What is the origin of the Internet Archive?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive
Internet Archive - Wikipedia
2003-01-31
Authority control
<div><div>
<p>For help citing the Wayback Machine (an Internet Archive service) in the English Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Using_the_Wayback_Machine">Help:Using the Wayback Machine</a>.</p>
<p>"archive.org" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/ArXiv">arXiv.org</a>.</p>
<table><caption>Internet Archive</caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_Archive_logo_and_wordmark.svg"></a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Types_of_business_entity">Type of business</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a> nonprofit</td></tr><tr><th><p>Type of site</p></th><td><a href="/wiki/Digital_library">Digital library</a></td></tr><tr><th>Available in</th><td><a href="/wiki/English_language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th>Founded</th><td>May 10, 1996; 26 years ago<sup><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th>Headquarters</th><td><a href="/wiki/Richmond_District,_San_Francisco">Richmond District</a><br /><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California">San Francisco, California</a><br /><a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Internet_Archive&amp;params=37.782321_N_122.47161137_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA">37°46′56″N 122°28′18″W﻿ / ﻿37.782321°N 122.47161137°W</a><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system">Coordinates</a>: <a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Internet_Archive&amp;params=37.782321_N_122.47161137_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA">37°46′56″N 122°28′18″W﻿ / ﻿37.782321°N 122.47161137°W</a></td></tr><tr><th>Chairman</th><td><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Kahle">Brewster Kahle</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)">Services</a></th><td><div>
<ul><li>Archive-It</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open_Library">Open Library</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (since 2001)</li>
<li>Netlabels</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NASA">NASA</a> Images</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prelinger_Archives">Prelinger Archives</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Revenue">Revenue</a></th><td> $36.7 million (2019)<sup><a href="#cite_note-form-990-2019-3">[3]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th>Employees</th><td> 169 (2019)<sup><a href="#cite_note-form-990-2019-3">[3]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th>URL</th><td><a href="https://archive.org/">archive<wbr></wbr>.org</a></td></tr><tr><th>Commercial</th><td>No</td></tr><tr><th>Launched</th><td>1996</td></tr><tr><th>Current status</th><td>Active</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_science_church122908_02.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>The <b>Internet Archive</b> is an American <a href="/wiki/Digital_library">digital library</a> with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge".<sup><a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, movies/videos, moving images, and millions of books. In addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating a free and open Internet. As of January 1, 2023, the Internet Archive holds over 36 million books and texts, 11.6 million movies, videos and TV shows and clips, 950 thousand software programs, 15 million audio files, 4.5 million images, 251 thousand concerts, and 780 billion web pages in the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.
</p><p>The Internet Archive allows the public to upload and download digital material to its data cluster, but the bulk of its data is collected automatically by its <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler">web crawlers</a>, which work to preserve as much of the public web as possible. Its <a href="/wiki/Web_archiving">web archive</a>, the Wayback Machine, contains hundreds of billions of web captures.<sup><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> The Archive also oversees one of the world's largest book digitization projects.
</p>
<h2>History[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1">edit</a>]</h2>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_Archive_headquarters_exterior_February_2008.jpg"></a></p><div><p>Headquarters in Building 116 of the Presidio of San Francisco in 2008</p></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Kahle">Brewster Kahle</a> founded the Archive in May 1996 around the same time that he began the for-profit web crawling company <a href="/wiki/Alexa_Internet">Alexa Internet</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> In October of that year, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web">World Wide Web</a> in large quantities,<sup><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> though it saved the earliest known page on May 10, 1996, at 2:42 PM.<sup><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> The archived content first became available to the general public in 2001, when it developed the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.
</p><p>In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the web archive, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Prelinger_Archives">Prelinger Archives</a>. Now<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items">when?</a></i>]</sup> the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of other projects: the <a href="/wiki/NASA">NASA</a> Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It, and the wiki-editable library catalog and book information site <a href="/wiki/Open_Library">Open Library</a>. Soon after that, the Archive began working to provide specialized services relating to the <a href="/wiki/Information_access">information access</a> needs of the print-disabled; publicly accessible books were made available in a protected <a href="/wiki/Digital_Accessible_Information_System">Digital Accessible Information System</a> (DAISY) format.<sup><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to its website:<sup><a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<blockquote><p>Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture and heritage. Without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form. The Archive's mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars.</p></blockquote>
<p>In August 2012, the Archive announced<sup><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> that it has added <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a> to its file download options for more than 1.3 million existing files, and all newly uploaded files.<sup><a href="#cite_note-TFBT-17">[17]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> This method is the fastest means of downloading media from the Archive, as files are served from two Archive data centers, in addition to other torrent clients which have downloaded and continue to serve the files.<sup><a href="#cite_note-TFBT-17">[17]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> On November 6, 2013, the Internet Archive's headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Richmond_District,_San_Francisco">San Francisco's Richmond District</a> caught fire,<sup><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments.<sup><a href="#cite_note-fire2013-21">[21]</a></sup> According to the Archive, it lost a side-building housing one of 30 of its scanning centers; cameras, lights, and scanning equipment worth hundreds of thousands of dollars; and "maybe 20 boxes of books and film, some irreplaceable, most already digitized, and some replaceable".<sup><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage.<sup><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>An overhaul of the site was launched as beta in November 2014, and the legacy layout was removed in March 2016.<sup><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>In November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the Archive to be based somewhere in <a href="/wiki/Canada">Canada</a>. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build a backup archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump">presidency of Donald Trump</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-KahleCanada-26">[26]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> Kahle was quoted as saying:
</p>
<blockquote><p>On November 9th in America, we woke up to a new administration promising radical change. It was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and perpetually accessible. It means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions. It means serving patrons in a world in which government surveillance is not going away; indeed it looks like it will increase. Throughout history, libraries have fought against terrible violations of privacy—where people have been rounded up simply for what they read. At the Internet Archive, we are fighting to protect our readers' privacy in the digital world.<sup><a href="#cite_note-KahleCanada-26">[26]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>Beginning in 2017, <a href="/wiki/OCLC">OCLC</a> and the Internet Archive have collaborated to make the Archive's records of digitized books available in <a href="/wiki/WorldCat">WorldCat</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since 2018, the Internet Archive visual arts residency, which is organized by Amir Saber Esfahani and Andrew McClintock, helps connect artists with the Archive's over 48 <a href="/wiki/Petabyte">petabytes</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> of digitized materials. Over the course of the yearlong residency, visual artists create a body of work which culminates in an exhibition. The hope is to connect digital history with the arts and create something for future generations to appreciate online or off.<sup><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> Previous artists in residence include <a href="/wiki/Taravat_Talepasand">Taravat Talepasand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Lynn">Whitney Lynn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Odell">Jenny Odell</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2019, its headquarters in San Francisco received a <a href="/wiki/Bomb_threat">bomb threat</a> which forced a temporary evacuation of the building.<sup><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Internet Archive acquires most materials from donations,<sup><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> such as hundreds of thousands of 78 rpm discs from <a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Library">Boston Public Library</a> in 2017,<sup><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> a donation of 250,000 books from <a href="/wiki/Trent_University">Trent University</a> in 2018,<sup><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> and the entire collection of <a href="/wiki/Marygrove_College">Marygrove College</a>'s library in 2020 after it closed.<sup><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> All material is then digitized and retained in digital storage, while a digital copy is returned to the original holder and the Internet Archive's copy, if not in the public domain, is lent to patrons worldwide one at a time under the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_digital_lending">controlled digital lending</a> (CDL) theory of the <a href="/wiki/First-sale_doctrine">first-sale doctrine</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Operations[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2">edit</a>]</h2>
<table><tbody><tr><td><p></p></td><td><p>This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. <i>(May 2020)</i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_Archive_-_Bibliotheca_Alexandrina.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>The Archive is a <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)_organization">501(c)(3)</a> nonprofit operating in the United States. In 2019, it had an annual budget of $36 million, derived from revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations, and the <a href="/wiki/Kahle-Austin_Foundation">Kahle-Austin Foundation</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> The Internet Archive also manages periodic funding campaigns. For instance, a December 2019 campaign had a goal of reaching $6 million in donations.<sup><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Archive is headquartered in San Francisco, <a href="/wiki/California">California</a>. From 1996 to 2009, its headquarters were in the <a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Francisco">Presidio of San Francisco</a>, a former U.S. military base. Since 2009, its headquarters have been at 300 Funston Avenue in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco">San Francisco</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Church_of_Christ,_Scientist_(San_Francisco,_California)">Christian Science Church</a>. At one time, most of its staff worked in its <a href="/wiki/Book_scanning">book-scanning</a> centers; as of 2019, scanning is performed by 100 paid operators worldwide.<sup><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> The Archive also has <a href="/wiki/Data_center">data centers</a> in three Californian cities: San Francisco, <a href="/wiki/Redwood_City,_California">Redwood City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_California">Richmond</a>. To reduce the risk of data loss, the Archive creates copies of parts of its collection at more distant locations, including the <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina">Bibliotheca Alexandrina</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt">Egypt</a> and a facility in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Archive is a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Internet_Preservation_Consortium">International Internet Preservation Consortium</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> and was officially designated as a library by the state of California in 2007.<sup><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Web archiving[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3">edit</a>]</h2>
<h3>Wayback Machine[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Wayback_Machine_logo_2010.svg"></a></p><div><p>Wayback Machine logo, used since 2001</p></div></div>
<p>The Internet Archive capitalized on the popular use of the term "<a href="/wiki/WABAC_machine">WABAC Machine</a>" from a segment of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Rocky_and_Bullwinkle_and_Friends">The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle</a></i> cartoon (specifically, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Rocky_and_Bullwinkle_and_Friends#Supporting_features">Peabody's Improbable History</a></i>), and uses the name "Wayback Machine" for its service that allows archives of the World Wide Web to be searched and accessed.<sup><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> This service allows users to view some of the archived web pages. The Wayback Machine was created as a joint effort between <a href="/wiki/Alexa_Internet">Alexa Internet</a> (owned by <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a>) and the Internet Archive when a three-dimensional index was built to allow for the browsing of archived web content.<sup><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> Millions of web sites and their associated data (images, source code, documents, etc.) are saved in a database. The service can be used to see what previous versions of web sites used to look like, to grab original source code from web sites that may no longer be directly available, or to visit web sites that no longer even exist. Not all web sites are available because many web site owners choose to exclude their sites. As with all sites based on data from web crawlers, the Internet Archive misses large areas of the web for a variety of other reasons. A 2004 paper found international biases in the coverage, but deemed them "not intentional".<sup><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup>
</p>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Incoming_additional_storage_at_Internet_Archive.jpg"></a></p><div><p>A purchase of additional storage at the Internet Archive</p></div></div>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_Archive_servers_5034_-_Jason_Scott.jpg"></a></p><div><p><a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)">Servers</a> at the Internet Archive headquarters in San Francisco</p></div></div>
<p>A "Save Page Now" archiving feature was made available in October 2013,<sup><a href="#cite_note-savepage-51">[51]</a></sup> accessible on the lower right of the Wayback Machine's main page.<sup><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> Once a target URL is entered and saved, the web page will become part of the Wayback Machine.<sup><a href="#cite_note-savepage-51">[51]</a></sup>
Through the Internet address web.archive.org,<sup><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> users can upload to the Wayback Machine a large variety of contents, including <a href="/wiki/PDF">PDF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_compression">data compression</a> file formats. The Wayback Machine creates a permanent local URL of the upload content, that is accessible in the web, even if not listed while searching in the https://archive.org official website.
</p><p>In October 2016, it was announced that the way web pages are counted would be changed, resulting in the decrease of the archived pages counts shown. Embedded objects such as pictures, videos, style sheets, JavaScripts are no longer counted as a "web page", whereas HTML, PDF, and plain text documents remain counted.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Year
</th>
<th>Archived pages (billions)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>2005
</td>
<td>40<sup><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2006
</td>
<td>85<sup><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2007
</td>
<td>85<sup><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2008
</td>
<td>85<sup><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2009
</td>
<td>150<sup><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2010
</td>
<td>150<sup><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2011
</td>
<td>150<sup><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2012
</td>
<td>150<sup><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2013
</td>
<td>373<sup><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2014
</td>
<td>430<sup><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2015
</td>
<td>479<sup><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2016
</td>
<td>510<sup><a href="#endnote_old_counting_systemA">[A]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup>
<p>273<sup><a href="#endnote_new_counting_systemB">[B]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2017
</td>
<td>286<sup><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2018
</td>
<td>344<sup><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2019
</td>
<td>396<sup><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2020
</td>
<td>486<sup><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2021
</td>
<td>635<sup><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2022
</td>
<td>771<sup><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><a href="#ref_old_counting_systemA"><b><sup>A</sup></b></a> Using the old counting system used before October 2016<br />
<a href="#ref_new_counting_systemB"><b><sup>B</sup></b></a> Using the new counting system used after October 2016
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table><p>
In September 2020, the Internet Archive announced a partnership with <a href="/wiki/Cloudflare">Cloudflare</a> to automatically index websites served via its "Always Online" services.<sup><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup></p>
<h3>Archive-It[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5">edit</a>]</h3>
<div> <div><p><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Kahle">Brewster Kahle</a> of the Internet Archive talks about archiving operations</p></div></div>
<p>Created in early 2006, Archive-It<sup><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup> is a web archiving subscription service that allows institutions and individuals to build and preserve collections of digital content and create digital archives. Archive-It allows the user to customize their capture or exclusion of web content they want to preserve for cultural heritage reasons. Through a web application, Archive-It partners can harvest, catalog, manage, browse, search, and view their archived collections.<sup><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup>
</p><p>In terms of accessibility, the archived web sites are full text searchable within seven days of capture.<sup><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup> Content collected through Archive-It is captured and stored as a <a href="/wiki/Web_ARChive">WARC file</a>. A primary and back-up copy is stored at the Internet Archive data centers. A copy of the WARC file can be given to subscribing partner institutions for geo-redundant preservation and storage purposes to their best practice standards.<sup><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> Periodically, the data captured through Archive-It is indexed into the Internet Archive's general archive.
</p><p>As of March 2014, Archive-It had more than 275 partner institutions in 46 U.S. states and 16 countries that have captured more than 7.4 billion URLs for more than 2,444 public collections. Archive-It partners are universities and college libraries, state archives, federal institutions, museums, law libraries, and cultural organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Literature_Organization">Electronic Literature Organization</a>, North Carolina State Archives and Library, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University">Stanford University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University">Columbia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_American_University_in_Cairo">American University in Cairo</a>, Georgetown Law Library, and many others.
</p>
<h3>Internet Archive Scholar[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>In September 2020 Internet Archive announced a new initiative to archive and preserve <a href="/wiki/Open_access">open access</a> academic journals, called <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive_Scholar">Internet Archive Scholar</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> Its full-text search index includes over 25 million research articles and other scholarly documents preserved in the Internet Archive. The collection spans from digitized copies of eighteenth century journals through the latest open access conference proceedings and pre-prints crawled from the World Wide Web.
</p>
<h3>General Index[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>In 2021, the Internet Archive announced the initial version of the <a href="/wiki/General_Index_(academia)">General Index</a>, a publicly available <a href="/wiki/Index_(publishing)">index</a> to a collection of 107 million academic <a href="/wiki/Journal_article">journal articles</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:02-81">[81]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Book collections[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8">edit</a>]</h2>
<h3>Text collection[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Scribe_Machine_Acquisition_3.jpg"></a></p></div>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:A_Real_Page-Turner.jpg"></a></p><div><p>An Internet Archive in-house scan ongoing</p></div></div>
<p>The Internet Archive operates 33 <a href="/wiki/Book_scanning">scanning centers</a> in five countries, digitizing about 1,000 books a day for a total of more than 2 million books,<sup><a href="#cite_note-Hoffelder2013-83">[83]</a></sup> financially supported by libraries and foundations.<sup><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup> As of July 2013, the collection included 4.4 million books with more than 15 million downloads per month.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Hoffelder2013-83">[83]</a></sup> As of November 2008, when there were approximately 1 million texts, the entire collection was greater than 0.5 petabytes, which includes raw camera images, cropped and skewed images, <a href="/wiki/PDF">PDFs</a>, and raw <a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition">OCR</a> data.<sup><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup> Between about 2006 and 2008, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft">Microsoft</a> had a special relationship with Internet Archive texts through its <a href="/wiki/Live_Search_Books">Live Search Books</a> project, scanning more than 300,000 books that were contributed to the collection, as well as financial support and scanning equipment. On May 23, 2008, Microsoft announced it would be ending the Live Book Search project and no longer scanning books.<sup><a href="#cite_note-msdown-86">[86]</a></sup> Microsoft made its scanned books available without contractual restriction and donated its scanning equipment to its former partners.<sup><a href="#cite_note-msdown-86">[86]</a></sup>
</p><p>Around October 2007, Archive users began uploading <a href="/wiki/Public_domain">public domain</a> books from <a href="/wiki/Google_Books">Google Book Search</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup> As of November 2013, there were more than 900,000 Google-digitized books in the Archive's collection;<sup><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup> the books are identical to the copies found on Google, except without the Google watermarks, and are available for unrestricted use and download.<sup><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> Brewster Kahle revealed in 2013 that this archival effort was coordinated by <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a>, who with a "bunch of friends" downloaded the public domain books from Google slowly enough and from enough computers to stay within Google's restrictions. They did this to ensure public access to the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain">public domain</a>. The Archive ensured the items were attributed and linked back to Google, which never complained, while libraries "grumbled". According to Kahle, this is an example of Swartz's "genius" to work on what could give the most to the public good for millions of people.<sup><a href="#cite_note-kahle-aswmem-90">[90]</a></sup> Besides books, the Archive offers free and anonymous public access to more than four million court opinions, legal briefs, or exhibits uploaded from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States">United States Federal Courts</a>' <a href="/wiki/PACER_(law)">PACER</a> electronic document system via the <a href="/wiki/RECAP">RECAP</a> web browser plugin. These documents had been kept behind a federal court paywall. On the Archive, they had been accessed by more than six million people by 2013.<sup><a href="#cite_note-kahle-aswmem-90">[90]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Archive's BookReader <a href="/wiki/Web_app">web app</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-BookReader-91">[91]</a></sup> built into its website, has features such as single-page, two-page, and <a href="/wiki/Thumbnail">thumbnail</a> modes; fullscreen mode; <a href="/wiki/Page_zooming">page zooming</a> of <a href="/wiki/High-resolution">high-resolution</a> images; and <a href="/wiki/Flip_page">flip page</a> animation.<sup><a href="#cite_note-BookReader-91">[91]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Number of texts for each language[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10">edit</a>]</h3>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Number of all texts <br /> (2022)
</th>
<td>34,000,000<sup><a href="#cite_note-IAtexts-93">[93]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Language
</th>
<th>Number of texts <br /> (2022)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/English_language">English</a>
</td>
<td>25,000,000<sup><a href="#cite_note-IAtexts-93">[93]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/French_language">French</a>
</td>
<td>700,000<sup><a href="#cite_note-IAtexts-93">[93]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language">Dutch</a>
</td>
<td>700,000<sup><a href="#cite_note-IAtexts-93">[93]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/German_language">German</a>
</td>
<td>700,000<sup><a href="#cite_note-IAtexts-93">[93]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language">Chinese</a>
</td>
<td>550,000<sup><a href="#cite_note-IAtexts-93">[93]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Arabic">Arabic</a>
</td>
<td>450,000<sup><a href="#cite_note-IAtexts-93">[93]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Italian_language">Italian</a>
</td>
<td>400,000<sup><a href="#cite_note-IAtexts-93">[93]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language">Spanish</a>
</td>
<td>300,000<sup><a href="#cite_note-IAtexts-93">[93]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language">Japanese</a>
</td>
<td>150,000<sup><a href="#cite_note-IAtexts-93">[93]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Greek_language">Greek</a>
</td>
<td>150,000<sup><a href="#cite_note-IAtexts-93">[93]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Latin_language">Latin</a>
</td>
<td>150,000<sup><a href="#cite_note-IAtexts-93">[93]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Urdu">Urdu</a>
</td>
<td>100,000<sup><a href="#cite_note-IAtexts-93">[93]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Number of texts for each decade[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11">edit</a>]</h3>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td>
<table>
<caption>XIX century
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Decade
</th>
<th>Number of texts <br /> (July 5, 2021)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>1800s
</td>
<td>82,587<sup><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1810s
</td>
<td>100,048<sup><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1820s
</td>
<td>151,669<sup><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1830s
</td>
<td>203,287<sup><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1840s
</td>
<td>239,343<sup><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1850s
</td>
<td>307,302<sup><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1860s
</td>
<td>322,843<sup><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1870s
</td>
<td>336,637<sup><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1880s
</td>
<td>445,046<sup><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1890s
</td>
<td>570,017<sup><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td>
<td>
<table>
<caption>XX century
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Decade
</th>
<th>Number of texts <br /> (July 5, 2021)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>1900s
</td>
<td>767,201<sup><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1910s
</td>
<td>744,445<sup><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1920s
</td>
<td>473,331<sup><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1930s
</td>
<td>342,779<sup><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1940s
</td>
<td>400,490<sup><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1950s
</td>
<td>560,730<sup><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1960s
</td>
<td>711,449<sup><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1970s
</td>
<td>2,540,807<sup><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1980s
</td>
<td>1,124,927<sup><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1990s
</td>
<td>1,379,398<sup><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td>
<td>
<table>
<caption>XXI century
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Decade
</th>
<th>Number of texts <br /> (July 5, 2021)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>2000s
</td>
<td>1,754,932<sup><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2010s
</td>
<td>3,317,801<sup><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2020s
</td>
<td>205,178<sup><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Open Library[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>The Open Library is another project of the Internet Archive. The project seeks to include a web page for every book ever published: it holds 25 million catalog records of editions. It also seeks to be a web-accessible public library: it contains the full texts of approximately 1,600,000 public domain books (out of the more than five million from the main <a href="#Text_collection">texts collection</a>), as well as in-print and in-copyright books,<sup><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup> many of which are fully readable, downloadable<sup><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Full-text_search">full-text searchable</a>;<sup><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup> it offers a two-week loan of <a href="/wiki/E-book">e-books</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Controlled_digital_lending">controlled digital lending</a> program for over 647,784 books not in the public domain, in partnership with over 1,000 library partners from six countries<sup><a href="#cite_note-Hoffelder2013-83">[83]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></sup> after a free registration on the web site. Open Library is a <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software">free and open-source software</a> project, with its source code freely available on <a href="/wiki/GitHub">GitHub</a>.
</p><p>The Open Library faces objections from some authors and the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Authors">Society of Authors</a>, who hold that the project is distributing books without authorization and is thus in violation of copyright laws,<sup><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup> and four major publishers initiated a copyright infringement lawsuit against the Internet Archive in June 2020 to stop the Open Library project.<sup><a href="#cite_note-open_library_lawsuit-123">[123]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>Many large institutional sponsors have helped the Internet Archive provide millions of scanned publications (text items).<sup><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup> Some sponsors that have digitized large quantities of texts include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto">University of Toronto</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Robarts_Library">Robarts Library</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta_Libraries">University of Alberta Libraries</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress">Library of Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_Library_Consortium">Boston Library Consortium</a> member libraries, the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Library">Boston Public Library</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary_Library">Princeton Theological Seminary Library</a>, and many others.<sup><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press">MIT Press</a> authorized the Internet Archive to digitize and lend books from the press's <a href="/wiki/Backlist">backlist</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup> with financial support from the <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Fund">Arcadia Fund</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup> A year later, the Internet Archive received further funding from the Arcadia Fund to invite some other university presses to partner with the Internet Archive to digitize books, a project called "Unlocking University Press Books".<sup><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress">Library of Congress</a> created numerous <a href="/wiki/Handle_system">handle system</a> identifiers that pointed to free digitized books in the Internet Archive.<sup><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup> The Internet Archive and Open Library are listed on the Library of Congress website as a source of e-books.<sup><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Media collections[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14">edit</a>]</h2>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Media_reader_at_Internet_Archive.jpg"></a></p></div>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Unrelated_Microfilm.jpg"></a></p><div><p>Microfilms at the Internet Archive</p></div></div>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Videocassettes_and_VCRs_at_Internet_Archive.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>In addition to web archives, the Internet Archive maintains extensive collections of digital media that are attested by the uploader to be in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain">public domain</a> in the United States or licensed under a license that allows redistribution, such as <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons">Creative Commons</a> licenses. Media are organized into collections by media type (moving images, audio, text, etc.), and into sub-collections by various criteria. Each of the main collections includes a "Community" sub-collection (formerly named "Open Source") where general contributions by the public are stored.
</p>
<h3>Audio[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15">edit</a>]</h3>
<h4>Audio Archive[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16">edit</a>]</h4>
<p>The Audio Archive is an <a href="/wiki/Audio_archive">audio archive</a> that includes music, <a href="/wiki/Audiobook">audiobooks</a>, news broadcasts, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Radio">old time radio</a> shows, <a href="/wiki/Podcasts">podcasts</a>, and a wide variety of other audio files. As of January 2023, there are more than 15,000,000 free digital recordings in the collection. The subcollections include audio books and poetry, podcasts, non-English audio, and many others.<sup><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup> The sound collections are curated by <a href="/wiki/B._George">B. George</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/ARChive_of_Contemporary_Music">ARChive of Contemporary Music</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-WP-134">[134]</a></sup>
</p><p>Next to the stock <a href="/wiki/HTML5">HTML5</a> audio player, <a href="/wiki/Winamp">Winamp</a>-resembling <i>Webamp</i> is available.
</p>
<h4>Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17">edit</a>]</h4>
<p>A project to preserve recordings of amateur radio transmissions, with funding from the Amateur Radio Digital Communications foundation.<sup><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Live Music Archive[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18">edit</a>]</h4>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Live_Music_Archive">Live Music Archive</a> sub-collection includes more than 170,000 concert recordings from independent musicians, as well as more established artists and musical ensembles with permissive rules about recording their concerts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead">Grateful Dead</a>, and more recently, <a href="/wiki/The_Smashing_Pumpkins">The Smashing Pumpkins</a>. Also, <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Zevon">Jordan Zevon</a> has allowed the Internet Archive to host a definitive collection of his father <a href="/wiki/Warren_Zevon">Warren Zevon</a>'s concert recordings. The Zevon collection ranges from 1976 to 2001 and contains 126 concerts including 1,137 songs.<sup><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>The Great 78 Project[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19">edit</a>]</h4>
<p><a href="/wiki/The_Great_78_Project">The Great 78 Project</a> aims to digitize 250,000 <a href="/wiki/78_rpm">78 rpm</a> singles (500,000 songs) from the period between 1880 and 1960, donated by various collectors and institutions. It has been developed in collaboration with the Archive of Contemporary Music and George Blood Audio, responsible for the audio digitization.<sup><a href="#cite_note-WP-134">[134]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Netlabels[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20">edit</a>]</h4>
<p>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Netlabel">Netlabel</a>.</p>
<p>The Archive has a collection of freely distributable music that is streamed and available for download via its <i>Netlabels</i> service. The music in this collection generally has Creative Commons-license catalogs of virtual record labels.<sup><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-lifehacker_free_music-139">[139]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Images collection[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>This collection contains more than 3.5 million items.<sup><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz#Cover_Art_Archive">Cover Art Archive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> - Gallery Images, NASA Images, <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street">Occupy Wall Street</a> <a href="/wiki/Flickr">Flickr</a> Archive, and <a href="/wiki/Libre_Map_Project">USGS Maps</a> are some sub-collections of Image collection.
</p>
<h4>Cover Art Archive[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22">edit</a>]</h4>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Cover_Art_Archive_Logo_with_text_(2020).svg"></a></p><div><p>Logo of Cover Art Archive</p></div></div>
<p>The Cover Art Archive is a joint project between the Internet Archive and <a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>, whose goal is to make cover art images on the Internet. As of April 2021, this collection contains more than 1,400,000 items.<sup><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Metropolitan Museum of Art images[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23">edit</a>]</h4>
<p>The images of this collection are from the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. This collection contains more than 140,000 items.<sup><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>NASA Images[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24">edit</a>]</h4>
<p>The NASA Images archive was created through a Space Act Agreement between the Internet Archive and NASA to bring public access to NASA's image, video, and audio collections in a single, searchable resource. The IA NASA Images team worked closely with all of the NASA centers to keep adding to the ever-growing collection.<sup><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></sup> The nasaimages.org site launched in July 2008 and had more than 100,000 items online at the end of its hosting in 2012.
</p>
<h4>Occupy Wall Street Flickr archive[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25">edit</a>]</h4>
<p>This collection contains <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons">Creative Commons</a>-licensed photographs from Flickr related to the <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street">Occupy Wall Street</a> movement. This collection contains more than 15,000 items.<sup><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>USGS Maps[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26">edit</a>]</h4>
<p>This collection contains more than 59,000 items from <a href="/wiki/Libre_Map_Project">Libre Map Project</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Mathematical images[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27">edit</a>]</h4>
<p>This collection contains mathematical images created by mathematical artist <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Naderi_Yeganeh">Hamid Naderi Yeganeh</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Machinima Archive[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>One of the sub-collections of the Internet Archive's Video Archive is the Machinima Archive. This small section hosts many Machinima videos. Machinima is a digital artform in which <a href="/wiki/PC_game">computer games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_engine">game engines</a>, or software engines are used in a sandbox-like mode to create motion pictures, recreate plays, or even publish presentations or keynotes. The archive collects a range of Machinima films from internet publishers such as <a href="/wiki/Rooster_Teeth">Rooster Teeth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machinima,_Inc.">Machinima.com</a> as well as independent producers. The sub-collection is a collaborative effort among the Internet Archive, the How They Got Game research project at Stanford University, the Academy of Machinima Arts and Sciences, and Machinima.com.<sup><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Microfilm collection[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>This collection contains approximately 160,000 <a href="/wiki/Microfilm">microfilmed</a> items from a variety of libraries including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago#Library_system">University of Chicago Libraries</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta">University of Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_County_Public_Library">Allen County Public Library</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Technical_Information_Service">National Technical Information Service</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Moving image collection[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>The Internet Archive holds a collection of approximately 3,863 feature films.<sup><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></sup> Additionally, the Internet Archive's Moving Image collection includes: <a href="/wiki/Newsreel">newsreels</a>, classic <a href="/wiki/Cartoon">cartoons</a>, pro- and anti-war <a href="/wiki/Propaganda">propaganda</a>, The Video Cellar Collection, Skip Elsheimer's "A.V. Geeks" collection, early television, and ephemeral material from <a href="/wiki/Prelinger_Archives">Prelinger Archives</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Advertising">advertising</a>, educational, and industrial films, as well as amateur and home movie collections.
</p><p>Subcategories of this collection include:
</p>
<ul><li>IA's <a href="/wiki/Brickfilm"><i>Brick Films</i></a> collection, which contains <a href="/wiki/Stop_motion">stop-motion</a> animation filmed with <a href="/wiki/Lego">Lego</a> bricks, some of which are "remakes" of feature films.</li>
<li>IA's <i>Election 2004</i> collection, a non-partisan public resource for sharing video materials related to the <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election">2004 United States presidential election</a>.</li>
<li>IA's <i>FedFlix</i> collection, Joint Venture NTIS-1832 between the National Technical Information Service and Public.Resource.Org that features "the best movies of the United States Government, from training films to history, from our national parks to the <a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Academy">U.S. Fire Academy</a> and the Postal Inspectors"<sup><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></sup></li>
<li>IA's <i>Independent News</i> collection, which includes sub-collections such as the Internet Archive's World At War competition from 2001, in which contestants created short films demonstrating "why access to history matters". Among their most-downloaded video files are eyewitness recordings of the devastating <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake</a>.</li>
<li>IA's <i>September 11 Television Archive</i>, which contains archival footage from the world's major television networks of the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks">terrorist attacks</a> of September 11, 2001, as they unfolded on live television.<sup><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3>Open Educational Resources[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>Open Educational Resources is a digital collection at archive.org. This collection contains hundreds of free courses, video lectures, and supplemental materials from universities in the United States and <a href="/wiki/China">China</a>. The contributors of this collection are <a href="/wiki/ArsDigita_University">ArsDigita University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Foundation">Hewlett Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology">MIT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlebury_Institute_of_International_Studies_at_Monterey">Monterey Institute</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Naropa_University">Naropa University</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>TV News Search &amp; Borrow[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:TV_tuners_at_the_Internet_Archive.jpg"></a></p><div><p>TV tuners at the Internet Archive</p></div></div>
<p>In September 2012, the Internet Archive launched the TV News Search &amp; Borrow service for searching U.S. national news programs.<sup><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></sup> The service is built on closed captioning transcripts and allows users to search and stream 30-second video clips. Upon launch, the service contained "350,000 news programs collected over 3 years from national U.S. networks and stations in San Francisco and Washington D.C."<sup><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></sup> According to Kahle, the service was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_Television_News_Archive">Vanderbilt Television News Archive</a>, a similar library of televised network news programs.<sup><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></sup> In contrast to Vanderbilt, which limits access to streaming video to individuals associated with subscribing colleges and universities, the TV News Search &amp; Borrow allows open access to its streaming video clips. In 2013, the Archive received an additional donation of "approximately 40,000 well-organized tapes" from the estate of a <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> woman, <a href="/wiki/Marion_Stokes">Marion Stokes</a>. Stokes "had recorded more than 35 years of TV news in Philadelphia and <a href="/wiki/Boston">Boston</a> with her <a href="/wiki/VHS">VHS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betamax">Betamax</a> machines."<sup><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Miscellaneous collections[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33">edit</a>]</h3>
<h4>Brooklyn Museum[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34">edit</a>]</h4>
<p>This collection contains approximately 3,000 items from <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Michelson library[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35">edit</a>]</h4>
<p>In December 2020, the film research library of <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Michelson">Lillian Michelson</a> was donated to the archive.<sup><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Other services and endeavors[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36">edit</a>]</h2>
<h3>Physical media[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Vintage_wall_intercom_at_Internet_Archive.jpg"></a></p><div><p>A vintage wall intercom, an example of another "archived" item</p></div></div>
<p>Voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away, and inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault">Svalbard Global Seed Vault</a>, Kahle now envisions collecting one copy of every book ever published. "We're not going to get there, but that's our goal", he said. Alongside the books, Kahle plans to store the Internet Archive's old servers, which were replaced in 2010.<sup><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Software[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>The Internet Archive has "the largest collection of historical software online in the world", spanning 50 years of <a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware">computer history</a> in <a href="/wiki/Terabyte">terabytes</a> of computer magazines and journals, books, <a href="/wiki/Shareware">shareware</a> discs, FTP sites, <a href="/wiki/Video_game">video games</a>, etc. The Internet Archive has created an archive of what it describes as "vintage software", as a way to preserve them.<sup><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></sup> The project advocated for an exemption from the United States <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> to permit them to bypass <a href="/wiki/Copy_protection">copy protection</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office">United States Copyright Office</a> approved in 2003 for a period of three years.<sup><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></sup> The Archive does not offer the software for download, as the exemption is solely "for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive."<sup><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress">Library of Congress</a> renewed the exemption in 2006, and in 2009 indefinitely extended it pending further rulemakings.<sup><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></sup> The Library reiterated the exemption as a "Final Rule" with no expiration date in 2010.<sup><a href="#cite_note-75_fr_43825-165">[165]</a></sup> In 2013, the Internet Archive began to provide <a href="/wiki/Abandonware">abandonware</a> video games <a href="/wiki/Web_browser">browser</a>-playable via <a href="/wiki/Multi_Emulator_Super_System">MESS</a>, for instance the <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600">Atari 2600</a> game <a href="/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial_(video_game)"><i>E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</i></a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></sup> Since December 23, 2014, the Internet Archive presents, via a browser-based <a href="/wiki/DOSBox">DOSBox</a> emulation, thousands of <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS">DOS</a>/PC games<sup><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></sup> for "scholarship and research purposes only".<sup><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></sup> In November 2020, the Archive introduced a new emulator for <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash">Adobe Flash</a> called <a href="/wiki/Ruffle_(software)">Ruffle</a>, and began archiving Flash animations and games ahead of the December 31, 2020 end-of-life for the Flash plugin across all computer systems.<sup><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Table Top Scribe System[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>A combined hardware software system has been developed that performs a safe method of digitizing content.<sup><a href="#cite_note-ttscribe1-175">[175]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-LinuxsSavesCongress-176">[176]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Credit Union[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>From 2012 to November 2015, the Internet Archive operated the Internet Archive Federal Credit Union, a <a href="/wiki/Federal_credit_union">federal credit union</a> based in <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey">New Brunswick, New Jersey</a>, with the goal of providing access to low- and middle-income people. Throughout its short existence, the IAFCU experienced significant conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/National_Credit_Union_Administration">National Credit Union Administration</a>, which severely limited the IAFCU's loan portfolio and concerns over serving <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a> firms. At the time of its dissolution, it consisted of 395 members and was worth $2.5 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Controversies, legal disputes, and activism[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41">edit</a>]</h2>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:The_main_hall_at_Internet_Archive_(2013).jpg"></a></p><div><p>The main hall of the current headquarters</p></div></div>
<h3>Grateful Dead[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>In November 2005, free downloads of <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead">Grateful Dead</a> concerts were removed from the site. <a href="/wiki/John_Perry_Barlow">John Perry Barlow</a> identified <a href="/wiki/Bob_Weir">Bob Weir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Hart">Mickey Hart</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Kreutzmann">Bill Kreutzmann</a> as the instigators of the change, according to an article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-leeds-179">[179]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phil_Lesh">Phil Lesh</a> commented on the change in a November 30, 2005, posting to his personal web site:
</p>
<blockquote><p>It was brought to my attention that all of the Grateful Dead shows were taken down from Archive.org right before <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving">Thanksgiving</a>. I was not part of this decision making process and was not notified that the shows were to be pulled. I do feel that the music is the Grateful Dead's legacy and I hope that one way or another all of it is available for those who want it.<sup><a href="#cite_note-lesh-180">[180]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>A November 30 forum post from <a href="/wiki/Brewster_Kahle">Brewster Kahle</a> summarized what appeared to be the compromise reached among the band members. Audience recordings could be downloaded or streamed, but <a href="/wiki/Mixing_console">soundboard</a> recordings were to be available for streaming only. Concerts have since been re-added.<sup><a href="#cite_note-kahle-181">[181]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>National security letters[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><div><p><a href="/wiki/File:EFF-IA_National_security_letter.pdf"></a></p></div><div><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:EFF-IA_National_security_letter.pdf&amp;page=2"></a></p></div></div>
<p>On May 8, 2008, it was revealed that the Internet Archive had successfully challenged an <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation">FBI</a> <a href="/wiki/National_security_letter">national security letter</a> asking for logs on an undisclosed user.<sup><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></sup>
</p><p>On November 28, 2016, it was revealed that a second FBI national security letter had been successfully challenged that had been asking for logs on another undisclosed user.<sup><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Opposition to SOPA and PIPA bills[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=44">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>The Internet Archive blacked out its web site for 12 hours on January 18, 2012, in protest of the <a href="/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act">Stop Online Piracy Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/PROTECT_IP_Act">PROTECT IP Act</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)">bills</a>, two pieces of legislation in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress">United States Congress</a> that they claimed would "negatively affect the ecosystem of web publishing that led to the emergence of the Internet Archive". This occurred in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_SOPA_and_PIPA#Wikimedia_community">English Wikipedia blackout</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_SOPA_and_PIPA">numerous other protests</a> across the Internet.<sup><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Opposition to Google Books settlement[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=45">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>The Internet Archive is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Open_Book_Alliance">Open Book Alliance</a>, which has been among the most outspoken critics of the <a href="/wiki/Google_Book_Search_Settlement_Agreement">Google Book Settlement</a>. The Archive advocates an alternative digital library project.<sup><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><i>Nintendo Power</i> magazine[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=46">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>In February 2016, Internet Archive users had begun archiving digital copies of <i><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Power">Nintendo Power</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Nintendo">Nintendo</a>'s official magazine for their games and products, which ran from 1988 to 2012. The first 140 issues had been collected, before Nintendo had the archive removed on August 8, 2016. In response to the take-down, Nintendo told gaming website <i><a href="/wiki/Polygon_(website)">Polygon</a></i>, "[Nintendo] must protect our own characters, trademarks and other content. The unapproved use of Nintendo's intellectual property can weaken our ability to protect and preserve it, or to possibly use it for new projects".<sup><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Government of India[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=47">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>In August 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Telecommunications">Department of Telecommunications</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India">Government of India</a> blocked the Internet Archive along with other file-sharing websites, in accordance with two court orders issued by the <a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court">Madras High Court</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-gtech-188">[188]</a></sup> citing piracy concerns after copies of two <a href="/wiki/Bollywood">Bollywood</a> films were allegedly shared via the service.<sup><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol">HTTP</a> version of the Archive was blocked but it remained accessible using the <a href="/wiki/HTTPS">HTTPS</a> protocol.<sup><a href="#cite_note-gtech-188">[188]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Turkey[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=48">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>On October 9, 2016, the Internet Archive was temporarily blocked in <a href="/wiki/Turkey">Turkey</a> after it was used (amongst other file hosting services) by hackers to host 17 GB of leaked government emails.<sup><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Hosting of terrorist material[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=49">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>In May 2018, a report published by the cyber-security firm <i>Flashpoint</i> stated that the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State">Islamic State</a> was using the Internet Archive to share its propaganda.<sup><a href="#cite_note-BBC2018-192">[192]</a></sup> Chris Butler, from the Internet Archive, responded that they regularly spoke to the US and EU governments about sharing information on terrorism.<sup><a href="#cite_note-BBC2018-192">[192]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2019, <a href="/wiki/Europol">Europol</a>, acting on a referral from French police, asked the Internet Archive to remove 550 sites of "terrorist propaganda".<sup><a href="#cite_note-BBC2019-193">[193]</a></sup> The Archive rejected the request, saying that the reports were wrong about the content they pointed to, or were too broad for the organization to comply with.<sup><a href="#cite_note-BBC2019-193">[193]</a></sup>
</p><p>In January 2022, a former <a href="/wiki/UCLA">UCLA</a> lecturer uploaded an 800-page manifesto, containing racist ideas and threats against UCLA staff, to the Internet Archive.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Vice-194">[194]</a></sup> The manifesto was removed by the Internet Archive after a week, amidst discussion about whether such documents should be preserved by archivists or not.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Vice-194">[194]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>National Emergency Library[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=50">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>In the midst of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> which closed many schools, universities, and libraries, the Archive announced on March 24, 2020, that it was creating the National Emergency Library by removing the lending restrictions it had in place for 1.4 million digitized books in its Open Library but otherwise limiting users to the number of books they could check out and enforcing their return; normally, the site would only allow one digital lending for each physical copy of the book they had, by use of an <a href="/wiki/Encryption">encrypted file</a> that would become unusable after the lending period was completed. This Library would remain as such until at least June 30, 2020, or until the US national emergency was over, whichever came later.<sup><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></sup> At launch, the Internet Archive allowed authors and rightholders to submit opt-out requests for their works to be omitted from the National Emergency Library.<sup><a href="#cite_note-ArchiveResponse-196">[196]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Internet Archive said the National Emergency Library addressed an "unprecedented global and immediate need for access to reading and research material" due to the closures of physical libraries worldwide.<sup><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></sup> They justified the move in a number of ways. Legally, they said they were promoting access to those inaccessible resources, which they claimed was an exercise in <a href="/wiki/Fair_use">fair use</a> principles. The Archive continued implementing their <a href="/wiki/Controlled_digital_lending">controlled digital lending</a> policy that predated the National Emergency Library, meaning they still encrypted the lent copies and it was no easier for users to create new copies of the books than before. An ultimate determination of whether or not the National Emergency Library constituted fair use could only be made by a court. Morally, they also pointed out that the Internet Archive was a registered library like any other, that they either paid for the books themselves or received them as donations, and that lending through libraries predated copyright restrictions.<sup><a href="#cite_note-ArchiveResponse-196">[196]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></sup>
</p><p>However, the Archive had already been criticized by authors and publishers for its prior lending approach, and upon announcement of the National Emergency Library, authors, publishers, and groups representing both took further issue, equating the move to <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement">copyright infringement</a> and digital piracy, and using the COVID-19 pandemic as a reason to push the boundaries of copyright (see also: <a href="/wiki/Open_Library#Copyright_violation_accusations">Open Library § Copyright violation accusations</a>).<sup><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a></sup> After the works of some of these authors were ridiculed in responses, the Internet Archive's <a href="/wiki/Jason_Scott">Jason Scott</a> requested that supporters of the National Emergency Library not denigrate anyone's books: "I realize there's strong debate and disagreement here, but books are life-giving and life-changing and these writers made them."<sup><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Publishers' lawsuit[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=51">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>The operation of the National Emergency Library was part of a lawsuit filed against the Internet Archive by four major book publishers – Hachette, HarperCollins, John Wiley &amp; Sons, and Penguin Random House – in June 2020, challenging the copyright validity of the controlled digital lending program.<sup><a href="#cite_note-open_library_lawsuit-123">[123]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></sup> In response, the Internet Archive closed the National Emergency Library on June 16, 2020, rather than the planned June 30, 2020, due to the lawsuit.<sup><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></sup> The plaintiffs, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Alliance">Copyright Alliance</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></sup> claimed in their lawsuit that the Internet Archive's actions constituted a "willful mass copyright infringement".<sup><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_lawsuit_june2020-210">[210]</a></sup> In August 2020 the lawsuit trial was tentatively scheduled to begin in November 2021.<sup><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></sup> By June 2022, both parties to the case requested summary judgment for the case, each favoring their respective sides, which Judge <a href="/wiki/John_G._Koeltl">John G. Koeltl</a> approved of a summary judgment hearing to take place later in 2022.<sup><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></sup>
</p><p>Senator <a href="/wiki/Thom_Tillis">Thom Tillis</a> of North Carolina, chairman of the intellectual property subcommittee on the Senate Judiciary Committee, said in a letter to the Internet Archive that he was "concerned that the Internet Archive thinks that it—not Congress—gets to determine the scope of copyright law".<sup><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_lawsuit_june2020-210">[210]</a></sup>
</p><p>As part of its response to the publishers' lawsuit, in late 2020 the Archive launched a campaign called Empowering Libraries (hashtag #EmpoweringLibraries) that portrayed the lawsuit as a threat to all libraries.<sup><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a></sup>
</p><p>In a 2021 <a href="/wiki/Preprint">preprint</a> article, Argyri Panezi argued that the case "presents two important, but separate questions related to the electronic access to library works; first, it raises questions around the legal practice of digital lending, and second, it asks whether emergency use of copyrighted material might be fair use" and argued that libraries have a public service role to enable "future generations to keep having equal access—or opportunities to access—a plurality of original sources".<sup><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2020, <i><a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a></i> included the lawsuit among its "Top 10 Library Stories of 2020".<sup><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Wayforward Machine[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=52">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Wayforward_Machine_screenshot.png"></a></p><div><p>Screenshot of viewing English Wikipedia on the Wayforward Machine</p></div></div>
<p>On 30 September 2021, as a part of its 25th anniversary celebration, Internet Archive launched the "Wayforward Machine", a <a href="/wiki/Satire">satirical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_fiction">fictional website</a> covered with pop-ups asking for personal information. The site was intended to depict a <a href="/wiki/Fiction">fictional</a> <a href="/wiki/Dystopia">dystopian</a> timeline of real-world events leading to such a future, such as the repeal of <a href="/wiki/Section_230">Section 230</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code">United States Code</a> in 2022 and the introduction of advertising implants in 2041.<sup><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></sup> There are plans to remove Wayforward Machine in 2022, after Internet Archive's 25th anniversary celebration. <sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items">needs update</a></i>]</sup><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3>BBC documentary on Modi[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=53">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>The Internet Archive became a popular site for Indians to watch the first episode of a BBC documentary, <i>The Modi Question</i>, in 2023.<sup><a href="#cite_note-TheHindu-218">[218]</a></sup> The video was reported to have been removed by the Archive on 23rd January 2023.<sup><a href="#cite_note-TheHindu-218">[218]</a></sup> The Internet Archive then stated, on 27th January, that they had removed the video in response to a BBC request under the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Ceramic archivists collection[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=54">edit</a>]</h2>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Ceramic_Archivists_by_sculptor_Nuala_Creed_at_Internet_Archive.jpg"></a></p><div><p><a href="/wiki/Ceramic">Ceramic</a> figures of Internet Archive employees</p></div></div>
<p>The Great Room of the Internet Archive features a collection of more than 100 <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art">ceramic figures</a> representing employees of the Internet Archive. This collection, inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army">statues of the Xian warriors in China</a>, was commissioned by Brewster Kahle, sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Nuala_Creed">Nuala Creed</a>, and is ongoing.<sup><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Artists in residence[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=55">edit</a>]</h2>
<p>The Internet Archive visual arts residency,<sup><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a></sup> organized by Amir Saber Esfahani, is designed to connect emerging and mid-career artists with the Archive's millions of collections and to show what is possible when open <a href="/wiki/Access_to_information">access to information</a> intersects with the arts. During this one-year residency, selected artists develop a body of work that responds to and utilizes the Archive's collections in their own practice.<sup><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a></sup>
</p><p>2019 Residency Artists: <a href="/wiki/Caleb_Duarte">Caleb Duarte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Lynn">Whitney Lynn</a>, and Jeffrey Alan Scudder.
</p><p>2018 Residency Artists: Mieke Marple, Chris Sollars, and <a href="/wiki/Taravat_Talepasand">Taravat Talepasand</a>.
</p><p>2017 Residency Artists: Laura Kim, Jeremiah Jenkins, and Jenny Odell.
</p>
<h2>See also[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=56">edit</a>]</h2>
<div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_online_image_archives">List of online image archives</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain_music">Public domain music</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h3>Similar projects[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=57">edit</a>]</h3>
<div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archive.today">archive.today</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Memory_Foundation">Internet Memory Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Digital_Information_Infrastructure_and_Preservation_Program">National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program</a> (NDIIPP)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Digital_Library_Program">National Digital Library Program</a> (NDLP)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/UK_Government_Web_Archive">UK Government Web Archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)">The National Archives (United Kingdom)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/UK_Web_Archive">UK Web Archive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WebCite">WebCite</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h3>Other[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=58">edit</a>]</h3>
<div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna%27s_Archive">Anna's Archive</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archive_Team">Archive Team</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Digital_dark_age">Digital dark age</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Digital_preservation">Digital preservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heritrix">Heritrix</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Library_Genesis">Library Genesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Link_rot">Link rot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hole">Memory hole</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PetaBox">PetaBox</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Search_engine_cache">Search engine cache</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2>References[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=59">edit</a>]</h2>
<div><ol>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000408223908/https://archive.org/about/index.html">"Internet Archive: About the Archive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. April 8, 2000. Archived from <a href="https://archive.org/about/index.html">the original</a> on April 8, 2000. Retrieved March 13, 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://whois.domaintools.com/archive.org">"archive.org WHOIS, DNS, &amp; Domain Info – DomainTools"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WHOIS">WHOIS</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105233448/http://whois.domaintools.com/archive.org">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-form-990-2019_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-form-990-2019_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/943242767/202013219349323056/full">"Internet Archive – Full text of "Full Filing" for fiscal year ending Dec. 2019"</a>. May 9, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030070754/https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/943242767/202013219349323056/full">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/ProPublica">ProPublica</a> Nonprofit Explorer.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/about/faqs.php">"Internet Archive Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091021003552/https://archive.org/about/faqs.php">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2009. Retrieved April 13, 2013.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/details/SDForumBK">"Internet Archive: Universal Access to all Knowledge"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310204948/https://archive.org/details/SDForumBK">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2013.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/projects/">"Internet Archive: Projects"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130301174624/https://archive.org/projects/">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2013.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <cite>Grotke, A. (December 2011). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131215201723/http://www.infotoday.com/cilmag/dec11/Grotke.shtml">"Web Archiving at the Library of Congress"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computers_in_Libraries">Computers in Libraries</a></i>. Vol. 31, no. 10. <a href="/wiki/Information_Today">Information Today</a>. pp. 15–19. Archived from <a href="http://www.infotoday.com/cilmag/dec11/Grotke.shtml">the original</a> on December 15, 2013.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <cite>Consalvo, Mia; Ess, Charles, eds. (April 2011). <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781444314861.ch2">"Web Archiving – Between Past, Present, and Future"</a>. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781444314861"><i>The Handbook of Internet Studies</i></a> (1 ed.). Wiley. pp. 24–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444314861">10.1002/9781444314861</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8588-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-8588-2</bdi></a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19971011050140/https://archive.org/sciam_article.html">"Brewster Kahle . In Scientific American"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>. November 4, 1997. Archived from <a href="https://archive.org/sciam_article.html">the original</a> on October 11, 1997. Retrieved April 1, 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000606211051/https://archive.org/collections/index.html">"Internet Archive: In the Collections"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. June 6, 2000. Archived from <a href="https://archive.org/collections/index.html">the original</a> on June 6, 2000. Retrieved March 15, 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19960510144231/http://www.microsoft.com/ie/IE.HTM">"Microsoft Internet Explorer for Windows 95 Download"</a>. <i>Internet Archive/Wayback Machine</i>. May 10, 1996. Archived from <a href="http://www.microsoft.com/ie/IE.HTM">the original</a> on May 10, 1996. Retrieved June 5, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/post/60275/what-is-the-oldest-page-on-the-wayback-machine">"Internet Archive Forums: What is the oldest page on the Wayback Machine?"</a>. <i>archive.org</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190311133459/https://archive.org/post/60275/what-is-the-oldest-page-on-the-wayback-machine">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19960512183908/http://www.mtv.com/">"MTV Online: Main Page – Wayback Machine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. May 12, 1996. Archived from <a href="http://www.mtv.com/">the original</a> on May 12, 1996. Retrieved December 16, 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19960512212113/http://www.infoseek.com/">"Infoseek Guide – Wayback Machine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. May 12, 1996. Archived from <a href="http://www.infoseek.com/">the original</a> on May 12, 1996. Retrieved December 16, 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130104215902/https://archive.org/details/printdisabled">"Daisy Books for the Print Disabled"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>. February 25, 2013. Archived from <a href="https://archive.org/details/printdisabled">the original</a> on January 4, 2013.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <cite><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Kahle">Kahle, Brewster</a> (August 7, 2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813025429/https://blog.archive.org/2012/08/07/over-1000000-torrents-of-downloadable-books-music-and-movies/">"Over 1,000,000 Torrents of Downloadable Books, Music, and Movies"</a>. <i>Internet Archive Blogs</i>. Archived from <a href="https://blog.archive.org/2012/08/07/over-1000000-torrents-of-downloadable-books-music-and-movies/">the original</a> on August 13, 2014.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-TFBT_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TFBT_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Ernesto (August 7, 2012). <a href="https://torrentfreak.com/internet-archive-starts-seeding-1398635-torrents-120807/">"Internet Archive Starts Seeding 1,398,875 Torrents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TorrentFreak">TorrentFreak</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120808212731/https://torrentfreak.com/internet-archive-starts-seeding-1398635-torrents-120807/">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2012.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120803014019/http://bt1.archive.org/hotlist.php">"Hot List for bt1.us.archive.org (Updated August 7 2012, 7:31 pm PDT)"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>. Archived from <a href="http://bt1.archive.org/hotlist.php">the original</a> on August 3, 2012.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/details/bittorrent">"Welcome to Archive torrents"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119064508/https://archive.org/details/bittorrent">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <cite>B, Sarah (November 6, 2013). <a href="http://richmondsfblog.com/2013/11/06/part-of-internet-archive-building-badly-burned-in-early-morning-fire/">"Part of Internet Archive building badly burned in early morning fire"</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131190737/http://richmondsfblog.com/2013/11/06/part-of-internet-archive-building-badly-burned-in-early-morning-fire">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2017.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-fire2013_21-0">^</a></b> <cite>Alexander, Kurtis (November 16, 2013). <a href="http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Internet-Archive-s-S-F-office-damaged-in-fire-4960703.php">"Internet Archive's S.F. office damaged in fire"</a>. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212061948/http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Internet-Archive-s-S-F-office-damaged-in-fire-4960703.php">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2013.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://blog.archive.org/2013/11/06/scanning-center-fire-please-help-rebuild/">"Fire Update: Lost Many Cameras, 20 Boxes. No One Hurt"</a>. <i>Internet Archive Blogs</i>. November 6, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131107150230/http://blog.archive.org/2013/11/06/scanning-center-fire-please-help-rebuild/">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2013.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <cite>Shu, Catherine (November 6, 2013). <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2013/11/06/internet-archive-seeking-donations-to-rebuild-its-fire-damaged-scanning-center/">"Internet Archive Seeking Donations To Rebuild Its Fire-Damaged Scanning Center"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a></i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706012604/https://techcrunch.com/2013/11/06/internet-archive-seeking-donations-to-rebuild-its-fire-damaged-scanning-center/">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2017.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <cite>Rossi, Alexis (November 5, 2014). <a href="https://blog.archive.org/2014/11/05/redesign/">"Redesigning Archive.org"</a>. <i>Internet Archive Blogs</i>. Retrieved October 17, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/">"Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music &amp; Wayb…"</a>. <i>archive.ph</i>. March 25, 2016. <a href="https://archive.today/20160325215847/https://archive.org/">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-KahleCanada_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KahleCanada_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Kahle, Brewster (November 29, 2016). <a href="https://blog.archive.org/2016/11/29/help-us-keep-the-archive-free-accessible-and-private/">"Help Us Keep the Archive Free, Accessible, and Reader Private"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170521080543/http://blog.archive.org/2016/11/29/help-us-keep-the-archive-free-accessible-and-private/">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <cite>Johnson, Tim (December 1, 2016). <a href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/national/article118256733.html">"Donald Trump scares Internet Archive into moving to Canada"</a>. <i>McClatchy DC</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202113547/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/national/article118256733.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <cite>Rothschild, Mike (December 2, 2016). <a href="http://www.attn.com/stories/13238/the-internet-archive-is-moving-to-canada-due-to-trump-presidency">"The Internet Archive Is Moving to Canada to Protect Itself from Trump"</a>. <i>Attn</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203060818/http://www.attn.com/stories/13238/the-internet-archive-is-moving-to-canada-due-to-trump-presidency">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <cite>Michalko, Jim (October 12, 2017). <a href="https://blog.archive.org/2017/10/12/syncing-catalogs-with-thousands-of-libraries-in-120-countries-through-oclc/">"Syncing Catalogs with thousands of Libraries in 120 Countries through OCLC"</a>. <i>blog.archive.org</i>. Internet Archive. Retrieved July 18, 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/~tracey/mrtg/du.html">"Used Paired Space"</a>. <i>archive.org</i>. March 8, 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402184848/https://archive.org/~tracey/mrtg/du.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <cite>Locker, Melissa (July 3, 2018). <a href="https://www.fastcompany.com/90179133/the-internet-archive-is-helping-these-artists-get-inspired-by-digital-history">"The Internet Archive is helping these artists get inspired by digital history"</a>. <i>Fast Company</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181229171518/https://www.fastcompany.com/90179133/the-internet-archive-is-helping-these-artists-get-inspired-by-digital-history">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2018.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190927183322/https://thephotographersgallery.org.uk/whats-on/display/jenny-odell-neo-surreal">"Jenny Odell - Neo-Surreal"</a>. <i>The Photographers' Gallery</i>. May 30, 2018. Archived from <a href="https://thephotographersgallery.org.uk/whats-on/display/jenny-odell-neo-surreal">the original</a> on September 27, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714142850/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/internet-archive-evacuated-due-to-bomb-threat/ar-BBUbgZC">"Internet Archive evacuated due to bomb threat"</a>. <i>msn.com</i>. Archived from <a href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/internet-archive-evacuated-due-to-bomb-threat/ar-BBUbgZC">the original</a> on July 14, 2019. Retrieved July 14, 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://help.archive.org/help/how-do-i-make-a-physical-donation-to-the-internet-archive/">"How do I make a physical donation to the Internet Archive?"</a>. <i>Internet Archive Help Center</i>. Retrieved July 4, 2022.</cite> See also: <cite><a href="https://blog.archive.org/tag/donations/">"Tag Archives: donations"</a>. <i>Internet Archive Blogs</i>. Retrieved December 4, 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.bpl.org/news/boston-public-library-transfers-sound-archives-collection-to-internet-archive-for-digitization-preservation-and-public-access/">"Boston Public Library transfers sound archives collection to Internet Archive for digitization, preservation, and public access"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Library">Boston Public Library</a></i>. October 11, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123103821/https://www.bpl.org/news/boston-public-library-transfers-sound-archives-collection-to-internet-archive-for-digitization-preservation-and-public-access/">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.trentu.ca/news/story/22235">"Trent University donates 250,000 books to be digitized by Internet Archive as part of Bata Library transformation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Trent_University">Trent University</a></i>. September 13, 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130175028/https://www.trentu.ca/news/story/22235">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> <cite>Seltzer, Rick (October 21, 2020). <a href="https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/10/21/marygrove-college-library-materials-have-been-digitized-and-placed-online-will">"A new home online for closed college libraries?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed">Inside Higher Ed</a></i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204122351/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/10/21/marygrove-college-library-materials-have-been-digitized-and-placed-online-will">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> <cite>Matt Enis (May 2, 2019). <a href="https://www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=internet-archive-expands-partnerships-for-open-library-project">"Internet Archive Expands Partnerships for Open Libraries Project"</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503180918/https://www.libraryjournal.com/%3FdetailStory%3Dinternet-archive-expands-partnerships-for-open-library-project">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved May 3, 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b> <cite>Roberts, Andrea Suozzo, Ken Schwencke, Mike Tigas, Sisi Wei, Alec Glassford, Brandon (May 9, 2013). <a href="https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/display_990/943242767/04_2021_prefixes_94-95/943242767_201912_990_2021040217865349">"INTERNET ARCHIVE - Form Form 990 for period ending Dec 2019 - Nonprofit Explorer"</a>. <i>ProPublica</i>. Retrieved November 8, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> <cite>Jessen, Jenica (December 19, 2019). <a href="http://blog.archive.org/2019/12/19/im-done-selling-sweaters-instead-im-selling-a-vision-i-believe-in/">"I'm Done Selling Sweaters. Instead I'm Selling a Vision I Believe In"</a>. <i>Internet Archive Blogs</i>. Retrieved August 16, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <cite>Whitney Kimball (November 4, 2019). <a href="https://gizmodo.com/the-internet-archive-fights-wiki-citation-wars-with-boo-1839609540">"The Internet Archive Fights Wiki Citation Wars With Books"</a>. <i>Gizmodo</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191105075950/https://gizmodo.com/the-internet-archive-fights-wiki-citation-wars-with-boo-1839609540">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2019. Retrieved November 5, 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140125175155/https://archive.org/about/bibalex.php">"Donation to the new Library of Alexandria in Egypt"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>. April 20, 2002. Archived from <a href="https://archive.org/about/bibalex.php">the original</a> on January 25, 2014.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140902052347/https://archive.org/about/bibalex_p_r.php">"Bibliotheca Alexandrina"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>. Archived from <a href="https://archive.org/about/bibalex_p_r.php">the original</a> on September 2, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207090527/http://archive.org/web/">"Internet Archive"</a>. Internet Archive. Archived from <a href="https://archive.org/">the original</a> on December 7, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2022.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2020/09/internet-archive-scholar.html">"The Internet Archive Will Digitize &amp; Preserve Millions of Academic Articles with Its New Database, 'Internet Archive Scholar'"</a>. <i>Open Culture</i>. September 22, 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922161701/http://www.openculture.com/2020/09/internet-archive-scholar.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://scholar.archive.org/">"Internet Archive Scholar [homepage]"</a>. Internet Archive. Retrieved March 24, 2022.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_81-0">^</a></b> <cite>Else, Holly (October 26, 2021). <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02895-8">"Giant, free index to world's research papers released online"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-02895-8">10.1038/d41586-021-02895-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)">PMID</a> <a href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34703019">34703019</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240000069">240000069</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113162341/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02895-8">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2021.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://bigthink.com/the-present/general-index-open-access/">""The General Index": New tool allows you to search 107 million research papers for free"</a>. <i>Big Think</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211112214225/https://bigthink.com/the-present/general-index-open-access/">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2021.</cite>
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<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffelder2013_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffelder2013_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffelder2013_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Hoffelder, Nate (July 9, 2013). <a href="https://www.the-digital-reader.com/2013/07/09/internet-archive-now-hosts-4-4-million-ebooks-sees-15-million-ebooks-downloaded-each-month/">"Internet Archive Now Hosts 4.4 Million eBooks, Sees 15 Million eBooks Downloaded Each Month"</a>. The Digital Reader. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110091506/http://www.the-digital-reader.com/2013/07/09/internet-archive-now-hosts-4-4-million-ebooks-sees-15-million-ebooks-downloaded-each-month/">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2013.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b> <cite>Kahle, Brewster (May 23, 2008). <a href="https://archive.org/iathreads/post-view.php?id=194217">"Books Scanning to be Publicly Funded"</a>. <i>Internet Archive Forums</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090924105740/http://www.archive.org/iathreads/post-view.php?id=194217">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2009.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://blog.openlibrary.org/2008/11/24/bulk-access-to-ocr-for-1-million-books/">"Bulk Access to OCR for 1 Million Books"</a>. <i>Open Library Blog</i>. November 24, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206124013/http://blog.openlibrary.org/2008/11/24/bulk-access-to-ocr-for-1-million-books/">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2008.</cite>
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<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-msdown_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-msdown_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820220749/http://blogs.msdn.com/livesearch/archive/2008/05/23/book-search-winding-down.aspx">"Book search winding down"</a>. <i>MSDN Live Search Blog</i>. May 23, 2008. Archived from <a href="http://blogs.msdn.com/livesearch/archive/2008/05/23/book-search-winding-down.aspx">the original</a> on August 20, 2008.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/details/googlebooks">"Google Books at Internet Archive"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206201549/https://archive.org/details/googlebooks">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved November 9, 2008.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140126055407/https://archive.org/search.php?query=sponsor%3A%28Google%29">"List of Google scans"</a>. Internet Archive. Archived from <a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=sponsor%3A%28Google%29">the original</a> on January 26, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b> Books imported from Google have a metadata tag of scanner:google for searching purposes. The archive provides a link to Google for PDF copies, but also maintains a local PDF copy, which is viewable under the "All Files: HTTPS" link. As all the other books in the collection, they also provide OCR text and images in open formats, particularly <a href="/wiki/DjVu">DjVu</a>, which Google Books doesn't offer.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-kahle-aswmem_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kahle-aswmem_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Brewster Kahle, "<a href="https://archive.org/details/AaronSwartzMemorialAtTheInternetArchive?start=4680">Aaron Swartz memorial at the Internet Archive</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629062022/https://archive.org/details/AaronSwartzMemorialAtTheInternetArchive?start=4680">Archived</a> June 29, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", 2013-01-24, via <a href="https://wellpreparedmind.wordpress.com/2013/02/07/aaron-swartz-freed-over-900000-public-domain-books-from-googles-restrictions/">The well-prepared mind</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814162152/http://wellpreparedmind.wordpress.com/2013/02/07/aaron-swartz-freed-over-900000-public-domain-books-from-googles-restrictions/">Archived</a> August 14, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, via <a href="http://scinfolex.com/2013/02/06/cest-aaron-swartz-qui-liberait-les-livres-de-google-books-sur-internet-archive/">S.I.Lex</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808094118/http://scinfolex.com/2013/02/06/cest-aaron-swartz-qui-liberait-les-livres-de-google-books-sur-internet-archive/">Archived</a> August 8, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-BookReader_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BookReader_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/details/BookReader">"Internet Archive BookReader"</a>. <i>archive.org</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190621131721/https://archive.org/details/BookReader">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019.</cite>
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<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-IAtexts_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAtexts_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAtexts_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAtexts_93-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAtexts_93-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAtexts_93-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAtexts_93-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAtexts_93-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAtexts_93-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAtexts_93-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAtexts_93-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAtexts_93-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAtexts_93-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/details/texts?tab=collection">"Internet Archive: texts collection"</a>. language facets.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=mediatype%3A%28texts%29%20AND%20date%3A%5B1800-01-01%20TO%201809-12-31%5D">"Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1800-01-01 TO 1809-12-31]"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409184056/https://archive.org/search.php?query=mediatype%3A%28texts%29%20AND%20date%3A%5B1800-01-01%20TO%201809-12-31%5D">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=mediatype%3A%28texts%29%20AND%20date%3A%5B1950-01-01%20TO%201959-12-31%5D">"Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1950-01-01 TO 1959-12-31]"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316185045/https://archive.org/search.php?query=mediatype%3A%28texts%29%20AND%20date%3A%5B1950-01-01%20TO%201959-12-31%5D">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=mediatype%3A%28texts%29%20AND%20date%3A%5B1990-01-01%20TO%201999-12-31%5D">"Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1990-01-01 TO 1999-12-31]"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311000946/https://archive.org/search.php?query=mediatype%3A%28texts%29%20AND%20date%3A%5B1990-01-01%20TO%201999-12-31%5D">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=mediatype%3A%28texts%29%20AND%20date%3A%5B2000-01-01%20TO%202009-12-31%5D">"Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[2000-01-01 TO 2009-12-31]"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326171415/https://archive.org/search.php?query=mediatype%3A%28texts%29%20AND%20date%3A%5B2000-01-01%20TO%202009-12-31%5D">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=mediatype%3A%28texts%29%20AND%20date%3A%5B2010-01-01%20TO%2019-12-31%5D">"Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[2010-01-01 TO 2019-12-31]"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409184814/https://archive.org/search.php?query=mediatype%3A%28texts%29%20AND%20date%3A%5B2010-01-01%20TO%202014-1-24%5D">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=mediatype%3A%28texts%29%20AND%20date%3A%5B2020-01-01%20TO%2029-12-31%5D">"Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[2020-01-01 TO 2029-12-31]"</a>. Internet Archive. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://nwu.org/book-division/cdl/faq/">"FAQ on Controlled Digital Lending (CDL)"</a>. National Writers Union. February 13, 2019. <a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20200330193826/https://nwu.org/book%2Ddivision/cdl/faq/">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2019.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b> <cite>Gonsalves, Antone (December 20, 2006). <a href="http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196701339">"Internet Archive Claims Progress Against Google Library Initiative"</a>. <i>InformationWeek</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014174528/http://informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196701339">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2007.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184259/http://chronicle.com/wiredcampus/index.php?id=2235%3F%3Datwc">"The Open Library Makes Its Online Debut"</a>. <i>The Wired Campus</i>. Chronicle of Higher Education. July 19, 2007. Archived from <a href="http://chronicle.com/wiredcampus/index.php?id=2235?=atwc">the original</a> on September 30, 2007.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://openlibrary.org/search/inside">"Search Inside"</a>. <i>OpenLibrary.org</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020130821/http://openlibrary.org/search/inside">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2013.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://blog.archive.org/2011/06/25/in-library-ebook-lending-program-expands-to-1000-libraries/">"In-Library eBook Lending Program Expands to 1,000 Libraries"</a>. <i>Internet Archive Blogs</i>. Internet Archive. June 25, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813035522/https://blog.archive.org/2011/06/25/in-library-ebook-lending-program-expands-to-1000-libraries/">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b> <cite>Flood, Alison (January 22, 2019). <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jan/22/internet-archives-ebook-loans-face-uk-copyright-challenge">"Internet Archive's ebook loans face UK copyright challenge"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212070623/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jan/22/internet-archives-ebook-loans-face-uk-copyright-challenge">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2020.</cite>
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<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-open_library_lawsuit_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-open_library_lawsuit_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Brandom, Russell (June 1, 2020). <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/1/21277036/internet-archive-publishers-lawsuit-open-library-ebook-lending">"Publishers sue Internet Archive over Open Library ebook lending"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge">The Verge</a></i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200601185706/https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/1/21277036/internet-archive-publishers-lawsuit-open-library-ebook-lending">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary_Library">Princeton Theological Seminary Library</a> has described how it and other academic libraries are digitization partners with the Internet Archive: <cite><a href="https://library.ptsem.edu/partnering-with-the-internet-archive">"Partnering with the Internet Archive"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary_Library">Princeton Theological Seminary Library</a></i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130110259/https://library.ptsem.edu/partnering-with-the-internet-archive">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=collection%3A%28texts%29+AND+mediatype%3A%28collection%29&amp;sort=-downloads">"Internet Archive Search: collection:(texts)"</a>. <i>archive.org</i>. Retrieved December 4, 2020.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/details/mitpress">"The MIT Press"</a>. <i>archive.org</i>. Retrieved June 27, 2020.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b> <cite>Hanamura, Wendy (May 30, 2017). <a href="https://blog.archive.org/2017/05/30/mit-press-classics-available-soon-at-archive-org/">"MIT Press Classics Available Soon at Archive.org"</a>. <i>blog.archive.org</i>. Retrieved June 27, 2020. <q>For more than eighty years, MIT Press has been publishing acclaimed titles in science, technology, art and architecture. Now, thanks to a new partnership between the Internet Archive and MIT Press, readers will be able to borrow these classics online for the first time.</q></cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b> <cite>Green, Alex (December 1, 2019). <a href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/81872-new-takes-on-academic-publishing.html">"New Takes on Academic Publishing: Three university presses find new ways to keep up with a changing market"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a></i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627161843/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/81872-new-takes-on-academic-publishing.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020. <q>Since she became director [of the MIT Press] in 2015, there's little that Brand hasn't reenvisioned at the press. In 2017, the press partnered with the Internet Archive to make its deep backlist available for free at libraries, resurrecting books that had not seen the light of day in generations.</q></cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b> <cite>Freeland, Chris (May 21, 2018). <a href="https://blog.archive.org/2018/05/21/internet-archive-awarded-grant-from-arcadia-fund-to-digitize-university-press-collections/">"Internet Archive awarded grant from Arcadia Fund to digitize university press collections"</a>. <i>blog.archive.org</i>. Retrieved June 27, 2020. <q>Internet Archive has received a $1 million dollar grant from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin – to digitize titles from university press collections to make them available via controlled digital lending.</q></cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b> <cite>Albanese, Andrew (May 25, 2018). <a href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/libraries/article/76974-is-it-time-to-rethink-how-we-do-library-advocacy.html">"Internet Archive Lands Grant to Digitize and Lend University Press Collections"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a></i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627172007/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/libraries/article/76974-is-it-time-to-rethink-how-we-do-library-advocacy.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b> For example: <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704233132/https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00198115083">"hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00198115083"</a>, archived from <a href="https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00198115083">the original</a> on July 4, 2021, retrieved November 25, 2020</cite>; <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704233036/https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060921933">"hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060921933"</a>, archived from <a href="https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060921933">the original</a> on July 4, 2021, retrieved November 25, 2020</cite>; <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704233041/https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060927248">"hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060927248"</a>, archived from <a href="https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060927248">the original</a> on July 4, 2021, retrieved November 25, 2020</cite>; <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704233037/https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00001740908">"hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00001740908"</a>, archived from <a href="https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00001740908">the original</a> on July 4, 2021, retrieved November 25, 2020</cite>; <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704233038/https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00027740005">"hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00027740005"</a>, archived from <a href="https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00027740005">the original</a> on July 4, 2021, retrieved November 25, 2020</cite>.
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ebooks/external.html">"External Web Sites – Finding E-books: A Guide – Library of Congress Bibliographies, Research Guides, and Finding Aids (Virtual Programs &amp; Services, Library of Congress)"</a>. <i>www.loc.gov</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125170006/https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ebooks/external.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2020. <q>The Internet Archive includes the full text of more than 2.5 million e-books, including e-books supplied by the Library of Congress. Books can be read online or downloaded and read in a variety of formats. E-books from the Internet Archive can also be found through Open Library, an Internet Archive initiative devoted to texts.</q></cite> And: <cite><a href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ebooks/devicesformats.html">"Devices and Formats – Finding E-books: A Guide – Library of Congress Bibliographies, Research Guides, and Finding Aids (Virtual Programs &amp; Services, Library of Congress)"</a>. <i>www.loc.gov</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210212005106/https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ebooks/devicesformats.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2020. <q>Library of Congress publications are available for free download to the Kindle from the Internet Archive. ... The iPad can be used as an e-reader via apps such as iBooks, which support both ePub (.epub) and PDF (.pdf) formats. Both formats are available from the Internet Archive.</q></cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222121453/https://archive.org/details/audio">"Download &amp; Streaming : Audio Archive : Internet Archive"</a>. <i>archive.org</i>. Archived from <a href="https://archive.org/details/audio">the original</a> on December 22, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2023.</cite>
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<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-WP_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WP_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Pritchard, Will (August 18, 2017). <a href="https://thevinylfactory.com/features/great-78-project-archive-interview/">"How The Great 78 Project is saving half a million songs from obscurity"</a>. <i>The Vinyl Factory</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004227/https://thevinylfactory.com/features/great-78-project-archive-interview/">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b> <cite>Holt, Kris (October 5, 2022). <a href="https://www.engadget.com/internet-archive-digital-library-of-amateur-radio-and-communications-180509856.html">"The Internet Archive is building a library of amateur radio broadcasts"</a>. <i>Engadget</i>. Retrieved October 9, 2022.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.arrl.org/news/amateur-radio-digital-communications-grants-continue">"Amateur Radio Digital Communications Grants Continue"</a>. <i>American Radio Relay League</i>. January 27, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2022.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b> <cite>Tirpack, Alex (June 3, 2009). <a href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/warren-zevon-live-shows-hit-the-web-possible-film-in-the-works-20090603">"Warren Zevon live shows hit the web, possible film in the works"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130202232253/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/warren-zevon-live-shows-hit-the-web-possible-film-in-the-works-20090603">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2013.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/details/netlabels">"Welcome to Netlabels"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140404162519/https://archive.org/details/netlabels">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-lifehacker_free_music_139-0">^</a></b> <cite>Boswell, Wendy (October 21, 2006). <a href="https://lifehacker.com/208221/download-free-music-at-the-internet-archive">"Download free music at the Internet Archive"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lifehacker">Lifehacker</a></i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505115952/http://lifehacker.com/208221/download-free-music-at-the-internet-archive">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2012. <q>The Internet Archive has a ginormous collection of free, downloadable music in their NetLabels category ...</q></cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/details/image">"Image"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925032250/https://archive.org/details/image">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2020.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/details/coverartarchive">"Cover Art Archive: Free Image : Download &amp; Streaming : Internet Archive"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103140633/https://archive.org/details/coverartarchive">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/details/metropolitanmuseumofart-gallery">"Metropolitan Museum of Art – Gallery Images: Free Image : Download &amp; Streaming : Internet Archive"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103140654/https://archive.org/details/metropolitanmuseumofart-gallery">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111124412/http://www.nasaimages.org/">"NASA Images"</a> (archive). Internet Archive. Archived from <a href="http://nasaimages.org/">the original</a> on November 11, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2013.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/details/flickr-ows">"Occupy Wall Street Flickr Archive: Free Image : Download &amp; Streaming : Internet Archive"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103140621/https://archive.org/details/flickr-ows">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/details/maps_usgs">"USGS Maps: Free Image : Download &amp; Streaming : Internet Archive"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103140641/https://archive.org/details/maps_usgs">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/details/mathematicsimage">"Mathematics – Hamid Naderi Yeganeh (Image): Free Image : Download &amp; Streaming : Internet Archive"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141014214955/https://archive.org/details/mathematicsimage">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/details/machinima">"Welcome to Machinima"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130323173619/https://archive.org/details/machinima">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2013.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=collection%3Amicrofilm%20AND%20collection%3Aadditional_collections">"Internet Archive Search: collection:microfilm"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331224824/https://archive.org/search.php?query=collection%3Amicrofilm%20AND%20collection%3Aadditional_collections">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/details/microfilm">"Microfilm"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140320180301/https://archive.org/details/microfilm">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=collection%3Afeature_films&amp;sort=-%2Fadditional%2Fitem%2Fdownloads">"Internet Archive Search: Collection: Feature Films"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130402214317/https://archive.org/search.php?query=collection%3Afeature_films&amp;sort=-%2Fadditional%2Fitem%2Fdownloads">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2013.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/details=FedFlix">"FedFlix"</a>. Internet Archive. Retrieved December 14, 2013.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/details/sept_11_tv_archive">"September 11th Television Archive"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140403154832/https://archive.org/details/sept_11_tv_archive">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/details/education">"Download &amp; Streaming : Open Educational Resources : Internet Archive"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702122916/https://archive.org/details/education">Archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/details/tv/">"TV NEWS : Search Captions. Borrow Broadcasts : TV Archive : Internet Archive"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130420214957/https://archive.org/details/tv">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2013.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b> <cite>Fowler, Geoffrey A.; Hagey, Keach (September 18, 2012). <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443720204578002592487339454">"Let's Go to the Videotape: Nonprofit Offers News Clips"</a>. The Wall Street Journal Online. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424135135/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390443720204578002592487339454.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2013.</cite>(subscription required)
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b> <cite>Kahle, Brewster (September 17, 2012). <a href="https://blog.archive.org/2012/09/17/launch-of-tv-news-search-borrow-with-350000-broadcasts">"Launch of TV News Search &amp; Borrow with 350,000 Broadcasts"</a>. <i>Internet Archive Blogs</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813101356/https://blog.archive.org/2012/09/17/launch-of-tv-news-search-borrow-with-350000-broadcasts/">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b> <cite>Brownell, Brett; Benjy Hansen-Brandy (May 22, 2014). <a href="https://www.motherjones.com/media/2014/05/internet-archive-wayback-machine-brewster-kahle">"Meet the People Behind the Wayback Machine, One of Our Favorite Things About the Internet"</a>. <i>Mother Jones</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140607031007/https://www.motherjones.com/media/2014/05/internet-archive-wayback-machine-brewster-kahle">Archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/details/brooklynmuseum">"Brooklyn Museum: Free Image : Download &amp; Streaming : Internet Archive"</a>. Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103140547/https://archive.org/details/brooklynmuseum">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2021-01-28/hollywood-history-lillian-michelson-digital-internet-archive">"Column: Lillian Michelson and her one-of-a-kind film library get a digital Hollywood ending"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. January 28, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208035207/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2021-01-28/hollywood-history-lillian-michelson-digital-internet-archive">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2021.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/aug/01/internet-archive-books-brewster-kahle">"Internet Archive founder turns to new information storage device – the book"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. August 1, 2011. <a href="https://www.webcitation.org/6A683xLKE?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/aug/01/internet-archive-books-brewster-kahle">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2012. <q>Brewster Kahle, the man behind a project to file every webpage, now wants to gather one copy of every published book</q></cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071019034848/https://archive.org/details/clasp">"The Internet Archive Classic Software Preservation Project"</a>. Internet Archive. Archived from <a href="https://archive.org/details/clasp">the original</a> on October 19, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/about/dmca.php">"Internet Archive Gets DMCA Exemption To Help Archive Vintage Software"</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020011825/https://archive.org/about/dmca.php">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b> <cite><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress">Library of Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office">Copyright Office</a> (November 27, 2006). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071101055030/http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/2006/71fr68472.html">"Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Register">Federal Register</a></i>. <b>71</b> (227): 68472–68480. Archived from <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/2006/71fr68472.html">the original</a> on November 1, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007. <q>Computer programs and video games distributed in formats that have become obsolete and that require the original media or hardware as a condition of access, when circumvention is accomplished for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive. A format shall be considered obsolete if the machine or system necessary to render perceptible a work stored in that format is no longer manufactured or is no longer reasonably available in the commercial marketplace.</q></cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b> <cite><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress">Library of Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office">Copyright Office</a> (October 28, 2009). <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/2009/74fr55138.pdf">"Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies"</a> (PDF). <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Register">Federal Register</a></i>. <b>27</b> (206): 55137–55139. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091202003904/http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/2009/74fr55138.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2009.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-75_fr_43825_165-0">^</a></b> <cite>Library of Congress Copyright Office (July 27, 2010). <a href="https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2010/07/27/2010-18339/exemption-to-prohibition-on-circumvention-of-copyright-protection-systems-for-access-control">"Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies"</a>. <i>Federal Register</i>. <b>75</b> (143): 43825–43839. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627172044/https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2010/07/27/2010-18339/exemption-to-prohibition-on-circumvention-of-copyright-protection-systems-for-access-control">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2015.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b> <cite>Robertson, Adi (October 25, 2013). <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/25/5028974/internet-archives-new-historic-software-collection">"The Internet Archive puts Atari games and obsolete software directly in your browser"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge">The Verge</a></i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131027202242/http://www.theverge.com/2013/10/25/5028974/internet-archives-new-historic-software-collection">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2013.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b> <cite>Ohlheiser, Abby (January 5, 2015). <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2015/01/05/you-can-now-play-nearly-2400-ms-dos-video-games-in-your-browser/">"You can now play nearly 2,400 MS-DOS video games in your browser"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post">Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150107210746/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2015/01/05/you-can-now-play-nearly-2400-ms-dos-video-games-in-your-browser/">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2015.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b> <cite>Scott, Jason (December 23, 2014). <a href="http://ascii.textfiles.com/archives/4471">"Each New Boot a Miracle"</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109113609/http://ascii.textfiles.com/archives/4471">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2015.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=collection%3Asoftwarelibrary_msdos&amp;page=1">"collection:softwarelibrary_msdos"</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150628201230/https://archive.org/search.php?query=collection%3Asoftwarelibrary_msdos&amp;page=1">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2015.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b> <cite>Graft, Kris (March 5, 2015). <a href="http://gamasutra.com/view/news/238156/Saving_video_game_history_begins_right_now.php">"Saving video game history begins right now"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gamasutra">Gamasutra</a></i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150307161450/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/238156/Saving_video_game_history_begins_right_now.php">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2015.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/about/terms.php">"Internet Archive's Terms of Use, Privacy Policy, and Copyright Policy"</a>. December 31, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103160557/https://archive.org/about/terms.php">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2015. <q><i>Access to the Archive's Collections is provided at no cost to you and is granted for scholarship and research purposes only.</i></q></cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b> <cite>Lu, Kathy (January 12, 2015). <a href="http://www.kansascity.com/entertainment/article6061104.html">"Time suck alert: 'Pac-Man' among thousands of MS-DOS games available for free"</a>. <i>The Kansas City Star</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220192530/http://www.kansascity.com/entertainment/article6061104.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2016.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b> <cite>O'Neil, Lauren (January 7, 2015). <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/newsblogs/yourcommunity/2015/01/90s-kids-rejoice-as-internet-archive-releases-2300-ms-dos-games-for-free.html">"90's kids rejoice as Internet Archive releases 2,300 MS-DOS games for free – Your Community"</a>. <i>CBCNEWS</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161017084634/http://www.cbc.ca/newsblogs/yourcommunity/2015/01/90s-kids-rejoice-as-internet-archive-releases-2300-ms-dos-games-for-free.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2016.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-ttscribe1_175-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://archive.org/details/tabletopscribesystem">"Table Top Scribe System"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010084141/https://archive.org/details/tabletopscribesystem">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2018.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-LinuxsSavesCongress_176-0">^</a></b> <cite>Stutz, Michael (March 28, 2007). <a href="https://www.linux.com/news/linux-help-library-congress-save-american-history">"Linux to help the Library of Congress save American history"</a>. <i>Linux.com</i>. The Linux foundation. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171023085241/https://www.linux.com/news/linux-help-library-congress-save-american-history">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2017.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b> <cite>Levy, Karyne (April 29, 2014). <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/the-internet-archives-100-ceramic-statues-2014-4?IR=T">"These Are The Ceramic Action Figures For The Heroes Of The Internet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider">Business Insider</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Insider_Inc.">Insider Inc.</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704233123/https://www.businessinsider.com/the-internet-archives-100-ceramic-statues-2014-4?IR=T">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.sfchronicle.com/news/article/Internet-Archive-is-a-treasure-trove-of-material-11751319.php">"Internet Archive is a treasure trove of material for artists - SFChronicle.com"</a>. <i>sfchronicle.com</i>. August 11, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801171741/https://www.sfchronicle.com/news/article/Internet-Archive-is-a-treasure-trove-of-material-11751319.php">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://blog.archive.org/2019/06/22/the-internet-archives-2019-artist-in-residency-exhibition/">"The Internet Archive's 2019 Artists in Residency Exhibition | Internet Archive Blogs"</a>. June 22, 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731232042/https://blog.archive.org/2019/06/22/the-internet-archives-2019-artist-in-residency-exhibition/">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2019.</cite>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2>Further reading[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=60">edit</a>]</h2>
<ul><li><cite>Kahle, Brewster (November 1996). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19971011050140/http://www.archive.org/sciam_article.html">"Archiving the Internet"</a>. <i>Scientific America</i>. Archived from <a href="http://www.archive.org/sciam_article.html">the original</a> on October 11, 1997.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Kahle">Kahle, Brewster</a> (November 6, 2013). <a href="https://blog.archive.org/2013/11/06/scanning-center-fire-please-help-rebuild/">"Scanning Center Fire—Please Help Rebuild"</a>. <i>Internet Archive Blogs</i>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><a href="/wiki/Jill_Lepore">Lepore, Jill</a> (January 26, 2015). <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/01/26/cobweb">"The Cobweb"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>.</cite></li>
<li><cite>Ringmar, Erik (April 10, 2008). <a href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=401386">"Liberate and Disseminate"</a>. <i>Times Higher Education Supplement</i>.</cite></li></ul>
<h2>External links[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;section=61">edit</a>]</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://archive.org/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461#P856"></a></li>
<li><a href="https://scholar.archive.org/">Internet Archive Scholar</a></li></ul>
 	
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 Contents

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 * (Top)
 * 1 History
 * 2 Operations
 * 3 Web archiving
 + 3.1 Wayback Machine
 + 3.2 Archive-It
 + 3.3 Internet Archive Scholar
 + 3.4 General Index
 * 4 Book collections
 + 4.1 Text collection
 + 4.2 Number of texts for each language
 + 4.3 Number of texts for each decade
 + 4.4 Open Library
 + 4.5 Digitizing sponsors for books
 * 5 Media collections
 + 5.1 Audio
 o 5.1.1 Audio Archive
 o 5.1.2 Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications
 o 5.1.3 Live Music Archive
 o 5.1.4 The Great 78 Project
 o 5.1.5 Netlabels
 + 5.2 Images collection
 o 5.2.1 Cover Art Archive
 o 5.2.2 Metropolitan Museum of Art images
 o 5.2.3 NASA Images
 o 5.2.4 Occupy Wall Street Flickr archive
 o 5.2.5 USGS Maps
 o 5.2.6 Mathematical images
 + 5.3 Machinima Archive
 + 5.4 Microfilm collection
 + 5.5 Moving image collection
 + 5.6 Open Educational Resources
 + 5.7 TV News Search & Borrow
 + 5.8 Miscellaneous collections
 o 5.8.1 Brooklyn Museum
 o 5.8.2 Michelson library
 * 6 Other services and endeavors
 + 6.1 Physical media
 + 6.2 Software
 + 6.3 Table Top Scribe System
 + 6.4 Credit Union
 * 7 Controversies, legal disputes, and activism
 + 7.1 Grateful Dead
 + 7.2 National security letters
 + 7.3 Opposition to SOPA and PIPA bills
 + 7.4 Opposition to Google Books settlement
 + 7.5 Nintendo Power magazine
 + 7.6 Government of India
 + 7.7 Turkey
 + 7.8 Hosting of terrorist material
 + 7.9 National Emergency Library
 + 7.10 Publishers' lawsuit
 + 7.11 Wayforward Machine
 + 7.12 BBC documentary on Modi
 * 8 Ceramic archivists collection
 * 9 Artists in residence
 * 10 See also
 + 10.1 Similar projects
 + 10.2 Other
 * 11 References
 * 12 Further reading
 * 13 External links
 Toggle the table of contents

 Internet Archive

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 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 For other uses, see Internet archive (disambiguation).
 For help citing the Wayback Machine (an Internet Archive service) in the English Wikipedia, see Help:Using the Wayback Machine.
 "archive.org" redirects here. Not to be confused with arXiv.org.

 Internet Archive
 
 Type of business 501(c)(3) nonprofit  
 Type of site Digital library  
 Available in English  
 Founded May 10, 1996 ; 26 years ago [1][2]  
 Richmond District  
 Headquarters San Francisco, California  
 37°46′56″N 122°28′18″W ﻿ / ﻿ 37.782321°N 122.47161137°W Coordinates : 37°46′56″N 122°28′18″W ﻿ / ﻿ 37.782321°N 122.47161137°W
 Chairman Brewster Kahle  
 * Archive-It  
 * Open Library  
 Services * Wayback Machine (since 2001)  
 * Netlabels  
 * NASA Images  
 * Prelinger Archives  
 Revenue $36.7 million (2019)[3]  
 Employees 169 (2019)[3]  
 URL archive.org  
 Commercial No  
 Launched 1996  
 Current status Active  
 
 Since late 2009, the headquarters of the Internet Archive has been the building that formerly housed the Fourth Church of Christ, Scientist (San Francisco, California).

 The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge".[4][5] It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, movies/videos, moving images, and millions of books. In addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating a free and open Internet. As of January 1, 2023, the Internet Archive holds over 36 million books and texts, 11.6 million movies, videos and TV shows and clips, 950 thousand software programs, 15 million audio files, 4.5 million images, 251 thousand concerts, and 780 billion web pages in the Wayback Machine.

 The Internet Archive allows the public to upload and download digital material to its data cluster, but the bulk of its data is collected automatically by its web crawlers, which work to preserve as much of the public web as possible. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains hundreds of billions of web captures.[6][7] The Archive also oversees one of the world's largest book digitization projects.

 History [ edit ]

 Headquarters in Building 116 of the Presidio of San Francisco in 2008

 Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in May 1996 around the same time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet.[8][9] In October of that year, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities,[10] though it saved the earliest known page on May 10, 1996, at 2:42 PM.[11][12][13][14] The archived content first became available to the general public in 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine.

 In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the web archive, beginning with the Prelinger Archives. Now[ when? ] the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of other projects: the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It, and the wiki-editable library catalog and book information site Open Library. Soon after that, the Archive began working to provide specialized services relating to the information access needs of the print-disabled; publicly accessible books were made available in a protected Digital Accessible Information System (DAISY) format.[15]

 According to its website:[4]

 Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture and heritage. Without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form. The Archive's mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars.

 In August 2012, the Archive announced[16] that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for more than 1.3 million existing files, and all newly uploaded files.[17][18] This method is the fastest means of downloading media from the Archive, as files are served from two Archive data centers, in addition to other torrent clients which have downloaded and continue to serve the files.[17][19] On November 6, 2013, the Internet Archive's headquarters in San Francisco's Richmond District caught fire,[20] destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments.[21] According to the Archive, it lost a side-building housing one of 30 of its scanning centers; cameras, lights, and scanning equipment worth hundreds of thousands of dollars; and "maybe 20 boxes of books and film, some irreplaceable, most already digitized, and some replaceable".[22] The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage.[23]

 An overhaul of the site was launched as beta in November 2014, and the legacy layout was removed in March 2016.[24][25]

 In November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the Archive to be based somewhere in Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build a backup archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump.[26][27][28] Kahle was quoted as saying:

 On November 9th in America, we woke up to a new administration promising radical change. It was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and perpetually accessible. It means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions. It means serving patrons in a world in which government surveillance is not going away; indeed it looks like it will increase. Throughout history, libraries have fought against terrible violations of privacy—where people have been rounded up simply for what they read. At the Internet Archive, we are fighting to protect our readers' privacy in the digital world.[26]

 Beginning in 2017, OCLC and the Internet Archive have collaborated to make the Archive's records of digitized books available in WorldCat.[29]

 Since 2018, the Internet Archive visual arts residency, which is organized by Amir Saber Esfahani and Andrew McClintock, helps connect artists with the Archive's over 48 petabytes[30] of digitized materials. Over the course of the yearlong residency, visual artists create a body of work which culminates in an exhibition. The hope is to connect digital history with the arts and create something for future generations to appreciate online or off.[31] Previous artists in residence include Taravat Talepasand, Whitney Lynn, and Jenny Odell.[32]

 In 2019, its headquarters in San Francisco received a bomb threat which forced a temporary evacuation of the building.[33]

 The Internet Archive acquires most materials from donations,[34] such as hundreds of thousands of 78 rpm discs from Boston Public Library in 2017,[35] a donation of 250,000 books from Trent University in 2018,[36] and the entire collection of Marygrove College's library in 2020 after it closed.[37] All material is then digitized and retained in digital storage, while a digital copy is returned to the original holder and the Internet Archive's copy, if not in the public domain, is lent to patrons worldwide one at a time under the controlled digital lending (CDL) theory of the first-sale doctrine.[38]

 Operations [ edit ]

 This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( May 2020 )
 
 Mirror of the Internet Archive in the Bibliotheca Alexandrina

 The Archive is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit operating in the United States. In 2019, it had an annual budget of $36 million, derived from revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations, and the Kahle-Austin Foundation.[39] The Internet Archive also manages periodic funding campaigns. For instance, a December 2019 campaign had a goal of reaching $6 million in donations.[40]

 The Archive is headquartered in San Francisco, California. From 1996 to 2009, its headquarters were in the Presidio of San Francisco, a former U.S. military base. Since 2009, its headquarters have been at 300 Funston Avenue in San Francisco, a former Christian Science Church. At one time, most of its staff worked in its book-scanning centers; as of 2019, scanning is performed by 100 paid operators worldwide.[41] The Archive also has data centers in three Californian cities: San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond. To reduce the risk of data loss, the Archive creates copies of parts of its collection at more distant locations, including the Bibliotheca Alexandrina[42][43] in Egypt and a facility in Amsterdam.[44]

 The Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium[45] and was officially designated as a library by the state of California in 2007.[46][47]

 Web archiving [ edit ]

 Main article: Web archiving

 Wayback Machine [ edit ]

 Main article: Wayback Machine
 Wayback Machine logo, used since 2001
 Mark Graham

 The Internet Archive capitalized on the popular use of the term "WABAC Machine" from a segment of The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle cartoon (specifically, Peabody's Improbable History), and uses the name "Wayback Machine" for its service that allows archives of the World Wide Web to be searched and accessed.[48] This service allows users to view some of the archived web pages. The Wayback Machine was created as a joint effort between Alexa Internet (owned by Amazon.com) and the Internet Archive when a three-dimensional index was built to allow for the browsing of archived web content.[49] Millions of web sites and their associated data (images, source code, documents, etc.) are saved in a database. The service can be used to see what previous versions of web sites used to look like, to grab original source code from web sites that may no longer be directly available, or to visit web sites that no longer even exist. Not all web sites are available because many web site owners choose to exclude their sites. As with all sites based on data from web crawlers, the Internet Archive misses large areas of the web for a variety of other reasons. A 2004 paper found international biases in the coverage, but deemed them "not intentional".[50]

 A purchase of additional storage at the Internet Archive
 Servers at the Internet Archive headquarters in San Francisco

 A "Save Page Now" archiving feature was made available in October 2013,[51] accessible on the lower right of the Wayback Machine's main page.[52] Once a target URL is entered and saved, the web page will become part of the Wayback Machine.[51] Through the Internet address web.archive.org,[53] users can upload to the Wayback Machine a large variety of contents, including PDF and data compression file formats. The Wayback Machine creates a permanent local URL of the upload content, that is accessible in the web, even if not listed while searching in the https://archive.org official website.

 In October 2016, it was announced that the way web pages are counted would be changed, resulting in the decrease of the archived pages counts shown. Embedded objects such as pictures, videos, style sheets, JavaScripts are no longer counted as a "web page", whereas HTML, PDF, and plain text documents remain counted.[54]

 Year Archived pages (billions)
 2005 40[55] 
 2006 85[56] 
 2007 85[57] 
 2008 85[58] 
 2009 150[59] 
 2010 150[60] 
 2011 150[61] 
 2012 150[62] 
 2013 373[63] 
 2014 430[64] 
 2015 479[65] 
  510[A][66] 
 2016  
  273[B][54] 
  
 2017 286[67] 
 2018 344[68] 
 2019 396[69] 
 2020 486[70] 
 2021 635[71] 
 2022 771[72] 
 A Using the old counting system used before October 2016
 B Using the new counting system used after October 2016 
  
 

 In September 2020, the Internet Archive announced a partnership with Cloudflare to automatically index websites served via its "Always Online" services.[73]

 Archive-It [ edit ]

 Brewster Kahle of the Internet Archive talks about archiving operations

 Created in early 2006, Archive-It[74] is a web archiving subscription service that allows institutions and individuals to build and preserve collections of digital content and create digital archives. Archive-It allows the user to customize their capture or exclusion of web content they want to preserve for cultural heritage reasons. Through a web application, Archive-It partners can harvest, catalog, manage, browse, search, and view their archived collections.[75]

 In terms of accessibility, the archived web sites are full text searchable within seven days of capture.[76] Content collected through Archive-It is captured and stored as a WARC file. A primary and back-up copy is stored at the Internet Archive data centers. A copy of the WARC file can be given to subscribing partner institutions for geo-redundant preservation and storage purposes to their best practice standards.[77] Periodically, the data captured through Archive-It is indexed into the Internet Archive's general archive.

 As of March 2014, Archive-It had more than 275 partner institutions in 46 U.S. states and 16 countries that have captured more than 7.4 billion URLs for more than 2,444 public collections. Archive-It partners are universities and college libraries, state archives, federal institutions, museums, law libraries, and cultural organizations, including the Electronic Literature Organization, North Carolina State Archives and Library, Stanford University, Columbia University, American University in Cairo, Georgetown Law Library, and many others.

 Internet Archive Scholar [ edit ]

 Main article: Internet Archive Scholar

 In September 2020 Internet Archive announced a new initiative to archive and preserve open access academic journals, called Internet Archive Scholar.[78][79][80] Its full-text search index includes over 25 million research articles and other scholarly documents preserved in the Internet Archive. The collection spans from digitized copies of eighteenth century journals through the latest open access conference proceedings and pre-prints crawled from the World Wide Web.

 General Index [ edit ]

 In 2021, the Internet Archive announced the initial version of the General Index, a publicly available index to a collection of 107 million academic journal articles.[81][82]

 Book collections [ edit ]

 Text collection [ edit ]

 Internet Archive "Scribe" book scanning workstation
 An Internet Archive in-house scan ongoing

 The Internet Archive operates 33 scanning centers in five countries, digitizing about 1,000 books a day for a total of more than 2 million books,[83] financially supported by libraries and foundations.[84] As of July 2013, the collection included 4.4 million books with more than 15 million downloads per month.[83] As of November 2008, when there were approximately 1 million texts, the entire collection was greater than 0.5 petabytes, which includes raw camera images, cropped and skewed images, PDFs, and raw OCR data.[85] Between about 2006 and 2008, Microsoft had a special relationship with Internet Archive texts through its Live Search Books project, scanning more than 300,000 books that were contributed to the collection, as well as financial support and scanning equipment. On May 23, 2008, Microsoft announced it would be ending the Live Book Search project and no longer scanning books.[86] Microsoft made its scanned books available without contractual restriction and donated its scanning equipment to its former partners.[86]

 Around October 2007, Archive users began uploading public domain books from Google Book Search.[87] As of November 2013, there were more than 900,000 Google-digitized books in the Archive's collection;[88] the books are identical to the copies found on Google, except without the Google watermarks, and are available for unrestricted use and download.[89] Brewster Kahle revealed in 2013 that this archival effort was coordinated by Aaron Swartz, who with a "bunch of friends" downloaded the public domain books from Google slowly enough and from enough computers to stay within Google's restrictions. They did this to ensure public access to the public domain. The Archive ensured the items were attributed and linked back to Google, which never complained, while libraries "grumbled". According to Kahle, this is an example of Swartz's "genius" to work on what could give the most to the public good for millions of people.[90] Besides books, the Archive offers free and anonymous public access to more than four million court opinions, legal briefs, or exhibits uploaded from the United States Federal Courts' PACER electronic document system via the RECAP web browser plugin. These documents had been kept behind a federal court paywall. On the Archive, they had been accessed by more than six million people by 2013.[90]

 The Archive's BookReader web app,[91] built into its website, has features such as single-page, two-page, and thumbnail modes; fullscreen mode; page zooming of high-resolution images; and flip page animation.[91][92]

 Number of texts for each language [ edit ]

 Number of all texts 34,000,000[93]
 (2022) 
 
 Language Number of texts
 (2022) 
 English 25,000,000[93] 
 French 700,000[93] 
 Dutch 700,000[93] 
 German 700,000[93] 
 Chinese 550,000[93] 
 Arabic 450,000[93] 
 Italian 400,000[93] 
 Spanish 300,000[93] 
 Japanese 150,000[93] 
 Greek 150,000[93] 
 Latin 150,000[93] 
 Urdu 100,000[93] 
 

 Number of texts for each decade [ edit ]

 XIX century XX century 
 Decade Number of texts Decade Number of texts 
 (July 5, 2021) (July 5, 2021) 
 1800s 82,587[94] 1900s 767,201[104] XXI century 
 1810s 100,048[95] 1910s 744,445[105] Decade Number of texts
 1820s 151,669[96] 1920s 473,331[106] (July 5, 2021) 
 1830s 203,287[97] 1930s 342,779[107] 2000s 1,754,932[114] 
 1840s 239,343[98] 1940s 400,490[108] 2010s 3,317,801[115] 
 1850s 307,302[99] 1950s 560,730[109] 2020s 205,178[116] 
 1860s 322,843[100] 1960s 711,449[110] 
 1870s 336,637[101] 1970s 2,540,807[111] 
 1880s 445,046[102] 1980s 1,124,927[112] 
 1890s 570,017[103] 1990s 1,379,398[113] 
  
 

 Open Library [ edit ]

 Main article: Open Library

 The Open Library is another project of the Internet Archive. The project seeks to include a web page for every book ever published: it holds 25 million catalog records of editions. It also seeks to be a web-accessible public library: it contains the full texts of approximately 1,600,000 public domain books (out of the more than five million from the main texts collection), as well as in-print and in-copyright books,[117] many of which are fully readable, downloadable[118][119] and full-text searchable;[120] it offers a two-week loan of e-books in its controlled digital lending program for over 647,784 books not in the public domain, in partnership with over 1,000 library partners from six countries[83][121] after a free registration on the web site. Open Library is a free and open-source software project, with its source code freely available on GitHub.

 The Open Library faces objections from some authors and the Society of Authors, who hold that the project is distributing books without authorization and is thus in violation of copyright laws,[122] and four major publishers initiated a copyright infringement lawsuit against the Internet Archive in June 2020 to stop the Open Library project.[123]

 Digitizing sponsors for books [ edit ]

 Many large institutional sponsors have helped the Internet Archive provide millions of scanned publications (text items).[124] Some sponsors that have digitized large quantities of texts include the University of Toronto's Robarts Library, the University of Alberta Libraries, the University of Ottawa, the Library of Congress, Boston Library Consortium member libraries, the Boston Public Library, the Princeton Theological Seminary Library, and many others.[125]

 In 2017, the MIT Press authorized the Internet Archive to digitize and lend books from the press's backlist,[126] with financial support from the Arcadia Fund.[127][128] A year later, the Internet Archive received further funding from the Arcadia Fund to invite some other university presses to partner with the Internet Archive to digitize books, a project called "Unlocking University Press Books".[129][130]

 The Library of Congress created numerous handle system identifiers that pointed to free digitized books in the Internet Archive.[131] The Internet Archive and Open Library are listed on the Library of Congress website as a source of e-books.[132]

 Media collections [ edit ]

 Media reader
 Microfilms at the Internet Archive
 Videocassettes at the Internet Archive

 In addition to web archives, the Internet Archive maintains extensive collections of digital media that are attested by the uploader to be in the public domain in the United States or licensed under a license that allows redistribution, such as Creative Commons licenses. Media are organized into collections by media type (moving images, audio, text, etc.), and into sub-collections by various criteria. Each of the main collections includes a "Community" sub-collection (formerly named "Open Source") where general contributions by the public are stored.

 Audio [ edit ]

 Audio Archive [ edit ]

 The Audio Archive is an audio archive that includes music, audiobooks, news broadcasts, old time radio shows, podcasts, and a wide variety of other audio files. As of January 2023, there are more than 15,000,000 free digital recordings in the collection. The subcollections include audio books and poetry, podcasts, non-English audio, and many others.[133] The sound collections are curated by B. George, director of the ARChive of Contemporary Music.[134]

 Next to the stock HTML5 audio player, Winamp-resembling Webamp is available.

 Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications [ edit ]

 A project to preserve recordings of amateur radio transmissions, with funding from the Amateur Radio Digital Communications foundation.[135][136]

 Live Music Archive [ edit ]

 Main article: Live Music Archive

 The Live Music Archive sub-collection includes more than 170,000 concert recordings from independent musicians, as well as more established artists and musical ensembles with permissive rules about recording their concerts, such as the Grateful Dead, and more recently, The Smashing Pumpkins. Also, Jordan Zevon has allowed the Internet Archive to host a definitive collection of his father Warren Zevon's concert recordings. The Zevon collection ranges from 1976 to 2001 and contains 126 concerts including 1,137 songs.[137]

 The Great 78 Project [ edit ]

 Main article: The Great 78 Project

 The Great 78 Project aims to digitize 250,000 78 rpm singles (500,000 songs) from the period between 1880 and 1960, donated by various collectors and institutions. It has been developed in collaboration with the Archive of Contemporary Music and George Blood Audio, responsible for the audio digitization.[134]

 Netlabels [ edit ]

 Not to be confused with Netlabel.

 The Archive has a collection of freely distributable music that is streamed and available for download via its Netlabels service. The music in this collection generally has Creative Commons-license catalogs of virtual record labels.[138][139]

 Images collection [ edit ]

 This collection contains more than 3.5 million items.[140] Cover Art Archive, Metropolitan Museum of Art - Gallery Images, NASA Images, Occupy Wall Street Flickr Archive, and USGS Maps are some sub-collections of Image collection.

 Cover Art Archive [ edit ]

 Logo of Cover Art Archive

 The Cover Art Archive is a joint project between the Internet Archive and MusicBrainz, whose goal is to make cover art images on the Internet. As of April 2021, this collection contains more than 1,400,000 items.[141]

 Metropolitan Museum of Art images [ edit ]

 The images of this collection are from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. This collection contains more than 140,000 items.[142]

 NASA Images [ edit ]

 The NASA Images archive was created through a Space Act Agreement between the Internet Archive and NASA to bring public access to NASA's image, video, and audio collections in a single, searchable resource. The IA NASA Images team worked closely with all of the NASA centers to keep adding to the ever-growing collection.[143] The nasaimages.org site launched in July 2008 and had more than 100,000 items online at the end of its hosting in 2012.

 Occupy Wall Street Flickr archive [ edit ]

 This collection contains Creative Commons-licensed photographs from Flickr related to the Occupy Wall Street movement. This collection contains more than 15,000 items.[144]

 USGS Maps [ edit ]

 This collection contains more than 59,000 items from Libre Map Project.[145]

 Mathematical images [ edit ]

 This collection contains mathematical images created by mathematical artist Hamid Naderi Yeganeh.[146]

 Machinima Archive [ edit ]

 One of the sub-collections of the Internet Archive's Video Archive is the Machinima Archive. This small section hosts many Machinima videos. Machinima is a digital artform in which computer games, game engines, or software engines are used in a sandbox-like mode to create motion pictures, recreate plays, or even publish presentations or keynotes. The archive collects a range of Machinima films from internet publishers such as Rooster Teeth and Machinima.com as well as independent producers. The sub-collection is a collaborative effort among the Internet Archive, the How They Got Game research project at Stanford University, the Academy of Machinima Arts and Sciences, and Machinima.com.[147]

 Microfilm collection [ edit ]

 This collection contains approximately 160,000 microfilmed items from a variety of libraries including the University of Chicago Libraries, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the University of Alberta, Allen County Public Library, and the National Technical Information Service.[148][149]

 Moving image collection [ edit ]

 See also: Wikipedia list of films freely available on the Internet Archive

 The Internet Archive holds a collection of approximately 3,863 feature films.[150] Additionally, the Internet Archive's Moving Image collection includes: newsreels, classic cartoons, pro- and anti-war propaganda, The Video Cellar Collection, Skip Elsheimer's "A.V. Geeks" collection, early television, and ephemeral material from Prelinger Archives, such as advertising, educational, and industrial films, as well as amateur and home movie collections.

 Subcategories of this collection include:

 * IA's Brick Films collection, which contains stop-motion animation filmed with Lego bricks, some of which are "remakes" of feature films.
 * IA's Election 2004 collection, a non-partisan public resource for sharing video materials related to the 2004 United States presidential election.
 * IA's FedFlix collection, Joint Venture NTIS-1832 between the National Technical Information Service and Public.Resource.Org that features "the best movies of the United States Government, from training films to history, from our national parks to the U.S. Fire Academy and the Postal Inspectors"[151]
 * IA's Independent News collection, which includes sub-collections such as the Internet Archive's World At War competition from 2001, in which contestants created short films demonstrating "why access to history matters". Among their most-downloaded video files are eyewitness recordings of the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.
 * IA's September 11 Television Archive, which contains archival footage from the world's major television networks of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, as they unfolded on live television.[152]

 Open Educational Resources [ edit ]

 See also: Open educational resources

 Open Educational Resources is a digital collection at archive.org. This collection contains hundreds of free courses, video lectures, and supplemental materials from universities in the United States and China. The contributors of this collection are ArsDigita University, Hewlett Foundation, MIT, Monterey Institute, and Naropa University.[153]

 TV News Search & Borrow [ edit ]

 TV tuners at the Internet Archive

 In September 2012, the Internet Archive launched the TV News Search & Borrow service for searching U.S. national news programs.[154] The service is built on closed captioning transcripts and allows users to search and stream 30-second video clips. Upon launch, the service contained "350,000 news programs collected over 3 years from national U.S. networks and stations in San Francisco and Washington D.C."[155] According to Kahle, the service was inspired by the Vanderbilt Television News Archive, a similar library of televised network news programs.[156] In contrast to Vanderbilt, which limits access to streaming video to individuals associated with subscribing colleges and universities, the TV News Search & Borrow allows open access to its streaming video clips. In 2013, the Archive received an additional donation of "approximately 40,000 well-organized tapes" from the estate of a Philadelphia woman, Marion Stokes. Stokes "had recorded more than 35 years of TV news in Philadelphia and Boston with her VHS and Betamax machines."[157]

 Miscellaneous collections [ edit ]

 Brooklyn Museum [ edit ]

 This collection contains approximately 3,000 items from Brooklyn Museum.[158]

 Michelson library [ edit ]

 In December 2020, the film research library of Lillian Michelson was donated to the archive.[159]

 Other services and endeavors [ edit ]

 Physical media [ edit ]

 A vintage wall intercom, an example of another "archived" item

 Voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away, and inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Kahle now envisions collecting one copy of every book ever published. "We're not going to get there, but that's our goal", he said. Alongside the books, Kahle plans to store the Internet Archive's old servers, which were replaced in 2010.[160]

 Software [ edit ]

 The Internet Archive has "the largest collection of historical software online in the world", spanning 50 years of computer history in terabytes of computer magazines and journals, books, shareware discs, FTP sites, video games, etc. The Internet Archive has created an archive of what it describes as "vintage software", as a way to preserve them.[161] The project advocated for an exemption from the United States Digital Millennium Copyright Act to permit them to bypass copy protection, which the United States Copyright Office approved in 2003 for a period of three years.[162] The Archive does not offer the software for download, as the exemption is solely "for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive."[163] The Library of Congress renewed the exemption in 2006, and in 2009 indefinitely extended it pending further rulemakings.[164] The Library reiterated the exemption as a "Final Rule" with no expiration date in 2010.[165] In 2013, the Internet Archive began to provide abandonware video games browser-playable via MESS, for instance the Atari 2600 game E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial.[166] Since December 23, 2014, the Internet Archive presents, via a browser-based DOSBox emulation, thousands of DOS/PC games[167][168][169][170] for "scholarship and research purposes only".[171][172][173] In November 2020, the Archive introduced a new emulator for Adobe Flash called Ruffle, and began archiving Flash animations and games ahead of the December 31, 2020 end-of-life for the Flash plugin across all computer systems.[174]

 Table Top Scribe System [ edit ]

 A combined hardware software system has been developed that performs a safe method of digitizing content.[175][176]

 Credit Union [ edit ]

 From 2012 to November 2015, the Internet Archive operated the Internet Archive Federal Credit Union, a federal credit union based in New Brunswick, New Jersey, with the goal of providing access to low- and middle-income people. Throughout its short existence, the IAFCU experienced significant conflicts with the National Credit Union Administration, which severely limited the IAFCU's loan portfolio and concerns over serving Bitcoin firms. At the time of its dissolution, it consisted of 395 members and was worth $2.5 million.[177][178]

 Controversies, legal disputes, and activism [ edit ]

 See also: Wayback Machine § In legal evidence
 The main hall of the current headquarters

 Grateful Dead [ edit ]

 In November 2005, free downloads of Grateful Dead concerts were removed from the site. John Perry Barlow identified Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, and Bill Kreutzmann as the instigators of the change, according to an article in The New York Times.[179] Phil Lesh commented on the change in a November 30, 2005, posting to his personal web site:

 It was brought to my attention that all of the Grateful Dead shows were taken down from Archive.org right before Thanksgiving. I was not part of this decision making process and was not notified that the shows were to be pulled. I do feel that the music is the Grateful Dead's legacy and I hope that one way or another all of it is available for those who want it.[180]

 A November 30 forum post from Brewster Kahle summarized what appeared to be the compromise reached among the band members. Audience recordings could be downloaded or streamed, but soundboard recordings were to be available for streaming only. Concerts have since been re-added.[181]

 National security letters [ edit ]

 A national security letter issued to the Internet Archive demanding information about a user

 On May 8, 2008, it was revealed that the Internet Archive had successfully challenged an FBI national security letter asking for logs on an undisclosed user.[182][183]

 On November 28, 2016, it was revealed that a second FBI national security letter had been successfully challenged that had been asking for logs on another undisclosed user.[184]

 Opposition to SOPA and PIPA bills [ edit ]

 The Internet Archive blacked out its web site for 12 hours on January 18, 2012, in protest of the Stop Online Piracy Act and the PROTECT IP Act bills, two pieces of legislation in the United States Congress that they claimed would "negatively affect the ecosystem of web publishing that led to the emergence of the Internet Archive". This occurred in conjunction with the English Wikipedia blackout, as well as numerous other protests across the Internet.[185]

 Opposition to Google Books settlement [ edit ]

 The Internet Archive is a member of the Open Book Alliance, which has been among the most outspoken critics of the Google Book Settlement. The Archive advocates an alternative digital library project.[186]

 Nintendo Power magazine [ edit ]

 In February 2016, Internet Archive users had begun archiving digital copies of Nintendo Power, Nintendo's official magazine for their games and products, which ran from 1988 to 2012. The first 140 issues had been collected, before Nintendo had the archive removed on August 8, 2016. In response to the take-down, Nintendo told gaming website Polygon, "[Nintendo] must protect our own characters, trademarks and other content. The unapproved use of Nintendo's intellectual property can weaken our ability to protect and preserve it, or to possibly use it for new projects".[187]

 Government of India [ edit ]

 In August 2017, the Department of Telecommunications of the Government of India blocked the Internet Archive along with other file-sharing websites, in accordance with two court orders issued by the Madras High Court,[188] citing piracy concerns after copies of two Bollywood films were allegedly shared via the service.[189] The HTTP version of the Archive was blocked but it remained accessible using the HTTPS protocol.[188]

 Turkey [ edit ]

 See also: Censorship in Turkey

 On October 9, 2016, the Internet Archive was temporarily blocked in Turkey after it was used (amongst other file hosting services) by hackers to host 17 GB of leaked government emails.[190][191]

 Hosting of terrorist material [ edit ]

 In May 2018, a report published by the cyber-security firm Flashpoint stated that the Islamic State was using the Internet Archive to share its propaganda.[192] Chris Butler, from the Internet Archive, responded that they regularly spoke to the US and EU governments about sharing information on terrorism.[192]

 In April 2019, Europol, acting on a referral from French police, asked the Internet Archive to remove 550 sites of "terrorist propaganda".[193] The Archive rejected the request, saying that the reports were wrong about the content they pointed to, or were too broad for the organization to comply with.[193]

 In January 2022, a former UCLA lecturer uploaded an 800-page manifesto, containing racist ideas and threats against UCLA staff, to the Internet Archive.[194] The manifesto was removed by the Internet Archive after a week, amidst discussion about whether such documents should be preserved by archivists or not.[194]

 National Emergency Library [ edit ]

 In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic which closed many schools, universities, and libraries, the Archive announced on March 24, 2020, that it was creating the National Emergency Library by removing the lending restrictions it had in place for 1.4 million digitized books in its Open Library but otherwise limiting users to the number of books they could check out and enforcing their return; normally, the site would only allow one digital lending for each physical copy of the book they had, by use of an encrypted file that would become unusable after the lending period was completed. This Library would remain as such until at least June 30, 2020, or until the US national emergency was over, whichever came later.[195] At launch, the Internet Archive allowed authors and rightholders to submit opt-out requests for their works to be omitted from the National Emergency Library.[196][197][198]

 The Internet Archive said the National Emergency Library addressed an "unprecedented global and immediate need for access to reading and research material" due to the closures of physical libraries worldwide.[199] They justified the move in a number of ways. Legally, they said they were promoting access to those inaccessible resources, which they claimed was an exercise in fair use principles. The Archive continued implementing their controlled digital lending policy that predated the National Emergency Library, meaning they still encrypted the lent copies and it was no easier for users to create new copies of the books than before. An ultimate determination of whether or not the National Emergency Library constituted fair use could only be made by a court. Morally, they also pointed out that the Internet Archive was a registered library like any other, that they either paid for the books themselves or received them as donations, and that lending through libraries predated copyright restrictions.[196][200]

 However, the Archive had already been criticized by authors and publishers for its prior lending approach, and upon announcement of the National Emergency Library, authors, publishers, and groups representing both took further issue, equating the move to copyright infringement and digital piracy, and using the COVID-19 pandemic as a reason to push the boundaries of copyright (see also: Open Library § Copyright violation accusations).[201][202][203][204] After the works of some of these authors were ridiculed in responses, the Internet Archive's Jason Scott requested that supporters of the National Emergency Library not denigrate anyone's books: "I realize there's strong debate and disagreement here, but books are life-giving and life-changing and these writers made them."[205]

 Publishers' lawsuit [ edit ]

 The operation of the National Emergency Library was part of a lawsuit filed against the Internet Archive by four major book publishers – Hachette, HarperCollins, John Wiley & Sons, and Penguin Random House – in June 2020, challenging the copyright validity of the controlled digital lending program.[123][206] In response, the Internet Archive closed the National Emergency Library on June 16, 2020, rather than the planned June 30, 2020, due to the lawsuit.[207][208] The plaintiffs, supported by the Copyright Alliance,[209] claimed in their lawsuit that the Internet Archive's actions constituted a "willful mass copyright infringement".[210] In August 2020 the lawsuit trial was tentatively scheduled to begin in November 2021.[211] By June 2022, both parties to the case requested summary judgment for the case, each favoring their respective sides, which Judge John G. Koeltl approved of a summary judgment hearing to take place later in 2022.[212]

 Senator Thom Tillis of North Carolina, chairman of the intellectual property subcommittee on the Senate Judiciary Committee, said in a letter to the Internet Archive that he was "concerned that the Internet Archive thinks that it—not Congress—gets to determine the scope of copyright law".[210]

 As part of its response to the publishers' lawsuit, in late 2020 the Archive launched a campaign called Empowering Libraries (hashtag #EmpoweringLibraries) that portrayed the lawsuit as a threat to all libraries.[213]

 In a 2021 preprint article, Argyri Panezi argued that the case "presents two important, but separate questions related to the electronic access to library works; first, it raises questions around the legal practice of digital lending, and second, it asks whether emergency use of copyrighted material might be fair use" and argued that libraries have a public service role to enable "future generations to keep having equal access—or opportunities to access—a plurality of original sources".[214]

 In December 2020, Publishers Weekly included the lawsuit among its "Top 10 Library Stories of 2020".[215]

 Wayforward Machine [ edit ]

 Screenshot of viewing English Wikipedia on the Wayforward Machine

 On 30 September 2021, as a part of its 25th anniversary celebration, Internet Archive launched the "Wayforward Machine", a satirical, fictional website covered with pop-ups asking for personal information. The site was intended to depict a fictional dystopian timeline of real-world events leading to such a future, such as the repeal of Section 230 of the United States Code in 2022 and the introduction of advertising implants in 2041.[216][217] There are plans to remove Wayforward Machine in 2022, after Internet Archive's 25th anniversary celebration. [ needs update ][ citation needed ]

 BBC documentary on Modi [ edit ]

 The Internet Archive became a popular site for Indians to watch the first episode of a BBC documentary, The Modi Question, in 2023.[218] The video was reported to have been removed by the Archive on 23rd January 2023.[218] The Internet Archive then stated, on 27th January, that they had removed the video in response to a BBC request under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.[219]

 Ceramic archivists collection [ edit ]

 Ceramic figures of Internet Archive employees

 The Great Room of the Internet Archive features a collection of more than 100 ceramic figures representing employees of the Internet Archive. This collection, inspired by the statues of the Xian warriors in China, was commissioned by Brewster Kahle, sculpted by Nuala Creed, and is ongoing.[220]

 Artists in residence [ edit ]

 The Internet Archive visual arts residency,[221] organized by Amir Saber Esfahani, is designed to connect emerging and mid-career artists with the Archive's millions of collections and to show what is possible when open access to information intersects with the arts. During this one-year residency, selected artists develop a body of work that responds to and utilizes the Archive's collections in their own practice.[222]

 2019 Residency Artists: Caleb Duarte, Whitney Lynn, and Jeffrey Alan Scudder.

 2018 Residency Artists: Mieke Marple, Chris Sollars, and Taravat Talepasand.

 2017 Residency Artists: Laura Kim, Jeremiah Jenkins, and Jenny Odell.

 See also [ edit ]

 * Internet portal
 * History portal
 * List of online image archives
 * Public domain music

 Similar projects [ edit ]

 * archive.today
 * Internet Memory Foundation
 * LibriVox
 * National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP)
 * National Digital Library Program (NDLP)
 * Project Gutenberg
 * UK Government Web Archive at The National Archives (United Kingdom)
 * UK Web Archive
 * WebCite

 Other [ edit ]

 * Anna's Archive
 * Archive Team
 * Digital dark age
 * Digital preservation
 * Heritrix
 * Library Genesis
 * Link rot
 * Memory hole
 * PetaBox
 * Search engine cache

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 89. ^ Books imported from Google have a metadata tag of scanner:google for searching purposes. The archive provides a link to Google for PDF copies, but also maintains a local PDF copy, which is viewable under the "All Files: HTTPS" link. As all the other books in the collection, they also provide OCR text and images in open formats, particularly DjVu , which Google Books doesn't offer.
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 91. ^ a b "Internet Archive BookReader". archive.org. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019 . Retrieved June 21, 2019 .
 92. ^ Kaplan, Jeff (December 10, 2010). "New BookReader!". blog.archive.org. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019 . Retrieved June 21, 2019 .
 93. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Internet Archive: texts collection". language facets.
 94. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1800-01-01 TO 1809-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 95. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1810-01-01 TO 1819-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 26, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 96. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1820-01-01 TO 1829-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 97. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1830-01-01 TO 1839-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 98. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1840-01-01 TO 1849-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 26, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 99. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1850-01-01 TO 1859-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 17, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 100. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1860-01-01 TO 1869-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 101. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1870-01-01 TO 1879-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 102. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1880-01-01 TO 1889-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 103. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1890-01-01 TO 1899-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 104. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1900-01-01 TO 1909-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 18, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 105. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1910-01-01 TO 1919-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 19, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 106. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1920-01-01 TO 1929-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 107. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1930-01-01 TO 1939-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 108. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1940-01-01 TO 1949-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 26, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 109. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1950-01-01 TO 1959-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 110. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1960-01-01 TO 1969-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 111. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1970-01-01 TO 1979-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 112. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1980-01-01 TO 1989-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 113. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1990-01-01 TO 1999-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 114. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[2000-01-01 TO 2009-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 26, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 115. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[2010-01-01 TO 2019-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 116. ^ "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[2020-01-01 TO 2029-12-31]". Internet Archive . Retrieved July 5, 2021 .
 117. ^ "FAQ on Controlled Digital Lending (CDL)". National Writers Union. February 13, 2019. Archived from the original on March 30, 2020 . Retrieved February 15, 2019 .
 118. ^ Gonsalves, Antone (December 20, 2006). "Internet Archive Claims Progress Against Google Library Initiative". InformationWeek. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007.
 119. ^ "The Open Library Makes Its Online Debut". The Wired Campus. Chronicle of Higher Education. July 19, 2007. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007.
 120. ^ "Search Inside". OpenLibrary.org. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013.
 121. ^ "In-Library eBook Lending Program Expands to 1,000 Libraries". Internet Archive Blogs. Internet Archive. June 25, 2011. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014.
 122. ^ Flood, Alison (January 22, 2019). "Internet Archive's ebook loans face UK copyright challenge". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019 . Retrieved March 28, 2020 .
 123. ^ a b Brandom, Russell (June 1, 2020). "Publishers sue Internet Archive over Open Library ebook lending". The Verge. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020 . Retrieved June 1, 2020 .
 124. ^ For example, the Princeton Theological Seminary Library has described how it and other academic libraries are digitization partners with the Internet Archive: "Partnering with the Internet Archive". Princeton Theological Seminary Library. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020 . Retrieved December 4, 2020 .
 125. ^ "Internet Archive Search: collection:(texts)". archive.org . Retrieved December 4, 2020 .
 126. ^ "The MIT Press". archive.org . Retrieved June 27, 2020 .
 127. ^ Hanamura, Wendy (May 30, 2017). "MIT Press Classics Available Soon at Archive.org". blog.archive.org . Retrieved June 27, 2020 . "For more than eighty years, MIT Press has been publishing acclaimed titles in science, technology, art and architecture. Now, thanks to a new partnership between the Internet Archive and MIT Press, readers will be able to borrow these classics online for the first time."
 128. ^ Green, Alex (December 1, 2019). "New Takes on Academic Publishing: Three university presses find new ways to keep up with a changing market". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020 . Retrieved June 27, 2020 . "Since she became director [of the MIT Press] in 2015, there's little that Brand hasn't reenvisioned at the press. In 2017, the press partnered with the Internet Archive to make its deep backlist available for free at libraries, resurrecting books that had not seen the light of day in generations."
 129. ^ Freeland, Chris (May 21, 2018). "Internet Archive awarded grant from Arcadia Fund to digitize university press collections". blog.archive.org . Retrieved June 27, 2020 . "Internet Archive has received a $1 million dollar grant from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin – to digitize titles from university press collections to make them available via controlled digital lending."
 130. ^ Albanese, Andrew (May 25, 2018). "Internet Archive Lands Grant to Digitize and Lend University Press Collections". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020 . Retrieved June 27, 2020 .
 131. ^ For example: "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00198115083", archived from the original on July 4, 2021 , retrieved November 25, 2020 ; "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060921933", archived from the original on July 4, 2021 , retrieved November 25, 2020 ; "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060927248", archived from the original on July 4, 2021 , retrieved November 25, 2020 ; "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00001740908", archived from the original on July 4, 2021 , retrieved November 25, 2020 ; "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00027740005", archived from the original on July 4, 2021 , retrieved November 25, 2020 .
 132. ^ "External Web Sites – Finding E-books: A Guide – Library of Congress Bibliographies, Research Guides, and Finding Aids (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020 . Retrieved November 25, 2020 . "The Internet Archive includes the full text of more than 2.5 million e-books, including e-books supplied by the Library of Congress. Books can be read online or downloaded and read in a variety of formats. E-books from the Internet Archive can also be found through Open Library, an Internet Archive initiative devoted to texts." And: "Devices and Formats – Finding E-books: A Guide – Library of Congress Bibliographies, Research Guides, and Finding Aids (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021 . Retrieved November 25, 2020 . "Library of Congress publications are available for free download to the Kindle from the Internet Archive. ... The iPad can be used as an e-reader via apps such as iBooks, which support both ePub (.epub) and PDF (.pdf) formats. Both formats are available from the Internet Archive."
 133. ^ "Download & Streaming : Audio Archive : Internet Archive". archive.org. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022 . Retrieved January 10, 2023 .
 134. ^ a b Pritchard, Will (August 18, 2017). "How The Great 78 Project is saving half a million songs from obscurity". The Vinyl Factory. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017 . Retrieved November 2, 2017 .
 135. ^ Holt, Kris (October 5, 2022). "The Internet Archive is building a library of amateur radio broadcasts". Engadget . Retrieved October 9, 2022 .
 136. ^ "Amateur Radio Digital Communications Grants Continue". American Radio Relay League. January 27, 2022 . Retrieved October 9, 2022 .
 137. ^ Tirpack, Alex (June 3, 2009). "Warren Zevon live shows hit the web, possible film in the works". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013.
 138. ^ "Welcome to Netlabels". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 4, 2014.
 139. ^ Boswell, Wendy (October 21, 2006). "Download free music at the Internet Archive". Lifehacker. Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. "The Internet Archive has a ginormous collection of free, downloadable music in their NetLabels category ..."
 140. ^ "Image". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020 . Retrieved October 12, 2020 .
 141. ^ "Cover Art Archive: Free Image : Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015 . Retrieved December 4, 2014 .
 142. ^ "Metropolitan Museum of Art – Gallery Images: Free Image : Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015 . Retrieved December 4, 2014 .
 143. ^ "NASA Images" (archive). Internet Archive. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012 . Retrieved April 13, 2013 .
 144. ^ "Occupy Wall Street Flickr Archive: Free Image : Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015 . Retrieved December 4, 2014 .
 145. ^ "USGS Maps: Free Image : Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015 . Retrieved December 4, 2014 .
 146. ^ "Mathematics – Hamid Naderi Yeganeh (Image): Free Image : Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on October 14, 2014 . Retrieved December 4, 2014 .
 147. ^ "Welcome to Machinima". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 23, 2013.
 148. ^ "Internet Archive Search: collection:microfilm". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 31, 2016 . Retrieved March 20, 2014 .
 149. ^ "Microfilm". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 20, 2014 . Retrieved March 20, 2014 .
 150. ^ "Internet Archive Search: Collection: Feature Films". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013 . Retrieved March 6, 2013 .
 151. ^ "FedFlix". Internet Archive . Retrieved December 14, 2013 .
 152. ^ "September 11th Television Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 3, 2014.
 153. ^ "Download & Streaming : Open Educational Resources : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on July 2, 2014 . Retrieved June 17, 2014 .
 154. ^ "TV NEWS : Search Captions. Borrow Broadcasts : TV Archive : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013 . Retrieved April 13, 2013 .
 155. ^ Fowler, Geoffrey A.; Hagey, Keach (September 18, 2012). "Let's Go to the Videotape: Nonprofit Offers News Clips". The Wall Street Journal Online. Archived from the original on April 24, 2013. (subscription required)
 156. ^ Kahle, Brewster (September 17, 2012). "Launch of TV News Search & Borrow with 350,000 Broadcasts". Internet Archive Blogs. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014.
 157. ^ Brownell, Brett; Benjy Hansen-Brandy (May 22, 2014). "Meet the People Behind the Wayback Machine, One of Our Favorite Things About the Internet". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on June 7, 2014 . Retrieved June 7, 2014 .
 158. ^ "Brooklyn Museum: Free Image : Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015 . Retrieved December 4, 2014 .
 159. ^ "Column: Lillian Michelson and her one-of-a-kind film library get a digital Hollywood ending". Los Angeles Times. January 28, 2021. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021 . Retrieved February 7, 2021 .
 160. ^ "Internet Archive founder turns to new information storage device – the book". The Guardian. August 1, 2011. Archived from the original on August 22, 2012. "Brewster Kahle, the man behind a project to file every webpage, now wants to gather one copy of every published book"
 161. ^ "The Internet Archive Classic Software Preservation Project". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on October 19, 2007 . Retrieved October 21, 2007 .
 162. ^ "Internet Archive Gets DMCA Exemption To Help Archive Vintage Software". Archived from the original on October 20, 2007 . Retrieved October 21, 2007 .
 163. ^ Library of Congress Copyright Office (November 27, 2006). "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies". Federal Register. 71 (227): 68472–68480. Archived from the original on November 1, 2007 . Retrieved October 21, 2007 . "Computer programs and video games distributed in formats that have become obsolete and that require the original media or hardware as a condition of access, when circumvention is accomplished for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive. A format shall be considered obsolete if the machine or system necessary to render perceptible a work stored in that format is no longer manufactured or is no longer reasonably available in the commercial marketplace."
 164. ^ Library of Congress Copyright Office (October 28, 2009). "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies" (PDF) . Federal Register. 27 (206): 55137–55139. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2009 . Retrieved December 17, 2009 .
 165. ^ Library of Congress Copyright Office (July 27, 2010). "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies". Federal Register. 75 (143): 43825–43839. Archived from the original on June 27, 2015.
 166. ^ Robertson, Adi (October 25, 2013). "The Internet Archive puts Atari games and obsolete software directly in your browser". The Verge. Archived from the original on October 27, 2013.
 167. ^ Ohlheiser, Abby (January 5, 2015). "You can now play nearly 2,400 MS-DOS video games in your browser". Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 7, 2015 . Retrieved January 8, 2015 .
 168. ^ Scott, Jason (December 23, 2014). "Each New Boot a Miracle". Archived from the original on January 9, 2015.
 169. ^ "collection:softwarelibrary_msdos". Archived from the original on June 28, 2015.
 170. ^ Graft, Kris (March 5, 2015). "Saving video game history begins right now". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on March 7, 2015 . Retrieved March 5, 2015 .
 171. ^ "Internet Archive's Terms of Use, Privacy Policy, and Copyright Policy". December 31, 2014. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015 . Retrieved January 8, 2015 . Access to the Archive's Collections is provided at no cost to you and is granted for scholarship and research purposes only.
 172. ^ Lu, Kathy (January 12, 2015). "Time suck alert: 'Pac-Man' among thousands of MS-DOS games available for free". The Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016 . Retrieved December 7, 2016 .
 173. ^ O'Neil, Lauren (January 7, 2015). "90's kids rejoice as Internet Archive releases 2,300 MS-DOS games for free – Your Community". CBCNEWS. Archived from the original on October 17, 2016 . Retrieved December 7, 2016 .
 174. ^ Campbell, Ian Carlos (November 19, 2020). "The Internet Archive is now preserving Flash games and animations". The Verge. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020 . Retrieved November 19, 2020 .
 175. ^ "Table Top Scribe System". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018 . Retrieved October 23, 2018 .
 176. ^ Stutz, Michael (March 28, 2007). "Linux to help the Library of Congress save American history". Linux.com. The Linux foundation. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017.
 177. ^ Strozniak, Peter (December 18, 2015). "Death of a Credit Union: Internet Archive FCU Voluntarily Liquidates". Credit Union Times. Archived from the original on October 6, 2019 . Retrieved October 6, 2019 .
 178. ^ "Difficult Times at our Credit Union". Internet Archive Blogs. November 24, 2015. Archived from the original on June 16, 2019 . Retrieved October 6, 2019 .
 179. ^ Leeds, Jeff; Mayshark, Jesse Fox (December 1, 2005). "Wrath of Deadheads stalls a Web crackdown". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 8, 2015.
 180. ^ Lesh, Phil (November 30, 2005). "An Announcement from Phil Lesh". Hotline (blog). PhilLesh.net. Archived from the original on July 15, 2007.
 181. ^ Kahle, Brewster; Vernon, Matt (December 1, 2005). "Good News and an Apology: GD on the Internet Archive". Live Music Archive Forum. Internet Archive. Archived from the original on August 6, 2014. Authors and date indicate the first posting in the forum thread .
 182. ^ Broache, Anne (May 7, 2008). "FBI rescinds secret order for Internet Archive records". CNet. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008.
 183. ^ Nakashima, Ellen (May 8, 2008). "FBI Backs Off From Secret Order for Data After Lawsuit". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 6, 2008.
 184. ^ Crocker, Andrew (December 1, 2016). "Internet Archive Received National Security Letter with FBI Misinformation about Challenging Gag Order". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Archived from the original on December 13, 2016.
 185. ^ Kahle, Brewster (January 17, 2012). "12 Hours Dark: Internet Archive vs. Censorship". Internet Archive Blogs. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014.
 186. ^ "Open Content Alliance". opencontentalliance.org. Archived from the original on April 10, 2013 . Retrieved April 13, 2013 .
 187. ^ Frank, Allegra (August 8, 2016). "Nintendo takes down Nintendo Power collection from Internet Archive after noticing it". Polygon. Archived from the original on August 11, 2016.
 188. ^ a b "Indian ISP Ban on Wayback Machine Lifted? Confirmation Awaited". Guiding Tech. August 9, 2017. Archived from the original on April 12, 2020 . Retrieved April 12, 2020 .
 189. ^ Kelion, Leo (August 9, 2017). "Bollywood blocks the Internet Archive". BBC. Archived from the original on August 6, 2018 . Retrieved January 1, 2018 .
 190. ^ "Turkey restores access to Google Drive after blocking cloud storage services". Turkey Blocks. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017 . Retrieved October 10, 2016 .
 191. ^ "Turkey Country Report | Freedom on the Net 2017". freedomhouse.org. November 14, 2017. Archived from the original on December 27, 2018 . Retrieved December 26, 2018 .
 192. ^ a b Kelion, Leo (May 15, 2018). "IS propaganda 'hidden on Internet Archive'". BBC News. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022 . Retrieved February 6, 2022 .
 193. ^ a b "Internet Archive denies hosting 'terrorist' content". BBC News. April 12, 2019. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022 . Retrieved February 6, 2022 .
 194. ^ a b Woodcock, Claire (February 14, 2022). "Archivists Are Putting Terrorist Manifestos Online. Should They Stay There?". Vice. Archived from the original on March 2, 2022 . Retrieved March 2, 2022 .
 195. ^ Lee, Timothy B. (March 28, 2020). "Internet Archive offers 1.4 million copyrighted books for free online". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020 . Retrieved April 10, 2020 .
 196. ^ a b Freeland, Chris (March 30, 2020). "Internet Archive responds: Why we released the National Emergency Library". Internet Archive Blogs . Retrieved May 26, 2020 .
 197. ^ Cohen, Noam (April 20, 2020). "The National Emergency Library and Its Discontents". Wired. Archived from the original on April 20, 2020 . Retrieved April 20, 2020 .
 198. ^ Flood, Alison (March 30, 2020). "Internet Archive accused of using Covid-19 as 'an excuse for piracy'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 31, 2020 . Retrieved May 26, 2020 .
 199. ^ Freeland, Chris (March 24, 2020). "Announcing a National Emergency Library to Provide Digitized Books to Students and the Public". Internet Archive Blogs . Retrieved May 26, 2020 .
 200. ^ Hurst-Wahl, Jill (April 20, 2020). "Digitization 101: The National Emergency Library". Digitization 101. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020 . Retrieved May 26, 2020 .
 201. ^ Hampton, Rachelle (April 2020). "The Internet Archive Started an "Emergency" Online Library. Authors Are Furious". Slate. Archived from the original on April 3, 2020 . Retrieved July 30, 2021 .
 202. ^ Flood, Alison (March 30, 2020). "Internet Archive accused of using Covid-19 as 'an excuse for piracy'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 30, 2020 . Retrieved March 30, 2020 .
 203. ^ Dwyer, Colin (March 30, 2020). "Authors, Publishers Condemn The 'National Emergency Library' As 'Piracy'". NPR. Archived from the original on March 30, 2020 . Retrieved March 30, 2020 .
 204. ^ Grady, Constance (April 2, 2020). "Why authors are so angry about the Internet Archive's Emergency Library". Vox. Archived from the original on April 4, 2020 . Retrieved April 2, 2020 .
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 Further reading [ edit ]

 Library resources about 
 Internet Archive 
 * Resources in your library 
 * Resources in other libraries
 
 * Kahle, Brewster (November 1996). "Archiving the Internet". Scientific America. Archived from the original on October 11, 1997.
 * Kahle, Brewster (November 6, 2013). "Scanning Center Fire—Please Help Rebuild". Internet Archive Blogs.
 * Lepore, Jill (January 26, 2015). "The Cobweb". The New Yorker.
 * Ringmar, Erik (April 10, 2008). "Liberate and Disseminate". Times Higher Education Supplement.

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 * 
For help citing the Wayback Machine (an Internet Archive service) in the English Wikipedia, see Help:Using the Wayback Machine.
"archive.org" redirects here. Not to be confused with arXiv.org.
 Internet Archive          Type of business   501(c)(3) nonprofit    Type of site   Digital library    Available in  English    Founded May 10, 1996; 26 years ago [1]   [2]     Headquarters  Richmond District  San Francisco, California  37°46′56″N 122°28′18″W﻿ / ﻿37.782321°N 122.47161137°W Coordinates: 37°46′56″N 122°28′18″W﻿ / ﻿37.782321°N 122.47161137°W    Chairman  Brewster Kahle     Services   
 Archive-It
 Open Library 
 Wayback Machine (since 2001)
Netlabels
 NASA Images
 Prelinger Archives  
     Revenue   $36.7 million (2019) [3]     Employees  169 (2019) [3]     URL  archive .org    Commercial No   Launched 1996   Current status Active   
     
The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". [4]   [5]  It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, movies/videos, moving images, and millions of books. In addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating a free and open Internet. As of January 1, 2023, the Internet Archive holds over 36 million books and texts, 11.6 million movies, videos and TV shows and clips, 950 thousand software programs, 15 million audio files, 4.5 million images, 251 thousand concerts, and 780 billion web pages in the Wayback Machine.
 The Internet Archive allows the public to upload and download digital material to its data cluster, but the bulk of its data is collected automatically by its web crawlers, which work to preserve as much of the public web as possible. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains hundreds of billions of web captures. [6]   [7]  The Archive also oversees one of the world's largest book digitization projects.
History[edit]
      Headquarters in Building 116 of the Presidio of San Francisco in 2008  
 Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in May 1996 around the same time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet. [8]   [9]  In October of that year, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities, [10]  though it saved the earliest known page on May 10, 1996, at 2:42 PM. [11]   [12]   [13]   [14]  The archived content first became available to the general public in 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine.
 In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the web archive, beginning with the Prelinger Archives. Now[ when? ] the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of other projects: the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It, and the wiki-editable library catalog and book information site Open Library. Soon after that, the Archive began working to provide specialized services relating to the information access needs of the print-disabled; publicly accessible books were made available in a protected Digital Accessible Information System (DAISY) format. [15] 
 According to its website: [4] 
 Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture and heritage. Without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form. The Archive's mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. 
In August 2012, the Archive announced [16]  that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for more than 1.3 million existing files, and all newly uploaded files. [17]   [18]  This method is the fastest means of downloading media from the Archive, as files are served from two Archive data centers, in addition to other torrent clients which have downloaded and continue to serve the files. [17]   [19]  On November 6, 2013, the Internet Archive's headquarters in San Francisco's Richmond District caught fire, [20]  destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments. [21]  According to the Archive, it lost a side-building housing one of 30 of its scanning centers; cameras, lights, and scanning equipment worth hundreds of thousands of dollars; and "maybe 20 boxes of books and film, some irreplaceable, most already digitized, and some replaceable". [22]  The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage. [23] 
 An overhaul of the site was launched as beta in November 2014, and the legacy layout was removed in March 2016. [24]   [25] 
 In November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the Archive to be based somewhere in Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build a backup archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump. [26]   [27]   [28]  Kahle was quoted as saying:
 On November 9th in America, we woke up to a new administration promising radical change. It was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and perpetually accessible. It means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions. It means serving patrons in a world in which government surveillance is not going away; indeed it looks like it will increase. Throughout history, libraries have fought against terrible violations of privacy—where people have been rounded up simply for what they read. At the Internet Archive, we are fighting to protect our readers' privacy in the digital world. [26]   
Beginning in 2017, OCLC and the Internet Archive have collaborated to make the Archive's records of digitized books available in WorldCat. [29] 
 Since 2018, the Internet Archive visual arts residency, which is organized by Amir Saber Esfahani and Andrew McClintock, helps connect artists with the Archive's over 48 petabytes  [30]  of digitized materials. Over the course of the yearlong residency, visual artists create a body of work which culminates in an exhibition. The hope is to connect digital history with the arts and create something for future generations to appreciate online or off. [31]  Previous artists in residence include Taravat Talepasand, Whitney Lynn, and Jenny Odell. [32] 
 In 2019, its headquarters in San Francisco received a bomb threat which forced a temporary evacuation of the building. [33] 
 The Internet Archive acquires most materials from donations, [34]  such as hundreds of thousands of 78 rpm discs from Boston Public Library in 2017, [35]  a donation of 250,000 books from Trent University in 2018, [36]  and the entire collection of Marygrove College's library in 2020 after it closed. [37]  All material is then digitized and retained in digital storage, while a digital copy is returned to the original holder and the Internet Archive's copy, if not in the public domain, is lent to patrons worldwide one at a time under the controlled digital lending (CDL) theory of the first-sale doctrine. [38] 
Operations[edit]
        This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2020)           
The Archive is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit operating in the United States. In 2019, it had an annual budget of $36 million, derived from revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations, and the Kahle-Austin Foundation. [39]  The Internet Archive also manages periodic funding campaigns. For instance, a December 2019 campaign had a goal of reaching $6 million in donations. [40] 
 The Archive is headquartered in San Francisco, California. From 1996 to 2009, its headquarters were in the Presidio of San Francisco, a former U.S. military base. Since 2009, its headquarters have been at 300 Funston Avenue in San Francisco, a former Christian Science Church. At one time, most of its staff worked in its book-scanning centers; as of 2019, scanning is performed by 100 paid operators worldwide. [41]  The Archive also has data centers in three Californian cities: San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond. To reduce the risk of data loss, the Archive creates copies of parts of its collection at more distant locations, including the Bibliotheca Alexandrina  [42]   [43]  in Egypt and a facility in Amsterdam. [44] 
 The Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium  [45]  and was officially designated as a library by the state of California in 2007. [46]   [47] 
Web archiving[edit]
Wayback Machine[edit]
      Wayback Machine logo, used since 2001  
The Internet Archive capitalized on the popular use of the term "WABAC Machine" from a segment of  The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle  cartoon (specifically,  Peabody's Improbable History ), and uses the name "Wayback Machine" for its service that allows archives of the World Wide Web to be searched and accessed. [48]  This service allows users to view some of the archived web pages. The Wayback Machine was created as a joint effort between Alexa Internet (owned by Amazon.com) and the Internet Archive when a three-dimensional index was built to allow for the browsing of archived web content. [49]  Millions of web sites and their associated data (images, source code, documents, etc.) are saved in a database. The service can be used to see what previous versions of web sites used to look like, to grab original source code from web sites that may no longer be directly available, or to visit web sites that no longer even exist. Not all web sites are available because many web site owners choose to exclude their sites. As with all sites based on data from web crawlers, the Internet Archive misses large areas of the web for a variety of other reasons. A 2004 paper found international biases in the coverage, but deemed them "not intentional". [50] 
      A purchase of additional storage at the Internet Archive  
       Servers at the Internet Archive headquarters in San Francisco  
A "Save Page Now" archiving feature was made available in October 2013, [51]  accessible on the lower right of the Wayback Machine's main page. [52]  Once a target URL is entered and saved, the web page will become part of the Wayback Machine. [51] 
Through the Internet address web.archive.org, [53]  users can upload to the Wayback Machine a large variety of contents, including PDF and data compression file formats. The Wayback Machine creates a permanent local URL of the upload content, that is accessible in the web, even if not listed while searching in the https://archive.org official website.
 In October 2016, it was announced that the way web pages are counted would be changed, resulting in the decrease of the archived pages counts shown. Embedded objects such as pictures, videos, style sheets, JavaScripts are no longer counted as a "web page", whereas HTML, PDF, and plain text documents remain counted. [54] 
 
Year
Archived pages (billions)
 
2005
40 [55] 
 
2006
85 [56] 
 
2007
85 [57] 
 
2008
85 [58] 
 
2009
150 [59] 
 
2010
150 [60] 
 
2011
150 [61] 
 
2012
150 [62] 
 
2013
373 [63] 
 
2014
430 [64] 
 
2015
479 [65] 
 
2016
510 [A]   [66] 
273 [B]   [54] 
 
2017
286 [67] 
 
2018
344 [68] 
 
2019
396 [69] 
 
2020
486 [70] 
 
2021
635 [71] 
 
2022
771 [72] 
 
   A   Using the old counting system used before October 2016
  B   Using the new counting system used after October 2016
    
In September 2020, the Internet Archive announced a partnership with Cloudflare to automatically index websites served via its "Always Online" services. [73]  
Archive-It[edit]
   Brewster Kahle of the Internet Archive talks about archiving operations  
Created in early 2006, Archive-It [74]  is a web archiving subscription service that allows institutions and individuals to build and preserve collections of digital content and create digital archives. Archive-It allows the user to customize their capture or exclusion of web content they want to preserve for cultural heritage reasons. Through a web application, Archive-It partners can harvest, catalog, manage, browse, search, and view their archived collections. [75] 
 In terms of accessibility, the archived web sites are full text searchable within seven days of capture. [76]  Content collected through Archive-It is captured and stored as a WARC file. A primary and back-up copy is stored at the Internet Archive data centers. A copy of the WARC file can be given to subscribing partner institutions for geo-redundant preservation and storage purposes to their best practice standards. [77]  Periodically, the data captured through Archive-It is indexed into the Internet Archive's general archive.
 As of March 2014, Archive-It had more than 275 partner institutions in 46 U.S. states and 16 countries that have captured more than 7.4 billion URLs for more than 2,444 public collections. Archive-It partners are universities and college libraries, state archives, federal institutions, museums, law libraries, and cultural organizations, including the Electronic Literature Organization, North Carolina State Archives and Library, Stanford University, Columbia University, American University in Cairo, Georgetown Law Library, and many others.
Internet Archive Scholar[edit]
In September 2020 Internet Archive announced a new initiative to archive and preserve open access academic journals, called Internet Archive Scholar. [78]   [79]   [80]  Its full-text search index includes over 25 million research articles and other scholarly documents preserved in the Internet Archive. The collection spans from digitized copies of eighteenth century journals through the latest open access conference proceedings and pre-prints crawled from the World Wide Web.
General Index[edit]
In 2021, the Internet Archive announced the initial version of the General Index, a publicly available index to a collection of 107 million academic journal articles. [81]   [82] 
Book collections[edit]
Text collection[edit]
     
      An Internet Archive in-house scan ongoing  
The Internet Archive operates 33 scanning centers in five countries, digitizing about 1,000 books a day for a total of more than 2 million books, [83]  financially supported by libraries and foundations. [84]  As of July 2013, the collection included 4.4 million books with more than 15 million downloads per month. [83]  As of November 2008, when there were approximately 1 million texts, the entire collection was greater than 0.5 petabytes, which includes raw camera images, cropped and skewed images, PDFs, and raw OCR data. [85]  Between about 2006 and 2008, Microsoft had a special relationship with Internet Archive texts through its Live Search Books project, scanning more than 300,000 books that were contributed to the collection, as well as financial support and scanning equipment. On May 23, 2008, Microsoft announced it would be ending the Live Book Search project and no longer scanning books. [86]  Microsoft made its scanned books available without contractual restriction and donated its scanning equipment to its former partners. [86] 
 Around October 2007, Archive users began uploading public domain books from Google Book Search. [87]  As of November 2013, there were more than 900,000 Google-digitized books in the Archive's collection; [88]  the books are identical to the copies found on Google, except without the Google watermarks, and are available for unrestricted use and download. [89]  Brewster Kahle revealed in 2013 that this archival effort was coordinated by Aaron Swartz, who with a "bunch of friends" downloaded the public domain books from Google slowly enough and from enough computers to stay within Google's restrictions. They did this to ensure public access to the public domain. The Archive ensured the items were attributed and linked back to Google, which never complained, while libraries "grumbled". According to Kahle, this is an example of Swartz's "genius" to work on what could give the most to the public good for millions of people. [90]  Besides books, the Archive offers free and anonymous public access to more than four million court opinions, legal briefs, or exhibits uploaded from the United States Federal Courts' PACER electronic document system via the RECAP web browser plugin. These documents had been kept behind a federal court paywall. On the Archive, they had been accessed by more than six million people by 2013. [90] 
 The Archive's BookReader web app, [91]  built into its website, has features such as single-page, two-page, and thumbnail modes; fullscreen mode; page zooming of high-resolution images; and flip page animation. [91]   [92] 
Number of texts for each language[edit]
 
Number of all texts  (2022)
34,000,000 [93] 
   
 
Language
Number of texts  (2022)
 
 English
25,000,000 [93] 
 
 French
700,000 [93] 
 
 Dutch
700,000 [93] 
 
 German
700,000 [93] 
 
 Chinese
550,000 [93] 
 
 Arabic
450,000 [93] 
 
 Italian
400,000 [93] 
 
 Spanish
300,000 [93] 
 
 Japanese
150,000 [93] 
 
 Greek
150,000 [93] 
 
 Latin
150,000 [93] 
 
 Urdu
100,000 [93] 
   
Number of texts for each decade[edit]
 
XIX century
 
Decade
Number of texts  (July 5, 2021)
 
1800s
82,587 [94] 
 
1810s
100,048 [95] 
 
1820s
151,669 [96] 
 
1830s
203,287 [97] 
 
1840s
239,343 [98] 
 
1850s
307,302 [99] 
 
1860s
322,843 [100] 
 
1870s
336,637 [101] 
 
1880s
445,046 [102] 
 
1890s
570,017 [103] 
   
XX century
 
Decade
Number of texts  (July 5, 2021)
 
1900s
767,201 [104] 
 
1910s
744,445 [105] 
 
1920s
473,331 [106] 
 
1930s
342,779 [107] 
 
1940s
400,490 [108] 
 
1950s
560,730 [109] 
 
1960s
711,449 [110] 
 
1970s
2,540,807 [111] 
 
1980s
1,124,927 [112] 
 
1990s
1,379,398 [113] 
   
XXI century
 
Decade
Number of texts  (July 5, 2021)
 
2000s
1,754,932 [114] 
 
2010s
3,317,801 [115] 
 
2020s
205,178 [116] 
   
   
Open Library[edit]
The Open Library is another project of the Internet Archive. The project seeks to include a web page for every book ever published: it holds 25 million catalog records of editions. It also seeks to be a web-accessible public library: it contains the full texts of approximately 1,600,000 public domain books (out of the more than five million from the main texts collection), as well as in-print and in-copyright books, [117]  many of which are fully readable, downloadable [118]   [119]  and full-text searchable; [120]  it offers a two-week loan of e-books in its controlled digital lending program for over 647,784 books not in the public domain, in partnership with over 1,000 library partners from six countries [83]   [121]  after a free registration on the web site. Open Library is a free and open-source software project, with its source code freely available on GitHub.
 The Open Library faces objections from some authors and the Society of Authors, who hold that the project is distributing books without authorization and is thus in violation of copyright laws, [122]  and four major publishers initiated a copyright infringement lawsuit against the Internet Archive in June 2020 to stop the Open Library project. [123] 
[edit]
Many large institutional sponsors have helped the Internet Archive provide millions of scanned publications (text items). [124]  Some sponsors that have digitized large quantities of texts include the University of Toronto's Robarts Library, the University of Alberta Libraries, the University of Ottawa, the Library of Congress, Boston Library Consortium member libraries, the Boston Public Library, the Princeton Theological Seminary Library, and many others. [125] 
 In 2017, the MIT Press authorized the Internet Archive to digitize and lend books from the press's backlist, [126]  with financial support from the Arcadia Fund. [127]   [128]  A year later, the Internet Archive received further funding from the Arcadia Fund to invite some other university presses to partner with the Internet Archive to digitize books, a project called "Unlocking University Press Books". [129]   [130] 
 The Library of Congress created numerous handle system identifiers that pointed to free digitized books in the Internet Archive. [131]  The Internet Archive and Open Library are listed on the Library of Congress website as a source of e-books. [132] 
Media collections[edit]
     
      Microfilms at the Internet Archive  
     
In addition to web archives, the Internet Archive maintains extensive collections of digital media that are attested by the uploader to be in the public domain in the United States or licensed under a license that allows redistribution, such as Creative Commons licenses. Media are organized into collections by media type (moving images, audio, text, etc.), and into sub-collections by various criteria. Each of the main collections includes a "Community" sub-collection (formerly named "Open Source") where general contributions by the public are stored.
Audio[edit]
Audio Archive[edit]
The Audio Archive is an audio archive that includes music, audiobooks, news broadcasts, old time radio shows, podcasts, and a wide variety of other audio files. As of January 2023, there are more than 15,000,000 free digital recordings in the collection. The subcollections include audio books and poetry, podcasts, non-English audio, and many others. [133]  The sound collections are curated by B. George, director of the ARChive of Contemporary Music. [134] 
 Next to the stock HTML5 audio player, Winamp-resembling Webamp is available.
Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications[edit]
A project to preserve recordings of amateur radio transmissions, with funding from the Amateur Radio Digital Communications foundation. [135]   [136] 
Live Music Archive[edit]
The Live Music Archive sub-collection includes more than 170,000 concert recordings from independent musicians, as well as more established artists and musical ensembles with permissive rules about recording their concerts, such as the Grateful Dead, and more recently, The Smashing Pumpkins. Also, Jordan Zevon has allowed the Internet Archive to host a definitive collection of his father Warren Zevon's concert recordings. The Zevon collection ranges from 1976 to 2001 and contains 126 concerts including 1,137 songs. [137] 
The Great 78 Project[edit]
 The Great 78 Project aims to digitize 250,000 78 rpm singles (500,000 songs) from the period between 1880 and 1960, donated by various collectors and institutions. It has been developed in collaboration with the Archive of Contemporary Music and George Blood Audio, responsible for the audio digitization. [134] 
Netlabels[edit]
Not to be confused with Netlabel.
The Archive has a collection of freely distributable music that is streamed and available for download via its Netlabels service. The music in this collection generally has Creative Commons-license catalogs of virtual record labels. [138]   [139] 
Images collection[edit]
This collection contains more than 3.5 million items. [140]  Cover Art Archive, Metropolitan Museum of Art - Gallery Images, NASA Images, Occupy Wall Street Flickr Archive, and USGS Maps are some sub-collections of Image collection.
Cover Art Archive[edit]
      Logo of Cover Art Archive  
The Cover Art Archive is a joint project between the Internet Archive and MusicBrainz, whose goal is to make cover art images on the Internet. As of April 2021, this collection contains more than 1,400,000 items. [141] 
Metropolitan Museum of Art images[edit]
The images of this collection are from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. This collection contains more than 140,000 items. [142] 
NASA Images[edit]
The NASA Images archive was created through a Space Act Agreement between the Internet Archive and NASA to bring public access to NASA's image, video, and audio collections in a single, searchable resource. The IA NASA Images team worked closely with all of the NASA centers to keep adding to the ever-growing collection. [143]  The nasaimages.org site launched in July 2008 and had more than 100,000 items online at the end of its hosting in 2012.
Occupy Wall Street Flickr archive[edit]
This collection contains Creative Commons-licensed photographs from Flickr related to the Occupy Wall Street movement. This collection contains more than 15,000 items. [144] 
USGS Maps[edit]
This collection contains more than 59,000 items from Libre Map Project. [145] 
Mathematical images[edit]
This collection contains mathematical images created by mathematical artist Hamid Naderi Yeganeh. [146] 
Machinima Archive[edit]
One of the sub-collections of the Internet Archive's Video Archive is the Machinima Archive. This small section hosts many Machinima videos. Machinima is a digital artform in which computer games, game engines, or software engines are used in a sandbox-like mode to create motion pictures, recreate plays, or even publish presentations or keynotes. The archive collects a range of Machinima films from internet publishers such as Rooster Teeth and Machinima.com as well as independent producers. The sub-collection is a collaborative effort among the Internet Archive, the How They Got Game research project at Stanford University, the Academy of Machinima Arts and Sciences, and Machinima.com. [147] 
Microfilm collection[edit]
This collection contains approximately 160,000 microfilmed items from a variety of libraries including the University of Chicago Libraries, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the University of Alberta, Allen County Public Library, and the National Technical Information Service. [148]   [149] 
Moving image collection[edit]
The Internet Archive holds a collection of approximately 3,863 feature films. [150]  Additionally, the Internet Archive's Moving Image collection includes: newsreels, classic cartoons, pro- and anti-war propaganda, The Video Cellar Collection, Skip Elsheimer's "A.V. Geeks" collection, early television, and ephemeral material from Prelinger Archives, such as advertising, educational, and industrial films, as well as amateur and home movie collections.
 Subcategories of this collection include:
 IA's  Brick Films  collection, which contains stop-motion animation filmed with Lego bricks, some of which are "remakes" of feature films.
IA's Election 2004 collection, a non-partisan public resource for sharing video materials related to the 2004 United States presidential election.
IA's FedFlix collection, Joint Venture NTIS-1832 between the National Technical Information Service and Public.Resource.Org that features "the best movies of the United States Government, from training films to history, from our national parks to the U.S. Fire Academy and the Postal Inspectors" [151]  
IA's Independent News collection, which includes sub-collections such as the Internet Archive's World At War competition from 2001, in which contestants created short films demonstrating "why access to history matters". Among their most-downloaded video files are eyewitness recordings of the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.
IA's September 11 Television Archive, which contains archival footage from the world's major television networks of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, as they unfolded on live television. [152]   
Open Educational Resources[edit]
Open Educational Resources is a digital collection at archive.org. This collection contains hundreds of free courses, video lectures, and supplemental materials from universities in the United States and China. The contributors of this collection are ArsDigita University, Hewlett Foundation, MIT, Monterey Institute, and Naropa University. [153] 
TV News Search &amp; Borrow[edit]
      TV tuners at the Internet Archive  
In September 2012, the Internet Archive launched the TV News Search &amp; Borrow service for searching U.S. national news programs. [154]  The service is built on closed captioning transcripts and allows users to search and stream 30-second video clips. Upon launch, the service contained "350,000 news programs collected over 3 years from national U.S. networks and stations in San Francisco and Washington D.C." [155]  According to Kahle, the service was inspired by the Vanderbilt Television News Archive, a similar library of televised network news programs. [156]  In contrast to Vanderbilt, which limits access to streaming video to individuals associated with subscribing colleges and universities, the TV News Search &amp; Borrow allows open access to its streaming video clips. In 2013, the Archive received an additional donation of "approximately 40,000 well-organized tapes" from the estate of a Philadelphia woman, Marion Stokes. Stokes "had recorded more than 35 years of TV news in Philadelphia and Boston with her VHS and Betamax machines." [157] 
Miscellaneous collections[edit]
Brooklyn Museum[edit]
This collection contains approximately 3,000 items from Brooklyn Museum. [158] 
Michelson library[edit]
In December 2020, the film research library of Lillian Michelson was donated to the archive. [159] 
Other services and endeavors[edit]
Physical media[edit]
      A vintage wall intercom, an example of another "archived" item  
Voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away, and inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Kahle now envisions collecting one copy of every book ever published. "We're not going to get there, but that's our goal", he said. Alongside the books, Kahle plans to store the Internet Archive's old servers, which were replaced in 2010. [160] 
Software[edit]
The Internet Archive has "the largest collection of historical software online in the world", spanning 50 years of computer history in terabytes of computer magazines and journals, books, shareware discs, FTP sites, video games, etc. The Internet Archive has created an archive of what it describes as "vintage software", as a way to preserve them. [161]  The project advocated for an exemption from the United States Digital Millennium Copyright Act to permit them to bypass copy protection, which the United States Copyright Office approved in 2003 for a period of three years. [162]  The Archive does not offer the software for download, as the exemption is solely "for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive." [163]  The Library of Congress renewed the exemption in 2006, and in 2009 indefinitely extended it pending further rulemakings. [164]  The Library reiterated the exemption as a "Final Rule" with no expiration date in 2010. [165]  In 2013, the Internet Archive began to provide abandonware video games browser-playable via MESS, for instance the Atari 2600 game  E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial . [166]  Since December 23, 2014, the Internet Archive presents, via a browser-based DOSBox emulation, thousands of DOS/PC games [167]   [168]   [169]   [170]  for "scholarship and research purposes only". [171]   [172]   [173]  In November 2020, the Archive introduced a new emulator for Adobe Flash called Ruffle, and began archiving Flash animations and games ahead of the December 31, 2020 end-of-life for the Flash plugin across all computer systems. [174] 
Table Top Scribe System[edit]
A combined hardware software system has been developed that performs a safe method of digitizing content. [175]   [176] 
Credit Union[edit]
From 2012 to November 2015, the Internet Archive operated the Internet Archive Federal Credit Union, a federal credit union based in New Brunswick, New Jersey, with the goal of providing access to low- and middle-income people. Throughout its short existence, the IAFCU experienced significant conflicts with the National Credit Union Administration, which severely limited the IAFCU's loan portfolio and concerns over serving Bitcoin firms. At the time of its dissolution, it consisted of 395 members and was worth $2.5 million. [177]   [178] 
Controversies, legal disputes, and activism[edit]
      The main hall of the current headquarters  
Grateful Dead[edit]
In November 2005, free downloads of Grateful Dead concerts were removed from the site. John Perry Barlow identified Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, and Bill Kreutzmann as the instigators of the change, according to an article in  The New York Times . [179]  Phil Lesh commented on the change in a November 30, 2005, posting to his personal web site:
 It was brought to my attention that all of the Grateful Dead shows were taken down from Archive.org right before Thanksgiving. I was not part of this decision making process and was not notified that the shows were to be pulled. I do feel that the music is the Grateful Dead's legacy and I hope that one way or another all of it is available for those who want it. [180]   
A November 30 forum post from Brewster Kahle summarized what appeared to be the compromise reached among the band members. Audience recordings could be downloaded or streamed, but soundboard recordings were to be available for streaming only. Concerts have since been re-added. [181] 
National security letters[edit]
             
On May 8, 2008, it was revealed that the Internet Archive had successfully challenged an FBI national security letter asking for logs on an undisclosed user. [182]   [183] 
 On November 28, 2016, it was revealed that a second FBI national security letter had been successfully challenged that had been asking for logs on another undisclosed user. [184] 
Opposition to SOPA and PIPA bills[edit]
The Internet Archive blacked out its web site for 12 hours on January 18, 2012, in protest of the Stop Online Piracy Act and the PROTECT IP Act bills, two pieces of legislation in the United States Congress that they claimed would "negatively affect the ecosystem of web publishing that led to the emergence of the Internet Archive". This occurred in conjunction with the English Wikipedia blackout, as well as numerous other protests across the Internet. [185] 
Opposition to Google Books settlement[edit]
The Internet Archive is a member of the Open Book Alliance, which has been among the most outspoken critics of the Google Book Settlement. The Archive advocates an alternative digital library project. [186] 
 Nintendo Power magazine[edit]
In February 2016, Internet Archive users had begun archiving digital copies of  Nintendo Power , Nintendo's official magazine for their games and products, which ran from 1988 to 2012. The first 140 issues had been collected, before Nintendo had the archive removed on August 8, 2016. In response to the take-down, Nintendo told gaming website  Polygon , "[Nintendo] must protect our own characters, trademarks and other content. The unapproved use of Nintendo's intellectual property can weaken our ability to protect and preserve it, or to possibly use it for new projects". [187] 
Government of India[edit]
In August 2017, the Department of Telecommunications of the Government of India blocked the Internet Archive along with other file-sharing websites, in accordance with two court orders issued by the Madras High Court, [188]  citing piracy concerns after copies of two Bollywood films were allegedly shared via the service. [189]  The HTTP version of the Archive was blocked but it remained accessible using the HTTPS protocol. [188] 
Turkey[edit]
On October 9, 2016, the Internet Archive was temporarily blocked in Turkey after it was used (amongst other file hosting services) by hackers to host 17 GB of leaked government emails. [190]   [191] 
Hosting of terrorist material[edit]
In May 2018, a report published by the cyber-security firm Flashpoint stated that the Islamic State was using the Internet Archive to share its propaganda. [192]  Chris Butler, from the Internet Archive, responded that they regularly spoke to the US and EU governments about sharing information on terrorism. [192] 
 In April 2019, Europol, acting on a referral from French police, asked the Internet Archive to remove 550 sites of "terrorist propaganda". [193]  The Archive rejected the request, saying that the reports were wrong about the content they pointed to, or were too broad for the organization to comply with. [193] 
 In January 2022, a former UCLA lecturer uploaded an 800-page manifesto, containing racist ideas and threats against UCLA staff, to the Internet Archive. [194]  The manifesto was removed by the Internet Archive after a week, amidst discussion about whether such documents should be preserved by archivists or not. [194] 
National Emergency Library[edit]
In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic which closed many schools, universities, and libraries, the Archive announced on March 24, 2020, that it was creating the National Emergency Library by removing the lending restrictions it had in place for 1.4 million digitized books in its Open Library but otherwise limiting users to the number of books they could check out and enforcing their return; normally, the site would only allow one digital lending for each physical copy of the book they had, by use of an encrypted file that would become unusable after the lending period was completed. This Library would remain as such until at least June 30, 2020, or until the US national emergency was over, whichever came later. [195]  At launch, the Internet Archive allowed authors and rightholders to submit opt-out requests for their works to be omitted from the National Emergency Library. [196]   [197]   [198] 
 The Internet Archive said the National Emergency Library addressed an "unprecedented global and immediate need for access to reading and research material" due to the closures of physical libraries worldwide. [199]  They justified the move in a number of ways. Legally, they said they were promoting access to those inaccessible resources, which they claimed was an exercise in fair use principles. The Archive continued implementing their controlled digital lending policy that predated the National Emergency Library, meaning they still encrypted the lent copies and it was no easier for users to create new copies of the books than before. An ultimate determination of whether or not the National Emergency Library constituted fair use could only be made by a court. Morally, they also pointed out that the Internet Archive was a registered library like any other, that they either paid for the books themselves or received them as donations, and that lending through libraries predated copyright restrictions. [196]   [200] 
 However, the Archive had already been criticized by authors and publishers for its prior lending approach, and upon announcement of the National Emergency Library, authors, publishers, and groups representing both took further issue, equating the move to copyright infringement and digital piracy, and using the COVID-19 pandemic as a reason to push the boundaries of copyright (see also: Open Library § Copyright violation accusations). [201]   [202]   [203]   [204]  After the works of some of these authors were ridiculed in responses, the Internet Archive's Jason Scott requested that supporters of the National Emergency Library not denigrate anyone's books: "I realize there's strong debate and disagreement here, but books are life-giving and life-changing and these writers made them." [205] 
Publishers' lawsuit[edit]
The operation of the National Emergency Library was part of a lawsuit filed against the Internet Archive by four major book publishers – Hachette, HarperCollins, John Wiley &amp; Sons, and Penguin Random House – in June 2020, challenging the copyright validity of the controlled digital lending program. [123]   [206]  In response, the Internet Archive closed the National Emergency Library on June 16, 2020, rather than the planned June 30, 2020, due to the lawsuit. [207]   [208]  The plaintiffs, supported by the Copyright Alliance, [209]  claimed in their lawsuit that the Internet Archive's actions constituted a "willful mass copyright infringement". [210]  In August 2020 the lawsuit trial was tentatively scheduled to begin in November 2021. [211]  By June 2022, both parties to the case requested summary judgment for the case, each favoring their respective sides, which Judge John G. Koeltl approved of a summary judgment hearing to take place later in 2022. [212] 
 Senator Thom Tillis of North Carolina, chairman of the intellectual property subcommittee on the Senate Judiciary Committee, said in a letter to the Internet Archive that he was "concerned that the Internet Archive thinks that it—not Congress—gets to determine the scope of copyright law". [210] 
 As part of its response to the publishers' lawsuit, in late 2020 the Archive launched a campaign called Empowering Libraries (hashtag #EmpoweringLibraries) that portrayed the lawsuit as a threat to all libraries. [213] 
 In a 2021 preprint article, Argyri Panezi argued that the case "presents two important, but separate questions related to the electronic access to library works; first, it raises questions around the legal practice of digital lending, and second, it asks whether emergency use of copyrighted material might be fair use" and argued that libraries have a public service role to enable "future generations to keep having equal access—or opportunities to access—a plurality of original sources". [214] 
 In December 2020,  Publishers Weekly  included the lawsuit among its "Top 10 Library Stories of 2020". [215] 
Wayforward Machine[edit]
      Screenshot of viewing English Wikipedia on the Wayforward Machine  
On 30 September 2021, as a part of its 25th anniversary celebration, Internet Archive launched the "Wayforward Machine", a satirical, fictional website covered with pop-ups asking for personal information. The site was intended to depict a fictional dystopian timeline of real-world events leading to such a future, such as the repeal of Section 230 of the United States Code in 2022 and the introduction of advertising implants in 2041. [216]   [217]  There are plans to remove Wayforward Machine in 2022, after Internet Archive's 25th anniversary celebration. [ needs update ] [ citation needed ]
BBC documentary on Modi[edit]
The Internet Archive became a popular site for Indians to watch the first episode of a BBC documentary, The Modi Question, in 2023. [218]  The video was reported to have been removed by the Archive on 23rd January 2023. [218]  The Internet Archive then stated, on 27th January, that they had removed the video in response to a BBC request under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. [219] 
Ceramic archivists collection[edit]
       Ceramic figures of Internet Archive employees  
The Great Room of the Internet Archive features a collection of more than 100 ceramic figures representing employees of the Internet Archive. This collection, inspired by the statues of the Xian warriors in China, was commissioned by Brewster Kahle, sculpted by Nuala Creed, and is ongoing. [220] 
Artists in residence[edit]
The Internet Archive visual arts residency, [221]  organized by Amir Saber Esfahani, is designed to connect emerging and mid-career artists with the Archive's millions of collections and to show what is possible when open access to information intersects with the arts. During this one-year residency, selected artists develop a body of work that responds to and utilizes the Archive's collections in their own practice. [222] 
 2019 Residency Artists: Caleb Duarte, Whitney Lynn, and Jeffrey Alan Scudder.
 2018 Residency Artists: Mieke Marple, Chris Sollars, and Taravat Talepasand.
 2017 Residency Artists: Laura Kim, Jeremiah Jenkins, and Jenny Odell.
See also[edit]
  List of online image archives 
 Public domain music  
Similar projects[edit]
  archive.today 
 Internet Memory Foundation 
 LibriVox 
 National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP)
 National Digital Library Program (NDLP)
 Project Gutenberg 
 UK Government Web Archive at The National Archives (United Kingdom) 
 UK Web Archive 
 WebCite  
Other[edit]
  Anna's Archive  
  Archive Team 
 Digital dark age 
 Digital preservation 
 Heritrix 
 Library Genesis 
 Link rot 
 Memory hole 
 PetaBox 
 Search engine cache  
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  ^   "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1860-01-01 TO 1869-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  ^   "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1870-01-01 TO 1879-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  ^   "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1880-01-01 TO 1889-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  ^   "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1890-01-01 TO 1899-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  ^   "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1900-01-01 TO 1909-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  ^   "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1910-01-01 TO 1919-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 19, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  ^   "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1920-01-01 TO 1929-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  ^   "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1930-01-01 TO 1939-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  ^   "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1940-01-01 TO 1949-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  ^   "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1950-01-01 TO 1959-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  ^   "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1960-01-01 TO 1969-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  ^   "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1970-01-01 TO 1979-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  ^   "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1980-01-01 TO 1989-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  ^   "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[1990-01-01 TO 1999-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  ^   "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[2000-01-01 TO 2009-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  ^   "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[2010-01-01 TO 2019-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  ^   "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[2020-01-01 TO 2029-12-31]". Internet Archive. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  ^   "FAQ on Controlled Digital Lending (CDL)". National Writers Union. February 13, 2019. Archived from the original on March 30, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
  ^  Gonsalves, Antone (December 20, 2006). "Internet Archive Claims Progress Against Google Library Initiative". InformationWeek. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007.
  ^   "The Open Library Makes Its Online Debut". The Wired Campus. Chronicle of Higher Education. July 19, 2007. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007.
  ^   "Search Inside". OpenLibrary.org. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013.
  ^   "In-Library eBook Lending Program Expands to 1,000 Libraries". Internet Archive Blogs. Internet Archive. June 25, 2011. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014.
  ^  Flood, Alison (January 22, 2019). "Internet Archive's ebook loans face UK copyright challenge". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
^    a       b    Brandom, Russell (June 1, 2020). "Publishers sue Internet Archive over Open Library ebook lending".  The Verge . Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  ^  For example, the Princeton Theological Seminary Library has described how it and other academic libraries are digitization partners with the Internet Archive:  "Partnering with the Internet Archive".  Princeton Theological Seminary Library . Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  ^   "Internet Archive Search: collection:(texts)". archive.org. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  ^   "The MIT Press". archive.org. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
  ^  Hanamura, Wendy (May 30, 2017). "MIT Press Classics Available Soon at Archive.org". blog.archive.org. Retrieved June 27, 2020. For more than eighty years, MIT Press has been publishing acclaimed titles in science, technology, art and architecture. Now, thanks to a new partnership between the Internet Archive and MIT Press, readers will be able to borrow these classics online for the first time. 
  ^  Green, Alex (December 1, 2019). "New Takes on Academic Publishing: Three university presses find new ways to keep up with a changing market".  Publishers Weekly . Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020. Since she became director [of the MIT Press] in 2015, there's little that Brand hasn't reenvisioned at the press. In 2017, the press partnered with the Internet Archive to make its deep backlist available for free at libraries, resurrecting books that had not seen the light of day in generations. 
  ^  Freeland, Chris (May 21, 2018). "Internet Archive awarded grant from Arcadia Fund to digitize university press collections". blog.archive.org. Retrieved June 27, 2020. Internet Archive has received a $1 million dollar grant from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin – to digitize titles from university press collections to make them available via controlled digital lending. 
  ^  Albanese, Andrew (May 25, 2018). "Internet Archive Lands Grant to Digitize and Lend University Press Collections".  Publishers Weekly . Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
  ^  For example:  "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00198115083", archived from the original on July 4, 2021, retrieved November 25, 2020;  "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060921933", archived from the original on July 4, 2021, retrieved November 25, 2020;  "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060927248", archived from the original on July 4, 2021, retrieved November 25, 2020;  "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00001740908", archived from the original on July 4, 2021, retrieved November 25, 2020;  "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00027740005", archived from the original on July 4, 2021, retrieved November 25, 2020.
  ^   "External Web Sites – Finding E-books: A Guide – Library of Congress Bibliographies, Research Guides, and Finding Aids (Virtual Programs &amp; Services, Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2020. The Internet Archive includes the full text of more than 2.5 million e-books, including e-books supplied by the Library of Congress. Books can be read online or downloaded and read in a variety of formats. E-books from the Internet Archive can also be found through Open Library, an Internet Archive initiative devoted to texts.  And:  "Devices and Formats – Finding E-books: A Guide – Library of Congress Bibliographies, Research Guides, and Finding Aids (Virtual Programs &amp; Services, Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2020. Library of Congress publications are available for free download to the Kindle from the Internet Archive. ... The iPad can be used as an e-reader via apps such as iBooks, which support both ePub (.epub) and PDF (.pdf) formats. Both formats are available from the Internet Archive. 
  ^   "Download &amp; Streaming : Audio Archive : Internet Archive". archive.org. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
^    a       b    Pritchard, Will (August 18, 2017). "How The Great 78 Project is saving half a million songs from obscurity". The Vinyl Factory. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
  ^  Holt, Kris (October 5, 2022). "The Internet Archive is building a library of amateur radio broadcasts". Engadget. Retrieved October 9, 2022.
  ^   "Amateur Radio Digital Communications Grants Continue". American Radio Relay League. January 27, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2022.
  ^  Tirpack, Alex (June 3, 2009). "Warren Zevon live shows hit the web, possible film in the works". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013.
  ^   "Welcome to Netlabels". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 4, 2014.
  ^  Boswell, Wendy (October 21, 2006). "Download free music at the Internet Archive".  Lifehacker . Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. The Internet Archive has a ginormous collection of free, downloadable music in their NetLabels category ... 
  ^   "Image". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  ^   "Cover Art Archive: Free Image : Download &amp; Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
  ^   "Metropolitan Museum of Art – Gallery Images: Free Image : Download &amp; Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
  ^   "NASA Images" (archive). Internet Archive. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  ^   "Occupy Wall Street Flickr Archive: Free Image : Download &amp; Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
  ^   "USGS Maps: Free Image : Download &amp; Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
  ^   "Mathematics – Hamid Naderi Yeganeh (Image): Free Image : Download &amp; Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
  ^   "Welcome to Machinima". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 23, 2013.
  ^   "Internet Archive Search: collection:microfilm". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 31, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
  ^   "Microfilm". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 20, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
  ^   "Internet Archive Search: Collection: Feature Films". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
  ^   "FedFlix". Internet Archive. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  ^   "September 11th Television Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 3, 2014.
  ^   "Download &amp; Streaming : Open Educational Resources : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on July 2, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
  ^   "TV NEWS : Search Captions. Borrow Broadcasts : TV Archive : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  ^  Fowler, Geoffrey A.; Hagey, Keach (September 18, 2012). "Let's Go to the Videotape: Nonprofit Offers News Clips". The Wall Street Journal Online. Archived from the original on April 24, 2013.(subscription required)
  ^  Kahle, Brewster (September 17, 2012). "Launch of TV News Search &amp; Borrow with 350,000 Broadcasts". Internet Archive Blogs. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014.
  ^  Brownell, Brett; Benjy Hansen-Brandy (May 22, 2014). "Meet the People Behind the Wayback Machine, One of Our Favorite Things About the Internet". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on June 7, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
  ^   "Brooklyn Museum: Free Image : Download &amp; Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
  ^   "Column: Lillian Michelson and her one-of-a-kind film library get a digital Hollywood ending". Los Angeles Times. January 28, 2021. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  ^   "Internet Archive founder turns to new information storage device – the book". The Guardian. August 1, 2011. Archived from the original on August 22, 2012. Brewster Kahle, the man behind a project to file every webpage, now wants to gather one copy of every published book 
  ^   "The Internet Archive Classic Software Preservation Project". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on October 19, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007.
  ^   "Internet Archive Gets DMCA Exemption To Help Archive Vintage Software". Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007.
  ^   Library of Congress Copyright Office (November 27, 2006). "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies".  Federal Register . 71 (227): 68472–68480. Archived from the original on November 1, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007. Computer programs and video games distributed in formats that have become obsolete and that require the original media or hardware as a condition of access, when circumvention is accomplished for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive. A format shall be considered obsolete if the machine or system necessary to render perceptible a work stored in that format is no longer manufactured or is no longer reasonably available in the commercial marketplace. 
  ^   Library of Congress Copyright Office (October 28, 2009). "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies" (PDF).  Federal Register . 27 (206): 55137–55139. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
  ^  Library of Congress Copyright Office (July 27, 2010). "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies". Federal Register. 75 (143): 43825–43839. Archived from the original on June 27, 2015.
  ^  Robertson, Adi (October 25, 2013). "The Internet Archive puts Atari games and obsolete software directly in your browser".  The Verge . Archived from the original on October 27, 2013.
  ^  Ohlheiser, Abby (January 5, 2015). "You can now play nearly 2,400 MS-DOS video games in your browser".  Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 7, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
  ^  Scott, Jason (December 23, 2014). "Each New Boot a Miracle". Archived from the original on January 9, 2015.
  ^   "collection:softwarelibrary_msdos". Archived from the original on June 28, 2015.
  ^  Graft, Kris (March 5, 2015). "Saving video game history begins right now".  Gamasutra . Archived from the original on March 7, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  ^   "Internet Archive's Terms of Use, Privacy Policy, and Copyright Policy". December 31, 2014. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2015.  Access to the Archive's Collections is provided at no cost to you and is granted for scholarship and research purposes only.  
  ^  Lu, Kathy (January 12, 2015). "Time suck alert: 'Pac-Man' among thousands of MS-DOS games available for free". The Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
  ^  O'Neil, Lauren (January 7, 2015). "90's kids rejoice as Internet Archive releases 2,300 MS-DOS games for free – Your Community". CBCNEWS. Archived from the original on October 17, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
  ^  Campbell, Ian Carlos (November 19, 2020). "The Internet Archive is now preserving Flash games and animations".  The Verge . Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
  ^   "Table Top Scribe System". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  ^  Stutz, Michael (March 28, 2007). "Linux to help the Library of Congress save American history". Linux.com. The Linux foundation. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017.
  ^  Strozniak, Peter (December 18, 2015). "Death of a Credit Union: Internet Archive FCU Voluntarily Liquidates". Credit Union Times. Archived from the original on October 6, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
  ^   "Difficult Times at our Credit Union". Internet Archive Blogs. November 24, 2015. Archived from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
  ^  Leeds, Jeff; Mayshark, Jesse Fox (December 1, 2005). "Wrath of Deadheads stalls a Web crackdown".  The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 8, 2015.
  ^   Lesh, Phil (November 30, 2005). "An Announcement from Phil Lesh". Hotline (blog). PhilLesh.net. Archived from the original on July 15, 2007.
  ^  Kahle, Brewster; Vernon, Matt (December 1, 2005). "Good News and an Apology: GD on the Internet Archive". Live Music Archive Forum. Internet Archive. Archived from the original on August 6, 2014. Authors and date indicate the first posting in the forum thread.
  ^  Broache, Anne (May 7, 2008). "FBI rescinds secret order for Internet Archive records". CNet. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008.
  ^  Nakashima, Ellen (May 8, 2008). "FBI Backs Off From Secret Order for Data After Lawsuit".  The Washington Post . Archived from the original on September 6, 2008.
  ^  Crocker, Andrew (December 1, 2016). "Internet Archive Received National Security Letter with FBI Misinformation about Challenging Gag Order". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Archived from the original on December 13, 2016.
  ^  Kahle, Brewster (January 17, 2012). "12 Hours Dark: Internet Archive vs. Censorship". Internet Archive Blogs. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014.
  ^   "Open Content Alliance". opencontentalliance.org. Archived from the original on April 10, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  ^  Frank, Allegra (August 8, 2016). "Nintendo takes down Nintendo Power collection from Internet Archive after noticing it".  Polygon . Archived from the original on August 11, 2016.
^    a       b     "Indian ISP Ban on Wayback Machine Lifted? Confirmation Awaited". Guiding Tech. August 9, 2017. Archived from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
  ^  Kelion, Leo (August 9, 2017). "Bollywood blocks the Internet Archive". BBC. Archived from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
  ^   "Turkey restores access to Google Drive after blocking cloud storage services". Turkey Blocks. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
  ^   "Turkey Country Report | Freedom on the Net 2017". freedomhouse.org. November 14, 2017. Archived from the original on December 27, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
^    a       b    Kelion, Leo (May 15, 2018). "IS propaganda 'hidden on Internet Archive'". BBC News. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
^    a       b     "Internet Archive denies hosting 'terrorist' content". BBC News. April 12, 2019. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
^    a       b    Woodcock, Claire (February 14, 2022). "Archivists Are Putting Terrorist Manifestos Online. Should They Stay There?". Vice. Archived from the original on March 2, 2022. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  ^  Lee, Timothy B. (March 28, 2020). "Internet Archive offers 1.4 million copyrighted books for free online". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
^    a       b    Freeland, Chris (March 30, 2020). "Internet Archive responds: Why we released the National Emergency Library". Internet Archive Blogs. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  ^  Cohen, Noam (April 20, 2020). "The National Emergency Library and Its Discontents".  Wired . Archived from the original on April 20, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  ^  Flood, Alison (March 30, 2020). "Internet Archive accused of using Covid-19 as 'an excuse for piracy'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 31, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  ^  Freeland, Chris (March 24, 2020). "Announcing a National Emergency Library to Provide Digitized Books to Students and the Public". Internet Archive Blogs. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  ^  Hurst-Wahl, Jill (April 20, 2020). "Digitization 101: The National Emergency Library". Digitization 101. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  ^  Hampton, Rachelle (April 2020). "The Internet Archive Started an "Emergency" Online Library. Authors Are Furious". Slate. Archived from the original on April 3, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
  ^  Flood, Alison (March 30, 2020). "Internet Archive accused of using Covid-19 as 'an excuse for piracy'".  The Guardian . Archived from the original on March 30, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  ^  Dwyer, Colin (March 30, 2020). "Authors, Publishers Condemn The 'National Emergency Library' As 'Piracy'".  NPR . Archived from the original on March 30, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  ^  Grady, Constance (April 2, 2020). "Why authors are so angry about the Internet Archive's Emergency Library".  Vox . Archived from the original on April 4, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  ^   "Internet Archive Controversy". Lotus. May 2, 2020. Archived from the original on May 26, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  ^  DiFeliciantonio, Chase (September 6, 2021). "He founded the Internet Archive with a utopian vision. That hasn't changed, but the internet has".  San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  ^  Lee, Timothy (June 11, 2020). "Internet Archive ends "emergency library" early to appease publishers".  Ars Technica . Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  ^  Dwyer, Colin (June 3, 2020). "Publishers Sue Internet Archive For 'Mass Copyright Infringement'". NPR. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  ^   "Copyright Alliance Statement on Book Publishers' Infringement Suit Against Internet Archive". Copyright Alliance. June 2020. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
^    a       b    Harris, Elizabeth (June 11, 2020). "Internet Archive Will End Its Program for Free E-Books". NY Times. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  ^  Albanese, Andrew (September 1, 2020). "Judge sets tentative schedule for Internet Archive copyright case".  Publishers Weekly . Archived from the original on September 8, 2020. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
  ^  Albanese, Andrew (June 13, 2022). "Internet Archive, Publishers to Seek Summary Judgment in Book Scanning Lawsuit".  Publishers Weekly . Retrieved June 15, 2022.
  ^  Ojala, Marydee (January–February 2021). "Controlled digital lending: legal lending or piracy?".  Online Searcher . Vol. 45, no. 1. Archived from the original on February 18, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  ^  Panezi, Argyri (March 28, 2021). "A public service role for digital libraries: the unequal battle against (online) misinformation through copyright law reform and the emergency electronic access to library material".  Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy . SSRN 3813320. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021. Article reportedly forthcoming.
  ^  Albanese, Andrew (December 11, 2020). "The top 10 library stories of 2020".  Publishers Weekly . Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  ^  Holt, Kris (October 7, 2021). "The Internet Archive's 'Wayforward Machine' paints a grim future for the web".  Engadget . Archived from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
  ^   "Imagine the future of the Internet". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
^    a       b    Deep, Aroon (January 23, 2023). "Internet Archive takes down upload of BBC's Modi documentary". The Hindu. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
  ^  Butler, Chris (January 27, 2023). "BBC Modi Documentary Removal". Internet Archive. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
  ^  Levy, Karyne (April 29, 2014). "These Are The Ceramic Action Figures For The Heroes Of The Internet".  Business Insider . Insider Inc. Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2019.
  ^   "Internet Archive is a treasure trove of material for artists - SFChronicle.com". sfchronicle.com. August 11, 2017. Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
  ^   "The Internet Archive's 2019 Artists in Residency Exhibition | Internet Archive Blogs". June 22, 2019. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
 
Further reading[edit]
  Kahle, Brewster (November 1996). "Archiving the Internet". Scientific America. Archived from the original on October 11, 1997. 
  Kahle, Brewster (November 6, 2013). "Scanning Center Fire—Please Help Rebuild". Internet Archive Blogs. 
  Lepore, Jill (January 26, 2015). "The Cobweb".  The New Yorker . 
 Ringmar, Erik (April 10, 2008). "Liberate and Disseminate". Times Higher Education Supplement.  
External links[edit]
  Official website   
 Internet Archive Scholar
Internet Archive - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive
https://archive.org/details/internetarchive-encyclis
History of Internet Archive : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive
2011-04-07
None
<div><div>
<p>This entry describes the history of the Internet Archive from its founding in 1996 to its two billion page crawl in 2007. It describes the key individuals and organizations involved in the Archiveâs work and the technological innovations that make the Archive possible, such as the ARC file format, Heritrix, and the Wayback Machine. The focus of this entry is primarily the Internet Archiveâs Web archiving activities and collections, but it also briefly discusses the Archiveâs other activities and the impact it has had on the fields of library and information science and the public in general.
</p>
<div>
<dl>
<dt>Addeddate</dt>
<dd>
 2011-04-07 15:36:09 </dd>
</dl>
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<dt>Identifier</dt>
<dd>
 </dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Identifier-ark</dt>
<dd>
 ark:/13960/t5s767491 </dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Ocr</dt>
<dd>
 ABBYY FineReader 8.0 </dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Ppi</dt>
<dd>
 300 </dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div>
<h2>
<p></p>
 Reviews
 </h2>
<p>
 There are no reviews yet. Be the first one to
 <a href="https://archive.org/write-review.php?identifier=internetarchive-encyclis">write a review</a>.
 </p>
</div>
</div></div>||||I||||Skip to main content

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 History of Internet Archive


 Topics internet archive, history, libraries Collection opensource
 This entry describes the history of the Internet Archive from its founding in 1996 to its two billion page crawl in 2007. It describes the key individuals and organizations involved in the Archiveâs work and the technological innovations that make the Archive possible, such as the ARC file format, Heritrix, and the Wayback Machine. The focus of this entry is primarily the Internet Archiveâs Web archiving activities and collections, but it also briefly discusses the Archiveâs other activities and the impact it has had on the fields of library and information science and the public in general.
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This entry describes the history of the Internet Archive from its founding in 1996 to its two billion page crawl in 2007. It describes the key individuals and organizations involved in the Archiveâs work and the technological innovations that make the Archive possible, such as the ARC file format, Heritrix, and the Wayback Machine. The focus of this entry is primarily the Internet Archiveâs Web archiving activities and collections, but it also briefly discusses the Archiveâs other activities and the impact it has had on the fields of library and information science and the public in general.
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History of Internet Archive : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive
https://archive.org/details/internetarchive-encyclis
https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/internet-archive-78-records-phonograph
A Wayback Machine for Early 20th Century Tunes
2017-05-04
Kelsey Kennedy
<div><section>
<figure><figcaption>A gramophone playing a 78. <a href="https://flic.kr/p/bWL3iw">R. Halfpaap/CC BY 2.0</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The Internet Archive’s name can be a little misleading. Sure, it’s preserving large swaths of the internet with its <a href="https://waybackmachine.org/">Wayback Machine</a> and you can still <a href="https://archive.org/details/msdos_Oregon_Trail_The_1990">play Oregon Trail</a> online with its MS-DOS emulator, but it’s also archiving physical media that never lived on any server, even as it transfers the contents into its massive digital bank. The nonprofit digital library has an impressive collection <a href="http://blog.archive.org/2014/05/23/its-a-party-at-the-archives-new-warehouse/">millions of books</a> and about <a href="https://blog.archive.org/2016/09/02/saving-the-78s/">200,000 shellac discs</a> engraved with rare music from the early 20th century.</p>
<p>“We’re trying to make sure the physical object is saved, as well as the digital, because we don’t know which will last longer,” says B. George, the sound collections curator at the Internet Archive. “When information disappears digitally, it’s gone forever.” If you’ve ever had a hard drive crash, you know this all too well. Storing and preserving the physical media behind all of that information—if it exists—is one way to future-proof the archive. We may someday lose the ability to digitally play back certain file formats (though the Archive is <a href="https://blog.archive.org/2011/09/03/hard-drive-archaeology-and-hackerspaces/">working on that</a>, too), but we’ll always be able to cobble together a machine with a needle and a horn that can play a record, if you can keep that record in good shape.</p>
<p>The shellac discs in the Archive’s Richmond, California, warehouse are the precursors to the 12-inch vinyl records that became popular in the mid-20th century. Invented by Emile Berliner in 1887, the discs came in different sizes and materials, including rubber, until the industry eventually settled on 10-inch discs made of shellac that were played on gramophones (originally Berliner’s patented variation on Thomas Edison’s phonograph) at 78 revolutions per minute, with about three minutes of music on each side. By today’s audiophilic standards, these “78s” sound pretty rough, with plenty of hissing, clicks, and crackling. The shellac, a resin produced by the lac insect native to parts of Asia, was mixed with fillers, including finely ground rock, to make the fragile records a bit more durable and affordable. The fillers don’t do much for playback quality, though, and the earliest 78s sound much worse than ones produced later, when companies had refined their filler mixtures. Finding pristine 78s made with high-quality fillers is hard, but listening to them, says George, “<a href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/phonograph-dj-mike-cumella-haar">can be quite wonderful</a>.”</p>
<figure><figcaption>Emile Berliner, sometime between 1910 and 1929, with the first model of his gramophone. <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/99471767/">Library of Congress/LC-USZ62-124124</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Storing and preserving 78s is a big challenge. While shellac is a high-quality resin—still used today in woodworking and in food, where it shows up <a href="http://mentalfloss.com/article/91129/jelly-bean-day-fact-jelly-beans-are-made-insect-secretions">on labels</a> as “confectioner’s glaze”—it’s also incredibly brittle. To avoid breakage, volunteers sorting through the Internet Archive’s collection don’t pick up more than a few at a time. The age of the records doesn’t help, and neither does the dirt and dust that have accumulated on some of them over the decades.</p>
<p>To preserve the music of the 78s in case their grooves degrade, and to make them widely available for listening, the Internet Archive sends the discs to a digital archiving company in Philadelphia, George Blood L.P., that specializes in rare and unusual media. A turntable with four styluses—each a different size to pick up the sound in a distinct way—transfers the music to a computer, and all the recordings are then uploaded to <a href="https://archive.org/details/georgeblood&amp;tab=collection">the Archive’s website</a>. The 78s are then shipped back to California, where they’re stored in special sleeves and boxes in the warehouse.</p>
<p>Preserving 78s is especially important because “you’re capturing an era,” says George. Those delicate discs contain important recordings that capture the evolution of music in the early 20th century, including rare jazz and blues, old hillbilly, and some of the earliest examples of rock ‘n’ roll. “The pop stuff and the big bands and all those were done in such quantities that they’ve usually been transferred to different mediums, but those fringe recordings usually haven’t,” he adds. And it’s not just fringe recordings that got left behind. George points to Aileen Stanley, one of the most popular singers of the 1920s, who sold some 25 million records. Now she’s not widely known, and her music can only be found on rare 78s.</p>
<figure><figcaption>The German label for a 78 of Jack Smith’s jazz song “I Kiss Your Hand, Madame.” Smith was a popular singer in the 1920s and ’30s. <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HMVEG962.jpg">Public Domain</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The fate of Stanley’s music is shared by many recordings each time a new medium overtakes another. Just as many recordings never made it to vinyl, many vinyl records never got transferred to cassette. “All of these things have about the same life,” says George, and every 30 to 35 years a new technology comes along to deliver music in a more convenient form. MP3s were developed in the mid-1990s, but George isn’t sure they’ll be around nearly as long as 12-inch vinyl LPs have. “How we get music will go through another change,” he says, and in his mind, body modification is going to be part of the future: “People will have tattoos that will give them drugs and music at the same time.” How we’re going to preserve those sounds is anyone’s guess.</p>
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 A Wayback Machine for Early 20th Century Tunes

 The Internet Archive has a surprisingly deep collection of records made of insect secretions.

 by Kelsey Kennedy May 4, 2017
 A Wayback Machine for Early 20th Century Tunes
 Copy Link Facebook Twitter Reddit Flipboard Pocket

 A gramophone playing a 78. R. Halfpaap/CC BY 2.0

 The Internet Archive’s name can be a little misleading. Sure, it’s preserving large swaths of the internet with its Wayback Machine and you can still play Oregon Trail online with its MS-DOS emulator, but it’s also archiving physical media that never lived on any server, even as it transfers the contents into its massive digital bank. The nonprofit digital library has an impressive collection millions of books and about 200,000 shellac discs engraved with rare music from the early 20th century.

 “We’re trying to make sure the physical object is saved, as well as the digital, because we don’t know which will last longer,” says B. George, the sound collections curator at the Internet Archive. “When information disappears digitally, it’s gone forever.” If you’ve ever had a hard drive crash, you know this all too well. Storing and preserving the physical media behind all of that information—if it exists—is one way to future-proof the archive. We may someday lose the ability to digitally play back certain file formats (though the Archive is working on that, too), but we’ll always be able to cobble together a machine with a needle and a horn that can play a record, if you can keep that record in good shape.

 The shellac discs in the Archive’s Richmond, California, warehouse are the precursors to the 12-inch vinyl records that became popular in the mid-20th century. Invented by Emile Berliner in 1887, the discs came in different sizes and materials, including rubber, until the industry eventually settled on 10-inch discs made of shellac that were played on gramophones (originally Berliner’s patented variation on Thomas Edison’s phonograph) at 78 revolutions per minute, with about three minutes of music on each side. By today’s audiophilic standards, these “78s” sound pretty rough, with plenty of hissing, clicks, and crackling. The shellac, a resin produced by the lac insect native to parts of Asia, was mixed with fillers, including finely ground rock, to make the fragile records a bit more durable and affordable. The fillers don’t do much for playback quality, though, and the earliest 78s sound much worse than ones produced later, when companies had refined their filler mixtures. Finding pristine 78s made with high-quality fillers is hard, but listening to them, says George, “can be quite wonderful.”

 Emile Berliner, sometime between 1910 and 1929, with the first model of his gramophone. Library of Congress/LC-USZ62-124124

 Storing and preserving 78s is a big challenge. While shellac is a high-quality resin—still used today in woodworking and in food, where it shows up on labels as “confectioner’s glaze”—it’s also incredibly brittle. To avoid breakage, volunteers sorting through the Internet Archive’s collection don’t pick up more than a few at a time. The age of the records doesn’t help, and neither does the dirt and dust that have accumulated on some of them over the decades.

 To preserve the music of the 78s in case their grooves degrade, and to make them widely available for listening, the Internet Archive sends the discs to a digital archiving company in Philadelphia, George Blood L.P., that specializes in rare and unusual media. A turntable with four styluses—each a different size to pick up the sound in a distinct way—transfers the music to a computer, and all the recordings are then uploaded to the Archive’s website. The 78s are then shipped back to California, where they’re stored in special sleeves and boxes in the warehouse.

 Preserving 78s is especially important because “you’re capturing an era,” says George. Those delicate discs contain important recordings that capture the evolution of music in the early 20th century, including rare jazz and blues, old hillbilly, and some of the earliest examples of rock ‘n’ roll. “The pop stuff and the big bands and all those were done in such quantities that they’ve usually been transferred to different mediums, but those fringe recordings usually haven’t,” he adds. And it’s not just fringe recordings that got left behind. George points to Aileen Stanley, one of the most popular singers of the 1920s, who sold some 25 million records. Now she’s not widely known, and her music can only be found on rare 78s.

 The German label for a 78 of Jack Smith’s jazz song “I Kiss Your Hand, Madame.” Smith was a popular singer in the 1920s and ’30s. Public Domain

 The fate of Stanley’s music is shared by many recordings each time a new medium overtakes another. Just as many recordings never made it to vinyl, many vinyl records never got transferred to cassette. “All of these things have about the same life,” says George, and every 30 to 35 years a new technology comes along to deliver music in a more convenient form. MP3s were developed in the mid-1990s, but George isn’t sure they’ll be around nearly as long as 12-inch vinyl LPs have. “How we get music will go through another change,” he says, and in his mind, body modification is going to be part of the future: “People will have tattoos that will give them drugs and music at the same time.” How we’re going to preserve those sounds is anyone’s guess.

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A gramophone playing a 78. R. Halfpaap/CC BY 2.0  
The Internet Archive’s name can be a little misleading. Sure, it’s preserving large swaths of the internet with its Wayback Machine and you can still play Oregon Trail online with its MS-DOS emulator, but it’s also archiving physical media that never lived on any server, even as it transfers the contents into its massive digital bank. The nonprofit digital library has an impressive collection millions of books and about 200,000 shellac discs engraved with rare music from the early 20th century.
“We’re trying to make sure the physical object is saved, as well as the digital, because we don’t know which will last longer,” says B. George, the sound collections curator at the Internet Archive. “When information disappears digitally, it’s gone forever.” If you’ve ever had a hard drive crash, you know this all too well. Storing and preserving the physical media behind all of that information—if it exists—is one way to future-proof the archive. We may someday lose the ability to digitally play back certain file formats (though the Archive is working on that, too), but we’ll always be able to cobble together a machine with a needle and a horn that can play a record, if you can keep that record in good shape.
The shellac discs in the Archive’s Richmond, California, warehouse are the precursors to the 12-inch vinyl records that became popular in the mid-20th century. Invented by Emile Berliner in 1887, the discs came in different sizes and materials, including rubber, until the industry eventually settled on 10-inch discs made of shellac that were played on gramophones (originally Berliner’s patented variation on Thomas Edison’s phonograph) at 78 revolutions per minute, with about three minutes of music on each side. By today’s audiophilic standards, these “78s” sound pretty rough, with plenty of hissing, clicks, and crackling. The shellac, a resin produced by the lac insect native to parts of Asia, was mixed with fillers, including finely ground rock, to make the fragile records a bit more durable and affordable. The fillers don’t do much for playback quality, though, and the earliest 78s sound much worse than ones produced later, when companies had refined their filler mixtures. Finding pristine 78s made with high-quality fillers is hard, but listening to them, says George, “can be quite wonderful.”
 Emile Berliner, sometime between 1910 and 1929, with the first model of his gramophone. Library of Congress/LC-USZ62-124124  
Storing and preserving 78s is a big challenge. While shellac is a high-quality resin—still used today in woodworking and in food, where it shows up on labels as “confectioner’s glaze”—it’s also incredibly brittle. To avoid breakage, volunteers sorting through the Internet Archive’s collection don’t pick up more than a few at a time. The age of the records doesn’t help, and neither does the dirt and dust that have accumulated on some of them over the decades.
To preserve the music of the 78s in case their grooves degrade, and to make them widely available for listening, the Internet Archive sends the discs to a digital archiving company in Philadelphia, George Blood L.P., that specializes in rare and unusual media. A turntable with four styluses—each a different size to pick up the sound in a distinct way—transfers the music to a computer, and all the recordings are then uploaded to the Archive’s website. The 78s are then shipped back to California, where they’re stored in special sleeves and boxes in the warehouse.
Preserving 78s is especially important because “you’re capturing an era,” says George. Those delicate discs contain important recordings that capture the evolution of music in the early 20th century, including rare jazz and blues, old hillbilly, and some of the earliest examples of rock ‘n’ roll. “The pop stuff and the big bands and all those were done in such quantities that they’ve usually been transferred to different mediums, but those fringe recordings usually haven’t,” he adds. And it’s not just fringe recordings that got left behind. George points to Aileen Stanley, one of the most popular singers of the 1920s, who sold some 25 million records. Now she’s not widely known, and her music can only be found on rare 78s.
 The German label for a 78 of Jack Smith’s jazz song “I Kiss Your Hand, Madame.” Smith was a popular singer in the 1920s and ’30s. Public Domain  
The fate of Stanley’s music is shared by many recordings each time a new medium overtakes another. Just as many recordings never made it to vinyl, many vinyl records never got transferred to cassette. “All of these things have about the same life,” says George, and every 30 to 35 years a new technology comes along to deliver music in a more convenient form. MP3s were developed in the mid-1990s, but George isn’t sure they’ll be around nearly as long as 12-inch vinyl LPs have. “How we get music will go through another change,” he says, and in his mind, body modification is going to be part of the future: “People will have tattoos that will give them drugs and music at the same time.” How we’re going to preserve those sounds is anyone’s guess.
A Wayback Machine for Early 20th Century Tunes
https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/internet-archive-78-records-phonograph?utm_campaign=crowdfire&utm_content=crowdfire&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter
https://venturebeat.com/mobile/the-internet-archive-launches-wayback-machine-chrome-extension-to-combat-link-rot/?utm_content=buffer0504d&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer
The Internet Archive launches Wayback Machine Chrome extension to combat link rot
2017-01-13T10:31:37Z
Paul Sawers
<html><body><div><div>
	<section>
	<p><time>January 13, 2017 2:31 AM</time>
	</p>
	</section>
	<div>
	<p></p><div><p><span>Internet Archive - Wayback Machine</span></p><p><em>Image Credit: Paul Sawers / VentureBeat</em></p></div>	</div>
	</div><div>
	<article>
	<div>
	<div><div>
<p><em><span>Are you looking to showcase your brand in front of the gaming industry’s top leaders? Learn more about GamesBeat Summit sponsorship opportunities </span><a href="https://gbs24.venturebeat.com/"><span>here</span></a><span>. </span></em></p>
</div>
<hr/>
</div><p><a href="https://archive.org">The Internet Archive</a> is making it easier for web users to access archived versions of dead web pages with a new official add-on for Google Chrome browser.</p>
<div><p></p><p>Above: Wayback Machine: Chrome Extension</p></div>
<p>Once you install the <a href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/wayback-machine/fpnmgdkabkmnadcjpehmlllkndpkmiak">Wayback Machine extension</a>, whenever you land on a once-valid web page that now delivers an error code — such as “page not found” or a “404” — the extension will query the Wayback Machine to check whether there is anything in the archives. If there is, you’ll be asked to click to view the most recently archived version.</p>
<p>For the uninitiated, the Internet Archive has been documenting the web’s evolution since 1996, crawling millions of websites and documenting changes and edits at intermittent periods. So, for example, anyone wishing to return to the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061127012643/http://twitter.com/">Twitter homepage of 2006</a>, or the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961025104340/http://www.fbi.gov/">FBI homepage in 1996</a>, can do so.</p>
<p>The broader Internet Archive is an incredibly useful tool for curious geeks interested in the history of the web. But it also serves a more important purpose as it prevents content publishers, from newspapers to government agencies, from whitewashing their online history.</p>
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 </p></div><h2>Link rot</h2>
<p>By way of example, an estimated <a href="http://vphill.com/journal/post/5872/">83 percent of PDF documents</a> on .gov domains disappeared during President Obama’s first term in the White House. Such vanishing acts aren’t always sinister, however, as there may be any number of legitimate reasons for content disappearing — departments may merge, or projects may become obsolete.</p>
<p>But the Internet Archive and its partner organizations have made it their mission to document government website data. As George W. Bush’s time in office was coming to an end in 2008, the <a href="http://eotarchive.cdlib.org/">End of Term Web Archive</a> was launched with one sole purpose: to serve as a permanent record of government-related communications during presidential transitions. Last month, the Internet Archive revealed <a href="https://venturebeat.com/2016/12/15/the-internet-archive-aims-to-preserve-100-terabytes-of-government-website-data-just-in-case/">plans to preserve 100 terabytes of government website data</a>.</p>
<p>Furthermore, a Harvard study from <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/24/us/politics/in-supreme-court-opinions-clicks-that-lead-nowhere.html">2013</a> found that <a href="http://blogs.harvard.edu/futureoftheinternet/2013/09/22/perma/">49 percent of hyperlinks relating to Supreme Court decisions</a> no longer work. And this is the problem that the Wayback Machine is looking to solve. So-called link rot is a growing concern, and online archives are vital to preserving a vast swathe of important data.</p>
<p>As for the new Wayback Machine extension, the Internet Archive says that it is continuing to try to protect user privacy by <em>not</em> recording the IP addresses, and it says that it’s in discussions with Google about “adding a proxy server as an additional layer of protection,” the Wayback Machine’s director, Mark Graham, noted in <a href="http://blog.archive.org/2017/01/13/wayback-machine-chrome-extension-now-available/">a blog post</a>.</p>
<p>Additionally, in response to concerns over what a Donald Trump presidency may mean for privacy and censorship on the internet, the Internet Archive <a href="https://venturebeat.com/2016/11/29/the-internet-archive-is-building-a-database-replica-in-canada-prepares-for-a-web-with-greater-restrictions/">recently announced it was building</a> a replica database in Canada.</p>
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January 13, 2017 2:31 AM
	
	
	
	    Internet Archive - Wayback Machine   Image Credit: Paul Sawers / VentureBeat  	
	 
	
	
	 
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  The Internet Archive is making it easier for web users to access archived versions of dead web pages with a new official add-on for Google Chrome browser.
   Above: Wayback Machine: Chrome Extension 
Once you install the Wayback Machine extension, whenever you land on a once-valid web page that now delivers an error code — such as “page not found” or a “404” — the extension will query the Wayback Machine to check whether there is anything in the archives. If there is, you’ll be asked to click to view the most recently archived version.
For the uninitiated, the Internet Archive has been documenting the web’s evolution since 1996, crawling millions of websites and documenting changes and edits at intermittent periods. So, for example, anyone wishing to return to the Twitter homepage of 2006, or the FBI homepage in 1996, can do so.
The broader Internet Archive is an incredibly useful tool for curious geeks interested in the history of the web. But it also serves a more important purpose as it prevents content publishers, from newspapers to government agencies, from whitewashing their online history.
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   Link rot
By way of example, an estimated 83 percent of PDF documents on .gov domains disappeared during President Obama’s first term in the White House. Such vanishing acts aren’t always sinister, however, as there may be any number of legitimate reasons for content disappearing — departments may merge, or projects may become obsolete.
But the Internet Archive and its partner organizations have made it their mission to document government website data. As George W. Bush’s time in office was coming to an end in 2008, the End of Term Web Archive was launched with one sole purpose: to serve as a permanent record of government-related communications during presidential transitions. Last month, the Internet Archive revealed plans to preserve 100 terabytes of government website data.
Furthermore, a Harvard study from 2013 found that 49 percent of hyperlinks relating to Supreme Court decisions no longer work. And this is the problem that the Wayback Machine is looking to solve. So-called link rot is a growing concern, and online archives are vital to preserving a vast swathe of important data.
As for the new Wayback Machine extension, the Internet Archive says that it is continuing to try to protect user privacy by not recording the IP addresses, and it says that it’s in discussions with Google about “adding a proxy server as an additional layer of protection,” the Wayback Machine’s director, Mark Graham, noted in a blog post.
Additionally, in response to concerns over what a Donald Trump presidency may mean for privacy and censorship on the internet, the Internet Archive recently announced it was building a replica database in Canada.
	 VB Daily 
	Stay in the know! Get the latest news in your inbox daily
	By subscribing, you agree to VentureBeat&#39;s Terms of Service. 
	
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	An error occured.
The Internet Archive launches Wayback Machine Chrome extension to combat link rot
https://venturebeat.com/business/the-internet-archive-launches-wayback-machine-chrome-extension-to-combat-link-rot/?utm_content=buffer0504d&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer
https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/wayback-machine/3710648.html
The Wayback Machine Shows History of the Internet
2017-02-08
VOA Learning English
<div><div>
<p>One of the more <strong>infuriating</strong> things about the Internet is when a website closes down.</p>
<p>You might follow a favorite writer’s blog, save links to helpful <strong>articles</strong>, and share interesting posts on social media. But then one day, you return to the website to discover that it is gone.</p>
<p>The site does not exist anymore. All of the useful stories and information are now missing. It is like they never existed.</p>
<p>The good news is that you may be able to find those sites again, even after they are<strong> offline</strong>. You can find help from a website called the Wayback Machine.</p>
<p><strong>What the Wayback Machine Is</strong></p>
<p>The Wayback Machine site shows a kind of history of the internet. It shows websites that are no longer online and older versions of current sites.</p><div>
<figure>
<div>
<p>
</p>
</div>
<figcaption>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p>The Wayback Machine provides <strong>archived</strong> records of publicly available websites. Not all websites or versions of sites are available, but many are.</p>
<p><strong>How to Use the Wayback Machine</strong></p>
<p>To see the archived images, go to the <a href="https://archive.org/web/">Wayback Machine website</a> and enter the web <strong>address</strong> of the site you want to see.</p>
<p>You must enter the exact web address, not just the site’s name.</p>
<p>For example, if you want to see an earlier version of the Learning English website, you would enter learningenglish.voanews.com, not the words “Voice of America Learning English.”</p>
<p><strong>Click</strong> the Browse History button.</p>
<p>On the results page, you will see how many times the website has been archived and information showing when the site was saved.</p><div>
<figure>
<div>
<p>
</p>
</div>
<figcaption>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p>You can click on a year to see the exact date the site was saved. A blue dot on a date shows the page was saved on that day.</p>
<p>Click on a date with a blue dot to see what the website looked like on that date.</p>
<p>Here is Voice of America Learning English in 2012:</p><div>
<figure>
<div>
<p>
</p>
</div>
<figcaption>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p>Here is Facebook in 2006:</p><div>
<figure>
<div>
<p>
</p>
</div>
<figcaption>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p>And Google in 2004:</p><div>
<figure>
<div>
<p>
</p>
</div>
<figcaption>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p>You can only search for the home page of a website. But once you go to the archive, you may be able to find the story you are looking for on the site.</p>
<p><strong>Saving a Website to The Wayback Machine</strong></p>
<p>If you want to save an older version of a website, you can do that at the bottom of the Wayback Machine website’s home page. Enter the web address of the page you want saved and hit enter.</p><div>
<figure>
<div>
<p>
</p>
</div>
<figcaption>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p><strong>The Wayback Machine Beta Version</strong></p>
<p>The Wayback Machine recently launched a <strong>beta</strong> or test version that lets you search for older websites by <strong>keywords</strong>.</p>
<p>Unlike the <strong>original</strong> version, the beta version lets you enter search terms to try to find websites you cannot remember. It can also help users when they do not know the exact web address.</p>
<p>To use the beta version, go to <a href="https://web-beta.archive.org/">Beta Wayback Machine</a>. Enter the search term and hit enter. You will see a list of results that <strong>match</strong> your term.</p>
<p>For example, in the Beta version, you can enter "GeoCities" and see a list of GeoCities websites in different countries.</p><div>
<figure>
<div>
<p>
</p>
</div>
<figcaption>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p><strong>How the Wayback Machine Started</strong></p>
<p>The Internet has a history -- perhaps not a long history, but a rich one. The Wayback Machine was based on a computer software program developed in 1996 to document websites, saving the history of the internet.</p>
<p>The Wayback Machine website was launched in 2001, using a version of that software.</p>
<p>Since that time, the Wayback Machine has expanded quickly, as has much of the Internet.</p><div>
<figure>
<div>
<p>
</p>
</div>
<figcaption>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p>The site was named after the WABAC Machine, a time machine used by a boy and his dog on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, a 1960s television series.</p>
<p><strong>Ideas for Using the Wayback Machine</strong></p>
<p>You can use the Wayback Machine to find closed websites, such as GeoCities, which is now only available in Japan.</p>
<p>If you are thinking of buying a <strong>domain</strong> <strong>name</strong>, see how it was used before in its earlier life on the internet. If the site was used mainly for spam or unwanted advertising, you may not want to use that web address for your site.</p>
<p>You can also see how a website looked in the past and follow its design over the years.</p>
<p>I’m Marsha James.</p>
<p><em>Carolyn Nicander Mohr wrote this report for VOA Learning English. George Grow was the editor.</em></p>
<p><em>Have you ever wanted to see a history of past websites? Have you ever been upset to find a website had closed? What websites have you searched for on the Wayback Machine?</em></p>
<p><em>Share your thoughts in the Comments Section below or on our <a href="https://www.facebook.com/voalearningenglish/">Facebook page</a>.</em></p>
<p>______________________________________________________________</p>
<h2>Words in This Story</h2>
<p><strong>infuriate </strong><em>- v. </em>to make (someone) very angry</p>
<p><strong>article </strong><em>- n. </em>a piece of writing about a particular subject that is included in a website, magazine, newspaper, etc.</p>
<p><strong>offline </strong>-<strong> </strong><em>adj. </em>not connected to a computer or network</p>
<p><strong>archive </strong><em>- v. </em>to collect and store materials (such as recordings, documents, or computer files) so that they can be found and used when they are needed</p>
<p><strong>address </strong><em>- n. </em>the letters, numbers, and symbols that are used to show the location of a site on the Internet</p>
<p><strong>click </strong><em>- v. </em>to press a button on a mouse or some other device in order to make something happen on a computer​</p>
<p><strong>beta</strong> <em>- adj. </em>a version of a product (such as a computer program) that is almost finished and that is used for testing</p>
<p><strong>keyword </strong><em>- n. </em>a word that is used to find information in a piece of writing, in a computer document, or on the Internet</p>
<p><strong>original </strong><em>- adj. </em>made or produced first</p>
<p><strong>match </strong><em>- v. </em>to provide, produce, or do something that is equal to (something else)</p>
<p><strong>domain name </strong><em>- n. </em>the characters that form the main part of an Internet address</p>
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 The Wayback Machine Shows History of the Internet

 February 08, 2017

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 One of the more infuriating things about the Internet is when a website closes down.

 You might follow a favorite writer’s blog, save links to helpful articles, and share interesting posts on social media. But then one day, you return to the website to discover that it is gone.

 The site does not exist anymore. All of the useful stories and information are now missing. It is like they never existed.

 The good news is that you may be able to find those sites again, even after they are offline. You can find help from a website called the Wayback Machine.

 What the Wayback Machine Is

 The Wayback Machine site shows a kind of history of the internet. It shows websites that are no longer online and older versions of current sites.

 Wayback Machine Logo

 The Wayback Machine provides archived records of publicly available websites. Not all websites or versions of sites are available, but many are.

 How to Use the Wayback Machine

 To see the archived images, go to the Wayback Machine website and enter the web address of the site you want to see.

 You must enter the exact web address, not just the site’s name.

 For example, if you want to see an earlier version of the Learning English website, you would enter learningenglish.voanews.com, not the words “Voice of America Learning English.”

 Click the Browse History button.

 On the results page, you will see how many times the website has been archived and information showing when the site was saved.

 Wayback Machine Search Results

 You can click on a year to see the exact date the site was saved. A blue dot on a date shows the page was saved on that day.

 Click on a date with a blue dot to see what the website looked like on that date.

 Here is Voice of America Learning English in 2012:

 Voice of America Learning English in 2012

 Here is Facebook in 2006:

 Facebook in 2006

 And Google in 2004:

 Google in 2004

 You can only search for the home page of a website. But once you go to the archive, you may be able to find the story you are looking for on the site.

 Saving a Website to The Wayback Machine

 If you want to save an older version of a website, you can do that at the bottom of the Wayback Machine website’s home page. Enter the web address of the page you want saved and hit enter.

 Wayback Machine Save Page


 The Wayback Machine Beta Version

 The Wayback Machine recently launched a beta or test version that lets you search for older websites by keywords.

 Unlike the original version, the beta version lets you enter search terms to try to find websites you cannot remember. It can also help users when they do not know the exact web address.

 To use the beta version, go to Beta Wayback Machine. Enter the search term and hit enter. You will see a list of results that match your term.

 For example, in the Beta version, you can enter "GeoCities" and see a list of GeoCities websites in different countries.

 GeoCities in 2000

 How the Wayback Machine Started

 The Internet has a history -- perhaps not a long history, but a rich one. The Wayback Machine was based on a computer software program developed in 1996 to document websites, saving the history of the internet.

 The Wayback Machine website was launched in 2001, using a version of that software.

 Since that time, the Wayback Machine has expanded quickly, as has much of the Internet.

 Wayback Machine Growth

 The site was named after the WABAC Machine, a time machine used by a boy and his dog on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, a 1960s television series.

 Ideas for Using the Wayback Machine

 You can use the Wayback Machine to find closed websites, such as GeoCities, which is now only available in Japan.

 If you are thinking of buying a domain name, see how it was used before in its earlier life on the internet. If the site was used mainly for spam or unwanted advertising, you may not want to use that web address for your site.

 You can also see how a website looked in the past and follow its design over the years.

 I’m Marsha James.

 Carolyn Nicander Mohr wrote this report for VOA Learning English. George Grow was the editor.

 Have you ever wanted to see a history of past websites? Have you ever been upset to find a website had closed? What websites have you searched for on the Wayback Machine?

 Share your thoughts in the Comments Section below or on our Facebook page.

 ______________________________________________________________

 Words in This Story

 infuriate - v. to make (someone) very angry

 article - n. a piece of writing about a particular subject that is included in a website, magazine, newspaper, etc.

 offline - adj. not connected to a computer or network

 archive - v. to collect and store materials (such as recordings, documents, or computer files) so that they can be found and used when they are needed

 address - n. the letters, numbers, and symbols that are used to show the location of a site on the Internet

 click - v. to press a button on a mouse or some other device in order to make something happen on a computer​

 beta - adj. a version of a product (such as a computer program) that is almost finished and that is used for testing

 keyword - n. a word that is used to find information in a piece of writing, in a computer document, or on the Internet

 original - adj. made or produced first

 match - v. to provide, produce, or do something that is equal to (something else)

 domain name - n. the characters that form the main part of an Internet address

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 * How to Turn Your Phone into a Wi-Fi Hotspot

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One of the more infuriating things about the Internet is when a website closes down.
You might follow a favorite writer’s blog, save links to helpful articles, and share interesting posts on social media. But then one day, you return to the website to discover that it is gone.
The site does not exist anymore. All of the useful stories and information are now missing. It is like they never existed.
The good news is that you may be able to find those sites again, even after they are offline. You can find help from a website called the Wayback Machine.
 What the Wayback Machine Is 
The Wayback Machine site shows a kind of history of the internet. It shows websites that are no longer online and older versions of current sites. 
The Wayback Machine provides archived records of publicly available websites. Not all websites or versions of sites are available, but many are.
 How to Use the Wayback Machine 
To see the archived images, go to the Wayback Machine website and enter the web address of the site you want to see.
You must enter the exact web address, not just the site’s name.
For example, if you want to see an earlier version of the Learning English website, you would enter learningenglish.voanews.com, not the words “Voice of America Learning English.”
 Click the Browse History button.
On the results page, you will see how many times the website has been archived and information showing when the site was saved. 
You can click on a year to see the exact date the site was saved. A blue dot on a date shows the page was saved on that day.
Click on a date with a blue dot to see what the website looked like on that date.
Here is Voice of America Learning English in 2012: 
Here is Facebook in 2006: 
And Google in 2004: 
You can only search for the home page of a website. But once you go to the archive, you may be able to find the story you are looking for on the site.
 Saving a Website to The Wayback Machine 
If you want to save an older version of a website, you can do that at the bottom of the Wayback Machine website’s home page. Enter the web address of the page you want saved and hit enter. 
 The Wayback Machine Beta Version 
The Wayback Machine recently launched a beta or test version that lets you search for older websites by keywords.
Unlike the original version, the beta version lets you enter search terms to try to find websites you cannot remember. It can also help users when they do not know the exact web address.
To use the beta version, go to Beta Wayback Machine. Enter the search term and hit enter. You will see a list of results that match your term.
For example, in the Beta version, you can enter "GeoCities" and see a list of GeoCities websites in different countries. 
 How the Wayback Machine Started 
The Internet has a history -- perhaps not a long history, but a rich one. The Wayback Machine was based on a computer software program developed in 1996 to document websites, saving the history of the internet.
The Wayback Machine website was launched in 2001, using a version of that software.
Since that time, the Wayback Machine has expanded quickly, as has much of the Internet. 
The site was named after the WABAC Machine, a time machine used by a boy and his dog on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, a 1960s television series.
 Ideas for Using the Wayback Machine 
You can use the Wayback Machine to find closed websites, such as GeoCities, which is now only available in Japan.
If you are thinking of buying a domain name, see how it was used before in its earlier life on the internet. If the site was used mainly for spam or unwanted advertising, you may not want to use that web address for your site.
You can also see how a website looked in the past and follow its design over the years.
I’m Marsha James.
 Carolyn Nicander Mohr wrote this report for VOA Learning English. George Grow was the editor. 
 Have you ever wanted to see a history of past websites? Have you ever been upset to find a website had closed? What websites have you searched for on the Wayback Machine? 
 Share your thoughts in the Comments Section below or on our Facebook page. 
______________________________________________________________
Words in This Story
 infuriate  - v. to make (someone) very angry
 article  - n. a piece of writing about a particular subject that is included in a website, magazine, newspaper, etc.
 offline -  adj. not connected to a computer or network
 archive  - v. to collect and store materials (such as recordings, documents, or computer files) so that they can be found and used when they are needed
 address  - n. the letters, numbers, and symbols that are used to show the location of a site on the Internet
 click  - v. to press a button on a mouse or some other device in order to make something happen on a computer​
 beta - adj. a version of a product (such as a computer program) that is almost finished and that is used for testing
 keyword  - n. a word that is used to find information in a piece of writing, in a computer document, or on the Internet
 original  - adj. made or produced first
 match  - v. to provide, produce, or do something that is equal to (something else)
 domain name  - n. the characters that form the main part of an Internet address
The Wayback Machine Shows History of the Internet
https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/wayback-machine/3710648.html