In what century did the french revolution take palce
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18th century - Wikipedia
2001-10-23
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<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:1700_CE_world_map.PNG"></a></p><div><p>Political boundaries at the beginning of year 1700</p></div></div>
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<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg"></a></p></div> 
<p>The <b>18th century</b> lasted from January 1, <a href="/wiki/1701">1701</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals">MDCCI</a>) to December 31, <a href="/wiki/1800">1800</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals">MDCCC</a>). During the 18th century, elements of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> thinking culminated in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution">Haitian Revolutions</a>. During the century, <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery">slave trading</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking">human trafficking</a> expanded across the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean">Atlantic</a>, while declining in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire">Russia</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty">China</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Joseon">Korea</a>. Revolutions began to challenge the legitimacy of monarchical and aristocratic power structures, including the structures and beliefs that <a href="/wiki/Proslavery">supported slavery</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> began during mid-century, leading to radical changes in <a href="/wiki/Society">human society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment">environment</a>.
</p><p>Western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. For example, the "short" 18th century may be defined as 1715–1789, denoting the period of time between the death of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV">Louis XIV of France</a> and the start of the French Revolution, with an emphasis on directly interconnected events.<sup><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements, the "long" 18th century<sup><a href="#cite_note-Baines-5">[5]</a></sup> may run from the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688 to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> in 1815<sup><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> or even later.<sup><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>The period is also known as the "century of lights" or the "century of reason". In continental Europe, philosophers dreamed of a brighter age. For some, this dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789, though this was later compromised by the excesses of the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror">Reign of Terror</a>. At first, many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals, but in the wake of the French Revolution they feared loss of power and formed broad coalitions to oppose the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic">French Republic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>.
</p><p>The 18th century also marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> as an independent state. Its semi-democratic government system was not robust enough to rival the neighboring states of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy">Austria</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland">partitioned</a> the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth between themselves, changing the landscape of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe">Central Europe</a> and politics for the next hundred years.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion, taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768. As a result, the empire was not exposed to Europe's military improvements of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War">Seven Years' War</a>. The Ottoman Empire military consequently lagged behind and suffered several defeats against Russia in the second half of the century. In <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia">Southwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah">Nader Shah</a> led successful military campaigns and major invasions, which indirectly led to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire">Durrani Empire</a>.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a> and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as part of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail">Age of Sail</a>. European colonization intensified in present-day <a href="/wiki/Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company">Dutch East India Company</a> established increasing levels of control over the <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a>. Mainland Southeast Asia would be embroiled in the <a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_wars">Konbaung–Ayutthaya Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty">Tây Sơn rebellion</a>, while in East Asia, the century marked the <a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era">High Qing era</a> and the continual <a href="/wiki/Sakoku">seclusion policies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>.
</p><p>Various conflicts throughout the century, including the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War">French and Indian War</a> saw <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain">Great Britain</a> triumphing over its European rivals to become the preeminent colonial power in Europe. However, Britain lost its <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies">colonies in North America</a> after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War">American Revolutionary War</a>, which went on to form the <a href="/wiki/United_States">United States</a>, initiating the <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas">decolonization of the Americas</a>. The European colonization of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand">New Zealand</a> began during the late half of the century.
</p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, the death of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors">Mughal emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> marked the end of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India">medieval India</a> and the beginning of an increasing level of European <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India">influence and control</a> in the region, which coincided with a period of rapid <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire">Maratha expansion</a>. After the reign of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire became less powerful. In 1739, <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah">Nader Shah</a> invaded and defeated the Mughal Empire. Later, his general <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani">Ahmad Shah Abdali</a> scored another defeat against the Mughals in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a> in 1761.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a></sup> By the middle of the century, the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company">British East India Company</a> began to conquer the eastern parts of India, a process which accelerated after their victory over the Mughal emperor, <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal_and_Murshidabad">Nawab of Bengal</a> and their <a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company">French allies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a></sup> Mughal emperor transformed into mere puppet of British.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a></sup> By the end of the century, <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India">Company rule in India</a> had come to cover more regions within <a href="/wiki/South_Asia">South Asia</a>, the British would also expand to the south, participating in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a>, governed by <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> and his father <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali">Hyder Ali</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
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<h2>Events[<a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1">edit</a>]</h2>
<h3>1701–1750[<a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2">edit</a>]</h3>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1700">1700</a>–<a href="/wiki/1721">1721</a>: <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War">Great Northern War</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire">Swedish Empires</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1701">1701</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> declared under King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia">Frederick I</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1701">1701</a>–<a href="/wiki/1714">1714</a>: The <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> is fought, involving most of continental <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France#War_of_the_Spanish_Succession">Europe</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1702">1702</a>–<a href="/wiki/1715">1715</a>: <a href="/wiki/Camisards">Camisard rebellion</a> in France.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1703">1703</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great">Peter the Great</a>; it is the Russian <a href="/wiki/Capital_(political)">capital</a> until <a href="/wiki/1918">1918</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1703">1703</a>–<a href="/wiki/1711">1711</a>: The <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence">Rákóczi uprising</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1704">1704</a>: End of Japan's <a href="/wiki/Genroku">Genroku</a> period.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1704">1704</a>: <a href="/wiki/First_Javanese_War_of_Succession">First Javanese War of Succession</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp82-13">[13]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1706">1706</a>–<a href="/wiki/1713">1713</a>: The <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>: French troops defeated at the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramillies">Ramillies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turin">Turin</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1707">1707</a>: Death of Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> leads to the fragmentation of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire">Mughal Empire</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1707">1707</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1707">Act of Union</a> is passed, merging the Scottish and English Parliaments, thus establishing the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1708">1708</a>: The <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company">Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies</a> and English Company Trading to the East Indies merge to form the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1708">1708</a>–<a href="/wiki/1709">1709</a>: Famine kills one-third of <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia">East Prussia</a>'s population.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1709">1709</a>: Foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty">Hotak Afghan Empire</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1709">1709</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Great_Frost_of_1709">Great Frost of 1709</a> marks the coldest winter in 500 years, contributing to the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire">Sweden</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava">Poltava</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1710">1710</a>: The world's first <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law">copyright legislation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain">Britain</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Anne">Statute of Anne</a>, takes effect.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1710">1710</a>–<a href="/wiki/1711">1711</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> fights Russia in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)">Russo-Turkish War</a> and regains <a href="/wiki/Azov">Azov</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1711">1711</a>: <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara">Bukhara Khanate</a> dissolves as local begs seize power.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1711">1711</a>–<a href="/wiki/1715">1715</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War">Tuscarora War</a> between British, Dutch, and German settlers and the <a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people">Tuscarora people</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina">North Carolina</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1713">1713</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> acknowledges the full recovery of the Chinese economy since its apex during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty">Ming</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1714">1714</a>: In Amsterdam, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gabriel_Fahrenheit">Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit</a> invents the <a href="/wiki/Mercury-in-glass_thermometer">mercury-in-glass thermometer</a>, which remains the most reliable and accurate thermometer until the electronic era.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1715">1715</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715">first Jacobite rising</a> breaks out; the British halt the Jacobite advance at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sheriffmuir">Battle of Sheriffmuir</a>; <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preston_(1715)">Battle of Preston</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1716">1716</a>: Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a> along the present-day India-<a href="/wiki/Pakistan">Pakistan</a> border.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1714">1716</a>–<a href="/wiki/1718">1718</a>: <a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1716%E2%80%931718)">Austro-Venetian-Turkish War</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1718">1718</a>: The city of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans">New Orleans</a> is founded by the French in North America.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1718">1718</a>–<a href="/wiki/1720">1720</a>: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance">War of the Quadruple Alliance</a> between Spain, France, Britain, Austria, and the Netherlands.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1718">1718</a>–<a href="/wiki/1730">1730</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tulip_period">Tulip period</a> of the Ottoman Empire.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1719">1719</a>: <a href="/wiki/Second_Javanese_War_of_Succession">Second Javanese War of Succession</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp84-15">[15]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1720">1720</a>: The <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Bubble">South Sea Bubble</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1720">1720</a>–<a href="/wiki/1721">1721</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Marseille">Great Plague of Marseille</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1720">1720</a>: Qing forces oust <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate">Dzungar</a> invaders from <a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate">Tibet</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1721">1721</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a> is signed, ending the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War">Great Northern War</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1721">1721</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Shamakhi">Sack of Shamakhi</a>, massacre of its Shia population by <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Lezgins">Lezgins</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1722">1722</a>: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Isfahan">Siege of Isfahan</a> results in the handover of Iran to the <a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty">Hotaki Afghans</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1722">1722</a>–<a href="/wiki/1723">1723</a>: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)">Russo-Persian War</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1722">1722</a>–<a href="/wiki/1725">1725</a>: Controversy over <a href="/wiki/William_Wood_(Mintmaster)">William Wood</a>'s halfpence leads to the <i><a href="/wiki/Drapier%27s_Letters">Drapier's Letters</a></i> and begins the Irish economic independence from England movement.<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:7_Muhammad_Shah_and_Nadir_Shah._1740,_Musee_Guimet,_Paris.jpg"></a></p></div></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1723">1723</a>: <a href="/wiki/Slavery">Slavery</a> is abolished in Russia; <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great">Peter the Great</a> converts household <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe#Slavery_in_Russia">slaves</a> into house <a href="/wiki/Serfs">serfs</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1723">1723</a>–<a href="/wiki/1730">1730</a>: The "Great Disaster", an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs">Kazakh</a> territories by the <a href="/wiki/Dzungars">Dzungars</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1723">1723</a>–<a href="/wiki/1732">1732</a>: The Qing and the Dzungars fight a series of wars across <a href="/wiki/Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a>, with inconclusive results.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1724">1724</a>: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gabriel_Fahrenheit">Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit</a> proposes the <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a> temperature scale.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1725">1725</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Vienna_(1725)">Austro-Spanish alliance</a> revived. Russia joins in 1726.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1727">1727</a>–<a href="/wiki/1729">1729</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1727%E2%80%931729)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> ends inconclusively.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1730">1730</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I">Mahmud I</a> takes over Ottoman Empire after the <a href="/wiki/Patrona_Halil">Patrona Halil</a> revolt, ending the <a href="/wiki/Tulip_period">Tulip period</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1730">1730</a>–<a href="/wiki/1760">1760</a>: The <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> takes place in Great Britain and North America.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1732">1732</a>–<a href="/wiki/1734">1734</a>: <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate">Crimean Tatar</a> raids into Russia.<sup><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1733">1733</a>–<a href="/wiki/1738">1738</a>: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a>.<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_the_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg"></a></p></div></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1735">1735</a>–<a href="/wiki/1739">1739</a>: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)">Austro-Russo-Turkish War</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1735">1735</a>–<a href="/wiki/1799">1799</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> of China oversees a huge expansion in territory.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1738">1738</a>–<a href="/wiki/1756">1756</a>: <a href="/wiki/List_of_famines">Famine</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Sahel">Sahel</a>; half the population of <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> dies.<sup><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1737">1737</a>–<a href="/wiki/1738">1738</a>: Hotaki Afghan Empire ends after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar">Siege of Kandahar</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah">Nader Shah</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1739">1739</a>: Great Britain and Spain fight the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> in the Caribbean.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1739">1739</a>: Nader Shah defeats a pan-Indian army of 300,000 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal">Battle of Karnal</a>. Taxation is stopped in Iran for three years.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1739">1739</a>–<a href="/wiki/1740">1740</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_Sindh_expedition">Nader Shah's Sindh expedition</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1740">1740</a>: <a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening">Great Awakening</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield">George Whitefield</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1740">1740</a>–<a href="/wiki/1741">1741</a>: <a href="/wiki/Great_Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)">Famine in Ireland</a> kills 20 percent of the population.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1741">1741</a>–<a href="/wiki/1743">1743</a>: Iran invades <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva">Khwarazm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire">Oman</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1741">1741</a>–<a href="/wiki/1751">1751</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maratha_invasions_of_Bengal">Maratha invasions of Bengal</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1740">1740</a>–<a href="/wiki/1748">1748</a>: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1742">1742</a>:
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marvel%27s_Mill">Marvel's Mill</a>, the first water-powered <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill">cotton mill</a>, begins operation in England.<sup><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Celsius">Anders Celsius</a> proposes an inverted form of the centigrade temperature, which is later renamed <a href="/wiki/Celsius">Celsius</a> in his honor.</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1742">1742</a>: Premiere of <a href="/wiki/Handel">Handel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)"><i>Messiah</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1743">1743</a>–<a href="/wiki/1746">1746</a>: Another <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_War_(1743%E2%80%931746)">Ottoman-Persian War</a> involves 375,000 men but ultimately ends in a stalemate.<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg"></a></p></div></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1744">1744</a>: The <a href="/wiki/First_Saudi_State">First Saudi State</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ibn_Saud">Mohammed Ibn Saud</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1744">1744</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulon_(1744)">Battle of Toulon</a> is fought off the coast of France.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1744">1744</a>–<a href="/wiki/1748">1748</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars">First Carnatic War</a> is fought between the British, the French, the <a href="/wiki/Marathas">Marathas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mysore">Mysore</a> in India.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1745">1745</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745">Second Jacobite rising</a> is begun by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart">Charles Edward Stuart</a> in Scotland.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1747">1747</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire">Durrani Empire</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1748">1748</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)">Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle</a> ends the War of the Austrian Succession and First Carnatic War.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1748">1748</a>–<a href="/wiki/1754">1754</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars">Second Carnatic War</a> is fought between the British, the French, the <a href="/wiki/Marathas">Marathas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mysore">Mysore</a> in India.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1750">1750</a>: Peak of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age">Little Ice Age</a>.</li></ul>
<h3>1751–1800[<a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3">edit</a>]</h3>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1752">1752</a>: The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire">British Empire</a> adopts the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Calendar">Gregorian Calendar</a>, skipping 11 days from September 3 to September 13. On the calendar, September 2 is followed directly by September 14.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1754">1754</a>: The Treaty of Pondicherry ends the Second Carnatic War and recognizes <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Ali_Khan_Wallajah">Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah</a> as <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_the_Carnatic">Nawab of the Carnatic</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1754">1754</a>: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University">King's College</a> is founded by a royal charter of <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain">George II of Great Britain</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1754">1754</a>–<a href="/wiki/1763">1763</a>: The <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War">French and Indian War</a>, the North American chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War">Seven Years' War</a>, is fought in colonial North America, mostly by the French and their allies against the English and their allies.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1755">1755</a>: The <a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake">great Lisbon earthquake</a> destroys most of <a href="/wiki/Portugal">Portugal</a>'s capital and kills up to 100,000.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1755">1755</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide">Dzungar genocide</a> depopulates much of northern Xinjiang, allowing for Han, Uyghur, Khalkha Mongol, and Manchu colonization.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1755">1755</a>–<a href="/wiki/1763">1763</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians">Great Upheaval</a> forces transfer of the French Acadian population from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1756">1756</a>–<a href="/wiki/1763">1763</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War">Seven Years' War</a> is fought among European powers in various theaters around the world.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1756">1756</a>–<a href="/wiki/1763">1763</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Third_Carnatic_War">Third Carnatic War</a> is fought between the British, the French, and <a href="/wiki/Mysore">Mysore</a> in India.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1757">1757</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey">British conquest of Bengal</a>.</li></ul>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Catherinethegreatroslin.jpg"></a></p></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1760">1760</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_III">George III</a> becomes King of Britain.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1761">1761</a>: Maratha Empire defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Panipat_(1761)">Battle of Panipat</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1762">1762</a>–<a href="/wiki/1796">1796</a>: Reign of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia">Catherine the Great</a> of Russia.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1763">1763</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> ends the Seven Years' War and Third Carnatic War.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1764">1764</a>: The Mughals are defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1765">1765</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765">Stamp Act</a> is introduced into the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies">American colonies</a> by the British Parliament.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1767">1765–1767</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1765%E2%80%931767)">Burmese invade Thailand</a> and utterly destroy <a href="/wiki/Phra_Nakhon_Si_Ayutthaya_(city)">Attuthaya</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1765">1765</a>–<a href="/wiki/1769">1769</a>: <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty">Burma</a> under <a href="/wiki/Hsinbyushin">Hsinbyushin</a> repels <a href="/wiki/Sino-Burmese_War">four invasions</a> from Qing China, securing hegemony over the <a href="/wiki/Shan_States">Shan states</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1766">1766</a>: <a href="/wiki/Christian_VII_of_Denmark">Christian VII</a> becomes king of Denmark. He was <a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm">king of Denmark</a> to <a href="/wiki/1808">1808</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1766">1766</a>–<a href="/wiki/1799">1799</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1767">1767</a>: <a href="/wiki/Taksin">Taksin</a> expels Burmese invaders and reunites Thailand under an authoritarian regime.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1768">1768</a>–<a href="/wiki/1772">1772</a>: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Bar_Confederation">War of the Bar Confederation</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1768">1768</a>–<a href="/wiki/1774">1774</a>: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)">Russo-Turkish War</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1769">1769</a>: Spanish <a href="/wiki/Missionary">missionaries</a> establish the first of 21 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Missions_of_California">missions</a> in <a href="/wiki/California">California</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1769">1769</a>–<a href="/wiki/1770">1770</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Cook">James Cook</a> explores and maps New Zealand and Australia.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1769">1769</a>–<a href="/wiki/1773">1773</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1770">Bengal famine of 1770</a> kills one-third of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal">Bengal</a> population.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1769">1769</a>: The <a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company">French East India Company</a> dissolves, only to be revived in 1785.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1769">1769</a>: French expeditions capture <a href="/wiki/Clove">clove</a> plants in <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island">Ambon</a>, ending the VOC monopoly of the plant.<sup><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp102-23">[23]</a></sup> (to 1772)</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1770">1770</a>–<a href="/wiki/1771">1771</a>: <a href="/wiki/Famines_in_Czech_lands">Famine in Czech lands</a> kills hundreds of thousands.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1771">1771</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Plague_Riot">Plague Riot</a> in Moscow.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1771">1771</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate">Kalmyk Khanate</a> dissolves as the territory becomes colonized by Russians. More than a hundred thousand <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a> migrate back to <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule">Qing Dzungaria</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1772">1772</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden">Gustav III of Sweden</a> stages a coup d'état, becoming almost an absolute monarch.<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Encyclopedie_de_D%27Alembert_et_Diderot_-_Premiere_Page_-_ENC_1-NA5.jpg"></a></p></div></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1772">1772</a>–<a href="/wiki/1779">1779</a>: Maratha Empire fights Britain and <a href="/wiki/Raghunathrao">Raghunathrao</a>'s forces during the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1772">1772</a>–<a href="/wiki/1795">1795</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland">Partitions of Poland</a> end the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and erase Poland from the map for 123 years.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1773">1773</a>–<a href="/wiki/1775">1775</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a>, the largest peasant revolt in Russian history.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1773">1773</a>: East India Company starts operations in <a href="/wiki/Bengal">Bengal</a> to smuggle <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War">opium into China</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1775">1775</a>: Russia imposes a reduction in autonomy on the <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich">Zaporizhian Cossacks</a> of Ukraine.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1775">1775</a>–<a href="/wiki/1782">1782</a>: <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1775">1775</a>–<a href="/wiki/1783">1783</a>: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War">American Revolutionary War</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1776">1776</a>: Several <a href="/wiki/Kongsi_republic">Kongsi Republics</a> are founded by Chinese settlers in the island of <a href="/wiki/Borneo">Borneo</a>. They are some of the first democracies in Asia.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1776">1776</a>–<a href="/wiki/1777">1777</a>: <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1776%E2%80%931777)">A Spanish-Portuguese War</a> occurs over land in the South American frontiers.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1776">1776</a>: <a href="/wiki/Illuminati">Illuminati</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt">Adam Weishaupt</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1776">1776</a>: The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a> is adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress">Continental Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1776">1776</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith">Adam Smith</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1778">1778</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Cook">James Cook</a> becomes the first European to land on the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1778">1778</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance">Franco-American alliance</a> signed.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1778">1778</a>: Spain acquires its <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea">first permanent holding in Africa</a> from the Portuguese, which is administrated by the newly-established <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata">La Plata Viceroyalty</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1778">1778</a>: <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t">Vietnam</a> is reunified for the first time in 200 years by the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty">Tay Son brothers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty">Tây Sơn dynasty</a> has been established, terminated the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty">Lê dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1779">1779</a>–<a href="/wiki/1879">1879</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars">Xhosa Wars</a> between British and <a href="/wiki/Boer">Boer</a> settlers and the <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people">Xhosas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic">South African Republic</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1779">1779</a>–<a href="/wiki/1783">1783</a>: <a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War">Britain loses several islands and colonial outposts all over the world</a> to the combined Franco-Spanish navy.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1779">1779</a>: Iran enters yet another period of conflict and civil war after the prosperous reign of <a href="/wiki/Karim_Khan_Zand">Karim Khan Zand</a>.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1780">1780</a>: Outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II">indigenous rebellion</a> against Spanish colonization led by <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II">Túpac Amaru II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peru">Peru</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1781">1781</a>: The city of Los Angeles is founded by <a href="/wiki/Spaniards">Spanish</a> settlers.<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_George_Washington-transparent.png"></a></p></div></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1781">1781</a>–<a href="/wiki/1785">1785</a>: <a href="/wiki/Serfdom">Serfdom</a> is abolished in the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy">Austrian monarchy</a> (first step; second step in <a href="/wiki/1848">1848</a>).</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1782">1782</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a> of Thailand is dissolved after a palace coup.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1783">1783</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> formally ends the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War">American Revolutionary War</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1783">1783</a>: Russian annexation of <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate">Crimea</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1785">1785</a>–<a href="/wiki/1791">1791</a>: Imam <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mansur">Sheikh Mansur</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chechen_people">Chechen</a> warrior and Muslim mystic, leads a coalition of Muslim <a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus">Caucasian tribes</a> from throughout the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus">Caucasus</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Jihad">holy war</a> against Russian settlers and military bases in the Caucasus, as well as against local traditionalists, who followed the traditional customs and common law (Adat) rather than the theocratic Sharia.<sup><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1785">1785</a>–<a href="/wiki/1795">1795</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War">Northwest Indian War</a> is fought between the United States and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_the_United_States">Native Americans</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1785">1785</a>–<a href="/wiki/1787">1787</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maratha%E2%80%93Mysore_Wars">The Maratha-Mysore War</a> concludes with an exchange of territories in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau">Deccan</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1786">1786</a>–<a href="/wiki/1787">1787</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mozart">Mozart</a> premieres <a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro">The Marriage of Figaro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1787">1787</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people">Tuareg</a> occupies Timbuktu until the 19th century.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1787">1787</a>–<a href="/wiki/1792">1792</a>: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)">Russo-Turkish War</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1788">1788</a>: <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet">First Fleet</a> arrives in Australia</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1788">1788</a>–<a href="/wiki/1790">1790</a>: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)">Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)</a>.<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg"></a></p></div></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1788">1788</a>–<a href="/wiki/1789">1789</a>: A Qing attempt to reinstall an exiled <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Chi%C3%AAu_Th%E1%BB%91ng">Vietnamese king</a> in northern Vietnam <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BB%93i-%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a">ends in disaster</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1789">1789</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington">George Washington</a> is elected the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States">President of the United States</a>; he serves until <a href="/wiki/1797">1797</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1789">1789</a> : <a href="/wiki/Quang_Trung">Quang Trung</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty">Qing</a> army</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1789">1789</a>–<a href="/wiki/1799">1799</a>: <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution">French Revolution</a>.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1789">1789</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution">Liège Revolution</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1789">1789</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Brabant_Revolution">Brabant Revolution</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1789">1789</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Inconfid%C3%AAncia_Mineira">Inconfidência Mineira</a>, an unsuccessful separatist movement in central Brazil led by <a href="/wiki/Tiradentes">Tiradentes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1791">1791</a>: Suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution">Liège Revolution</a> by <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire">Austrian</a> forces and re-establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1791">1791</a>–<a href="/wiki/1795">1795</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Vancouver">George Vancouver</a> explores the world during the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Expedition">Vancouver Expedition</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1791">1791</a>–<a href="/wiki/1804">1804</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1791">1791</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mozart">Mozart</a> premieres <a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Flute">The Magic Flute</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1792">1792</a>–<a href="/wiki/1802">1802</a>: The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> lead into the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, which last from <a href="/wiki/1803">1803</a>–<a href="/wiki/1815">1815</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1792">1792</a>: The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange">New York Stock &amp; Exchange Board</a> is founded.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1792">1792</a>: <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792">Polish–Russian War of 1792</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1793">1793</a>: <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada">Upper Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/Act_Against_Slavery">bans slavery</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1793">1793</a>: The largest <a href="/wiki/1793_Philadelphia_yellow_fever_epidemic">yellow fever epidemic</a> in American history kills as many as 5,000 people in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, roughly 10% of the population.<sup><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1793">1793</a>–<a href="/wiki/1796">1796</a>: <a href="/wiki/Revolt_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e">Revolt in the Vendée</a> against the French Republic at the time of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution">Revolution</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1794">1794</a>–<a href="/wiki/1816">1816</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Hawkesbury_and_Nepean_Wars">Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars</a>, which were a series of incidents between settlers and <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Corps">New South Wales Corps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian">Aboriginal Australian</a> clans of the <a href="/wiki/Hawkesbury_River">Hawkesbury river</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia">Australia</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1795">1795</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Marseillaise">Marseillaise</a> is officially adopted as the French <a href="/wiki/National_anthem">national anthem</a>.<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:1801_Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_on_the_Bridge_at_Arcole.jpg"></a></p></div></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1795">1795</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nu%CA%BBuanu">Battle of Nuʻuanu</a> in the final days of <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_I">King Kamehameha I's</a> wars to <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Hawaii">unify</a> the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1795">1795</a>–<a href="/wiki/1796">1796</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi">Iran invades and devastates Georgia</a>, prompting <a href="/wiki/Persian_expedition_of_1796">Russia to intervene and march on Tehran</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1796">1796</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner">Edward Jenner</a> administers the first <a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccination">smallpox vaccination</a>; <a href="/wiki/Smallpox">smallpox</a> killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century, including five reigning <a href="/wiki/Monarch">monarchs</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1796">1796</a>: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montenotte">Battle of Montenotte</a> marks <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>'s first victory as an army commander.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1796">1796</a>: The British eject the Dutch from <a href="/wiki/Ceylon">Ceylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony">South Africa</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1796">1796</a>–<a href="/wiki/1804">1804</a>: The <a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_dynasty">Manchu dynasty</a> in China.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1798">1798</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798">Irish Rebellion</a> fails to overthrow <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Ireland">British rule in Ireland</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1798">1798</a>–<a href="/wiki/1800">1800</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> is fought between the United States and France.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1799">1799</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company">Dutch East India Company</a> is dissolved.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1799">1799</a>: <a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian_Alliance_(1781)">Austro-Russian</a> forces under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_and_Swiss_expedition">liberates much of Italy and Switzerland</a> from French occupation.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1799">1799</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> - <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s">Napoleon's</a> <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27etat">coup d'etat</a> brings the end of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution">French Revolution</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1799">1799</a>: Death of the Qianlong Emperor after <a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era">60 years of rule over China</a>. His favorite official, <a href="/wiki/Heshen">Heshen</a>, is ordered to commit suicide.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1800">1800</a>: On 1 January, the bankrupt <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) is formally dissolved and the nationalised <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> are established.<sup><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp106-27">[27]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2>Inventions, discoveries, introductions[<a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4">edit</a>]</h2>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Spinning_jenny.jpg"></a></p></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1709">1709</a>: The first <a href="/wiki/Piano">piano</a> was built by <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Cristofori">Bartolomeo Cristofori</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1711">1711</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tuning_fork">Tuning fork</a> was invented by John Shore</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1712">1712</a>: <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine">Steam engine</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newcomen">Thomas Newcomen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1714">1714</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mercury_thermometer">Mercury thermometer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gabriel_Fahrenheit">Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1717">1717</a>: <a href="/wiki/Diving_bell">Diving bell</a> was successfully tested by <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley">Edmond Halley</a>, sustainable to a depth of 55 ft</li>
<li>c. <a href="/wiki/1730">1730</a>: <a href="/wiki/Octant_(instrument)">Octant</a> navigational tool was developed by <a href="/wiki/John_Hadley">John Hadley</a> in England, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Godfrey_(inventor)">Thomas Godfrey</a> in America</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1733">1733</a>: <a href="/wiki/Flying_shuttle">Flying shuttle</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/John_Kay_(flying_shuttle)">John Kay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1736">1736</a>: Europeans encountered <a href="/wiki/Rubber">rubber</a> – the discovery was made by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Marie_de_La_Condamine">Charles Marie de La Condamine</a> while on expedition in South America. It was named in <a href="/wiki/1770">1770</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a></li>
<li>c. <a href="/wiki/1740">1740</a>: Modern <a href="/wiki/Steel">steel</a> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Huntsman">Benjamin Huntsman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1741">1741</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering">Vitus Bering</a> discovers Alaska</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1745">1745</a>: <a href="/wiki/Leyden_jar">Leyden jar</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Ewald_Georg_von_Kleist">Ewald Georg von Kleist</a> was the first electrical <a href="/wiki/Capacitor">capacitor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1751">1751</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Vaucanson">Jacques de Vaucanson</a> perfects the first precision <a href="/wiki/Lathe">lathe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1752">1752</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod">Lightning rod</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1753">1753</a>: The first <a href="/wiki/Clock">clock</a> to be built in the New World (North America) was invented by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker">Benjamin Banneker</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1755">1755</a>: The tallest <i>wooden</i> <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> statue in the world is erected at <a href="/wiki/Puning_Temple_(Hebei)">Puning Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chengde">Chengde</a>, China.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1764">1764</a>: <a href="/wiki/Spinning_jenny">Spinning jenny</a> created by <a href="/wiki/James_Hargreaves">James Hargreaves</a> brought on the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1765">1765</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Watt">James Watt</a> enhances Newcomen's steam engine, allowing new <a href="/wiki/Steel">steel</a> technologies</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1761">1761</a>: The problem of <a href="/wiki/Longitude">longitude</a> was finally resolved by the fourth <a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer">chronometer</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_Harrison">John Harrison</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1763">1763</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bayes">Thomas Bayes</a> publishes first version of <a href="/wiki/Bayes%27_theorem">Bayes' theorem</a>, paving the way for <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_probability">Bayesian probability</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1768">1768</a>–<a href="/wiki/1779">1779</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Cook">James Cook</a> mapped the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean and discovered many <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands">Pacific Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1774">1774</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> discovers "dephlogisticated air", oxygen<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Red_building_Putuo_Zongcheng_Temple.JPG"></a></p></div></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1775">1775</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> first synthesis of "phlogisticated nitrous air", nitrous oxide, "laughing gas"</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1776">1776</a>: First improved steam engines installed by <a href="/wiki/James_Watt">James Watt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1776">1776</a>: <a href="/wiki/Steamboat">Steamboat</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Jouffroy">Claude de Jouffroy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1777">1777</a>: <a href="/wiki/Circular_saw">Circular saw</a> invented by Samuel Miller</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1779">1779</a>: <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> was first discovered by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Ingenhousz">Jan Ingenhousz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1781">1781</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel">William Herschel</a> announces discovery of Uranus</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1784">1784</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bifocals">Bifocals</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1784">1784</a>: <a href="/wiki/Argand_lamp">Argand lamp</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Argand">Aimé Argand</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1785">1785</a>: <a href="/wiki/Power_loom">Power loom</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Cartwright">Edmund Cartwright</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1785">1785</a>: <a href="/wiki/Production_line">Automatic flour mill</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Evans">Oliver Evans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1786">1786</a>: <a href="/wiki/Threshing_machine">Threshing machine</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Meikle">Andrew Meikle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1787">1787</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Charles">Jacques Charles</a> discovers <a href="/wiki/Charles%27s_law">Charles's law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1789">1789</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> discovers the law of conservation of mass, the basis for chemistry, and begins modern chemistry</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1798">1798</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner">Edward Jenner</a> publishes a treatise about <a href="/wiki/Smallpox">smallpox</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaccination">vaccination</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1798">1798</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Lithography">Lithographic printing process</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Alois_Senefelder">Alois Senefelder</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1799">1799</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone">Rosetta Stone</a> discovered by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s troops</li></ul>
<h2>Literary and philosophical achievements[<a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5">edit</a>]</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1703">1703</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Love_Suicides_at_Sonezaki">The Love Suicides at Sonezaki</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Chikamatsu">Chikamatsu</a> first performed</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1704">1704</a>–<a href="/wiki/1717">1717</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a></i> translated into French by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Galland">Antoine Galland</a>. The work becomes immensely popular throughout Europe.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1704">1704</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_a_Tub">A Tale of a Tub</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift">Jonathan Swift</a> first published</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1712">1712</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Lock">The Rape of the Lock</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope">Alexander Pope</a> (publication of first version)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1719">1719</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1725">1725</a>: <i>The New Science</i> by <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1726">1726</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift">Jonathan Swift</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1728">1728</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dunciad">The Dunciad</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope">Alexander Pope</a> (publication of first version)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1744">1744</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/A_Little_Pretty_Pocket-Book">A Little Pretty Pocket-Book</a></i> becomes one of the first <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature#History">books marketed for children</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1748">1748</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Chushingura">Chushingura</a></i> (<i>The Treasury of Loyal Retainers</i>), popular Japanese <a href="/wiki/Bunraku">puppet play</a>, composed</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1748">1748</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Clarissa">Clarissa</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Richardson">Samuel Richardson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1749">1749</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Tom_Jones,_a_Foundling">The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fielding">Henry Fielding</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1751">1751</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Elegy_Written_in_a_Country_Churchyard">Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gray">Thomas Gray</a> published</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1751">1751</a>–<a href="/wiki/1785">1785</a>: The French <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die">Encyclopédie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1755">1755</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language">A Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1758">1758</a>: <i>Arithmetika Horvatzka</i> by <a href="/wiki/Mihalj_%C5%A0ilobod_Bol%C5%A1i%C4%87">Mihalj Šilobod Bolšić</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1759">1759</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Candide">Candide</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1759">1759</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Moral_Sentiments">The Theory of Moral Sentiments</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith">Adam Smith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1759">1759</a>–<a href="/wiki/1767">1767</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Tristram_Shandy">Tristram Shandy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Sterne">Laurence Sterne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1762">1762</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Emile:_or,_On_Education">Emile: or, On Education</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1762">1762</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Contract_(Rousseau)">The Social Contract, Or Principles of Political Right</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1774">1774</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorrows_of_Young_Werther">The Sorrows of Young Werther</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Goethe">Goethe</a> first published</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1776">1776</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Ugetsu_Monogatari">Ugetsu Monogatari</a></i> (<i>Tales of Moonlight and Rain</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Ueda_Akinari">Ueda Akinari</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1776">1776</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i>, foundation of the modern theory of economy, was published by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith">Adam Smith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1776">1776</a>–<a href="/wiki/1789">1789</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a></i> was published by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1779">1779</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Grace">Amazing Grace</a></i> published by <a href="/wiki/John_Newton">John Newton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1779">1779</a>–<a href="/wiki/1782">1782</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Eminent_English_Poets">Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1781">1781</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> (publication of first edition)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1781">1781</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Robbers">The Robbers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a> first published</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1782">1782</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Liaisons_dangereuses">Les Liaisons dangereuses</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1786">1786</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Poems,_Chiefly_in_the_Scottish_Dialect">Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns">Robert Burns</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1787">1787</a>–<a href="/wiki/1788">1788</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison">James Madison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Jay">John Jay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1788">1788</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Practical_Reason">Critique of Practical Reason</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1789">1789</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Innocence">Songs of Innocence</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Blake">William Blake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1789">1789</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano">The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1790">1790</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_from_St._Petersburg_to_Moscow">Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev">Alexander Radishchev</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1790">1790</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1791">1791</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man">Rights of Man</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1792">1792</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1794">1794</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Experience">Songs of Experience</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Blake">William Blake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1798">1798</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_Ballads">Lyrical Ballads</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1798">1798</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Population">An Essay on the Principle of Population</a></i> published by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a></li>
<li>(mid-18th century): <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber">The Dream of the Red Chamber</a></i> (authorship attributed to <a href="/wiki/Cao_Xueqin">Cao Xueqin</a>), one of the most famous Chinese novels</li></ul>
<h2>Musical works[<a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6">edit</a>]</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1711">1711</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Rinaldo_(opera)">Rinaldo</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Handel">Handel</a>'s first opera for the London stage, premiered</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1721">1721</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos">Brandenburg Concertos</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach">J.S. Bach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1723">1723</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(Vivaldi)">The Four Seasons</a></i>, violin concertos by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a>, composed</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1724">1724</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion">St John Passion</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach">J.S. Bach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1727">1727</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion">St Matthew Passion</a></i> composed by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach">J.S. Bach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1733">1733</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_et_Aricie">Hippolyte et Aricie</a></i>, first opera by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau">Jean-Philippe Rameau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1741">1741</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Goldberg_Variations">Goldberg Variations</a></i> for <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> published by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach">Bach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1742">1742</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)">Messiah</a></i>, oratorio by <a href="/wiki/Handel">Handel</a> premiered in <a href="/wiki/Dublin">Dublin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1749">1749</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_B_minor">Mass in B minor</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach">J.S. Bach</a> assembled in current form</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1751">1751</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Fugue">The Art of Fugue</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach">J.S. Bach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1762">1762</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Orfeo_ed_Euridice">Orfeo ed Euridice</a></i>, first "reform opera" by <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_von_Gluck">Gluck</a>, performed in <a href="/wiki/Vienna">Vienna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1786">1786</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro">The Marriage of Figaro</a></i>, opera by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart">Mozart</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1787">1787</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a></i>, opera by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart">Mozart</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1788">1788</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._41_(Mozart)">Jupiter Symphony</a> (Symphony No.41)</i> composed by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart">Mozart</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1791">1791</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Flute">The Magic Flute</a></i>, opera by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart">Mozart</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1791">1791</a>–<a href="/wiki/1795">1795</a>: <a href="/wiki/London_symphonies">London symphonies</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn">Haydn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1798">1798</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._8_(Beethoven)">Pathétique</a>, piano sonata by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1798">1798</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_(Haydn)">The Creation</a></i>, oratorio by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn">Haydn</a> first performed</li></ul>
<h2>References[<a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7">edit</a>]</h2>
<div><ol>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <cite>Volkov, Sergey. <i>Concise History of Imperial Russia</i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <cite>Rowe, William T. <i>China's Last Empire</i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <cite>Anderson, M. S. (1979). <a href="https://archive.org/details/historianseighte0000ande"><i>Historians and Eighteenth-Century Europe, 1715–1789</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822548-5"><bdi>978-0-19-822548-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)">OCLC</a> <a href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/185538307">185538307</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <cite>Ribeiro, Aileen (2002). <i>Dress in Eighteenth-Century Europe 1715–1789</i> (revised ed.). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09151-9"><bdi>978-0-300-09151-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)">OCLC</a> <a href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/186413657">186413657</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baines_5-0">^</a></b> <cite>Baines, Paul (2004). <i>The Long 18th Century</i>. London: Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-81372-0"><bdi>978-0-340-81372-0</bdi></a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <cite>Marshall, P. J., ed. (2001). <i>The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford History of the British Empire)</i>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924677-9"><bdi>978-0-19-924677-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)">OCLC</a> <a href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/174866045">174866045</a>.</cite>, "Introduction" by P. J. Marshall, page 1
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <cite>O'Gorman, Frank (1997). <a href="https://archive.org/details/longeighteenthce0000ogor"><i>The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688–1832 (The Arnold History of Britain Series)</i></a>. A Hodder Arnold Publication. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-56751-7"><bdi>978-0-340-56751-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)">OCLC</a> <a href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/243883533">243883533</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Chandra, Bipin. <i>Mordern India</i>. India.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <cite><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_(author)">Campbell, John</a>; Watts, William (1760). <a href="https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2384/"><i>Memoirs of the Revolution in Bengal, anno Dom. 1757</i></a>. A. Millar, London.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <cite>Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1_YEcvo-jqcC&amp;pg=PA207"><i>Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, p. 207, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49889-0"><bdi>978-1-139-49889-0</bdi></a></cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <cite>Allana, Gulam (1988). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4nbiAAAAMAAJ"><i>Muslim political thought through the ages: 1562–1947</i></a> (2 ed.). Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania: Royal Book Company. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789694070919"><bdi>9789694070919</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2013.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_spanishsuccession.html">"War of the Spanish Succession, 1701–1714"</a>. Historyofwar.org. Retrieved 2009-04-25.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp82_13-0">^</a></b> Ricklefs (1991), page 82
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <cite>Historic uk – heritage of britain accommodation guide (2007-05-03). <a href="http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/Scotland-History/ActofUnion.htm">"The history of Scotland – The Act of Union 1707"</a>. Historic-uk.com. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090408060918/http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/Scotland-History/ActofUnion.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-25.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp84_15-0">^</a></b> Ricklefs (1991), page 84
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160">"Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to History"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>. 1910-01-31. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416090645/https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-25.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/russia/milxcrimeantatars.html">"List of Wars of the Crimean Tatars"</a>. Zum.de. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090312034756/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/russia/milxcrimeantatars.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-25.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211081648/http://ag.arizona.edu/~lmilich/desclim.html">"Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs 'Natural' Climate Trends"</a>. Ag.arizona.edu. 1997-08-10. Archived from <a href="http://ag.arizona.edu/~lmilich/desclim.html">the original</a> on 2012-02-11. Retrieved 2009-04-25.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <cite>Wadsworth, Alfred P.; Mann, Julia De Lacy (1931). <i>The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780</i>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press">Manchester University Press</a>. p. 433. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)">OCLC</a> <a href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2859370">2859370</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511181304/http://www.unique-cottages.co.uk/unspoilt/20/clans">"A guide to Scottish clans"</a>. Unique-cottages.co.uk. Archived from <a href="http://www.unique-cottages.co.uk/unspoilt/20/clans">the original</a> on May 11, 2008. Retrieved 2009-04-25.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm">"Saudi Arabia – The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam"</a>. Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2009-04-25.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.columbia.edu/content/history.html">"History"</a>. Columbia University.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp102_23-0">^</a></b> Ricklefs (1991), page 102
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223235641/http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.org/bin/site/wrappers/spirituality-sufism_caucasus.html">"Sufism in the Caucasus"</a>. Islamicsupremecouncil.org. Archived from <a href="http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.org/bin/site/wrappers/spirituality-sufism_caucasus.html">the original</a> on February 23, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-25.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/yellowfever.htm">"Yellow Fever Attacks Philadelphia, 1793"</a>. <i>EyeWitness to History</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607233805/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/yellowfever.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-22.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <cite>Riedel S (2005). <a href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1200696">"Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination"</a>. <i>Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 21–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08998280.2005.11928028">10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)">PMC</a> <a href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1200696">1200696</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)">PMID</a> <a href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16200144">16200144</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp106_27-0">^</a></b> Ricklefs (1991), page 106
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <a href="http://corporate.britannica.com/press/inventions.html">Encyclopædia Britannica's Great Inventions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080807163707/http://corporate.britannica.com/press/inventions.html">Archived</a> August 7, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. (1998) John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. p 146 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-29198-5">978-0-471-29198-5</a>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2>Further reading[<a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8">edit</a>]</h2>
<ul><li>Black, Jeremy and Roy Porter, eds. <i>A Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century World History</i> (1994) 890pp</li>
<li>Klekar, Cynthia. “Fictions of the Gift: Generosity and Obligation in Eighteenth-Century English Literature.” Innovative Course Design Winner. <i>American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies</i>: Wake Forest University, 2004. &lt;<a href="http://asecs.press.jhu.edu/">Home | American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies (ASECS)</a>&gt;. Refereed.</li>
<li>Langer, William. <i>An Encyclopedia of World History</i> (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events <a href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00lang">online free</a></li>
<li>Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. <i>Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World: A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present</i> (1970) <a href="https://archive.org/details/harperencycloped00morr">online</a></li>
<li>Milward, Alan S, and S. B. Saul, eds. <i>The economic development of continental Europe: 1780–1870 </i> (1973) <a href="https://archive.org/details/economicdevelopm0001milw">online</a>; note there are two different books with identical authors and slightly different titles. Their coverfage does not overlap.
<ul><li>Milward, Alan S, and S. B. Saul, eds. <i>The development of the economies of continental Europe, 1850–1914</i> (1977) <a href="https://archive.org/details/developmentofeco0000milw">online</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Collection">The Wallace Collection</a>, London, houses one of the finest collections of 18th-century decorative arts from France, England and Italy, including paintings, furniture, porcelain and gold boxes.</li></ul>
<h2>External links[<a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_century&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9">edit</a>]</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:18th_century">18th century</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>
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 * (Top)
 * 1 Events
 + 1.1 1701–1750
 + 1.2 1751–1800
 * 2 Inventions, discoveries, introductions
 * 3 Literary and philosophical achievements
 * 4 Musical works
 * 5 References
 * 6 Further reading
 * 7 External links
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 18th century

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 For other uses, see 18th century (disambiguation).
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 Political boundaries at the beginning of year 1700
 Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789, an iconic event of the French Revolution.
 Development of the Watt steam engine in the late 18th century was an important element in the Industrial Revolution in Europe.
 The American Revolutionary War took place in the late 18th century.

 The 18th century lasted from January 1, 1701 (MDCCI) to December 31, 1800 (MDCCC). During the 18th century, elements of Enlightenment thinking culminated in the American, French, and Haitian Revolutions. During the century, slave trading and human trafficking expanded across the shores of the Atlantic, while declining in Russia,[1] China,[2] and Korea. Revolutions began to challenge the legitimacy of monarchical and aristocratic power structures, including the structures and beliefs that supported slavery. The Industrial Revolution began during mid-century, leading to radical changes in human society and the environment.

 Western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. For example, the "short" 18th century may be defined as 1715–1789, denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution, with an emphasis on directly interconnected events.[3][4] To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements, the "long" 18th century[5] may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the Battle of Waterloo in 1815[6] or even later.[7]

 The period is also known as the "century of lights" or the "century of reason". In continental Europe, philosophers dreamed of a brighter age. For some, this dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789, though this was later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror. At first, many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals, but in the wake of the French Revolution they feared loss of power and formed broad coalitions to oppose the French Republic in the French Revolutionary Wars.

 The 18th century also marked the end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state. Its semi-democratic government system was not robust enough to rival the neighboring states of the Prussia, Russia, and Austria, which partitioned the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth between themselves, changing the landscape of Central Europe and politics for the next hundred years.

 The Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion, taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768. As a result, the empire was not exposed to Europe's military improvements of the Seven Years' War. The Ottoman Empire military consequently lagged behind and suffered several defeats against Russia in the second half of the century. In Southwest and Central Asia, Nader Shah led successful military campaigns and major invasions, which indirectly led to the founding of the Durrani Empire.

 The European colonization of the Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as part of the Age of Sail. European colonization intensified in present-day Indonesia, where the Dutch East India Company established increasing levels of control over the Mataram Sultanate. Mainland Southeast Asia would be embroiled in the Konbaung–Ayutthaya Wars and the Tây Sơn rebellion, while in East Asia, the century marked the High Qing era and the continual seclusion policies of the Tokugawa shogunate.

 Various conflicts throughout the century, including the War of the Spanish Succession and the French and Indian War saw Great Britain triumphing over its European rivals to become the preeminent colonial power in Europe. However, Britain lost its colonies in North America after the American Revolutionary War, which went on to form the United States, initiating the decolonization of the Americas. The European colonization of Australia and New Zealand began during the late half of the century.

 In the Indian subcontinent, the death of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb marked the end of medieval India and the beginning of an increasing level of European influence and control in the region, which coincided with a period of rapid Maratha expansion. After the reign of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire became less powerful. In 1739, Nader Shah invaded and defeated the Mughal Empire. Later, his general Ahmad Shah Abdali scored another defeat against the Mughals in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761.[8] By the middle of the century, the British East India Company began to conquer the eastern parts of India, a process which accelerated after their victory over the Mughal emperor, Nawab of Bengal and their French allies at the Battle of Plassey.[9][8] Mughal emperor transformed into mere puppet of British.[8] By the end of the century, Company rule in India had come to cover more regions within South Asia, the British would also expand to the south, participating in the Anglo-Mysore Wars against the Kingdom of Mysore, governed by Tipu Sultan and his father Hyder Ali.[10][11]

 Events [ edit ]

 For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the 18th century.
 See also: Georgian era

 1701–1750 [ edit ]

 Europe at the beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession, 1700
 The Battle of Poltava in 1709 turned the Russian Empire into a European power.
 John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
 * 1700–1721: Great Northern War between the Russian and Swedish Empires.
 * 1701: Kingdom of Prussia declared under King Frederick I.
 * 1701–1714: The War of the Spanish Succession is fought, involving most of continental Europe.[12]
 * 1702–1715: Camisard rebellion in France.
 * 1703: Saint Petersburg is founded by Peter the Great; it is the Russian capital until 1918.
 * 1703–1711: The Rákóczi uprising against the Habsburg monarchy.
 * 1704: End of Japan's Genroku period.
 * 1704: First Javanese War of Succession.[13]
 * 1706–1713: The War of the Spanish Succession: French troops defeated at the battles of Ramillies and Turin.
 * 1707: Death of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb leads to the fragmentation of the Mughal Empire.
 * 1707: The Act of Union is passed, merging the Scottish and English Parliaments, thus establishing the Kingdom of Great Britain.[14]
 * 1708: The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies and English Company Trading to the East Indies merge to form the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies.
 * 1708–1709: Famine kills one-third of East Prussia's population.
 * 1709: Foundation of the Hotak Afghan Empire.
 * 1709: The Great Frost of 1709 marks the coldest winter in 500 years, contributing to the defeat of Sweden at Poltava.
 * 1710: The world's first copyright legislation, Britain's Statute of Anne, takes effect.
 * 1710–1711: Ottoman Empire fights Russia in the Russo-Turkish War and regains Azov.
 * 1711: Bukhara Khanate dissolves as local begs seize power.
 * 1711–1715: Tuscarora War between British, Dutch, and German settlers and the Tuscarora people of North Carolina.
 * 1713: The Kangxi Emperor acknowledges the full recovery of the Chinese economy since its apex during the Ming.
 * 1714: In Amsterdam, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the mercury-in-glass thermometer, which remains the most reliable and accurate thermometer until the electronic era.
 * 1715: The first Jacobite rising breaks out; the British halt the Jacobite advance at the Battle of Sheriffmuir; Battle of Preston.
 * 1716: Establishment of the Sikh Confederacy along the present-day India-Pakistan border.
 * 1716–1718: Austro-Venetian-Turkish War.
 * 1718: The city of New Orleans is founded by the French in North America.
 * 1718–1720: War of the Quadruple Alliance between Spain, France, Britain, Austria, and the Netherlands.
 * 1718–1730: Tulip period of the Ottoman Empire.
 * 1719: Second Javanese War of Succession.[15]
 * 1720: The South Sea Bubble.
 * 1720–1721: The Great Plague of Marseille.
 * 1720: Qing forces oust Dzungar invaders from Tibet.
 * 1721: The Treaty of Nystad is signed, ending the Great Northern War.
 * 1721: Sack of Shamakhi, massacre of its Shia population by Sunni Lezgins.
 * 1722: Siege of Isfahan results in the handover of Iran to the Hotaki Afghans.
 * 1722–1723: Russo-Persian War.
 * 1722–1725: Controversy over William Wood's halfpence leads to the Drapier's Letters and begins the Irish economic independence from England movement.
 Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah with the Persian invader Nader Shah.
 * 1723: Slavery is abolished in Russia; Peter the Great converts household slaves into house serfs.[16]
 * 1723–1730: The "Great Disaster", an invasion of Kazakh territories by the Dzungars.
 * 1723–1732: The Qing and the Dzungars fight a series of wars across Qinghai, Dzungaria, and Outer Mongolia, with inconclusive results.
 * 1724: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit proposes the Fahrenheit temperature scale.
 * 1725: Austro-Spanish alliance revived. Russia joins in 1726.
 * 1727–1729: Anglo-Spanish War ends inconclusively.
 * 1730: Mahmud I takes over Ottoman Empire after the Patrona Halil revolt, ending the Tulip period.
 * 1730–1760: The First Great Awakening takes place in Great Britain and North America.
 * 1732–1734: Crimean Tatar raids into Russia.[17]
 * 1733–1738: War of the Polish Succession.
 Qianlong Emperor
 * 1735–1739: Austro-Russo-Turkish War.
 * 1735–1799: The Qianlong Emperor of China oversees a huge expansion in territory.
 * 1738–1756: Famine across the Sahel; half the population of Timbuktu dies.[18]
 * 1737–1738: Hotaki Afghan Empire ends after the Siege of Kandahar by Nader Shah.
 * 1739: Great Britain and Spain fight the War of Jenkins' Ear in the Caribbean.
 * 1739: Nader Shah defeats a pan-Indian army of 300,000 at the Battle of Karnal. Taxation is stopped in Iran for three years.
 * 1739–1740: Nader Shah's Sindh expedition.
 * 1740: Great Awakening, George Whitefield
 * 1740–1741: Famine in Ireland kills 20 percent of the population.
 * 1741–1743: Iran invades Uzbekistan, Khwarazm, Dagestan, and Oman.
 * 1741–1751: Maratha invasions of Bengal.
 * 1740–1748: War of the Austrian Succession.
 * 1742:
 + Marvel's Mill, the first water-powered cotton mill, begins operation in England.[19]
 + Anders Celsius proposes an inverted form of the centigrade temperature, which is later renamed Celsius in his honor.
 * 1742: Premiere of Handel's Messiah
 * 1743–1746: Another Ottoman-Persian War involves 375,000 men but ultimately ends in a stalemate.
 The extinction of the Scottish clan system came with the defeat of the clansmen at the Battle of Culloden in 1746.[20]
 * 1744: The First Saudi State is founded by Mohammed Ibn Saud.[21]
 * 1744: Battle of Toulon is fought off the coast of France.
 * 1744–1748: The First Carnatic War is fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India.
 * 1745: Second Jacobite rising is begun by Charles Edward Stuart in Scotland.
 * 1747: The Durrani Empire is founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani.
 * 1748: The Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession and First Carnatic War.
 * 1748–1754: The Second Carnatic War is fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India.
 * 1750: Peak of the Little Ice Age.

 1751–1800 [ edit ]

 * 1752: The British Empire adopts the Gregorian Calendar, skipping 11 days from September 3 to September 13. On the calendar, September 2 is followed directly by September 14.
 * 1754: The Treaty of Pondicherry ends the Second Carnatic War and recognizes Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah as Nawab of the Carnatic.
 * 1754: King's College is founded by a royal charter of George II of Great Britain.[22]
 * 1754–1763: The French and Indian War, the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War, is fought in colonial North America, mostly by the French and their allies against the English and their allies.
 * 1755: The great Lisbon earthquake destroys most of Portugal's capital and kills up to 100,000.
 * 1755: The Dzungar genocide depopulates much of northern Xinjiang, allowing for Han, Uyghur, Khalkha Mongol, and Manchu colonization.
 * 1755–1763: The Great Upheaval forces transfer of the French Acadian population from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
 * 1756–1763: The Seven Years' War is fought among European powers in various theaters around the world.
 * 1756–1763: The Third Carnatic War is fought between the British, the French, and Mysore in India.
 * 1757: British conquest of Bengal.
 Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia.
 * 1760: George III becomes King of Britain.
 * 1761: Maratha Empire defeated at Battle of Panipat.
 * 1762–1796: Reign of Catherine the Great of Russia.
 * 1763: The Treaty of Paris ends the Seven Years' War and Third Carnatic War.
 * 1764: The Mughals are defeated at the Battle of Buxar.
 * 1765: The Stamp Act is introduced into the American colonies by the British Parliament.
 * 1765–1767: The Burmese invade Thailand and utterly destroy Attuthaya.
 * 1765–1769: Burma under Hsinbyushin repels four invasions from Qing China, securing hegemony over the Shan states.
 * 1766: Christian VII becomes king of Denmark. He was king of Denmark to 1808.
 * 1766–1799: Anglo-Mysore Wars.
 * 1767: Taksin expels Burmese invaders and reunites Thailand under an authoritarian regime.
 * 1768–1772: War of the Bar Confederation.
 * 1768–1774: Russo-Turkish War.
 * 1769: Spanish missionaries establish the first of 21 missions in California.
 * 1769–1770: James Cook explores and maps New Zealand and Australia.
 * 1769–1773: The Bengal famine of 1770 kills one-third of the Bengal population.
 * 1769: The French East India Company dissolves, only to be revived in 1785.
 * 1769: French expeditions capture clove plants in Ambon, ending the VOC monopoly of the plant.[23] (to 1772)
 * 1770–1771: Famine in Czech lands kills hundreds of thousands.
 * 1771: The Plague Riot in Moscow.
 * 1771: The Kalmyk Khanate dissolves as the territory becomes colonized by Russians. More than a hundred thousand Kalmyks migrate back to Qing Dzungaria.
 * 1772: Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d'état, becoming almost an absolute monarch.
 Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers
 * 1772–1779: Maratha Empire fights Britain and Raghunathrao's forces during the First Anglo-Maratha War.
 * 1772–1795: The Partitions of Poland end the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and erase Poland from the map for 123 years.
 * 1773–1775: Pugachev's Rebellion, the largest peasant revolt in Russian history.
 * 1773: East India Company starts operations in Bengal to smuggle opium into China.
 * 1775: Russia imposes a reduction in autonomy on the Zaporizhian Cossacks of Ukraine.
 * 1775–1782: First Anglo-Maratha War.
 * 1775–1783: American Revolutionary War.
 * 1776: Several Kongsi Republics are founded by Chinese settlers in the island of Borneo. They are some of the first democracies in Asia.
 * 1776–1777: A Spanish-Portuguese War occurs over land in the South American frontiers.
 * 1776: Illuminati founded by Adam Weishaupt.
 * 1776: The United States Declaration of Independence is adopted by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia.
 * 1776: Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations.
 * 1778: James Cook becomes the first European to land on the Hawaiian Islands.
 * 1778: Franco-American alliance signed.
 * 1778: Spain acquires its first permanent holding in Africa from the Portuguese, which is administrated by the newly-established La Plata Viceroyalty.
 * 1778: Vietnam is reunified for the first time in 200 years by the Tay Son brothers. The Tây Sơn dynasty has been established, terminated the Lê dynasty
 * 1779–1879: Xhosa Wars between British and Boer settlers and the Xhosas in the South African Republic.
 * 1779–1783: Britain loses several islands and colonial outposts all over the world to the combined Franco-Spanish navy.
 * 1779: Iran enters yet another period of conflict and civil war after the prosperous reign of Karim Khan Zand.
 * 1780: Outbreak of the indigenous rebellion against Spanish colonization led by Túpac Amaru II in Peru.
 * 1781: The city of Los Angeles is founded by Spanish settlers.
 George Washington
 * 1781–1785: Serfdom is abolished in the Austrian monarchy (first step; second step in 1848).
 * 1782: The Thonburi Kingdom of Thailand is dissolved after a palace coup.
 * 1783: The Treaty of Paris formally ends the American Revolutionary War.
 * 1783: Russian annexation of Crimea.
 * 1785–1791: Imam Sheikh Mansur, a Chechen warrior and Muslim mystic, leads a coalition of Muslim Caucasian tribes from throughout the Caucasus in a holy war against Russian settlers and military bases in the Caucasus, as well as against local traditionalists, who followed the traditional customs and common law (Adat) rather than the theocratic Sharia.[24]
 * 1785–1795: The Northwest Indian War is fought between the United States and Native Americans.
 * 1785–1787: The Maratha-Mysore War concludes with an exchange of territories in the Deccan.
 * 1786–1787: Mozart premieres The Marriage of Figaro and Don Giovanni
 * 1787: The Tuareg occupies Timbuktu until the 19th century.
 * 1787–1792: Russo-Turkish War.
 * 1788: First Fleet arrives in Australia
 * 1788–1790: Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790).
 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
 * 1788–1789: A Qing attempt to reinstall an exiled Vietnamese king in northern Vietnam ends in disaster.
 * 1789: George Washington is elected the first President of the United States; he serves until 1797.
 * 1789 : Quang Trung defeated the Qing army
 * 1789–1799: French Revolution.
 * 1789: The Liège Revolution.
 * 1789: The Brabant Revolution.
 * 1789: The Inconfidência Mineira, an unsuccessful separatist movement in central Brazil led by Tiradentes
 * 1791: Suppression of the Liège Revolution by Austrian forces and re-establishment of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.
 * 1791–1795: George Vancouver explores the world during the Vancouver Expedition.
 * 1791–1804: The Haitian Revolution.
 * 1791: Mozart premieres The Magic Flute
 * 1792–1802: The French Revolutionary Wars lead into the Napoleonic Wars, which last from 1803–1815.
 * 1792: The New York Stock & Exchange Board is founded.
 * 1792: Polish–Russian War of 1792.
 * 1793: Upper Canada bans slavery.
 * 1793: The largest yellow fever epidemic in American history kills as many as 5,000 people in Philadelphia, roughly 10% of the population.[25]
 * 1793–1796: Revolt in the Vendée against the French Republic at the time of the Revolution.
 * 1794–1816: The Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars, which were a series of incidents between settlers and New South Wales Corps and the Aboriginal Australian clans of the Hawkesbury river in Sydney, Australia.
 * 1795: The Marseillaise is officially adopted as the French national anthem.
 Napoleon at the Bridge of the Arcole
 * 1795: The Battle of Nuʻuanu in the final days of King Kamehameha I's wars to unify the Hawaiian Islands.
 * 1795–1796: Iran invades and devastates Georgia, prompting Russia to intervene and march on Tehran.
 * 1796: Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination; smallpox killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century, including five reigning monarchs.[26]
 * 1796: War of the First Coalition: The Battle of Montenotte marks Napoleon Bonaparte's first victory as an army commander.
 * 1796: The British eject the Dutch from Ceylon and South Africa.
 * 1796–1804: The White Lotus Rebellion against the Manchu dynasty in China.
 * 1798: The Irish Rebellion fails to overthrow British rule in Ireland.
 * 1798–1800: The Quasi-War is fought between the United States and France.
 * 1799: Dutch East India Company is dissolved.
 * 1799: Austro-Russian forces under Alexander Suvorov liberates much of Italy and Switzerland from French occupation.
 * 1799: Coup of 18 Brumaire - Napoleon's coup d'etat brings the end of the French Revolution.
 * 1799: Death of the Qianlong Emperor after 60 years of rule over China. His favorite official, Heshen, is ordered to commit suicide.
 * 1800: On 1 January, the bankrupt Dutch East India Company (VOC) is formally dissolved and the nationalised Dutch East Indies are established.[27]

 Inventions, discoveries, introductions [ edit ]

 Main articles: Timeline of historic inventions § 18th century, and Timeline of scientific discoveries § 18th century
 The Spinning Jenny
 * 1709: The first piano was built by Bartolomeo Cristofori
 * 1711: Tuning fork was invented by John Shore
 * 1712: Steam engine invented by Thomas Newcomen
 * 1714: Mercury thermometer by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
 * 1717: Diving bell was successfully tested by Edmond Halley, sustainable to a depth of 55 ft
 * c. 1730: Octant navigational tool was developed by John Hadley in England, and Thomas Godfrey in America
 * 1733: Flying shuttle invented by John Kay
 * 1736: Europeans encountered rubber – the discovery was made by Charles Marie de La Condamine while on expedition in South America. It was named in 1770 by Joseph Priestley
 * c. 1740: Modern steel was developed by Benjamin Huntsman
 * 1741: Vitus Bering discovers Alaska
 * 1745: Leyden jar invented by Ewald Georg von Kleist was the first electrical capacitor
 * 1751: Jacques de Vaucanson perfects the first precision lathe
 * 1752: Lightning rod invented by Benjamin Franklin
 * 1753: The first clock to be built in the New World (North America) was invented by Benjamin Banneker.
 * 1755: The tallest wooden Bodhisattva statue in the world is erected at Puning Temple, Chengde, China.
 * 1764: Spinning jenny created by James Hargreaves brought on the Industrial Revolution
 * 1765: James Watt enhances Newcomen's steam engine, allowing new steel technologies
 * 1761: The problem of longitude was finally resolved by the fourth chronometer of John Harrison
 * 1763: Thomas Bayes publishes first version of Bayes' theorem, paving the way for Bayesian probability
 * 1768–1779: James Cook mapped the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean and discovered many Pacific Islands
 * 1774: Joseph Priestley discovers "dephlogisticated air", oxygen
 The Chinese Putuo Zongcheng Temple of Chengde, completed in 1771, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.
 * 1775: Joseph Priestley first synthesis of "phlogisticated nitrous air", nitrous oxide, "laughing gas"
 * 1776: First improved steam engines installed by James Watt
 * 1776: Steamboat invented by Claude de Jouffroy
 * 1777: Circular saw invented by Samuel Miller
 * 1779: Photosynthesis was first discovered by Jan Ingenhousz
 * 1781: William Herschel announces discovery of Uranus
 * 1784: Bifocals invented by Benjamin Franklin
 * 1784: Argand lamp invented by Aimé Argand[28]
 * 1785: Power loom invented by Edmund Cartwright
 * 1785: Automatic flour mill invented by Oliver Evans
 * 1786: Threshing machine invented by Andrew Meikle
 * 1787: Jacques Charles discovers Charles's law
 * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier discovers the law of conservation of mass, the basis for chemistry, and begins modern chemistry
 * 1798: Edward Jenner publishes a treatise about smallpox vaccination
 * 1798: The Lithographic printing process invented by Alois Senefelder[29]
 * 1799: Rosetta Stone discovered by Napoleon's troops

 Literary and philosophical achievements [ edit ]

 Main articles: 18th century in literature and 18th century in philosophy
 * 1703: The Love Suicides at Sonezaki by Chikamatsu first performed
 * 1704–1717: One Thousand and One Nights translated into French by Antoine Galland. The work becomes immensely popular throughout Europe.
 * 1704: A Tale of a Tub by Jonathan Swift first published
 * 1712: The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope (publication of first version)
 * 1719: Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe
 * 1725: The New Science by Giambattista Vico
 * 1726: Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift
 * 1728: The Dunciad by Alexander Pope (publication of first version)
 * 1744: A Little Pretty Pocket-Book becomes one of the first books marketed for children
 * 1748: Chushingura (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers), popular Japanese puppet play, composed
 * 1748: Clarissa by Samuel Richardson
 * 1749: The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling by Henry Fielding
 * 1751: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray published
 * 1751–1785: The French Encyclopédie
 * 1755: A Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson
 * 1758: Arithmetika Horvatzka by Mihalj Šilobod Bolšić
 * 1759: Candide by Voltaire
 * 1759: The Theory of Moral Sentiments by Adam Smith
 * 1759–1767: Tristram Shandy by Laurence Sterne
 * 1762: Emile: or, On Education by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 * 1762: The Social Contract, Or Principles of Political Right by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 * 1774: The Sorrows of Young Werther by Goethe first published
 * 1776: Ugetsu Monogatari (Tales of Moonlight and Rain) by Ueda Akinari
 * 1776: The Wealth of Nations, foundation of the modern theory of economy, was published by Adam Smith
 * 1776–1789: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire was published by Edward Gibbon
 * 1779: Amazing Grace published by John Newton
 * 1779–1782: Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets by Samuel Johnson
 * 1781: Critique of Pure Reason by Immanuel Kant (publication of first edition)
 * 1781: The Robbers by Friedrich Schiller first published
 * 1782: Les Liaisons dangereuses by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
 * 1786: Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect by Robert Burns
 * 1787–1788: The Federalist Papers by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay
 * 1788: Critique of Practical Reason by Immanuel Kant
 * 1789: Songs of Innocence by William Blake
 * 1789: The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano
 * 1790: Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow by Alexander Radishchev
 * 1790: Reflections on the Revolution in France by Edmund Burke
 * 1791: Rights of Man by Thomas Paine
 * 1792: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft
 * 1794: Songs of Experience by William Blake
 * 1798: Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge
 * 1798: An Essay on the Principle of Population published by Thomas Malthus
 * (mid-18th century): The Dream of the Red Chamber (authorship attributed to Cao Xueqin), one of the most famous Chinese novels

 Musical works [ edit ]

 * 1711: Rinaldo, Handel's first opera for the London stage, premiered
 * 1721: Brandenburg Concertos by J.S. Bach
 * 1723: The Four Seasons, violin concertos by Antonio Vivaldi, composed
 * 1724: St John Passion by J.S. Bach
 * 1727: St Matthew Passion composed by J.S. Bach
 * 1733: Hippolyte et Aricie, first opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau
 * 1741: Goldberg Variations for harpsichord published by Bach
 * 1742: Messiah, oratorio by Handel premiered in Dublin
 * 1749: Mass in B minor by J.S. Bach assembled in current form
 * 1751: The Art of Fugue by J.S. Bach
 * 1762: Orfeo ed Euridice, first "reform opera" by Gluck, performed in Vienna
 * 1786: The Marriage of Figaro, opera by Mozart
 * 1787: Don Giovanni, opera by Mozart
 * 1788: Jupiter Symphony (Symphony No.41) composed by Mozart
 * 1791: The Magic Flute, opera by Mozart
 * 1791–1795: London symphonies by Haydn
 * 1798: The Pathétique, piano sonata by Beethoven
 * 1798: The Creation, oratorio by Haydn first performed

 References [ edit ]

 1. ^ Volkov, Sergey. Concise History of Imperial Russia.
 2. ^ Rowe, William T. China's Last Empire.
 3. ^ Anderson, M. S. (1979). Historians and Eighteenth-Century Europe, 1715–1789. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822548-5. OCLC 185538307.
 4. ^ Ribeiro, Aileen (2002). Dress in Eighteenth-Century Europe 1715–1789 (revised ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09151-9. OCLC 186413657.
 5. ^ Baines, Paul (2004). The Long 18th Century. London: Arnold. ISBN 978-0-340-81372-0.
 6. ^ Marshall, P. J., ed. (2001). The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford History of the British Empire). Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-924677-9. OCLC 174866045. , "Introduction" by P. J. Marshall, page 1
 7. ^ O'Gorman, Frank (1997). The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688–1832 (The Arnold History of Britain Series). A Hodder Arnold Publication. ISBN 978-0-340-56751-7. OCLC 243883533.
 8. ^ a b c Chandra, Bipin. Mordern India. India.
 9. ^ Campbell, John; Watts, William (1760). Memoirs of the Revolution in Bengal, anno Dom. 1757. A. Millar, London.
 10. ^ Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011), Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850, Cambridge University Press, p. 207, ISBN 978-1-139-49889-0
 11. ^ Allana, Gulam (1988). Muslim political thought through the ages: 1562–1947 (2 ed.). Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania: Royal Book Company. p. 78. ISBN 9789694070919 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 .
 12. ^ "War of the Spanish Succession, 1701–1714". Historyofwar.org . Retrieved 2009-04-25 .
 13. ^ Ricklefs (1991), page 82
 14. ^ Historic uk – heritage of britain accommodation guide (2007-05-03). "The history of Scotland – The Act of Union 1707". Historic-uk.com. Archived from the original on 8 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009-04-25 .
 15. ^ Ricklefs (1991), page 84
 16. ^ "Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to History". Britannica.com. 1910-01-31. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009-04-25 .
 17. ^ "List of Wars of the Crimean Tatars". Zum.de. Archived from the original on 12 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009-04-25 .
 18. ^ "Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs 'Natural' Climate Trends". Ag.arizona.edu. 1997-08-10. Archived from the original on 2012-02-11 . Retrieved 2009-04-25 .
 19. ^ Wadsworth, Alfred P.; Mann, Julia De Lacy (1931). The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780. Manchester University Press. p. 433. OCLC 2859370.
 20. ^ "A guide to Scottish clans". Unique-cottages.co.uk. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008 . Retrieved 2009-04-25 .
 21. ^ "Saudi Arabia – The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam". Countrystudies.us . Retrieved 2009-04-25 .
 22. ^ "History". Columbia University.
 23. ^ Ricklefs (1991), page 102
 24. ^ "Sufism in the Caucasus". Islamicsupremecouncil.org. Archived from the original on February 23, 2009 . Retrieved 2009-04-25 .
 25. ^ "Yellow Fever Attacks Philadelphia, 1793". EyeWitness to History. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007-06-22 .
 26. ^ Riedel S (2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 18 (1): 21–5. doi:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028. PMC 1200696. PMID 16200144.
 27. ^ Ricklefs (1991), page 106
 28. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica's Great Inventions , Encyclopædia Britannica Archived August 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
 29. ^ Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. (1998) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 146 ISBN 978-0-471-29198-5

 Further reading [ edit ]

 * Black, Jeremy and Roy Porter, eds. A Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century World History (1994) 890pp
 * Klekar, Cynthia. “Fictions of the Gift: Generosity and Obligation in Eighteenth-Century English Literature.” Innovative Course Design Winner. American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies: Wake Forest University, 2004. <Home | American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies (ASECS)>. Refereed.
 * Langer, William. An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events online free
 * Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World: A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present (1970) online
 * Milward, Alan S, and S. B. Saul, eds. The economic development of continental Europe: 1780–1870 (1973) online; note there are two different books with identical authors and slightly different titles. Their coverfage does not overlap.
 + Milward, Alan S, and S. B. Saul, eds. The development of the economies of continental Europe, 1850–1914 (1977) online
 * The Wallace Collection, London, houses one of the finest collections of 18th-century decorative arts from France, England and Italy, including paintings, furniture, porcelain and gold boxes.

 External links [ edit ]

 * Media related to 18th century at Wikimedia Commons
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
	 
      Political boundaries at the beginning of year 1700  
     
     
      
The 18th century lasted from January 1, 1701 (MDCCI) to December 31, 1800 (MDCCC). During the 18th century, elements of Enlightenment thinking culminated in the American, French, and Haitian Revolutions. During the century, slave trading and human trafficking expanded across the shores of the Atlantic, while declining in Russia, [1]  China, [2]  and Korea. Revolutions began to challenge the legitimacy of monarchical and aristocratic power structures, including the structures and beliefs that supported slavery. The Industrial Revolution began during mid-century, leading to radical changes in human society and the environment.
 Western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. For example, the "short" 18th century may be defined as 1715–1789, denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution, with an emphasis on directly interconnected events. [3]   [4]  To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements, the "long" 18th century [5]  may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 [6]  or even later. [7] 
 The period is also known as the "century of lights" or the "century of reason". In continental Europe, philosophers dreamed of a brighter age. For some, this dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789, though this was later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror. At first, many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals, but in the wake of the French Revolution they feared loss of power and formed broad coalitions to oppose the French Republic in the French Revolutionary Wars.
 The 18th century also marked the end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state. Its semi-democratic government system was not robust enough to rival the neighboring states of the Prussia, Russia, and Austria, which partitioned the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth between themselves, changing the landscape of Central Europe and politics for the next hundred years.
 The Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion, taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768. As a result, the empire was not exposed to Europe's military improvements of the Seven Years' War. The Ottoman Empire military consequently lagged behind and suffered several defeats against Russia in the second half of the century. In Southwest and Central Asia, Nader Shah led successful military campaigns and major invasions, which indirectly led to the founding of the Durrani Empire.
 The European colonization of the Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as part of the Age of Sail. European colonization intensified in present-day Indonesia, where the Dutch East India Company established increasing levels of control over the Mataram Sultanate. Mainland Southeast Asia would be embroiled in the Konbaung–Ayutthaya Wars and the Tây Sơn rebellion, while in East Asia, the century marked the High Qing era and the continual seclusion policies of the Tokugawa shogunate.
 Various conflicts throughout the century, including the War of the Spanish Succession and the French and Indian War saw Great Britain triumphing over its European rivals to become the preeminent colonial power in Europe. However, Britain lost its colonies in North America after the American Revolutionary War, which went on to form the United States, initiating the decolonization of the Americas. The European colonization of Australia and New Zealand began during the late half of the century.
 In the Indian subcontinent, the death of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb marked the end of medieval India and the beginning of an increasing level of European influence and control in the region, which coincided with a period of rapid Maratha expansion. After the reign of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire became less powerful. In 1739, Nader Shah invaded and defeated the Mughal Empire. Later, his general Ahmad Shah Abdali scored another defeat against the Mughals in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. [8]  By the middle of the century, the British East India Company began to conquer the eastern parts of India, a process which accelerated after their victory over the Mughal emperor, Nawab of Bengal and their French allies at the Battle of Plassey. [9]   [8]  Mughal emperor transformed into mere puppet of British. [8]  By the end of the century, Company rule in India had come to cover more regions within South Asia, the British would also expand to the south, participating in the Anglo-Mysore Wars against the Kingdom of Mysore, governed by Tipu Sultan and his father Hyder Ali. [10]   [11] 
Events[edit]
1701–1750[edit]
     
     
     
  1700–1721: Great Northern War between the Russian and Swedish Empires.
 1701: Kingdom of Prussia declared under King Frederick I.
 1701–1714: The War of the Spanish Succession is fought, involving most of continental Europe. [12]  
 1702–1715: Camisard rebellion in France.
 1703: Saint Petersburg is founded by Peter the Great; it is the Russian capital until 1918.
 1703–1711: The Rákóczi uprising against the Habsburg monarchy.
 1704: End of Japan's Genroku period.
 1704: First Javanese War of Succession. [13]  
 1706–1713: The War of the Spanish Succession: French troops defeated at the battles of Ramillies and Turin.
 1707: Death of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb leads to the fragmentation of the Mughal Empire.
 1707: The Act of Union is passed, merging the Scottish and English Parliaments, thus establishing the Kingdom of Great Britain. [14]  
 1708: The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies and English Company Trading to the East Indies merge to form the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies.
 1708–1709: Famine kills one-third of East Prussia's population.
 1709: Foundation of the Hotak Afghan Empire.
 1709: The Great Frost of 1709 marks the coldest winter in 500 years, contributing to the defeat of Sweden at Poltava.
 1710: The world's first copyright legislation, Britain's Statute of Anne, takes effect.
 1710–1711: Ottoman Empire fights Russia in the Russo-Turkish War and regains Azov.
 1711: Bukhara Khanate dissolves as local begs seize power.
 1711–1715: Tuscarora War between British, Dutch, and German settlers and the Tuscarora people of North Carolina.
 1713: The Kangxi Emperor acknowledges the full recovery of the Chinese economy since its apex during the Ming.
 1714: In Amsterdam, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the mercury-in-glass thermometer, which remains the most reliable and accurate thermometer until the electronic era.
 1715: The first Jacobite rising breaks out; the British halt the Jacobite advance at the Battle of Sheriffmuir; Battle of Preston.
 1716: Establishment of the Sikh Confederacy along the present-day India-Pakistan border.
 1716–1718: Austro-Venetian-Turkish War.
 1718: The city of New Orleans is founded by the French in North America.
 1718–1720: War of the Quadruple Alliance between Spain, France, Britain, Austria, and the Netherlands.
 1718–1730: Tulip period of the Ottoman Empire.
 1719: Second Javanese War of Succession. [15]  
 1720: The South Sea Bubble.
 1720–1721: The Great Plague of Marseille.
 1720: Qing forces oust Dzungar invaders from Tibet.
 1721: The Treaty of Nystad is signed, ending the Great Northern War.
 1721: Sack of Shamakhi, massacre of its Shia population by Sunni Lezgins.
 1722: Siege of Isfahan results in the handover of Iran to the Hotaki Afghans.
 1722–1723: Russo-Persian War.
 1722–1725: Controversy over William Wood's halfpence leads to the  Drapier's Letters  and begins the Irish economic independence from England movement.      
 1723: Slavery is abolished in Russia; Peter the Great converts household slaves into house serfs. [16]  
 1723–1730: The "Great Disaster", an invasion of Kazakh territories by the Dzungars.
 1723–1732: The Qing and the Dzungars fight a series of wars across Qinghai, Dzungaria, and Outer Mongolia, with inconclusive results.
 1724: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit proposes the Fahrenheit temperature scale.
 1725: Austro-Spanish alliance revived. Russia joins in 1726.
 1727–1729: Anglo-Spanish War ends inconclusively. 
  1730: Mahmud I takes over Ottoman Empire after the Patrona Halil revolt, ending the Tulip period.
 1730–1760: The First Great Awakening takes place in Great Britain and North America.
 1732–1734: Crimean Tatar raids into Russia. [17]  
 1733–1738: War of the Polish Succession.      
 1735–1739: Austro-Russo-Turkish War.
 1735–1799: The Qianlong Emperor of China oversees a huge expansion in territory.
 1738–1756: Famine across the Sahel; half the population of Timbuktu dies. [18]  
 1737–1738: Hotaki Afghan Empire ends after the Siege of Kandahar by Nader Shah.
 1739: Great Britain and Spain fight the War of Jenkins' Ear in the Caribbean.
 1739: Nader Shah defeats a pan-Indian army of 300,000 at the Battle of Karnal. Taxation is stopped in Iran for three years. 
  1739–1740: Nader Shah's Sindh expedition.
 1740: Great Awakening, George Whitefield 
 1740–1741: Famine in Ireland kills 20 percent of the population.
 1741–1743: Iran invades Uzbekistan, Khwarazm, Dagestan, and Oman.
 1741–1751: Maratha invasions of Bengal.
 1740–1748: War of the Austrian Succession.
 1742:
  Marvel's Mill, the first water-powered cotton mill, begins operation in England. [19]  
 Anders Celsius proposes an inverted form of the centigrade temperature, which is later renamed Celsius in his honor.  
 1742: Premiere of Handel's  Messiah  
 1743–1746: Another Ottoman-Persian War involves 375,000 men but ultimately ends in a stalemate.      
 1744: The First Saudi State is founded by Mohammed Ibn Saud. [21]  
 1744: Battle of Toulon is fought off the coast of France.
 1744–1748: The First Carnatic War is fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India.
 1745: Second Jacobite rising is begun by Charles Edward Stuart in Scotland.
 1747: The Durrani Empire is founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani.
 1748: The Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession and First Carnatic War.
 1748–1754: The Second Carnatic War is fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India.
 1750: Peak of the Little Ice Age. 
1751–1800[edit]
  1752: The British Empire adopts the Gregorian Calendar, skipping 11 days from September 3 to September 13. On the calendar, September 2 is followed directly by September 14.
 1754: The Treaty of Pondicherry ends the Second Carnatic War and recognizes Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah as Nawab of the Carnatic.
 1754: King's College is founded by a royal charter of George II of Great Britain. [22]  
 1754–1763: The French and Indian War, the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War, is fought in colonial North America, mostly by the French and their allies against the English and their allies.
 1755: The great Lisbon earthquake destroys most of Portugal's capital and kills up to 100,000.
 1755: The Dzungar genocide depopulates much of northern Xinjiang, allowing for Han, Uyghur, Khalkha Mongol, and Manchu colonization.
 1755–1763: The Great Upheaval forces transfer of the French Acadian population from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
 1756–1763: The Seven Years' War is fought among European powers in various theaters around the world.
 1756–1763: The Third Carnatic War is fought between the British, the French, and Mysore in India.
 1757: British conquest of Bengal. 
     
  1760: George III becomes King of Britain.
 1761: Maratha Empire defeated at Battle of Panipat.
 1762–1796: Reign of Catherine the Great of Russia.
 1763: The Treaty of Paris ends the Seven Years' War and Third Carnatic War.
 1764: The Mughals are defeated at the Battle of Buxar.
 1765: The Stamp Act is introduced into the American colonies by the British Parliament.
 1765–1767: The Burmese invade Thailand and utterly destroy Attuthaya.
 1765–1769: Burma under Hsinbyushin repels four invasions from Qing China, securing hegemony over the Shan states.
 1766: Christian VII becomes king of Denmark. He was king of Denmark to 1808.
 1766–1799: Anglo-Mysore Wars.
 1767: Taksin expels Burmese invaders and reunites Thailand under an authoritarian regime.
 1768–1772: War of the Bar Confederation.
 1768–1774: Russo-Turkish War.
 1769: Spanish missionaries establish the first of 21 missions in California.
 1769–1770: James Cook explores and maps New Zealand and Australia.
 1769–1773: The Bengal famine of 1770 kills one-third of the Bengal population.
 1769: The French East India Company dissolves, only to be revived in 1785.
 1769: French expeditions capture clove plants in Ambon, ending the VOC monopoly of the plant. [23]  (to 1772) 
  1770–1771: Famine in Czech lands kills hundreds of thousands.
 1771: The Plague Riot in Moscow.
 1771: The Kalmyk Khanate dissolves as the territory becomes colonized by Russians. More than a hundred thousand Kalmyks migrate back to Qing Dzungaria.
 1772: Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d'état, becoming almost an absolute monarch.      
 1772–1779: Maratha Empire fights Britain and Raghunathrao's forces during the First Anglo-Maratha War.
 1772–1795: The Partitions of Poland end the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and erase Poland from the map for 123 years.
 1773–1775: Pugachev's Rebellion, the largest peasant revolt in Russian history.
 1773: East India Company starts operations in Bengal to smuggle opium into China.
 1775: Russia imposes a reduction in autonomy on the Zaporizhian Cossacks of Ukraine.
 1775–1782: First Anglo-Maratha War.
 1775–1783: American Revolutionary War.
 1776: Several Kongsi Republics are founded by Chinese settlers in the island of Borneo. They are some of the first democracies in Asia.
 1776–1777: A Spanish-Portuguese War occurs over land in the South American frontiers.
 1776: Illuminati founded by Adam Weishaupt.
 1776: The United States Declaration of Independence is adopted by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia.
 1776: Adam Smith publishes  The Wealth of Nations .
 1778: James Cook becomes the first European to land on the Hawaiian Islands.
 1778: Franco-American alliance signed.
 1778: Spain acquires its first permanent holding in Africa from the Portuguese, which is administrated by the newly-established La Plata Viceroyalty.
 1778: Vietnam is reunified for the first time in 200 years by the Tay Son brothers. The Tây Sơn dynasty has been established, terminated the Lê dynasty 
 1779–1879: Xhosa Wars between British and Boer settlers and the Xhosas in the South African Republic.
 1779–1783: Britain loses several islands and colonial outposts all over the world to the combined Franco-Spanish navy.
 1779: Iran enters yet another period of conflict and civil war after the prosperous reign of Karim Khan Zand. 
  1780: Outbreak of the indigenous rebellion against Spanish colonization led by Túpac Amaru II in Peru.
 1781: The city of Los Angeles is founded by Spanish settlers.      
 1781–1785: Serfdom is abolished in the Austrian monarchy (first step; second step in 1848).
 1782: The Thonburi Kingdom of Thailand is dissolved after a palace coup.
 1783: The Treaty of Paris formally ends the American Revolutionary War.
 1783: Russian annexation of Crimea.
 1785–1791: Imam Sheikh Mansur, a Chechen warrior and Muslim mystic, leads a coalition of Muslim Caucasian tribes from throughout the Caucasus in a holy war against Russian settlers and military bases in the Caucasus, as well as against local traditionalists, who followed the traditional customs and common law (Adat) rather than the theocratic Sharia. [24]  
 1785–1795: The Northwest Indian War is fought between the United States and Native Americans.
 1785–1787: The Maratha-Mysore War concludes with an exchange of territories in the Deccan.
 1786–1787: Mozart premieres The Marriage of Figaro and Don Giovanni 
 1787: The Tuareg occupies Timbuktu until the 19th century.
 1787–1792: Russo-Turkish War.
 1788: First Fleet arrives in Australia
 1788–1790: Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790).      
 1788–1789: A Qing attempt to reinstall an exiled Vietnamese king in northern Vietnam ends in disaster.
 1789: George Washington is elected the first President of the United States; he serves until 1797.
 1789 : Quang Trung defeated the Qing army
 1789–1799: French Revolution. 
  1789: The Liège Revolution.
 1789: The Brabant Revolution.
 1789: The Inconfidência Mineira, an unsuccessful separatist movement in central Brazil led by Tiradentes 
 1791: Suppression of the Liège Revolution by Austrian forces and re-establishment of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.
 1791–1795: George Vancouver explores the world during the Vancouver Expedition.
 1791–1804: The Haitian Revolution.
 1791: Mozart premieres The Magic Flute 
 1792–1802: The French Revolutionary Wars lead into the Napoleonic Wars, which last from 1803–1815.
 1792: The New York Stock &amp; Exchange Board is founded.
 1792: Polish–Russian War of 1792.
 1793: Upper Canada bans slavery.
 1793: The largest yellow fever epidemic in American history kills as many as 5,000 people in Philadelphia, roughly 10% of the population. [25]  
 1793–1796: Revolt in the Vendée against the French Republic at the time of the Revolution.
 1794–1816: The Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars, which were a series of incidents between settlers and New South Wales Corps and the Aboriginal Australian clans of the Hawkesbury river in Sydney, Australia.
 1795: The Marseillaise is officially adopted as the French national anthem.      
 1795: The Battle of Nuʻuanu in the final days of King Kamehameha I's wars to unify the Hawaiian Islands.
 1795–1796: Iran invades and devastates Georgia, prompting Russia to intervene and march on Tehran.
 1796: Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination; smallpox killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century, including five reigning monarchs. [26]  
 1796: War of the First Coalition: The Battle of Montenotte marks Napoleon Bonaparte's first victory as an army commander.
 1796: The British eject the Dutch from Ceylon and South Africa.
 1796–1804: The White Lotus Rebellion against the Manchu dynasty in China.
 1798: The Irish Rebellion fails to overthrow British rule in Ireland.
 1798–1800: The Quasi-War is fought between the United States and France.
 1799: Dutch East India Company is dissolved.
 1799: Austro-Russian forces under Alexander Suvorov liberates much of Italy and Switzerland from French occupation.
 1799: Coup of 18 Brumaire - Napoleon's coup d'etat brings the end of the French Revolution.
 1799: Death of the Qianlong Emperor after 60 years of rule over China. His favorite official, Heshen, is ordered to commit suicide.
 1800: On 1 January, the bankrupt Dutch East India Company (VOC) is formally dissolved and the nationalised Dutch East Indies are established. [27]   
Inventions, discoveries, introductions[edit]
     
  1709: The first piano was built by Bartolomeo Cristofori 
 1711: Tuning fork was invented by John Shore
 1712: Steam engine invented by Thomas Newcomen 
 1714: Mercury thermometer by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit 
 1717: Diving bell was successfully tested by Edmond Halley, sustainable to a depth of 55 ft
c. 1730: Octant navigational tool was developed by John Hadley in England, and Thomas Godfrey in America
 1733: Flying shuttle invented by John Kay 
 1736: Europeans encountered rubber – the discovery was made by Charles Marie de La Condamine while on expedition in South America. It was named in 1770 by Joseph Priestley 
c. 1740: Modern steel was developed by Benjamin Huntsman 
 1741: Vitus Bering discovers Alaska
 1745: Leyden jar invented by Ewald Georg von Kleist was the first electrical capacitor 
 1751: Jacques de Vaucanson perfects the first precision lathe 
 1752: Lightning rod invented by Benjamin Franklin 
 1753: The first clock to be built in the New World (North America) was invented by Benjamin Banneker.
 1755: The tallest wooden Bodhisattva statue in the world is erected at Puning Temple, Chengde, China.
 1764: Spinning jenny created by James Hargreaves brought on the Industrial Revolution 
 1765: James Watt enhances Newcomen's steam engine, allowing new steel technologies
 1761: The problem of longitude was finally resolved by the fourth chronometer of John Harrison 
 1763: Thomas Bayes publishes first version of Bayes' theorem, paving the way for Bayesian probability 
 1768–1779: James Cook mapped the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean and discovered many Pacific Islands 
 1774: Joseph Priestley discovers "dephlogisticated air", oxygen      
 1775: Joseph Priestley first synthesis of "phlogisticated nitrous air", nitrous oxide, "laughing gas"
 1776: First improved steam engines installed by James Watt 
 1776: Steamboat invented by Claude de Jouffroy 
 1777: Circular saw invented by Samuel Miller
 1779: Photosynthesis was first discovered by Jan Ingenhousz 
 1781: William Herschel announces discovery of Uranus
 1784: Bifocals invented by Benjamin Franklin 
 1784: Argand lamp invented by Aimé Argand  [28]  
 1785: Power loom invented by Edmund Cartwright 
 1785: Automatic flour mill invented by Oliver Evans 
 1786: Threshing machine invented by Andrew Meikle 
 1787: Jacques Charles discovers Charles's law 
 1789: Antoine Lavoisier discovers the law of conservation of mass, the basis for chemistry, and begins modern chemistry
 1798: Edward Jenner publishes a treatise about smallpox vaccination 
 1798: The Lithographic printing process invented by Alois Senefelder  [29]  
 1799: Rosetta Stone discovered by Napoleon's troops 
Literary and philosophical achievements[edit]
  1703:  The Love Suicides at Sonezaki  by Chikamatsu first performed
 1704–1717:  One Thousand and One Nights  translated into French by Antoine Galland. The work becomes immensely popular throughout Europe.
 1704:  A Tale of a Tub  by Jonathan Swift first published
 1712:  The Rape of the Lock  by Alexander Pope (publication of first version)
 1719:  Robinson Crusoe  by Daniel Defoe 
 1725: The New Science by Giambattista Vico 
 1726:  Gulliver's Travels  by Jonathan Swift 
 1728:  The Dunciad  by Alexander Pope (publication of first version)
 1744:  A Little Pretty Pocket-Book  becomes one of the first books marketed for children 
 1748:  Chushingura  (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers), popular Japanese puppet play, composed
 1748:  Clarissa  by Samuel Richardson 
 1749:  The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling  by Henry Fielding 
 1751:  Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard  by Thomas Gray published
 1751–1785: The French Encyclopédie 
 1755:  A Dictionary of the English Language  by Samuel Johnson 
 1758: Arithmetika Horvatzka by Mihalj Šilobod Bolšić 
 1759:  Candide  by Voltaire 
 1759:  The Theory of Moral Sentiments  by Adam Smith 
 1759–1767:  Tristram Shandy  by Laurence Sterne 
 1762:  Emile: or, On Education  by Jean-Jacques Rousseau 
 1762:  The Social Contract, Or Principles of Political Right  by Jean-Jacques Rousseau 
 1774:  The Sorrows of Young Werther  by Goethe first published
 1776:  Ugetsu Monogatari  (Tales of Moonlight and Rain) by Ueda Akinari 
 1776:  The Wealth of Nations , foundation of the modern theory of economy, was published by Adam Smith 
 1776–1789:  The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire  was published by Edward Gibbon 
 1779:  Amazing Grace  published by John Newton 
 1779–1782:  Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets  by Samuel Johnson 
 1781:  Critique of Pure Reason  by Immanuel Kant (publication of first edition)
 1781:  The Robbers  by Friedrich Schiller first published
 1782:  Les Liaisons dangereuses  by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos 
 1786:  Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect  by Robert Burns 
 1787–1788:  The Federalist Papers  by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay 
 1788:  Critique of Practical Reason  by Immanuel Kant 
 1789:  Songs of Innocence  by William Blake 
 1789:  The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano  by Olaudah Equiano 
 1790:  Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow  by Alexander Radishchev 
 1790:  Reflections on the Revolution in France  by Edmund Burke 
 1791:  Rights of Man  by Thomas Paine 
 1792:  A Vindication of the Rights of Woman  by Mary Wollstonecraft 
 1794:  Songs of Experience  by William Blake 
 1798:  Lyrical Ballads  by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge 
 1798:  An Essay on the Principle of Population  published by Thomas Malthus 
(mid-18th century):  The Dream of the Red Chamber  (authorship attributed to Cao Xueqin), one of the most famous Chinese novels 
Musical works[edit]
  1711:  Rinaldo , Handel's first opera for the London stage, premiered
 1721:  Brandenburg Concertos  by J.S. Bach 
 1723:  The Four Seasons , violin concertos by Antonio Vivaldi, composed
 1724:  St John Passion  by J.S. Bach 
 1727:  St Matthew Passion  composed by J.S. Bach 
 1733:  Hippolyte et Aricie , first opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau 
 1741:  Goldberg Variations  for harpsichord published by Bach 
 1742:  Messiah , oratorio by Handel premiered in Dublin 
 1749:  Mass in B minor  by J.S. Bach assembled in current form
 1751:  The Art of Fugue  by J.S. Bach 
 1762:  Orfeo ed Euridice , first "reform opera" by Gluck, performed in Vienna 
 1786:  The Marriage of Figaro , opera by Mozart 
 1787:  Don Giovanni , opera by Mozart 
 1788:  Jupiter Symphony (Symphony No.41) composed by Mozart 
 1791:  The Magic Flute , opera by Mozart 
 1791–1795: London symphonies by Haydn 
 1798: The Pathétique, piano sonata by Beethoven 
 1798:  The Creation , oratorio by Haydn first performed 
References[edit]
 
  ^  Volkov, Sergey. Concise History of Imperial Russia.
  ^  Rowe, William T. China's Last Empire.
  ^  Anderson, M. S. (1979).  Historians and Eighteenth-Century Europe, 1715–1789 . Oxford University Press. ISBN  978-0-19-822548-5 . OCLC 185538307.
  ^  Ribeiro, Aileen (2002). Dress in Eighteenth-Century Europe 1715–1789 (revised ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN  978-0-300-09151-9 . OCLC 186413657.
  ^  Baines, Paul (2004). The Long 18th Century. London: Arnold. ISBN  978-0-340-81372-0 .
  ^  Marshall, P. J., ed. (2001). The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford History of the British Empire). Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN  978-0-19-924677-9 . OCLC 174866045., "Introduction" by P. J. Marshall, page 1
  ^  O'Gorman, Frank (1997).  The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688–1832 (The Arnold History of Britain Series) . A Hodder Arnold Publication. ISBN  978-0-340-56751-7 . OCLC 243883533.
^    a       b       c    Chandra, Bipin. Mordern India. India.
  ^   Campbell, John; Watts, William (1760).  Memoirs of the Revolution in Bengal, anno Dom. 1757 . A. Millar, London.
  ^  Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011),  Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850 , Cambridge University Press, p. 207, ISBN  978-1-139-49889-0  
  ^  Allana, Gulam (1988).  Muslim political thought through the ages: 1562–1947  (2 ed.). Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania: Royal Book Company. p. 78. ISBN  9789694070919 . Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  ^   "War of the Spanish Succession, 1701–1714". Historyofwar.org. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  ^  Ricklefs (1991), page 82
  ^  Historic uk – heritage of britain accommodation guide (2007-05-03). "The history of Scotland – The Act of Union 1707". Historic-uk.com. Archived from the original on 8 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  ^  Ricklefs (1991), page 84
  ^   "Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to History". Britannica.com. 1910-01-31. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  ^   "List of Wars of the Crimean Tatars". Zum.de. Archived from the original on 12 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  ^   "Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs 'Natural' Climate Trends". Ag.arizona.edu. 1997-08-10. Archived from the original on 2012-02-11. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  ^  Wadsworth, Alfred P.; Mann, Julia De Lacy (1931). The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780. Manchester University Press. p. 433. OCLC 2859370.
  ^   "A guide to Scottish clans". Unique-cottages.co.uk. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  ^   "Saudi Arabia – The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  ^   "History". Columbia University.
  ^  Ricklefs (1991), page 102
  ^   "Sufism in the Caucasus". Islamicsupremecouncil.org. Archived from the original on February 23, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  ^   "Yellow Fever Attacks Philadelphia, 1793". EyeWitness to History. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-22.
  ^  Riedel S (2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 18 (1): 21–5. doi:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028. PMC 1200696. PMID 16200144.
  ^  Ricklefs (1991), page 106
  ^  Encyclopædia Britannica's Great Inventions, Encyclopædia Britannica Archived August 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  ^  Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. (1998) John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. p 146 ISBN 978-0-471-29198-5
 
Further reading[edit]
 Black, Jeremy and Roy Porter, eds. A Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century World History (1994) 890pp
Klekar, Cynthia. “Fictions of the Gift: Generosity and Obligation in Eighteenth-Century English Literature.” Innovative Course Design Winner. American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies: Wake Forest University, 2004. &lt;Home | American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies (ASECS)&gt;. Refereed.
Langer, William. An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events online free 
Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World: A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present (1970) online 
Milward, Alan S, and S. B. Saul, eds. The economic development of continental Europe: 1780–1870  (1973) online; note there are two different books with identical authors and slightly different titles. Their coverfage does not overlap.
 Milward, Alan S, and S. B. Saul, eds. The development of the economies of continental Europe, 1850–1914 (1977) online   
 The Wallace Collection, London, houses one of the finest collections of 18th-century decorative arts from France, England and Italy, including paintings, furniture, porcelain and gold boxes. 
External links[edit]
    Media related to 18th century at Wikimedia Commons
18th century - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century