lehman.[124] The Codex Leicester is the only privately owned major scientific work of Leonardo; it is owned by Bill Gates and displayed once a year in different cities around the world.

 Most of Leonardo's writings are in mirror-image cursive.[45][130] Since Leonardo wrote with his left hand, it was probably easier for him to write from right to left.[131][z] Leonardo used a variety of shorthand and symbols, and states in his notes that he intended to prepare them for publication.[130] In many cases a single topic is covered in detail in both words and pictures on a single sheet, together conveying information that would not be lost if the pages were published out of order.[134] Why they were not published during Leonardo's lifetime is unknown.[37]

 Science and inventions

 Main article: Science and inventions of Leonardo da Vinci
 Rhombicuboctahedron as published in Pacioli's Divina proportione (1509)

 Leonardo's approach to science was observational: he tried to understand a phenomenon by describing and depicting it in utmost detail and did not emphasise experiments or theoretical explanation. Since he lacked formal education in Latin and mathematics, contemporary scholars mostly ignored Leonardo the scientist, although he did teach himself Latin. His keen observations in many areas were noted, such as when he wrote "Il sole non si move." ("The Sun does not move.")[135]

 In the 1490s he studied mathematics under Luca Pacioli and prepared a series of drawings of regular solids in a skeletal form to be engraved as plates for Pacioli's book Divina proportione, published in 1509.[37] While living in Milan, he studied light from the summit of Monte Rosa.[68] Scientific writings in his notebook on fossils have been considered as influential on early palaeontology.[136]

 The content of his journals suggest that he was planning a series of treatises on a variety of subjects. A coherent treatise on anatomy is said to have been observed during a visit by Cardinal Louis d'Aragon's secretary in 1517.[137] Aspects of his work on the studies of anatomy, light and the landscape were assembled for publication by Melzi and eventually published as A Treatise on Painting in France and Italy in 1651 and Germany in 1724,[138] with engravings based upon drawings by the Classical painter Nicolas Poussin.[4] According to Arasse, the treatise, which in France went into 62 editions in fifty years, caused Leonardo to be seen as "the precursor of French academic thought on art."[37]

 While Leonardo's experimentation followed scientific methods, a recent and exhaustive analysis of Leonardo as a scientist by Fritjof Capra argues that Leonardo was a fundamentally different kind of scientist from Galileo, Newton and other scientists who followed him in that, as a "Renaissance Man", his theorising and hypothesising integrated the arts and particularly painting.[139]

 Anatomy and physiology

 Anatomical study of the arm ( c. 1510 )

 Leonardo started his study in the anatomy of the human body under the apprenticeship of Verrocchio, who demanded that his students develop a deep knowledge of the subject. As an artist, he quickly became master of topographic anatomy, drawing many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features.[ citation needed ]

 As a successful artist, Leonardo was given permission to dissect human corpses at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome. From 1510 to 1511 he collaborated in his studies with the doctor Marcantonio della Torre, professor of Anatomy at the University of Pavia.[140] Leonardo made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about 13,000 words toward a treatise on anatomy.[141] Only a small amount of the material on anatomy was published in Leonardo's Treatise on painting.[125] During the time that Melzi was ordering the material into chapters for publication, they were examined by a number of anatomists and artists, including Vasari, Cellini and Albrecht Dürer, who made a number of drawings from them.[125]

 Leonardo's anatomical drawings include many studies of the human skeleton and its parts, and of muscles and sinews. He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it in a manner that prefigured the modern science of biomechanics.[142] He drew the heart and vascular system, the sex organs and other internal organs, making one of the first scientific drawings of a fetus in utero.[121] The drawings and notation are far ahead of their time, and if published would undoubtedly have made a major contribution to medical science.[141]

 Leonardo's physiological sketch of the human brain and skull ( c. 1510 )

 Leonardo also closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage. He drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness.[37][121] Leonardo also studied and drew the anatomy of many animals, dissecting cows, birds, monkeys, bears, and frogs, and comparing in his drawings their anatomical structure with that of humans. He also made a number of studies of horses.[121]

 Leonardo's dissections and documentation of muscles, nerves, and vessels helped to describe the physiology and mechanics of movement. He attempted to identify the source of 'emotions' and their expression. He found it difficult to incorporate the prevailing system and theories of bodily humours, but eventually he abandoned these physiological explanations of bodily functions. He made the observations that humours were not located in cerebral spaces or ventricles. He documented that the humours were not contained in the heart or the liver, and that it was the heart that defined the circulatory system. He was the first to define atherosclerosis and liver cirrhosis. He created models of the cerebral ventricles with the use of melted wax and constructed a glass aorta to observe the circulation of blood through the aortic valve by using water and grass seed to watch flow patterns.[143]

 Engineering and inventions

 A design for a flying machine (c. 1488 ), first presented in the Codex on the Flight of Birds
 An aerial screw (c. 1489 ), suggestive of a helicopter, from the Codex Atlanticus

 During his lifetime, Leonardo was also valued as an engineer. With the same rational and analytical approach that moved him to represent the human body and to investigate anatomy, Leonardo studied and designed many machines and devices. He drew their "anatomy" with unparalleled mastery, producing the first form of the modern technical drawing, including a perfected "exploded view" technique, to represent internal components. Those studies and projects collected in his codices fill more than 5,000 pages.[144] In a letter of 1482 to the lord of Milan Ludovico il Moro, he wrote that he could create all sorts of machines both for the protection of a city and for siege. When he fled from Milan to Venice in 1499, he found employment as an engineer and devised a system of moveable barricades to protect the city from attack. In 1502, he created a scheme for diverting the flow of the Arno river, a project on which Niccolò Machiavelli also worked.[145][146] He continued to contemplate the canalization of Lombardy's plains while in Louis XII's company[68] and of the Loire and its tributaries in the company of Francis I.[147] Leonardo's journals include a vast number of inventions, both practical and impractical. They include musical instruments, a mechanical knight, hydraulic pumps, reversible crank mechanisms, finned mortar shells, and a steam cannon.[36][37]

 Leonardo's drawings of a scythed chariot and a fighting vehicle

 Leonardo was fascinated by the phenomenon of flight for much of his life, producing many studies, including Codex on the Flight of Birds (c. 1505 ), as well as plans for several flying machines, such as a flapping ornithopter and a machine with a helical rotor.[37] In a 2003 documentary by British television station Channel Four, titled Leonardo's Dream Machines, various designs by Leonardo, such as a parachute and a giant crossbow, were interpreted and constructed.[148][149] Some of those designs proved successful, whilst others fared less well when tested. Similarly, a team of engineers built ten machines designed by Leonardo in the 2009 American television series Doing DaVinci, including a fighting vehicle and a self-propelled cart.

 Research performed by Marc van den Broek revealed older prototypes for more than 100 inventions that are ascribed to Leonardo. Similarities between Leonardo's illustrations and drawings from the Middle Ages and from Ancient Greece and Rome, the Chinese and Persian Empires, and Egypt suggest that a large portion of Leonardo's inventions had been conceived before his lifetime. Leonardo's innovation was to combine different functions from existing drafts and set them into scenes that illustrated their utility. By reconstituting technical inventions he created something new.[150]

 In his notebooks, Leonardo first stated the 'laws' of sliding friction in 1493.[151] His inspiration for investigating friction came about in part from his study of perpetual motion, which he correctly concluded was not possible.[152] His results were never published and the friction laws were not rediscovered until 1699 by Guillaume Amontons, with whose name they are now usually associated.[151] For this contribution, Leonardo was named as the first of the 23 "Men of Tribology" by Duncan Dowson.[153]

 Legacy

 Further information: Cultural references to Leonardo da Vinci and List of things named after Leonardo da Vinci
 Statue outside the Uffizi, Florence, by Luigi Pampaloni (1791–1847)

 Although he had no formal academic training,[154] many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the "Universal Genius" or "Renaissance Man", an individual of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination."[155] He is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived.[156] According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history, and "his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, while the man himself mysterious and remote."[155] Scholars interpret his view of the world as being based in logic, though the empirical methods he used were unorthodox for his time.[157]

 Leonardo's fame within his own lifetime was such that the King of France carried him away like a trophy, and was claimed to have supported him in his old age and held him in his arms as he died. Interest in Leonardo and his work has never diminished. Crowds still queue to see his best-known artworks, T-shirts still bear his most famous drawing, and writers continue to hail him as a genius while speculating about his private life, as well as about what one so intelligent actually believed in.[37]

 The continued admiration that Leonardo commanded from painters, critics and historians is reflected in many other written tributes. Baldassare Castiglione, author of Il Cortegiano (The Courtier), wrote in 1528: "...Another of the greatest painters in this world looks down on this art in which he is unequalled..."[158] while the biographer known as "Anonimo Gaddiano" wrote, c. 1540 : "His genius was so rare and universal that it can be said that nature worked a miracle on his behalf..."[159] Vasari, in his Lives of the Artists (1568), opens his chapter on Leonardo:[‡ 11]

 In the normal course of events many men and women are born with remarkable talents; but occasionally, in a way that transcends nature, a single person is marvellously endowed by Heaven with beauty, grace and talent in such abundance that he leaves other men far behind, all his actions seem inspired and indeed everything he does clearly comes from God rather than from human skill. Everyone acknowledged that this was true of Leonardo da Vinci, an artist of outstanding physical beauty, who displayed infinite grace in everything that he did and who cultivated his genius so brilliantly that all problems he studied he solved with ease.

 The Death of Leonardo da Vinci, by Ingres, 1818[t]

 The 19th century brought a particular admiration for Leonardo's genius, causing Henry Fuseli to write in 1801: "Such was the dawn of modern art, when Leonardo da Vinci broke forth with a splendour that distanced former excellence: made up of all the elements that constitute the essence of genius..."[160] This is echoed by A.E. Rio who wrote in 1861: "He towered above all other artists through the strength and the nobility of his talents."[161]

 By the 19th century, the scope of Leonardo's notebooks was known, as well as his paintings. Hippolyte Taine wrote in 1866: "There may not be in the world an example of another genius so universal, so incapable of fulfilment, so full of yearning for the infinite, so naturally refined, so far ahead of his own century and the following centuries."[162] Art historian Bernard Berenson wrote in 1896: "Leonardo is the one artist of whom it may be said with perfect literalness: Nothing that he touched but turned into a thing of eternal beauty. Whether it be the cross section of a skull, the structure of a weed, or a study of muscles, he, with his feeling for line and for light and shade, forever transmuted it into life-communicating values."[163]

 The interest in Leonardo's genius has continued unabated; experts study and translate his writings, analyse his paintings using scientific techniques, argue over attributions and search for works which have been recorded but never found.[164] Liana Bortolon, writing in 1967, said: "Because of the multiplicity of interests that spurred him to pursue every field of knowledge...Leonardo can be considered, quite rightly, to have been the universal genius par excellence, and with all the disquieting overtones inherent in that term. Man is as uncomfortable today, faced with a genius, as he was in the 16th century. Five centuries have passed, yet we still view Leonardo with awe."[36] The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana is a special collection at the University of California, Los Angeles.[165]

 Leonardo Museum in Vinci, which houses a large collection of models constructed on the basis of Leonardo's drawings

 Twenty-first-century author Walter Isaacson based much of his biography of Leonardo[102] on thousands of notebook entries, studying the personal notes, sketches, budget notations, and musings of the man whom he considers the greatest of innovators. Isaacson was surprised to discover a "fun, joyous" side of Leonardo in addition to his limitless curiosity and creative genius.[166]

 On the 500th anniversary of Leonardo's death, the Louvre in Paris arranged for the largest ever single exhibit of his work, called Leonardo, between November 2019 and February 2020. The exhibit includes over 100 paintings, drawings and notebooks. Eleven of the paintings that Leonardo completed in his lifetime were included. Five of these are owned by the Louvre, but the Mona Lisa was not included because it is in such great demand among general visitors to the Louvre; it remains on display in its gallery. Vitruvian Man, however, is on display following a legal battle with its owner, the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice. Salvator Mundi[aa] was also not included because its Saudi owner did not agree to lease the work.[169][170]

 The Mona Lisa, considered Leonardo's magnum opus, is often regarded as the most famous portrait ever made.[3][171] The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time,[155] and Leonardo's Vitruvian Man drawing is also considered a cultural icon.[172]

 More than a decade of analysis of Leonardo's genetic genealogy, conducted by Alessandro Vezzosi and Agnese Sabato, came to a conclusion in mid-2021. It was determined that the artist has 14 living male relatives. The work could also help determine the authenticity of remains thought to belong to Leonardo.[173]

 Location of remains

 Tomb in the chapel of Saint Hubert at the Château d'Amboise where a plaque describes it as the presumed site of Leonardo's remains

 While Leonardo was certainly buried in the collegiate church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise in 12 August 1519, the current location of his remains is unclear.[174][175] Much of Château d'Amboise was damaged during the French Revolution, leading to the church's demolition in 1802.[174] Some of the graves were destroyed in the process, scattering the bones interred there and thereby leaving the whereabouts of Leonardo's remains subject to dispute; a gardener may have even buried some in the corner of the courtyard.[174]

 In 1863, fine-arts inspector general Arsène Houssaye received an imperial commission to excavate the site and discovered a partially complete skeleton with a bronze ring on one finger, white hair, and stone fragments bearing the inscriptions "EO", "AR", "DUS", and "VINC"—interpreted as forming "Leonardus Vinci".[92][174][176] The skull's eight teeth corresponds to someone of approximately the appropriate age and a silver shield found near the bones depicts a beardless Francis I, corresponding to the king's appearance during Leonardo's time in France.[176]

 Houssaye postulated that the unusually large skull was an indicator of Leonardo's intelligence; author Charles Nicholl describes this as a "dubious phrenological deduction".[174] At the same time, Houssaye noted some issues with his observations, including that the feet were turned toward the high altar, a practice generally reserved for laymen, and that the skeleton of 1.73 metres (5.7 ft) seemed too short.[176][ failed verification – see discussion] Art historian Mary Margaret Heaton wrote in 1874 that the height would be appropriate for Leonardo.[177] The skull was allegedly presented to Napoleon III before being returned to the Château d'Amboise, where they were re-interred in the chapel of Saint Hubert in 1874.[176][178] A plaque above the tomb states that its contents are only presumed to be those of Leonardo.[175]

 It has since been theorized that the folding of the skeleton's right arm over the head may correspond to the paralysis of Leonardo's right hand.[81][87][176] In 2016, it was announced that DNA tests would be conducted to determine whether the attribution is correct.[178] The DNA of the remains will be compared to that of samples collected from Leonardo's work and his half-brother Domenico's descendants;[178] it may also be sequenced.[179]

 In 2019, documents were published revealing that Houssaye had kept the ring and a lock of hair. In 1925, his great-grandson sold these to an American collector. Sixty years later, another American acquired them, leading to them being displayed at the Leonardo Museum in Vinci beginning on 2 May 2019, the 500th anniversary of the artist's death.[92][180]

 Notes

 General

 1. ^ a b See Nicholl (2005 , pp. 17–20) and Bambach (2019 , p. 24) for further information on the dispute and uncertainty surrounding Leonardo's exact birthplace.
 2. ^ a b English: / ˌ l iː ə ˈ n ɑːr d oʊ d ə ˈ v ɪ n tʃ i , ˌ l iː oʊ ˈ -, ˌ l eɪ oʊ ˈ -/ ; LEE -ə- NAR -doh də VIN -chee, LEE -oh-, LAY -oh-
 3. ^ Italian: [leoˈnardo di ˈsɛr ˈpjɛːro da (v)ˈvintʃi] ( listen ) The inclusion of the title 'ser' (shortening of Italian Messer or Messere , title of courtesy prefixed to the first name) indicates that Leonardo's father was a gentleman.
 4. ^ The diary of his paternal grandfather Ser Antonio relays a precise account: "There was born to me a grandson, son of Ser Piero [ fr ] , on 15 April, a Saturday, at the third hour of the night." [13][14] Ser Antonio records Leonardo being baptized the following day by Piero di Bartolomeo at the parish of Santa Croce [ it ] . [15]
 5. ^ It has been suggested that Caterina may have been a slave from the Middle East "or at least, from the Mediterranean" or even of Chinese descent. According to art critic Alessandro Vezzosi , head of the Leonardo Museum in Vinci , there is evidence that Piero owned a slave called Caterina. [19] The reconstruction of one of Leonardo's fingerprints shows a pattern that matches 60% of people of Middle Eastern origin, suggesting the possibility that Leonardo may have had Middle Eastern blood. The claim is refuted by Simon Cole, associate professor of criminology, law and society at the University of California at Irvine: "You can't predict one person's race from these kinds of incidences, especially if looking at only one finger". More recently, historian Martin Kemp , after digging through overlooked archives and records in Italy, found evidence that Leonardo's mother was a young local woman identified as Caterina di Meo Lippi. [20]
 6. ^ See Kemp & Pallanti (2017 , pp. 65–66) for detailed table on Ser Piero's marriages.
 7. ^ He also never wrote about his father, except a passing note of his death in which he overstates his age by three years. [25] Leonardo's siblings caused him difficulty after his father's death in a dispute over their inheritance. [26]
 8. ^ The humanist influence of Donatello's David can be seen in Leonardo's late paintings, particularly John the Baptist . [34][33]
 9. ^ The "diverse arts" and technical skills of Medieval and Renaissance workshops are described in detail in the 12th-century text On Divers Arts by Theophilus Presbyter and in the early 15th-century text Il Libro Dell'arte O Trattato Della Pittui by Cennino Cennini .
 10. ^ That Leonardo joined the guild by this time is deduced from the record of payment made to the Compagnia di San Luca in the company's register, Libro Rosso A, 1472–1520, Accademia di Belle Arti. [14]
 11. ^ On the back he wrote: "I, staying with Anthony, am happy," possibly in reference to his father.
 12. ^ Leonardo later wrote in the margin of a journal, "The Medici made me and the Medici destroyed me." [36]
 13. ^ In 2005, the studio was rediscovered during the restoration of part of a building occupied for 100 years by the Department of Military Geography. [61]
 14. ^ Both works are lost. The entire composition of Michelangelo's painting is known from a copy by Aristotole da Sangallo, 1542. [66] Leonardo's painting is known only from preparatory sketches and several copies of the centre section, of which the best known, and probably least accurate, is by Peter Paul Rubens . [67]
 15. ^ Pope Leo X is quoted as saying, "This man will never accomplish anything! He thinks of the end before the beginning!" [73]
 16. ^ It is unknown for what occasion the mechanical lion was made, but it is believed to have greeted the king at his entry into Lyon and perhaps was used for the peace talks between the French king and Pope Leo X in Bologna. A conjectural recreation of the lion has been made and is on display in the Museum of Bologna. [79]
 17. ^ Identified via its similarity to Leonardo's presumed self-portrait[82]
 18. ^ "... Messer Lunardo Vinci [ sic ] ... an old graybeard of more than 70 years ... showed His Excellency three pictures ... from whom, since he was then subject to a certain paralysis of the right hand, one could not expect any more good work." [83]
 19. ^ This scene is portrayed in romantic paintings by Ingres , Ménageot and other French artists, as well as Angelica Kauffman .
 20. ^ a b On the day of Leonardo's death, a royal edict was issued by the king at Saint-Germain-en-Laye , a two-day journey from Clos Lucé. This has been taken as evidence that King Francis cannot have been present at Leonardo's deathbed, but the edict was not signed by the king. [90]
 21. ^ Each of the sixty paupers were to have been awarded in accord with Leonardo's will. [50]
 22. ^ These qualities of Leonardo's works are discussed in Hartt (1970 , pp. 387–411)
 23. ^ The painting, which in the 18th century belonged to Angelica Kauffman , was later cut up. The two main sections were found in a junk shop and cobbler's shop and were reunited. [108] It is probable that outer parts of the composition are missing.
 24. ^ This work is now in the collection of the Uffizi , Drawing No. 8P.
 25. ^ The "Grecian profile" has a continuous straight line from forehead to nose-tip, the bridge of the nose being exceptionally high. It is a feature of many Classical Greek statues.
 26. ^ He also drew with his left hand, his hatch strokes "slanting down from left to right—the natural stroke of a left-handed artist". [132] He also sometimes wrote conventionally with his right hand. [133]
 27. ^ Salvator Mundi , a painting by Leonardo depicting Jesus holding an orb, sold for a world record US$450.3 million at a Christie's auction in New York, 15 November 2017. [167] The highest known sale price for any artwork was previously US$300 million, for Willem de Kooning 's Interchange , which was sold privately in September 2015. [168] The highest price previously paid for a work of art at auction was for Pablo Picasso 's Les Femmes d'Alger , which sold for US$179.4 million in May 2015 at Christie's New York. [168]

 Dates of works

 1. ^ The Adoration of the Magi
 + Kemp (2019, p. 27): c. 1481–1482
 + Marani (2003, p. 338): 1481
 + Syson et al. (2011, p. 56): c. 1480–1482
 + Zöllner (2019, p. 222): 1481/1482
 2. ^ Virgin of the Rocks (Louvre version)
 + Kemp (2019, p. 41): c. 1483–1493
 + Marani (2003, p. 339): between 1483 and 1486
 + Syson et al. (2011, p. 164): 1483–c. 1485
 + Zöllner (2019, p. 223): 1483–1484/1485
 3. ^ Saint John the Baptist
 + Kemp (2019, p. 189): c. 1507–1514
 + Marani (2003, p. 340): c. 1508
 + Syson et al. (2011, p. 63): c. 1500 onwards
 + Zöllner (2019, p. 248): c. 1508–1516
 4. ^ The Annunciation
 + Kemp (2019, p. 6): c. 1473–1474
 + Marani (2003, p. 338): c. 1472–1475
 + Syson et al. (2011, p. 15): c. 1472–1476
 + Zöllner (2019, p. 216): c. 1473–1475
 5. ^ Saint Jerome in the Wilderness
 + Kemp (2019, p. 31): c. 1481–1482
 + Marani (2003, p. 338): probably c. 1480
 + Syson et al. (2011, p. 139): c. 1488–1490
 + Zöllner (2019, p. 221): c. 1480–1482
 6. ^ Lady with an Ermine
 + Kemp (2019, p. 49): c. 1491
 + Marani (2003, p. 339): 1489–1490
 + Syson et al. (2011, p. 111): c. 1489–1490
 + Zöllner (2019, p. 226): 1489/1490
 7. ^ The Last Supper
 + Kemp (2019, p. 67): c. 1495–1497
 + Marani (2003, p. 339): between 1494 and 1498
 + Syson et al. (2011, p. 252): 1492–1497/1498
 + Zöllner (2019, p. 230): c. 1495–1498
 8. ^ Mona Lisa
 + Kemp (2019, p. 127): c. 1503–1515
 + Marani (2003, p. 340): c. 1503–1504; 1513–1514
 + Syson et al. (2011, p. 48): c. 1502 onward
 + Zöllner (2019, p. 240): c. 1503–1506; 1510

 References

 Citations

 Early

 1. ^ Vasari 1991 , p. 287
 2. ^ Vasari 1991 , pp. 287–289
 3. ^ a b c Vasari 1991 , p. 293
 4. ^ Vasari 1991 , p. 297
 5. ^ Vasari 1991 , p. 284
 6. ^ Vasari 1991 , p. 286
 7. ^ a b Vasari 1991 , p. 290
 8. ^ Vasari 1991 , pp. 289–291
 9. ^ Vasari 1991 , p. 294
 10. ^ Vasari 1965 , p. 266
 11. ^ Vasari 1965 , p. 255

 Modern

 1. ^ "A portrait of Leonardo c.1515–18". Royal Collection Trust. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020 . Retrieved 26 September 2020 .
 2. ^ a b Zöllner 2019 , p. 20.
 3. ^ a b c d e f g Kemp 2003 .
 4. ^ a b c d Heydenreich 2020 .
 5. ^ Zöllner 2019 , p. 250.
 6. ^ Kaplan, Erez (1996). "Roberto Guatelli's Controversial Replica of Leonardo da Vinci's Adding Machine". Archived from the original on 29 May 2011 . Retrieved 19 August 2013 .
 7. ^ Kaplan, E. (April 1997). "Anecdotes". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 19 (2): 62–69. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1997.586074. ISSN 1058-6180.
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 155. ^ a b c Gardner, Helen (1970). Art through the Ages. pp. 450–56.
 156. ^ See the quotations from the following authors, in section "Fame and reputation": Vasari, Boltraffio, Castiglione, "Anonimo" Gaddiano, Berensen, Taine, Fuseli, Rio, Bortolon.
 157. ^ Rosci 1977 , p. 8.
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 159. ^ "Anonimo Gaddiani", elaborating on Libro di Antonio Billi , 1537–1542
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 161. ^ Rio, A.E. (1861). "L'art chrétien" (in French) . Retrieved 19 May 2021 .
 162. ^ Taine, Hippolyte (1866). "Voyage en Italie" (in Italian). Paris, Hachette et cie . Retrieved 19 May 2021 .
 163. ^ Berenson, Bernard (1896). The Italian Painters of the Renaissance.
 164. ^ Henneberger, Melinda. "ArtNews article about current studies into Leonardo's life and works". Art News Online. Archived from the original on 5 May 2006 . Retrieved 10 January 2010 .
 165. ^ Marmor, Max. "The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana." The Book Collector 38, no. 3 (Autumn 1989): 1–23.
 166. ^ Italie, Hillel (7 January 2018). "NonFiction: Biography honors 'fun, joyous' sides of genius da Vinci". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Associated Press. p. G6.
 167. ^ Crow, Kelly (16 November 2017). "Leonardo da Vinci Painting 'Salvator Mundi' Sells for $450.3 Million". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 .
 168. ^ a b Leonardo da Vinci painting 'Salvator Mundi' sold for record $450.3 million, Fox News , 16 November 2017
 169. ^ "Leonardo da Vinci's Unexamined Life as a Painter". The Atlantic. 1 December 2019 . Retrieved 1 December 2019 .
 170. ^ "Louvre exhibit has most da Vinci paintings ever assembled". Aleteia. 1 December 2019 . Retrieved 1 December 2019 .
 171. ^ Turner 1993 , p. 3.
 172. ^ Vitruvian Man is referred to as "iconic" at the following websites and many others: Vitruvian Man , Fine Art Classics Archived 9 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine , Key Images in the History of Science ; Curiosity and difference at the Wayback Machine (archived 30 January 2009); "The Guardian: The Real da Vinci Code"
 173. ^ Turner, Ben (6 July 2021). "Scientists may have cracked the mystery of da Vinci's DNA". Live Science . Retrieved 9 July 2021 .
 174. ^ a b c d e Nicholl 2005 , p. 502 .
 175. ^ a b Isaacson 2017 , p. 515.
 176. ^ a b c d e Montard, Nicolas (30 April 2019). "Léonard de Vinci est-il vraiment enterré au château d'Amboise?" [Is Leonardo da Vinci really buried at the Château d'Amboise?]. Ouest-France (in French) . Retrieved 4 May 2019 .
 177. ^ Heaton 1874 , p. 204 , "The skeleton, which measured five feet eight inches, accords with the height of Leonardo da Vinci. The skull might have served for the model of the portrait Leonardo drew of himself in red chalk a few years before his death.".
 178. ^ a b c Knapton, Sarah (5 May 2016). "Leonardo da Vinci paintings analysed for DNA to solve grave mystery". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 .
 179. ^ Newman, Lily Hay (6 May 2016). "Researchers Are Planning to Sequence Leonardo da Vinci's 500-Year-Old Genome". Slate Magazine . Retrieved 4 May 2019 .
 180. ^ Messia, Hada; Robinson, Matthew (30 April 2019). "Leonardo da Vinci's 'hair' to undergo DNA testing". CNN . Retrieved 3 May 2019 .

 Works cited

 Early

 * Anonimo Gaddiano (c. 1530). "Leonardo da Vinci". Codice Magliabechiano. in Lives of Leonardo da Vinci (Lives of the Artists). Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. 2019. pp. 103–114. ISBN 978-1-60606-621-8.
 * Giovio, Paolo (c. 1527). "The Life of Leonardo da Vinci". Elogia virorum illustrium. in Lives of Leonardo da Vinci (Lives of the Artists). Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. 2019. pp. 103–114. ISBN 978-1-60606-621-8.
 * Vasari, Giorgio (1965) [1568]. "The Life of Leonardo da Vinci". Lives of the Artists. Translated by George Bull. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044164-2.
 * —— (1991) [1568]. The Lives of the Artists. Oxford World's Classics. Translated by Bondanella, Peter; Bondanella, Julia Conway. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-283410-X.

 Modern

 Books

 * Arasse, Daniel [in French] (1998). Leonardo da Vinci. Old Saybrook: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-198-5.
 * Bambach, Carmen C., ed. (2003). Leonardo da Vinci, Master Draftsman. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-300-09878-5.
 * Bambach, Carmen C. (2019). Leonardo da Vinci Rediscovered. Vol. 1, The Making of an Artist: 1452–1500. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-19195-0.
 * Bortolon, Liana (1967). The Life and Times of Leonardo. London: Paul Hamlyn.
 * Brown, David Alan (1998). Leonardo Da Vinci: Origins of a Genius. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07246-4.
 * Capra, Fritjof (2007). The Science of Leonardo. US: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-51390-6.
 * Ottino della Chiesa, Angela (1985) [1967]. The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci. Penguin Classics of World Art. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-008649-2.
 * Clark, Kenneth (1961). Leonardo da Vinci. City of Westminster: Penguin Books. OCLC 187223.
 * Gasca, Ana Millàn; Nicolò, Fernando; Lucertini, Mario (2004). Technological Concepts and Mathematical Models in the Evolution of Modern Engineering Systems. Birkhauser. ISBN 978-3-7643-6940-8.
 * Hartt, Frederich (1970). A History of Italian Renaissance Art. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-23136-4.
 * Heaton, Mary Margaret (1874). Leonardo Da Vinci and His Works: Consisting of a Life of Leonardo Da Vinci. New York: Macmillan Publishers. OCLC 1706262.
 * Isaacson, Walter (2017). Leonardo da Vinci. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-3915-4.
 * Kemp, Martin (2006) [1981]. Leonardo Da Vinci: The Marvellous Works of Nature and Man. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920778-7.
 * Kemp, Martin (2011) [2004]. Leonardo (Revised ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280644-4.
 * Kemp, Martin; Pallanti, Giuseppe (2017). Mona Lisa: The People and the Painting. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-874990-5.
 * Kemp, Martin (2019). Leonardo da Vinci: The 100 Milestones. New York: Sterling. ISBN 978-1-4549-3042-6.
 * Magnano, Milena (2007). Leonardo, collana I Geni dell'arte. Mondadori Arte. ISBN 978-88-370-6432-7.
 * Marani, Pietro C. (2003) [2000]. Leonardo da Vinci: The Complete Paintings. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-8109-3581-5.
 * Martindale, Andrew (1972). The Rise of the Artist. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-56006-8.
 * Nicholl, Charles (2005). Leonardo da Vinci: The Flights of the Mind. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-029681-5.
 * O'Malley, Charles D.; Sounders, J.B. de C.M. (1952). Leonardo on the Human Body: The Anatomical, Physiological, and Embryological Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. With Translations, Emendations and a Biographical Introduction. New York: Henry Schuman.
 * Pedretti, Carlo (1982). Leonardo, a study in chronology and style. Cambridge: Johnson Reprint Corp. ISBN 978-0-384-45281-7.
 * Pedretti, Carlo (2006). Leonardo da Vinci. Surrey: Taj Books International. ISBN 978-1-84406-036-8.
 * Popham, A.E. (1946). The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-224-60462-8.
 * Richter, Jean Paul (1970). The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci. Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-22572-2. volume 2: ISBN 0-486-22573-9. A reprint of the original 1883 edition
 * Rosci, Marco (1977). Leonardo. Bay Books Pty Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85835-176-9.
 * Syson, Luke; Keith, Larry; Galansino, Arturo; Mazzotta, Antoni; Nethersole, Scott; Rumberg, Per (2011). Leonardo da Vinci: Painter at the Court of Milan. London: National Gallery. ISBN 978-1-85709-491-6.
 * Turner, A. Richard (1993). Inventing Leonardo. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-520-08938-9.
 * Wallace, Robert (1972) [1966]. The World of Leonardo: 1452–1519. New York: Time-Life Books.
 * Wasserman, Jack (1975). Leonardo da Vinci. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-8109-0262-6.
 * Williamson, Hugh Ross (1974). Lorenzo the Magnificent. Michael Joseph. ISBN 978-0-7181-1204-2.
 * Vezzosi, Alessandro (1997). Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Man. 'New Horizons' series. Translated by Bonfante-Warren, Alexandra (English translation ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-30081-7.
 * Zöllner, Frank (2015). Leonardo (2nd ed.). Cologne: Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8365-0215-3.
 * Zöllner, Frank (2019) [2003]. Leonardo da Vinci: The Complete Paintings and Drawings (Anniversary ed.). Cologne: Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8365-7625-3.

 Journals and encyclopedia articles

 * Brown, David Alan (1983). "Leonardo and the Idealized Portrait in Milan". Arte Lombarda. 64 (4): 102–116. JSTOR 43105426. (subscription required)
 * Colvin, Sidney (1911). "Leonardo da Vinci" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. 444–454.
 * Cremante, Simona (2005). Leonardo da Vinci: Artist, Scientist, Inventor. Giunti. ISBN 978-88-09-03891-2.
 * Giacomelli, Raffaele (1936). Gli scritti di Leonardo da Vinci sul volo. Roma: G. Bardi.
 * Heydenreich, Ludwig Heinrich (28 April 2020). "Leonardo da Vinci | Biography, Art & Facts | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
 * Kemp, Martin (2003). "Leonardo da Vinci". Grove Art Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T050401. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
 * Lupia, John N. (Summer 1994). "The Secret Revealed: How to Look at Italian Renaissance Painting". Medieval and Renaissance Times. 1 (2): 6–17. ISSN 1075-2110.

 Further reading

 See Kemp (2003) and Bambach (2019, pp. 442–579) for extensive bibliographies

 * Vanna, Arrighi; Bellinazzi, Anna; Villata, Edoardo, eds. (2005). Leonardo da Vinci: la vera immagine: documenti e testimonianze sulla vita e sull'opera [Leonardo da Vinci: the true image: documents and testimonies on life and work] (in Italian). Florence: Giunti Editore. ISBN 978-88-09-04519-4.
 * Vecce, Carlo (2006). Leonardo (in Italian). Foreword by Carlo Pedretti. Rome: Salerno. ISBN 978-88-8402-548-7.
 * Winternitz, Emanuel (1982). Leonardo da Vinci As a Musician. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-02631-3.
 * Leonardo da Vinci: anatomical drawings from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1983. ISBN 978-0-87099-362-6.

 External links

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 General
 * Universal Leonardo, a database of Leonardo's life and works maintained by Martin Kemp and Marina Wallace
 * Leonardo da Vinci on the National Gallery website
 Works
 * Biblioteca Leonardiana, online bibliography (in Italian)
 * e-Leo: Archivio digitale di storia della tecnica e della scienza, archive of drawings, notes and manuscripts
 * Works by Leonardo da Vinci at Project Gutenberg
 * Works by Leonardo da Vinci at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
 * Complete text and images of Richter's translation of the Notebooks
 * The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci
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 Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa
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 On screen * City of Death (1979) 
 * Mona Lisa Descending a Staircase (1992) 
 * Mona Lisa's Revenge (2009) 
 * Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery (2022) 
 * Mona Lisa (1915 opera) 
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 Music * "Lisa Mona Lisa" (1988 song) 
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Leonardo da Vinci       This portrait attributed to Francesco Melzi, c. 1515–1518, is the only certain contemporary depiction of Leonardo. [1]   [2]      Born  Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci 15 April 1452  (possibly Anchiano), [a]  Vinci, Republic of Florence      Died 2 May 1519 (aged 67)   Clos Lucé, Amboise, Kingdom of France      Education Studio of Andrea del Verrocchio    Known for    Painting drawing engineering anatomical studies hydrology botany optics geology      Notable work  
   Virgin of the Rocks  (c. 1483–1493)
  Lady with an Ermine  (c. 1489–1491)
  The Vitruvian Man  (c. 1490)
  The Last Supper  (c. 1495–1498)
  Mona Lisa  (c. 1503–1516) 
    Movement  High Renaissance    Family  Da Vinci family    Signature         
 Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci  [b]  (15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. [3]  While his fame initially rested on his achievements as a painter, he also became known for his notebooks, in which he made drawings and notes on a variety of subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and paleontology. Leonardo is widely regarded to have been a genius who epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal, [4]  and his collective works comprise a contribution to later generations of artists matched only by that of his younger contemporary, Michelangelo. [3]   [4] 
 Born out of wedlock to a successful notary and a lower-class woman in, or near, Vinci, he was educated in Florence by the Italian painter and sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio. He began his career in the city, but then spent much time in the service of Ludovico Sforza in Milan. Later, he worked in Florence and Milan again, as well as briefly in Rome, all while attracting a large following of imitators and students. Upon the invitation of Francis I, he spent his last three years in France, where he died in 1519. Since his death, there has not been a time where his achievements, diverse interests, personal life, and empirical thinking have failed to incite interest and admiration, [3]   [4]  making him a frequent namesake and subject in culture. 
 Leonardo is identified as one of the greatest painters in the history of art and is often credited as the founder of the High Renaissance. [3]  Despite having many lost works and fewer than 25 attributed major works—including numerous unfinished works—he created some of the most influential paintings in Western art. [3]  His magnum opus, the  Mona Lisa , is his best known work and often regarded as the world's most famous painting.  The Last Supper  is the most reproduced religious painting of all time and his  Vitruvian Man  drawing is also regarded as a cultural icon. In 2017,  Salvator Mundi , attributed in whole or part to Leonardo, [5]  was sold at auction for US$450.3 million, setting a new record for the most expensive painting ever sold at public auction.
 Revered for his technological ingenuity, he conceptualized flying machines, a type of armored fighting vehicle, concentrated solar power, a ratio machine that could be used in an adding machine, [6]   [7]  and the double hull. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or were even feasible during his lifetime, as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance. Some of his smaller inventions, however, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire. He made substantial discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, hydrodynamics, geology, optics, and tribology, but he did not publish his findings and they had little to no direct influence on subsequent science. [8] 
Biography
Early life (1452–1472)
Birth and background
      The possible birthplace and childhood home of Leonardo in Anchiano, Vinci, Italy  
Leonardo da Vinci, [b]  properly named Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (Leonardo, son of ser Piero from Vinci), [9]   [10]   [c]  was born on 15 April 1452 in, or close to, the Tuscan hill town of Vinci, 20 miles from Florence. [11]   [12]   [d]  He was born out of wedlock to Piero da Vinci (Ser Piero da Vinci d'Antonio di ser Piero di ser Guido; 1426–1504), [16]  a Florentine legal notary, [11]  and Caterina di Meo Lippi (c. 1434 – 1494), from the lower-class. [17]   [18]   [e]  It remains uncertain where Leonardo was born; the traditional account, from a local oral tradition recorded by the historian Emanuele Repetti, [21]  is that he was born in Anchiano, a country hamlet that would have offered sufficient privacy for the illegitimate birth, though it is still possible he was born in a house in Florence that Ser Piero almost certainly had. [22]   [a]  Leonardo's parents both married separately the year after his birth. Caterina—who later appears in Leonardo's notes as only "Caterina" or "Catelina"—is usually identified as the Caterina Buti del Vacca who married the local artisan Antonio di Piero Buti del Vacca, nicknamed "L'Accattabriga", '"the quarrelsome one"'. [17]   [21]  Ser Piero married Albiera Amadori—having been betrothed to her the previous year—and after her death in 1464, went on to have three subsequent marriages. [21]   [23]   [f]  From all the marriages, Leonardo eventually had 16 half-siblings (of whom 11 survived infancy) [24]  who were much younger than he (the last was born when Leonardo was 46 years old) [24]  and with whom he had very little contact. [g] 
 Very little is known about Leonardo's childhood and much is shrouded in myth, partially because of his biography in the frequently apocryphal  Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects  (1550) by the 16th-century art historian Giorgio Vasari. [27]   [28]  Tax records indicate that by at least 1457 he lived in the household of his paternal grandfather, Antonio da Vinci, [11]  but it is possible that he spent the years before then in the care of his mother in Vinci, either Anchiano or Campo Zeppi in the parish of San Pantaleone. [29]   [30]  He is thought to have been close to his uncle, Francesco da Vinci, [3]  but his father was probably in Florence most of the time. [11]  Ser Piero, who was the descendant of a long line of notaries, established an official residence in Florence by at least 1469 and had a successful career. [11]  Despite his family history, Leonardo only received a basic and informal education in (vernacular) writing, reading and mathematics, possibly because his artistic talents were recognised early, so his family decided to focus their attention there. [11] 
 Later in life, Leonardo recorded his earliest memory, now in the Codex Atlanticus. [31]  While writing on the flight of birds, he recalled as an infant when a kite came to his cradle and opened his mouth with its tail; commentators still debate whether the anecdote was an actual memory or a fantasy. [32] 
Verrocchio's workshop
     
In the mid-1460s, Leonardo's family moved to Florence, which at the time was the centre of Christian Humanist thought and culture. [33]  Around the age of 14, [25]  he became a garzone (studio boy) in the workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio, who was the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his time. [33]  This was about the time of the death of Verrocchio's master, the great sculptor Donatello. [h]  Leonardo became an apprentice by the age of 17 and remained in training for seven years. [35]  Other famous painters apprenticed in the workshop or associated with it include Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, and Lorenzo di Credi. [36]   [37]  Leonardo was exposed to both theoretical training and a wide range of technical skills, [38]  including drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics, and woodwork, as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting, and modelling. [39]   [i] 
 Leonardo was a contemporary of Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Perugino, who were all slightly older than he was. [40]  He would have met them at the workshop of Verrocchio or at the Platonic Academy of the Medici. [36]  Florence was ornamented by the works of artists such as Donatello's contemporaries Masaccio, whose figurative frescoes were imbued with realism and emotion, and Ghiberti, whose  Gates of Paradise , gleaming with gold leaf, displayed the art of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds. Piero della Francesca had made a detailed study of perspective, [41]  and was the first painter to make a scientific study of light. These studies and Leon Battista Alberti's treatise  De pictura  were to have a profound effect on younger artists and in particular on Leonardo's own observations and artworks. [34]   [42] 
 Much of the painting in Verrocchio's workshop was done by his assistants. According to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his  The Baptism of Christ , painting the young angel holding Jesus' robe in a manner that was so far superior to his master's that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again, [‡ 1]  although this is believed to be an apocryphal story. [14]  Close examination reveals areas of the work that have been painted or touched-up over the tempera, using the new technique of oil paint, including the landscape, the rocks seen through the brown mountain stream, and much of the figure of Jesus, bearing witness to the hand of Leonardo. [43]  Leonardo may have been the model for two works by Verrocchio: the bronze statue of  David  in the Bargello, and the Archangel Raphael in  Tobias and the Angel . [14] 
 Vasari tells a story of Leonardo as a very young man: a local peasant made himself a round shield and requested that Ser Piero have it painted for him. Leonardo, inspired by the story of Medusa, responded with a painting of a monster spitting fire that was so terrifying that his father bought a different shield to give to the peasant and sold Leonardo's to a Florentine art dealer for 100 ducats, who in turn sold it to the Duke of Milan. [‡ 2] 
First Florentine period (1472–c. 1482)
       Adoration of the Magi c. 1478–1482, [d 1]  Uffizi, Florence  
By 1472, at the age of 20, Leonardo qualified as a master in the Guild of Saint Luke, the guild of artists and doctors of medicine, [j]  but even after his father set him up in his own workshop, his attachment to Verrocchio was such that he continued to collaborate and live with him. [36]   [44]  Leonardo's earliest known dated work is a 1473 pen-and-ink drawing of the Arno valley (see below). [37]   [45]   [k]  According to Vasari, the young Leonardo was the first to suggest making the Arno river a navigable channel between Florence and Pisa. [46] 
 In January 1478, Leonardo received an independent commission to paint an altarpiece for the Chapel of Saint Bernard in the Palazzo Vecchio, [47]  an indication of his independence from Verrocchio's studio. An anonymous early biographer, known as Anonimo Gaddiano, claims that in 1480 Leonardo was living with the Medici and often worked in the garden of the Piazza San Marco, Florence, where a Neoplatonic academy of artists, poets and philosophers organized by the Medici met. [14]   [l]  In March 1481, he received a commission from the monks of San Donato in Scopeto for  The Adoration of the Magi . [48]  Neither of these initial commissions were completed, being abandoned when Leonardo went to offer his services to Duke of Milan Ludovico Sforza. Leonardo wrote Sforza a letter which described the diverse things that he could achieve in the fields of engineering and weapon design, and mentioned that he could paint. [37]   [49]  He brought with him a silver string instrument—either a lute or lyre—in the form of a horse's head. [49] 
 With Alberti, Leonardo visited the home of the Medici and through them came to know the older Humanist philosophers of whom Marsiglio Ficino, proponent of Neoplatonism; Cristoforo Landino, writer of commentaries on Classical writings, and John Argyropoulos, teacher of Greek and translator of Aristotle were the foremost. Also associated with the Platonic Academy of the Medici was Leonardo's contemporary, the brilliant young poet and philosopher Pico della Mirandola. [40]   [42]   [50]  In 1482, Leonardo was sent as an ambassador by Lorenzo de' Medici to Ludovico il Moro, who ruled Milan between 1479 and 1499. [40]   [14] 
	       
	 
	     
	 Landscape of the Arno Valley (1473)
	 
	       
	 
	 
First Milanese period (c. 1482–1499)
     
Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499. He was commissioned to paint the  Virgin of the Rocks  for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception and  The Last Supper  for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie. [51]  In the spring of 1485, Leonardo travelled to Hungary (on behalf of Sforza) to meet king Matthias Corvinus, and was commissioned by him to paint a Madonna. [52]  In 1490 he was called as a consultant, together with Francesco di Giorgio Martini, for the building site of the cathedral of Pavia  [53]   [54]  and was struck by the equestrian statue of Regisole, of which he left a sketch. [55]  Leonardo was employed on many other projects for Sforza, such as preparation of floats and pageants for special occasions; a drawing of, and wooden model for, a competition to design the cupola for Milan Cathedral; [56]  and a model for a huge equestrian monument to Ludovico's predecessor Francesco Sforza. This would have surpassed in size the only two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance, Donatello's  Gattamelata  in Padua and Verrocchio's  Bartolomeo Colleoni  in Venice, and became known as the  Gran Cavallo . [37]  Leonardo completed a model for the horse and made detailed plans for its casting, [37]  but in November 1494, Ludovico gave the metal to his brother-in-law to be used for a cannon to defend the city from Charles VIII of France. [37] 
 
Contemporary correspondence records that Leonardo and his assistants were commissioned by the Duke of Milan to paint the Sala delle Asse in the Sforza Castle. The decoration was completed in 1498. The project became a trompe-l'œil decoration that made the great hall appear to be a pergola created by the interwoven limbs of sixteen mulberry trees, [57]  whose canopy included an intricate labyrinth of leaves and knots on the ceiling. [58]  
	       
	       
	 
	       
	       
	 
Second Florentine period (1500–1508)
     
When Ludovico Sforza was overthrown by France in 1500, Leonardo fled Milan for Venice, accompanied by his assistant Salaì and friend, the mathematician Luca Pacioli. [60]  In Venice, Leonardo was employed as a military architect and engineer, devising methods to defend the city from naval attack. [36]  On his return to Florence in 1500, he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of Santissima Annunziata and were provided with a workshop where, according to Vasari, Leonardo created the cartoon of  The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist , a work that won such admiration that "men [and] women, young and old" flocked to see it "as if they were going to a solemn festival." [‡ 3]   [m] 
 In Cesena in 1502, Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, acting as a military architect and engineer and travelling throughout Italy with his patron. [60]  Leonardo created a map of Cesare Borgia's stronghold, a town plan of Imola in order to win his patronage. Upon seeing it, Cesare hired Leonardo as his chief military engineer and architect. Later in the year, Leonardo produced another map for his patron, one of Chiana Valley, Tuscany, so as to give his patron a better overlay of the land and greater strategic position. He created this map in conjunction with his other project of constructing a dam from the sea to Florence, in order to allow a supply of water to sustain the canal during all seasons.
 Leonardo had left Borgia's service and returned to Florence by early 1503, [62]  where he rejoined the Guild of Saint Luke on 18 October of that year. By this same month, Leonardo had begun working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the model for the  Mona Lisa , [63]   [64]  which he would continue working on until his twilight years. In January 1504, he was part of a committee formed to recommend where Michelangelo's statue of  David  should be placed. [65]  He then spent two years in Florence designing and painting a mural of  The Battle of Anghiari  for the Signoria, [60]  with Michelangelo designing its companion piece,  The Battle of Cascina . [n] 
 In 1506, Leonardo was summoned to Milan by Charles II d'Amboise, the acting French governor of the city. [68]  There, Leonardo took on another pupil, Count Francesco Melzi, the son of a Lombard aristocrat, who is considered to have been his favourite student. [36]  The Council of Florence wished Leonardo to return promptly to finish The Battle of Anghiari, but he was given leave at the behest of Louis XII, who considered commissioning the artist to make some portraits. [68]  Leonardo may have commenced a project for an equestrian figure of d'Amboise; [69]  a wax model survives and, if genuine, is the only extant example of Leonardo's sculpture. Leonardo was otherwise free to pursue his scientific interests. [68]  Many of Leonardo's most prominent pupils either knew or worked with him in Milan, [36]  including Bernardino Luini, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio, and Marco d'Oggiono. In 1507, Leonardo was in Florence sorting out a dispute with his brothers over the estate of his father, who had died in 1504.
	       
	 
	 
	       
	 
Second Milanese period (1508–1513)
By 1508, Leonardo was back in Milan, living in his own house in Porta Orientale in the parish of Santa Babila. [70] 
 In 1512, Leonardo was working on plans for an equestrian monument for Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, but this was prevented by an invasion of a confederation of Swiss, Spanish and Venetian forces, which drove the French from Milan. Leonardo stayed in the city, spending several months in 1513 at the Medici's Vaprio d'Adda villa. [71] 
Rome and France (1513–1519)
      An apocalyptic deluge drawn in black chalk by Leonardo near the end of his life (part of a series of 10, paired with written description in his notebooks) [72]    
In March 1513, Lorenzo de' Medici's son Giovanni assumed the papacy (as Leo X); Leonardo went to Rome that September, where he was received by the pope's brother Giuliano. [71]  From September 1513 to 1516, Leonardo spent much of his time living in the Belvedere Courtyard in the Apostolic Palace, where Michelangelo and Raphael were both active. [70]  Leonardo was given an allowance of 33 ducats a month, and according to Vasari, decorated a lizard with scales dipped in quicksilver. [73]  The pope gave him a painting commission of unknown subject matter, but cancelled it when the artist set about developing a new kind of varnish. [73]   [o]  Leonardo became ill, in what may have been the first of multiple strokes leading to his death. [73]  He practiced botany in the Gardens of Vatican City, and was commissioned to make plans for the pope's proposed draining of the Pontine Marshes. [74]  He also dissected cadavers, making notes for a treatise on vocal cords; [75]  these he gave to an official in hopes of regaining the pope's favor, but was unsuccessful. [73] 
 In October 1515, King Francis I of France recaptured Milan. [48]  Leonardo was present at the 19 December meeting of Francis I and Leo X, which took place in Bologna. [36]   [76]   [77]  In 1516, Leonardo entered Francis' service, being given the use of the manor house Clos Lucé, near the king's residence at the royal Château d'Amboise. Being frequently visited by Francis, he drew plans for an immense castle town the king intended to erect at Romorantin, and made a mechanical lion, which during a pageant walked toward the king and—upon being struck by a wand—opened its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies. [78]   [‡ 3]   [p]  Leonardo was accompanied during this time by his friend and apprentice Francesco Melzi, and supported by a pension totalling 10,000 scudi. [70]  At some point, Melzi drew a portrait of Leonardo; the only others known from his lifetime were a sketch by an unknown assistant on the back of one of Leonardo's studies (c. 1517) [80]  and a drawing by Giovanni Ambrogio Figino depicting an elderly Leonardo with his right arm wrapped in clothing. [81]   [q]  The latter, in addition to the record of an October 1517 visit by Louis d'Aragon, [r]  confirms an account of Leonardo's right hand being paralytic when he was 65, [84]  which may indicate why he left works such as the Mona Lisa unfinished. [82]   [85]   [86]  He continued to work at some capacity until eventually becoming ill and bedridden for several months. [84] 
Death
     
Leonardo died at Clos Lucé on 2 May 1519 at the age of 67, possibly of a stroke. [87]   [86]   [88]  Francis I had become a close friend. Vasari describes Leonardo as lamenting on his deathbed, full of repentance, that "he had offended against God and men by failing to practice his art as he should have done." [89]  Vasari states that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the Holy Sacrament. [‡ 4]  Vasari also records that the king held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died, although this story may be legend rather than fact. [s]   [t]  In accordance with his will, sixty beggars carrying tapers followed Leonardo's casket. [50]   [u]  Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving, as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library and personal effects. Leonardo's other long-time pupil and companion, Salaì, and his servant Baptista de Vilanis, each received half of Leonardo's vineyards. [91]  His brothers received land, and his serving woman received a fur-lined cloak. On 12 August 1519, Leonardo's remains were interred in the Collegiate Church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise. [92] 
  Salaì, or Il Salaino ("The Little Unclean One", i.e., the devil), entered Leonardo's household in 1490 as an assistant. After only a year, Leonardo made a list of his misdemeanours, calling him "a thief, a liar, stubborn, and a glutton," after he had made off with money and valuables on at least five occasions and spent a fortune on clothes. [93]  Nevertheless, Leonardo treated him with great indulgence, and he remained in Leonardo's household for the next thirty years. [94]  Salaì executed a number of paintings under the name of Andrea Salaì, but although Vasari claims that Leonardo "taught him many things about painting," [‡ 3]  his work is generally considered to be of less artistic merit than others among Leonardo's pupils, such as Marco d'Oggiono and Boltraffio.
 Salaì owned the Mona Lisa at the time of Leonardo's death in 1524, and in his will it was assessed at 505 lire, an exceptionally high valuation for a small panel portrait. [95]  Some 20 years after Leonardo's death, Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benvenuto Cellini as saying: "There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher." [96] 
Personal life
     
Despite the thousands of pages Leonardo left in notebooks and manuscripts, he scarcely made reference to his personal life. [2] 
 Within Leonardo's lifetime, his extraordinary powers of invention, his "great physical beauty" and "infinite grace," as described by Vasari, [‡ 5]  as well as all other aspects of his life, attracted the curiosity of others. One such aspect was his love for animals, likely including vegetarianism and according to Vasari, a habit of purchasing caged birds and releasing them. [98]   [‡ 6] 
 Leonardo had many friends who are now notable either in their fields or for their historical significance, including mathematician Luca Pacioli, [99]  with whom he collaborated on the book  Divina proportione  in the 1490s. Leonardo appears to have had no close relationships with women except for his friendship with Cecilia Gallerani and the two Este sisters, Beatrice and Isabella. [100]  While on a journey that took him through Mantua, he drew a portrait of Isabella that appears to have been used to create a painted portrait, now lost. [36] 
 
Beyond friendship, Leonardo kept his private life secret. His sexuality has been the subject of satire, analysis, and speculation. This trend began in the mid-16th century and was revived in the 19th and 20th centuries, most notably by Sigmund Freud in his  Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood . [101]  Leonardo's most intimate relationships were perhaps with his pupils Salaì and Melzi. Melzi, writing to inform Leonardo's brothers of his death, described Leonardo's feelings for his pupils as both loving and passionate. It has been claimed since the 16th century that these relationships were of a sexual or erotic nature. Court records of 1476, when he was aged twenty-four, show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with sodomy in an incident involving a well-known male prostitute. The charges were dismissed for lack of evidence, and there is speculation that since one of the accused, Lionardo de Tornabuoni, was related to Lorenzo de' Medici, the family exerted its influence to secure the dismissal. [102]  Since that date much has been written about his presumed homosexuality [103]  and its role in his art, particularly in the androgyny and eroticism manifested in  Saint John the Baptist  and  Bacchus  and more explicitly in a number of erotic drawings. [104]   [97]  
Paintings
Despite the recent awareness and admiration of Leonardo as a scientist and inventor, for the better part of four hundred years his fame rested on his achievements as a painter. A handful of works that are either authenticated or attributed to him have been regarded as among the great masterpieces. These paintings are famous for a variety of qualities that have been much imitated by students and discussed at great length by connoisseurs and critics. By the 1490s Leonardo had already been described as a "Divine" painter. [105] 
 Among the qualities that make Leonardo's work unique are his innovative techniques for laying on the paint; his detailed knowledge of anatomy, light, botany and geology; his interest in physiognomy and the way humans register emotion in expression and gesture; his innovative use of the human form in figurative composition; and his use of subtle gradation of tone. All these qualities come together in his most famous painted works, the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, and the Virgin of the Rocks. [v] 
Early works
        Annunciation  c. 1472–1476, [d 4]  Uffizi, is thought to be Leonardo's earliest extant and complete major work.  
Leonardo first gained attention for his work on the  Baptism of Christ , painted in conjunction with Verrocchio. Two other paintings appear to date from his time at Verrocchio's workshop, both of which are Annunciations. One is small, 59 centimetres (23 in) long and 14 cm (5.5 in) high. It is a "predella" to go at the base of a larger composition, a painting by Lorenzo di Credi from which it has become separated. The other is a much larger work, 217 cm (85 in) long. [106]  In both Annunciations, Leonardo used a formal arrangement, like two well-known pictures by Fra Angelico of the same subject, of the Virgin Mary sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture, approached from the left by an angel in profile, with a rich flowing garment, raised wings and bearing a lily. Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio, the larger work is now generally attributed to Leonardo. [107] 
 In the smaller painting, Mary averts her eyes and folds her hands in a gesture that symbolised submission to God's will. Mary is not submissive, however, in the larger piece. The girl, interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger, puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise. [34]  This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the Mother of God, not with resignation but with confidence. In this painting, the young Leonardo presents the humanist face of the Virgin Mary, recognising humanity's role in God's incarnation.
Paintings of the 1480s
     
In the 1480s, Leonardo received two very important commissions and commenced another work that was of ground-breaking importance in terms of composition. Two of the three were never finished, and the third took so long that it was subject to lengthy negotiations over completion and payment.
 One of these paintings was  Saint Jerome in the Wilderness , which Bortolon associates with a difficult period of Leonardo's life, as evidenced in his diary: "I thought I was learning to live; I was only learning to die." [36]  Although the painting is barely begun, the composition can be seen and is very unusual. [w]  Jerome, as a penitent, occupies the middle of the picture, set on a slight diagonal and viewed somewhat from above. His kneeling form takes on a trapezoid shape, with one arm stretched to the outer edge of the painting and his gaze looking in the opposite direction. J. Wasserman points out the link between this painting and Leonardo's anatomical studies. [108]  Across the foreground sprawls his symbol, a great lion whose body and tail make a double spiral across the base of the picture space. The other remarkable feature is the sketchy landscape of craggy rocks against which the figure is silhouetted.
 The daring display of figure composition, the landscape elements and personal drama also appear in the great unfinished masterpiece, the  Adoration of the Magi , a commission from the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto. It is a complex composition, of about 250 x 250 centimetres. Leonardo did numerous drawings and preparatory studies, including a detailed one in linear perspective of the ruined classical architecture that forms part of the background. In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan at the behest of Lorenzo de' Medici in order to win favour with Ludovico il Moro, and the painting was abandoned. [14] 
     
The third important work of this period is the  Virgin of the Rocks , commissioned in Milan for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception. The painting, to be done with the assistance of the de Predis brothers, was to fill a large complex altarpiece. [109]  Leonardo chose to paint an apocryphal moment of the infancy of Christ when the infant John the Baptist, in protection of an angel, met the Holy Family on the road to Egypt. The painting demonstrates an eerie beauty as the graceful figures kneel in adoration around the infant Christ in a wild landscape of tumbling rock and whirling water. [110]  While the painting is quite large, about 200×120 centimetres, it is not nearly as complex as the painting ordered by the monks of San Donato, having only four figures rather than about fifty and a rocky landscape rather than architectural details. The painting was eventually finished; in fact, two versions of the painting were finished: one remained at the chapel of the Confraternity, while Leonardo took the other to France. The Brothers did not get their painting, however, nor the de Predis their payment, until the next century. [37]   [60] 
 Leonardo's most remarkable portrait of this period is the  Lady with an Ermine , presumed to be Cecilia Gallerani (c. 1483–1490), lover of Ludovico Sforza. [111]   [112]  The painting is characterised by the pose of the figure with the head turned at a very different angle to the torso, unusual at a date when many portraits were still rigidly in profile. The ermine plainly carries symbolic meaning, relating either to the sitter, or to Ludovico who belonged to the prestigious Order of the Ermine. [111] 
Paintings of the 1490s
     
Leonardo's most famous painting of the 1490s is  The Last Supper , commissioned for the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan. It represents the last meal shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death, and shows the moment when Jesus has just said "one of you will betray me", and the consternation that this statement caused. [37] 
 The writer Matteo Bandello observed Leonardo at work and wrote that some days he would paint from dawn till dusk without stopping to eat and then not paint for three or four days at a time. [113]  This was beyond the comprehension of the prior of the convent, who hounded him until Leonardo asked Ludovico to intervene. Vasari describes how Leonardo, troubled over his ability to adequately depict the faces of Christ and the traitor Judas, told the duke that he might be obliged to use the prior as his model. [‡ 7] 
 The painting was acclaimed as a masterpiece of design and characterization, [‡ 8]  but it deteriorated rapidly, so that within a hundred years it was described by one viewer as "completely ruined." [114]  Leonardo, instead of using the reliable technique of fresco, had used tempera over a ground that was mainly gesso, resulting in a surface subject to mould and to flaking. [115]  Despite this, the painting remains one of the most reproduced works of art; countless copies have been made in various mediums.
 Toward the end of this period, in 1498 Leonardo's trompe-l'œil decoration of the Sala delle Asse was painted for the Duke of Milan in the Castello Sforzesco.
Paintings of the 1500s
     
In 1505, Leonardo was commissioned to paint The Battle of Anghiari in the Salone dei Cinquecento (Hall of the Five Hundred) in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence. Leonardo devised a dynamic composition depicting four men riding raging war horses engaged in a battle for possession of a standard, at the Battle of Anghiari in 1440. Michelangelo was assigned the opposite wall to depict the Battle of Cascina. Leonardo's painting deteriorated rapidly and is now known from a copy by Rubens. [116] 
 Among the works created by Leonardo in the 16th century is the small portrait known as the  Mona Lisa  or La Gioconda, the laughing one. In the present era, it is arguably the most famous painting in the world. Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality perhaps due to the subtly shadowed corners of the mouth and eyes such that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined. The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called "sfumato", or Leonardo's smoke. Vasari wrote that the smile was "so pleasing that it seems more divine than human, and it was considered a wondrous thing that it was as lively as the smile of the living original." [‡ 9] 
 Other characteristics of the painting are the unadorned dress, in which the eyes and hands have no competition from other details; the dramatic landscape background, in which the world seems to be in a state of flux; the subdued colouring; and the extremely smooth nature of the painterly technique, employing oils laid on much like tempera, and blended on the surface so that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable. [117]  Vasari expressed that the painting's quality would make even "the most confident master ... despair and lose heart." [‡ 10]  The perfect state of preservation and the fact that there is no sign of repair or overpainting is rare in a panel painting of this date. [118] 
 In the painting  Virgin and Child with Saint Anne , the composition again picks up the theme of figures in a landscape, which Wasserman describes as "breathtakingly beautiful" [119]  and harkens back to the Saint Jerome with the figure set at an oblique angle. What makes this painting unusual is that there are two obliquely set figures superimposed. Mary is seated on the knee of her mother, Saint Anne. She leans forward to restrain the Christ Child as he plays roughly with a lamb, the sign of his own impending sacrifice. [37]  This painting, which was copied many times, influenced Michelangelo, Raphael, and Andrea del Sarto, [120]  and through them Pontormo and Correggio. The trends in composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters Tintoretto and Veronese.
Drawings
     
Leonardo was a prolific draughtsman, keeping journals full of small sketches and detailed drawings recording all manner of things that took his attention. As well as the journals there exist many studies for paintings, some of which can be identified as preparatory to particular works such as The Adoration of the Magi, The Virgin of the Rocks and The Last Supper. [121]  His earliest dated drawing is a Landscape of the Arno Valley, 1473, which shows the river, the mountains, Montelupo Castle and the farmlands beyond it in great detail. [36]   [121]   [x] 
 Among his famous drawings are the  Vitruvian Man , a study of the proportions of the human body; the Head of an Angel, for  The Virgin of the Rocks  in the Louvre; a botanical study of Star of Bethlehem; and a large drawing (160×100 cm) in black chalk on coloured paper of  The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist  in the National Gallery, London. [121]  This drawing employs the subtle  sfumato  technique of shading, in the manner of the Mona Lisa. It is thought that Leonardo never made a painting from it, the closest similarity being to  The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne  in the Louvre. [122] 
       Antique warrior in profile, c. 1472. British Museum, London  
Other drawings of interest include numerous studies generally referred to as "caricatures" because, although exaggerated, they appear to be based upon observation of live models. Vasari relates that Leonardo would look for interesting faces in public to use as models for some of his work. [‡ 7]  There are numerous studies of beautiful young men, often associated with Salaì, with the rare and much admired facial feature, the so-called "Grecian profile". [y]  These faces are often contrasted with that of a warrior. [121]  Salaì is often depicted in fancy-dress costume. Leonardo is known to have designed sets for pageants with which these may be associated. Other, often meticulous, drawings show studies of drapery. A marked development in Leonardo's ability to draw drapery occurred in his early works. Another often-reproduced drawing is a macabre sketch that was done by Leonardo in Florence in 1479 showing the body of Bernardo Baroncelli, hanged in connection with the murder of Giuliano, brother of Lorenzo de' Medici, in the Pazzi conspiracy. [121]  In his notes, Leonardo recorded the colours of the robes that Baroncelli was wearing when he died.
 Like the two contemporary architects Donato Bramante (who designed the Belvedere Courtyard) and Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Leonardo experimented with designs for centrally planned churches, a number of which appear in his journals, as both plans and views, although none was ever realised. [40]   [123] 
Journals and notes
 Renaissance humanism recognised no mutually exclusive polarities between the sciences and the arts, and Leonardo's studies in science and engineering are sometimes considered as impressive and innovative as his artistic work. [37]  These studies were recorded in 13,000 pages of notes and drawings, which fuse art and natural philosophy (the forerunner of modern science). They were made and maintained daily throughout Leonardo's life and travels, as he made continual observations of the world around him. [37]  Leonardo's notes and drawings display an enormous range of interests and preoccupations, some as mundane as lists of groceries and people who owed him money and some as intriguing as designs for wings and shoes for walking on water. There are compositions for paintings, studies of details and drapery, studies of faces and emotions, of animals, babies, dissections, plant studies, rock formations, whirlpools, war machines, flying machines and architecture. [37] 
     
These notebooks—originally loose papers of different types and sizes—were largely entrusted to Leonardo's pupil and heir Francesco Melzi after the master's death. [124]  These were to be published, a task of overwhelming difficulty because of its scope and Leonardo's idiosyncratic writing. [125]  Some of Leonardo's drawings were copied by an anonymous Milanese artist for a planned treatise on art c. 1570. [126]  After Melzi's death in 1570, the collection passed to his son, the lawyer Orazio, who initially took little interest in the journals. [124]  In 1587, a Melzi household tutor named Lelio Gavardi took 13 of the manuscripts to Pisa; there, the architect Giovanni Magenta reproached Gavardi for having taken the manuscripts illicitly and returned them to Orazio. Having many more such works in his possession, Orazio gifted the volumes to Magenta. News spread of these lost works of Leonardo's, and Orazio retrieved seven of the 13 manuscripts, which he then gave to Pompeo Leoni for publication in two volumes; one of these was the Codex Atlanticus. The other six works had been distributed to a few others. [127]  After Orazio's death, his heirs sold the rest of Leonardo's possessions, and thus began their dispersal. [128] 
 Some works have found their way into major collections such as the Royal Library at Windsor Castle, the Louvre, the Biblioteca Nacional de España, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan, which holds the 12-volume Codex Atlanticus, and the British Library in London, which has put a selection from the Codex Arundel (BL Arundel MS 263) online. [129]  Works have also been at Holkham Hall, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in the private hands of John Nicholas Brown I and Robert Lehman. [124]  The Codex Leicester is the only privately owned major scientific work of Leonardo; it is owned by Bill Gates and displayed once a year in different cities around the world.
 
Most of Leonardo's writings are in mirror-image cursive. [45]   [130]  Since Leonardo wrote with his left hand, it was probably easier for him to write from right to left. [131]   [z]  Leonardo used a variety of shorthand and symbols, and states in his notes that he intended to prepare them for publication. [130]  In many cases a single topic is covered in detail in both words and pictures on a single sheet, together conveying information that would not be lost if the pages were published out of order. [134]  Why they were not published during Leonardo's lifetime is unknown. [37]  
Science and inventions
     
Leonardo's approach to science was observational: he tried to understand a phenomenon by describing and depicting it in utmost detail and did not emphasise experiments or theoretical explanation. Since he lacked formal education in Latin and mathematics, contemporary scholars mostly ignored Leonardo the scientist, although he did teach himself Latin. His keen observations in many areas were noted, such as when he wrote "Il sole non si move." ("The Sun does not move.") [135] 
 In the 1490s he studied mathematics under Luca Pacioli and prepared a series of drawings of regular solids in a skeletal form to be engraved as plates for Pacioli's book  Divina proportione , published in 1509. [37]  While living in Milan, he studied light from the summit of Monte Rosa. [68]  Scientific writings in his notebook on fossils have been considered as influential on early palaeontology. [136] 
 The content of his journals suggest that he was planning a series of treatises on a variety of subjects. A coherent treatise on anatomy is said to have been observed during a visit by Cardinal Louis d'Aragon's secretary in 1517. [137]  Aspects of his work on the studies of anatomy, light and the landscape were assembled for publication by Melzi and eventually published as  A Treatise on Painting  in France and Italy in 1651 and Germany in 1724, [138]  with engravings based upon drawings by the Classical painter Nicolas Poussin. [4]  According to Arasse, the treatise, which in France went into 62 editions in fifty years, caused Leonardo to be seen as "the precursor of French academic thought on art." [37] 
 While Leonardo's experimentation followed scientific methods, a recent and exhaustive analysis of Leonardo as a scientist by Fritjof Capra argues that Leonardo was a fundamentally different kind of scientist from Galileo, Newton and other scientists who followed him in that, as a "Renaissance Man", his theorising and hypothesising integrated the arts and particularly painting. [139] 
Anatomy and physiology
      Anatomical study of the arm (c. 1510)  
Leonardo started his study in the anatomy of the human body under the apprenticeship of Verrocchio, who demanded that his students develop a deep knowledge of the subject. As an artist, he quickly became master of topographic anatomy, drawing many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features.[ citation needed ]
 As a successful artist, Leonardo was given permission to dissect human corpses at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome. From 1510 to 1511 he collaborated in his studies with the doctor Marcantonio della Torre, professor of Anatomy at the University of Pavia. [140]  Leonardo made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about 13,000 words toward a treatise on anatomy. [141]  Only a small amount of the material on anatomy was published in Leonardo's Treatise on painting. [125]  During the time that Melzi was ordering the material into chapters for publication, they were examined by a number of anatomists and artists, including Vasari, Cellini and Albrecht Dürer, who made a number of drawings from them. [125] 
 Leonardo's anatomical drawings include many studies of the human skeleton and its parts, and of muscles and sinews. He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it in a manner that prefigured the modern science of biomechanics. [142]  He drew the heart and vascular system, the sex organs and other internal organs, making one of the first scientific drawings of a fetus in utero. [121]  The drawings and notation are far ahead of their time, and if published would undoubtedly have made a major contribution to medical science. [141] 
      Leonardo's physiological sketch of the human brain and skull (c. 1510)  
Leonardo also closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage. He drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness. [37]   [121]  Leonardo also studied and drew the anatomy of many animals, dissecting cows, birds, monkeys, bears, and frogs, and comparing in his drawings their anatomical structure with that of humans. He also made a number of studies of horses. [121] 
 Leonardo's dissections and documentation of muscles, nerves, and vessels helped to describe the physiology and mechanics of movement. He attempted to identify the source of 'emotions' and their expression. He found it difficult to incorporate the prevailing system and theories of bodily humours, but eventually he abandoned these physiological explanations of bodily functions. He made the observations that humours were not located in cerebral spaces or ventricles. He documented that the humours were not contained in the heart or the liver, and that it was the heart that defined the circulatory system. He was the first to define atherosclerosis and liver cirrhosis. He created models of the cerebral ventricles with the use of melted wax and constructed a glass aorta to observe the circulation of blood through the aortic valve by using water and grass seed to watch flow patterns. [143] 
Engineering and inventions
            An aerial screw (c. 1489), suggestive of a helicopter, from the  Codex Atlanticus    
During his lifetime, Leonardo was also valued as an engineer. With the same rational and analytical approach that moved him to represent the human body and to investigate anatomy, Leonardo studied and designed many machines and devices. He drew their "anatomy" with unparalleled mastery, producing the first form of the modern technical drawing, including a perfected "exploded view" technique, to represent internal components. Those studies and projects collected in his codices fill more than 5,000 pages. [144]  In a letter of 1482 to the lord of Milan Ludovico il Moro, he wrote that he could create all sorts of machines both for the protection of a city and for siege. When he fled from Milan to Venice in 1499, he found employment as an engineer and devised a system of moveable barricades to protect the city from attack. In 1502, he created a scheme for diverting the flow of the Arno river, a project on which Niccolò Machiavelli also worked. [145]   [146]  He continued to contemplate the canalization of Lombardy's plains while in Louis XII's company [68]  and of the Loire and its tributaries in the company of Francis I. [147]  Leonardo's journals include a vast number of inventions, both practical and impractical. They include musical instruments, a mechanical knight, hydraulic pumps, reversible crank mechanisms, finned mortar shells, and a steam cannon. [36]   [37] 
     
Leonardo was fascinated by the phenomenon of flight for much of his life, producing many studies, including  Codex on the Flight of Birds  (c. 1505), as well as plans for several flying machines, such as a flapping ornithopter and a machine with a helical rotor. [37]  In a 2003 documentary by British television station Channel Four, titled Leonardo's Dream Machines, various designs by Leonardo, such as a parachute and a giant crossbow, were interpreted and constructed. [148]   [149]  Some of those designs proved successful, whilst others fared less well when tested. Similarly, a team of engineers built ten machines designed by Leonardo in the 2009 American television series  Doing DaVinci , including a fighting vehicle and a self-propelled cart.
 Research performed by Marc van den Broek revealed older prototypes for more than 100 inventions that are ascribed to Leonardo. Similarities between Leonardo's illustrations and drawings from the Middle Ages and from Ancient Greece and Rome, the Chinese and Persian Empires, and Egypt suggest that a large portion of Leonardo's inventions had been conceived before his lifetime. Leonardo's innovation was to combine different functions from existing drafts and set them into scenes that illustrated their utility. By reconstituting technical inventions he created something new. [150] 
 In his notebooks, Leonardo first stated the 'laws' of sliding friction in 1493. [151]  His inspiration for investigating friction came about in part from his study of perpetual motion, which he correctly concluded was not possible. [152]  His results were never published and the friction laws were not rediscovered until 1699 by Guillaume Amontons, with whose name they are now usually associated. [151]  For this contribution, Leonardo was named as the first of the 23 "Men of Tribology" by Duncan Dowson. [153] 
Legacy
     
Although he had no formal academic training, [154]  many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the "Universal Genius" or "Renaissance Man", an individual of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination." [155]  He is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived. [156]  According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history, and "his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, while the man himself mysterious and remote." [155]  Scholars interpret his view of the world as being based in logic, though the empirical methods he used were unorthodox for his time. [157] 
 Leonardo's fame within his own lifetime was such that the King of France carried him away like a trophy, and was claimed to have supported him in his old age and held him in his arms as he died. Interest in Leonardo and his work has never diminished. Crowds still queue to see his best-known artworks, T-shirts still bear his most famous drawing, and writers continue to hail him as a genius while speculating about his private life, as well as about what one so intelligent actually believed in. [37] 
 The continued admiration that Leonardo commanded from painters, critics and historians is reflected in many other written tributes. Baldassare Castiglione, author of  Il Cortegiano  (The Courtier), wrote in 1528: "...Another of the greatest painters in this world looks down on this art in which he is unequalled..." [158]  while the biographer known as "Anonimo Gaddiano" wrote, c. 1540: "His genius was so rare and universal that it can be said that nature worked a miracle on his behalf..." [159]  Vasari, in his  Lives of the Artists  (1568), opens his chapter on Leonardo: [‡ 11] 
 In the normal course of events many men and women are born with remarkable talents; but occasionally, in a way that transcends nature, a single person is marvellously endowed by Heaven with beauty, grace and talent in such abundance that he leaves other men far behind, all his actions seem inspired and indeed everything he does clearly comes from God rather than from human skill. Everyone acknowledged that this was true of Leonardo da Vinci, an artist of outstanding physical beauty, who displayed infinite grace in everything that he did and who cultivated his genius so brilliantly that all problems he studied he solved with ease. 
     
The 19th century brought a particular admiration for Leonardo's genius, causing Henry Fuseli to write in 1801: "Such was the dawn of modern art, when Leonardo da Vinci broke forth with a splendour that distanced former excellence: made up of all the elements that constitute the essence of genius..." [160]  This is echoed by A.E. Rio who wrote in 1861: "He towered above all other artists through the strength and the nobility of his talents." [161] 
 By the 19th century, the scope of Leonardo's notebooks was known, as well as his paintings. Hippolyte Taine wrote in 1866: "There may not be in the world an example of another genius so universal, so incapable of fulfilment, so full of yearning for the infinite, so naturally refined, so far ahead of his own century and the following centuries." [162]  Art historian Bernard Berenson wrote in 1896: "Leonardo is the one artist of whom it may be said with perfect literalness: Nothing that he touched but turned into a thing of eternal beauty. Whether it be the cross section of a skull, the structure of a weed, or a study of muscles, he, with his feeling for line and for light and shade, forever transmuted it into life-communicating values." [163] 
 The interest in Leonardo's genius has continued unabated; experts study and translate his writings, analyse his paintings using scientific techniques, argue over attributions and search for works which have been recorded but never found. [164]  Liana Bortolon, writing in 1967, said: "Because of the multiplicity of interests that spurred him to pursue every field of knowledge...Leonardo can be considered, quite rightly, to have been the universal genius par excellence, and with all the disquieting overtones inherent in that term. Man is as uncomfortable today, faced with a genius, as he was in the 16th century. Five centuries have passed, yet we still view Leonardo with awe." [36]  The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana is a special collection at the University of California, Los Angeles. [165] 
     
Twenty-first-century author Walter Isaacson based much of his biography of Leonardo [102]  on thousands of notebook entries, studying the personal notes, sketches, budget notations, and musings of the man whom he considers the greatest of innovators. Isaacson was surprised to discover a "fun, joyous" side of Leonardo in addition to his limitless curiosity and creative genius. [166] 
 On the 500th anniversary of Leonardo's death, the Louvre in Paris arranged for the largest ever single exhibit of his work, called Leonardo, between November 2019 and February 2020. The exhibit includes over 100 paintings, drawings and notebooks. Eleven of the paintings that Leonardo completed in his lifetime were included. Five of these are owned by the Louvre, but the Mona Lisa was not included because it is in such great demand among general visitors to the Louvre; it remains on display in its gallery. Vitruvian Man, however, is on display following a legal battle with its owner, the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice.  Salvator Mundi   [aa]  was also not included because its Saudi owner did not agree to lease the work. [169]   [170] 
 The Mona Lisa, considered Leonardo's magnum opus, is often regarded as the most famous portrait ever made. [3]   [171]  The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time, [155]  and Leonardo's Vitruvian Man drawing is also considered a cultural icon. [172] 
 More than a decade of analysis of Leonardo's genetic genealogy, conducted by Alessandro Vezzosi and Agnese Sabato, came to a conclusion in mid-2021. It was determined that the artist has 14 living male relatives. The work could also help determine the authenticity of remains thought to belong to Leonardo. [173] 
Location of remains
      Tomb in the chapel of Saint Hubert at the Château d'Amboise where a plaque describes it as the presumed site of Leonardo's remains  
While Leonardo was certainly buried in the collegiate church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise in 12 August 1519, the current location of his remains is unclear. [174]   [175]  Much of Château d'Amboise was damaged during the French Revolution, leading to the church's demolition in 1802. [174]  Some of the graves were destroyed in the process, scattering the bones interred there and thereby leaving the whereabouts of Leonardo's remains subject to dispute; a gardener may have even buried some in the corner of the courtyard. [174] 
 In 1863, fine-arts inspector general Arsène Houssaye received an imperial commission to excavate the site and discovered a partially complete skeleton with a bronze ring on one finger, white hair, and stone fragments bearing the inscriptions "EO", "AR", "DUS", and "VINC"—interpreted as forming "Leonardus Vinci". [92]   [174]   [176]  The skull's eight teeth corresponds to someone of approximately the appropriate age and a silver shield found near the bones depicts a beardless Francis I, corresponding to the king's appearance during Leonardo's time in France. [176] 
 Houssaye postulated that the unusually large skull was an indicator of Leonardo's intelligence; author Charles Nicholl describes this as a "dubious phrenological deduction". [174]  At the same time, Houssaye noted some issues with his observations, including that the feet were turned toward the high altar, a practice generally reserved for laymen, and that the skeleton of 1.73 metres (5.7 ft) seemed too short. [176]  [ failed verification – see discussion ] Art historian Mary Margaret Heaton wrote in 1874 that the height would be appropriate for Leonardo. [177]  The skull was allegedly presented to Napoleon III before being returned to the Château d'Amboise, where they were re-interred in the chapel of Saint Hubert in 1874. [176]   [178]  A plaque above the tomb states that its contents are only presumed to be those of Leonardo. [175] 
 It has since been theorized that the folding of the skeleton's right arm over the head may correspond to the paralysis of Leonardo's right hand. [81]   [87]   [176]  In 2016, it was announced that DNA tests would be conducted to determine whether the attribution is correct. [178]  The DNA of the remains will be compared to that of samples collected from Leonardo's work and his half-brother Domenico's descendants; [178]  it may also be sequenced. [179] 
 In 2019, documents were published revealing that Houssaye had kept the ring and a lock of hair. In 1925, his great-grandson sold these to an American collector. Sixty years later, another American acquired them, leading to them being displayed at the Leonardo Museum in Vinci beginning on 2 May 2019, the 500th anniversary of the artist's death. [92]   [180] 
Notes
 General
 
^    a       b    See Nicholl (2005, pp. 17–20) and Bambach (2019, p. 24) for further information on the dispute and uncertainty surrounding Leonardo's exact birthplace.
^    a       b    ;  LEE-ə-NAR-doh də VIN-chee, LEE-oh-, LAY-oh- 
  ^  Italian:  [leoˈnardo di ˈsɛr ˈpjɛːro da (v)ˈvintʃi] (  listen) The inclusion of the title 'ser' (shortening of Italian Messer or Messere, title of courtesy prefixed to the first name) indicates that Leonardo's father was a gentleman.
  ^  The diary of his paternal grandfather Ser Antonio relays a precise account: "There was born to me a grandson, son of Ser Piero [fr], on 15 April, a Saturday, at the third hour of the night." [13]   [14]  Ser Antonio records Leonardo being baptized the following day by Piero di Bartolomeo at the parish of Santa Croce [it]. [15] 
  ^  It has been suggested that Caterina may have been a slave from the Middle East "or at least, from the Mediterranean" or even of Chinese descent. According to art critic Alessandro Vezzosi, head of the Leonardo Museum in Vinci, there is evidence that Piero owned a slave called Caterina. [19]  The reconstruction of one of Leonardo's fingerprints shows a pattern that matches 60% of people of Middle Eastern origin, suggesting the possibility that Leonardo may have had Middle Eastern blood. The claim is refuted by Simon Cole, associate professor of criminology, law and society at the University of California at Irvine: "You can't predict one person's race from these kinds of incidences, especially if looking at only one finger". More recently, historian Martin Kemp, after digging through overlooked archives and records in Italy, found evidence that Leonardo's mother was a young local woman identified as Caterina di Meo Lippi. [20] 
  ^  See Kemp &amp; Pallanti (2017, pp. 65–66) for detailed table on Ser Piero's marriages.
  ^  He also never wrote about his father, except a passing note of his death in which he overstates his age by three years. [25]  Leonardo's siblings caused him difficulty after his father's death in a dispute over their inheritance. [26] 
  ^  The humanist influence of Donatello's  David  can be seen in Leonardo's late paintings, particularly  John the Baptist . [34]   [33] 
  ^  The "diverse arts" and technical skills of Medieval and Renaissance workshops are described in detail in the 12th-century text On Divers Arts by Theophilus Presbyter and in the early 15th-century text Il Libro Dell'arte O Trattato Della Pittui  by Cennino Cennini.
  ^  That Leonardo joined the guild by this time is deduced from the record of payment made to the Compagnia di San Luca in the company's register, Libro Rosso A, 1472–1520, Accademia di Belle Arti. [14] 
  ^  On the back he wrote: "I, staying with Anthony, am happy," possibly in reference to his father.
  ^  Leonardo later wrote in the margin of a journal, "The Medici made me and the Medici destroyed me." [36] 
  ^  In 2005, the studio was rediscovered during the restoration of part of a building occupied for 100 years by the Department of Military Geography. [61] 
  ^  Both works are lost. The entire composition of Michelangelo's painting is known from a copy by Aristotole da Sangallo, 1542. [66]  Leonardo's painting is known only from preparatory sketches and several copies of the centre section, of which the best known, and probably least accurate, is by Peter Paul Rubens. [67] 
  ^  Pope Leo X is quoted as saying, "This man will never accomplish anything! He thinks of the end before the beginning!"  [73] 
  ^  It is unknown for what occasion the mechanical lion was made, but it is believed to have greeted the king at his entry into Lyon and perhaps was used for the peace talks between the French king and Pope Leo X in Bologna. A conjectural recreation of the lion has been made and is on display in the Museum of Bologna. [79] 
  ^  Identified via its similarity to Leonardo's presumed self-portrait  [82] 
  ^  "... Messer Lunardo Vinci [ sic ] ... an old graybeard of more than 70 years ... showed His Excellency three pictures ... from whom, since he was then subject to a certain paralysis of the right hand, one could not expect any more good work."  [83] 
  ^  This scene is portrayed in romantic paintings by Ingres, Ménageot and other French artists, as well as Angelica Kauffman.
^    a       b    On the day of Leonardo's death, a royal edict was issued by the king at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, a two-day journey from Clos Lucé. This has been taken as evidence that King Francis cannot have been present at Leonardo's deathbed, but the edict was not signed by the king. [90] 
  ^  Each of the sixty paupers were to have been awarded in accord with Leonardo's will. [50] 
  ^  These qualities of Leonardo's works are discussed in Hartt (1970, pp. 387–411)
  ^  The painting, which in the 18th century belonged to Angelica Kauffman, was later cut up. The two main sections were found in a junk shop and cobbler's shop and were reunited. [108]  It is probable that outer parts of the composition are missing.
  ^  This work is now in the collection of the Uffizi, Drawing No. 8P.
  ^  The "Grecian profile" has a continuous straight line from forehead to nose-tip, the bridge of the nose being exceptionally high. It is a feature of many Classical Greek statues.
  ^  He also drew with his left hand, his hatch strokes "slanting down from left to right—the natural stroke of a left-handed artist". [132]  He also sometimes wrote conventionally with his right hand. [133] 
  ^   Salvator Mundi , a painting by Leonardo depicting Jesus holding an orb, sold for a world record US$450.3 million at a Christie's auction in New York, 15 November 2017. [167]  The highest known sale price for any artwork was previously US$300 million, for Willem de Kooning's  Interchange , which was sold privately in September 2015. [168]  The highest price previously paid for a work of art at auction was for Pablo Picasso's  Les Femmes d'Alger , which sold for US$179.4 million in May 2015 at Christie's New York. [168] 
 
 Dates of works
  ^   The Adoration of the Magi 
  Kemp (2019, p. 27): c. 1481–1482
 Marani (2003, p. 338): 1481
 Syson et al. (2011, p. 56): c. 1480–1482
 Zöllner (2019, p. 222): 1481/1482 
  ^   Virgin of the Rocks  (Louvre version)
  Kemp (2019, p. 41): c. 1483–1493
 Marani (2003, p. 339): between 1483 and 1486
 Syson et al. (2011, p. 164): 1483–c. 1485
 Zöllner (2019, p. 223): 1483–1484/1485 
  ^   Saint John the Baptist 
  Kemp (2019, p. 189): c. 1507–1514
 Marani (2003, p. 340): c. 1508
 Syson et al. (2011, p. 63): c. 1500 onwards
 Zöllner (2019, p. 248): c. 1508–1516 
  ^   The Annunciation 
  Kemp (2019, p. 6): c. 1473–1474
 Marani (2003, p. 338): c. 1472–1475
 Syson et al. (2011, p. 15): c. 1472–1476
 Zöllner (2019, p. 216): c. 1473–1475 
  ^   Saint Jerome in the Wilderness 
  Kemp (2019, p. 31): c. 1481–1482
 Marani (2003, p. 338): probably c. 1480
 Syson et al. (2011, p. 139): c. 1488–1490
 Zöllner (2019, p. 221): c. 1480–1482 
  ^   Lady with an Ermine 
  Kemp (2019, p. 49): c. 1491
 Marani (2003, p. 339): 1489–1490
 Syson et al. (2011, p. 111): c. 1489–1490
 Zöllner (2019, p. 226): 1489/1490 
  ^   The Last Supper 
  Kemp (2019, p. 67): c. 1495–1497
 Marani (2003, p. 339): between 1494 and 1498
 Syson et al. (2011, p. 252): 1492–1497/1498
 Zöllner (2019, p. 230): c. 1495–1498 
  ^   Mona Lisa 
  Kemp (2019, p. 127): c. 1503–1515
 Marani (2003, p. 340): c. 1503–1504; 1513–1514
 Syson et al. (2011, p. 48): c. 1502 onward
 Zöllner (2019, p. 240): c. 1503–1506; 1510 
 
References
Citations
 Early
  ^  Vasari 1991, p. 287
  ^  Vasari 1991, pp. 287–289
^    a       b       c    Vasari 1991, p. 293
  ^  Vasari 1991, p. 297
  ^  Vasari 1991, p. 284
  ^  Vasari 1991, p. 286
^    a       b    Vasari 1991, p. 290
  ^  Vasari 1991, pp. 289–291
  ^  Vasari 1991, p. 294
  ^  Vasari 1965, p. 266
  ^  Vasari 1965, p. 255
 
 Modern
 
  ^   "A portrait of Leonardo c.1515–18". Royal Collection Trust. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
^    a       b    Zöllner 2019, p. 20.
^    a       b       c       d       e       f       g    Kemp 2003.
^    a       b       c       d    Heydenreich 2020.
  ^  Zöllner 2019, p. 250.
  ^  Kaplan, Erez (1996). "Roberto Guatelli's Controversial Replica of Leonardo da Vinci's Adding Machine". Archived from the original on 29 May 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  ^  Kaplan, E. (April 1997). "Anecdotes". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 19 (2): 62–69. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1997.586074. ISSN 1058-6180.
  ^  Capra 2007, pp. 5–6.
  ^  Brown 1998, p. 7.
  ^  Kemp 2006, p. 1.
^    a       b       c       d       e       f    Brown 1998, p. 5.
  ^  Nicholl 2005, p. 17.
  ^  Vezzosi 1997, p. 13.
^    a       b       c       d       e       f       g    Ottino della Chiesa 1985, p. 83.
  ^  Nicholl 2005, p. 20.
  ^  Bambach 2019, pp. 16, 24.
^    a       b    Marani 2003, p. 13.
  ^  Bambach 2019, p. 16.
  ^  Hooper, John (12 April 2008). "Da Vinci's mother was a slave, Italian study claims". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  ^  Alberge, Dalya (21 May 2017). "Tuscan archives yield up secrets of Leonardo's mystery mother". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
^    a       b       c    Bambach 2019, p. 24.
  ^  Nicholl 2005, p. 18.
  ^  Kemp &amp; Pallanti 2017, p. 65.
^    a       b    Kemp &amp; Pallanti 2017, pp. 65–66.
^    a       b    Wallace 1972, p. 11.
  ^  Magnano 2007, p. 138.
  ^  Brown 1998, pp. 1, 5.
  ^  Marani 2003, p. 12.
  ^  Brown 1998, p. 175.
  ^  Nicholl 2005, p. 28.
  ^  Nicholl 2005, p. 30, 506.
  ^  Nicholl 2005, p. 30. See p. 506 for the original Italian.
^    a       b       c    Rosci 1977, p. 13.
^    a       b       c    Hartt 1970, pp. 127–133.
  ^  Bacci, Mina (1978) [1963]. The Great Artists: Da Vinci. Translated by Tanguy, J. New York: Funk &amp; Wagnalls.
^    a       b       c       d       e       f       g       h       i       j       k       l       m    Bortolon 1967.
^    a       b       c       d       e       f       g       h       i       j       k       l       m       n       o       p       q       r       s    Arasse 1998.
  ^  Rosci 1977, p. 27.
  ^  Martindale 1972.
^    a       b       c       d    Rosci 1977, pp. 9–20.
  ^  Piero della Francesca, On Perspective for Painting (De Prospectiva Pingendi)
^    a       b    Rachum, Ilan (1979). The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia.
  ^  Ottino della Chiesa 1985, p. 88.
  ^  Wallace 1972, p. 13.
^    a       b     Polidoro, Massimo (2019). "The Mind of Leonardo da Vinci, Part 1". Skeptical Inquirer. Center for Inquiry. 43 (2): 30–31.
  ^  Wallace 1972, p. 15.
  ^  Clark, Kenneth; Kemp, Martin (26 November 2015).  Leonardo da Vinci  (Newition ed.). United Kingdom: Penguin. p. 45. ISBN  978-0-14-198237-3 .
^    a       b    Wasserman 1975, pp. 77–78.
^    a       b    Wallace 1972, pp. 53–54.
^    a       b       c    Williamson 1974.
  ^  Kemp 2011.
  ^  Franz-Joachim Verspohl [de], Michelangelo Buonarroti und Leonardo Da Vinci: Republikanischer Alltag und Künstlerkonkurrenz in Florenz zwischen 1501 und 1505 (Wallstein Verlag, 2007), p. 151.
  ^  Schofield, Richard. "Amadeo, Bramante and Leonardo and the Cupola of Milan Cathedral". Achademia Leonardi Vinci. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  ^  Barbieri, Ezio; Catanese, Filippo (January 2020). "Leonardo a (e i rapporti con) Pavia: una verifica sui documenti". Annuario dell'Archivio di Stato di Milano. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  ^  Carlo Pedretti, Leonardo da Vinci: drawings of horses and other animals (Windsor Castle. Royal Library) 1984.
  ^  Wallace 1972, p. 79.
  ^  Rocky, Ruggiero (6 October 2021). "Episode 142 – Leonardo da Vinci's Sala delle Asse". rockyruggiero.com. Making Art and History Come to Life, Rebuilding the Renaissance.
  ^   "Segui il restauro" [Follow the restoration]. Castello Sforzesco – Sala delle Asse (in Italian). Archived from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  ^  Wallace 1972, p. 65.
^    a       b       c       d    Ottino della Chiesa 1985, p. 85.
  ^  Owen, Richard (12 January 2005). "Found: the studio where Leonardo met Mona Lisa". The Times. London. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  ^  Wallace 1972, p. 124.
  ^   "Mona Lisa – Heidelberg discovery confirms identity". University of Heidelberg. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
  ^   Delieuvin, Vincent (15 January 2008). "Télématin". Journal Télévisé. France 2 Télévision.
  ^  Coughlan, Robert (1966).  The World of Michelangelo: 1475–1564 . et al. Time-Life Books. p. 90.
  ^  Goldscheider, Ludwig (1967). Michelangelo: paintings, sculptures, architecture. Phaidon Press. ISBN  978-0-7148-1314-1 .
  ^  Ottino della Chiesa 1985, pp. 106–07.
^    a       b       c       d       e    Wallace 1972, p. 145.
  ^  "Achademia Leonardi Vinci". Journal of Leonardo Studies &amp; Bibliography of Vinciana. VIII: 243–44. 1990.
^    a       b       c    Ottino della Chiesa 1985, p. 86.
^    a       b    Wallace 1972, pp. 149–150.
  ^  Wallace 1972, p. 151.
^    a       b       c       d       e    Wallace 1972, p. 150.
  ^  Ohlig, Christoph P. J., ed. (2005).  Integrated Land and Water Resources Management in History . Books on Demand. p. 33. ISBN  978-3-8334-2463-2 .
  ^  Gillette, Henry Sampson (2017).  Leonardo da Vinci: Pathfinder of Science . Prabhat Prakashan. p. 84.
  ^  Georges Goyau, François I, Transcribed by Gerald Rossi. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VI. Published 1909. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved on 4 October 2007
  ^   Miranda, Salvador (1998–2007). "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Antoine du Prat". Retrieved 4 October 2007.
  ^  Wallace 1972, pp. 163, 164.
  ^   "Reconstruction of Leonardo's walking lion" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 25 August 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  ^  Brown, Mark (1 May 2019). "Newly identified sketch of Leonardo da Vinci to go on display in London". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
^    a       b    Strickland, Ashley (4 May 2019). "What caused Leonardo da Vinci's hand impairment?". CNN. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
^    a       b    McMahon, Barbara (1 May 2005). "Da Vinci 'paralysis left Mona Lisa unfinished'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
  ^  Wallace 1972, p. 163.
^    a       b    Lorenzi, Rossella (10 May 2016). "Did a Stroke Kill Leonardo da Vinci?". Seeker. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  ^  Saplakoglu, Yasemin (4 May 2019). "A Portrait of Leonardo da Vinci May Reveal Why He Never Finished the Mona Lisa". Live Science. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
^    a       b    Bodkin, Henry (4 May 2019). "Leonardo da Vinci never finished the Mona Lisa because he injured his arm while fainting, experts say". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
^    a       b    Charlier, Philippe; Deo, Saudamini. "A physical sign of stroke sequel on the skeleton of Leonardo da Vinci?". Neurology. 4 April 2017; 88(14): 1381–82
  ^  Ian Chilvers (2003).  The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists . Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 354. ISBN  978-0-19-953294-0 .
  ^  Antonina Vallentin, Leonardo da Vinci: The Tragic Pursuit of Perfection, (New York: The Viking Press, 1938), 533
  ^  White, Leonardo: The First Scientist
  ^  Kemp 2011, p. 26.
^    a       b       c    Florentine editorial staff (2 May 2019). "Hair believed to have belonged to Leonardo on display in Vinci". The Florentine. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  ^   Leonardo, Codex C. 15v. Institut of France. Trans. Richter.
  ^  Ottino della Chiesa 1985, p. 84.
  ^  Rossiter, Nick (4 July 2003). "Could this be the secret of her smile?". Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2003. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
  ^  Gasca, Nicolò &amp; Lucertini 2004, p. 13.
^    a       b    Pedretti, Carlo, ed. (2009). Leonardo da Vinci: l'Angelo incarnato &amp; Salai = the Angel in the flesh &amp; Salai. Foligno (Perugia): Cartei &amp; Bianchi. p. 201. ISBN  978-88-95686-11-0 . OCLC 500794484.
  ^  MacCurdy, Edward, The Mind of Leonardo da Vinci (1928) in Leonardo da Vinci's Ethical Vegetarianism
  ^  Bambach 2003.
  ^  Cartwright Ady, Julia. Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Milan, 1475–1497. Publisher: J.M. Dent, 1899; Cartwright Ady, Julia. Isabella D'Este, Marchioness of Mantua, 1474–1539. Publisher; J.M. Dent, 1903.
  ^  Sigmund Freud, Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci, (1910)
^    a       b    Isaacson 2017.
  ^   "Leonardo, ladies' man: why can't we accept that Da Vinci was gay?". The Guardian. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  ^  Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships epigraph, p. 148 &amp; N120 p. 298
  ^  Arasse 1998, pp. 11–15.
  ^  Ottino della Chiesa 1985, pp. 88, 90.
  ^  Marani 2003, p. 338.
^    a       b    Wasserman 1975, pp. 104–106.
  ^  Wasserman 1975, p. 108.
  ^   "The Mysterious Virgin". National Gallery, London. Archived from the original on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
^    a       b     "Da Vinci's Lady with an Ermine among Poland's "Treasures" – Event – Culture.pl". Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  ^  Kemp, M. The Lady with an Ermine in the exhibition Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration. Washington-New Haven-London. p. 271.
  ^  Wasserman 1975, p. 124.
  ^  Ottino della Chiesa 1985, p. 97.
  ^  Ottino della Chiesa 1985, p. 98.
  ^  Seracini, Maurizio (2012). "The Secret Lives of Paintings" (lecture).
  ^  Wasserman 1975, p. 144.
  ^  Ottino della Chiesa 1985, p. 103.
  ^  Wasserman 1975, p. 150.
  ^  Ottino della Chiesa 1985, p. 109.
^    a       b       c       d       e       f       g       h    Popham, A. E. (1946). The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci.
  ^  Ottino della Chiesa 1985, p. 102.
  ^  Hartt 1970, pp. 391–392.
^    a       b       c    Wallace 1972, p. 169.
^    a       b       c    Keele Kenneth D (1964). "Leonardo da Vinci's Influence on Renaissance Anatomy". Med Hist. 8 (4): 360–70. doi:10.1017/s0025727300029835. PMC 1033412. PMID 14230140.
  ^  Bean, Jacob; Stampfle, Felice (1965). Drawings from New York Collections I: The Italian Renaissance. Greenwich, CT: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 81–82.
  ^   Major, Richard Henry (1866).  Archaeologia: Or Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity, Volume 40, Part 1 . London: The Society. pp. 15–16.
  ^  Calder, Ritchie (1970).  Leonardo &amp; the Age of the Eye . New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 275. ISBN  978-0-671-20713-7 .
  ^   "Sketches by Leonardo". Turning the Pages. British Library. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
^    a       b    Da Vinci, Leonardo (1960). Taylor, Pamela; Taylor, Francis Henry (eds.).  The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci . New York: New American Library. p. x. ISBN  978-0-486-22572-2 .
  ^   Livio, Mario (2003) [2002].  The Golden Ratio: The Story of Phi, the World's Most Astonishing Number  (First trade paperback ed.). New York City: Broadway Books. p. 136. ISBN  0-7679-0816-3 .
  ^  Wallace 1972, p. 31.
  ^  Ciaccia, Chris (15 April 2019). "Da Vinci was ambidextrous, new handwriting analysis shows". Fox News. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  ^  Windsor Castle, Royal Library, sheets RL 19073v–74v and RL 19102.
  ^   Cook, Theodore Andrea (1914).  The Curves of Life . London: Constable and Company Ltd. p. 390.
  ^  Baucon, A. 2010. Da Vinci's Paleodictyon: the fractal beauty of traces. Acta Geologica Polonica, 60(1). Accessible from the author's homepage
  ^  O'Malley; Saunders (1982). Leonardo on the Human Body. New York: Dover Publications.
  ^  Ottino della Chiesa 1985, p. 117.
  ^  Capra 2007, pp. XVII–XX.
  ^   "Leonardo da Vinci". Britannica. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
^    a       b    Alastair Sooke, Daily Telegraph, 28 July 2013, "Leonardo da Vinci: Anatomy of an artist", accessed 29 July 2013.
  ^  Mason, Stephen F. (1962).  A History of the Sciences . New York: Collier Books. p. 550.
  ^  Jones, Roger (2012). "Leonardo da Vinci: anatomist". British Journal of General Practice. 62 (599): 319. doi:10.3399/bjgp12X649241. ISSN 0960-1643. PMC 3361109. PMID 22687222.
  ^  Guarnieri, M. (2019). "Reconsidering Leonardo". IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. 13 (3): 35–38. doi:10.1109/MIE.2019.2929366. hdl:11577/3310853. S2CID 202729396.
  ^   Masters, Roger (1996). Machiavelli, Leonardo and the Science of Power.
  ^  Masters, Roger (1998). Fortune is a River: Leonardo Da Vinci and Niccolò Machiavelli's Magnificent Dream to Change the Course of Florentine History. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN  978-0-452-28090-8 .
  ^  Wallace 1972, p. 164.
  ^   "Leonardo's Dream Machines (TV Movie 2003)". IMDb.
  ^  British Library online gallery (retrieved 10 October 2013)
  ^   Marc van den Broek (2019), Leonardo da Vinci Spirits of Invention. A Search for Traces, Hamburg: A.TE.M., ISBN  978-3-00-063700-1  
^    a       b    Hutchings, Ian M. (15 August 2016). "Leonardo da Vinci׳s studies of friction". Wear. 360–361: 51–66. doi:10.1016/j.wear.2016.04.019. ISSN 0043-1648.
  ^  Isaacson 2017, pp. 194–197.
  ^  Dowson, Duncan (1 October 1977). "Men of Tribology: Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)". Journal of Lubrication Technology. 99 (4): 382–386. doi:10.1115/1.3453230. ISSN 0022-2305.
  ^   Polidoro, Massimo (2019). "The Mind of Leonardo da Vinci, Part 2".  Skeptical Inquirer . 43 (3): 23–24.
^    a       b       c    Gardner, Helen (1970). Art through the Ages. pp. 450–56.
  ^  See the quotations from the following authors, in section "Fame and reputation": Vasari, Boltraffio, Castiglione, "Anonimo" Gaddiano, Berensen, Taine, Fuseli, Rio, Bortolon.
  ^  Rosci 1977, p. 8.
  ^   Castiglione, Baldassare (1528). "Il Cortegiano" (in Italian).
  ^  "Anonimo Gaddiani", elaborating on Libro di Antonio Billi, 1537–1542
  ^  Fuseli, Henry (1801). "Lectures". II. 
  ^  Rio, A.E. (1861). "L'art chrétien" (in French). Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  ^  Taine, Hippolyte (1866). "Voyage en Italie" (in Italian). Paris, Hachette et cie. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  ^   Berenson, Bernard (1896). The Italian Painters of the Renaissance.
  ^  Henneberger, Melinda. "ArtNews article about current studies into Leonardo's life and works". Art News Online. Archived from the original on 5 May 2006. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
  ^  Marmor, Max. "The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana."  The Book Collector  38, no. 3 (Autumn 1989): 1–23.
  ^  Italie, Hillel (7 January 2018). "NonFiction: Biography honors 'fun, joyous' sides of genius da Vinci". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Associated Press. p. G6.
  ^  Crow, Kelly (16 November 2017). "Leonardo da Vinci Painting 'Salvator Mundi' Sells for $450.3 Million".  The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
^    a       b     Leonardo da Vinci painting 'Salvator Mundi' sold for record $450.3 million, Fox News, 16 November 2017
  ^   "Leonardo da Vinci's Unexamined Life as a Painter". The Atlantic. 1 December 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  ^   "Louvre exhibit has most da Vinci paintings ever assembled". Aleteia. 1 December 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  ^  Turner 1993, p. 3.
  ^  Vitruvian Man is referred to as "iconic" at the following websites and many others: Vitruvian Man, Fine Art Classics Archived 9 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Key Images in the History of Science; Curiosity and difference at the Wayback Machine (archived 30 January 2009); "The Guardian: The Real da Vinci Code"
  ^  Turner, Ben (6 July 2021). "Scientists may have cracked the mystery of da Vinci's DNA". Live Science. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
^    a       b       c       d       e    Nicholl 2005, p. 502.
^    a       b    Isaacson 2017, p. 515.
^    a       b       c       d       e    Montard, Nicolas (30 April 2019). "Léonard de Vinci est-il vraiment enterré au château d'Amboise?" [Is Leonardo da Vinci really buried at the Château d'Amboise?].  Ouest-France  (in French). Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  ^  Heaton 1874, p. 204, "The skeleton, which measured five feet eight inches, accords with the height of Leonardo da Vinci. The skull might have served for the model of the portrait Leonardo drew of himself in red chalk a few years before his death.".
^    a       b       c    Knapton, Sarah (5 May 2016). "Leonardo da Vinci paintings analysed for DNA to solve grave mystery".  The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  ^  Newman, Lily Hay (6 May 2016). "Researchers Are Planning to Sequence Leonardo da Vinci's 500-Year-Old Genome". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  ^  Messia, Hada; Robinson, Matthew (30 April 2019). "Leonardo da Vinci's 'hair' to undergo DNA testing". CNN. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
 
Works cited
Early
   Anonimo Gaddiano (c. 1530). "Leonardo da Vinci". Codice Magliabechiano. in  Lives of Leonardo da Vinci (Lives of the Artists). Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. 2019. pp. 103–114. ISBN  978-1-60606-621-8 . 
  Giovio, Paolo (c. 1527). "The Life of Leonardo da Vinci". Elogia virorum illustrium. in  Lives of Leonardo da Vinci (Lives of the Artists). Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. 2019. pp. 103–114. ISBN  978-1-60606-621-8 . 
  Vasari, Giorgio (1965) [1568]. "The Life of Leonardo da Vinci".  Lives of the Artists . Translated by George Bull. Penguin Classics. ISBN  978-0-14-044164-2 . 
 —— (1991) [1568].  The Lives of the Artists . Oxford World's Classics. Translated by Bondanella, Peter; Bondanella, Julia Conway. Oxford University Press. ISBN  0-19-283410-X .  
Modern
 Books
   Arasse, Daniel [in French] (1998). Leonardo da Vinci. Old Saybrook: Konecky &amp; Konecky. ISBN  978-1-56852-198-5 . 
  Bambach, Carmen C., ed. (2003).  Leonardo da Vinci, Master Draftsman . New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN  978-0-300-09878-5 . 
  Bambach, Carmen C. (2019). Leonardo da Vinci Rediscovered. Vol. 1, The Making of an Artist: 1452–1500. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN  978-0-300-19195-0 . 
 Bortolon, Liana (1967). The Life and Times of Leonardo. London: Paul Hamlyn. 
 Brown, David Alan (1998).  Leonardo Da Vinci: Origins of a Genius . New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN  978-0-300-07246-4 . 
  Capra, Fritjof (2007).  The Science of Leonardo . US: Doubleday. ISBN  978-0-385-51390-6 . 
 Ottino della Chiesa, Angela (1985) [1967].  The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci . Penguin Classics of World Art. London: Penguin Books. ISBN  978-0-14-008649-2 . 
  Clark, Kenneth (1961). Leonardo da Vinci. City of Westminster: Penguin Books. OCLC 187223. 
 Gasca, Ana Millàn; Nicolò, Fernando; Lucertini, Mario (2004).  Technological Concepts and Mathematical Models in the Evolution of Modern Engineering Systems . Birkhauser. ISBN  978-3-7643-6940-8 . 
 Hartt, Frederich (1970). A History of Italian Renaissance Art. Thames and Hudson. ISBN  978-0-500-23136-4 . 
  Heaton, Mary Margaret (1874).  Leonardo Da Vinci and His Works: Consisting of a Life of Leonardo Da Vinci . New York: Macmillan Publishers. OCLC 1706262. 
  Isaacson, Walter (2017).  Leonardo da Vinci . New York: Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN  978-1-5011-3915-4 . 
  Kemp, Martin (2006) [1981].  Leonardo Da Vinci: The Marvellous Works of Nature and Man . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN  978-0-19-920778-7 . 
 Kemp, Martin (2011) [2004]. Leonardo (Revised ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN  978-0-19-280644-4 . 
 Kemp, Martin; Pallanti, Giuseppe (2017). Mona Lisa: The People and the Painting. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN  978-0-19-874990-5 . 
 Kemp, Martin (2019). Leonardo da Vinci: The 100 Milestones. New York: Sterling. ISBN  978-1-4549-3042-6 . 
 Magnano, Milena (2007). Leonardo, collana I Geni dell'arte. Mondadori Arte. ISBN  978-88-370-6432-7 . 
  Marani, Pietro C. (2003) [2000]. Leonardo da Vinci: The Complete Paintings. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN  978-0-8109-3581-5 . 
 Martindale, Andrew (1972).  The Rise of the Artist . Thames and Hudson. ISBN  978-0-500-56006-8 . 
  Nicholl, Charles (2005).  Leonardo da Vinci: The Flights of the Mind . London: Penguin Books. ISBN  978-0-14-029681-5 . 
 O'Malley, Charles D.; Sounders, J.B. de C.M. (1952). Leonardo on the Human Body: The Anatomical, Physiological, and Embryological Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. With Translations, Emendations and a Biographical Introduction. New York: Henry Schuman. 
  Pedretti, Carlo (1982).  Leonardo, a study in chronology and style . Cambridge: Johnson Reprint Corp. ISBN  978-0-384-45281-7 . 
 Pedretti, Carlo (2006). Leonardo da Vinci. Surrey: Taj Books International. ISBN  978-1-84406-036-8 . 
  Popham, A.E. (1946). The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. Jonathan Cape. ISBN  978-0-224-60462-8 . 
  Richter, Jean Paul (1970).  The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci . Dover. ISBN  978-0-486-22572-2 . volume 2: ISBN 0-486-22573-9. A reprint of the original 1883 edition 
 Rosci, Marco (1977). Leonardo. Bay Books Pty Ltd. ISBN  978-0-85835-176-9 . 
 Syson, Luke; Keith, Larry; Galansino, Arturo; Mazzotta, Antoni; Nethersole, Scott; Rumberg, Per (2011). Leonardo da Vinci: Painter at the Court of Milan. London: National Gallery. ISBN  978-1-85709-491-6 . 
 Turner, A. Richard (1993).  Inventing Leonardo . New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN  978-0-520-08938-9 . 
 Wallace, Robert (1972) [1966].  The World of Leonardo: 1452–1519 . New York: Time-Life Books. 
 Wasserman, Jack (1975). Leonardo da Vinci. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN  978-0-8109-0262-6 . 
  Williamson, Hugh Ross (1974). Lorenzo the Magnificent. Michael Joseph. ISBN  978-0-7181-1204-2 . 
  Vezzosi, Alessandro (1997).  Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Man . 'New Horizons' series. Translated by Bonfante-Warren, Alexandra (English translation ed.). London: Thames &amp; Hudson. ISBN  978-0-500-30081-7 . 
  Zöllner, Frank (2015). Leonardo (2nd ed.). Cologne: Taschen. ISBN  978-3-8365-0215-3 . 
 Zöllner, Frank (2019) [2003]. Leonardo da Vinci: The Complete Paintings and Drawings (Anniversary ed.). Cologne: Taschen. ISBN  978-3-8365-7625-3 .  
 Journals and encyclopedia articles
  Brown, David Alan (1983). "Leonardo and the Idealized Portrait in Milan". Arte Lombarda. 64 (4): 102–116. JSTOR 43105426. (subscription required)
  Colvin, Sidney (1911). "Leonardo da Vinci" .  Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. 444–454. 
 Cremante, Simona (2005). Leonardo da Vinci: Artist, Scientist, Inventor. Giunti. ISBN  978-88-09-03891-2 . 
  Giacomelli, Raffaele (1936). Gli scritti di Leonardo da Vinci sul volo. Roma: G. Bardi. 
  Heydenreich, Ludwig Heinrich (28 April 2020). "Leonardo da Vinci | Biography, Art &amp; Facts | Britannica".  Encyclopædia Britannica . Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.  
  Kemp, Martin (2003). "Leonardo da Vinci".  Grove Art Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T050401. ISBN  978-1-884446-05-4 . (subscription or UK public library membership required)
 Lupia, John N. (Summer 1994). "The Secret Revealed: How to Look at Italian Renaissance Painting". Medieval and Renaissance Times. 1 (2): 6–17. ISSN 1075-2110.  
Further reading
See Kemp (2003) and Bambach (2019, pp. 442–579) for extensive bibliographies
  Vanna, Arrighi; Bellinazzi, Anna; Villata, Edoardo, eds. (2005). Leonardo da Vinci: la vera immagine: documenti e testimonianze sulla vita e sull'opera [Leonardo da Vinci: the true image: documents and testimonies on life and work] (in Italian). Florence: Giunti Editore. ISBN  978-88-09-04519-4 . 
  Vecce, Carlo (2006). Leonardo (in Italian). Foreword by Carlo Pedretti. Rome: Salerno. ISBN  978-88-8402-548-7 . 
 Winternitz, Emanuel (1982).  Leonardo da Vinci As a Musician . New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN  978-0-300-02631-3 . 
   Leonardo da Vinci: anatomical drawings from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1983. ISBN  978-0-87099-362-6 .  
External links
 General 
  Universal Leonardo, a database of Leonardo's life and works maintained by Martin Kemp and Marina Wallace
 Leonardo da Vinci on the National Gallery website 
 Works 
  Biblioteca Leonardiana, online bibliography (in Italian)
 e-Leo: Archivio digitale di storia della tecnica e della scienza, archive of drawings, notes and manuscripts
 Works by Leonardo da Vinci at Project Gutenberg 
 Works by Leonardo da Vinci at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) 
 Complete text and images of Richter's translation of the Notebooks 
 The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci
https://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=4021043
Is this the asian Leonardo DiCaprio?
2016-04-15
None
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 5. Is this the asian Leonardo DiCaprio?

 Watch
 8 years ago

 Is this the asian Leonardo DiCaprio?

 Fenugreek
 1



 Damn look at leo cheekbones though.
 (edited 8 years ago)
 1Report
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 Reply 1
 8 years ago
 ODES_PDES
 18
 0Report
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 Reply 2
 8 years ago
 Black Cat
 20
 Doesn't look like him one bit.
 4Report
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 Reply 3
 8 years ago
 username2224711
 18
 Dayum he's cute. He doesn't look like Leo one bit.
 0Report
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 Reply 4
 8 years ago
 the bear
 20
 no is Asian Macauley Culkin
 1Report
 Reply
 Reply 5
 8 years ago
 yoda123
 15
 Lol i see no resemblence

 Posted from TSR Mobile
 0Report
 Reply
 Reply 6
 8 years ago
 dean01234
 19
 Not in the slightest.
 0Report
 Reply
 Reply 7
 8 years ago
 FemaleBo55
 17
 Nope I can assure you that not even 0.001% of his features resemble Leo
 0Report
 Reply
 Reply 8
 8 years ago
 Boss_Rhythm
 21
 Eww man... Can he kill me?

 Spoiler

 0Report
 Reply
 Reply 9
 8 years ago
 Fenugreek
 OP
 1
 Original post by FemaleBo55
 Nope I can assure you that not even 0.001% of his features resemble Leo


 Original post by dean01234
 Not in the slightest.


 Original post by yoda123
 Lol i see no resemblence

 Posted from TSR Mobile


 Original post by the bear
 no is Asian Macauley Culkin


 Original post by ravioliyears
 Dayum he's cute. He doesn't look like Leo one bit.


 Original post by Black Cat
 Doesn't look like him one bit.


 Original post by ODES_PDES


 What about now
 0Report
 Reply
 Reply 10
 8 years ago
 dean01234
 19
 Original post by Fenugreek
 What about now


 Yeah the second one looks like leo.

 I still can't see it in the first
 0Report
 Reply
 Reply 11
 8 years ago
 Siberiaan
 21
 VOGUE Girl? lol
 1Report
 Reply
 Reply 12
 8 years ago
 soIiIoquy
 19
 no.
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Is this the asian Leonardo DiCaprio?
https://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=4021043
https://fortune.com/2022/03/07/jho-low-fugitive-1mdb-financier-biography/
Meet Jho Low, the fugitive 1MDB financier who paid to party with Leonardo DiCaprio
2022-03-07
None
<div><p>The 1MDB embezzlement scandal has rocked the business world, and the man believed to be its mastermind is Low Taek Jho, more commonly known as Jho Low.</p><div>
<p>Malaysian businessman Low fled the country and is now considered a fugitive. The 40-year-old faces charges for money laundering and a litany of other offenses related to the fund prosecutors say he led for many years.</p>
<p>Before he was wanted for his role in 1MDB, Low led a glamorous life that included paying to party with celebrities like Leonardo DiCaprio and dating supermodel Miranda Kerr. </p>
<p>People from his past allege that Low’s questionable behavior dates back to his days as an MBA student at Wharton.</p>
<h2>The ‘Asian Great Gatsby’</h2>
<p>In 1981, Low was born to a moderately wealthy family in Malaysia. His jet-setting father taught him the importance of having the right network at an early age. Like Low, his father also had the habit of flying in models for parties. </p>
<p>Low studied at Wharton, where he threw his first elaborate party and became known as “The Asian Great Gatsby.” For his 20th birthday, he rented out Shampoo, one of the hottest nightclubs in Philadelphia at the time, for $40,000.</p>
<p>Low reportedly sent a note to Ivanka Trump as his partying habits developed, inviting her to a gambling trip to Atlantic City’s Trump Plaza Hotel. He later told his friends that she declined because she didn’t want to set foot in one of her father’s casinos.</p>
<p>Low also developed a crush on Paris <a href="https://fortune.com/company/hilton-worldwide-holdings/">Hilton</a> and watched her movie “House of Wax” multiple times, which caused eye rolls from his roommates, according to <a href="https://nypost.com/2018/09/15/i-own-you-youre-my-bitch-jho-lows-hollywood-power-play/">The New York Post</a>.</p>
<figure><p>
https://www.instagram.com/p/CZ90Z-WJE21/
</p></figure>
<p>After college, he returned home with hopes of working for the network he built at Wharton, helping them with investment deals. While this plan didn’t work out as he had hoped, he was able to connect Malaysian deputy prime minister Najib Razak with Mubadala Development, an investment fund. This connection gave Low status, giving him access to Malaysian banks that lent him billions of dollars.</p>
<p>Three years later, Najib Razak became prime minister, and Low reinvented himself, becoming the alleged mastermind behind offshore financing. He learned how to set up shell companies and moved large sums of money around, according to prosecutors.</p>
<p>As the new prime minister looked for ways to fund his government, Low came up with the idea of creating a sovereign wealth fund, and 1MDB was born. He took control of the fund and siphoned $700 million to himself. This initial amount was nothing compared to the more significant sums that came after, giving him access to unlimited wealth.</p>
<h2><strong>Partying with Paris Hilton</strong></h2>
<p>Low partied like there was no tomorrow. Expenses for parties went up to six figures as he paid celebrities like Megan <a href="https://fortune.com/company/fox/">Fox</a>, Paris Hilton, and Leonardo DiCaprio to attend, according to the <a href="https://nypost.com/2022/02/16/fugitive-jho-low-paid-stars-like-dicaprio-kardashian-to-attend-parties-exec-testifies/">New York Post</a>. </p>
<p>In “<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Billion-Dollar-Whale-Fooled-Hollywood/dp/031643650X">Billion Dollar Whale</a>“, a book about Low, the authors write that he spent $85 million on parties between October 2009 and June 2010. Highlights included running up a $160,000 tab at New York City’s The Avenue, and sending 23 bottles of Cristal champagne to Lindsay Lohan’s table at 1Oak.</p>
<p>Still in love with Paris Hilton, Low contacted her manager in 2009 to see if he could pay her to attend his parties. According to the book, she told friends she got paid $100,000 per event. A year later, he rented Paul Allen’s superyacht and spent millions on champagne. These bottles were later poured by Low and his entourage, which now included Hilton. </p>
<p>For her 29th birthday in Las Vegas, Low gave Hilton $250,000 in gambling chips and gifted her a Cartier watch.</p>
<p>Low later financed Red Granite, the film company that produced “The Wolf Of Wall Street.” In 2011, the company introduced itself at the Cannes Film Festival by throwing one of Low’s usual bashes. </p>
<p>Celebrities in attendance included DiCaprio, Bradley Cooper, and Jamie Foxx. Kanye West and Pharell performed for guests. Jordan Belfort, the subject of “The Wolf of Wall Street” and no stranger to fraud, also attended the party. He told his girlfriend that something didn’t look right, Billion Dollar Whale reports. </p>
<figure><p>
https://www.instagram.com/p/CX2EUXtJ9Tr/
</p></figure>
<h2><strong>1MDB trial revelations</strong></h2>
<p>Low paid $250,000 to Fox, $100,000 to Hilton, and $50,000 to Kim Kardashian to attend parties, according to <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-16/jho-low-s-wild-nights-on-display-with-250-000-for-dicaprio-fox">Bloomberg</a>. </p>
<p>The jury was also shown a contract for Leonardo DiCaprio that dated back to November 2009. </p>
<p>The actor was flown on an exclusive private jet to attend Low’s birthday party and was paid $150,000 to attend the party, a dinner, and private gambling activities. DiCaprio was one of his closest celebrity friends, and Low even gifted him a $9.2 million Basquiat artwork once. </p>
<p>In July 2012, Low held a yacht party on the French Riviera and ordered for models to be flown in. This deed was written out as “Strategic Escorts LLC.” </p>
<p>Low allegedly threw these parties with help from <a href="https://fortune.com/company/goldman-sachs-group/">Goldman Sachs</a> bankers Roger Ng and Tim Leissner. Leissner has pleaded guilty and is currently cooperating with the feds. According to prosecutors, Ng pocketed $35 million from these kickbacks. </p>
<p>Leissner also claimed that in 2017, Low said his lawyers and him were in talks with the Trump administration for a deal that would spare 1MDB from U.S. charges, according to <a href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/malaysian-financier-said-he-discussed-1mdb-probe-with-trump-allies-testimony-2022-03-01/">Reuters</a>. </p>
<p>Low also said he talked with Jared Kushner, a senior White House adviser under the Trump administration, to shut down the questions around 1MDB, according to <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/mar/06/1mdb-trial-new-york-corruption">The Guardian</a>. </p>
<figure><p>
https://www.instagram.com/p/CJd6NBTMZlE/
</p></figure>
<p>Someone familiar with Kushner’s schedule has denied these allegations, according to <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-01/jho-low-claimed-trump-team-backed-1mdb-settlement-leissner-say?sref=fqqmZ8gi">Bloomberg</a>. However, there is still a link between Low and the Trump administration, as Elliot Brody pleaded guilty to lobbying the Trump Administration illegally on behalf of Low. </p>
<h2>Mansions, art, and a private jet</h2>
<p>Aside from partying, Low also invested in real estate and bought luxury homes in New York, Los Angeles, and London. He also purchased a private plane and spent around $310 million on art, setting a record for paying the highest price for a Basquiat at $48.8 million.</p>
<p>Between 2013 and 2014, he also purchased around $200 million in jewelry. Miranda Kerr, whom he dated in 2014, received $8 million in gifts. </p>
<p>That same year, Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mahamad found evidence of what Low had been doing in 1MDB. </p>
<figure><p>
https://www.instagram.com/p/CYSBWPfhIw-/
</p></figure>
<p>In 2016, Loretta Lynch, a U.S. Attorney, said that the government would seek to recover more than $1 billion of assets bought using proceeds from 1MDB. Low’s jet, mansions, and EMI stake were seized. Granite, the production company, had to pay $60 million.</p>
<p>Some of Low’s friends surrendered their gifts to the government. This included Kerr’s $8 million in jewelry and DiCaprio’s $13 million in art.</p>
<h2><strong>Involvement with 1MDB</strong></h2>
<p>Founded in 2009, 1MDB was a state-owned sovereign investment fund co-founded by Najib Razak with the help of financier Jho Low in Malaysia. </p>
<p>The acronym stands for 1Malaysia Development Bhd, and Razak led its advisory board until 2016. It was created to promote development in the country. It planned the new financial district in Kuala Lumpur as one of its first initiatives, and bought privately-owned power plants.</p>
<p>Between 2009 and 2013, the fund raised billions for joint ventures and investment projects. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, most of the money raised was embezzled and diverted to shell companies and offshore bank accounts linked to Low.</p>
<p>In 2018, public anger over the scandal heated up, and voters ousted former Prime Minister Najib Razak. Two years later, Razak, who faced 42 charges of abuse of power, money laundering, criminal breach of trust, and losses, was convicted in the first of many trials. </p>
<figure><p>
https://www.instagram.com/p/CTvva75J8eL/
</p></figure>
<p>Goldman Sachs, which was also involved in the scandal, entered its first-ever guilty plea and agreed to pay $5 billion and a $2.9 billion fine in the U.S., according to <a href="https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-12-07/explainer-malaysian-ex-pm-najib-and-the-1mdb-scandal">U.S. News</a>.</p>
<p>Low allegedly led the group of Malaysians who diverted the money invested in the fund into their personal accounts. While he claimed he did consulting work for 1MDB, U.S. prosecutors say he is the mastermind behind creating the shell companies that arranged withdrawals for payoffs and collected proceeds from the fund. </p>
<p>Prosecutors say he funneled $27.3 million from 1MDB to a jeweler in New York for a pink diamond necklace for Razak’s wife, who was first lady at the time. </p>
<p>Although he denies any wrongdoing, he has been charged for money laundering and other offenses in Malaysia and the U.S. Low is now a fugitive.</p>
<p>Today, 1MDB is synonymous with crime and investigations.</p>
<h2><strong>Where is Jho Low </strong>today?</h2>
<p>Regardless of the scandal, some 1MDB projects like the transportation hub and a new financial district plan are still going ahead. However, the fund has been reduced to a shell, and the finance ministry has picked up its assets and debts.</p>
<p>European, American, and Asian authorities have coordinated their investigations to follow the money trail 1MDB left behind. They have also coordinated their legal approaches towards asset recovery. </p>
<p>What they find could help close loopholes in the global financial system that assist in corruption.</p>
<p>The Federal Bureau of Investigation has also said that some people have remained silent in fear of retaliation. </p>
<p>The Malaysian government claims Low is now living in Macau, although China denies this. Al Jazeera <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/11/16/how-1mdb-fugitive-jho-low-tried-to-bargain-for-his-freedom">also reported</a> he’s living in the gambling capital, in a house owned by a senior member of the China Communist Party.</p></div></div>||||I|||| * Home
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 International ·1MDB

 Meet Jho Low, the fugitive 1MDB financier known as ‘The Asian Great Gatsby’ who paid Leonardo DiCaprio to be his friend

 BY Carmela Chirinos
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 Before he was wanted for his role in 1MDB, Low Taek Jho, more commonly known as Jho Low, led a glamorous life that included paying to party with celebrities like Leonardo DiCaprio and dating supermodel Miranda Kerr.
 Bertrand Rindoff Petroff—Getty Images

 The 1MDB embezzlement scandal has rocked the business world, and the man believed to be its mastermind is Low Taek Jho, more commonly known as Jho Low.

 Malaysian businessman Low fled the country and is now considered a fugitive. The 40-year-old faces charges for money laundering and a litany of other offenses related to the fund prosecutors say he led for many years.

 Before he was wanted for his role in 1MDB, Low led a glamorous life that included paying to party with celebrities like Leonardo DiCaprio and dating supermodel Miranda Kerr.

 People from his past allege that Low’s questionable behavior dates back to his days as an MBA student at Wharton.

 The ‘Asian Great Gatsby’

 In 1981, Low was born to a moderately wealthy family in Malaysia. His jet-setting father taught him the importance of having the right network at an early age. Like Low, his father also had the habit of flying in models for parties.

 Low studied at Wharton, where he threw his first elaborate party and became known as “The Asian Great Gatsby.” For his 20th birthday, he rented out Shampoo, one of the hottest nightclubs in Philadelphia at the time, for $40,000.

 Low reportedly sent a note to Ivanka Trump as his partying habits developed, inviting her to a gambling trip to Atlantic City’s Trump Plaza Hotel. He later told his friends that she declined because she didn’t want to set foot in one of her father’s casinos.

 Low also developed a crush on Paris Hilton and watched her movie “House of Wax” multiple times, which caused eye rolls from his roommates, according to The New York Post.

 https://www.instagram.com/p/CZ90Z-WJE21/

 After college, he returned home with hopes of working for the network he built at Wharton, helping them with investment deals. While this plan didn’t work out as he had hoped, he was able to connect Malaysian deputy prime minister Najib Razak with Mubadala Development, an investment fund. This connection gave Low status, giving him access to Malaysian banks that lent him billions of dollars.

 Three years later, Najib Razak became prime minister, and Low reinvented himself, becoming the alleged mastermind behind offshore financing. He learned how to set up shell companies and moved large sums of money around, according to prosecutors.

 As the new prime minister looked for ways to fund his government, Low came up with the idea of creating a sovereign wealth fund, and 1MDB was born. He took control of the fund and siphoned $700 million to himself. This initial amount was nothing compared to the more significant sums that came after, giving him access to unlimited wealth.

 Partying with Paris Hilton

 Low partied like there was no tomorrow. Expenses for parties went up to six figures as he paid celebrities like Megan Fox, Paris Hilton, and Leonardo DiCaprio to attend, according to the New York Post.

 In “Billion Dollar Whale“, a book about Low, the authors write that he spent $85 million on parties between October 2009 and June 2010. Highlights included running up a $160,000 tab at New York City’s The Avenue, and sending 23 bottles of Cristal champagne to Lindsay Lohan’s table at 1Oak.

 Still in love with Paris Hilton, Low contacted her manager in 2009 to see if he could pay her to attend his parties. According to the book, she told friends she got paid $100,000 per event. A year later, he rented Paul Allen’s superyacht and spent millions on champagne. These bottles were later poured by Low and his entourage, which now included Hilton.

 For her 29th birthday in Las Vegas, Low gave Hilton $250,000 in gambling chips and gifted her a Cartier watch.

 Low later financed Red Granite, the film company that produced “The Wolf Of Wall Street.” In 2011, the company introduced itself at the Cannes Film Festival by throwing one of Low’s usual bashes.

 Celebrities in attendance included DiCaprio, Bradley Cooper, and Jamie Foxx. Kanye West and Pharell performed for guests. Jordan Belfort, the subject of “The Wolf of Wall Street” and no stranger to fraud, also attended the party. He told his girlfriend that something didn’t look right, Billion Dollar Whale reports.

 https://www.instagram.com/p/CX2EUXtJ9Tr/

 1MDB trial revelations

 Low paid $250,000 to Fox, $100,000 to Hilton, and $50,000 to Kim Kardashian to attend parties, according to Bloomberg.

 The jury was also shown a contract for Leonardo DiCaprio that dated back to November 2009.

 The actor was flown on an exclusive private jet to attend Low’s birthday party and was paid $150,000 to attend the party, a dinner, and private gambling activities. DiCaprio was one of his closest celebrity friends, and Low even gifted him a $9.2 million Basquiat artwork once.

 In July 2012, Low held a yacht party on the French Riviera and ordered for models to be flown in. This deed was written out as “Strategic Escorts LLC.”

 Low allegedly threw these parties with help from Goldman Sachs bankers Roger Ng and Tim Leissner. Leissner has pleaded guilty and is currently cooperating with the feds. According to prosecutors, Ng pocketed $35 million from these kickbacks.

 Leissner also claimed that in 2017, Low said his lawyers and him were in talks with the Trump administration for a deal that would spare 1MDB from U.S. charges, according to Reuters.

 Low also said he talked with Jared Kushner, a senior White House adviser under the Trump administration, to shut down the questions around 1MDB, according to The Guardian.

 https://www.instagram.com/p/CJd6NBTMZlE/

 Someone familiar with Kushner’s schedule has denied these allegations, according to Bloomberg. However, there is still a link between Low and the Trump administration, as Elliot Brody pleaded guilty to lobbying the Trump Administration illegally on behalf of Low.

 Mansions, art, and a private jet

 Aside from partying, Low also invested in real estate and bought luxury homes in New York, Los Angeles, and London. He also purchased a private plane and spent around $310 million on art, setting a record for paying the highest price for a Basquiat at $48.8 million.

 Between 2013 and 2014, he also purchased around $200 million in jewelry. Miranda Kerr, whom he dated in 2014, received $8 million in gifts.

 That same year, Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mahamad found evidence of what Low had been doing in 1MDB.

 https://www.instagram.com/p/CYSBWPfhIw-/

 In 2016, Loretta Lynch, a U.S. Attorney, said that the government would seek to recover more than $1 billion of assets bought using proceeds from 1MDB. Low’s jet, mansions, and EMI stake were seized. Granite, the production company, had to pay $60 million.

 Some of Low’s friends surrendered their gifts to the government. This included Kerr’s $8 million in jewelry and DiCaprio’s $13 million in art.

 Involvement with 1MDB

 Founded in 2009, 1MDB was a state-owned sovereign investment fund co-founded by Najib Razak with the help of financier Jho Low in Malaysia.

 The acronym stands for 1Malaysia Development Bhd, and Razak led its advisory board until 2016. It was created to promote development in the country. It planned the new financial district in Kuala Lumpur as one of its first initiatives, and bought privately-owned power plants.

 Between 2009 and 2013, the fund raised billions for joint ventures and investment projects. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, most of the money raised was embezzled and diverted to shell companies and offshore bank accounts linked to Low.

 In 2018, public anger over the scandal heated up, and voters ousted former Prime Minister Najib Razak. Two years later, Razak, who faced 42 charges of abuse of power, money laundering, criminal breach of trust, and losses, was convicted in the first of many trials.

 https://www.instagram.com/p/CTvva75J8eL/

 Goldman Sachs, which was also involved in the scandal, entered its first-ever guilty plea and agreed to pay $5 billion and a $2.9 billion fine in the U.S., according to U.S. News.

 Low allegedly led the group of Malaysians who diverted the money invested in the fund into their personal accounts. While he claimed he did consulting work for 1MDB, U.S. prosecutors say he is the mastermind behind creating the shell companies that arranged withdrawals for payoffs and collected proceeds from the fund.

 Prosecutors say he funneled $27.3 million from 1MDB to a jeweler in New York for a pink diamond necklace for Razak’s wife, who was first lady at the time.

 Although he denies any wrongdoing, he has been charged for money laundering and other offenses in Malaysia and the U.S. Low is now a fugitive.

 Today, 1MDB is synonymous with crime and investigations.

 Where is Jho Low today?

 Regardless of the scandal, some 1MDB projects like the transportation hub and a new financial district plan are still going ahead. However, the fund has been reduced to a shell, and the finance ministry has picked up its assets and debts.

 European, American, and Asian authorities have coordinated their investigations to follow the money trail 1MDB left behind. They have also coordinated their legal approaches towards asset recovery.

 What they find could help close loopholes in the global financial system that assist in corruption.

 The Federal Bureau of Investigation has also said that some people have remained silent in fear of retaliation.

 The Malaysian government claims Low is now living in Macau, although China denies this. Al Jazeera also reported he’s living in the gambling capital, in a house owned by a senior member of the China Communist Party.

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The 1MDB embezzlement scandal has rocked the business world, and the man believed to be its mastermind is Low Taek Jho, more commonly known as Jho Low. 
Malaysian businessman Low fled the country and is now considered a fugitive. The 40-year-old faces charges for money laundering and a litany of other offenses related to the fund prosecutors say he led for many years.
Before he was wanted for his role in 1MDB, Low led a glamorous life that included paying to party with celebrities like Leonardo DiCaprio and dating supermodel Miranda Kerr. 
People from his past allege that Low’s questionable behavior dates back to his days as an MBA student at Wharton.
The ‘Asian Great Gatsby’
In 1981, Low was born to a moderately wealthy family in Malaysia. His jet-setting father taught him the importance of having the right network at an early age. Like Low, his father also had the habit of flying in models for parties. 
Low studied at Wharton, where he threw his first elaborate party and became known as “The Asian Great Gatsby.” For his 20th birthday, he rented out Shampoo, one of the hottest nightclubs in Philadelphia at the time, for $40,000.
Low reportedly sent a note to Ivanka Trump as his partying habits developed, inviting her to a gambling trip to Atlantic City’s Trump Plaza Hotel. He later told his friends that she declined because she didn’t want to set foot in one of her father’s casinos.
Low also developed a crush on Paris Hilton and watched her movie “House of Wax” multiple times, which caused eye rolls from his roommates, according to The New York Post.
 
https://www.instagram.com/p/CZ90Z-WJE21/
 
After college, he returned home with hopes of working for the network he built at Wharton, helping them with investment deals. While this plan didn’t work out as he had hoped, he was able to connect Malaysian deputy prime minister Najib Razak with Mubadala Development, an investment fund. This connection gave Low status, giving him access to Malaysian banks that lent him billions of dollars.
Three years later, Najib Razak became prime minister, and Low reinvented himself, becoming the alleged mastermind behind offshore financing. He learned how to set up shell companies and moved large sums of money around, according to prosecutors.
As the new prime minister looked for ways to fund his government, Low came up with the idea of creating a sovereign wealth fund, and 1MDB was born. He took control of the fund and siphoned $700 million to himself. This initial amount was nothing compared to the more significant sums that came after, giving him access to unlimited wealth.
 Partying with Paris Hilton 
Low partied like there was no tomorrow. Expenses for parties went up to six figures as he paid celebrities like Megan Fox, Paris Hilton, and Leonardo DiCaprio to attend, according to the New York Post. 
In “Billion Dollar Whale“, a book about Low, the authors write that he spent $85 million on parties between October 2009 and June 2010. Highlights included running up a $160,000 tab at New York City’s The Avenue, and sending 23 bottles of Cristal champagne to Lindsay Lohan’s table at 1Oak.
Still in love with Paris Hilton, Low contacted her manager in 2009 to see if he could pay her to attend his parties. According to the book, she told friends she got paid $100,000 per event. A year later, he rented Paul Allen’s superyacht and spent millions on champagne. These bottles were later poured by Low and his entourage, which now included Hilton. 
For her 29th birthday in Las Vegas, Low gave Hilton $250,000 in gambling chips and gifted her a Cartier watch.
Low later financed Red Granite, the film company that produced “The Wolf Of Wall Street.” In 2011, the company introduced itself at the Cannes Film Festival by throwing one of Low’s usual bashes. 
Celebrities in attendance included DiCaprio, Bradley Cooper, and Jamie Foxx. Kanye West and Pharell performed for guests. Jordan Belfort, the subject of “The Wolf of Wall Street” and no stranger to fraud, also attended the party. He told his girlfriend that something didn’t look right, Billion Dollar Whale reports. 
 
https://www.instagram.com/p/CX2EUXtJ9Tr/
 
 1MDB trial revelations 
Low paid $250,000 to Fox, $100,000 to Hilton, and $50,000 to Kim Kardashian to attend parties, according to Bloomberg. 
The jury was also shown a contract for Leonardo DiCaprio that dated back to November 2009. 
The actor was flown on an exclusive private jet to attend Low’s birthday party and was paid $150,000 to attend the party, a dinner, and private gambling activities. DiCaprio was one of his closest celebrity friends, and Low even gifted him a $9.2 million Basquiat artwork once. 
In July 2012, Low held a yacht party on the French Riviera and ordered for models to be flown in. This deed was written out as “Strategic Escorts LLC.” 
Low allegedly threw these parties with help from Goldman Sachs bankers Roger Ng and Tim Leissner. Leissner has pleaded guilty and is currently cooperating with the feds. According to prosecutors, Ng pocketed $35 million from these kickbacks. 
Leissner also claimed that in 2017, Low said his lawyers and him were in talks with the Trump administration for a deal that would spare 1MDB from U.S. charges, according to Reuters. 
Low also said he talked with Jared Kushner, a senior White House adviser under the Trump administration, to shut down the questions around 1MDB, according to The Guardian. 
 
https://www.instagram.com/p/CJd6NBTMZlE/
 
Someone familiar with Kushner’s schedule has denied these allegations, according to Bloomberg. However, there is still a link between Low and the Trump administration, as Elliot Brody pleaded guilty to lobbying the Trump Administration illegally on behalf of Low. 
Mansions, art, and a private jet
Aside from partying, Low also invested in real estate and bought luxury homes in New York, Los Angeles, and London. He also purchased a private plane and spent around $310 million on art, setting a record for paying the highest price for a Basquiat at $48.8 million.
Between 2013 and 2014, he also purchased around $200 million in jewelry. Miranda Kerr, whom he dated in 2014, received $8 million in gifts. 
That same year, Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mahamad found evidence of what Low had been doing in 1MDB. 
 
https://www.instagram.com/p/CYSBWPfhIw-/
 
In 2016, Loretta Lynch, a U.S. Attorney, said that the government would seek to recover more than $1 billion of assets bought using proceeds from 1MDB. Low’s jet, mansions, and EMI stake were seized. Granite, the production company, had to pay $60 million.
Some of Low’s friends surrendered their gifts to the government. This included Kerr’s $8 million in jewelry and DiCaprio’s $13 million in art.
 Involvement with 1MDB 
Founded in 2009, 1MDB was a state-owned sovereign investment fund co-founded by Najib Razak with the help of financier Jho Low in Malaysia. 
The acronym stands for 1Malaysia Development Bhd, and Razak led its advisory board until 2016. It was created to promote development in the country. It planned the new financial district in Kuala Lumpur as one of its first initiatives, and bought privately-owned power plants.
Between 2009 and 2013, the fund raised billions for joint ventures and investment projects. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, most of the money raised was embezzled and diverted to shell companies and offshore bank accounts linked to Low.
In 2018, public anger over the scandal heated up, and voters ousted former Prime Minister Najib Razak. Two years later, Razak, who faced 42 charges of abuse of power, money laundering, criminal breach of trust, and losses, was convicted in the first of many trials. 
 
https://www.instagram.com/p/CTvva75J8eL/
 
Goldman Sachs, which was also involved in the scandal, entered its first-ever guilty plea and agreed to pay $5 billion and a $2.9 billion fine in the U.S., according to U.S. News.
Low allegedly led the group of Malaysians who diverted the money invested in the fund into their personal accounts. While he claimed he did consulting work for 1MDB, U.S. prosecutors say he is the mastermind behind creating the shell companies that arranged withdrawals for payoffs and collected proceeds from the fund. 
Prosecutors say he funneled $27.3 million from 1MDB to a jeweler in New York for a pink diamond necklace for Razak’s wife, who was first lady at the time. 
Although he denies any wrongdoing, he has been charged for money laundering and other offenses in Malaysia and the U.S. Low is now a fugitive.
Today, 1MDB is synonymous with crime and investigations.
 Where is Jho Low today?
Regardless of the scandal, some 1MDB projects like the transportation hub and a new financial district plan are still going ahead. However, the fund has been reduced to a shell, and the finance ministry has picked up its assets and debts.
European, American, and Asian authorities have coordinated their investigations to follow the money trail 1MDB left behind. They have also coordinated their legal approaches towards asset recovery. 
What they find could help close loopholes in the global financial system that assist in corruption.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation has also said that some people have remained silent in fear of retaliation. 
The Malaysian government claims Low is now living in Macau, although China denies this. Al Jazeera also reported he’s living in the gambling capital, in a house owned by a senior member of the China Communist Party.
Meet Jho Low, the fugitive 1MDB financier who paid to party with Leonardo DiCaprio
https://fortune.com/2022/03/07/jho-low-fugitive-1mdb-financier-biography/