current democratic state of Hong Kong
None
2022-06-16
<div><div>
	<p>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</p>
	</div><div>
<table><tbody><tr><th><p>John Lee Government</p></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/File:Regional_Emblem_of_Hong_Kong.svg"></a><br />6th Government of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region">Hong Kong<br />Special Administrative Region</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/File:Principal_Officials_of_Sixth-term_HKSAR_Government_20220619_voa.jpg"></a><p>John Lee with his cabinet on 19 June 2022</p></td></tr><tr><th>Date formed</th><td>1 July 2022; 7 months ago</td></tr><tr><th>People and organisations</th></tr><tr><th>Head of state</th><td><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></td></tr><tr><th>Head of government</th><td><a href="/wiki/John_Lee_(government_official)">John Lee</a></td></tr><tr><th>Member parties</th><td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_the_Betterment_and_Progress_of_Hong_Kong">DAB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Trade_Unions">FTU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_and_Professionals_Alliance_for_Hong_Kong">BPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Party_(Hong_Kong)">NPP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Hong_Kong)">LP</a></td></tr><tr><th>Status in legislature</th><td><a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)">Pro-Beijing</a> supermajority</td></tr><tr><th>Opposition party</th><td>None</td></tr><tr><th>History</th></tr><tr><th>Election(s)</th><td><a href="/wiki/2022_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election">2022 Chief Executive election</a></td></tr><tr><th>Legislature term(s)</th><td><a href="/wiki/7th_Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">7th Legislative Council</a></td></tr><tr><th>Predecessor</th><td><a href="/wiki/Lam_government">Lam government</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>administration of John Lee as Chief Executive of Hong Kong</b>, or <b>Lee administration</b>, officially referred to as "The 6th term Chief Executive of Hong Kong" relates to the period of governance of Hong Kong headed by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong">Chief Executive</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_(government_official)">John Lee</a>, starting from 1 July 2022.
</p>
<h2>Background and election[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_government&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1">edit</a>]</h2>
<p>With the legislating of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_national_security_law">National Security Law</a> constraining the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests">pro-democracy movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)">opposition camp</a>, there was virtually no opposition in Hong Kong.<sup><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> Legislation were passed in the legislature without obstacle,<sup><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> especially after <a href="/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">2021 election</a> which saw <a href="/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_electoral_changes">electoral changes</a> being implemented afterwards, affecting the composition of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Legislative Council</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2022_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election">2022 Chief Executive election</a>, John Lee, <a href="/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_cabinet_reshuffle">promoted</a> from <a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Security">Secretary for Security</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Administration">Chief Secretary for Administration</a> a year ago,<sup><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> received the approval of the Candidate Eligibility Review Committee<sup><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> to stand in the election and was the sole candidate of the leadership race, backed by the pro-Beijing camp.<sup><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> Receiving 99% of votes in the 1,461-member <a href="/wiki/Election_Committee">Election Committee</a>, Lee was chosen as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong">Chief Executive of Hong Kong</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Lee received the appointment from <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China">Chinese Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang">Li Keqiang</a> on 30 May 2022.<sup><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Cabinet[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_government&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2">edit</a>]</h2>
<p>It was reported on 16 June 2022 that John Lee had decided on the members of his <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Executive Council</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> The official list was announced on 19 June after the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China">State Council</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> approved the nominations by Lee.<sup><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> Four of the senior officials were under the United States sanctions after the imposition of the National Security Law in Hong Kong,<sup><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> including Chief Secretary nominee Eric Chan, former Direction of Immigration. One-third of the cabinet ministers are from the civil service, although the two highest-ranking positions were occupied by former officers from Disciplined Services. Some believed the government will continue the focus on security.<sup><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Legislative Council</a> passed a government restructuring package on 15 June, adding new deputies to the Chief Secretary, Financial Secretary and Secretary for Justice, as proposed by incoming Chief Executive John Lee. Two new bureaus were created, with some existing revamped to transfer responsibilities to the new departments.<sup><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Ministry[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_government&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3">edit</a>]</h3>
<table>
<caption>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Portfolio</th>
<th>Minister</th>
<th>Took office</th>
<th>Left office</th>
<th>Party
</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong">Chief Executive</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/wiki/John_Lee_(government_official)">John Lee</a></p></div></td><td>1 July 2022</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Administration">Chief Secretary for Administration</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chan">Eric Chan</a></p></div></td><td>1 July 2022</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_(Hong_Kong)">Financial Secretary</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Chan_Mo-po">Paul Chan</a></p></div></td><td>16 January 2017</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Justice_(Hong_Kong)">Secretary for Justice</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lam">Paul Lam</a></p></div></td><td>1 July 2022</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chief_Secretary_for_Administration">Deputy Chief Secretary for Administration</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/wiki/Warner_Cheuk">Warner Cheuk</a></p></div></td><td>1 July 2022</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Financial_Secretary">Deputy Financial Secretary</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wong_Wai-lun">Michael Wong</a></p></div></td><td>1 July 2022</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deputy_Secretary_for_Justice&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Deputy Secretary for Justice</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/wiki/Horace_Cheung">Horace Cheung</a></p></div></td><td>1 July 2022</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Culture,_Sports_and_Tourism">Secretary for Culture, Sports and Tourism</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Yeung">Kevin Yeung</a></p></div></td><td>1 July 2022</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Constitutional_and_Mainland_Affairs">Secretary for Constitutional and Mainland Affairs</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/wiki/Erick_Tsang">Erick Tsang</a></p></div></td><td>22 April 2020</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Financial_Services_and_the_Treasury">Secretary for Financial Services and the Treasury</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hui">Christopher Hui</a></p></div></td><td>22 April 2020</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_the_Betterment_of_Hong_Kong">DAB</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Security">Secretary for Security</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/wiki/Chris_Tang">Chris Tang</a></p></div></td><td>25 June 2021</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_the_Environment">Secretary for Environment and Ecology</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tse_Chin-Wan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Tse Chin-Wan</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AC%9D%E5%B1%95%E5%AF%B0">zh</a>]</p></div></td><td>1 July 2022</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Commerce_and_Economic_Development">Secretary for Commerce and Economic Development</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Yau">Algernon Yau</a></p></div></td><td>1 July 2022</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Health">Secretary for Health</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/wiki/Lo_Chung-mau">Lo Chung-mau</a></p></div></td><td>1 July 2022</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Transport_and_Logistics">Secretary for Transport and Logistics</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lam_Sai-hung&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Lam Sai-hung</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E9%9B%84">zh</a>]</p></div></td><td>1 July 2022</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Development">Secretary for Development</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernadette_Linn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Bernadette Linn</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%AF%E6%BC%A2%E8%B1%AA">zh</a>]</p></div></td><td>1 July 2022</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Housing">Secretary for Housing</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/wiki/Winnie_Ho">Winnie Ho</a></p></div></td><td>1 July 2022</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_the_Civil_Service">Secretary for the Civil Service</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Yeung">Ingrid Yeung</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E4%BD%95%E8%93%93%E8%8C%B5">zh</a>]</p></div></td><td>1 July 2022</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Education_(Hong_Kong)">Secretary for Education</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/wiki/Christine_Choi">Christine Choi</a></p></div></td><td>1 July 2022</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Innovation_and_Technology">Secretary for Innovation, Technology and Industry</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/wiki/Dong_Sun">Sun Dong</a></p></div></td><td>1 July 2022</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Home_Affairs">Secretary for Home and Youth Affairs</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/wiki/Alice_Mak_(politician)">Alice Mak</a></p></div></td><td>1 July 2022</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Trade_Unions">FTU</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Labour_and_Welfare">Secretary for Labour and Welfare</a></td><td><div><p><a href="/wiki/Chris_Sun">Chris Sun</a></p></div></td><td>1 July 2022</td><td>Incumbent</td><td> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>Other posts[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_government&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4">edit</a>]</h3>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Police_(Hong_Kong)">Commissioner of Police</a>: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Siu">Raymond Siu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_the_Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption">Commissioner of the Independent Commission Against Corruption</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Woo_Ying-ming&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Woo Ying-ming</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Audit_(Hong_Kong)">Director of Audit</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Lam">Nelson Lam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Immigration">Director of Immigration</a>: <a href="/wiki/Au_Ka-wang">Au Ka-wang</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Customs_and_Excise">Commissioner of Customs and Excise</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louise_Ho">Louise Ho</a></li></ul>
<h3>Executive Council non-official members[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_government&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>The new members of the Executive Council was announced on 22 June 2022.<sup><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>
</th>
<th>Members
</th>
<th>Affiliation
</th>
<th>Portfolio
</th>
<th>Assumed office
</th>
<th>Left office
</th>
<th>Born in
</th>
<th>Ref
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Regina_Ip">Regina Ip</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/NPPHK">NPP</a>
</td>
<td><b>Non-official Convenor of the ExCo</b><br />Legislative Council Member &amp; Chairlady of NPP
</td>
<td>1 July 2017
</td>
<td>Incumbent
</td>
<td>1950
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Li">Arthur Li</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a>
</td>
<td>Member of the Committee for the Basic Law of the HKSAR of the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress">NPCSC</a>
</td>
<td>1 July 2012
</td>
<td>Incumbent
</td>
<td>1945
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Lam">Jeffrey Lam</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Business_and_Professionals_Alliance_for_Hong_Kong">BPA</a>
</td>
<td>Legislative Council Member &amp; Vice-Chairman of BPA
</td>
<td>17 October 2012
</td>
<td>Incumbent
</td>
<td>1951
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Cheung">Tommy Cheung</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/LPHK">Liberal</a>
</td>
<td>Legislative Council Member, Chairman of Liberal Party
</td>
<td>25 November 2016
</td>
<td>Incumbent
</td>
<td>1949
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Liao">Martin Liao</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a>
</td>
<td>Legislative Council Member
</td>
<td>25 November 2016
</td>
<td>Incumbent
</td>
<td>1957
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Yam">Joseph Yam</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a>
</td>
<td>Executive Vice President of the China Society for Finance and Banking
</td>
<td>1 July 2017
</td>
<td>Incumbent
</td>
<td>1948
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ronny_Tong">Ronny Tong</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Path_of_Democracy">Path of Democracy</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Senior_Counsel">Senior Counsel</a> &amp; Convenor of Path of Democracy
</td>
<td>1 July 2017
</td>
<td>Incumbent
</td>
<td>1950
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Lam_Ching-choi">Lam Ching-choi</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a>
</td>
<td>Chairman of the Elderly Commission
</td>
<td>1 July 2017
</td>
<td>Incumbent
</td>
<td>1960
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Lau">Kenneth Lau</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/BPAHK">BPA</a>
</td>
<td>Legislative Council Member &amp; Chairman of <a href="/wiki/Heung_Yee_Kuk">Heung Yee Kuk</a>
</td>
<td>1 July 2017
</td>
<td>Incumbent
</td>
<td>1966
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Moses_Cheng">Moses Cheng</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a>
</td>
<td>Practicing solicitor<br />Chairman of the Council of <a href="/wiki/Hang_Seng_University_of_Hong_Kong">HSUHK</a>
</td>
<td>1 July 2022
</td>
<td>Incumbent
</td>
<td>1950
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Leung">Margaret Leung</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a>
</td>
<td>Treasurer of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong">HKU</a><br />Former CEO of <a href="/wiki/Hang_Seng_Bank_Limited">Hang Seng Bank Limited</a>
</td>
<td>1 July 2022
</td>
<td>Incumbent
</td>
<td>1952
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Chan_Kin-por">Chan Kin-por</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a>
</td>
<td>Legislative Council Member
</td>
<td>1 July 2022
</td>
<td>Incumbent
</td>
<td>1954
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eliza_Chan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Eliza Chan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a>
</td>
<td>Member of the National Committee of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference">CPPCC</a>
</td>
<td>1 July 2022
</td>
<td>Incumbent
</td>
<td>1957
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ko_Wing-man">Ko Wing-man</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</a>
</td>
<td>Former <a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Food_and_Health">Secretary for Food and Health</a>
</td>
<td>1 July 2022
</td>
<td>Incumbent
</td>
<td>1957
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ng_Chau-pei">Ng Chau-pei</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/HKFTU">FTU</a>
</td>
<td>Legislative Council Member &amp; President of FTU
</td>
<td>1 July 2022
</td>
<td>Incumbent
</td>
<td>1970
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chan">Gary Chan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/DABHK">DAB</a>
</td>
<td>Legislative Council Member &amp; Vice-Chairman of DAB
</td>
<td>1 July 2022
</td>
<td>Incumbent
</td>
<td>1976
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2>References[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_government&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6">edit</a>]</h2>
<div><ol>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <cite>Strumpf, Elaine Yu and Dan (17 December 2021). <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/hong-kong-holds-first-election-without-opposition-but-will-people-vote-11639739483">"Hong Kong Holds First Election Without Opposition. But Will People Vote?"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.hongkongwatch.org/all-posts/2021/12/19/hong-kongs-sham-elections-discredited-by-absence-of-opposition">"Hong Kong's sham elections discredited by absence of opposition"</a>. <i>Hong Kong Watch</i>. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/hong-kong-vote-democracy-jail/2021/12/17/fa4b2252-5bbf-11ec-b1ef-cb78be717f0e_story.html">"The opposition is in jail. Hong Kong wants its 'patriots'-only vote to look legitimate"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3135144/hong-kong-electoral-changes-no-opposition-no-excuses-will">"Will Carrie Lam, allies govern better following Hong Kong's electoral overhaul?"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 28 May 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://time.com/6130028/hong-kong-patriots-only-election/">"Hong Kong Sees Lowest Ever Voter Turnout After Beijing's New Election Rules"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202106/25/P2021062500412.htm">"Government announces appointment and removal of Principal Officials (with photos)"</a>. <i>www.info.gov.hk</i>. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202108/26/P2021082600526.htm">"Candidate Eligibility Review Committee announces lists of validly registered ex-officio members, validly nominated nominees and candidates for Election Committee"</a>. <i>www.info.gov.hk</i>. Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3173203/hong-kong-chief-executive-election-2022-no-2-official-john">"John Lee resigns to be 'only Hong Kong leadership option with Beijing's blessing'"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 6 April 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <cite>Standard, The. <a href="https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/189938/John-Lee-selected-as-Hong-Kong%E2%80%99s-next-leader-with-1,416-votes">"John Lee selected as Hong Kong’s next leader with 1,416 support votes"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1650793-20220530.htm?">"John Lee receives CE appointment letter in Beijing - RTHK"</a>. <i>news.rthk.hk</i>. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://topick.hket.com/article/3278103">"消息：新班子名單曝光 5局長留下9人升遷（附名單） - 香港經濟日報 - TOPick - 新聞 - 政治"</a>. <i>topick.hket.com</i>. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://english.www.gov.cn/statecouncil/ministries/202206/19/content_WS62aebafdc6d02e533532c604.html#:~:text=BEIJING%20%E2%80%94%20China%27s%20State%20Council%20on,appointed%20Chief%20Secretary%20for%20Administration">"China's State Council appoints principal officials of sixth-term HKSAR govt"</a>. <i>english.www.gov.cn</i>. Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202206/19/P2022061900202.htm?fontSize=1">"Principal Officials of Sixth-term HKSAR Government appointed (with photos)"</a>. <i>www.info.gov.hk</i>. Retrieved 20 June 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.voanews.com/a/new-hong-kong-cabinet-includes-4-under-us-sanctions-/6623788.html">"New Hong Kong Cabinet Includes 4 Under US Sanctions"</a>. <i>VOA</i>. Retrieved 20 June 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.rfi.fr/tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B/20220619-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%96%B0%E7%8F%AD%E5%AD%90%E9%A0%AD%E4%BA%8C%E6%8A%8A%E6%89%8B%E5%9D%87%E7%82%BA%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%98-%E8%A9%95%E8%AB%96%E6%8C%87-%E6%AD%A6%E9%80%B2%E6%96%87%E9%80%80-%E5%B7%B2%E6%9C%89%E5%A6%A5%E5%8D%94%E4%BD%86%E6%96%99%E4%BB%8D%E5%BC%B7%E7%A1%AC">"香港新班子頭二把手均為武官 評論指「武進文退」已有妥協但料仍強硬"</a>. <i>RFI - 法國國際廣播電台</i> (in Traditional Chinese). 19 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://hongkongfp.com/2022/05/18/hong-kong-govt-restructuring-to-add-3-new-deputies-2-new-bureaux-and-cost-hk95-million-a-year/">"Hong Kong gov't restructuring to add 3 new deputies, 2 new bureaux and cost HK$95 million a year"</a>. <i>Hong Kong Free Press HKFP</i>. 18 May 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202206/22/P2022062200383.htm?fontSize=1">"New-term ExCo membership announced (with photos)"</a>. <i>www.info.gov.hk</i>. Retrieved 24 June 2022.</cite>
</li>
</ol></div>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td>Preceded by
</td>
<td><b> Government of Hong Kong </b><br />2022–present
</td>
<td>Succeeded by<p>Incumbent</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>||||I|||| Jump to content
 Toggle sidebar
 Search
 * Create account
 Personal tools
 * Create account
 * Log in

 Pages for logged out editors learn more

 * Talk
 * Contributions
 Navigation
 * Main page
 * Contents
 * Current events
 * Random article
 * About Wikipedia
 * Contact us
 * Donate
 Contribute
 * Help
 * Learn to edit
 * Community portal
 * Recent changes
 * Upload file
 Tools
 * What links here
 * Related changes
 * Upload file
 * Special pages
 * Permanent link
 * Page information
 * Cite this page
 * Wikidata item
 Print/export
 * Download as PDF
 * Printable version
 Languages
 On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Go to top.

 Contents

 move to sidebar hide
 * (Top)
 * 1 Background and election
 * 2 Cabinet
 + 2.1 Ministry
 + 2.2 Other posts
 + 2.3 Executive Council non-official members
 * 3 References
 Toggle the table of contents

 Lee government

 1 language
 * 中文
 Edit links
 * Article
 * Talk
 English
 * Read
 * Edit
 * View history
 More
 * Read
 * Edit
 * View history
 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 John Lee Government 
 
 6th Government of the Hong Kong 
 Special Administrative Region 
 John Lee with his cabinet on 19 June 2022
 Date formed 1 July 2022 ; 7 months ago 
 People and organisations 
 Head of state Xi Jinping 
 Head of government John Lee 
 Member parties DAB, FTU, BPA, NPP, LP 
 Status in legislature Pro-Beijing supermajority 
 Opposition party None 
 History 
 Election(s) 2022 Chief Executive election
 Legislature term(s) 7th Legislative Council 
 Predecessor Lam government 
 

 The administration of John Lee as Chief Executive of Hong Kong, or Lee administration, officially referred to as "The 6th term Chief Executive of Hong Kong" relates to the period of governance of Hong Kong headed by Chief Executive John Lee, starting from 1 July 2022.

 Background and election [ edit ]

 With the legislating of the National Security Law constraining the pro-democracy movement and the opposition camp, there was virtually no opposition in Hong Kong.[1][2][3] Legislation were passed in the legislature without obstacle,[4] especially after 2021 election which saw electoral changes being implemented afterwards, affecting the composition of the Legislative Council.[5]

 In the 2022 Chief Executive election, John Lee, promoted from Secretary for Security to Chief Secretary for Administration a year ago,[6] received the approval of the Candidate Eligibility Review Committee[7] to stand in the election and was the sole candidate of the leadership race, backed by the pro-Beijing camp.[8] Receiving 99% of votes in the 1,461-member Election Committee, Lee was chosen as the Chief Executive of Hong Kong.[9]

 Lee received the appointment from Chinese Premier Li Keqiang on 30 May 2022.[10]

 Cabinet [ edit ]

 It was reported on 16 June 2022 that John Lee had decided on the members of his Executive Council.[11] The official list was announced on 19 June after the State Council[12] approved the nominations by Lee.[13] Four of the senior officials were under the United States sanctions after the imposition of the National Security Law in Hong Kong,[14] including Chief Secretary nominee Eric Chan, former Direction of Immigration. One-third of the cabinet ministers are from the civil service, although the two highest-ranking positions were occupied by former officers from Disciplined Services. Some believed the government will continue the focus on security.[15]

 The Legislative Council passed a government restructuring package on 15 June, adding new deputies to the Chief Secretary, Financial Secretary and Secretary for Justice, as proposed by incoming Chief Executive John Lee. Two new bureaus were created, with some existing revamped to transfer responsibilities to the new departments.[16]

 Ministry [ edit ]

 Portfolio Minister Took office Left office Party
 Chief Executive John Lee 1 July 2022 Incumbent Nonpartisan
 Chief Secretary for Administration Eric Chan 1 July 2022 Incumbent Nonpartisan
 Financial Secretary Paul Chan 16 January 2017 Incumbent Nonpartisan
 Secretary for Justice Paul Lam 1 July 2022 Incumbent Nonpartisan
 Deputy Chief Secretary for Administration Warner Cheuk 1 July 2022 Incumbent Nonpartisan
 Deputy Financial Secretary Michael Wong 1 July 2022 Incumbent Nonpartisan
 Deputy Secretary for Justice Horace Cheung 1 July 2022 Incumbent Nonpartisan
 Secretary for Culture, Sports and Tourism Kevin Yeung 1 July 2022 Incumbent Nonpartisan
 Secretary for Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Erick Tsang 22 April 2020 Incumbent Nonpartisan
 Secretary for Financial Services and the Treasury Christopher Hui 22 April 2020 Incumbent DAB 
 Secretary for Security Chris Tang 25 June 2021 Incumbent Nonpartisan
 Secretary for Environment and Ecology Tse Chin-Wan [ zh ] 1 July 2022 Incumbent Nonpartisan
 Secretary for Commerce and Economic Development Algernon Yau 1 July 2022 Incumbent Nonpartisan
 Secretary for Health Lo Chung-mau 1 July 2022 Incumbent Nonpartisan
 Secretary for Transport and Logistics Lam Sai-hung [ zh ] 1 July 2022 Incumbent Nonpartisan
 Secretary for Development Bernadette Linn [ zh ] 1 July 2022 Incumbent Nonpartisan
 Secretary for Housing Winnie Ho 1 July 2022 Incumbent Nonpartisan
 Secretary for the Civil Service Ingrid Yeung [ zh ] 1 July 2022 Incumbent Nonpartisan
 Secretary for Education Christine Choi 1 July 2022 Incumbent Nonpartisan
 Secretary for Innovation, Technology and Industry Sun Dong 1 July 2022 Incumbent Nonpartisan
 Secretary for Home and Youth Affairs Alice Mak 1 July 2022 Incumbent FTU 
 Secretary for Labour and Welfare Chris Sun 1 July 2022 Incumbent Nonpartisan
 

 Other posts [ edit ]

 * Commissioner of Police: Raymond Siu
 * Commissioner of the Independent Commission Against Corruption: Woo Ying-ming
 * Director of Audit: Nelson Lam
 * Director of Immigration: Au Ka-wang
 * Commissioner of Customs and Excise: Louise Ho

 Executive Council non-official members [ edit ]

 The new members of the Executive Council was announced on 22 June 2022.[17]

 Members Affiliation Portfolio Assumed office Left office Born in Ref
 Regina Ip NPP Non-official Convenor of the ExCo 1 July 2017 Incumbent 1950 
 Legislative Council Member & Chairlady of NPP  
 Arthur Li Nonpartisan Member of the Committee for the Basic Law of the HKSAR of the NPCSC 1 July 2012 Incumbent 1945 
 Jeffrey Lam BPA Legislative Council Member & Vice-Chairman of BPA 17 October 2012 Incumbent 1951 
 Tommy Cheung Liberal Legislative Council Member, Chairman of Liberal Party 25 November 2016 Incumbent 1949 
 Martin Liao Nonpartisan Legislative Council Member 25 November 2016 Incumbent 1957 
 Joseph Yam Nonpartisan Executive Vice President of the China Society for Finance and Banking 1 July 2017 Incumbent 1948 
 Ronny Tong Path of Democracy Senior Counsel & Convenor of Path of Democracy 1 July 2017 Incumbent 1950 
 Lam Ching-choi Nonpartisan Chairman of the Elderly Commission 1 July 2017 Incumbent 1960 
 Kenneth Lau BPA Legislative Council Member & Chairman of Heung Yee Kuk 1 July 2017 Incumbent 1966 
 Moses Cheng Nonpartisan Practicing solicitor 1 July 2022 Incumbent 1950 
 Chairman of the Council of HSUHK  
 Margaret Leung Nonpartisan Treasurer of HKU 1 July 2022 Incumbent 1952 
 Former CEO of Hang Seng Bank Limited  
 Chan Kin-por Nonpartisan Legislative Council Member 1 July 2022 Incumbent 1954 
 Eliza Chan Nonpartisan Member of the National Committee of CPPCC 1 July 2022 Incumbent 1957 
 Ko Wing-man Nonpartisan Former Secretary for Food and Health 1 July 2022 Incumbent 1957 
 Ng Chau-pei FTU Legislative Council Member & President of FTU 1 July 2022 Incumbent 1970 
 Gary Chan DAB Legislative Council Member & Vice-Chairman of DAB 1 July 2022 Incumbent 1976 
 

 References [ edit ]

 1. ^ Strumpf, Elaine Yu and Dan (17 December 2021). "Hong Kong Holds First Election Without Opposition. But Will People Vote?". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660 . Retrieved 16 June 2022 .
 2. ^ "Hong Kong's sham elections discredited by absence of opposition". Hong Kong Watch . Retrieved 16 June 2022 .
 3. ^ "The opposition is in jail. Hong Kong wants its 'patriots'-only vote to look legitimate". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved 16 June 2022 .
 4. ^ "Will Carrie Lam, allies govern better following Hong Kong's electoral overhaul?". South China Morning Post. 28 May 2021 . Retrieved 16 June 2022 .
 5. ^ "Hong Kong Sees Lowest Ever Voter Turnout After Beijing's New Election Rules". Time . Retrieved 16 June 2022 .
 6. ^ "Government announces appointment and removal of Principal Officials (with photos)". www.info.gov.hk . Retrieved 16 June 2022 .
 7. ^ "Candidate Eligibility Review Committee announces lists of validly registered ex-officio members, validly nominated nominees and candidates for Election Committee". www.info.gov.hk . Retrieved 22 June 2022 .
 8. ^ "John Lee resigns to be 'only Hong Kong leadership option with Beijing's blessing'". South China Morning Post. 6 April 2022 . Retrieved 16 June 2022 .
 9. ^ Standard, The. "John Lee selected as Hong Kong’s next leader with 1,416 support votes". The Standard . Retrieved 16 June 2022 .
 10. ^ "John Lee receives CE appointment letter in Beijing - RTHK". news.rthk.hk . Retrieved 16 June 2022 .
 11. ^ "消息：新班子名單曝光 5局長留下9人升遷（附名單） - 香港經濟日報 - TOPick - 新聞 - 政治". topick.hket.com . Retrieved 16 June 2022 .
 12. ^ "China's State Council appoints principal officials of sixth-term HKSAR govt". english.www.gov.cn . Retrieved 22 June 2022 .
 13. ^ "Principal Officials of Sixth-term HKSAR Government appointed (with photos)". www.info.gov.hk . Retrieved 20 June 2022 .
 14. ^ "New Hong Kong Cabinet Includes 4 Under US Sanctions". VOA . Retrieved 20 June 2022 .
 15. ^ "香港新班子頭二把手均為武官 評論指「武進文退」已有妥協但料仍強硬". RFI - 法國國際廣播電台 (in Traditional Chinese). 19 June 2022 . Retrieved 20 June 2022 .
 16. ^ "Hong Kong gov't restructuring to add 3 new deputies, 2 new bureaux and cost HK$95 million a year". Hong Kong Free Press HKFP. 18 May 2022 . Retrieved 16 June 2022 .
 17. ^ "New-term ExCo membership announced (with photos)". www.info.gov.hk . Retrieved 24 June 2022 .
 Preceded by Government of Hong Kong Succeeded by
 Carrie Lam 2022–present Incumbent 
 
 * v 
 * t 
 * e 
 Hong Kong SAR governments
 * 1st (Tung I) 
 * 2nd 
 + Tung II 
 + Tsang I 
 * 3rd (Tsang II) 
 * 4th (Leung) 
 * 5th (Lam) 
 * 6th (Lee) 
 Current government 
 
 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_government&oldid=1120048282"
 Categories:
 * 2022 establishments in Hong Kong
 * Chief Executives of Hong Kong
 * Hong Kong Government
 Hidden categories:
 * CS1 Traditional Chinese-language sources (zh-hant)
 * Articles with short description
 * Short description matches Wikidata
 * Use Hong Kong English from June 2022
 * All Wikipedia articles written in Hong Kong English
 * Use dmy dates from June 2022
 * Articles with hCards
 * This page was last edited on 4 November 2022, at 20:47 (UTC) .
 * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
 * Privacy policy
 * About Wikipedia
 * Disclaimers
 * Contact Wikipedia
 * Mobile view
 * Developers
 * Statistics
 * Cookie statement
 * 
 * 
Lee government - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_government
None
2005-12-01
<div><div>
<p>"Pro-democracy camp" redirects here. For the equivalent political camp in Macau, see <a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Macau)">Pro-democracy camp (Macau)</a>.</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th><div><p>Pro-democracy camp</p> <p>民主派</p></div></th></tr><tr><th><a href="#Convenor">Convenor</a></th><td><i>Vacant</i></td></tr><tr><th>Founded</th><td>27 October 1986; 36 years ago</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td><div><ul><li><b>Majority:</b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism">Liberalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong">HK</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy">Social democracy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Hong_Kong">HK</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism">Social liberalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li><li><b>Factions:</b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)">Localism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Hong_Kong">HK</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th>Colours</th><td><a href="/wiki/Yellow">Yellow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green">green</a><br />(customary)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Legislative_Council">Legislative Council</a></th><td><div><p>0 / 90 (0%)</p></div></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_District_Council">District Councils</a></th><td><div><p>52 / 479 (11%)</p></div></td></tr><tr><td><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong">Politics of Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hong_Kong">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hong_Kong">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Pro-democracy camp</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td>民主派</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><th>Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td>Màhn jyú paai</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td>Man<sup>4</sup> zyu<sup>2</sup> paai<sup>3</sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th>Pan-democracy camp</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td>泛民主派</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><th>Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td>Faan màhn jyú paai</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td>Faan<sup>6</sup> man<sup>4</sup> zyu<sup>2</sup> paai<sup>3</sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>pro-democracy camp</b>, also known as the <b>pan-democracy camp</b>, is a political alignment in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</a> that supports increased democracy, namely the <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage">universal suffrage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong">Chief Executive</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Legislative Council</a> as given by the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Hong_Kong">Basic Law</a> under the "<a href="/wiki/One_Country,_Two_Systems">One Country, Two Systems</a>" framework.
</p><p>The pro-democrats generally embrace <a href="/wiki/Liberalism">liberal</a> values such as rule of law, human rights, civil liberties and social justice, though their economic positions vary. They are often referred to as the "opposition camp" as they have consistently been the minority camp within the Legislative Council, and because of their non-cooperative and sometimes confrontational stance towards the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government">Chinese central governments</a>. Opposite to the pro-democracy camp is the <a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)">pro-Beijing camp</a>, whose members are perceived as being supportive of the Beijing and SAR authorities. Since the <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong">1997 handover</a>, the pro-democracy camp has usually received 55 to 60 percent of the votes in each election, but has always received less than half of the seats in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Legislative Council</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Indirectly_elected">indirectly elected</a> elements of the legislature.
</p><p>The pro-democracy activists emerged from the youth movements in the 1970s and began to take part in electoral politics as the colonial government introduced representative democracy in the mid 1980s. The pro-democrats joined hands in pushing for greater democracy both in the transition period and after <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_sovereignty_of_Hong_Kong">handover of Hong Kong</a> in 1997. Many also supported greater democracy in China and the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a>. The relationship between the pro-democrats and the Beijing government turned hostile after Beijing's bloody crackdown on the protest, after which the pro-democrats were labelled as "treasonous". After the <a href="/wiki/2004_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">2004 Legislative Council election</a>, the term "pan-democracy camp" (abbreviated "pan-dems") became more commonly used as more allied parties and politicians of varying political ideologies emerged.
</p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2016_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">2016 Legislative Council election</a>, the camp faced a challenge from the new <a href="/wiki/Localist_groups_(Hong_Kong)">localists</a> who emerged after the <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Revolution">Umbrella Revolution</a> and ran under the banner of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination">self-determination</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence">Hong Kong independence</a>. After the election, some localists joined the pro-democrats' caucus, which rebranded itself as the "pro-democracy camp".<sup><a href="#cite_note-G27-3">[3]</a></sup> The disunity within the camp and the failure of the Umbrella Revolution cost the pro-democrats in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Hong_Kong_by-election">2018 by-elections</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests">2019 anti-extradition movement</a>, however, saw a rebound in popularity for the camp, which contributed to its biggest victory in the history of Hong Kong, gaining control of 17 of the 18 District Councils and more than tripling their seats from 124 to 388 in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Hong_Kong_local_elections">2019 District Council election</a>. In reaction to the political upheaval, the Beijing government further curbed the opposition and the disqualification of four sitting pro-democracy legislators triggered the <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_Legislative_Council_mass_resignations">resignations of 15 remaining pro-democrats</a> from the legislature, leaving pro-democrats with no representation for the first time since 1998.<sup><a href="#cite_note-bbc_resign_en_masse-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Ideology[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1">edit</a>]</h2>
<p>One of the main goals of the pro-democracy camp is to achieve <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage">universal suffrage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong">Chief Executive</a> (CE) and the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Legislative Council</a> (LegCo) as guaranteed in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_45">Article 45</a> and Article 68 of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Hong_Kong">Basic Law</a> respectively. Since the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress_Standing_Committee">National People's Congress Standing Committee</a>'s (NPCSC) <a href="/wiki/831_decision">31 August 2014 decision</a>, which determined that the Chief Executive candidate would be selected by a highly restrictive nominating committee and was seen as betrayal of the democratic value, some democrats have raised the question of the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-determination">right to self-determination</a>. However, the mainstream pro-democrats retained their support for a highly autonomous Hong Kong under the "<a href="/wiki/One_Country,_Two_Systems">One Country, Two Systems</a>" framework, as promised by the Basic Law.<sup><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>The pro-democrats generally embrace <a href="/wiki/Liberalism">liberal</a> values such as rule of law, human rights, civil liberties, and social justice, though their economic positions vary. Some pro-democrats position themselves as more pro-labour, such as the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Social_Democrats">League of Social Democrats</a> (LSD), the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Hong_Kong)">Labour Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood_and_Worker%27s_Service_Centre">Neighbourhood and Worker's Service Centre</a> (NWSC). Meanwhile, most pro-democrats believe in a more <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> society. The pro-democracy camp generally supports the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_democracy_movement">Chinese democracy movement</a>, which can be traced back to their support for the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989">Tiananmen Square protests of 1989</a>. Many of the pro-democrats have been calling for the end of <a href="/wiki/One_party_rule">one party rule</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> and therefore are seen as a threat by the Beijing authorities. The camp's support for more liberal democracy is seen as unacceptable by the Beijing government. In some cases, pan-democracy activists have been labeled <a href="/wiki/Traitors">traitors</a> to China.<sup><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>The pro-democrats are also divided by their approach for achieving democracy: the moderate democrats, represented by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Hong_Kong)">Democratic Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Democracy_and_People%27s_Livelihood">Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood</a> (ADPL), believe in dialogue with Beijing and Hong Kong governments over struggle, while radical democrats such as the League of Social Democrats and the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_(Hong_Kong)">People Power</a> believe in street actions and mass movements. There have been severe conflicts and distrust between the two factions and a great split after the <a href="/wiki/2010_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform">constitutional reform voting</a> in 2010, where the Democratic Party negotiated with the Beijing representatives and supported the modified reform proposal and was thus seen as a betrayal by the radical democrats.<sup><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>History[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2">edit</a>]</h2>
<h3>Early development[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>Members of the camp include social workers and social activists emerged from the 1970s youth movements. Many of them grouped themselves as the "social action faction", competing against the pro-Communist <a href="/wiki/Maoists">Maoists</a> in whom they disagreed with their ultra-nationalist and radical Maoist stances. Although claiming to be patriotic and launching the <a href="/wiki/Baodiao_movement">defend the Diaoyu Islands movement</a>, the "social action faction" dedicated themselves into the local social issues in Hong Kong. They fought for the social inequality and livelihood issues, including the anti-corruption movement and Chinese Language movement and so forth. In the early 1980s when the question of Hong Kong sovereignty emerged, many of them supported a democratic autonomous Hong Kong under Chinese sovereignty, notably the <a href="/wiki/Meeting_Point">Meeting Point</a> which was founded in January 1983 which became the first political group to publicly support the Chinese sovereignty of Hong Kong.<sup><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a>, the pro-democrats began to join hands to demand further democracy before and after 1997. In 1986, a number of political groups, activists, professionals and politicians joined hand under the banner of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_the_Promotion_of_Democratic_Government">Joint Committee on the Promotion of Democratic Government</a> (JCPDG) demanding for <a href="/wiki/1988_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">1988 direct elections</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Legislative Council</a> and earlier <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage">universal suffrage</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong">Chief Executive</a> and Legislative Council after 1997, as presented in the proposal of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_190">Group of 190</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-9">[9]</a></sup> Their arch rival at the time was the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_89">Group of 89</a>, a group of conservative business and professional elites in the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Drafting_Committee">Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee</a> (HKBLDC) and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Consultative_Committee">Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee</a> (HKBLCC). They generally opposed the British colonial administration and its perceived "<a href="/wiki/Kowtowing">kowtowing</a>" to the Beijing government over the issues such as constitutional reform, direct elections, civic rights and <a href="/wiki/Daya_Bay_Nuclear_Plant">Daya Bay Nuclear Plant</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>The pro-democrats maintained a relatively warm relationship with the Beijing government during the 1980s, as many of the pro-democrats supported the Chinese sovereignty in Hong Kong and the "high degree of autonomy" as ensured in the Sino-British Joint Declaration. They also saw the ideal of Hong Kong helping in China's <a href="/wiki/Four_Modernisations">Four Modernisations</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-9">[9]</a></sup> The Beijing authorities also viewed the pro-democrats as the targets of the <a href="/wiki/United_Front_in_Hong_Kong">united front</a>. Barrister <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lee">Martin Lee</a> and educator <a href="/wiki/Szeto_Wah">Szeto Wah</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Professional_Teachers%27_Union">Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union</a>, who were also the two most visible pro-democracy leaders, were appointed members of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee in 1985 by Beijing.<sup><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>The pro-democrats also participated in electoral politics as direct elections were introduced in local levels in the 1980s, namely the <a href="/wiki/District_Council_of_Hong_Kong">District Boards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_Council">Urban Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_(Hong_Kong)">Regional Council</a>. Among them, the Meeting Point formed in 1983, the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Affairs_Society">Hong Kong Affairs Society</a> in 1985 and <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Democracy_and_People%27s_Livelihood">Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood</a> in 1986 became the three major pro-democratic groups and formed a strategic alliance in the <a href="/wiki/1988_Hong_Kong_local_elections">1988 District Board elections</a>, which laid the foundation of the pro-democracy grassroots supports.<sup><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Tiananmen protests and last colonial years[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>The consolidation of its public support has its roots in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989">1989 Tiananmen crackdown</a> which aroused widespread horror, sympathy and support of the protesters by Hong Kong citizens.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Wingk-12">[12]</a></sup> The pro-democrats, who were heavily involved in the protests and formed the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_of_China">Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China</a> (ADSPDMC or Alliance), were seen as "treason" and threat to the Beijing government. The two pro-democracy Basic Law Drafting Committee members, Martin Lee and Szeto Wah, were stripped from the office after they resigned in protest of the bloody crackdown, many of other pro-democrats were denied entry to the Mainland China since. Since 1989, the Alliance organise <a href="/wiki/Memorials_for_the_Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989">annual candlelight vigil</a> for the June 4 crackdown at the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Hong_Kong">Victoria Park, Hong Kong</a>, which draw thousands of people every year. Ahead of the <a href="/wiki/1991_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">first direct election to the Legislative Council in 1991</a>, around 600 democracy activists co-founded the first major pro-democracy party, the <a href="/wiki/United_Democrats_of_Hong_Kong">United Democrats of Hong Kong</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Sing-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>The electoral alliance of United Democrats of Hong Kong and Meeting Point, together with other smaller political parties, groups and independents, won a historical landslide victory in the 1991 election, took 17 out of the 18 geographical constituency seats.<sup><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> The pro-democrats were often considered strategic allies of <a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten">Chris Patten</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong">colonial governor</a> who proposed a <a href="/wiki/1994_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform">much progressive democratic reform</a> in the last years before the <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong">handover of Hong Kong</a>, despite Beijing's strong opposition. The Democrats supported Patten's proposal for the <a href="/wiki/1995_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">1995 Legislative Council election</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Lau">Emily Lau</a>'s full-scale direct election amendment was not passed as a result of Meeting Point's abstaining from voting for Emily Lau, which caused harsh criticism from the radical democrats and the <a href="/wiki/United_Ants">United Ants</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Sing-14">[14]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> In 1994, the United Democrats and the Meeting Point merged into the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Hong_Kong)">Democratic Party</a>, which won another landslide victory in the 1995 election, taking 19 seats in total, far ahead of other parties. Together with other democratic parties and individuals including Emily Lau, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Cheuk-yan">Lee Cheuk-yan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leung_Yiu-chung">Leung Yiu-chung</a> who later formed <a href="/wiki/The_Frontier_(Hong_Kong)">The Frontier</a> in 1996 and <a href="/wiki/Christine_Loh">Christine Loh</a> who formed the <a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(Hong_Kong)">Citizens Party</a> in 1997, the pro-democrats gained a thin majority in the legislature for the last two years before 1997.<sup><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Beijing government argued that the electoral reform introduced by Patten had violated the Joint Declaration and thus they no longer felt obliged to honour the promise of a "through train", a plan to keep the 1995 elected legislature into post-handover SAR era. A parallel Legislative Council, the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Legislative_Council">Provisional Legislative Council</a>, was formed in 1996 under the control of the Pro-Beijing camp, this became the Legislative Council upon the founding of the new SAR government in 1997, in which the pro-democrats except for the Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood boycotted it, deeming it as unconstitutional.<sup><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Handover to China and 1 July 2003 protest[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>All of its members, except the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Democracy_and_People%27s_Livelihood">Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood</a>, declined to join the extralegal Provisional Legislative Council installed by the government of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China">People's Republic of China</a>, and were ousted from the territory's legislature for a year until the 1998 election.<sup><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> Starting from the 1998 election, since the <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system">plurality</a> electoral system was changed to <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation">proportional representation</a>, compounded with the restoration of corporate votes in the functional constituencies, and replacement of broad-based functional constituencies with traditional ones, the number of seats of the camp dipped, albeit having similar share of vote.<sup><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> Within the camp, share of smaller parties and independents increased relatively, with the share of the Democratic Party falling from around two-thirds in 1995 to less than a half by 2004.
</p><p>The pro-democracy camp was the strong opposition to the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_(Legislative_Provisions)_Bill_2003">national security and anti-subversion legislation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_23">Basic Law Article 23</a> and they successfully called for <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_July_1_marches#2003">over 500,000 people to protest</a> on 1 July 2003 against the legislation, the largest demonstration since the handover.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Wyc-22">[22]</a></sup> The pro-democrats received victories in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/2003_Hong_Kong_district_councils_election">2003 District Councils</a> and <a href="/wiki/2004_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">2004 Legislative Council</a> elections. The barrister-formed Article 23 Concern Group formed by the pro-democracy lawyers, which transformed into <a href="/wiki/Article_45_Concern_Group">Article 45 Concern Group</a>, saw its member <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Eu">Audrey Eu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Leong">Alan Leong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronny_Tong">Ronny Tong</a> were elected in the 2004 election. In 2006, the group formed the middle class and professional oriented <a href="/wiki/Civic_Party">Civic Party</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-WikiLeaks-23">[23]</a></sup> On the other hand, the left-wing radical group <a href="/wiki/League_of_Social_Democrats">League of Social Democrats</a> was formed in the same year by <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> legislator <a href="/wiki/Leung_Kwok-hung">Leung Kwok-hung</a> and radical radio host <a href="/wiki/Wong_Yuk-man">Wong Yuk-man</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> As a result of the diversification of the pro-democracy elements, the use of "pan-democrats" gained in popularity, as it is typically meant to be non-denominational and all-inclusive.
</p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2007_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election">2007 Chief Executive election</a>, Civic Party's <a href="/wiki/Alan_Leong">Alan Leong</a> successfully gained enough nominations to challenge the incumbent Chief Executive <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tsang">Donald Tsang</a>, but he was not elected as expected due to the control of the <a href="/wiki/Election_Committee">Election Committee</a> by the pro-Beijing camp. After the <a href="/wiki/2008_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">2008 Legislative Council election</a>, The Frontier merged into the Democratic Party and the convenor <a href="/wiki/Emily_Lau">Emily Lau</a> was elected vice chair of the party.<sup><a href="#cite_note-merge-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>2012 reform package and the Split[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6">edit</a>]</h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tsang">Donald Tsang</a>, the Chief Executive, promised to resolve the question of universal suffrage in his office during the election. He carried out the <a href="/wiki/2012_constitutional_package">2012 constitutional package</a> in 2009 which was criticised by the pro-democracy as lack of genuine progress. The League of Social Democrats called for a <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto">de facto</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Referendum">referendum</a>, by way of the <a href="/wiki/2010_Hong_Kong_by-election">2010 by-elections</a> in five geographical constituencies.<sup><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Civic_Party">Civic Party</a>, the second largest pro-democratic party joined, however the Democratic Party, the largest party, was reluctant to participate. The Democratic Party and other moderate democrats and pro-democracy scholars launched the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Universal_Suffrage">Alliance for Universal Suffrage</a> and started to engage with the mainland officials. The Democratic Party brought out a revised proposal of the package to Beijing and the revised proposal was passed in the Legislative Council in the support of the government and Pro-Beijing camp.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cheers-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>However, it triggered a major split within the camp and also in the Democratic Party. The Young Turks including the LegCo member <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cheng">Andrew Cheng</a> quit the party and formed the <a href="/wiki/Neo_Democrats">Neo Democrats</a>. The Democratic Party was accused by the LSD and the radicals of betraying democracy and its supporters. On the matter of whether to coordinate with the moderate democrats in the <a href="/wiki/2011_Hong_Kong_local_elections">2011 District Council elections</a>, the League of Social Democrats was suffered in the factional fighting and the two of the three LSD legislators left the party in disarray and formed the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_(Hong_Kong)">People Power</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> The People Power's campaign targeted pan-democracy parties in the 2011 District Council elections that had supported the reform package filled candidates to run against them but only won one seat of 62 contested.
</p><p>Nevertheless, the People Power managed to win three seats in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">2012 Legislative Council election</a> and the radical democrats of the (People Power and the League of Social Democrats) topped 264,000 votes, compared to the Civic Party's 255,000 and Democratic Party's 247,000 respectively.<sup><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> Despite the pan-democrats securing three of the five newly created, <a href="/wiki/District_Council_(second)">District Council (second)</a> constituency seats the ratio of the vote share between the pan-democrats and the <a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp">pro-Beijing camp</a> narrowed significantly from the traditional 60% to 40%, to 55% to 45%.
</p><p>The chairman of the Democratic Party <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ho">Albert Ho</a> represented the pan-democracy camp to run in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election">2012 Chief Executive election</a>. On election day the pan-democrats declined to vote for neither <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tang">Henry Tang</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Leung_Chun-ying">Leung Chun-ying</a> and called for a <a href="/wiki/Spoilt_vote">blank vote</a> from the electors.<sup><a href="#cite_note-blank20120322hks-30">[30]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>2014 Umbrella Revolution[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>In March 2013, all 27 democratic legislators formed the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_True_Democracy">Alliance for True Democracy</a> (ATD), replacing the Alliance for Universal Suffrage, to show solidarity of the camp to fight for genuine democracy. The ATD put forward a three-channel proposal for the <a href="/wiki/2017_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election">2017 Chief Executive election</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform">constitutional reform consultation</a> in 2014. However, the decision of the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress_Standing_Committee">National People's Congress Standing Committee</a> (NPCSC) on 31 August ruled out the possibility for any candidate not endorsed by Beijing to be nominated for the election, which the pan-democrats accused as a betrayal of the principle of "one person, one vote," The pan-democrats had supported legal scholar <a href="/wiki/Benny_Tai">Benny Tai</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Central_with_Love_and_Peace">Occupy Central</a> plan of civil disobedience against Beijing's decision, which later turned into a <a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests">79-day occupy protest</a> which often dubbed as "Umbrella Revolution".<sup><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-5">[5]</a></sup> On 18 June 2015, all 27 pan-democrat legislators and <a href="/wiki/Medical_(constituency)">Medical</a> legislator <a href="/wiki/Leung_Ka-lau">Leung Ka-lau</a> voted against the government's constitutional reform bill while the pro-Beijing legislators launched a failed walk-out. The bill was defeated by 28 against 8 for, barely meeting the quorum of 35.<sup><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>Many new political groups emerged from the Umbrella Revolution often distanced themselves from the pan-democrats. Many of whom, being labelled as "<a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Hong_Kong">localists</a>", criticised pan-democrats' failing in achieving democracy in the last 30 years. Many of them called for more "militant" tactics over pan-democrats' "non-violent" principles and "China–Hong Kong separation" over the some mainstream pan-democrats' mild "Chinese nationalist sentiment".<sup><a href="#cite_note-Lau-32">[32]</a></sup> Some of them also criticised pan-democrats' demand of the vindication of the 1989 Tiananmen protests, as pursued by the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_of_China">Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China</a> (HKASPDMC). There was also growing voice for <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence">Hong Kong independence</a> from the Chinese rule, as many of whom deemed the "One Country, Two Systems" had failed.<sup><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Continued division and anti-extradition protests[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>In the <a href="/wiki/2016_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">2016 Legislative Council election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Localist_groups_(Hong_Kong)">localists</a> with different banners together took away 19 per cent of the vote share from the pan-democrats, in which the traditional pan-democrats secured only 36 per cent, 21 less than the previous election. The non-establishment forces secured 30 out of the 70 seats, in which pan-democrats took 23 seats. After the election, the 27-member pro-democrats' caucus rebranded themselves into "pro-democracy camp" or "G27", as three backers of the "self-determination" of Hong Kong, namely <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Law">Nathan Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lau_Siu-lai">Lau Siu-lai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Chu">Eddie Chu</a> joined the caucus.<sup><a href="#cite_note-G27-3">[3]</a></sup> The "G27" soon became "G26" after Chu left the caucus shortly afterwards.
</p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2016_Hong_Kong_Election_Committee_Subsector_elections">2016 Election Committee subsector election</a>, the pro-democrat coalition "Democrats 300+" scored a record victory in the <a href="/wiki/Election_Committee">Election Committee</a> which was responsible for electing the <a href="/wiki/2017_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election">2017 Chief Executive</a>. The democrats decided not to field their candidate in order to boost the chance of an alternative establishment candidate against incumbent <a href="/wiki/Leung_Chun-ying">Leung Chun-ying</a>. After Leung announced he would not seek for re-election, the pro-democrats turned against <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Administration">Chief Secretary for Administration</a> <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Lam">Carrie Lam</a> who was seen as "C.Y. 2.0". The pro-democrats nominated former <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_of_Hong_Kong">Financial Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Tsang">John Tsang</a> and retired judge <a href="/wiki/Woo_Kwok-hing">Woo Kwok-hing</a> amid the <a href="/wiki/Liaison_Office_(Hong_Kong)">Liaison Office</a> actively lobbied for Lam. Ahead of the election, some 98 per cent of the "Democrats 300+" coalition decided on voting for Tsang as he was the most popular candidate in the polls.<sup><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 14 July 2017, <a href="/wiki/Leung_Kwok-hung">Leung Kwok-hung</a> of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Social_Democrats">League of Social Democrats</a>, Nathan Law of the <a href="/wiki/Demosisto">Demosisto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiu_Chung-yim">Yiu Chung-yim</a> and Lau Siu-lai were unseated from the Legislative Council over <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Legislative_Council_oath-taking_controversy">their manners at the oath-taking ceremony</a> at the inaugural meeting as a result of the legal action from the Leung Chun-ying government and the interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress_Standing_Committee">National People's Congress Standing Committee</a> (NPCSC), following the disqualification of two pro-independence legislators, <a href="/wiki/Youngspiration">Youngspiration</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Baggio_Leung">Baggio Leung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yau_Wai-ching">Yau Wai-ching</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup>
</p><p>The pro-democrats suffered a defeat in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Hong_Kong_by-election">by-election</a> for four of the six vacancies on 11 March 2018, losing the <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_West_(1998_constituency)">Kowloon West</a> geographical constituency and <a href="/wiki/Architectural,_Surveying,_Planning_and_Landscape_(constituency)">Architectural, Surveying, Planning and Landscape</a> functional constituency to the pro-Beijing candidates. Yiu Ching-yim who contested in Kowloon West was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Cheng_(DAB_politician)">Vincent Cheng</a> of the DAB with a thin margin, making it the first time a pro-democrat lost in a <a href="/wiki/Single-member_district">single-member district</a> election since the handover. The vote share of the pro-democrats also dropped from the traditional 55 per cent to only 47 per cent.<sup><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p>The pro-democrats fiercely opposed the <a href="/wiki/2019_Hong_Kong_extradition_bill">amendment to the extradition law</a> in 2019 which they feared the erosion of Hong Kong's legal system and its built-in safeguards.<sup><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-fc-38">[38]</a></sup> The opposition led to the <a href="/wiki/2019_Hong_Kong_protests">historic massive protests</a> throughout the latter half of the year. Riding on the anti-government sentiments, the pro-democracy camp achieved its biggest landslide victory in the history of Hong Kong in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Hong_Kong_local_elections">2019 District Council election</a>, gaining control of 17 of the 18 District Councils and tripling their seats from around 124 to about 388. The pro-democrats were also able to capture 117 District Council subsector seats in the 1,200-member Election Committee, which is responsible for electing the Chief Executive of Hong Kong. Pro-Beijing parties and independents won from around 300 to only 62 seats, losing nearly 80 per cent of the seats.<sup><a href="#cite_note-auto2-39">[39]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-auto3-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>2020 resignation en masse[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_national_security_law">Hong Kong national security law</a> promulgated by the NPCSC in June 2020 gave sweeping power to the Hong Kong government to suppress the opposition whoever was perceived as the "threat of the national security". In the <a href="/wiki/Postponement_of_the_2020_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">subsequently postponed Legislative Council election</a> in September 2020, 12 pro-democracy and localist candidates were disqualified by the returning officers for breaching the national security law, including three Civic Party incumbent legislators <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Yeung">Alvin Yeung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwok_Ka-ki">Kwok Ka-ki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kwok">Dennis Kwok</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Leung">Kenneth Leung</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> The pro-democracy camp was divided whether to stay in the extended legislative term or to quit as they deemed the disqualifications as unlawful. In the end, 19 of the 22 pro-democrats remained in the Legislative Council.<sup><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup>
</p><p>In November 2020, the NPCSC applied the national security law to disqualify the four sitting legislators whose candidacies were previously invalidated. In response, the pro-democrat convenor and Democratic Party chairman <a href="/wiki/Wu_Chi-wai">Wu Chi-wai</a> announced the remaining 15 pro-democracy legislators were to <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_Legislative_Council_mass_resignations">resign en masse in protest to the decision</a>, declaring the death of the "One Country, Two Systems" and separation of power in Hong Kong. The mass resignations left virtually no opposition in the Legislative Council.<sup><a href="#cite_note-bbc_resign_en_masse-4">[4]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-yp_scmp_en_masse-43">[43]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-yp_scmp_desqualified-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Convenor[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10">edit</a>]</h2>
<p>A caucus-like mechanism, without whips, was established on 8 October 2004 and was then known as "Lunchbox Conference", as legislators discussed local and political issues during luncheon on every Fridays. The convenor was the nominal leader of the camp but did not contain any real powers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-fc-38">[38]</a></sup> It was renamed as "Pro-Democracy Camp Meetings" after <a href="/wiki/2016_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">2016 election</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> The conference ceased to function after <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_Legislative_Council_mass_resignations">en masse resignations in 2020</a>.
</p>
<table>
<caption>Convenor of Pro-Democracy Camp Meetings
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Portrait
</th>
<th>Convenor
</th>
<th>Constituency
</th>
<th>Took office
</th>
<th>Left office
</th>
<th>Party
</th>
<th>LegCo
</th>
<th>Ref
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Cyd_Ho_at_January_2013_protest_(cropped).jpg"></a>
</td>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Cyd_Ho">Cyd Ho</a></b>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island_(1998_constituency)">Hong Kong Island</a>
</td>
<td>8 October 2004
</td>
<td>5 October 2012
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Civic_Act-up">Civic Act-up</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/3rd_Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">3rd</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/4th_Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">4th</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Hong_Kong)">Labour</a>
</td>
<td><sup><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Emily_Lau_Wai_Hing_2010_Enlarged.jpg"></a>
</td>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Emily_Lau">Emily Lau</a></b>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/New_Territories_East_(1998_constituency)">New Territories East</a>
</td>
<td>5 October 2012
</td>
<td>September 2013
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Hong_Kong)">Democratic</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/5th_Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">5th</a>
</td>
<td><sup><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Democrats-fail-to-regain-veto-power-4_(cropped).jpg"></a>
</td>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Fung">Frederick Fung</a></b>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/District_Council_(Second)">District Council (Second)</a>
</td>
<td>September 2013
</td>
<td>15 September 2014
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/ADPL">ADPL</a>
</td>
<td><sup><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_Leong_2013.jpg"></a>
</td>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Alan_Leong">Alan Leong</a></b>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_East_(1998_constituency)">Kowloon East</a>
</td>
<td>16 September 2014
</td>
<td>9 September 2015
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Civic_Party">Civic</a>
</td>
<td><sup><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Cyd_Ho_at_January_2013_protest_(cropped).jpg"></a>
</td>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Cyd_Ho">Cyd Ho</a></b>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island_(1998_constituency)">Hong Kong Island</a>
</td>
<td>10 September 2015
</td>
<td>28 September 2016
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Hong_Kong)">Labour</a>
</td>
<td><sup><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:James_To_Kun-sun.jpg"></a>
</td>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/James_To">James To</a></b>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/District_Council_(Second)">District Council (Second)</a>
</td>
<td>28 September 2016
</td>
<td>25 August 2017
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Hong_Kong)">Democratic</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/6th_Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">6th</a>
</td>
<td><sup><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E7%95%8C%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0%E5%93%A1%E8%8E%AB%E4%B9%83%E5%85%89.jpg"></a>
</td>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mok">Charles Mok</a></b>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_(constituency)">Information Technology</a>
</td>
<td>25 August 2017
</td>
<td>9 July 2018
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Professional_Commons">Prof Commons</a>
</td>
<td><sup><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Claudia_Mo_2013.jpg"></a>
</td>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Mo">Claudia Mo</a></b>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_West_(1998_constituency)">Kowloon West</a>
</td>
<td>9 July 2018
</td>
<td>28 September 2019
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/HK_First">HK First</a>
</td>
<td><sup><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Tanya_Chan.jpg"></a>
</td>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Chan">Tanya Chan</a></b>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island_(1998_constituency)">Hong Kong Island</a>
</td>
<td>28 September 2019
</td>
<td>29 September 2020
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Civic_Party">Civic</a>
</td>
<td><sup><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Tsang_announcement_to_run_for_hk_ceo_8.jpg"></a>
</td>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chi-wai">Wu Chi-wai</a></b>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_East_(1998_constituency)">Kowloon East</a>
</td>
<td>29 September 2020
</td>
<td>30 November 2020
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Hong_Kong)">Democratic</a>
</td>
<td><sup><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2>Political parties[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11">edit</a>]</h2>
<p>This list includes the major political parties and groups in Hong Kong:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Hong_Kong)">Democratic Party</a>, the flagship pro-democracy party that succeeded the <a href="/wiki/United_Democrats_of_Hong_Kong">United Democrats of Hong Kong</a>, which won a landslide victory in the <a href="/wiki/1991_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">1991 first-ever direct elections</a> of the Legislative Council. It was founded in 1990 as a grand alliance of the pro-democracy activists from all sectors and was further merged with the <a href="/wiki/Meeting_Point">Meeting Point</a> in 1994. It positions itself as <a href="/wiki/Centrist">centrist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_liberal">social liberal</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Party">Civic Party</a>, a professional-based pro-democracy party formed in 2006. The founders are mostly barristers who rose to fame in the anti-<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_23">Article 23</a> legislation. It has scored fairly well in recent elections and has overtaken the Democratic Party in popular votes in the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_constituencies">geographical constituencies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2016_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">2016 Legislative Council election</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Social_Democrats">League of Social Democrats</a>, a radical social-democratic political party established in 2006.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Hong_Kong)">Labour Party</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Social_democratic">social democratic</a> party founded by veteran politician <a href="/wiki/Lee_Cheuk-yan">Lee Cheuk-yan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Confederation_of_Trade_Unions">Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions</a> (CTU) in 2012.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_(Hong_Kong)">People Power</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy">radical democratic</a> group backed by businessman <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Shiu">Stephen Shiu</a>. It was first formed in 2011 as a breakaway group from the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Social_Democrats">League of Social Democrats</a>, citing disagreements with the party stance on the Democratic Party's compromise with the Beijing government on the <a href="/wiki/2010_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform">2010 Hong Kong electoral reform</a>. It suffered a split in 2013 when <a href="/wiki/Civic_Passion">Civic Passion</a> was formed.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Association_for_Democracy_and_People%27s_Livelihood">Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood</a>, a political party catering to <a href="/wiki/Grassroots">grassroots</a> interest with a strong basis in <a href="/wiki/Sham_Shui_Po">Sham Shui Po</a>. Established on 26 October 1986, it was one of the three major pro-democracy groups along with the <a href="/wiki/Meeting_Point">Meeting Point</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Affairs_Society">Hong Kong Affairs Society</a> in the 1980s.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HK_First">HK First</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Hong_Kong">localist</a> party that was initially established in 2013 as a parliamentary group in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">LegCo</a>. The party is led by <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Mo">Claudia Mo</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood_and_Worker%27s_Service_Centre">Neighbourhood and Worker's Service Centre</a>, a small pro-grassroots group and party formed in 1985 and based in <a href="/wiki/Kwai_Chung">Kwai</a> Chung. <a href="/wiki/Leung_Yiu-chung">Leung Yiu-chung</a> has been its sole legislator since 1995.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo_Democrats">Neo Democrats</a>, a breakaway group from the Democratic Party formed in 2010 which carries a moderate <a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Hong_Kong">localist</a> agenda. Its stronghold is in the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories_East_(constituency)">New Territories East</a> where it returned its sole legislator <a href="/wiki/Gary_Fan">Gary Fan</a> who won in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Hong_Kong_by-election">2018 by-election</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Commons">Professional Commons</a>, a professional-based group which consists of pro-democracy legislators elected through the professional <a href="/wiki/Functional_constituency_(Hong_Kong)">functional constituencies</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Hong_Kong)">Democratic Alliance</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pro-ROC_camp_(Hong_Kong)">pro-Taiwan</a> party chaired by <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Mak">Johnny Mak</a>. It is the only member of the pro-Taiwan camp with elected representatives left in the region.</li></ul>
<h2>Civil groups[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12">edit</a>]</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_True_Democracy">Alliance for True Democracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/April_Fifth_Action">April Fifth Action</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Human_Rights_Front">Civil Human Rights Front</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Groundwork">Democracy Groundwork</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_of_China">Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Confederation_of_Trade_Unions">Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Students">Hong Kong Federation of Students</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Professional_Teachers%27_Union">Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(Hong_Kong)">Socialist Action (Hong Kong)</a></li></ul>
<h2>Electoral performance[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13">edit</a>]</h2>
<h3>Chief Executive elections[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14">edit</a>]</h3>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Election
</th>
<th>Candidate
</th>
<th>Party
</th>
<th>Votes
</th>
<th>%
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/1996_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election">1996</a>
</th>
<td><i>Did not contest</i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/2002_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election">2002</a>
</th>
<td><i>Did not contest</i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/2005_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election">2005</a>
</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Lee_Wing-tat">Lee Wing-tat</a></td>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Hong_Kong)">Democratic</a>
</td>
<td><i>Not nominated</i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/2007_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election">2007</a>
</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Leong">Alan Leong</a></td>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Civic_Party">Civic</a>
</td>
<td>123
</td>
<td>15.93
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/2012_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election">2012</a>
</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ho">Albert Ho</a></td>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Hong_Kong)">Democratic</a>
</td>
<td>76
</td>
<td>7.24
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/2017_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election">2017</a>
</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Leung_Kwok-hung">Leung Kwok-hung</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-56">[a]</a></sup></td>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/League_of_Social_Democrats">LSD</a>
</td>
<td><i>Not nominated</i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/2022_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election">2022</a>
</th>
<td><i>Did not contest</i>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>Legislative Council elections[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15">edit</a>]</h3>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th><b>Election</b>
</th>
<th>Number of<br />popular votes
</th>
<th>% of<br />popular votes
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Geographical_constituency">GC</a><br />seats
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Functional_constituency_(Hong_Kong)">FC</a><br />seats
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Election_Committee_(constituency)">EC</a><br />seats
</th>
<th>Total seats
</th>
<th>+/−
</th>
<th>Status
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/1991_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">1991</a>
</th>
<td>843,888<sup><a href="#cite_note-57">[b]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>61.63
</td>
<td>16
</td>
<td>7
</td>
<td>−
</td>
<td><div><p>20 / 60</p></div>
</td>
<td>13
</td>
<td>—
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/1995_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">1995</a>
</th>
<td>557,515
</td>
<td>61.13
</td>
<td>16
</td>
<td>10
</td>
<td>3
</td>
<td><div><p>29 / 60</p></div>
</td>
<td>11
</td>
<td>—
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/1998_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">1998</a>
</th>
<td>982,249
</td>
<td>66.36
</td>
<td>15
</td>
<td>5
</td>
<td>0
</td>
<td><div><p>20 / 60</p></div>
</td>
<td>—
</td>
<td>Minority
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/2000_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">2000</a>
</th>
<td>799,249
</td>
<td>60.56
</td>
<td>16
</td>
<td>5
</td>
<td>0
</td>
<td><div><p>21 / 60</p></div>
</td>
<td>1
</td>
<td>Minority
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/2004_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">2004</a>
</th>
<td>1,105,388
</td>
<td>62.44
</td>
<td>18
</td>
<td>7
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><div><p>25 / 60</p></div>
</td>
<td>3
</td>
<td>Minority
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/2008_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">2008</a>
</th>
<td>901,707
</td>
<td>59.50
</td>
<td>19
</td>
<td>4
</td>
<td><div><p>23 / 60</p></div>
</td>
<td>3
</td>
<td>Minority
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/2012_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">2012</a>
</th>
<td>1,036,998
</td>
<td>57.26
</td>
<td>18
</td>
<td>9
</td>
<td><div><p>27 / 70</p></div>
</td>
<td>4
</td>
<td>Minority
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/2016_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">2016</a>
</th>
<td>781,168
</td>
<td>36.02
</td>
<td>13
</td>
<td>10
</td>
<td><div><p>23 / 70</p></div>
</td>
<td>3
</td>
<td>Minority
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">2021</a>
</th>
<td><i>did not contest</i>
</td>
<td>0
</td>
<td>0
</td>
<td>0
</td>
<td><div><p>0 / 90</p></div>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>Extra-parliamentary
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Municipal elections[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16">edit</a>]</h3>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Election
</th>
<th>Number of<br />popular votes
</th>
<th>% of<br />popular votes
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Urban_Council_of_Hong_Kong">UrbCo</a><br />seats
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Hong_Kong">RegCo</a><br />seats
</th>
<th>Total<br />elected seats
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/1989_Hong_Kong_municipal_elections">1989</a>
</th>
<td>68,831
</td>
<td>32.38
</td>
<td><div><p>5 / 15</p></div>
</td>
<td><div><p>5 / 12</p></div>
</td>
<td><div><p>10 / 27</p></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/1991_Hong_Kong_municipal_elections">1991</a>
</th>
<td>200,877
</td>
<td>51.28
</td>
<td><div><p>6 / 15</p></div>
</td>
<td><div><p>7 / 12</p></div>
</td>
<td><div><p>14 / 27</p></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/1995_Hong_Kong_municipal_elections">1995</a>
</th>
<td>287,226
</td>
<td>51.51
</td>
<td><div><p>18 / 32</p></div>
</td>
<td><div><p>16 / 27</p></div>
</td>
<td><div><p>34 / 59</p></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>District Council elections[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17">edit</a>]</h3>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Election
</th>
<th>Number of<br />popular votes
</th>
<th>% of<br />popular votes
</th>
<th>Total<br />elected seats
</th>
<th>+/−
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/1988_Hong_Kong_local_elections">1988</a>
</th>
<td>139,982
</td>
<td>22.16
</td>
<td><div><p>61 / 264</p></div>
</td>
<td>24
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/1991_Hong_Kong_local_elections">1991</a>
</th>
<td>170,757
</td>
<td>32.11
</td>
<td><div><p>83 / 272</p></div>
</td>
<td>22
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/1994_Hong_Kong_local_elections">1994</a>
</th>
<td>280,707
</td>
<td>40.89
</td>
<td><div><p>146 / 346</p></div>
</td>
<td>48
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/1999_Hong_Kong_local_elections">1999</a>
</th>
<td>325,829
</td>
<td>40.18
</td>
<td><div><p>157 / 390</p></div>
</td>
<td>22
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/2003_Hong_Kong_local_elections">2003</a>
</th>
<td>477,596
</td>
<td>45.54
</td>
<td><div><p>198 / 400</p></div>
</td>
<td>38
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/2007_Hong_Kong_local_elections">2007</a>
</th>
<td>445,781
</td>
<td>39.15
</td>
<td><div><p>127 / 405</p></div>
</td>
<td>56
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/2011_Hong_Kong_local_elections">2011</a>
</th>
<td>464,512
</td>
<td>39.34
</td>
<td><div><p>103 / 412</p></div>
</td>
<td>16
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/2015_Hong_Kong_local_elections">2015</a>
</th>
<td>581,058
</td>
<td>40.20
</td>
<td><div><p>126 / 431</p></div>
</td>
<td>25
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/2019_Hong_Kong_local_elections">2019</a>
</th>
<td>1,674,083
</td>
<td>57.10
</td>
<td><div><p>388 / 452</p></div>
</td>
<td>265
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2>See also[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18">edit</a>]</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong">Liberalism in Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Hong_Kong">Localism in Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Hong_Kong">Socialism in Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Macau)">Pro-democracy camp (Macau)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_movement_(Myanmar)">Pro-democracy movement (Myanmar)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Taiwan_camp_(Hong_Kong)">Pro-Taiwan camp (Hong Kong)</a></li></ul>
<h2>Notes[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19">edit</a>]</h2>
<div><ol>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> Not endorsed by mainstream pro-democrats.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b> Each voter was given two votes in the 1991 election.
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2>References[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20">edit</a>]</h2>
<div><ol>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <cite>Wang, Vivian; Ramzy, Austin (22 May 2020). <a href="https://nytimes.com/2020/05/22/world/asia/hong-kong-china-protest.html">"The New York Times: Hong Kong Protest Movement Left Reeling by China's Power Grab"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200525114843/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/22/world/asia/hong-kong-china-protest.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://litenews.hk/">"Litenews.hk: "Paper Media View" Pan-dem standpoint regarding Shina's storm - anti-communism is not anti-china"</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200526065535/https://www.litenews.hk/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-G27_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G27_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="http://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20161008/s00002/1475864414187">"非建制「G27」共商大計 溝通平台擬正名「民主派會議」"</a>. <i>Ming Pao</i>. 7 October 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008173811/http://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20161008/s00002/1475864414187">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_resign_en_masse_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_resign_en_masse_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-54899171">"Hong Kong pro-democracy lawmakers resign after China ruling"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 11 November 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623135257/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-54899171">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Buckley, Chris; Forsythe, Michael (31 August 2014). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/01/world/asia/hong-kong-elections.html">"China Restricts Voting Reforms for Hong Kong"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227110910/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/01/world/asia/hong-kong-elections.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2014.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> Jensen, Lionel M. Weston, Timothy B. [2006] (2006). China's Transformations: The Stories Beyond the Headlines. Rowman &amp; Littlefield, p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-3863-X">0-7425-3863-X</a>.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <cite>"A more united Democratic Party predicted as Young Turks leave". <i>South China Morning Post</i>. Hong Kong. 20 December 2010.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <cite>Scott, Ian. <i>Political Change and the Crisis of Legitimacy in Hong Kong</i>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 210.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Davies, Stephen; Roberts, Elfed (1990). <i>Political Dictionary for Hong Kong</i>. Hong Kong: Macmillan Publishers (HK) Ltd.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <cite>Loh, Christine (2010). <i>Underground front</i>. Hong Kong University Press. p. 158.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <cite>Lo, Shiu-hing (2016). <i>The Politics of Democratization in Hong Kong</i>. Springer. pp. 143–145.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wingk_12-0">^</a></b> Wing-kai Chiu, Stephen. Lui, Tai-Lok. The Dynamics of Social Movement in Hong Kong. [2000] (2000). Hong Kong University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-209-497-X">962-209-497-X</a>.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <cite>Chan, Ming K. (1997). <i>The Challenge of Hong Kong's Reintegration with China: Modern Diasporic Femininity</i>. Hong Kong University Press.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sing_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sing_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Sing, Ming (2004). <i>Hong Kong's Tortuous Democratization: A Comparative Analysis</i>. Psychology Press.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <cite>Scott, Ian (1991). <a href="http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/9a143dfa460b1378f2b447a98a057d8e.pdf">"An Overview of the Hong Kong Legislative Council Elections of 1991"</a> (PDF). <i>Asian Journal of Public Administration</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 11–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02598272.1991.10800247">10.1080/02598272.1991.10800247</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608073540/https://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/9a143dfa460b1378f2b447a98a057d8e.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2017.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <cite>Chiu, Stephen Wing-Kai; Lü, Dale; Lui, Tai-Lok (2000). <i>The Dynamics of Social Movement in Hong Kong</i>. Hong Kong University Press. p. 43.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991109235018/http://www.citizensparty.org/save_our_harbour1.html">"Save Our Harbour"</a>. <i>The Citizens Party</i>. Archived from <a href="http://www.citizensparty.org/save_our_harbour1.html">the original</a> on 9 November 1999.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991003224637/http://www.citizensparty.org/eclppr.html">"Past Political Record – Christine Kung-Wai Loh"</a>. <i>The Citizens Party</i>. Archived from <a href="http://www.citizensparty.org/eclppr.html">the original</a> on 3 October 1999.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <cite>Loh, Christine (2010). <i>Underground front</i>. Hong Kong University Press. p. 187.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <cite>Carroll, John Mark (2007). <i>A Concise History of Hong Kong</i>. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. p. 202.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <cite>Sing, Ming (2004). <i>Hong Kong's Tortuous Democratization: A Comparative Analysis</i>. Psychology Press. p. 158.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wyc_22-0">^</a></b> Wong, Yiu-Chung. One Country, Two Systems in Crisis: Hong Kong's Transformation Since the Handover. Lexington books.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-WikiLeaks_23-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09HONGKONG558_a.html">"CIVIC PARTY: MOVING FROM FAN CLUB TO POLITICAL FORCE"</a>. <i>WikiLeaks</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025219/https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09HONGKONG558_a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <cite>Wong, Stan Hok-Wui (2015). <i>Electoral Politics in Post-1997 Hong Kong: Protest, Patronage, and the Media</i>. Springer. p. 76.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-merge_25-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.scmp.com/portal/site/SCMP/menuitem.2c913216495213d5df646910cba0a0a0/?vgnextoid=e5cccaa974acd110VgnVCM100000360a0a0aRCRD&amp;vgnextfmt=teaser&amp;ss=Hong+Kong&amp;s=News">"Frontier members vote for Democrats merger"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213081443/http://www.scmp.com/portal/site/SCMP/menuitem.2c913216495213d5df646910cba0a0a0/?vgnextoid=e5cccaa974acd110VgnVCM100000360a0a0aRCRD&amp;vgnextfmt=teaser&amp;ss=Hong+Kong&amp;s=News">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2017.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> Associated Press (11 March 2010), <a href="http://us.asiancorrespondent.com/breakingnews/hong-kong-china-debate-legality-of-.htm">"Hong Kong, China debate legality of referendum"</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100411001011/http://us.asiancorrespondent.com/breakingnews/hong-kong-china-debate-legality-of-.htm">Archived</a> 11 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Asian Correspondent. Retrieved on 5 April 2010.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-cheers_27-0">^</a></b> Cheung, Gary; Wong, Albert &amp; Fung, Fanny (25 June 2010) "Cheers and jeers for political reform vote", <i>South China Morning Post</i>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <cite>Pepper, Suzanne (15 November 2010). <a href="http://chinaelectionsblog.net/hkfocus/?p=192">"Politicking Hong Kong Style"</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110106230747/http://chinaelectionsblog.net/hkfocus/?p=192">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2013.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <cite>Luk, Eddie (17 September 2012). <a href="https://archive.today/20130412221536/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&amp;art_id=126488&amp;sid=37663755&amp;con_type=1">"Change on way for Democrats, says Sin"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&amp;art_id=126488&amp;sid=37663755&amp;con_type=1">the original</a> on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2013.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-blank20120322hks_30-0">^</a></b> Siu, Phila (22 March 2012). <a href="https://archive.today/20130217212816/http://thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&amp;art_id=120936&amp;sid=35817334&amp;con_type=3">"Tang or Blank"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <cite>Lam, Hang-chi (18 June 2015). <a href="http://www.ejinsight.com/20150618-and-so-we-stagger-into-an-even-more-uncertain-future/">"And so, we stagger into an even more uncertain future"</a>. <i>ejinsight</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160929231512/http://www.ejinsight.com/20150618-and-so-we-stagger-into-an-even-more-uncertain-future/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lau_32-0">^</a></b> <cite>Lau, Stuart (10 June 2013). <a href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1257295/independent-thinker-horace-chin-treads-bold-path">"Independent thinker Horace Chin treads bold path"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915174355/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1257295/independent-thinker-horace-chin-treads-bold-path">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <cite>Fitzpatrick, Liam. <a href="http://time.com/4440708/hong-kong-independence-china-localist/">"Hong Kong Makes History with First Pro-Independence Rally"</a>. <i>TIME</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706221647/http://time.com/4440708/hong-kong-independence-china-localist/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2080573/pan-democrats-promise-more-290-votes-john-tsang-hong-kong">"Pan-democrats pledge more than 290 votes for John Tsang in Hong Kong leadership race"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 20 March 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324030055/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2080573/pan-democrats-promise-more-290-votes-john-tsang-hong-kong">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://time.com/4856181/hong-kong-lawmakers-oath-china-disqualified/">"Four More Hong Kong Lawmakers Ousted In a Blow to Democratic Hopes"</a>. <i>TIME</i>. 17 July 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928121835/http://time.com/4856181/hong-kong-lawmakers-oath-china-disqualified/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2136762/pan-democrats-look-set-regain-power-veto-rivals-moves-hong">"Hong Kong democrats to rely on legal appeals after failing to win back Legco veto foothold"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 12 March 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316142839/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2136762/pan-democrats-look-set-regain-power-veto-rivals-moves-hong">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-extradition-idUSKCN1TB08W">"Hong Kong pushes bill allowing extraditions to China despite..."</a> <i>Reuters</i>. 10 June 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610041916/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-extradition-idUSKCN1TB08W">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-fc_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fc_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Chan, F. (2021). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-021-09362-1">"Fragmented Politics in Hong Kong—Analyzing the Pro-democracy Cohesion in the Legislative Council Before 2019"</a>. <i>East Asia</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 249–269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12140-021-09362-1">10.1007/s12140-021-09362-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8031336">8031336</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33850414">33850414</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_39-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/24/hong-kong-residents-turn-up-for-local-elections-in-record-numbers">"Hong Kong voters deliver landslide victory for pro-democracy campaigners"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 24 November 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191125014152/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/24/hong-kong-residents-turn-up-for-local-elections-in-record-numbers">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto3_40-0">^</a></b> <cite>Bradsher, Keith; Ramzy, Austin; May, Tiffany (24 November 2019). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/24/world/asia/hong-kong-election-results.html">"Hong Kong Election Results Give Democracy Backers Big Win"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191125064446/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/24/world/asia/hong-kong-election-results.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-53593187">"Hong Kong bars 12 opposition candidates from election"</a>. BBC. 30 July 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901120645/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-53593187">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <cite>Wong, Natalie (29 September 2020). <a href="https://sg.news.yahoo.com/hong-kong-opposition-poll-shows-024137279.html">"Most of Hong Kong's opposition lawmakers to serve out extended term in Legislative Council, after supporters narrowly back move in poll"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031235110/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/hong-kong-opposition-poll-shows-024137279.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_News">Yahoo! News</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-yp_scmp_en_masse_43-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.scmp.com/yp/discover/news/hong-kong/article/3109427/hong-kong-opposition-lawmakers-quit-over-beijing">"Hong Kong opposition lawmakers quit over Beijing resolution"</a>. <i>SCMP Young Post</i>. 11 November 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122223318/https://www.scmp.com/yp/discover/news/hong-kong/article/3109427/hong-kong-opposition-lawmakers-quit-over-beijing">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-yp_scmp_desqualified_44-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.scmp.com/yp/discover/news/hong-kong/article/3109365/four-hong-kong-opposition-lawmakers-disqualified-after">"Four Hong Kong opposition lawmakers disqualified after ruling from Beijing"</a>. <i>SCMP Young Post</i>. 11 November 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111063740/https://www.scmp.com/yp/discover/news/hong-kong/article/3109365/four-hong-kong-opposition-lawmakers-disqualified-after">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://news.mingpao.com/pns/%e6%b8%af%e8%81%9e/article/20161008/s00002/1475864414187/%e9%9d%9e%e5%bb%ba%e5%88%b6%e3%80%8cg27%e3%80%8d%e5%85%b1%e5%95%86%e5%a4%a7%e8%a8%88-%e6%ba%9d%e9%80%9a%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%b0%e6%93%ac%e6%ad%a3%e5%90%8d%e3%80%8c%e6%b0%91%e4%b8%bb%e6%b4%be%e6%9c%83%e8%ad%b0%e3%80%8d">"非建制「G27」共商大計 溝通平台擬正名「民主派會議」"</a>. <i>Ming Pao</i> (in Traditional Chinese). 8 October 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20121004/00176_099.html">"政情：泛民爭做「飯盒會」召集人"</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224305/http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20121004/00176_099.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E5%8A%89%E6%85%A7%E5%8D%BF%E4%BB%BB%E6%B3%9B%E6%B0%91%E9%A3%AF%E7%9B%92%E6%9C%83%E5%8F%AC%E9%9B%86%E4%BA%BA-033500654.html">"劉慧卿任泛民飯盒會召集人"</a>. <i>Yahoo 新聞</i>. 星島日報. 5 October 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20130926/18438457">"隔牆有耳： 馮檢基接掌泛民飯盒會"</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140916062107/http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20130926/18438457">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20140916/18867778">"隔牆有耳：阿基做召集人 少做Gym"</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140916061756/http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20140916/18867778">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160330233305/http://toronto.singtao.ca/310955/2015-09-09/post-%E4%BD%95%E7%A7%80%E8%98%AD%E6%8E%A5%E6%8D%A7%E5%81%9A%E6%B3%9B%E6%B0%91%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0%E5%8F%AC%E9%9B%86%E4%BA%BA/?variant=zh-hk">"何秀蘭接捧做泛民會議召集人"</a> (in Chinese). 星島日報. 9 September 2015. Archived from <a href="http://toronto.singtao.ca/310955/2015-09-09/post-%E4%BD%95%E7%A7%80%E8%98%AD%E6%8E%A5%E6%8D%A7%E5%81%9A%E6%B3%9B%E6%B0%91%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0%E5%8F%AC%E9%9B%86%E4%BA%BA/?variant=zh-hk">the original</a> on 30 March 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2015.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://thestandnews.com/politics/27%E9%9D%9E%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E6%B4%BE%E8%AD%B0%E5%93%A1%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0-%E6%B6%82%E8%AC%B9%E7%94%B3%E4%BB%BB%E5%8F%AC%E9%9B%86%E4%BA%BA/">"非建制派議員會面商合作平台 涂謹申暫任召集人"</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170114062237/https://thestandnews.com/politics/27%E9%9D%9E%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E6%B4%BE%E8%AD%B0%E5%93%A1%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0-%E6%B6%82%E8%AC%B9%E7%94%B3%E4%BB%BB%E5%8F%AC%E9%9B%86%E4%BA%BA/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> <cite>李大煒 (25 August 2017). <a href="https://www.hk01.com/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E/114727/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%B4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0%E6%8F%9B%E9%A6%AC-%E8%8E%AB%E4%B9%83%E5%85%89%E6%88%90%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%AC%E9%9B%86%E4%BA%BA-%E5%86%80%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%B4%BE%E4%BF%9D%E6%8C%81%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90">"民主派會議換馬 莫乃光成新召集人 冀民主派保持團結"</a>. <i>香港01</i> (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191208225108/https://www.hk01.com/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E/114727/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%B4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0%E6%8F%9B%E9%A6%AC-%E8%8E%AB%E4%B9%83%E5%85%89%E6%88%90%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%AC%E9%9B%86%E4%BA%BA-%E5%86%80%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%B4%BE%E4%BF%9D%E6%8C%81%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://news.now.com/home/local/player?newsId=312389">"【政情】毛孟靜任民主派班長 建制泛民同感嘆"</a>. <i>Now 新聞</i> (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Retrieved 29 September 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20190927/XGGQAZALCXAM4UGCXZRRCKRWOU/">"【傘運5周年】告別議會前接任民主派召集人 陳淑莊：議會內外積極跟進警暴"</a>. <i>Apple Daily 蘋果日報</i> (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621183050/https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20190927/XGGQAZALCXAM4UGCXZRRCKRWOU/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105000514/https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20200929/Y5E27GSDTBBVJGZVVCEVVDYX2U/">"去留議會︱民調出爐 47.1%受訪者撐留任未達門檻 暫19民主派議員表態延任一年"</a>. <i>Apple Daily 蘋果日報</i> (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Archived from <a href="https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20200929/Y5E27GSDTBBVJGZVVCEVVDYX2U/">the original</a> on 5 November 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.</cite>
</li>
</ol></div>
</div>||||I|||| Jump to content
 Toggle sidebar
 Search
 * Create account
 * Log in
 Personal tools
 * Create account
 * Log in
 Pages for logged out editors learn more
 * Contributions
 * Talk
 Navigation
 * Main page
 * Contents
 * Current events
 * Random article
 * About Wikipedia
 * Contact us
 * Donate
 Contribute
 * Help
 * Learn to edit
 * Community portal
 * Recent changes
 * Upload file
 Tools
 * What links here
 * Related changes
 * Upload file
 * Special pages
 * Permanent link
 * Page information
 * Cite this page
 * Wikidata item
 Print/export
 * Download as PDF
 * Printable version
 Languages
 On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Go to top.

 Contents

 move to sidebar hide
 * (Top)
 * 1 Ideology
 * 2 History
 Toggle History subsection
 + 2.1 Early development
 + 2.2 Tiananmen protests and last colonial years
 + 2.3 Handover to China and 1 July 2003 protest
 + 2.4 2012 reform package and the Split
 + 2.5 2014 Umbrella Revolution
 + 2.6 Continued division and anti-extradition protests
 + 2.7 2020 resignation en masse
 * 3 Convenor
 * 4 Political parties
 * 5 Civil groups
 * 6 Electoral performance
 Toggle Electoral performance subsection
 + 6.1 Chief Executive elections
 + 6.2 Legislative Council elections
 + 6.3 Municipal elections
 + 6.4 District Council elections
 * 7 See also
 * 8 Notes
 * 9 References
 Toggle the table of contents
 Toggle the table of contents

 Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)

 13 languages
 * العربية
 * Deutsch
 * Ελληνικά
 * Español
 * فارسی
 * Français
 * 한국어
 * Bahasa Indonesia
 * 日本語
 * Português
 * Tiếng Việt
 * 粵語
 * 中文
 Edit links
 * Article
 * Talk
 English
 * Read
 * Edit
 * View history
 More
 * Read
 * Edit
 * View history
 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 "Pro-democracy camp" redirects here. For the equivalent political camp in Macau, see Pro-democracy camp (Macau).

 Pro-democracy camp 
 民主派 
 Convenor Vacant 
 Founded 27 October 1986 ; 36 years ago
 * Majority: 
 * Liberalism (HK) 
 * Social democracy (HK) 
 Ideology * Social liberalism 
 * Progressivism 
 * Factions: 
 * Localism (HK) 
 * Anti-communism[1][2] 
 Colours Yellow and green 
 (customary) 
 Legislative Council 0 / 90 (0%) 
 District Councils 52 / 479 (11%) 
 * Politics of Hong Kong
 * Political parties 
 * Elections 
 
 Pro-democracy camp 
 
 Traditional Chinese 民主派 
 Transcriptions 
 Yue: Cantonese 
 Yale Romanization Màhn jyú paai 
 Jyutping Man 4 zyu 2 paai 3 
 
 Pan-democracy camp 
 Traditional Chinese 泛民主派
 Transcriptions 
 Yue: Cantonese 
 Yale Romanization Faan màhn jyú paai 
 Jyutping Faan 6 man 4 zyu 2 paai 3
 
 
 
   
 Politics and government  
 of Hong Kong  
 Laws  
 * Basic Law  
 * Drafting Committee  
 * Consultative Committee  
 * Article 23  
 * National security law  
 * Article 45  
 * Article 46  
 * Article 69  
 * One country, two systems  
 * Sino–British Joint Declaration  
 * Criminal law  
 * Capital punishment in Hong Kong  
 * Criminal procedure  
 * Jury system  
 * Law enforcement in Hong Kong  
 * Human rights  
 * LGBT rights in Hong Kong  
 * Internet censorship in Hong Kong  
 Executive  
 * Chief Executive: John Lee  
 * Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the HKSAR 
 * Principal officials  
 * Chief Secretary: Eric Chan  
 * Financial Secretary: Paul Chan  
 * Secretary for Justice: Paul Lam  
 * Executive Council  
 * Convenor: Regina Ip  
 * Government Secretariat and Government agencies 
 * Civil Service Bureau  
 * Joint Secretariat for the Advisory Bodies on Civil Service and Judicial Salaries and Conditions of Service
 * Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau 
 * Registration and Electoral Office  
 * Offices in the Mainland and Taiwan  
 * Culture, Sports and Tourism Bureau  
 * Leisure and Cultural Services Department  
 * Tourism Commission  
 * Education Bureau  
 * University Grants Committee Secretariat  
 * Working Family and Student Financial Assistance Agency 
 * Environment and Ecology Bureau  
 * Environmental Protection Department  
 * Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department 
 * Food and Environmental Hygiene Department  
 * Hong Kong Observatory  
 * Government Laboratory  
 * Health Bureau  
 * Department of Health  
 * Home and Youth Affairs Bureau  
 * Home Affairs Department  
 * Information Services Department  
 * Labour and Welfare Bureau  
 * Social Welfare Department  
 * Security Bureau  
 * Hong Kong Police Force  
 * Hong Kong Fire Services Department  
 * Hong Kong Correctional Services  
 * Customs and Excise Department  
 * Immigration Department  
 * Government Flying Service  
 * Civil Aid Service  
 * Auxiliary Medical Service  
 * Transport and Logistics Bureau  
 * Transport Department  
 * Civil Aviation Department  
 * Highways Department  
 * Marine Department  
 * Housing Bureau  
 * Housing Department  
 * Commerce and Economic Development Bureau  
 * Intellectual Property Department  
 * Invest Hong Kong  
 * Office of the Communications Authority  
 * Post Office  
 * Trade and Industry Department  
 * Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices (Overseas) 
 * Radio Television Hong Kong  
 * Development Bureau  
 * Architectural Services Department  
 * Buildings Department  
 * Civil Engineering and Development Department 
 * Drainage Services Department  
 * Electrical and Mechanical Services Department 
 * Lands Department  
 * Land Registry  
 * Planning Department  
 * Water Supplies Department  
 * Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau 
 * Census and Statistics Department  
 * Companies Registry  
 * Government Logistics Department  
 * Government Property Agency  
 * Inland Revenue Department  
 * Official Receiver's Office  
 * Rating and Valuation Department  
 * Treasury  
 * Innovation, Technology and Industry Bureau 
 * Efficiency Office  
 * Office of the Government Chief Information Officer 
 * Innovation and Technology Commission  
 * Hong Kong Civil Service  
 * Political Appointments System  
 Legislature  
 * Legislative Council  
 * President: Andrew Leung  
 * List of Members of the Legislative Council 
 * Political camps:  
 * Pro-Beijing camp  
 * Pro-democracy camp  
 * Localist groups  
 Judiciary  
 Court of Final Appeal  
 * Chief Justice: Andrew Cheung  
   
 High Court  
   
 * Chief Judge: Jeremy Poon  
 * Court of Appeal  
 + President of the Court of Appeal  
 * Court of First Instance  
   
 District Court  
   
 * Chief District Judge: Justin Ko  
   
 Magistrates' Court  
   
 * Chief Magistrate: So Wai-tak  
   
 Special courts and tribunals:  
   
 * Coroner’s Court  
 * Labour Tribunal  
 * Lands Tribunal  
 * Market Misconduct Tribunal  
 * Obscene Articles Tribunal  
 * Small Claims Tribunal  
 Districts  
 District Councils  
 * Central and Western  
 * Eastern  
 * Islands  
 * Kowloon City  
 * Kwai Tsing  
 * Kwun Tong  
 * North  
 * Sai Kung  
 * Sha Tin  
 * Sham Shui Po  
 * Southern  
 * Tai Po  
 * Tsuen Wan  
 * Tuen Mun  
 * Wan Chai  
 * Wong Tai Sin  
 * Yau Tsim Mong  
 * Yuen Long  
 Elections  
 Chief Executive Elections  
 * Election Committee  
   
 Legislative elections  
   
 * Geographical Constituencies  
 * Functional Constituencies  
 * Election Committee Constituency  
   
 District council elections  
   
 * List of constituencies of Hong Kong  
 * Political parties  
 * Universal suffrage  
 Foreign relations  
 Documents  
 * Hong Kong identity card  
 * HKSAR Passport  
 * BNO Passport  
   
 Consular missions in Hong Kong  
   
 * Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office  
 * Hong Kong–United Kingdom relations  
 * Hong Kong–United States relations  
 * Hong Kong–Philippines relations  
 * Hong Kong–Singapore relations  
   
 Hong Kong–China relations  
   
 * Office of the Government of the HKSAR in Beijing 
 * Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement 
   
 Hong Kong–Taiwan relations  
   
 * Hong Kong Economic, Trade and Cultural Office 
 * Hong Kong–Taiwan Economic and Cultural Co-operation and Promotion Council 
 Related topics  
 * Culture  
 * Economy  
 * Education  
 * Geography  
 * History  
 Hong Kong portal  
 * v  
 * t  
 * e  
 

 The pro-democracy camp, also known as the pan-democracy camp, is a political alignment in Hong Kong that supports increased democracy, namely the universal suffrage of the Chief Executive and the Legislative Council as given by the Basic Law under the "One Country, Two Systems" framework.

 The pro-democrats generally embrace liberal values such as rule of law, human rights, civil liberties and social justice, though their economic positions vary. They are often referred to as the "opposition camp" as they have consistently been the minority camp within the Legislative Council, and because of their non-cooperative and sometimes confrontational stance towards the Hong Kong and Chinese central governments. Opposite to the pro-democracy camp is the pro-Beijing camp, whose members are perceived as being supportive of the Beijing and SAR authorities. Since the 1997 handover, the pro-democracy camp has usually received 55 to 60 percent of the votes in each election, but has always received less than half of the seats in the Legislative Council due to the indirectly elected elements of the legislature.

 The pro-democracy activists emerged from the youth movements in the 1970s and began to take part in electoral politics as the colonial government introduced representative democracy in the mid 1980s. The pro-democrats joined hands in pushing for greater democracy both in the transition period and after handover of Hong Kong in 1997. Many also supported greater democracy in China and the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. The relationship between the pro-democrats and the Beijing government turned hostile after Beijing's bloody crackdown on the protest, after which the pro-democrats were labelled as "treasonous". After the 2004 Legislative Council election, the term "pan-democracy camp" (abbreviated "pan-dems") became more commonly used as more allied parties and politicians of varying political ideologies emerged.

 In the 2016 Legislative Council election, the camp faced a challenge from the new localists who emerged after the Umbrella Revolution and ran under the banner of self-determination or Hong Kong independence. After the election, some localists joined the pro-democrats' caucus, which rebranded itself as the "pro-democracy camp".[3] The disunity within the camp and the failure of the Umbrella Revolution cost the pro-democrats in the 2018 by-elections. The 2019 anti-extradition movement, however, saw a rebound in popularity for the camp, which contributed to its biggest victory in the history of Hong Kong, gaining control of 17 of the 18 District Councils and more than tripling their seats from 124 to 388 in the 2019 District Council election. In reaction to the political upheaval, the Beijing government further curbed the opposition and the disqualification of four sitting pro-democracy legislators triggered the resignations of 15 remaining pro-democrats from the legislature, leaving pro-democrats with no representation for the first time since 1998.[4]

 Ideology [ edit ]

 See also: Liberalism in Hong Kong

 One of the main goals of the pro-democracy camp is to achieve universal suffrage of the Chief Executive (CE) and the Legislative Council (LegCo) as guaranteed in Article 45 and Article 68 of the Basic Law respectively. Since the National People's Congress Standing Committee's (NPCSC) 31 August 2014 decision, which determined that the Chief Executive candidate would be selected by a highly restrictive nominating committee and was seen as betrayal of the democratic value, some democrats have raised the question of the right to self-determination. However, the mainstream pro-democrats retained their support for a highly autonomous Hong Kong under the "One Country, Two Systems" framework, as promised by the Basic Law.[5]

 The pro-democrats generally embrace liberal values such as rule of law, human rights, civil liberties, and social justice, though their economic positions vary. Some pro-democrats position themselves as more pro-labour, such as the League of Social Democrats (LSD), the Labour Party, and the Neighbourhood and Worker's Service Centre (NWSC). Meanwhile, most pro-democrats believe in a more egalitarian society. The pro-democracy camp generally supports the Chinese democracy movement, which can be traced back to their support for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Many of the pro-democrats have been calling for the end of one party rule of the Chinese Communist Party and therefore are seen as a threat by the Beijing authorities. The camp's support for more liberal democracy is seen as unacceptable by the Beijing government. In some cases, pan-democracy activists have been labeled traitors to China.[6]

 The pro-democrats are also divided by their approach for achieving democracy: the moderate democrats, represented by the Democratic Party and the Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood (ADPL), believe in dialogue with Beijing and Hong Kong governments over struggle, while radical democrats such as the League of Social Democrats and the People Power believe in street actions and mass movements. There have been severe conflicts and distrust between the two factions and a great split after the constitutional reform voting in 2010, where the Democratic Party negotiated with the Beijing representatives and supported the modified reform proposal and was thus seen as a betrayal by the radical democrats.[7]

 History [ edit ]

 See also: Democratic development in Hong Kong

 Early development [ edit ]

 Members of the camp include social workers and social activists emerged from the 1970s youth movements. Many of them grouped themselves as the "social action faction", competing against the pro-Communist Maoists in whom they disagreed with their ultra-nationalist and radical Maoist stances. Although claiming to be patriotic and launching the defend the Diaoyu Islands movement, the "social action faction" dedicated themselves into the local social issues in Hong Kong. They fought for the social inequality and livelihood issues, including the anti-corruption movement and Chinese Language movement and so forth. In the early 1980s when the question of Hong Kong sovereignty emerged, many of them supported a democratic autonomous Hong Kong under Chinese sovereignty, notably the Meeting Point which was founded in January 1983 which became the first political group to publicly support the Chinese sovereignty of Hong Kong.[8]

 After the Sino-British Joint Declaration, the pro-democrats began to join hands to demand further democracy before and after 1997. In 1986, a number of political groups, activists, professionals and politicians joined hand under the banner of the Joint Committee on the Promotion of Democratic Government (JCPDG) demanding for 1988 direct elections for the Legislative Council and earlier universal suffrage for the Chief Executive and Legislative Council after 1997, as presented in the proposal of the Group of 190.[9] Their arch rival at the time was the Group of 89, a group of conservative business and professional elites in the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee (HKBLDC) and Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee (HKBLCC). They generally opposed the British colonial administration and its perceived "kowtowing" to the Beijing government over the issues such as constitutional reform, direct elections, civic rights and Daya Bay Nuclear Plant.[9]

 The pro-democrats maintained a relatively warm relationship with the Beijing government during the 1980s, as many of the pro-democrats supported the Chinese sovereignty in Hong Kong and the "high degree of autonomy" as ensured in the Sino-British Joint Declaration. They also saw the ideal of Hong Kong helping in China's Four Modernisations.[9] The Beijing authorities also viewed the pro-democrats as the targets of the united front. Barrister Martin Lee and educator Szeto Wah, president of the Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union, who were also the two most visible pro-democracy leaders, were appointed members of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee in 1985 by Beijing.[10]

 The pro-democrats also participated in electoral politics as direct elections were introduced in local levels in the 1980s, namely the District Boards, Urban Council and Regional Council. Among them, the Meeting Point formed in 1983, the Hong Kong Affairs Society in 1985 and Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood in 1986 became the three major pro-democratic groups and formed a strategic alliance in the 1988 District Board elections, which laid the foundation of the pro-democracy grassroots supports.[11]

 Tiananmen protests and last colonial years [ edit ]

 The consolidation of its public support has its roots in opposition to the 1989 Tiananmen crackdown which aroused widespread horror, sympathy and support of the protesters by Hong Kong citizens.[12] The pro-democrats, who were heavily involved in the protests and formed the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China (ADSPDMC or Alliance), were seen as "treason" and threat to the Beijing government. The two pro-democracy Basic Law Drafting Committee members, Martin Lee and Szeto Wah, were stripped from the office after they resigned in protest of the bloody crackdown, many of other pro-democrats were denied entry to the Mainland China since. Since 1989, the Alliance organise annual candlelight vigil for the June 4 crackdown at the Victoria Park, Hong Kong, which draw thousands of people every year. Ahead of the first direct election to the Legislative Council in 1991, around 600 democracy activists co-founded the first major pro-democracy party, the United Democrats of Hong Kong.[13][14]

 The electoral alliance of United Democrats of Hong Kong and Meeting Point, together with other smaller political parties, groups and independents, won a historical landslide victory in the 1991 election, took 17 out of the 18 geographical constituency seats.[15] The pro-democrats were often considered strategic allies of Chris Patten, the last colonial governor who proposed a much progressive democratic reform in the last years before the handover of Hong Kong, despite Beijing's strong opposition. The Democrats supported Patten's proposal for the 1995 Legislative Council election. However, Emily Lau's full-scale direct election amendment was not passed as a result of Meeting Point's abstaining from voting for Emily Lau, which caused harsh criticism from the radical democrats and the United Ants.[14][16] In 1994, the United Democrats and the Meeting Point merged into the Democratic Party, which won another landslide victory in the 1995 election, taking 19 seats in total, far ahead of other parties. Together with other democratic parties and individuals including Emily Lau, Lee Cheuk-yan and Leung Yiu-chung who later formed The Frontier in 1996 and Christine Loh who formed the Citizens Party in 1997, the pro-democrats gained a thin majority in the legislature for the last two years before 1997.[17][18]

 The Beijing government argued that the electoral reform introduced by Patten had violated the Joint Declaration and thus they no longer felt obliged to honour the promise of a "through train", a plan to keep the 1995 elected legislature into post-handover SAR era. A parallel Legislative Council, the Provisional Legislative Council, was formed in 1996 under the control of the Pro-Beijing camp, this became the Legislative Council upon the founding of the new SAR government in 1997, in which the pro-democrats except for the Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood boycotted it, deeming it as unconstitutional.[19]

 Handover to China and 1 July 2003 protest [ edit ]

 All of its members, except the Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood, declined to join the extralegal Provisional Legislative Council installed by the government of the People's Republic of China, and were ousted from the territory's legislature for a year until the 1998 election.[20] Starting from the 1998 election, since the plurality electoral system was changed to proportional representation, compounded with the restoration of corporate votes in the functional constituencies, and replacement of broad-based functional constituencies with traditional ones, the number of seats of the camp dipped, albeit having similar share of vote.[21] Within the camp, share of smaller parties and independents increased relatively, with the share of the Democratic Party falling from around two-thirds in 1995 to less than a half by 2004.

 The pro-democracy camp was the strong opposition to the national security and anti-subversion legislation of the Basic Law Article 23 and they successfully called for over 500,000 people to protest on 1 July 2003 against the legislation, the largest demonstration since the handover.[22] The pro-democrats received victories in the subsequent 2003 District Councils and 2004 Legislative Council elections. The barrister-formed Article 23 Concern Group formed by the pro-democracy lawyers, which transformed into Article 45 Concern Group, saw its member Audrey Eu, Alan Leong and Ronny Tong were elected in the 2004 election. In 2006, the group formed the middle class and professional oriented Civic Party.[23] On the other hand, the left-wing radical group League of Social Democrats was formed in the same year by Trotskyist legislator Leung Kwok-hung and radical radio host Wong Yuk-man.[24] As a result of the diversification of the pro-democracy elements, the use of "pan-democrats" gained in popularity, as it is typically meant to be non-denominational and all-inclusive.

 In the 2007 Chief Executive election, Civic Party's Alan Leong successfully gained enough nominations to challenge the incumbent Chief Executive Donald Tsang, but he was not elected as expected due to the control of the Election Committee by the pro-Beijing camp. After the 2008 Legislative Council election, The Frontier merged into the Democratic Party and the convenor Emily Lau was elected vice chair of the party.[25]

 2012 reform package and the Split [ edit ]

 Donald Tsang, the Chief Executive, promised to resolve the question of universal suffrage in his office during the election. He carried out the 2012 constitutional package in 2009 which was criticised by the pro-democracy as lack of genuine progress. The League of Social Democrats called for a de facto referendum, by way of the 2010 by-elections in five geographical constituencies.[26] Civic Party, the second largest pro-democratic party joined, however the Democratic Party, the largest party, was reluctant to participate. The Democratic Party and other moderate democrats and pro-democracy scholars launched the Alliance for Universal Suffrage and started to engage with the mainland officials. The Democratic Party brought out a revised proposal of the package to Beijing and the revised proposal was passed in the Legislative Council in the support of the government and Pro-Beijing camp.[27]

 However, it triggered a major split within the camp and also in the Democratic Party. The Young Turks including the LegCo member Andrew Cheng quit the party and formed the Neo Democrats. The Democratic Party was accused by the LSD and the radicals of betraying democracy and its supporters. On the matter of whether to coordinate with the moderate democrats in the 2011 District Council elections, the League of Social Democrats was suffered in the factional fighting and the two of the three LSD legislators left the party in disarray and formed the People Power.[28] The People Power's campaign targeted pan-democracy parties in the 2011 District Council elections that had supported the reform package filled candidates to run against them but only won one seat of 62 contested.

 Nevertheless, the People Power managed to win three seats in the 2012 Legislative Council election and the radical democrats of the (People Power and the League of Social Democrats) topped 264,000 votes, compared to the Civic Party's 255,000 and Democratic Party's 247,000 respectively.[29] Despite the pan-democrats securing three of the five newly created, District Council (second) constituency seats the ratio of the vote share between the pan-democrats and the pro-Beijing camp narrowed significantly from the traditional 60% to 40%, to 55% to 45%.

 The chairman of the Democratic Party Albert Ho represented the pan-democracy camp to run in the 2012 Chief Executive election. On election day the pan-democrats declined to vote for neither Henry Tang nor Leung Chun-ying and called for a blank vote from the electors.[30]

 2014 Umbrella Revolution [ edit ]

 See also: Localism in Hong Kong

 In March 2013, all 27 democratic legislators formed the Alliance for True Democracy (ATD), replacing the Alliance for Universal Suffrage, to show solidarity of the camp to fight for genuine democracy. The ATD put forward a three-channel proposal for the 2017 Chief Executive election during the constitutional reform consultation in 2014. However, the decision of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) on 31 August ruled out the possibility for any candidate not endorsed by Beijing to be nominated for the election, which the pan-democrats accused as a betrayal of the principle of "one person, one vote," The pan-democrats had supported legal scholar Benny Tai's Occupy Central plan of civil disobedience against Beijing's decision, which later turned into a 79-day occupy protest which often dubbed as "Umbrella Revolution".[5] On 18 June 2015, all 27 pan-democrat legislators and Medical legislator Leung Ka-lau voted against the government's constitutional reform bill while the pro-Beijing legislators launched a failed walk-out. The bill was defeated by 28 against 8 for, barely meeting the quorum of 35.[31]

 Many new political groups emerged from the Umbrella Revolution often distanced themselves from the pan-democrats. Many of whom, being labelled as "localists", criticised pan-democrats' failing in achieving democracy in the last 30 years. Many of them called for more "militant" tactics over pan-democrats' "non-violent" principles and "China–Hong Kong separation" over the some mainstream pan-democrats' mild "Chinese nationalist sentiment".[32] Some of them also criticised pan-democrats' demand of the vindication of the 1989 Tiananmen protests, as pursued by the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China (HKASPDMC). There was also growing voice for Hong Kong independence from the Chinese rule, as many of whom deemed the "One Country, Two Systems" had failed.[33]

 Continued division and anti-extradition protests [ edit ]

 In the 2016 Legislative Council election, localists with different banners together took away 19 per cent of the vote share from the pan-democrats, in which the traditional pan-democrats secured only 36 per cent, 21 less than the previous election. The non-establishment forces secured 30 out of the 70 seats, in which pan-democrats took 23 seats. After the election, the 27-member pro-democrats' caucus rebranded themselves into "pro-democracy camp" or "G27", as three backers of the "self-determination" of Hong Kong, namely Nathan Law, Lau Siu-lai and Eddie Chu joined the caucus.[3] The "G27" soon became "G26" after Chu left the caucus shortly afterwards.

 In the 2016 Election Committee subsector election, the pro-democrat coalition "Democrats 300+" scored a record victory in the Election Committee which was responsible for electing the 2017 Chief Executive. The democrats decided not to field their candidate in order to boost the chance of an alternative establishment candidate against incumbent Leung Chun-ying. After Leung announced he would not seek for re-election, the pro-democrats turned against Chief Secretary for Administration Carrie Lam who was seen as "C.Y. 2.0". The pro-democrats nominated former Financial Secretary John Tsang and retired judge Woo Kwok-hing amid the Liaison Office actively lobbied for Lam. Ahead of the election, some 98 per cent of the "Democrats 300+" coalition decided on voting for Tsang as he was the most popular candidate in the polls.[34]

 On 14 July 2017, Leung Kwok-hung of the League of Social Democrats, Nathan Law of the Demosisto, Yiu Chung-yim and Lau Siu-lai were unseated from the Legislative Council over their manners at the oath-taking ceremony at the inaugural meeting as a result of the legal action from the Leung Chun-ying government and the interpretation of the Hong Kong Basic Law by the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), following the disqualification of two pro-independence legislators, Youngspiration's Baggio Leung and Yau Wai-ching.[35]

 The pro-democrats suffered a defeat in the by-election for four of the six vacancies on 11 March 2018, losing the Kowloon West geographical constituency and Architectural, Surveying, Planning and Landscape functional constituency to the pro-Beijing candidates. Yiu Ching-yim who contested in Kowloon West was defeated by Vincent Cheng of the DAB with a thin margin, making it the first time a pro-democrat lost in a single-member district election since the handover. The vote share of the pro-democrats also dropped from the traditional 55 per cent to only 47 per cent.[36]

 The pro-democrats fiercely opposed the amendment to the extradition law in 2019 which they feared the erosion of Hong Kong's legal system and its built-in safeguards.[37][38] The opposition led to the historic massive protests throughout the latter half of the year. Riding on the anti-government sentiments, the pro-democracy camp achieved its biggest landslide victory in the history of Hong Kong in the 2019 District Council election, gaining control of 17 of the 18 District Councils and tripling their seats from around 124 to about 388. The pro-democrats were also able to capture 117 District Council subsector seats in the 1,200-member Election Committee, which is responsible for electing the Chief Executive of Hong Kong. Pro-Beijing parties and independents won from around 300 to only 62 seats, losing nearly 80 per cent of the seats.[39][40]

 2020 resignation en masse [ edit ]

 Main article: 2020 Hong Kong Legislative Council mass resignations

 The Hong Kong national security law promulgated by the NPCSC in June 2020 gave sweeping power to the Hong Kong government to suppress the opposition whoever was perceived as the "threat of the national security". In the subsequently postponed Legislative Council election in September 2020, 12 pro-democracy and localist candidates were disqualified by the returning officers for breaching the national security law, including three Civic Party incumbent legislators Alvin Yeung, Kwok Ka-ki and Dennis Kwok, as well as Kenneth Leung.[41] The pro-democracy camp was divided whether to stay in the extended legislative term or to quit as they deemed the disqualifications as unlawful. In the end, 19 of the 22 pro-democrats remained in the Legislative Council.[42]

 In November 2020, the NPCSC applied the national security law to disqualify the four sitting legislators whose candidacies were previously invalidated. In response, the pro-democrat convenor and Democratic Party chairman Wu Chi-wai announced the remaining 15 pro-democracy legislators were to resign en masse in protest to the decision, declaring the death of the "One Country, Two Systems" and separation of power in Hong Kong. The mass resignations left virtually no opposition in the Legislative Council.[4][43][44]

 Convenor [ edit ]

 A caucus-like mechanism, without whips, was established on 8 October 2004 and was then known as "Lunchbox Conference", as legislators discussed local and political issues during luncheon on every Fridays. The convenor was the nominal leader of the camp but did not contain any real powers.[38] It was renamed as "Pro-Democracy Camp Meetings" after 2016 election.[45] The conference ceased to function after en masse resignations in 2020.

 Convenor of Pro-Democracy Camp Meetings
 Portrait Convenor Constituency Took office Left office Party LegCo Ref 
 Cyd Ho Hong Kong Island 8 October 2004 5 October 2012 Civic Act-up 3rd 
 4th 
 Labour [46] 
 Emily Lau New Territories East 5 October 2012 September 2013 Democratic 5th [47]
 Frederick Fung District Council (Second) September 2013 15 September 2014 ADPL [48]
 Alan Leong Kowloon East 16 September 2014 9 September 2015 Civic [49]
 Cyd Ho Hong Kong Island 10 September 2015 28 September 2016 Labour [50]
 James To District Council (Second) 28 September 2016 25 August 2017 Democratic 6th [51]
 Charles Mok Information Technology 25 August 2017 9 July 2018 Prof Commons [52]
 Claudia Mo Kowloon West 9 July 2018 28 September 2019 HK First [53]
 Tanya Chan Hong Kong Island 28 September 2019 29 September 2020 Civic [54]
 Wu Chi-wai Kowloon East 29 September 2020 30 November 2020 Democratic [55]
 

 Political parties [ edit ]

 This list includes the major political parties and groups in Hong Kong:

 * Democratic Party, the flagship pro-democracy party that succeeded the United Democrats of Hong Kong, which won a landslide victory in the 1991 first-ever direct elections of the Legislative Council. It was founded in 1990 as a grand alliance of the pro-democracy activists from all sectors and was further merged with the Meeting Point in 1994. It positions itself as centrist and social liberal.
 * Civic Party, a professional-based pro-democracy party formed in 2006. The founders are mostly barristers who rose to fame in the anti-Article 23 legislation. It has scored fairly well in recent elections and has overtaken the Democratic Party in popular votes in the geographical constituencies of the 2016 Legislative Council election.
 * League of Social Democrats, a radical social-democratic political party established in 2006.
 * Labour Party, a social democratic party founded by veteran politician Lee Cheuk-yan of the Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions (CTU) in 2012.
 * People Power, a radical democratic group backed by businessman Stephen Shiu. It was first formed in 2011 as a breakaway group from the League of Social Democrats, citing disagreements with the party stance on the Democratic Party's compromise with the Beijing government on the 2010 Hong Kong electoral reform. It suffered a split in 2013 when Civic Passion was formed.
 * Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood, a political party catering to grassroots interest with a strong basis in Sham Shui Po. Established on 26 October 1986, it was one of the three major pro-democracy groups along with the Meeting Point and the Hong Kong Affairs Society in the 1980s.
 * HK First, a localist party that was initially established in 2013 as a parliamentary group in the LegCo. The party is led by Claudia Mo.
 * Neighbourhood and Worker's Service Centre, a small pro-grassroots group and party formed in 1985 and based in Kwai Chung. Leung Yiu-chung has been its sole legislator since 1995.
 * Neo Democrats, a breakaway group from the Democratic Party formed in 2010 which carries a moderate localist agenda. Its stronghold is in the New Territories East where it returned its sole legislator Gary Fan who won in the 2018 by-election.
 * Professional Commons, a professional-based group which consists of pro-democracy legislators elected through the professional functional constituencies.
 * Democratic Alliance, a pro-Taiwan party chaired by Johnny Mak. It is the only member of the pro-Taiwan camp with elected representatives left in the region.

 Civil groups [ edit ]

 * Alliance for True Democracy
 * April Fifth Action
 * Civil Human Rights Front
 * Democracy Groundwork
 * Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China
 * Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions
 * Hong Kong Federation of Students
 * Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union
 * Socialist Action (Hong Kong)

 Electoral performance [ edit ]

 Chief Executive elections [ edit ]

 Election Candidate Party Votes % 
 1996 Did not contest 
 2002 Did not contest 
 2005 Lee Wing-tat Democratic Not nominated
 2007 Alan Leong Civic 123 15.93
 2012 Albert Ho Democratic 76 7.24 
 2017 Leung Kwok-hung[a] LSD Not nominated
 2022 Did not contest 
 

 Legislative Council elections [ edit ]

 Election Number of % of GC FC EC Total seats +/− Status 
 popular votes popular votes seats seats seats 
 1991 843,888[b] 61.63 16 7 − 20 / 60 13 — 
 1995 557,515 61.13 16 10 3 29 / 60 11 — 
 1998 982,249 66.36 15 5 0 20 / 60 — Minority
 2000 799,249 60.56 16 5 0 21 / 60 1 Minority
 2004 1,105,388 62.44 18 7 25 / 60 3 Minority
 2008 901,707 59.50 19 4 23 / 60 3 Minority 
 2012 1,036,998 57.26 18 9 27 / 70 4 Minority 
 2016 781,168 36.02 13 10 23 / 70 3 Minority 
 2021 did not contest 0 0 0 0 / 90 Extra-parliamentary
 

 Municipal elections [ edit ]

 Election Number of % of UrbCo RegCo Total 
 popular votes popular votes seats seats elected seats
 1989 68,831 32.38 5 / 15 5 / 12 10 / 27 
 1991 200,877 51.28 6 / 15 7 / 12 14 / 27 
 1995 287,226 51.51 18 / 32 16 / 27 34 / 59 
 

 District Council elections [ edit ]

 Election Number of % of Total +/−
 popular votes popular votes elected seats 
 1988 139,982 22.16 61 / 264 24 
 1991 170,757 32.11 83 / 272 22 
 1994 280,707 40.89 146 / 346 48 
 1999 325,829 40.18 157 / 390 22 
 2003 477,596 45.54 198 / 400 38 
 2007 445,781 39.15 127 / 405 56 
 2011 464,512 39.34 103 / 412 16 
 2015 581,058 40.20 126 / 431 25 
 2019 1,674,083 57.10 388 / 452 265
 

 See also [ edit ]

 * Liberalism in Hong Kong
 * Localism in Hong Kong
 * Socialism in Hong Kong
 * Pro-democracy camp (Macau)
 * Pro-democracy movement (Myanmar)
 * Pro-Taiwan camp (Hong Kong)

 Notes [ edit ]

 1. ^ Not endorsed by mainstream pro-democrats.
 2. ^ Each voter was given two votes in the 1991 election.

 References [ edit ]

 1. ^ Wang, Vivian; Ramzy, Austin (22 May 2020). "The New York Times: Hong Kong Protest Movement Left Reeling by China's Power Grab". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020 . Retrieved 25 May 2020 .
 2. ^ "Litenews.hk: "Paper Media View" Pan-dem standpoint regarding Shina's storm - anti-communism is not anti-china". Archived from the original on 26 May 2020 . Retrieved 26 May 2020 .
 3. ^ a b "非建制「G27」共商大計 溝通平台擬正名「民主派會議」". Ming Pao. 7 October 2016. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 10 November 2016 .
 4. ^ a b "Hong Kong pro-democracy lawmakers resign after China ruling". BBC. 11 November 2020. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021 . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
 5. ^ a b Buckley, Chris; Forsythe, Michael (31 August 2014). "China Restricts Voting Reforms for Hong Kong". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 .
 6. ^ Jensen, Lionel M. Weston, Timothy B. [2006] (2006). China's Transformations: The Stories Beyond the Headlines. Rowman & Littlefield, p. 22. ISBN 0-7425-3863-X .
 7. ^ "A more united Democratic Party predicted as Young Turks leave". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. 20 December 2010.
 8. ^ Scott, Ian. Political Change and the Crisis of Legitimacy in Hong Kong. University of Hawaii Press. p. 210.
 9. ^ a b c Davies, Stephen; Roberts, Elfed (1990). Political Dictionary for Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Macmillan Publishers (HK) Ltd.
 10. ^ Loh, Christine (2010). Underground front. Hong Kong University Press. p. 158.
 11. ^ Lo, Shiu-hing (2016). The Politics of Democratization in Hong Kong. Springer. pp. 143–145.
 12. ^ Wing-kai Chiu, Stephen. Lui, Tai-Lok. The Dynamics of Social Movement in Hong Kong. [2000] (2000). Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 962-209-497-X .
 13. ^ Chan, Ming K. (1997). The Challenge of Hong Kong's Reintegration with China: Modern Diasporic Femininity. Hong Kong University Press.
 14. ^ a b Sing, Ming (2004). Hong Kong's Tortuous Democratization: A Comparative Analysis. Psychology Press.
 15. ^ Scott, Ian (1991). "An Overview of the Hong Kong Legislative Council Elections of 1991" (PDF) . Asian Journal of Public Administration. 13 (2): 11–37. doi:10.1080/02598272.1991.10800247. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2020 . Retrieved 9 July 2017 .
 16. ^ Chiu, Stephen Wing-Kai; Lü, Dale; Lui, Tai-Lok (2000). The Dynamics of Social Movement in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. p. 43.
 17. ^ "Save Our Harbour". The Citizens Party. Archived from the original on 9 November 1999.
 18. ^ "Past Political Record – Christine Kung-Wai Loh". The Citizens Party. Archived from the original on 3 October 1999.
 19. ^ Loh, Christine (2010). Underground front. Hong Kong University Press. p. 187.
 20. ^ Carroll, John Mark (2007). A Concise History of Hong Kong. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 202.
 21. ^ Sing, Ming (2004). Hong Kong's Tortuous Democratization: A Comparative Analysis. Psychology Press. p. 158.
 22. ^ Wong, Yiu-Chung. One Country, Two Systems in Crisis: Hong Kong's Transformation Since the Handover. Lexington books.
 23. ^ "CIVIC PARTY: MOVING FROM FAN CLUB TO POLITICAL FORCE". WikiLeaks. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 July 2017 .
 24. ^ Wong, Stan Hok-Wui (2015). Electoral Politics in Post-1997 Hong Kong: Protest, Patronage, and the Media. Springer. p. 76.
 25. ^ "Frontier members vote for Democrats merger". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 9 July 2017 .
 26. ^ Associated Press (11 March 2010), "Hong Kong, China debate legality of referendum" Archived 11 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine , Asian Correspondent. Retrieved on 5 April 2010.
 27. ^ Cheung, Gary; Wong, Albert & Fung, Fanny (25 June 2010) "Cheers and jeers for political reform vote", South China Morning Post
 28. ^ Pepper, Suzanne (15 November 2010). "Politicking Hong Kong Style". Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 3 April 2013 .
 29. ^ Luk, Eddie (17 September 2012). "Change on way for Democrats, says Sin". The Standard. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 April 2013 .
 30. ^ Siu, Phila (22 March 2012). "Tang or Blank" . The Standard
 31. ^ Lam, Hang-chi (18 June 2015). "And so, we stagger into an even more uncertain future". ejinsight. Archived from the original on 29 September 2016 . Retrieved 17 September 2016 .
 32. ^ Lau, Stuart (10 June 2013). "Independent thinker Horace Chin treads bold path". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017 . Retrieved 9 July 2017 .
 33. ^ Fitzpatrick, Liam. "Hong Kong Makes History with First Pro-Independence Rally". TIME. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 9 July 2017 .
 34. ^ "Pan-democrats pledge more than 290 votes for John Tsang in Hong Kong leadership race". South China Morning Post. 20 March 2017. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017 . Retrieved 26 March 2017 .
 35. ^ "Four More Hong Kong Lawmakers Ousted In a Blow to Democratic Hopes". TIME. 17 July 2017. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018 . Retrieved 18 July 2017 .
 36. ^ "Hong Kong democrats to rely on legal appeals after failing to win back Legco veto foothold". South China Morning Post. 12 March 2018. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018 . Retrieved 17 March 2018 .
 37. ^ "Hong Kong pushes bill allowing extraditions to China despite..." Reuters. 10 June 2019. Archived from the original on 10 June 2019 . Retrieved 10 June 2019 .
 38. ^ a b Chan, F. (2021). "Fragmented Politics in Hong Kong—Analyzing the Pro-democracy Cohesion in the Legislative Council Before 2019". East Asia. 38 (3): 249–269. doi:10.1007/s12140-021-09362-1. PMC 8031336. PMID 33850414.
 39. ^ "Hong Kong voters deliver landslide victory for pro-democracy campaigners". The Guardian. 24 November 2019. Archived from the original on 25 November 2019 . Retrieved 29 November 2019 .
 40. ^ Bradsher, Keith; Ramzy, Austin; May, Tiffany (24 November 2019). "Hong Kong Election Results Give Democracy Backers Big Win". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 November 2019 . Retrieved 25 November 2019 .
 41. ^ "Hong Kong bars 12 opposition candidates from election". BBC. 30 July 2020. Archived from the original on 1 September 2020 . Retrieved 14 November 2020 .
 42. ^ Wong, Natalie (29 September 2020). "Most of Hong Kong's opposition lawmakers to serve out extended term in Legislative Council, after supporters narrowly back move in poll". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020 . Retrieved 25 December 2020 – via Yahoo! News.
 43. ^ "Hong Kong opposition lawmakers quit over Beijing resolution". SCMP Young Post. 11 November 2020. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021 . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
 44. ^ "Four Hong Kong opposition lawmakers disqualified after ruling from Beijing". SCMP Young Post. 11 November 2020. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020 . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
 45. ^ "非建制「G27」共商大計 溝通平台擬正名「民主派會議」". Ming Pao (in Traditional Chinese). 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2022 .
 46. ^ "政情：泛民爭做「飯盒會」召集人". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 September 2014 .
 47. ^ "劉慧卿任泛民飯盒會召集人". Yahoo 新聞. 星島日報. 5 October 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2020 .
 48. ^ "隔牆有耳： 馮檢基接掌泛民飯盒會". Archived from the original on 16 September 2014 . Retrieved 16 September 2014 .
 49. ^ "隔牆有耳：阿基做召集人 少做Gym". Archived from the original on 16 September 2014 . Retrieved 16 September 2014 .
 50. ^ "何秀蘭接捧做泛民會議召集人" (in Chinese). 星島日報. 9 September 2015. Archived from the original on 30 March 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2015 .
 51. ^ "非建制派議員會面商合作平台 涂謹申暫任召集人". Archived from the original on 14 January 2017 . Retrieved 1 October 2016 .
 52. ^ 李大煒 (25 August 2017). "民主派會議換馬 莫乃光成新召集人 冀民主派保持團結". 香港01 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Archived from the original on 8 December 2019 . Retrieved 29 September 2020 .
 53. ^ "【政情】毛孟靜任民主派班長 建制泛民同感嘆". Now 新聞 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)) . Retrieved 29 September 2020 .
 54. ^ "【傘運5周年】告別議會前接任民主派召集人 陳淑莊：議會內外積極跟進警暴". Apple Daily 蘋果日報 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Archived from the original on 21 June 2021 . Retrieved 29 September 2020 .
 55. ^ "去留議會︱民調出爐 47.1%受訪者撐留任未達門檻 暫19民主派議員表態延任一年". Apple Daily 蘋果日報 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Archived from the original on 5 November 2020 . Retrieved 29 September 2020 .
 * v  
 * t  
 * e  
 Political parties in Hong Kong 
 Parties represented in Legislative Council 
 * Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (19) 
 * Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (8) 
 * Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong (7) 
 * New People's Party (5) 
 * Liberal Party (4) 
 Pro-Beijing (85) * Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers (2) 
 * Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions (2) 
 * New Century Forum (1) 
 * Roundtable (1) 
 * Professional Power (1) 
 * Kowloon West New Dynamic (1) 
 * New Prospect (1) 
 Unaligned (1) * Third Side (1) 
  
  
 Parties represented in District Councils 
 * Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (21)
 * Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (5) 
 * Liberal Party (5) 
 Pro-Beijing (93) * Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong (5) 
 * Federation of Public Housing Estates (3) 
 * Professional Power (3) 
 * Roundtable (1) 
 * Democratic Party (12) 
 * Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood (6) 
 Pro-democracy (52) * Community Alliance (1) 
 * Tai Po Democratic Alliance (1) 
 * Concern Group for Tseung Kwan O People's Livelihood (1) 
  
  
 * Politics of Hong Kong  
 * Politics portal  
 * List of political parties by country 
 
 Portals :
 * Hong Kong
 * Politics
 * Society
 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)&oldid=1137389113"
 Categories:
 * Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)
 * Political party alliances in Hong Kong
 * Politics of Hong Kong
 * Hong Kong democracy movements
 * Liberalism in Hong Kong
 * 1986 establishments in Hong Kong
 Hidden categories:
 * Webarchive template wayback links
 * CS1 Traditional Chinese-language sources (zh-hant)
 * CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)
 * CS1 Chinese (Hong Kong)-language sources (zh-hk)
 * Articles with short description
 * Short description matches Wikidata
 * Use Hong Kong English from July 2017
 * All Wikipedia articles written in Hong Kong English
 * Use dmy dates from July 2017
 * Articles containing Chinese-language text
 * This page was last edited on 4 February 2023, at 10:41 (UTC) .
 * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
 * Privacy policy
 * About Wikipedia
 * Disclaimers
 * Contact Wikipedia
 * Mobile view
 * Developers
 * Statistics
 * Cookie statement
 * 
 * 
Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)
Contributors to Wikimedia projects
2024-08-15T18:33:14Z
<div><div>


<table><tbody><tr><th><p>Hong Kong</p><p>香港</p></th></tr><tr><td><div><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China">Special administrative region</a></p></div></td></tr><tr><td><span>Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China</span><div>
<div><p><span>Other official names</span></p></div>
<ul><li> <table><tbody><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language">Chinese</a>:</th><td><span><span>中華人民共和國香港特別行政區</span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanisation_of_Cantonese">Yale romanisation</a>:</th><td><i>Jūng'wàh Yàhnmàhn Guhng'wòhgwok Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui</i></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping">Jyutping romanisation</a>:</th><td><i>zung1 waa4 jan4 man4 gung6 wo4 gwok3 hoeng1 gong2 dak6 bit6 hang4 zing3 keoi1</i></td></tr></tbody></table>
</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td>
<div><div><p><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg"></a></span><br/><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Hong_Kong">Flag</a></p></div><div><p><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Regional_Emblem_of_Hong_Kong.svg"></a></span><br/><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_Hong_Kong">Emblem</a></p></div></div></td></tr><tr><td><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_in_China_(zoomed)_(%2Ball_claims_hatched).svg"></a></span><p>Location of Hong Kong within China</p></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state">Sovereign state</a></th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China">China</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Chuenpi">British possession</a></th><td>26 January 1841</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a></th><td>29 August 1842</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Peking">Convention of Peking</a></th><td>24 October 1860</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory">New Territories lease</a></th><td>9 June 1898</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong">Imperial Japanese occupation</a></th><td>25 December 1941 to 30 August 1945</td></tr><tr><th>Re-designated as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Dependent_Territory">British Dependent Territory</a></th><td>1 January 1981</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a></th><td>19 December 1984</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong">Handover to China</a></th><td>1 July 1997</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_centre">Administrative centre</a></th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar,_Hong_Kong">Tamar</a></td></tr><tr><th>Largest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong">district</a> <br/><span>by population</span></th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_District">Sha Tin</a></td></tr><tr><th>Official languages</th><td><div><ul><li>Chinese<sup><a href="#cite_note-chinese-varieties-4"><span>[</span>a<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_English">English</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-language-status-7"><span>[</span>b<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th><div><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_language">Regional language</a></p></div></th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese">Cantonese</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-chinese-varieties-4"><span>[</span>a<span>]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th><div><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_script">Official scripts</a></p></div></th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese">Traditional Chinese</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-language-status-7"><span>[</span>b<span>]</span></a></sup> <br/><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_alphabet">English alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group">Ethnic groups</a> <p> (2021)</p></th><td>91.6% <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people">Chinese</a> <br/>2.7% <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos_in_Hong_Kong">Filipino</a> <br/>1.9% <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesians_in_Hong_Kong">Indonesian</a> <br/>0.8% <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people">White</a> <br/>0.6% <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asians_in_Hong_Kong">Indian</a> <br/>0.4% <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asians_in_Hong_Kong">Nepalese</a> <br/>2% other<sup><a href="#cite_note-demographics-8"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkongers">Hongkonger</a> <br/>Hongkongese</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong">Government</a></th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devolution">Devolved</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)">executive-led</a> government within a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state">unitary</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state">one-party state</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><th><div><p>• <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong">Chief Executive</a> </p></div></th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lee_Ka-chiu">John Lee</a></td></tr><tr><th><div><p>• <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Administration">Chief Secretary</a> </p></div></th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Chan">Eric Chan</a></td></tr><tr><th><div><p>• <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Council President</a> </p></div></th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Leung">Andrew Leung</a></td></tr><tr><th><div><p>• <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Court_of_Final_Appeal">Chief Justice</a> </p></div></th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cheung">Andrew Cheung</a></td></tr><tr><th>Legislature</th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Legislative Council</a></td></tr><tr><th>National representation</th></tr><tr><th><div><p>• <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress">National People's Congress</a></p></div></th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_National_People%27s_Congress_election_in_Hong_Kong">36 deputies</a></td></tr><tr><th><div><p>• <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference">Chinese People's <br/><span>Political Consultative</span> <br/>Conference</a></p></div></th><td>203 delegates<sup><a href="#cite_note-NationalReps-10"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Hong_Kong">Area</a></th></tr><tr><th><p>• Total</p></th><td>2,754.97<sup><a href="#cite_note-landsd_area-11"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (1,063.70 sq mi) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area">168th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th><p>• Water (%)</p></th><td>59.70% <br/>(1,640.62 km<sup><small>2</small></sup>; <br/>633.45 sq mi)<sup><a href="#cite_note-landsd_area-11"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th><p>• Land</p></th><td>1,114.35 km<sup><small>2</small></sup> <br/>(430.25 sq mi)<sup><a href="#cite_note-landsd_area-11"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th>Highest elevation<div><p> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Mo_Shan">Tai Mo Shan</a>)</p></div></th><td>957 m (3,140 ft)</td></tr><tr><th>Lowest elevation<div><p> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea">South China Sea</a>)</p></div></th><td>0 m (0 ft)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Hong_Kong">Population</a></th></tr><tr><th><p>• 2023 estimate</p></th><td><span><span></span></span> 7,498,100<sup><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th><p>• 2021 census</p></th><td><span><span></span></span> 7,413,070<sup><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th><p>• Density</p></th><td>6,801<sup><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup>/km<sup>2</sup> (17,614.5/sq mi) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density">4th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product">GDP</a> <span>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td>2024 estimate</td></tr><tr><th><p>• Total</p></th><td><span><span></span></span> $570.082 billion<sup><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.HK-15"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)">44th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th><p>• Per capita</p></th><td><span><span></span></span> $75,128<sup><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.HK-15"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita">12th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product">GDP</a> <span>(nominal)</span></th><td>2024 estimate</td></tr><tr><th><p>• Total</p></th><td><span><span></span></span> $406.775 billion<sup><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.HK-15"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)">38th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th><p>• Per capita</p></th><td><span><span></span></span> $53,606<sup><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.HK-15"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita">19th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient">Gini</a> <span>(2021)</span></th><td><span><span></span></span> 39.7<sup><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>c<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-GiniRef-17"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><br/><span><span>medium</span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index">HDI</a> <span>(2022)</span></th><td><span><span></span></span> 0.956<sup><a href="#cite_note-HDI-18"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><br/><span><span>very high</span></span> · <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index">4th</a></td></tr><tr><th>Currency</th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a> (HK$) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217">HKD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone">Time zone</a></th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B08:00">UTC+08:00</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Time">HKT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th>Date format</th><td>dd/mm/yyyy <br/>yyyy年mm月dd日</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity">Mains electricity</a></th><td>220 V–50 Hz</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic">Driving side</a></th><td>left<sup><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>d<span>]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Hong_Kong">Calling code</a></th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Hong_Kong">+852</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td><div><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:HK">HK</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CN">CN-HK</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td><div><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.hk">.hk</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF">.香港</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_China#Cross-border_with_Hong_Kong_and_Macau">Number plate prefixes</a></th><td>None for local vehicles, <span><span>粤Z</span></span> for cross-boundary vehicles</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Hong Kong</b><sup><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>e<span>]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China">special administrative region</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China">People's Republic of China</a>. With 7.4 million residents of various nationalities<sup><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>f<span>]</span></a></sup> in a 1,104-square-kilometre (426 sq mi) territory, Hong Kong is one of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density">most densely populated territories</a> in the world.
</p><p>Hong Kong was established as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong">colony of the British Empire</a> after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> ceded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island">Hong Kong Island</a> in 1841–1842 as a consequence of losing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Opium_War">First Opium War</a>. The colony expanded to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_Peninsula">Kowloon Peninsula</a> in 1860 and was further extended when the United Kingdom obtained a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99-year_lease">99-year lease</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Territories">New Territories</a> in 1898. Hong Kong was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong">occupied</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan">Japan</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong">1941</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Hong_Kong)">1945</a> during <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II">World War II</a>. The territory was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong">handed over from the United Kingdom to China</a> in 1997. Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China">mainland China</a> under the principle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_country,_two_systems">one country, two systems</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>g<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages,<sup><a href="#cite_note-CarrollEarlyHistory-25"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERen2010221-26"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> the territory is now one of the world's most significant financial centres and commercial ports. Hong Kong is the world's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index">fourth-ranked global financial centre</a>, ninth-largest exporter, and eighth-largest importer. Its currency, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a>, is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Most_traded_currencies">ninth most traded currency</a> in the world. Home to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_by_number_of_billionaires">seventh-highest number of billionaires</a> of any city in the world, Hong Kong has the largest number of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high-net-worth_individual">ultra high-net-worth individuals</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> Although the city has one of the highest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita">per capita incomes</a> in the world, severe <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality">income inequality</a> exists among the population. Despite being <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers">the city with the most skyscrapers in the world</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_in_Hong_Kong">housing in Hong Kong</a> has been well-documented to experience a chronic persistent shortage.
</p><p>Hong Kong is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country">highly developed territory</a> and has a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI) of 0.956, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index">ranking fourth in the world</a> and currently  the only place in Asia to be in the top 5. The city has the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy">highest life expectancy in the world</a>, and a public transport usage exceeding 90 per cent.
</p>

<p></p><h2>Etymology</h2><p></p>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Hong Kong</th></tr><tr><td><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_in_Chinese_2.svg"></a></span><p>"Hong Kong" in Chinese characters</p></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language">Chinese</a></th><td><span><span>香港</span></span></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td>hoeng1 gong2</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese">Yale</a></th><td><div><ul><li><span><span><span><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/Yue-heung1gong2.ogg/Yue-heung1gong2.ogg.mp3"><span></span><span>Hēunggóng</span><span></span></a></span><sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yue-heung1gong2.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></li><li><i>or</i></li><li>Hèunggóng</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th>Literal meaning</th><td>"Fragrant Harbour"<sup><a href="#cite_note-HerbariumName-28"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-CarrollHKName-29"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><th>Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td><span><span>Xiānggǎng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td><span><span>ㄒㄧㄤ   ㄍㄤˇ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td><span><span>Shianggaang</span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td><span><span><span>Hsiang<sup>1</sup>-kang<sup>3</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td><span><span>Syānggǎng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td><span><span><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɕjáŋ.kàŋ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td><span><span>shian<sup>平</sup>kaon<sup>上</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka">Romanization</a></th><td><span><span><span>Hiong<sup>1</sup>gong<sup>3</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td><span><span><div><ul><li><span><span><span><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/Yue-heung1gong2.ogg/Yue-heung1gong2.ogg.mp3"><span></span><span>Hēunggóng</span><span></span></a></span><sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yue-heung1gong2.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></li><li><i>or</i></li><li>Hèunggóng</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td><span><span>hoeng1 gong2</span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization">Canton Romanization</a></th><td><span><span><span>Hêng<sup>1</sup>gong<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td><span><span><div><ul><li><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese">[hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ]</a></span></li><li><i>or</i></li><li><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese">[hœ̂ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ]</a></span></li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB">POJ</a></th><td><span><span>Hiong-káng</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th>Hong Kong Special Administrative Region</th></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td><div><ul><li>香港特別行政區</li><li>(香港特區)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td><div><ul><li>香港特别行政区</li><li>(香港特区)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td><div><ul><li>hoeng1 gong2 dak6 bit6 hang4 zing3 keoi1</li><li>(hoeng1 gong2 dak6 keoi1)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese">Yale</a></th><td><div><ul><li>Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui</li><li>(Hēunggóng Dahkkēui)</li><li><i>or</i></li><li>Hèunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui</li><li>(Hèunggóng Dahkkēui)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><th>Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td><span><span><div><ul><li>Xiānggǎng Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū</li><li>(Xiānggǎng Tèqū)</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td><span><span><div><ul><li>ㄒㄧㄤ   ㄍㄤˇ</li><li>ㄊㄜˋ   ㄅㄧㄝˊ</li><li>ㄒㄧㄥˊ   ㄓㄥˋ   ㄑㄩ</li><li>(ㄒㄧㄤ   ㄍㄤˇ   ㄊㄜˋ   ㄑㄩ)</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td><span><span><div><ul><li>Shianggaang Tehbye Shyngjenqchiu</li><li>(Shianggaang Tehchiu)</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td><span><span><div><ul><li><span>Hsiang<sup>1</sup>-kang<sup>3</sup> T</span>ʻ<span>e<sup>4</sup>-⁠pieh<sup>2</sup> Hsing<sup>2</sup>-⁠cheng<sup>4</sup>-⁠ch</span>ʻ<span>ü<sup>1</sup></span></li><li><span>(Hsiang<sup>1</sup>-kang<sup>3</sup> T</span>ʻ<span>e<sup>4</sup>-ch</span>ʻ<span>ü<sup>1</sup>)</span></li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td><span><span><div><ul><li>Syāngggǎng Tèbyé Syíngjèngchyū</li><li>(Syānggǎng Tèchyū)</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td><span><span><div><ul><li><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɕjáŋ.kàŋ tʰɤ̂.pjě ɕǐŋ.ʈʂə̂ŋ.tɕʰý]</a></span></li><li>(<span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɕjáŋ.kàŋ tʰɤ̂.tɕʰú]</a></span>)</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td><span><span><div><ul><li>shian<sup>平</sup>kaon<sup>上</sup> deh<sup>入</sup>⁠bih<sup>入</sup></li><li>ghan<sup>平</sup>⁠tsen<sup>去</sup>⁠chiu<sup>平</sup></li><li>(shian<sup>平</sup>kaon<sup>上</sup> deh<sup>入</sup>chiu<sup>平</sup>)</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka">Romanization</a></th><td><span><span><div><ul><li><span>Hiong<sup>1</sup>gong<sup>3</sup> Tet<sup>6</sup>⁠piet<sup>6</sup> Hang<sup>2</sup>⁠zin<sup>4</sup>⁠ki<sup>1</sup></span></li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td><span><span><div><ul><li>Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui</li><li>(Hēunggóng Dahkkēui)</li><li><i>or</i></li><li>Hèunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui</li><li>(Hèunggóng Dahkkēui)</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td><span><span><div><ul><li>hoeng1 gong2 dak6 bit6 hang4 zing3 keoi1</li><li>(hoeng1 gong2 dak6 keoi1)</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization">Canton Romanization</a></th><td><span><span><div><ul><li><span>Hêng<sup>1</sup>gong<sup>2</sup> Deg<sup>6</sup>⁠bid<sup>6</sup> Heng<sup>4</sup>⁠jing<sup>3</sup>⁠kêu<sup>1</sup></span></li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td><span><span><div><ul><li><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese">[hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ<span> </span>tɐ̀k̚.pìːt̚<span> </span>hɐ̏ŋ.tsēŋ.kʰɵ́y]</a></span></li><li>(<span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese">[hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ<span> </span>tɐ̀k̚.kʰɵ́y]</a></span>)</li><li><i>or</i></li><li><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese">[hœ̂ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ<span> </span>tɐ̀k̚.pìːt̚<span> </span>hɐ̏ŋ.tsēŋ.kʰɵ́y]</a></span></li><li>(<span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese">[hœ̂ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ<span> </span>tɐ̀k̚.kʰɵ́y]</a></span>)</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB">POJ</a></th><td><span><span><div><ul><li>Hiong-káng Te̍k-⁠pia̍t Hêng-⁠chèng-⁠khu</li><li>(Hiong-káng Te̍k-khu)</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The name of the territory, first <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization">romanised</a> as "He-Ong-Kong" in 1780,<sup><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> originally referred to a small inlet located between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap_Lei_Chau">Aberdeen Island</a> and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen,_Hong_Kong">Aberdeen</a> was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.<sup><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> Although the source of the romanised name is unknown, it is generally believed to be an early phonetic rendering of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese">Cantonese</a> (or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanka_people#Dialect">Tanka Cantonese</a>) phrase <i>hēung góng</i>. The name translates as "fragrant harbour" or "incense harbour".<sup><a href="#cite_note-HerbariumName-28"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-CarrollHKName-29"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-etym-32"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> "Fragrant" may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's freshwater influx from the Pearl River or to the odour from incense factories lining the coast of northern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon">Kowloon</a>. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Harbour">Victoria Harbour</a> was developed.<sup><a href="#cite_note-etym-32"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Francis_Davis">Sir John Davis</a> (the second colonial governor) offered an alternative origin; Davis said that the name derived from "Hoong-keang" ("red torrent"), reflecting the colour of soil over which a waterfall on the island flowed.<sup><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The simplified name <i>Hong Kong</i> was frequently used by 1810.<sup><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> The name was also commonly written as the single word <i>Hongkong</i> until 1926, when the government officially adopted the two-word name.<sup><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> Some corporations founded during the early colonial era still keep this name, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong_Land">Hongkong Land</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong_Electric_Company">Hongkong Electric Company</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong_and_Shanghai_Hotels">Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hongkong_and_Shanghai_Banking_Corporation">the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation</a> (HSBC).<sup><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-HSBC-37"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p></p><h2>History</h2><p></p>


<p></p><h3>Prehistory and Imperial China</h3><p></p>
<p>Earliest known human traces in what is now Hong Kong are dated by some to 35,000 and 39,000 years ago during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> period. The claim is based on an archaeological investigation in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Tei_Tung">Wong Tei Tung</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai_Kung_Peninsula">Sai Kung</a> in 2003. The archaeological works revealed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knapping">knapped</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_tool">stone tools</a> from deposits that were dated using optical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminescence_dating">luminescence dating</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic">Middle Neolithic</a> period, about 6,000 years ago, the region had been widely occupied by humans.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Meacham2-39"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> Neolithic to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</a> Hong Kong settlers were semi-coastal people. Early inhabitants are believed to be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_peoples">Austronesians</a> in the Middle Neolithic period and later the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiyue">Yue</a> people.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Meacham2-39"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> As hinted by the archaeological works in Sha Ha, Sai Kung, rice cultivation had been introduced since <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Neolithic">Late Neolithic</a> period.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Li38-40"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> Bronze Age Hong Kong featured coarse pottery, hard pottery, quartz and stone jewelry, as well as small bronze implements.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Meacham2-39"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sung_Wong_Toi.jpg"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sung_Wong_Toi">Sung Wong Toi</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> incorporated the Hong Kong area into China for the first time in 214 BCE, after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_campaign_against_the_Yue_tribes">conquering the indigenous Baiyue</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> The region was consolidated under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanyue">Nanyue</a> kingdom (a predecessor state of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam">Vietnam</a>) after the Qin collapse<sup><a href="#cite_note-KeatGinOoi-42"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> and recaptured by China after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Nanyue">Han conquest</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty">Mongol conquest of China</a> in the 13th century, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty">Southern Song</a> court was briefly located in modern-day <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_City">Kowloon City</a> (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sung_Wong_Toi">Sung Wong Toi</a> site) before its final defeat in the 1279 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen">Battle of Yamen</a> by the Yuan Dynasty.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Barber-44"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> By the end of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, seven large families had settled in the region and owned most of the land. Settlers from nearby provinces migrated to Kowloon throughout the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The earliest European visitor was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal">Portuguese</a> explorer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_%C3%81lvares">Jorge Álvares</a>, who arrived in 1513.<sup><a href="#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> Portuguese merchants established a trading post called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C3%A3o">Tamão</a> in Hong Kong waters and began regular trade with southern China. Although the traders were expelled after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tunmen">military clashes</a> in the 1520s,<sup><a href="#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> Portuguese-Chinese trade relations were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554)">re-established by 1549</a>. Portugal acquired a permanent lease for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau">Macau</a> in 1557.<sup><a href="#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>After the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing">Qing conquest</a>, maritime trade was banned under the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haijin">Haijin</a></i> policies. From 1661 to 1683, the population of most of the area forming present day Hong Kong was cleared under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Clearance">Great Clearance</a>, turning the region into a wasteland.<sup><a href="#cite_note-HK_story-50"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> lifted the maritime trade prohibition, allowing foreigners to enter Chinese ports in 1684.<sup><a href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> Qing authorities established the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_System">Canton System</a> in 1757 to regulate trade more strictly, restricting non-Russian ships to the port of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou">Canton</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> Although European demand for Chinese commodities like tea, silk, and porcelain was high, Chinese interest in European manufactured goods was insignificant, so that Chinese goods could only be bought with precious metals. To reduce the trade imbalance, the British sold large amounts of Indian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium">opium</a> to China. Faced with a drug crisis, Qing officials pursued ever more aggressive actions to halt the opium trade.<sup><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p></p><h3>British colony</h3><p></p>

<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_1868.jpg"></a><figcaption>Hong Kong in 1868, photograph by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thomson_(photographer)">John Thomson</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1839, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor">Daoguang Emperor</a> rejected proposals to legalise and tax opium and ordered imperial commissioner <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Zexu">Lin Zexu</a> to eradicate the opium trade. The commissioner destroyed opium stockpiles and halted all foreign trade,<sup><a href="#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> triggering a British military response and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Opium_War">First Opium War</a>. The Qing surrendered early in the war and ceded Hong Kong Island in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Chuenpi">Convention of Chuenpi</a>. British forces began controlling Hong Kong shortly after the signing of the convention, from 26 January 1841.<sup><a href="#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> However, both countries were dissatisfied and did not ratify the agreement.<sup><a href="#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> After more than a year of further hostilities, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland">United Kingdom</a> in the 1842 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Courtauld-57"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Administrative infrastructure was quickly built by early 1842, but piracy, disease, and hostile Qing policies initially prevented the government from attracting commerce. Conditions on the island improved during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a> in the 1850s, when many Chinese refugees, including wealthy merchants, fled mainland turbulence and settled in the colony.<sup><a href="#cite_note-CarrollEarlyHistory-25"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Further tensions between the British and Qing over the opium trade escalated into the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Opium_War">Second Opium War</a>. The Qing were again defeated and forced to give up <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_Peninsula">Kowloon Peninsula</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonecutters_Island">Stonecutters Island</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Peking">Convention of Peking</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-SecondOpiumWar-58"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> By the end of this war, Hong Kong had evolved from a transient colonial outpost into a major <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t">entrepôt</a>. Rapid economic improvement during the 1850s attracted foreign investment, as potential stakeholders became more confident in Hong Kong's future.<sup><a href="#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The colony was further expanded in 1898 when the United Kingdom obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories.<sup><a href="#cite_note-NTLease-60"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong">University of Hong Kong</a> was established in 1911 as the territory's first institution of higher education.<sup><a href="#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Tak_Airport">Kai Tak Airport</a> began operation in 1924, and the colony avoided a prolonged economic downturn after the 1925–26 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_strike">Canton–Hong Kong strike</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-KaiTak-62"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> At the start of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> in 1937, Governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffry_Northcote">Geoffry Northcote</a> declared Hong Kong a neutral zone to safeguard its status as a free port.<sup><a href="#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> The colonial government prepared for a possible attack, evacuating all British women and children in 1940.<sup><a href="#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong">attacked Hong Kong on 8 December 1941</a>, the same morning as its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong">occupied by Japan</a> for almost four years before the British resumed control on 30 August 1945.<sup><a href="#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong_(1959%E2%80%931997).svg"></a><figcaption>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_(1871%E2%80%931997)">flag of British Hong Kong</a> from 1959 to 1997</figcaption></figure>
<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:578a_Hong_Kong_1971_(51321892645).jpg"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_Road">Peking Road</a> in Tsim Sha Tsui in 1971</figcaption></figure>
<p>Its population rebounded quickly after the war, as skilled Chinese migrants fled from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War">Chinese Civil War</a> and more refugees crossed the border when the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> took control of mainland China in 1949.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Wiltshire-68"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong became the first of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers">Four Asian Tiger</a> economies to industrialise during the 1950s.<sup><a href="#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> With a rapidly increasing population, the colonial government attempted reforms to improve infrastructure and public services. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_housing_in_Hong_Kong">public-housing estate programme</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)">Independent Commission Against Corruption</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTR">Mass Transit Railway</a> were all established during the post-war decades to provide safer housing, integrity in the civil service, and more reliable transportation.<sup><a href="#cite_note-70"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Nevertheless, widespread public discontent resulted in multiple protests from the 1950s to 1980s, including pro-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)">Republic of China</a> and pro-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> protests. In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a>, pro-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China">PRC</a> protestors clashed with the British colonial government. As many as 51 were killed and 802 were injured in the violence, including dozens killed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hong_Kong_Police">Royal Hong Kong Police</a> via beatings and shootings.<sup><a href="#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Although the territory's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined because of rising labour and property costs, it transitioned to a service-based economy. By the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_centre">financial centre</a> and shipping hub.<sup><a href="#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p></p><h3>Chinese special administrative region</h3><p></p>

<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avenue_of_Stars,_Hong_Kong_(2052819038).jpg"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Harbour">Victoria Harbour</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island">Hong Kong Island</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure>
<p>The colony faced an uncertain future as the end of the New Territories lease approached, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_MacLehose,_Baron_MacLehose_of_Beoch">Governor Murray MacLehose</a> raised the question of Hong Kong's status with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> in 1979.<sup><a href="#cite_note-74"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> Diplomatic negotiations with China resulted in the 1984 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a>, in which the United Kingdom agreed the handover of the colony in 1997 and China would guarantee Hong Kong's economic and political systems for 50 years after the handover.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Carroll181-75"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> The impending handover triggered a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waves_of_mass_migrations_from_Hong_Kong">wave of mass emigration</a> as residents feared an erosion of civil rights, the rule of law, and quality of life.<sup><a href="#cite_note-76"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> Over half a million people left the territory during the peak migration period, from 1987 to 1996.<sup><a href="#cite_note-2002Pop-77"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup> The Legislative Council became a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">fully elected legislature</a> for the first time in 1995 and extensively expanded its functions and organisations throughout the last years of the colonial rule.<sup><a href="#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> The handover of Hong Kong to China was at midnight on 1 July 1997, after 156 years of British rule.<sup><a href="#cite_note-NYTHandover-79"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Immediately after the handover, Hong Kong was severely affected by several crises. The Hong Kong government was forced to use substantial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves">foreign exchange reserves</a> to maintain the Hong Kong dollar's currency peg during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-Wiltshire-68"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> and the recovery from this was muted by an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N1">H5N1 avian-flu</a> outbreak<sup><a href="#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup> and a housing surplus.<sup><a href="#cite_note-81"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup> This was followed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak">2003 SARS epidemic</a>, during which the territory experienced its most serious economic downturn.<sup><a href="#cite_note-82"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Chinese communists portrayed the return of Hong Kong as key moment in the PRC's rise to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power">great power</a> status.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:172-83"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><span>: 51 </span></sup>
</p>
<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_Protesters._(50267655217).jpg"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests">Hong Kong protests</a>, August 2019</figcaption></figure>
<p>Political debates after the handover have centred around the region's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong">democratic development</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China">Chinese central government</a>'s adherence to the "one country, two systems" principle. After reversal of the last colonial era Legislative Council <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform">democratic reforms</a> following the handover,<sup><a href="#cite_note-84"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> the regional government unsuccessfully attempted to enact <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_(Legislative_Provisions)_Bill_2003">national security legislation</a> pursuant to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_23">Article 23 of the Basic Law</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-85"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> The central government decision to implement <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NPCSC_Decision_on_Hong_Kong">nominee pre-screening</a> before allowing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform">chief executive elections</a> triggered a series of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests">protests in 2014</a> which became known as the Umbrella Revolution.<sup><a href="#cite_note-86"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> Discrepancies in the electoral registry and disqualification of elected legislators after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">2016 Legislative Council elections</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-87"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-88"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-89"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup> and enforcement of national law in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_West_Kowloon_railway_station">West Kowloon high-speed railway station</a> raised further concerns about the region's autonomy.<sup><a href="#cite_note-90"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> In June 2019, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests">mass protests erupted</a> in response to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Hong_Kong_extradition_bill">proposed extradition amendment bill</a> permitting the extradition of fugitives to mainland China. The protests are the largest in Hong Kong's history,<sup><a href="#cite_note-EconomistRestoreCalm-91"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup> with organisers claiming to have attracted more than three million Hong Kong residents.
</p><p>The Hong Kong regional government and Chinese central government responded to the protests with a number of administrative measures to quell dissent. In June 2020, the Legislative Council passed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Anthem_Ordinance">National Anthem Ordinance</a>, which criminalised "insults to the national anthem of China".<sup><a href="#cite_note-92"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup> The Chinese central government meanwhile enacted the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law">Hong Kong national security law</a> to help quell protests in the region.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cnn20200630-93"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup> Nine months later, in March 2021, the Chinese central government introduced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_electoral_changes">amendments to Hong Kong's electoral system</a>, which included the reduction of directly elected seats in the Legislative Council and the requirement that all candidates be vetted and approved by a Beijing-appointed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidate_Eligibility_Review_Committee">Candidate Eligibility Review Committee</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-france2420210311-94"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2023, the Legislative Council also introduced legislation to reduce the number of directly elected seats in the district councils, and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Council_Eligibility_Review_Committee">District Council Eligibility Review Committee</a> was similarly established to vet candidates.<sup><a href="#cite_note-dc2023_freepress01-95"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-dc2023_gld01-96"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-dc2023_gld02-97"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p></p><h2>Government and politics</h2><p></p>

<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legco_Complex_Chamber_20240420.jpg"></a><figcaption>Since 2012, the legislature has met in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar,_Hong_Kong">Tamar</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_Complex">Legislative Council Complex</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Hong Kong is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China">special administrative region of China</a>, with executive, legislative, and judicial powers <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devolution">devolved</a> from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_China">national government</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-98"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup> The Sino-British Joint Declaration provided for economic and administrative continuity through the handover,<sup><a href="#cite_note-Carroll181-75"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> resulting in an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)">executive-led</a> governing system largely inherited from the territory's history as a British colony.<sup><a href="#cite_note-BasicLaw15-99"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup> Under these terms and the "one country, two systems" principle, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law">Basic Law of Hong Kong</a> is the regional constitution.<sup><a href="#cite_note-100"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup> The regional government is composed of three branches:
</p>
<ul><li><i>Executive:</i> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong">Chief Executive</a> is responsible for enforcing regional law,<sup><a href="#cite_note-BasicLaw15-99"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup> can force reconsideration of legislation,<sup><a href="#cite_note-101"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup> and appoints <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Executive Council</a> members and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_officials_of_Hong_Kong">principal officials</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-102"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup> Acting with the Executive Council, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King-in-Council#The_Commonwealth">Chief Executive-in-Council</a> can propose new bills, issue <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_legislation">subordinate legislation</a>, and has authority to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament">dissolve</a> the legislature.<sup><a href="#cite_note-103"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup> In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency">states of emergency</a> or public danger, the Chief Executive-in-Council is further empowered to enact any regulation necessary to restore public order.<sup><a href="#cite_note-104"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Legislature:</i> The unicameral <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Legislative Council</a> enacts regional law, approves budgets, and has the power to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment">impeach</a> a sitting chief executive.<sup><a href="#cite_note-105"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong">Judiciary</a>:</i> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Final_Appeal_(Hong_Kong)">Court of Final Appeal</a> and lower courts interpret laws and overturn those inconsistent with the Basic Law.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Gittings150-106"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup> Judges are appointed by the chief executive on the advice of a recommendation commission.<sup><a href="#cite_note-107"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p>The chief executive is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government">head of government</a> and serves for a maximum of two five-year terms. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China">State Council</a> (led by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China">Premier of China</a>) appoints the chief executive after nomination by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Committee_(Hong_Kong)">Election Committee</a>, which is composed of 1500 business, community, and government leaders.<sup><a href="#cite_note-108"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-109"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-110"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Legislative Council has 90 members, each serving a four-year term. Twenty are directly elected from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_constituency">geographical constituencies</a>, thirty-five represent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_constituency_(Hong_Kong)">functional constituencies</a> (FC), and forty are chosen by an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Committee_(constituency)">election committee</a> consisting of representatives appointed by the Chinese central government.<sup><a href="#cite_note-overhaul_HK-111"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup> Thirty FC councillors are selected from limited electorates representing sectors of the economy or special interest groups,<sup><a href="#cite_note-LegCoVoting-112"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup> and the remaining five members are nominated from sitting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_councils_of_Hong_Kong">district council</a> members and selected in region-wide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_direct_election">double direct elections</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-113"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup> All popularly elected members are chosen by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation">proportional representation</a>. The 30 limited electorate functional constituencies fill their seats using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting">first-past-the-post</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting">instant-runoff</a> voting.<sup><a href="#cite_note-LegCoVoting-112"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Twenty-two political parties had representatives elected to the Legislative Council in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Hong_Kong_legislative_election">2016 election</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-114"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup> These parties have aligned themselves into three ideological groups: the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)">pro-Beijing camp</a> (the current government), the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)">pro-democracy camp</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localism_in_Hong_Kong">localist groups</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-115"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup> The Chinese Communist Party does not have an official political presence in Hong Kong, and its members do not run in local elections.<sup><a href="#cite_note-116"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong is represented in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress">National People's Congress</a> by 36 deputies chosen through an electoral college and 203 delegates in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> appointed by the central government.<sup><a href="#cite_note-NationalReps-10"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legislative_Council_Building_HK.jpg"></a><figcaption>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Final_Appeal_Building">Court of Final Appeal Building</a> formerly housed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_(Hong_Kong)">Supreme Court</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Legislative Council</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China">Chinese national law</a> does not generally apply in the region, and Hong Kong is treated as a separate jurisdiction.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Gittings150-106"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup> Its judicial system is based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law">common law</a>, continuing the legal tradition established during British rule.<sup><a href="#cite_note-117"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></a></sup> Local courts may refer to precedents set in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law">English law</a> and overseas jurisprudence.<sup><a href="#cite_note-118"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Procedure_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China">mainland criminal procedure law</a> applies to cases investigated by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security_of_the_CPG_in_the_HKSAR">Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-NPC_Observer-119"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></a></sup> Interpretative and amending power over the Basic Law and jurisdiction over acts of state lie with the central authority, making regional courts ultimately subordinate to the mainland's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_law">socialist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)">civil law</a> system.<sup><a href="#cite_note-120"><span>[</span>113<span>]</span></a></sup> Decisions made by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> override any territorial judicial process.<sup><a href="#cite_note-HCAL185/2016-121"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in circumstances where the Standing Committee declares a state of emergency in Hong Kong, the State Council may enforce national law in the region.<sup><a href="#cite_note-BasicLawA18-122"><span>[</span>115<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The territory's jurisdictional independence is most apparent in its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Hong_Kong">immigration</a> and taxation policies. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Department_(Hong_Kong)">Immigration Department</a> issues <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_passport">passports for permanent residents</a> which differ from those of the mainland or Macau,<sup><a href="#cite_note-123"><span>[</span>116<span>]</span></a></sup> and the region maintains a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundaries_of_Hong_Kong">regulated border</a> with the rest of the country. All travellers between Hong Kong and China and Macau must pass through border controls, regardless of nationality.<sup><a href="#cite_note-124"><span>[</span>117<span>]</span></a></sup> Mainland Chinese citizens do not have <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_abode_in_Hong_Kong">right of abode in Hong Kong</a> and are subject to immigration controls.<sup><a href="#cite_note-125"><span>[</span>118<span>]</span></a></sup> Public finances are handled separately from the national government; taxes levied in Hong Kong do not fund the central authority.<sup><a href="#cite_note-126"><span>[</span>119<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-127"><span>[</span>120<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Garrison">Hong Kong Garrison</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army">People's Liberation Army</a> is responsible for the region's defence.<sup><a href="#cite_note-128"><span>[</span>121<span>]</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a> is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China">supreme commander</a> of the armed forces,<sup><a href="#cite_note-129"><span>[</span>122<span>]</span></a></sup> the regional government may request assistance from the garrison.<sup><a href="#cite_note-130"><span>[</span>123<span>]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong residents are not required to perform military service, and current law has no provision for local enlistment, so its defence is composed entirely of non-Hongkongers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-131"><span>[</span>124<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The central government and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> handle diplomatic matters, but Hong Kong retains the ability to maintain separate economic and cultural <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hong_Kong">relations with foreign nations</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-132"><span>[</span>125<span>]</span></a></sup> The territory actively participates in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> forum, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>, and many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations">United Nations</a> agencies.<sup><a href="#cite_note-133"><span>[</span>126<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-134"><span>[</span>127<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-135"><span>[</span>128<span>]</span></a></sup> The regional government maintains <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Economic_and_Trade_Office">trade offices</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_China">Greater China</a> and other nations.<sup><a href="#cite_note-136"><span>[</span>129<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The imposition of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law">Hong Kong national security law</a> by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress_decision_on_Hong_Kong_national_security_legislation">central government in Beijing</a> in June 2020 resulted in the suspension of bilateral extradition treaties by the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Finland, and Ireland.<sup><a href="#cite_note-rgmsus-137"><span>[</span>130<span>]</span></a></sup> The United States ended its preferential economic and trade treatment of Hong Kong in July 2020 because it was no longer able to distinguish Hong Kong as a separate entity from the People's Republic of China.<sup><a href="#cite_note-rgmsus-137"><span>[</span>130<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-bbcpref-138"><span>[</span>131<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2024, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safeguarding_National_Security_Ordinance">Safeguarding National Security Ordinance</a> was passed by the Legislative Council to grant officials "even more powers to crack down on opposition to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_China">Beijing</a> and the Hong Kong government" and includes penalties such as life imprisonment for political crimes such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason">treason</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrection">insurrection</a>. Critics state that this expansion "will strike a lasting blow to the partial autonomy the city had been promised by China."<sup><a href="#cite_note-139"><span>[</span>132<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p></p><h3>Administrative divisions</h3><p></p>

<p>The territory is divided into 18 districts, each represented by a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_councils_of_Hong_Kong">district council</a>. These advise the government on local issues such as public facility provisioning, community programme maintenance, cultural promotion, and environmental policy. As of 2019, there are a total of 479 district council seats, 452 of which are directly elected.<sup><a href="#cite_note-district-140"><span>[</span>133<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_committee">Rural committee</a> chairmen, representing outlying villages and towns, fill the 27 non-elected seats.<sup><a href="#cite_note-141"><span>[</span>134<span>]</span></a></sup> In May 2023, the government proposed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Hong_Kong_electoral_changes">reforms to the District Council electoral system</a> which further cut the number of directly elected seats from 452 to 88, and total seats from 479 to 470. A requirement that district council candidates be vetted and approved by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Council_Eligibility_Review_Committee">District Council Eligibility Review Committee</a> was also proposed. The Legislative Council approved the reforms in July 2023.<sup><a href="#cite_note-dc2023_freepress01-95"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-dc2023_gld01-96"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-dc2023_gld02-97"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div><figure><span></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
</div>
<p></p><h3>Political reforms and sociopolitical issues</h3><p></p>

<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:190616_HK_Protest_Incendo_03.jpg"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Hong Kong is governed by a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_regime">hybrid regime</a> that is not fully <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democracy">representative</a> of the population. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Legislative Council</a> members elected by functional constituencies composed of professional and special interest groups are accountable to these narrow corporate electorates and not the general public. This electoral arrangement has guaranteed a pro-establishment majority in the legislature since the handover. Similarly, the chief executive is selected by establishment politicians and corporate members of the Election Committee rather than directly elected.<sup><a href="#cite_note-hybridregime-142"><span>[</span>135<span>]</span></a></sup> Despite <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage">universal suffrage</a> being established as ultimate goals for the election of the chief executive and all members of the Legislative Council in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_45">Articles 45</a> and 68 of the basic law,<sup><a href="#cite_note-143"><span>[</span>136<span>]</span></a></sup> the legislature is only partially directly elected, and the executive continues to be nominated by an unrepresentative body.<sup><a href="#cite_note-hybridregime-142"><span>[</span>135<span>]</span></a></sup> The government has been repeatedly petitioned to introduce direct elections for these positions.<sup><a href="#cite_note-144"><span>[</span>137<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-145"><span>[</span>138<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Ethnic minorities (except those of European ancestry) have marginal representation in government and often experience discrimination in housing, education, and employment.<sup><a href="#cite_note-146"><span>[</span>139<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-147"><span>[</span>140<span>]</span></a></sup> Employment vacancies and public service appointments frequently have language requirements which minority job seekers do not meet, and language education resources remain inadequate for Chinese learners.<sup><a href="#cite_note-148"><span>[</span>141<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-149"><span>[</span>142<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_domestic_helpers_in_Hong_Kong">Foreign domestic helpers</a>, mostly women from the Philippines and Indonesia, have little protection under regional law.<sup><a href="#cite_note-150"><span>[</span>143<span>]</span></a></sup> Although they live and work in Hong Kong, these workers are not treated as ordinary residents and do not have the right of abode in the territory.<sup><a href="#cite_note-151"><span>[</span>144<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Hong_Kong">Sex trafficking</a> is also an issue,<sup><a href="#cite_note-152"><span>[</span>145<span>]</span></a></sup> local, mainland Chinese, and foreign women have been trafficked for sex in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_Hong_Kong">brothels</a>, homes, and businesses in the city.<sup><a href="#cite_note-153"><span>[</span>146<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-154"><span>[</span>147<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Joint Declaration guarantees the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Hong_Kong">Basic Law of Hong Kong</a> for 50 years after the handover.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Carroll181-75"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> It does not specify how Hong Kong will be governed after 2047, and the central government's role in determining the territory's future system of government is the subject of political debate and speculation. Hong Kong's political and judicial systems may be integrated with China's at that time, or the territory may continue to be administered separately.<sup><a href="#cite_note-155"><span>[</span>148<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-156"><span>[</span>149<span>]</span></a></sup> However, in response to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests">large-scale protests in 2019 and 2020</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> passed the controversial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law">Hong Kong national security law</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-157"><span>[</span>150<span>]</span></a></sup> The law criminalises secession, subversion, terrorism and collusion with foreign elements and establishes the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR, an investigative office under Central People's Government authority immune from HKSAR jurisdiction. Some of the aforementioned acts were previously considered protected speech under Hong Kong law.<sup><a href="#cite_note-NPC_Observer-119"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-158"><span>[</span>151<span>]</span></a></sup> The United Kingdom considers the law to be a serious violation of the Joint Declaration.<sup><a href="#cite_note-159"><span>[</span>152<span>]</span></a></sup> In October 2020, the Hong Kong Police arrested seven pro-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy">democracy</a> politicians over tussles with pro-Beijing politicians in the Legislative Council in May. They were charged with contempt and interfering with members of the council, while none of the pro-Beijing lawmakers were detained.<sup><a href="#cite_note-160"><span>[</span>153<span>]</span></a></sup> Annual commemorations of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a> were also cancelled amidst fears of violating the national security law.<sup><a href="#cite_note-161"><span>[</span>154<span>]</span></a></sup> In March 2021, the Chinese central government unilaterally <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_electoral_changes">changed Hong Kong's electoral system</a> and established the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidate_Eligibility_Review_Committee">Candidate Eligibility Review Committee</a>, which would be tasked with screening and evaluating political candidates for their "patriotism".<sup><a href="#cite_note-france2420210311-94"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p></p><h2>Geography</h2><p></p>

<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong,_China.jpg"></a><figcaption>Areas of urban development and vegetation are visible in this satellite image.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Hong Kong is on China's southern coast, 60 km (37 mi) east of Macau, on the east side of the mouth of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta">Pearl River estuary</a>. It is surrounded by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea">South China Sea</a> on all sides except the north, which neighbours the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong">Guangdong</a> city of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> along the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sham_Chun_River">Sham Chun River</a>. The territory's 1,110.18 km<sup>2</sup> (428.64 sq mi)<sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-162"><span>[</span>155<span>]</span></a></sup> area (2,754.97 km<sup>2</sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-162"><span>[</span>155<span>]</span></a></sup> if the maritime area is included) consists of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island">Hong Kong Island</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_Peninsula">Kowloon Peninsula</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Territories">New Territories</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantau_Island">Lantau Island</a>, and over 200 other islands. Of the total area, 1,073 km<sup>2</sup> (414 sq mi) is land and 35 km<sup>2</sup> (14 sq mi) is water.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cia-163"><span>[</span>156<span>]</span></a></sup> The territory's highest point is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Mo_Shan">Tai Mo Shan</a>, 957 metres (3,140 ft) above sea level.<sup><a href="#cite_note-164"><span>[</span>157<span>]</span></a></sup> Urban development is concentrated on the Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong Island, and in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_towns_of_Hong_Kong">new towns</a> throughout the New Territories.<sup><a href="#cite_note-165"><span>[</span>158<span>]</span></a></sup> Much of this is built on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Hong_Kong">reclaimed land</a>; 70 km<sup>2</sup> (27 sq mi) (6% of the total land or about 25% of developed space in the territory) is reclaimed from the sea.<sup><a href="#cite_note-reclamation-166"><span>[</span>159<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Undeveloped terrain is hilly to mountainous, with very little flat land, and consists mostly of grassland, woodland, shrubland, or farmland.<sup><a href="#cite_note-167"><span>[</span>160<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-168"><span>[</span>161<span>]</span></a></sup> About 40% of the remaining land area is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_in_Hong_Kong">country parks</a> and nature reserves.<sup><a href="#cite_note-169"><span>[</span>162<span>]</span></a></sup> The territory has a diverse ecosystem; over 3,000 species of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant">vascular plants</a> occur in the region (300 of which are native to Hong Kong), and thousands of insect, avian, and marine species.<sup><a href="#cite_note-170"><span>[</span>163<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-171"><span>[</span>164<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p></p><h3>Climate</h3><p></p>
<p>Hong Kong has a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification">Köppen</a> <i>Cwa</i>), characteristic of southern China, despite being located south of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a>, although closely bordering on a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_climate">tropical climate</a>. Summers are long, hot and humid, with occasional showers and thunderstorms and warm air from the southwest. The humid nature of Hong Kong exacerbates the warmth of summer. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon">Typhoons</a> occur most often then, sometimes resulting in floods or landslides. Winters are short, mild and usually sunny at the beginning, becoming cloudy towards February. Frequent cold fronts bring strong, cooling winds from the north and occasionally result in chilly weather. Autumn is the sunniest season, whilst spring is generally cloudy.<sup><a href="#cite_note-HKClimate-172"><span>[</span>165<span>]</span></a></sup> Snowfall has been extremely rare in Hong Kong; the last reported instance was on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Mo_Shan">Tai Mo Shan</a> in 1975.<sup><a href="#cite_note-173"><span>[</span>166<span>]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong averages 1,709 hours of sunshine per year.<sup><a href="#cite_note-174"><span>[</span>167<span>]</span></a></sup> Historic temperature extremes at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Observatory">Hong Kong Observatory</a> are 36.6 °C (97.9 °F) on 22 August 2017 and 0.0 °C (32.0 °F) on 18 January 1893.<sup><a href="#cite_note-175"><span>[</span>168<span>]</span></a></sup> The highest and lowest recorded temperatures in all of Hong Kong are 39.0 °C (102 °F) at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Wetland_Park">Wetland Park</a> on 22 August 2017,<sup><a href="#cite_note-176"><span>[</span>169<span>]</span></a></sup> and −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Mo_Shan">Tai Mo Shan</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2016_East_Asia_cold_wave">on 24 January 2016</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-177"><span>[</span>170<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div>
<table>

<tbody><tr>
<th>Climate data for Hong Kong (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Observatory">Hong Kong Observatory</a>), normals 1991–2020,<sup><a href="#cite_note-178"><span>[</span>h<span>]</span></a></sup> extremes 1884–1939 and 1947–present
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>Month
</th>
<th>Jan
</th>
<th>Feb
</th>
<th>Mar
</th>
<th>Apr
</th>
<th>May
</th>
<th>Jun
</th>
<th>Jul
</th>
<th>Aug
</th>
<th>Sep
</th>
<th>Oct
</th>
<th>Nov
</th>
<th>Dec
</th>
<th>Year
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>Record high °C (°F)
</th>
<td>26.9<br/>(80.4)
</td>
<td>28.3<br/>(82.9)
</td>
<td>31.5<br/>(88.7)
</td>
<td>33.4<br/>(92.1)
</td>
<td>36.1<br/>(97.0)
</td>
<td>35.6<br/>(96.1)
</td>
<td>36.1<br/>(97.0)
</td>
<td>36.6<br/>(97.9)
</td>
<td>35.9<br/>(96.6)
</td>
<td>34.6<br/>(94.3)
</td>
<td>31.8<br/>(89.2)
</td>
<td>28.7<br/>(83.7)
</td>
<td>36.6<br/>(97.9)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Mean maximum °C (°F)
</th>
<td>24.0<br/>(75.2)
</td>
<td>25.1<br/>(77.2)
</td>
<td>27.5<br/>(81.5)
</td>
<td>30.2<br/>(86.4)
</td>
<td>32.3<br/>(90.1)
</td>
<td>33.6<br/>(92.5)
</td>
<td>34.1<br/>(93.4)
</td>
<td>34.2<br/>(93.6)
</td>
<td>33.4<br/>(92.1)
</td>
<td>31.3<br/>(88.3)
</td>
<td>28.4<br/>(83.1)
</td>
<td>25.1<br/>(77.2)
</td>
<td>34.7<br/>(94.5)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
</th>
<td>18.7<br/>(65.7)
</td>
<td>19.4<br/>(66.9)
</td>
<td>21.9<br/>(71.4)
</td>
<td>25.6<br/>(78.1)
</td>
<td>28.8<br/>(83.8)
</td>
<td>30.7<br/>(87.3)
</td>
<td>31.6<br/>(88.9)
</td>
<td>31.3<br/>(88.3)
</td>
<td>30.5<br/>(86.9)
</td>
<td>28.1<br/>(82.6)
</td>
<td>24.5<br/>(76.1)
</td>
<td>20.4<br/>(68.7)
</td>
<td>26.0<br/>(78.8)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Daily mean °C (°F)
</th>
<td>16.5<br/>(61.7)
</td>
<td>17.1<br/>(62.8)
</td>
<td>19.5<br/>(67.1)
</td>
<td>23.0<br/>(73.4)
</td>
<td>26.3<br/>(79.3)
</td>
<td>28.3<br/>(82.9)
</td>
<td>28.9<br/>(84.0)
</td>
<td>28.7<br/>(83.7)
</td>
<td>27.9<br/>(82.2)
</td>
<td>25.7<br/>(78.3)
</td>
<td>22.2<br/>(72.0)
</td>
<td>18.2<br/>(64.8)
</td>
<td>23.5<br/>(74.3)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
</th>
<td>14.6<br/>(58.3)
</td>
<td>15.3<br/>(59.5)
</td>
<td>17.6<br/>(63.7)
</td>
<td>21.1<br/>(70.0)
</td>
<td>24.5<br/>(76.1)
</td>
<td>26.5<br/>(79.7)
</td>
<td>26.9<br/>(80.4)
</td>
<td>26.7<br/>(80.1)
</td>
<td>26.1<br/>(79.0)
</td>
<td>23.9<br/>(75.0)
</td>
<td>20.3<br/>(68.5)
</td>
<td>16.2<br/>(61.2)
</td>
<td>21.6<br/>(70.9)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Mean minimum °C (°F)
</th>
<td>9.1<br/>(48.4)
</td>
<td>10.2<br/>(50.4)
</td>
<td>12.2<br/>(54.0)
</td>
<td>16.3<br/>(61.3)
</td>
<td>20.7<br/>(69.3)
</td>
<td>23.6<br/>(74.5)
</td>
<td>24.2<br/>(75.6)
</td>
<td>24.3<br/>(75.7)
</td>
<td>23.5<br/>(74.3)
</td>
<td>20.1<br/>(68.2)
</td>
<td>15.3<br/>(59.5)
</td>
<td>10.1<br/>(50.2)
</td>
<td>7.8<br/>(46.0)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Record low °C (°F)
</th>
<td>0.0<br/>(32.0)
</td>
<td>2.4<br/>(36.3)
</td>
<td>4.8<br/>(40.6)
</td>
<td>9.9<br/>(49.8)
</td>
<td>15.4<br/>(59.7)
</td>
<td>19.2<br/>(66.6)
</td>
<td>21.7<br/>(71.1)
</td>
<td>21.6<br/>(70.9)
</td>
<td>18.4<br/>(65.1)
</td>
<td>13.5<br/>(56.3)
</td>
<td>6.5<br/>(43.7)
</td>
<td>4.3<br/>(39.7)
</td>
<td>0.0<br/>(32.0)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Average rainfall mm (inches)
</th>
<td>33.2<br/>(1.31)
</td>
<td>38.9<br/>(1.53)
</td>
<td>75.3<br/>(2.96)
</td>
<td>153.0<br/>(6.02)
</td>
<td>290.6<br/>(11.44)
</td>
<td>491.5<br/>(19.35)
</td>
<td>385.8<br/>(15.19)
</td>
<td>453.2<br/>(17.84)
</td>
<td>321.4<br/>(12.65)
</td>
<td>120.3<br/>(4.74)
</td>
<td>39.3<br/>(1.55)
</td>
<td>28.8<br/>(1.13)
</td>
<td>2,431.2<br/>(95.72)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Average rainy days <span>(≥ 0.1 mm)</span>
</th>
<td>5.70
</td>
<td>7.97
</td>
<td>10.50
</td>
<td>11.37
</td>
<td>15.37
</td>
<td>19.33
</td>
<td>18.43
</td>
<td>17.50
</td>
<td>14.90
</td>
<td>7.83
</td>
<td>5.70
</td>
<td>5.30
</td>
<td>139.90
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Average <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity">relative humidity</a> (%)
</th>
<td>74
</td>
<td>79
</td>
<td>82
</td>
<td>83
</td>
<td>83
</td>
<td>82
</td>
<td>81
</td>
<td>81
</td>
<td>78
</td>
<td>73
</td>
<td>72
</td>
<td>70
</td>
<td>78
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Average <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point">dew point</a> °C (°F)
</th>
<td>11.7<br/>(53.1)
</td>
<td>13.2<br/>(55.8)
</td>
<td>16.1<br/>(61.0)
</td>
<td>19.7<br/>(67.5)
</td>
<td>23.0<br/>(73.4)
</td>
<td>24.9<br/>(76.8)
</td>
<td>25.2<br/>(77.4)
</td>
<td>25.1<br/>(77.2)
</td>
<td>23.6<br/>(74.5)
</td>
<td>20.2<br/>(68.4)
</td>
<td>16.7<br/>(62.1)
</td>
<td>12.4<br/>(54.3)
</td>
<td>19.3<br/>(66.7)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Mean monthly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration">sunshine hours</a>
</th>
<td>145.8
</td>
<td>101.7
</td>
<td>100.0
</td>
<td>113.2
</td>
<td>138.8
</td>
<td>144.3
</td>
<td>197.3
</td>
<td>182.1
</td>
<td>174.4
</td>
<td>197.8
</td>
<td>172.3
</td>
<td>161.6
</td>
<td>1,829.3
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Percent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration">possible sunshine</a>
</th>
<td>43
</td>
<td>32
</td>
<td>27
</td>
<td>30
</td>
<td>34
</td>
<td>36
</td>
<td>48
</td>
<td>46
</td>
<td>47
</td>
<td>55
</td>
<td>52
</td>
<td>48
</td>
<td>41
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Source: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Observatory">Hong Kong Observatory</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-met_norms-179"><span>[</span>171<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-extremeshko-180"><span>[</span>172<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-meanmaxmin-181"><span>[</span>173<span>]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div>
<p></p><h3>Architecture</h3><p></p>

<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montane_Mansion_Quarry_Bay.B.JPG"></a><figcaption>A residential building in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarry_Bay">Quarry Bay</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Hong Kong has the world's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers">largest number of skyscrapers</a>, with 554 towers taller than 150 metres (490 ft), and the third-largest number of high-rise buildings in the world.<sup><a href="#cite_note-183"><span>[</span>175<span>]</span></a></sup> The lack of available space restricted development to high-density residential <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenement">tenements</a> and commercial complexes packed closely together on buildable land.<sup><a href="#cite_note-184"><span>[</span>176<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-family_detached_home">Single-family detached homes</a> are uncommon and generally only found in outlying areas.<sup><a href="#cite_note-185"><span>[</span>177<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commerce_Centre">International Commerce Centre</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Finance_Centre_(Hong_Kong)">Two International Finance Centre</a> are the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Hong_Kong">tallest buildings in Hong Kong</a> and are among the tallest in the Asia-Pacific region.<sup><a href="#cite_note-186"><span>[</span>178<span>]</span></a></sup> Other distinctive buildings lining the Hong Kong Island skyline include the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSBC_Building_(Hong_Kong)">HSBC Main Building</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemometer">anemometer</a>-topped triangular <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Plaza_(Hong_Kong)">Central Plaza</a>, the circular <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell_Centre_(Hong_Kong)">Hopewell Centre</a>, and the sharp-edged <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China_Tower_(Hong_Kong)">Bank of China Tower</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FengShui-187"><span>[</span>179<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-188"><span>[</span>180<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Demand for new construction has contributed to frequent demolition of older buildings, freeing space for modern high-rises.<sup><a href="#cite_note-189"><span>[</span>181<span>]</span></a></sup> However, many examples of European and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingnan_architecture">Lingnan architecture</a> are still found throughout the territory. Older government buildings are examples of colonial architecture. The 1846 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagstaff_House,_Hong_Kong">Flagstaff House</a>, the former residence of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Forces_Overseas_Hong_Kong">Commander of the British forces in Hong Kong</a>, is the oldest Western-style building in Hong Kong.<sup><a href="#cite_note-190"><span>[</span>182<span>]</span></a></sup> Some buildings, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Final_Appeal_Building">Court of Final Appeal Building</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Observatory">Hong Kong Observatory</a> retain their original functions, and others have been <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_reuse">adapted and reused</a>; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Marine_Police_Headquarters">Former Marine Police Headquarters</a> was redeveloped into a commercial and retail complex,<sup><a href="#cite_note-TourismFacts-191"><span>[</span>183<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9thanie_(Hong_Kong)">Béthanie</a> (built in 1875 as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanatorium">sanatorium</a>) houses the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Academy_for_Performing_Arts">Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-192"><span>[</span>184<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Hau_Temple,_Joss_House_Bay">Tin Hau Temple</a>, dedicated to the sea goddess <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazu">Mazu</a> (originally built in 1012 and rebuilt in 1266), is the territory's oldest existing structure.<sup><a href="#cite_note-193"><span>[</span>185<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_Shan_Heritage_Trail">Ping Shan Heritage Trail</a> has architectural examples of several imperial Chinese dynasties, including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsui_Sing_Lau_Pagoda">Tsui Sing Lau Pagoda</a> (Hong Kong's only remaining pagoda).<sup><a href="#cite_note-194"><span>[</span>186<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong_lau">Tong lau</a></i>, mixed-use tenement buildings constructed during the colonial era, blended southern Chinese architectural styles with European influences. These were especially prolific during the immediate post-war period, when many were rapidly built to house large numbers of Chinese migrants.<sup><a href="#cite_note-195"><span>[</span>187<span>]</span></a></sup> Examples include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lui_Seng_Chun">Lui Seng Chun</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_House_(Hong_Kong)">Blue House</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wan_Chai">Wan Chai</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nos._600%E2%80%93626_Shanghai_Street">Shanghai Street shophouses</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong_Kok">Mong Kok</a>. Mass-produced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_housing_in_Hong_Kong">public-housing estates</a>, built since the 1960s, are mainly constructed in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture">modernist style</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-196"><span>[</span>188<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div><p><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_at_night.jpg"></a></span></p></div>
<div><p><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kowloon_Panorama_by_Ryan_Cheng_2010.jpg"></a></span></p><div><p>City view of Kowloon, Hong Kong Island, and the Hong Kong skyline</p></div></div>
<p></p><h2>Demographics</h2><p></p>

<table>
<caption>Death rates (No. of Deaths per 100,000 Population) by leading causes of death, based on ICD 10th Revision.<sup><a href="#cite_note-197"><span>[</span>189<span>]</span></a></sup> <span>Red</span>: increased compared with 2001. Deaths from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia">dementia</a> increased more than 5 times from 2001 to 2021.
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Cause of Death</th>
<th>2001</th>
<th>2011</th>
<th>2021
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>1. Malignant neoplasms</td>
<td>169.9</td>
<td>187.2</td>
<td><span>203.8</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2. Pneumonia</td>
<td>45.1</td>
<td>87.8</td>
<td><span><b>132.6</b></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3. Diseases of heart</td>
<td>70</td>
<td>89.6</td>
<td><span>89</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>4. Cerebrovascular</td>
<td>46.6</td>
<td>47.2</td>
<td>42.2
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>5. External causes of <br/>morbidity and mortality</td>
<td>27.5</td>
<td>22.2</td>
<td>26.7
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>6. Nephritis, nephrotic <br/>syndrome and nephrosis</td>
<td>15.7</td>
<td>21.8</td>
<td><span>24</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>7. <b>Dementia</b></td>
<td>3.8</td>
<td>10.6</td>
<td><span><b>20.2</b></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>8. Septicaemia</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>10.8</td>
<td><span>16.8</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>9. Chronic lower <br/>respiratory diseases</td>
<td>31.5</td>
<td>27.8</td>
<td>14.3
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>10. Diabetes mellitus</td>
<td>10.1</td>
<td>6.5</td>
<td>7.4
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>All other causes</td>
<td>69.7</td>
<td>85</td>
<td><span>118.1</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>All causes</td>
<td>496</td>
<td>596.6</td>
<td><span>695.2</span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Hongkong_2016.png"></a><figcaption>2016 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_pyramid">population pyramid</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_and_Statistics_Department_(Hong_Kong)">Census and Statistics Department</a> estimated Hong Kong's population at 7,413,070 in 2021. The overwhelming majority (91.6%) is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese">Han Chinese</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-demographics-8"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> most of whom are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sze_Yap_people_in_Hong_Kong">Taishanese</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew_people">Teochew</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_people">Hakka</a>, and other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_people">Cantonese peoples</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-198"><span>[</span>190<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-199"><span>[</span>191<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-200"><span>[</span>192<span>]</span></a></sup> The remaining 8.4% are non-ethnic Chinese minorities, primarily <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos_in_Hong_Kong">Filipinos</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesians_in_Hong_Kong">Indonesians</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asians_in_Hong_Kong">South Asians</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-demographics-8"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-201"><span>[</span>193<span>]</span></a></sup> However, most Filipinos and Indonesians in Hong Kong are short-term workers. According to a 2021 thematic report by the Hong Kong government, after excluding foreign domestic helpers, the real number of non-Chinese ethnic minorities in the city was 301,344, or 4% of Hong Kong's population.<sup><a href="#cite_note-202"><span>[</span>194<span>]</span></a></sup> About half the population have <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nationality_law">some form of British nationality</a>, a legacy of colonial rule; 3.4 million residents have <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_(Overseas)">British National (Overseas)</a> status, and 260,000 British citizens live in the territory.<sup><a href="#cite_note-203"><span>[</span>195<span>]</span></a></sup> The vast majority also hold <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law">Chinese nationality</a>, automatically granted to all ethnic Chinese residents at the handover.<sup><a href="#cite_note-204"><span>[</span>196<span>]</span></a></sup> Headline <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density">population density</a> exceeds 7,060 people/km<sup>2</sup>, and is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density">fourth-highest</a> in the world.<sup><a href="#cite_note-205"><span>[</span>197<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The predominant language is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese">variety of Chinese</a> originating in Guangdong. It is spoken by 93.7% of the population, 88.2% as a first language and 5.5% as a second language.<sup><a href="#cite_note-2021By-CensusLanguages-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Slightly over half the population (58.7%) speaks <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language">English</a>, the other official language;<sup><a href="#cite_note-OfficialLanguagesOrd-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> 4.6% are native speakers, and 54.1% speak English as a second language.<sup><a href="#cite_note-2021By-CensusLanguages-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switching_in_Hong_Kong">Code-switching</a>, mixing English and Cantonese in informal conversation, is common among the bilingual population.<sup><a href="#cite_note-206"><span>[</span>198<span>]</span></a></sup> Post-handover governments have promoted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese">Mandarin</a>, which is currently about as prevalent as English; 54.2% of the population speak Mandarin, with 2.3% native speakers and 51.9% as a second language.<sup><a href="#cite_note-2021By-CensusLanguages-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters">Traditional Chinese characters</a> are used in writing, rather than the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters">simplified characters</a> used in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China">mainland</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-207"><span>[</span>199<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sik_Sik_Yuen_Wong_Tai_Sin_Temple_(1944336752).jpg"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Tai_Sin_Temple_(Hong_Kong)">Wong Tai Sin Temple</a> is dedicated to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism">Taoist</a> deity <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Tai_Sin">Wong Tai Sin</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Among the religious population, the traditional "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_teachings">three teachings</a>" of China, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism">Taoism</a>, have the most adherents (20%), followed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity">Christianity</a> (12%) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Hong_Kong">Islam</a> (4%).<sup><a href="#cite_note-religionFacts-208"><span>[</span>200<span>]</span></a></sup> Followers of other religions, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism">Judaism</a>, generally originate from regions where their religion predominates.<sup><a href="#cite_note-religionFacts-208"><span>[</span>200<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Life expectancy in Hong Kong was 81.3 years for males and 87.2 years for females in 2022, one of the highest in the world.<sup><a href="#cite_note-209"><span>[</span>201<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-210"><span>[</span>202<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer">Cancer</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease">heart disease</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease">cerebrovascular disease</a>, and accidents are the territory's five leading causes of death.<sup><a href="#cite_note-2017HealthFacts-211"><span>[</span>203<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care">universal public healthcare system</a> is funded by general-tax revenue, and treatment is highly subsidised; on average, 95% of healthcare costs are covered by the government.<sup><a href="#cite_note-212"><span>[</span>204<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The city has a severe amount of income inequality,<sup><a href="#cite_note-213"><span>[</span>205<span>]</span></a></sup> which has risen since the handover, as the region's ageing population has gradually added to the number of nonworking people.<sup><a href="#cite_note-214"><span>[</span>206<span>]</span></a></sup> Although median household income steadily increased during the decade to 2021, the wage gap remained high;<sup><a href="#cite_note-IncomeDistribution-215"><span>[</span>207<span>]</span></a></sup> the 90th percentile of earners receive 41% of all income.<sup><a href="#cite_note-IncomeDistribution-215"><span>[</span>207<span>]</span></a></sup> The city has the most billionaires per capita, with one billionaire per 109,657 people,<sup><a href="#cite_note-216"><span>[</span>208<span>]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_by_number_of_billionaires">second-highest number of billionaires</a> of any city in the world,<sup><a href="#cite_note-217"><span>[</span>209<span>]</span></a></sup> the highest number of billionaires of any city in Asia, and the largest concentration of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high-net-worth_individual">ultra high-net-worth individuals</a> of any city in the world.<sup><a href="#cite_note-218"><span>[</span>210<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-219"><span>[</span>211<span>]</span></a></sup> Despite government efforts to reduce the growing disparity,<sup><a href="#cite_note-220"><span>[</span>212<span>]</span></a></sup> median income for the top 10% of earners is 57 times that of the bottom 10%.<sup><a href="#cite_note-221"><span>[</span>213<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-222"><span>[</span>214<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p></p><h2>Economy</h2><p></p>

<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kwai_Tsing_Container_Terminals.jpg"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</a> is one of the world's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_container_ports">busiest container ports</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>One of the world's most significant financial centres and commercial ports,<sup><a href="#cite_note-223"><span>[</span>215<span>]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong has a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy">market economy</a> focused on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_economy">services</a>, characterised by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Hong_Kong">low taxation</a>, minimal government market intervention, and an established international financial market.<sup><a href="#cite_note-224"><span>[</span>216<span>]</span></a></sup> It is the world's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)">38th-largest economy</a>, with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product">nominal GDP</a> of approximately US$407 billion.<sup><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.HK-15"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong's economy ranked at the top of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation">the Heritage Foundation</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_freedom">economic freedom</a> index between 1995 and 2021.<sup><a href="#cite_note-225"><span>[</span>217<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-226"><span>[</span>218<span>]</span></a></sup> However, Hong Kong was removed from the index by the Heritage Foundation in 2021, with the Foundation citing a "loss of political freedom and autonomy<span> </span>... [making Hong Kong] almost indistinguishable in many respects from other major Chinese commercial centers like Shanghai and Beijing".<sup><a href="#cite_note-227"><span>[</span>219<span>]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong is highly developed, and ranks fourth on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index">UN Human Development Index</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cia-163"><span>[</span>156<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange">Hong Kong Stock Exchange</a> is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges">seventh-largest in the world</a>, with a market capitalisation of HK$30.4 trillion (US$3.87 trillion) as of December 2018.<sup><a href="#cite_note-228"><span>[</span>220<span>]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong is ranked as the 17th most innovative territory in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2023,<sup><a href="#cite_note-229"><span>[</span>221<span>]</span></a></sup> and 3rd in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index">Global Financial Centres Index</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-GFCI-230"><span>[</span>222<span>]</span></a></sup> The city is sometimes referred to as "Silicon Harbor",<sup><a href="#cite_note-Tech_Monitor_1999-231"><span>[</span>223<span>]</span></a></sup> a nickname derived from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley">Silicon Valley</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California">California</a>. Hong Kong hosts several <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tech">high tech</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation">innovation</a> companies,<sup><a href="#cite_note-Rohwer_2001_p._168-232"><span>[</span>224<span>]</span></a></sup> including several multinational companies.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_1991-233"><span>[</span>225<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Cragg_1993_p._85-234"><span>[</span>226<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Hong Kong is the ninth largest trading entity in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports">exports</a> and eighth largest in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports">imports</a> (2021),<sup><a href="#cite_note-CIAExports-235"><span>[</span>227<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-CIAImports-236"><span>[</span>228<span>]</span></a></sup> trading more goods in value than its gross domestic product.<sup><a href="#cite_note-CIAExports-235"><span>[</span>227<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-CIAImports-236"><span>[</span>228<span>]</span></a></sup> Over half of its cargo throughput consists of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transshipment">transshipments</a> (goods travelling through Hong Kong). Products from mainland China account for about 40% of that traffic.<sup><a href="#cite_note-LegcoEconomy-237"><span>[</span>229<span>]</span></a></sup> The city's location allowed it to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure which includes the world's seventh-busiest container port<sup><a href="#cite_note-238"><span>[</span>230<span>]</span></a></sup> and the busiest airport for international cargo.<sup><a href="#cite_note-239"><span>[</span>231<span>]</span></a></sup> The territory's largest export markets are mainland China and the United States.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cia-163"><span>[</span>156<span>]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong is a key part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Century_Maritime_Silk_Road">21st Century Maritime Silk Road</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-240"><span>[</span>232<span>]</span></a></sup> It has little arable land and few natural resources, importing most of its food and raw materials. More than 90% of Hong Kong's food is imported, including nearly all of its meat and rice.<sup><a href="#cite_note-241"><span>[</span>233<span>]</span></a></sup> Agricultural activity is 0.1% of GDP and consists of growing premium food and flower varieties.<sup><a href="#cite_note-242"><span>[</span>234<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Although the territory had one of Asia's largest manufacturing economies during the latter half of the colonial era, Hong Kong's economy is now dominated by the service sector. The sector generates 92.7% of economic output, with the public sector accounting for about 10%.<sup><a href="#cite_note-243"><span>[</span>235<span>]</span></a></sup> Between 1961 and 1997 Hong Kong's gross domestic product increased by a factor of 180, and per capita GDP increased by a factor of 87.<sup><a href="#cite_note-244"><span>[</span>236<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-245"><span>[</span>237<span>]</span></a></sup> The territory's GDP relative to mainland China's peaked at 27% in 1993; it fell to less than 3% in 2017, as the mainland developed and liberalised its economy.<sup><a href="#cite_note-246"><span>[</span>238<span>]</span></a></sup> Economic and infrastructure integration with China has increased significantly since the 1978 start of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform">market liberalisation</a> on the mainland. Since resumption of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Kowloon_through_train">cross-boundary train service</a> in 1979, many rail and road links have been improved and constructed, facilitating trade between regions.<sup><a href="#cite_note-247"><span>[</span>239<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-HZMBridge-248"><span>[</span>240<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement">Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement</a> formalised a policy of free trade between the two areas, with each jurisdiction pledging to remove remaining obstacles to trade and cross-boundary investment.<sup><a href="#cite_note-MainlandCEPA-249"><span>[</span>241<span>]</span></a></sup> A similar economic partnership with Macau details the liberalisation of trade between the special administrative regions.<sup><a href="#cite_note-250"><span>[</span>242<span>]</span></a></sup> Chinese companies have expanded their economic presence in the territory since the handover. Mainland firms represent over half of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_Seng_Index">Hang Seng Index</a> value, up from 5% in 1997.<sup><a href="#cite_note-251"><span>[</span>243<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-252"><span>[</span>244<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Exchange_Trade_Lobby_2007.jpg"></a><figcaption>Former trading floor of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange">Hong Kong Stock Exchange</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>As the mainland liberalised its economy, Hong Kong's shipping industry faced intense competition from other Chinese ports. Half of China's trade goods were routed through Hong Kong in 1997, dropping to about 13% by 2015.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Commons5R18-253"><span>[</span>245<span>]</span></a></sup> The territory's minimal taxation, common law system, and civil service attract overseas corporations wishing to establish a presence in Asia.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Commons5R18-253"><span>[</span>245<span>]</span></a></sup> The city has the second-highest number of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region.<sup><a href="#cite_note-254"><span>[</span>246<span>]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong is a gateway for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment">foreign direct investment</a> in China, giving investors open access to mainland Chinese markets through direct links with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai-Hong_Kong_Stock_Connect">the Shanghai</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen-Hong_Kong_Stock_Connect">Shenzhen stock exchanges</a>. The territory was the first market outside mainland China for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dim_sum_bond">renminbi-denominated bonds</a>, and is one of the largest hubs for offshore <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi">renminbi</a> trading.<sup><a href="#cite_note-255"><span>[</span>247<span>]</span></a></sup> In November 2020, Hong Kong's Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau proposed a new law that will restrict cryptocurrency trading to professional investors only, leaving amateur traders (93% of Hong Kong's trading population) out of the market.<sup><a href="#cite_note-256"><span>[</span>248<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a>, the local currency, is the eighth most traded currency in the world.<sup><a href="#cite_note-257"><span>[</span>249<span>]</span></a></sup> Due to extremely compact house sizes and the extremely high <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_density">housing density</a>, the city has the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_houses_in_Hong_Kong">most expensive housing</a> market in the world.<sup><a href="#cite_note-258"><span>[</span>250<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-259"><span>[</span>251<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-260"><span>[</span>252<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The government has had a passive role in the economy. Colonial governments had little <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_policy">industrial policy</a> and implemented almost no <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_restriction">trade controls</a>. Under the doctrine of "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_non-interventionism">positive non-interventionism</a>", post-war administrations deliberately avoided the direct allocation of resources; active intervention was considered detrimental to economic growth.<sup><a href="#cite_note-ceo-261"><span>[</span>253<span>]</span></a></sup> While the economy transitioned to a service basis during the 1980s,<sup><a href="#cite_note-ceo-261"><span>[</span>253<span>]</span></a></sup> late colonial governments introduced interventionist policies. Post-handover administrations continued and expanded these programmes, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export_credit_agency">export-credit</a> guarantees, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Provident_Fund">compulsory pension scheme</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Wage_Ordinance">minimum wage</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law">anti-discrimination laws</a>, and a state mortgage backer.<sup><a href="#cite_note-EconomistEnd-262"><span>[</span>254<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Tourism is a major part of the economy, accounting for 5% of GDP.<sup><a href="#cite_note-TourismFacts-191"><span>[</span>183<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2016, 26.6 million visitors contributed HK$258 billion (US$32.9 billion) to the territory, making Hong Kong the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings">14th most popular destination for international tourists</a>. It is the most popular Chinese city for tourists, receiving over 70% more visitors than its closest competitor (Macau).<sup><a href="#cite_note-263"><span>[</span>255<span>]</span></a></sup> The city is ranked as one of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_cities_for_expatriate_employees">most expensive cities for expatriates</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-264"><span>[</span>256<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-265"><span>[</span>257<span>]</span></a></sup> However, since 2020, there has been a sharp decline in incoming visitors due to tight COVID-19 travel restrictions. Additionally, due to the closure of the Russian airspace in 2022, multiple airlines decided to cease their operations in Hong Kong.<sup><a href="#cite_note-266"><span>[</span>258<span>]</span></a></sup> In an attempt to attract tourists back to Hong Kong, the Hong Kong government announced plans to give away 500,000 free airline tickets in 2023.<sup><a href="#cite_note-267"><span>[</span>259<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div><p><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Skyline_view_from_the_peak_2017.jpg"></a></span></p></div>
<p></p><h2>Infrastructure</h2><p></p>
<p></p><h3>Transport</h3><p></p>

<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_Harbour_Tunnel_(1).JPG"></a><figcaption>Entrance to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-Harbour_Tunnel">Cross-Harbour Tunnel</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_Hom">Hung Hom</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon">Kowloon</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Hong Kong has a highly developed, sophisticated transport network. Over 90% of the daily trips made by its residents are made with public transport, the highest percentage in the world.<sup><a href="#cite_note-pubtransport-268"><span>[</span>260<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus_card">Octopus card</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactless_payment">contactless</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_card">smart</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_currency">payment</a> card made for Hong Kong, is widely accepted on railways, trams, buses and ferries, and can be used for payment in most retail stores.<sup><a href="#cite_note-269"><span>[</span>261<span>]</span></a></sup> Alternative payments such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Pay">Apple Pay</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alipay">AliPay</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastercard">Mastercard</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_Inc.">Visa</a> have also been gradually introduced to public transports.<sup><a href="#cite_note-270"><span>[</span>262<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-271"><span>[</span>263<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-272"><span>[</span>264<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-273"><span>[</span>265<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-274"><span>[</span>266<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_Tram">Peak Tram</a>, Hong Kong's first public transport system, has provided <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funicular">funicular</a> rail transport between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central,_Hong_Kong">Central</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Peak">Victoria Peak</a> since 1888.<sup><a href="#cite_note-275"><span>[</span>267<span>]</span></a></sup> 
</p><p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_and_Western_District">Central and Western District</a> has an extensive system of escalators and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_walkway">moving pavements</a>, which being the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Mid-Levels_escalator">Mid-Levels escalator</a>, the world's longest outdoor covered escalator system.<sup><a href="#cite_note-276"><span>[</span>268<span>]</span></a></sup> 
</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Tramways">Hong Kong Tramways</a>’ tram network covers a portion of Hong Kong Island, covering from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Town">Kennedy Town</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shau_Kei_Wan">Shau Kei Wan</a>, with a branch to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Valley,_Hong_Kong">Happy Valley</a>. It operates 6 routes and has had a rideship of 42,558 in 2022.<sup><a href="#cite_note-277"><span>[</span>269<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-278"><span>[</span>270<span>]</span></a></sup> It began servicing Hong Kong since 1904.<sup><a href="#cite_note-279"><span>[</span>271<span>]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong Tramways currently holds the Guinness World Record as the “Largest double-decker tram fleet in service”, certified in 30 July 2021, with a fleet of 165 double-decker trams. <sup><a href="#cite_note-280"><span>[</span>272<span>]</span></a></sup> The fleet of trams were mostly built by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Tramways">Hong Kong Tramways</a>. 
</p><p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTR">Mass Transit Railway</a> (MTR) is an extensive passenger rail network, connecting 98 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit">metro</a> stations and 68 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Rail_(MTR)">light-rail</a> stops throughout the territory.<sup><a href="#cite_note-RailwayFacts-281"><span>[</span>273<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-282"><span>[</span>274<span>]</span></a></sup>With a daily ridership of almost five million, the system serves 41% of all public transit passengers in the city<sup><a href="#cite_note-LegcoTransport-283"><span>[</span>275<span>]</span></a></sup> and has an on-time rate of 99.9%.<sup><a href="#cite_note-284"><span>[</span>276<span>]</span></a></sup> Cross-boundary train service to Shenzhen is offered by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Rail_line">East Rail line</a>, and longer-distance <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-city_rail">inter-city trains</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Kowloon_through_train">to Guangzhou</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Kowloon_through_train">Shanghai</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Kowloon_through_train">Beijing</a> are operated from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_Hom_station">Hung Hom station</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-285"><span>[</span>277<span>]</span></a></sup> This train service has however been suspended since the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outbreak_of_COVID-19">outbreak of COVID-19</a>, and offically closed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China">State Council</a> in 31 July 2024, as announced by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Administration_of_Customs">General Administration of Customs</a>, citing that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Guangzhou_high-speed_railway">high-speed passenger trains</a> have effectively met the travel needs of passengers between the mainland and Hong Kong.<sup><a href="#cite_note-286"><span>[</span>278<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-287"><span>[</span>279<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-288"><span>[</span>280<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link">Connecting service</a> to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed">national high-speed rail system</a> is provided at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_West_Kowloon_railway_station">West Kowloon railway station</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-289"><span>[</span>281<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Although public transport systems handle most passenger traffic, there are over 500,000 private vehicles registered in Hong Kong.<sup><a href="#cite_note-290"><span>[</span>282<span>]</span></a></sup> Automobiles drive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic">on the left</a> (unlike in mainland China), because of historical influence of the British Empire.<sup><a href="#cite_note-291"><span>[</span>283<span>]</span></a></sup> Vehicle traffic is extremely congested in urban areas, exacerbated by limited space to expand roads and an increasing number of vehicles.<sup><a href="#cite_note-292"><span>[</span>284<span>]</span></a></sup> More than 18,000 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxis_of_Hong_Kong">taxicabs</a>, easily identifiable by their bright colours and taxi lights, are licensed to carry riders in the territory.<sup><a href="#cite_note-293"><span>[</span>285<span>]</span></a></sup> Unlicensed ride-hailing services such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uber">Uber</a> also exists in Hong Kong, with some operating with licensed taxis to legitimise their business in ride-sharing. Unlicensed drivers have been targetted by the government and taxi drivers in the past, mainly due to the lack of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-party_insurance">third-party insurance</a> on passengers and taxi drivers fearing the competition from drivers of these ride-hailing services.<sup><a href="#cite_note-294"><span>[</span>286<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-295"><span>[</span>287<span>]</span></a></sup> The government in 2024 has looked into legalising these services.<sup><a href="#cite_note-296"><span>[</span>288<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_services_in_Hong_Kong">Bus services</a> operate more than 700 routes across the territory,<sup><a href="#cite_note-LegcoTransport-283"><span>[</span>275<span>]</span></a></sup> with smaller <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_light_bus">public light buses</a> (also known as minibuses) serving areas standard buses do not reach as frequently or directly.<sup><a href="#cite_note-297"><span>[</span>289<span>]</span></a></sup> Expressways and truck roads, organised with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Strategic_Route_and_Exit_Number_System">Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System</a>, connect all major areas of the territory.<sup><a href="#cite_note-298"><span>[</span>290<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Zhuhai%E2%80%93Macau_Bridge">Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge</a> provides a direct route to the western side of the Pearl River estuary.<sup><a href="#cite_note-HZMBridge-248"><span>[</span>240<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:V813_entering_Sunny_Bay_Station_(20181013082946).jpg"></a><figcaption>MTR train on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Chung_line">Tung Chung line</a></figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport">Hong Kong International Airport</a> is the territory's primary airport, replacing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Tak_Airport">Kai Tak International Airport</a> that ended its operation in 1998.<sup><a href="#cite_note-299"><span>[</span>291<span>]</span></a></sup> Over 100 airlines operate flights from the airport, including locally based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathay_Pacific">Cathay Pacific</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_carrier">flag carrier</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Airlines">Hong Kong Airlines</a>, low-cost airline <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HK_Express">HK Express</a> and cargo airline <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Hong_Kong">Air Hong Kong</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-300"><span>[</span>292<span>]</span></a></sup> It was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic">eighth-busiest airport by passenger traffic</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-301"><span>[</span>293<span>]</span></a></sup> pre-COVID and handles <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_cargo_traffic">the most air-cargo traffic in the world</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-302"><span>[</span>294<span>]</span></a></sup> Most private recreational aviation traffic flies through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shek_Kong_Airfield">Shek Kong Airfield</a>, under the supervision of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Aviation_Club">Hong Kong Aviation Club</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-303"><span>[</span>295<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Ferry">Star Ferry</a> operates two lines across Victoria Harbour for its 53,000 daily passengers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-304"><span>[</span>296<span>]</span></a></sup> Ferries also serve outlying islands inaccessible by other means. Smaller <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai-to">kai-to</a> boats serve the most remote coastal settlements.<sup><a href="#cite_note-305"><span>[</span>297<span>]</span></a></sup> Ferry travel to Macau and mainland China is also available.<sup><a href="#cite_note-306"><span>[</span>298<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_(ship)">Junks</a>, once common in Hong Kong waters, are no longer widely available and are used privately and for tourism.<sup><a href="#cite_note-307"><span>[</span>299<span>]</span></a></sup>
The large size of the port gives Hong Kong the classification of Large-Port Metropolis.<sup><a href="#cite_note-308"><span>[</span>300<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p></p><h3>Utilities</h3><p></p>

<p>Hong Kong generates most of its electricity locally.<sup><a href="#cite_note-energystats2016p1-309"><span>[</span>301<span>]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of this energy comes from fossil fuels, with 46% from coal and 47% from petroleum.<sup><a href="#cite_note-310"><span>[</span>302<span>]</span></a></sup> The rest is from other imports, including nuclear energy generated in mainland China.<sup><a href="#cite_note-311"><span>[</span>303<span>]</span></a></sup> Renewable sources account for a negligible amount of energy generated for the territory.<sup><a href="#cite_note-312"><span>[</span>304<span>]</span></a></sup> Small-scale wind-power sources have been developed,<sup><a href="#cite_note-energystats2016p1-309"><span>[</span>301<span>]</span></a></sup> and a small number of private homes and public buildings have installed solar panels.<sup><a href="#cite_note-313"><span>[</span>305<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>With few natural lakes and rivers, high population density, inaccessible groundwater sources, and extremely seasonal rainfall, the territory does not have a reliable source of freshwater. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_River_(China)">Dongjiang River</a> in Guangdong supplies 70% of the city's water,<sup><a href="#cite_note-LeeWater-314"><span>[</span>306<span>]</span></a></sup> and the remaining demand is filled by harvesting rainwater.<sup><a href="#cite_note-315"><span>[</span>307<span>]</span></a></sup> Toilets in most built-up areas of the territory flush with seawater, greatly reducing freshwater use.<sup><a href="#cite_note-LeeWater-314"><span>[</span>306<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Broadband Internet access is widely available, with 92.6% of households connected. Connections over <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x">fibre-optic infrastructure</a> are increasingly prevalent,<sup><a href="#cite_note-316"><span>[</span>308<span>]</span></a></sup> contributing to the high regional average connection speed of 21.9 Mbit/s (the world's fourth-fastest).<sup><a href="#cite_note-317"><span>[</span>309<span>]</span></a></sup> Mobile-phone use is ubiquitous;<sup><a href="#cite_note-318"><span>[</span>310<span>]</span></a></sup> there are more than 18 million <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_mobile_phones_in_use">mobile-phone accounts</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-319"><span>[</span>311<span>]</span></a></sup> more than double the territory's population.
</p>
<p></p><h2>Culture</h2><p></p>


<p>Hong Kong is characterised as a hybrid of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_world">East</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture">West</a>. Traditional Chinese values emphasising family and education blend with Western ideals, including economic liberty and the rule of law.<sup><a href="#cite_note-320"><span>[</span>312<span>]</span></a></sup> Although the vast majority of the population is ethnically Chinese, Hong Kong has developed a distinct identity. The territory diverged from the mainland through its long period of colonial administration and a different pace of economic, social, and cultural development. Mainstream culture was derived from immigrants originating from various parts of China; it was then influenced by British-style education, a separate political system, and the territory's rapid development during the late 20th century.<sup><a href="#cite_note-321"><span>[</span>313<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-322"><span>[</span>314<span>]</span></a></sup> Most migrants of that era fled poverty and war, reflected in the prevailing attitude toward wealth; Hongkongers would tend to link self-image and decision-making to material benefits.<sup><a href="#cite_note-323"><span>[</span>315<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-324"><span>[</span>316<span>]</span></a></sup> Residents' sense of local identity has increased post-handover: polling in December 2022 had 32% of respondents identifying as "Hongkongers", 34.1% identifying as "Hongkongers in China" 45.9% purporting a "Mixed Identity", 20.5% identifying as "Chinese" and 11.9% identifying as "Chinese in Hong Kong".<sup><a href="#cite_note-325"><span>[</span>317<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Traditional Chinese family values, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_honor">family honour</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filial_piety">filial piety</a>, and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_selection">preference for sons</a>, are prevalent.<sup><a href="#cite_note-326"><span>[</span>318<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_family">Nuclear families</a> are the most common households, although multi-generational and extended families are not unusual.<sup><a href="#cite_note-327"><span>[</span>319<span>]</span></a></sup> Spiritual concepts such as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng_shui">feng shui</a></i> are observed; large-scale construction projects often hire consultants to ensure proper building positioning and layout. The degree of its adherence to <i>feng shui</i> is believed to determine the success of a business.<sup><a href="#cite_note-FengShui-187"><span>[</span>179<span>]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagua">Bagua</a></i> mirrors are regularly used to deflect evil spirits,<sup><a href="#cite_note-328"><span>[</span>320<span>]</span></a></sup> and buildings often lack <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_numerology">floor numbers with a 4</a>;<sup><a href="#cite_note-329"><span>[</span>321<span>]</span></a></sup> the number has a similar sound to the word for "die" in Cantonese.<sup><a href="#cite_note-330"><span>[</span>322<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p></p><h3>Cuisine</h3><p></p>

<div><div><p><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dim_Sum_Breakfast.jpg"></a></span></p></div><div><p><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cha_Chaan_Teng.jpg"></a></span></p></div></div>
<p>Food in Hong Kong is primarily based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine">Cantonese cuisine</a>, despite the territory's exposure to foreign influences and its residents' varied origins. Rice is the staple food, and is usually served plain with other dishes.<sup><a href="#cite_note-LongHKFood-331"><span>[</span>323<span>]</span></a></sup> Freshness of ingredients is emphasised. Poultry and seafood are commonly sold live at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market">wet markets</a>, and ingredients are used as quickly as possible.<sup><a href="#cite_note-332"><span>[</span>324<span>]</span></a></sup> There are five daily meals: breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner, and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siu_yeh">siu yeh</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-333"><span>[</span>325<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dim_sum">Dim sum</a>, as part of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yum_cha">yum cha</a></i> (brunch), is a dining-out tradition with family and friends. Dishes include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congee">congee</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha_siu_bao">cha siu bao</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siu_yuk">siu yuk</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_tart">egg tarts</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_pudding">mango pudding</a>. Local versions of Western food are served at <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha_chaan_teng">cha chaan teng</a></i> (Hong Kong-style cafes). Common <i>cha chaan teng</i> menu items include macaroni in soup, deep-fried French toast, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong-style_milk_tea">Hong Kong-style milk tea</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-LongHKFood-331"><span>[</span>323<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p></p><h3>Cinema</h3><p></p>

<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_kong_bruce_lee_statue.jpg"></a><figcaption>Statue of Bruce Lee on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_of_Stars,_Hong_Kong">Avenue of Stars</a>, a tribute to the city's film industry</figcaption></figure>
<p>Hong Kong developed into a filmmaking hub during the late 1940s as a wave of Shanghai filmmakers migrated to the territory, and these movie veterans helped build the colony's entertainment industry over the next decade.<sup><a href="#cite_note-334"><span>[</span>326<span>]</span></a></sup> By the 1960s, the city was well known to overseas audiences through films such as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_of_Suzie_Wong_(film)">The World of Suzie Wong</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-335"><span>[</span>327<span>]</span></a></sup> When <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee">Bruce Lee</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_of_the_Dragon">The Way of the Dragon</a></i> was released in 1972, local productions became popular outside Hong Kong. During the 1980s, films such as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Better_Tomorrow">A Better Tomorrow</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Tears_Go_By_(film)">As Tears Go By</a></i>, and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zu_Warriors_from_the_Magic_Mountain">Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain</a></i> expanded global interest beyond <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts_film">martial arts films</a>; locally made gangster films, romantic dramas, and supernatural fantasies became popular.<sup><a href="#cite_note-336"><span>[</span>328<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Hong Kong cinema continued to be internationally successful over the following decade with critically acclaimed dramas such as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_My_Concubine_(film)">Farewell My Concubine</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Live_(1994_film)">To Live</a></i>, and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chungking_Express">Chungking Express</a></i>. The city's martial arts film roots are evident in the roles of the most prolific Hong Kong actors. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Chan">Jackie Chan</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnie_Yen">Donnie Yen</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Li">Jet Li</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chow_Yun-fat">Chow Yun-fat</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Yeoh">Michelle Yeoh</a> frequently play action-oriented roles in foreign films. Hong Kong films have also grown popular in oversea markets such as Japan, South Korea, and Southeast Asia, earning the city the moniker "Hollywood of the East".<sup><a href="#cite_note-337"><span>[</span>329<span>]</span></a></sup> At the height of the local movie industry in the early 1990s, over 400 films were produced each year; since then, industry momentum shifted to mainland China. The number of films produced annually has declined to about 60 in 2017.<sup><a href="#cite_note-338"><span>[</span>330<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>

<p></p><h3>Music</h3><p></p>

<div><div><div><p><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leslie_Cheung.jpg"></a></span></p></div><div><p><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andy_Lau_(cropped).jpg"></a></span></p></div></div><div><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Cheung">Leslie Cheung</a> (left) is considered a pioneering Cantopop artist, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Lau">Andy Lau</a> has been an icon of Hong Kong music and film for several decades as a member of the Four Heavenly Kings.</p></div></div>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantopop">Cantopop</a> is a genre of Cantonese popular music which emerged in Hong Kong during the 1970s. Evolving from Shanghai-style <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shidaiqu">shidaiqu</a></i>, it is also influenced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_opera">Cantonese opera</a> and Western pop.<sup><a href="#cite_note-339"><span>[</span>331<span>]</span></a></sup> Local media featured songs by artists such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Hui">Sam Hui</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Mui">Anita Mui</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Cheung">Leslie Cheung</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Tam">Alan Tam</a>; during the 1980s, exported films and shows exposed Cantopop to a global audience.<sup><a href="#cite_note-340"><span>[</span>332<span>]</span></a></sup> The genre's popularity peaked in the 1990s, when the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings_(Hong_Kong)">Four Heavenly Kings</a> dominated Asian record charts.<sup><a href="#cite_note-341"><span>[</span>333<span>]</span></a></sup> Despite a general decline since late in the decade,<sup><a href="#cite_note-342"><span>[</span>334<span>]</span></a></sup> Cantopop remains dominant in Hong Kong; contemporary artists such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eason_Chan">Eason Chan</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Yung">Joey Yung</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twins_(group)">Twins</a> are popular in and beyond the territory.<sup><a href="#cite_note-343"><span>[</span>335<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Western classical music has historically had a strong presence in Hong Kong and remains a large part of local musical education.<sup><a href="#cite_note-344"><span>[</span>336<span>]</span></a></sup> The publicly funded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Philharmonic_Orchestra">Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, the territory's oldest professional symphony orchestra, frequently hosts musicians and conductors from overseas. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Chinese_Orchestra">Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra</a>, composed of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_orchestra">classical Chinese instruments</a>, is the leading Chinese ensemble and plays a significant role in promoting traditional music in the community.<sup><a href="#cite_note-345"><span>[</span>337<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Hong Kong has never had a separate national anthem to the country that controlled it; its current official national anthem is therefore that of the People's Republic of China, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers">March of the Volunteers</a></i>. The song <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_to_Hong_Kong">Glory to Hong Kong</a></i> has been used by protestors as an unofficial anthem of the city.<sup><a href="#cite_note-346"><span>[</span>338<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-347"><span>[</span>339<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p></p><h3>Sport and recreation</h3><p></p>

<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crowd_cheering,_Hong_Kong_Sevens_2009.jpg"></a><figcaption>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sevens">Hong Kong Sevens</a>, considered the premier tournament of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rugby_Sevens_Series">World Rugby Sevens Series</a>, is played each spring.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Despite its small area, the territory is home to a variety of sports and recreational facilities. The city has hosted numerous major sporting events, including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_East_Asian_Games">2009 East Asian Games</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics equestrian events</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Premier_League_Asia_Trophy">2007 Premier League Asia Trophy</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-ShenKee-348"><span>[</span>340<span>]</span></a></sup> The territory regularly hosts the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sevens">Hong Kong Sevens</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Marathon">Hong Kong Marathon</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Tennis_Classic">Hong Kong Tennis Classic</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_New_Year_Cup">Lunar New Year Cup</a>, and hosted the inaugural <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup">AFC Asian Cup</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Dynasty_Cup">1995 Dynasty Cup</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-349"><span>[</span>341<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-350"><span>[</span>342<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Hong Kong represents itself separately from mainland China, with its own sports teams in international competitions.<sup><a href="#cite_note-ShenKee-348"><span>[</span>340<span>]</span></a></sup> The territory has participated in almost every Summer Olympics since 1952 and has earned <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_at_the_Olympics">nine medals</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Lai-shan">Lee Lai-shan</a> won the territory's first Olympic gold medal at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics">1996 Atlanta Olympics</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-351"><span>[</span>343<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheung_Ka_Long">Cheung Ka Long</a> won the second one in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics">Tokyo 2020</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-352"><span>[</span>344<span>]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong athletes have won <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_at_the_Paralympics">126 medals at the Paralympic Games</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_at_the_Commonwealth_Games">17 at the Commonwealth Games</a>. No longer part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, the city's last appearance in the latter was in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Commonwealth_Games">1994</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-353"><span>[</span>345<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_boat">Dragon boat</a> races originated as a religious ceremony conducted during the annual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Boat_Festival">Tuen Ng Festival</a>. The race was revived as a modern sport as part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Tourism_Board">Tourism Board</a>'s efforts to promote Hong Kong's image abroad. The first modern competition was organised in 1976, and overseas teams began competing in the first international race in 1993.<sup><a href="#cite_note-354"><span>[</span>346<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Jockey_Club">Hong Kong Jockey Club</a>, the territory's largest taxpayer,<sup><a href="#cite_note-JockeyClub-355"><span>[</span>347<span>]</span></a></sup> has a monopoly on gambling and provides over 7% of government revenue.<sup><a href="#cite_note-356"><span>[</span>348<span>]</span></a></sup> Three forms of gambling are legal in Hong Kong: lotteries, horse racing, and football.<sup><a href="#cite_note-JockeyClub-355"><span>[</span>347<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p></p><h2>Education</h2><p></p>

<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bishop%27s_House,_Anglican_Church,_Hong_Kong.JPG"></a><figcaption>Old campus of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_College,_Hong_Kong">St. Paul's College</a>, the first school established in the colonial era</figcaption></figure>
<p>Education in Hong Kong is largely modelled on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom">that of the United Kingdom</a>, particularly the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_England">English system</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-357"><span>[</span>349<span>]</span></a></sup> Children are required to attend school from age 6 until completion of secondary education, generally at age 18.<sup><a href="#cite_note-nss-358"><span>[</span>350<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-HKEduLi-359"><span>[</span>351<span>]</span></a></sup> At the end of secondary schooling, all students take a public examination and are awarded the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Diploma_of_Secondary_Education">Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education</a> upon successful completion.<sup><a href="#cite_note-360"><span>[</span>352<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Of residents aged 15 and older, 81% completed lower-secondary education, 66% graduated from an upper secondary school, 32% attended a non-degree tertiary program, and 24% earned a bachelor's degree or higher.<sup><a href="#cite_note-361"><span>[</span>353<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Mandatory education has contributed to an adult literacy rate of 95.7%.<sup><a href="#cite_note-362"><span>[</span>354<span>]</span></a></sup> The literacy rate is lower than that of other developed economies because of the influx of refugees from mainland China during the post-war colonial era; much of the elderly population were not formally educated because of war and poverty.<sup><a href="#cite_note-363"><span>[</span>355<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-364"><span>[</span>356<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Comprehensive schools fall under three categories: public schools, which are government-run; subsidised schools, including government aid-and-grant schools; and private schools, often those run by religious organisations and that base admissions on academic merit. These schools are subject to the curriculum guidelines as provided by the Education Bureau. Private schools subsidised under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Subsidy_Scheme">Direct Subsidy Scheme</a>; international schools fall outside of this system and may elect to use differing curricula and teach using other languages.<sup><a href="#cite_note-HKEduLi-359"><span>[</span>351<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p></p><h3>Medium of instruction</h3><p></p>
<p>At primary and secondary school levels, the government maintains a policy of "mother tongue instruction"; most schools use Cantonese as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_of_instruction">medium of instruction</a>, with written education in both Chinese and English. Other languages being used as medium of instruction in non-international school education include English and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese">Putonghua</a> (Standard Mandarin Chinese). Secondary schools emphasise "bi-literacy and tri-lingualism", which has encouraged the proliferation of spoken Mandarin language education.<sup><a href="#cite_note-365"><span>[</span>357<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>English is the official medium of instruction and assessments for most university programmes in Hong Kong, although use of Cantonese is predominant in informal discussions among local students and professors.<sup><a href="#cite_note-366"><span>[</span>358<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-367"><span>[</span>359<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-368"><span>[</span>360<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-369"><span>[</span>361<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-370"><span>[</span>362<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-371"><span>[</span>363<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p></p><h3>Tertiary education</h3><p></p>
<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Main_Building_HKU_20100926_03.JPG"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong">University of Hong Kong</a> main building</figcaption></figure>
<p>Hong Kong has twelve universities. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong">University of Hong Kong</a> (HKU) was founded as the city's first institute of higher education during the early colonial period in 1911.<sup><a href="#cite_note-372"><span>[</span>364<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong">Chinese University of Hong Kong</a> (CUHK) was established in 1963 to fill the need for a university that taught using Chinese as its primary language of instruction.<sup><a href="#cite_note-373"><span>[</span>365<span>]</span></a></sup> Along with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_of_Science_and_Technology">Hong Kong University of Science and Technology</a> (HKUST) established in 1991, these universities are consistently ranked among the top 50 or top 100 universities worldwide.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:1-374"><span>[</span>366<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:2-375"><span>[</span>367<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:3-376"><span>[</span>368<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Polytechnic_University">Hong Kong Polytechnic University</a> (PolyU)<sup><a href="#cite_note-377"><span>[</span>369<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University_of_Hong_Kong">City University of Hong Kong</a> (CityU), both granted university status in 1994, are consistently ranked among the top 100 or top 200 universities worldwide.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:1-374"><span>[</span>366<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:2-375"><span>[</span>367<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:3-376"><span>[</span>368<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Baptist_University">Hong Kong Baptist University</a> (HKBU) was granted university status in 1994<sup><a href="#cite_note-378"><span>[</span>370<span>]</span></a></sup> and is a liberal arts institution. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Metropolitan_University">Hong Kong Metropolitan University</a> (formerly as Open University of Hong Kong prior to 2021) (attaining status in 1997),<sup><a href="#cite_note-379"><span>[</span>371<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingnan_University">Lingnan University</a> (in 1999),<sup><a href="#cite_note-380"><span>[</span>372<span>]</span></a></sup>  <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Shue_Yan_University">Hong Kong Shue Yan University</a> (in 2006),<sup><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegCo_Grant_to_Shue_Yan_University2007-381"><span>[</span>373<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_University_of_Hong_Kong">Education University of Hong Kong</a> (in 2016), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_Seng_University_of_Hong_Kong">Hang Seng University of Hong Kong</a> (in 2018) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Francis_University_(Hong_Kong)">Saint Francis University</a> (in 2024)<sup><a href="#cite_note-382"><span>[</span>374<span>]</span></a></sup> all attained full university status in subsequent years.
</p>


<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tvbcity-s1.png"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVB_City">TVB City</a>, headquarters of Hong Kong's first over-the-air television station</figcaption></figure>
<p>Most of the newspapers in Hong Kong are written in Chinese but there are also a few English-language newspapers. The major one being the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>, with <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Standard_(Hong_Kong)">The Standard</a></i> serving as a business-oriented alternative. A variety of Chinese-language newspapers are published daily; the most prominent are <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Pao">Ming Pao</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Daily_News">Oriental Daily News</a></i>. Local publications are often politically affiliated, with pro-Beijing or pro-democracy sympathies. The central government has a print-media presence in the territory through the state-owned <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta_Kung_Pao">Ta Kung Pao</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Wei_Po">Wen Wei Po</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-383"><span>[</span>375<span>]</span></a></sup> Several international publications have regional operations in Hong Kong, including <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times">Financial Times</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today">USA Today</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun">Yomiuri Shimbun</a></i>, and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nikkei">The Nikkei</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-384"><span>[</span>376<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Four <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-air">free-to-air</a> television broadcasters operate in the territory; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVB">TVB</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HK_Television_Entertainment">HKTVE</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Television">Hong Kong Open TV</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Television">Phoenix Television</a> air eight <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_television">digital</a> channels.<sup><a href="#cite_note-broadcasterList-385"><span>[</span>377<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-386"><span>[</span>378<span>]</span></a></sup> TVB, Hong Kong's dominant television network, has an 80% viewer share.<sup><a href="#cite_note-387"><span>[</span>379<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Hong_Kong">Paid television services</a> operated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCCW">PCCW</a> offer hundreds of additional channels and cater to a variety of audiences.<sup><a href="#cite_note-388"><span>[</span>380<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTHK">RTHK</a> is the public broadcaster, providing seven radio channels and six <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-air">free-to-air</a> television channels.<sup><a href="#cite_note-389"><span>[</span>381<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-390"><span>[</span>382<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-391"><span>[</span>383<span>]</span></a></sup>Ten non-domestic broadcasters air programming for the territory's foreign population.<sup><a href="#cite_note-broadcasterList-385"><span>[</span>377<span>]</span></a></sup> Access to media and information over the Internet is not subject to mainland Chinese regulations, including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Firewall">Great Firewall</a>, yet local control applies.<sup><a href="#cite_note-392"><span>[</span>384<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p></p><h2>See also</h2><p></p>

<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Hong_Kong">Index of articles related to Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Hong_Kong">Outline of Hong Kong</a></li></ul>

<p></p><h2>Notes</h2><p></p>
<div><ol>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-chinese-varieties_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinese-varieties_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span>No specific variety of Chinese is official in the territory. Residents predominantly speak <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, the <i>de facto</i> regional standard.<sup><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-OfficialLanguagesOrd-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-2021By-CensusLanguages-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-language-status_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-language-status_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span>For all government use, documents written using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters">Traditional Chinese characters</a> are authoritative over ones inscribed with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters">Simplified Chinese characters</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> English shares equal status with Chinese in all official proceedings.<sup><a href="#cite_note-ChineseInCourt-6"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span>After adjustment for taxes and social transfers</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span>Except for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Zhuhai%E2%80%93Macau_Bridge#Hong_Kong_Link_Road">Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Hong Kong Link Road</a>, which drives on the right.<sup><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span><div><ul><li> or ; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters">Chinese</a>: <span><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF">香港</a></span>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping">Jyutping</a>: <i><span>Hoeng1 gong2</span></i>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese">Cantonese Yale</a>: <i><span>Hēunggóng</span></i>, <span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese">Cantonese</a>:</span> <span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese">[hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ]</a></span> <span><span><span><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/Yue-heung1gong2.ogg/Yue-heung1gong2.ogg.mp3"><span></span><span></span><span></span></a></span><sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yue-heung1gong2.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></li><li>Officially the <b>Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China</b> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbr.">abbr.</a> <b>Hong Kong SAR</b> or <b>HKSAR</b>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters">Chinese</a>: <span>中華人民共和國香港特別行政區</span>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese">Cantonese Yale</a>: <i><span>Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui</span></i>).</li><li>Legally <b>Hong Kong, China</b> in international treaties and organizations.</li></ul></div></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_permanent_resident">Hong Kong permanent residents</a> can be of any nationality. A person without Chinese nationality who has entered Hong Kong with a valid travel document, has ordinarily resided there for a continuous period not less than seven years, and is permanently domiciled in the territory would be legally recognised as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_people">Hongkonger</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-BasicLawA24-22"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span>However, decisions made by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress override any territorial judicial process. Furthermore, the State Council may enforce national law in the region under specific circumstances.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span>Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data in Hong Kong from 1991 to 2020.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<p></p><h2>References</h2><p></p>
<p></p><h3>Citations</h3><p></p>
<div><ol>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLeung2016">Leung 2016</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-OfficialLanguagesOrd_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OfficialLanguagesOrd_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFOfficial_Languages_Ordinance">Official Languages Ordinance</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021By-CensusLanguages_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021By-CensusLanguages_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021By-CensusLanguages_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021By-CensusLanguages_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFPopulation_By-Census2021">Population By-Census 2021</a>, pp. 31, 51–52</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLegislative_Council_Disclaimer_and_Copyright_Notice">Legislative Council Disclaimer and Copyright Notice</a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChineseInCourt_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFUse_of_Chinese_in_Court_Proceedings2011">Use of Chinese in Court Proceedings 2011</a></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-demographics_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-demographics_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-demographics_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFPopulation_By-Census2021">Population By-Census 2021</a>, p. 46.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/China_2004?lang=en">"China (People's Republic of) 1982 (rev. 2004)"</a>. Constitute project. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717104412/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/China_2004?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2015<span>. Retrieved <span>25 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-NationalReps_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NationalReps_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCheung2017">Cheung 2017</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-landsd_area_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landsd_area_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landsd_area_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.landsd.gov.hk/en/resources/mapping-information/hk-geographic-data.html">"Survey and Mapping Office – Circulars and Publications"</a>. Survey and Mapping Office. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331083925/https://www.landsd.gov.hk/en/resources/mapping-information/hk-geographic-data.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span>. Retrieved <span>20 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/press_release_detail.html?id=5265">"Mid-year population for 2023"</a> (Press release). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_and_Statistics_Department">Census and Statistics Department</a>. 15 August 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231115122540/https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/press_release_detail.html?id=5265">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2023<span>. Retrieved <span>15 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.census2021.gov.hk/doc/media/Table(EN).pdf">"Key statistics of the 2021 and 2011 Population Census"</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. census2021.gov.hk. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313082407/https://www.census2021.gov.hk/doc/media/Table%28EN%29.pdf">Archived</a> <span>(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 March 2022<span>. Retrieved <span>15 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.census2021.gov.hk/en/main_tables.html">"Main Tables – 2021 Population Census"</a>. census2021.gov.hk. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114005052/https://www.census2021.gov.hk/en/main_tables.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022<span>. Retrieved <span>15 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.HK_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.HK_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.HK_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.HK_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.HK_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=532,&amp;s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&amp;sy=2021&amp;ey=2029&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;scc=0&amp;ssd=1&amp;ssc=0&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (HK)"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 11 April 2024<span>. Retrieved <span>2 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-GiniRef_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHousehold_Income_Distribution2021">Household Income Distribution 2021</a>, p. 5</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/2024"</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> <span>(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 March 2024<span>. Retrieved <span>13 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFTechnical_Legislative_Amendments_on_Traffic_Arrangements_for_the_Hong_Kong-Zhuhai-Macao_Bridge2017">Technical Legislative Amendments on Traffic Arrangements for the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge 2017</a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-BasicLawA24_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFBasic_Law_Chapter_III">Basic Law Chapter III</a> Article 24.</span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-CarrollEarlyHistory_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CarrollEarlyHistory_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, pp. 15–21.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERen2010221_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFRen2010">Ren 2010</a>, p. 221.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Kirschner, Kylie (10 September 2023). <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/10-cities-globally-most-high-net-worth-wealthy-people-2023-9">"The top 10 cities around the world with the most ultra-wealthy people"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231115120539/https://www.businessinsider.com/10-cities-globally-most-high-net-worth-wealthy-people-2023-9">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2023<span>. Retrieved <span>15 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-HerbariumName_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HerbariumName_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a href="http://www.herbarium.gov.hk/SpecialTopicsDetails.aspx?oneId=10&amp;SectionId=1">"Aquilaria sinensis and origin of the name of Hong Kong"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Herbarium">Hong Kong Herbarium</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040456/http://www.herbarium.gov.hk/SpecialTopicsDetails.aspx?oneId=10&amp;SectionId=1">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017<span>. Retrieved <span>21 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-CarrollHKName_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CarrollHKName_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, p. 1</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFEmpson1992">Empson 1992</a>, p. 94.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFBishopRoberts1997">Bishop &amp; Roberts 1997</a>, p. 218.</span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-etym_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etym_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFRoom2005">Room 2005</a>, p. 168.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFDavis1841">Davis 1841</a>, p. 6.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFEmpson1992">Empson 1992</a>, p. 96.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHong_Kong_Government_Gazette1926">Hong Kong Government Gazette 1926</a>, No. 479.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHSH_Annual_Report2017">HSH Annual Report 2017</a>, p. 6.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-HSBC_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHSBC_Annual_Report2011">HSBC Annual Report 2011</a>, p. 2.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Davis, Vin; Ixer, Rob (2009). <a href="http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue26/davisixer_index.html">"The Petrology of the Wong Tei Tung Stone Tool Manufacturing Site, Sham Chung, Hong Kong Sar, China"</a>. <i>Internet Archaeology</i> (26). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.26.8">10.11141/ia.26.8</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1363-5387">1363-5387</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326063250/https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue26/davisixer_index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span>. Retrieved <span>8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meacham2_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meacham2_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meacham2_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFMeacham1999">Meacham 1999</a>, p. 2.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Li38_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLi2012">Li 2012</a>, p. 38.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFBanBanBan111">Ban, Ban &amp; Ban 111</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-KeatGinOoi_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFKeat2004">Keat 2004</a>, p. 932.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, p. 9.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barber_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFBarber2004">Barber 2004</a>, p. 48.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, p. 10.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFPorter1996">Porter 1996</a>, p. 63.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFEdmonds2002">Edmonds 2002</a>, p. 1.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFvon_Glahn1996">von Glahn 1996</a>, p. 116.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFWills1998">Wills 1998</a>, pp. 342–344.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-HK_story_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090418213756/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/History/download/the_hk_story_exhibition_materials_e.pdf">"Hong Kong Museum of History: "The Hong Kong Story" Exhibition Materials"</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a href="http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/History/download/the_hk_story_exhibition_materials_e.pdf">the original</a> <span>(PDF)</span> on 18 April 2009.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFZhihong2006">Zhihong 2006</a>, pp. 8–9.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFSchottenhammer2007">Schottenhammer 2007</a>, p. 33.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFChen2011">Chen 2011</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHoeRoebuck1999">Hoe &amp; Roebuck 1999</a>, pp. 82, 87.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2003/english/chapter21/21_02.html">"Hong Kong 2003 – History"</a>. <i>www.yearbook.gov.hk</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181025152631/https://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2003/english/chapter21/21_02.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2018<span>. Retrieved <span>26 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFTsang2007">Tsang 2007</a>, p. 12.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Courtauld_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCourtauldHoldsworthVickers1997">Courtauld, Holdsworth &amp; Vickers 1997</a>, pp. 38–58</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-SecondOpiumWar_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, pp. 21–24.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, p. 30.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-NTLease_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFScott1989">Scott 1989</a>, p. 6.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFChu2005">Chu 2005</a>, p. 90.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-KaiTak_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFWordie2007">Wordie 2007</a>, p. 243.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, p. 103.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFYanneHeller2009">Yanne &amp; Heller 2009</a>, p. 71.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFSnow2003">Snow 2003</a>, p. 43.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFSnow2003">Snow 2003</a>, pp. 53–73.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFKwong2015">Kwong 2015</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiltshire_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiltshire_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFWiltshire1997">Wiltshire 1997</a>, p. 148.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFBuckley1997">Buckley 1997</a>, pp. 64, 92.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, pp. 145, 174–175.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Forsyth, Neil (Director) (1990). <i>Underground Pride</i> (Motion picture). Hong Kong: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTR_Corporation">MTR Corporation</a>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span>Chu, Yingchi (2003). Hong Kong Cinema: Coloniser, Motherland and Self! Routledge Publishing. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1746-3">0-7007-1746-3</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFDodsworthMihaljek1997">Dodsworth &amp; Mihaljek 1997</a>, p. 54.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, pp. 176–178.</span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carroll181_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carroll181_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carroll181_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, p. 181.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFWong1992">Wong 1992</a>, p. 9.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-2002Pop_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFPopulation_Policy_Report2002">Population Policy Report 2002</a>, pp. 27–28</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Gargan, Edward A. (18 September 1995). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/18/world/pro-china-party-appears-big-loser-in-hong-kong-election.html">"Pro-China Party Appears Big Loser in Hong Kong Election"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508195434/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/18/world/pro-china-party-appears-big-loser-in-hong-kong-election.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021<span>. Retrieved <span>20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTHandover_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFGargan1997">Gargan 1997</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, p. 218</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCheungHo2013">Cheung &amp; Ho 2013</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLee2006">Lee 2006</a>, pp. 63–70.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-:172_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Crean, Jeffrey (2024). <i>The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History</i>. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-23394-2"><bdi>978-1-350-23394-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, p. 200.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, pp. 226, 233.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFKaiman2014">Kaiman 2014</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFBland2016">Bland 2016</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHaas2017">Haas 2017</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHuang2016">Huang 2016</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFSiuChung2017">Siu &amp; Chung 2017</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-EconomistRestoreCalm_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREF"To_restore_calm_in_Hong_Kong,_try_democracy",_The_Economist">"To restore calm in Hong Kong, try democracy", <i>The Economist</i></a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202006/11/P2020061100793.htm">"CE signs National Anthem Ordinance (with photos)"</a>. <i>HKSAR Government Press Releases</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612041953/https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202006/11/P2020061100793.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2020<span>. Retrieved <span>12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnn20200630_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Regan, Helen (29 June 2020). <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/29/china/hong-kong-national-security-law-passed-intl-hnk/index.html">"China passes sweeping Hong Kong national security law: report"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN">CNN</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701113134/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/29/china/hong-kong-national-security-law-passed-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2020<span>. Retrieved <span>29 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-france2420210311_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-france2420210311_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210311-china-approves-plan-to-veto-hong-kong-election-candidates">"China approves plan to veto Hong Kong election candidates"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24">France 24</a></i>. 11 March 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312063804/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210311-china-approves-plan-to-veto-hong-kong-election-candidates">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2021<span>. Retrieved <span>6 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-dc2023_freepress01_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dc2023_freepress01_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a href="https://hongkongfp.com/2023/07/06/hong-kong-cuts-directly-elected-district-council-seats-as-overhaul-unanimously-approved/">"Hong Kong cuts directly elected District Council seats as overhaul unanimously approved"</a>. Hong Kong Free Press. 6 July 2023.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-dc2023_gld01_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dc2023_gld01_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.gld.gov.hk/egazette/pdf/20232745e/egn2023274569.pdf">"Ordinance passed and promulgated"</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. Hong Kong Government Gazette. 10 July 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710090226/https://www.gld.gov.hk/egazette/pdf/20232745e/egn2023274569.pdf">Archived</a> <span>(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 July 2023.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-dc2023_gld02_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dc2023_gld02_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.gld.gov.hk/egazette/pdf/20232745e/es12023274519.pdf">"District Councils (Amendment) Ordinance 2023—Ordinance No. 19 of 2023"</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. Hong Kong Government Gazette. 10 July 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710090315/https://www.gld.gov.hk/egazette/pdf/20232745e/es12023274519.pdf">Archived</a> <span>(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 July 2023.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFTamChanChoi_KwanLeung2012">Tam et al. 2012</a>, p. 80</span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-BasicLaw15_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BasicLaw15_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFTamChanChoi_KwanLeung2012">Tam et al. 2012</a>, pp. 66, 80–81</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFNg_Ka_Ling_and_Another_v_the_Director_of_Immigration"><i>Ng Ka Ling and Another v the Director of Immigration</i></a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFTamChanChoi_KwanLeung2012">Tam et al. 2012</a>, p. 77</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFYoungCullen2010">Young &amp; Cullen 2010</a>, p. 39.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFAdaptation_of_Laws_Guidelines1998">Adaptation of Laws Guidelines 1998</a>, p. 7</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFEmergency_Regulations_Ordinance">Emergency Regulations Ordinance</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFTamChanChoi_KwanLeung2012">Tam et al. 2012</a>, p. 73</span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gittings150_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gittings150_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFGittings2009">Gittings 2009</a>, p. 150.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFGittings2009">Gittings 2009</a>, p. 153.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFYoungCullen2010">Young &amp; Cullen 2010</a>, pp. 13–16.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFBasic_Law_Chapter_IV">Basic Law Chapter IV</a> Article 45.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFAmendment_to_the_Basic_Law_Annex_I">Amendment to the Basic Law Annex I</a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-overhaul_HK_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-parliament-hongkong/chinas-parliament-moves-to-overhaul-hong-kongs-electoral-system-idUSKBN2B30RC">"China moves to overhaul Hong Kong politics, squeezing democratic opposition"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 11 March 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312063854/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-parliament-hongkong/chinas-parliament-moves-to-overhaul-hong-kongs-electoral-system-idUSKBN2B30RC">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2021<span>. Retrieved <span>6 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-LegCoVoting_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LegCoVoting_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFGuidelines_on_the_Legislative_Council_Election2016">Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election 2016</a>, pp. 3–4</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFGuidelines_on_the_Legislative_Council_Election2016">Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election 2016</a>, pp. 3, 52–53</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLegCo_and_DC_Member_Political_Affiliations2017">LegCo and DC Member Political Affiliations 2017</a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFBushWhelan-Wuest2017">Bush &amp; Whelan-Wuest 2017</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFSala2016">Sala 2016</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFTamChanChoi_KwanLeung2012">Tam et al. 2012</a>, pp. 80–81</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFGittings2009">Gittings 2009</a>, p. 148.</span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPC_Observer_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPC_Observer_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a href="https://npcobserver.com/2020/06/30/legislation-summary-hong-kong-national-security-law/">"Legislation Summary: Hong Kong National Security Law"</a>. <i>NPC Observer</i>. 30 June 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702162405/https://npcobserver.com/2020/06/30/legislation-summary-hong-kong-national-security-law/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2020<span>. Retrieved <span>2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFJordan1997">Jordan 1997</a>, p. 335.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-HCAL185/2016_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFChief_Executive_of_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_and_Another_v_the_President_of_the_Legislative_Council"><i>Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Another v the President of the Legislative Council</i></a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-BasicLawA18_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFBasic_Law_Chapter_II">Basic Law Chapter II</a> Article 18.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_Passports_Ordinance">Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Passports Ordinance</a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="http://www.immd.gov.hk/eng/contactus/control_points.html">"Control Point Locations"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Department_(Hong_Kong)">Immigration Department</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171122092430/http://www.immd.gov.hk/eng/contactus/control_points.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2017<span>. Retrieved <span>18 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFBasic_Law_Chapter_II">Basic Law Chapter II</a> Article 22.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFBasic_Law_Chapter_V">Basic Law Chapter V</a> Article 106.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFPublic_Finance_Facts2018">Public Finance Facts 2018</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLendon2017">Lendon 2017</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFConstitution_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China">Constitution of the People's Republic of China</a> Chapter 3 § 4 (93).</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFBasic_Law_Chapter_II">Basic Law Chapter II</a> Article 14.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFMokLee2015">Mok &amp; Lee 2015</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFBasic_Law_Chapter_VII">Basic Law Chapter VII</a> Article 152.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171638/https://www.unicef.org.hk/en/">"Hong Kong Committee for UNICEF"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF">UNICEF</a>. Archived from <a href="https://www.unicef.org.hk/en/">the original</a> on 28 December 2017<span>. Retrieved <span>27 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="http://www.unhcr.org/hk/en/">"UNHCR Hong Kong"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054213/http://www.unhcr.org/hk/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2017<span>. Retrieved <span>27 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="http://www.doj.gov.hk/eng/laws/interlaw.html">"List of Treaties in Force and Applicable to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Hong_Kong)">Department of Justice</a>. 25 October 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054117/http://www.doj.gov.hk/eng/laws/interlaw.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2017<span>. Retrieved <span>27 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614040108/https://www.gov.hk/en/about/govdirectory/oohk.htm">"Offices Outside Hong Kong"</a>. Hong Kong Government. Archived from <a href="https://www.gov.hk/en/about/govdirectory/oohk.htm">the original</a> on 14 June 2018<span>. Retrieved <span>18 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-rgmsus_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rgmsus_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-ireland-suspends-its-extradition-treaty-with-hong-kong/">"Ireland suspends its extradition treaty with Hong Kong"</a>. The Globe and Mail Inc. Reuters. 23 October 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023235610/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-ireland-suspends-its-extradition-treaty-with-hong-kong/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2020<span>. Retrieved <span>23 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbcpref_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53412598">"Trump ends preferential economic treatment for Hong Kong"</a>. BBC. 15 July 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117140801/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53412598">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2020<span>. Retrieved <span>23 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320033023/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/19/world/asia/hong-kong-security-law-article-23.html">"Hong Kong Adopts Sweeping Security Laws, Bowing to Beijing – The New York Times"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 20 March 2024. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024<span>. Retrieved <span>21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span><span><code>{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web">cite web</a>}}</code>:  CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-district_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFDistrict_Administration_Facts2016">District Administration Facts 2016</a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFDistrict_Councils_Ordinance">District Councils Ordinance</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-hybridregime_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hybridregime_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCheng2016">Cheng 2016</a>, p. 387.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFBasic_Law_Chapter_IV">Basic Law Chapter IV</a> Articles 45, 68.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFWongLim2017">Wong &amp; Lim 2017</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFMing2006">Ming 2006</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFNgoCheung2016">Ngo &amp; Cheung 2016</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFZhao2015">Zhao 2015</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFChao2013">Chao 2013</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLhatoo2015">Lhatoo 2015</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Raquel Carvalho and Peace Chiu (25 February 2018). <a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/2134591/fed-human-trafficking-hong-kong-migrant-workers-hold-vigil">"Fed up with human trafficking, Hong Kong migrant workers hold vigil demanding justice"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428161445/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/2134591/fed-human-trafficking-hong-kong-migrant-workers-hold-vigil">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2023<span>. Retrieved <span>24 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREF"Meanings_of_Right_of_Abode_and_Other_Terms",_Immigration_Department">"Meanings of Right of Abode and Other Terms", Immigration Department</a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Tony Read (8 July 2016). <a href="https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1986535/hong-kong-must-lead-fight-against-human-trafficking-rather">"Hong Kong must lead the fight against human trafficking, rather than just do the bare minimum"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428161532/https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1986535/hong-kong-must-lead-fight-against-human-trafficking-rather">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2023<span>. Retrieved <span>24 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Astrid Zweynert (22 October 2015). <a href="https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Making-a-difference/Change-Agent/2015/1022/New-ways-to-help-Hong-Kong-s-human-trafficking-victims">"New ways to help Hong Kong's human trafficking victims"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Reuters_Foundation">Thomson Reuters Foundation</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428161341/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Making-a-difference/Change-Agent/2015/1022/New-ways-to-help-Hong-Kong-s-human-trafficking-victims">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2023<span>. Retrieved <span>24 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>The US State Department's 2014 Trafficking in Persons report said people from mainland China, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Nepal, Cambodia, and other Southeast Asian countries as well as Colombia, Chad, and Uganda had become victims of sex trafficking and forced labor in Hong Kong.</q></cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Jason Wordie (16 January 2016). <a href="https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1901109/human-trafficking-hong-kong-hidden-plain-sight">"Human trafficking in Hong Kong: hidden in plain sight"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428161241/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1901109/human-trafficking-hong-kong-hidden-plain-sight">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2023<span>. Retrieved <span>24 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>Likewise, legions of mainland prostitutes form a highly visible yet officially clandestine workforce in certain parts of Hong Kong. Many of these women, according to informed sources within the sex-worker sorority, have been trafficked.</q></cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCheung2016">Cheung 2016</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCheung2015">Cheung 2015</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Hernández, Javier C. (30 June 2020). <span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/world/asia/hong-kong-security-law-explain.html">"Harsh Penalties, Vaguely Defined Crimes: Hong Kong's Security Law Explained"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701032003/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/world/asia/hong-kong-security-law-explain.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2020<span>. Retrieved <span>2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.mofo.com/resources/insights/200701-hong-kong-national-security-law.html">"Hong Kong National Security Law Promulgated, Came into Effect June 30, 2020"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrison_%26_Foerster">Morrison &amp; Foerster</a></i>. 1 July 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702163941/https://www.mofo.com/resources/insights/200701-hong-kong-national-security-law.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2020<span>. Retrieved <span>2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>James, William (1 July 2020). <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-protests-britain/uk-says-chinas-security-law-is-serious-violation-of-hong-kong-treaty-idUSKBN2425LL">"UK says China's security law is serious violation of Hong Kong treaty"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702015311/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-protests-britain/uk-says-chinas-security-law-is-serious-violation-of-hong-kong-treaty-idUSKBN2425LL">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2020<span>. Retrieved <span>2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-54768209">"Hong Kong pro-democracy politicians arrested"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. November 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101110236/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-54768209">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020<span>. Retrieved <span>1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/30/hong-kong-churches-drop-tiananmen-tributes-after-33-years-amid-arrest-fears">"Hong Kong churches drop Tiananmen tributes after 33 years amid arrest fears"</a>. <i>Agence France-Presse</i>. 30 May 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220530185147/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/30/hong-kong-churches-drop-tiananmen-tributes-after-33-years-amid-arrest-fears">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2022<span>. Retrieved <span>31 May</span> 2022</span> – via The Guardian.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.landsd.gov.hk/mapping/en/publications/total.htm">"Survey and Mapping Office – Circulars and Publications"</a>. <i>www.landsd.gov.hk</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308210534/https://www.landsd.gov.hk/mapping/en/publications/total.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span>. Retrieved <span>9 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_163-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hong-kong/">"Hong Kong"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610100924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hong-kong/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2021<span>. Retrieved <span>2 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFOwenShaw2007">Owen &amp; Shaw 2007</a>, p. 13.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFPopulation_By-Census2021">Population By-Census 2021</a>, pp. 34–35</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-reclamation_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLand_Policy_Report2017">Land Policy Report 2017</a>, p. 1.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFOwenShaw2007">Owen &amp; Shaw 2007</a>, p. 2.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREF"Land_Use_in_Hong_Kong_2017",_Planning_Department">"Land Use in Hong Kong 2017", Planning Department</a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFMortonHarper1995">Morton &amp; Harper 1995</a>, p. 9.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHu2003">Hu 2003</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.gov.hk/en/residents/environment/conservation/naturalenvplantsanimals.htm">"The Natural Environment, Plants &amp; Animals in Hong Kong"</a>. Hong Kong Government. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115215525/https://www.gov.hk/en/residents/environment/conservation/naturalenvplantsanimals.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2017<span>. Retrieved <span>15 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-HKClimate_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/climahk.htm">"Climate of Hong Kong"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Observatory">Hong Kong Observatory</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170602080336/http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/climahk.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2017<span>. Retrieved <span>5 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/education/climate/general-climatology/00247-last-time-it-snowed-in-hong-kong.html">"Last time it snowed in Hong Kong"</a>. <i>www.hko.gov.hk</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231212060956/https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/education/climate/general-climatology/00247-last-time-it-snowed-in-hong-kong.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2023<span>. Retrieved <span>12 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFGeography_and_Climate2010">Geography and Climate 2010</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="http://www.hko.gov.hk/cis/extreme/mon_extreme_e.htm">"Extreme Values and Dates of Occurrence of Extremes of Meteorological Elements between 1884 and 1939 and 1947–2017 for Hong Kong"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Observatory">Hong Kong Observatory</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180324065716/http://www.hko.gov.hk/cis/extreme/mon_extreme_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2018<span>. Retrieved <span>25 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREF"HK_records_hottest_day_before_typhoon",_EJ_Insight">"HK records hottest day before typhoon", <i>EJ Insight</i></a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/cis/awsYearlyExtract.htm">"Automatic Weather Observations yearly Extract"</a>. <i>Hong Kong Observatory</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310193538/https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/cis/awsYearlyExtract.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021<span>. Retrieved <span>17 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-met_norms_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/cis/normal/1991_2020/normals.htm">"Monthly Meteorological Normals for Hong Kong (1991–2020)"</a>. Hong Kong Observatory. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208043254/https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/cis/normal/1991_2020/normals.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2021<span>. Retrieved <span>7 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-extremeshko_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="http://www.weather.gov.hk/en/cis/extreme/mon_extreme.htm">"Extreme Values and Dates of Occurrence of Extremes of Meteorological Elements between 1884–1939 and 1947–2020 for Hong Kong)"</a>. Hong Kong Observatory. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208053745/http://www.weather.gov.hk/en/cis/extreme/mon_extreme.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2021<span>. Retrieved <span>7 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-meanmaxmin_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/cis/monthlyElement.htm">"Monthly Data for Single Element"</a>. Hong Kong Observatory. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209091006/https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/cis/monthlyElement.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2022<span>. Retrieved <span>16 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>

<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180623034606/https://www.emporis.com/statistics/skyline-ranking">"Skyline Ranking"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emporis">Emporis</a>. Archived from <a href="https://www.emporis.com/statistics/skyline-ranking">the original</a> on 23 June 2018<span>. Retrieved <span>24 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFTongWong1997">Tong &amp; Wong 1997</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFForrestLa_GrangeYip2004">Forrest, La Grange &amp; Yip 2004</a>, pp. 215, 222</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180624121309/https://www.emporis.com/statistics/worlds-tallest-buildings">"The World's Tallest Buildings"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emporis">Emporis</a>. Archived from <a href="https://www.emporis.com/statistics/worlds-tallest-buildings">the original</a> on 24 June 2018<span>. Retrieved <span>24 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FengShui_187-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FengShui_187-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFKohlstedt2016">Kohlstedt 2016</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHollingsworthZheng2017">Hollingsworth &amp; Zheng 2017</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFZheng2017">Zheng 2017</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFMcKercherHodu_Cros2004">McKercher, Ho &amp; du Cros 2004</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-TourismFacts_191-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TourismFacts_191-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFTourism_Facts2016">Tourism Facts 2016</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFBéthanie2015">Béthanie 2015</a>, p. 3.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFIngham2007">Ingham 2007</a>, p. 225.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFDeclared_Monuments2007">Declared Monuments 2007</a>, pp. 5–6.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFXue2016">Xue 2016</a>, p. 99.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFXue2016">Xue 2016</a>, p. 41.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/statistics/data/10/27/117.html">"Death Rates by Leading Causes of Death, 2001 – 2021"</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408181119/https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/statistics/data/10/27/117.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023<span>. Retrieved <span>8 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFFan1974">Fan 1974</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, pp. 144–147.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFYu2013">Yu 2013</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFErniLeung2014">Erni &amp; Leung 2014</a>, pp. 18, 22.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/EIndexbySubject.html?pcode=B1120100&amp;scode=459">"Statistical Product"</a>. <i>www.censtatd.gov.hk</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407171137/https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/EIndexbySubject.html?pcode=B1120100&amp;scode=459">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022<span>. Retrieved <span>28 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFFCO_Written_Evidence2014">FCO Written Evidence 2014</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFStanding_Committee_Interpretation_Concerning_Implementation_of_Chinese_Nationality_Law_in_Hong_Kong">Standing Committee Interpretation Concerning Implementation of Chinese Nationality Law in Hong Kong</a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST?locations=HK">"Population density (people per sq km of land area) – Hong Kong SAR, China"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank">World Bank</a></i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200516120537/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST?locations=HK">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2020<span>. Retrieved <span>6 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLee2012">Lee 2012</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFDeveloping_a_Supplementary_Guide_to_the_Chinese_Language_Curriculum_for_Non-Chinese_Speaking_Students2008">Developing a Supplementary Guide to the Chinese Language Curriculum for Non-Chinese Speaking Students 2008</a>, p. 9</span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-religionFacts_208-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-religionFacts_208-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFReligion_and_Custom_Facts2016">Religion and Custom Facts 2016</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/life-expectancy.html">"Life Expectancy by Country and in the World"</a>. <i>Life expectancy of the world population</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldometer">worldometer</a>. <a href="https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/life-expectancy/.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2019<span>. Retrieved <span>1 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/statistics/data/10/27/111.html">"Life Expectancy at Birth (Male and Female), 1971 – 2022"</a>. Hong Kong Government Centrer of Health Protection. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816122342/https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/statistics/data/10/27/111.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2023<span>. Retrieved <span>16 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-2017HealthFacts_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHealth_Facts2017">Health Facts 2017</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFWongYeohChauYam2015">Wong et al. 2015</a>, p. 262.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604195034/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html">"Country Comparison: GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Archived from <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2011<span>. Retrieved <span>15 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHousehold_Income_Distribution2021">Household Income Distribution 2021</a>, p. 3</span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-IncomeDistribution_215-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IncomeDistribution_215-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHousehold_Income_Distribution2021">Household Income Distribution 2021</a>, p. 50</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFDesjardins2018">Desjardins 2018</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Grosser, Annika (30 April 2024). <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/annikagrosser/2024/04/26/the-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2024/">"The Cities With The Most Billionaires 2024"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span>. Retrieved <span>8 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLiu2018">Liu 2018</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFFrank2018">Frank 2018</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHousehold_Income_Distribution2021">Household Income Distribution 2021</a>, p. 4</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHungMa2023">Hung &amp; Ma 2023</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHousehold_Income_Distribution2021">Household Income Distribution 2021</a>, p. 40</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFGlobal_Financial_Centres_Index2017">Global Financial Centres Index 2017</a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFJiangTangLawSze2003">Jiang et al. 2003</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028215314/http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201201/12/P201201120303.htm">"Hong Kong ranked world's freest economy for 18th consecutive year"</a>. Hong Kong Government. 12 January 2012. Archived from <a href="http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201201/12/P201201120303.htm">the original</a> on 28 October 2012<span>. Retrieved <span>28 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080124041217/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/topten.cfm">"Top 10 Countries"</a>. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from <a href="http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/topten.cfm">the original</a> on 24 January 2008<span>. Retrieved <span>1 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Feulner, Edwin. <a href="https://www.heritage.org/asia/commentary/hong-kong-no-longer-what-it-was">"Hong Kong Is No Longer What It Was"</a>. <i>The Heritage Foundation</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220912185725/https://www.heritage.org/asia/commentary/hong-kong-no-longer-what-it-was">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2022<span>. Retrieved <span>13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHKSE_Market_Statistics2018">HKSE Market Statistics 2018</a>, p. 2.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>WIPO (8 May 2024). <a href="https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html"><i>Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition</i></a>. World Intellectual Property Organization. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.46596">10.34667/tind.46596</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3432-0"><bdi>978-92-805-3432-0</bdi></a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022042128/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023<span>. Retrieved <span>23 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span></span> </span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-GFCI_230-0">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_31_Report_2022.03.24_v1.0.pdf">"The Global Financial Centres Index 31"</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. Long Finance. March 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324124055/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_31_Report_2022.03.24_v1.0.pdf">Archived</a> <span>(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 March 2022<span>. Retrieved <span>24 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tech_Monitor_1999_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://techmonitor.ai/technology/us_bank_leads_development_of_hong_kongs_silicon_harbor">"US Bank Leads Development of Hong Kong's "Silicon Harbor"<span></span>"</a>. <i>Tech Monitor</i>. 8 July 1999. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001231008/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/us_bank_leads_development_of_hong_kongs_silicon_harbor">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022<span>. Retrieved <span>6 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rohwer_2001_p._168_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Rohwer, J. (2001). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_IyjcoJ1BtMC&amp;pg=PT168"><i>Remade in America: How Asia Will Change Because America Boomed</i></a>. Crown. p. 168. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-609-50412-3"><bdi>978-0-609-50412-3</bdi></a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240210235434/https://books.google.com/books?id=_IyjcoJ1BtMC&amp;pg=PT168#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2024<span>. Retrieved <span>6 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_1991_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Pete Engardio (12 April 1989). <a href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1989/0412/fhong.html">"How Motorola Took Asia By The Tail"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706071811/https://www.csmonitor.com/1989/0412/fhong.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2022.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cragg_1993_p._85_234-0">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Cragg, C. (1993). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QhVWl7-NcY8C&amp;pg=PA85"><i>Hunting with the Tigers: Doing Business with Hong Kong, Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam</i></a>. Pfeiffer. p. 85. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89384-204-8"><bdi>978-0-89384-204-8</bdi></a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240210235517/https://books.google.com/books?id=QhVWl7-NcY8C&amp;pg=PA85#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2024<span>. Retrieved <span>6 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIAExports_235-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAExports_235-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427111612/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html">"Country Comparison: Exports"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Archived from <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html">the original</a> on 27 April 2019<span>. Retrieved <span>16 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIAImports_236-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAImports_236-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081004070323/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//rankorder/2087rank.html">"Country Comparison: Imports"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Archived from <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2087rank.html">the original</a> on 4 October 2008<span>. Retrieved <span>16 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-LegcoEconomy_237-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFEconomic_Statistical_Highlights2017">Economic Statistical Highlights 2017</a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFPark2019">Park 2019</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Annual-Traffic-Data/Cargo/2016-final-summary">"Cargo Traffic 2016"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airports_Council_International">Airports Council International</a>. 1 January 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141937/http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Annual-Traffic-Data/Cargo/2016-final-summary">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span>. Retrieved <span>7 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Lam, Jasmine Siu Lee; Cullinane, Kevin Patrick Brendan; Lee, Paul Tae-Woo (3 May 2018). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01441647.2018.1453562">"The 21st-century Maritime Silk Road: challenges and opportunities for transport management and practice"</a>. <i>Transport Reviews</i>. <b>38</b> (4). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge">Routledge</a>: 413–415. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01441647.2018.1453562">10.1080/01441647.2018.1453562</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158856945">158856945</a>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFKong2013">Kong 2013</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFAgriculture_and_Fisheries_Facts2017">Agriculture and Fisheries Facts 2017</a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFEconomy_Facts2016">Economy Facts 2016</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFPrestonHaacke2003">Preston &amp; Haacke 2003</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFYeung2008">Yeung 2008</a>, p. 16.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREF"HK_vs_China_GDP:_A_sobering_reality",_EJ_Insight">"HK vs China GDP: A sobering reality", <i>EJ Insight</i></a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLungSung2010">Lung &amp; Sung 2010</a>, p. 5.</span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-HZMBridge_248-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HZMBridge_248-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFGriffithsLazarus2018">Griffiths &amp; Lazarus 2018</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-MainlandCEPA_249-0">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.tid.gov.hk/english/cepa/legaltext/cepa_legaltext.html">"Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA)"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Department">Trade and Industry Department</a>. 31 October 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226131207/https://www.tid.gov.hk/english/cepa/legaltext/cepa_legaltext.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2017<span>. Retrieved <span>26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.tid.gov.hk/english/ita/fta/hkmacao/index.html">"Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (HK-Macao CEPA)"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Department">Trade and Industry Department</a>. 17 November 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171229113132/https://www.tid.gov.hk/english/ita/fta/hkmacao/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2017<span>. Retrieved <span>28 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFBaldwinLeeJim2014">Baldwin, Lee &amp; Jim 2014</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLamQiu2017">Lam &amp; Qiu 2017</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Commons5R18_253-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commons5R18_253-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHouse_of_Commons_Foreign_Affairs_Committee_Tenth_Report2015">House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Tenth Report 2015</a>, p. 18</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCushman_&amp;_Wakefield_RHQ_Report2016">Cushman &amp; Wakefield RHQ Report 2016</a>, p. 8</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHouse_of_Commons_Foreign_Affairs_Committee_Tenth_Report2015">House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Tenth Report 2015</a>, pp. 18–19</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>MUIR, PAUL (17 February 2021). <a href="https://asiatimes.com/2021/02/hk-crypto-body-warns-new-law-will-backfire/">"Crypto body warns new HK law will backfire"</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210222034554/https://asiatimes.com/2021/02/hk-crypto-body-warns-new-law-will-backfire/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2021<span>. Retrieved <span>24 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFTriennial_Central_Bank_Survey2016">Triennial Central Bank Survey 2016</a>, p. 10</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e4fb2779-44c0-466f-a3e7-0ff61d5e61f9">"Hong Kong conundrum: sky-high prices and flats the size of parking spaces"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. 24 November 2021. Archived from <span><a href="https://www.ft.com/content/e4fb2779-44c0-466f-a3e7-0ff61d5e61f9">the original</a></span> on 10 December 2022<span>. Retrieved <span>3 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Saiidi, Uptin (10 April 2017). <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/09/heres-why-hong-kong-housing-is-so-expensive.html">"Here's why Hong Kong housing is so expensive"</a>. <i>CNBC</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220903092809/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/09/heres-why-hong-kong-housing-is-so-expensive.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2022<span>. Retrieved <span>3 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Chan, Vanesse; Molloy, Claire (22 July 2021). <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/hong-kong-most-expensive-housing-market-in-the-world-2021-7">"Why rent in Hong Kong is so high, even though there's undeveloped land"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220903092811/https://www.businessinsider.com/hong-kong-most-expensive-housing-market-in-the-world-2021-7">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2022<span>. Retrieved <span>3 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-ceo_261-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ceo_261-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite>Tsang, Donald (18 September 2006). <a href="https://www.ceo.gov.hk/archive/2012/eng/press/oped.htm">"Big Market, Small Government"</a> (Press release). Hong Kong Government. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612235339/https://www.ceo.gov.hk/archive/2012/eng/press/oped.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span>. Retrieved <span>8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-EconomistEnd_262-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREF"End_of_an_experiment",_The_Economist">"End of an experiment", <i>The Economist</i></a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFWTO2017">WTO 2017</a>, p. 6.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/cost-of-living-2017.html">"Despite worldwide changes, multinationals focus on mobile workforces to support career growth and ensure competitiveness"</a>. New York: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_(consulting_firm)">Mercer</a>. 21 June 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113110140/https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/cost-of-living-2017.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2018<span>. Retrieved <span>26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725215323/http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr">"Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_(consulting_firm)">Mercer</a>. 29 June 2010. Archived from <a href="http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr#Top_50">the original</a> on 25 July 2011<span>. Retrieved <span>25 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/virgin-atlantic-drops-hong-kong-route-after-nearly-30-years-2022-10-05/">"Virgin Atlantic drops Hong Kong route after nearly 30 years"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 5 October 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033254/https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/virgin-atlantic-drops-hong-kong-route-after-nearly-30-years-2022-10-05/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span>. Retrieved <span>10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Goh Chiew Tong; Vivian Kam (3 February 2023). <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/03/hong-kong-to-give-away-half-a-million-air-tickets-to-boost-tourism.html">"Hong Kong will give away half a million plane tickets. Here's who can get them first"</a>. <i>CNBC</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203103636/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/03/hong-kong-to-give-away-half-a-million-air-tickets-to-boost-tourism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023<span>. Retrieved <span>22 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-pubtransport_268-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFPublic_Transport_Strategy_Study2017">Public Transport Strategy Study 2017</a>, p. 1</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFPoonChau2001">Poon &amp; Chau 2001</a>, p. 102.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716005653/https://www.mtr.com.hk/en/customer/buy_tickets/payment_method.html">"MTR &gt; Ticket Purchase and Usage"</a>. <i>www.mtr.com.hk</i>. Archived from <a href="https://www.mtr.com.hk/en/customer/buy_tickets/payment_method.html">the original</a> on 16 July 2024<span>. Retrieved <span>30 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616021916/https://www.hktramways.com/en/schedules-fares">"Hong Kong Tramways – Schedules and Fares"</a>. <i>www.hktramways.com</i>. Archived from <a href="https://www.hktramways.com/en/schedules-fares">the original</a> on 16 June 2024<span>. Retrieved <span>30 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.starferry.com.hk/en/Fares">"Schedule &amp; Fares | StarFerry"</a>. <i>www.starferry.com.hk</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203123111/https://www.starferry.com.hk/en/Fares">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2023<span>. Retrieved <span>30 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231007133906/https://www.citybus.com.hk/en/uploadedFiles/app_promote/eps/EPS-ENG-1.html">"E-payment System"</a>. <i>www.citybus.com.hk</i>. Archived from <a href="https://www.citybus.com.hk/en/uploadedFiles/app_promote/eps/EPS-ENG-1.html">the original</a> on 7 October 2023<span>. Retrieved <span>30 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.kmb.hk/payment.html">"The Kowloon Motor Bus Co. (1933) Ltd 九龍巴士(一九三三)"</a>. <i>www.kmb.hk</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240501021600/https://kmb.hk/payment.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2024<span>. Retrieved <span>30 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFMok2018">Mok 2018</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFGold2001">Gold 2001</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.td.gov.hk/mini_site/atd/2023/en/section5-13.html">"Public Transport | Annual transport digest 2023"</a>. <i>www.td.gov.hk</i><span>. Retrieved <span>30 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.hktramways.com/en/schedules-fares">"Hong Kong Tramways – Schedules and Fares"</a>. <i>www.hktramways.com</i><span>. Retrieved <span>30 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/explore/attractions/hong-kong-tramways.html">"Hong Kong Tramways: fun facts about the century-old Ding Ding | Hong Kong Tourism Board"</a>. <i>Discover Hong Kong</i><span>. Retrieved <span>30 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/593163-largest-double-decker-tram-fleet-in-operation">"Largest double-decker tram fleet in service"</a>. <i>Guinness World Records</i>. 30 July 2021<span>. Retrieved <span>30 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-RailwayFacts_281-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFRailway_Network_Facts2018">Railway Network Facts 2018</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.td.gov.hk/en/transport_in_hong_kong/public_transport/railways/index.html">"Transport Department – Railways"</a>. <i>www.td.gov.hk</i><span>. Retrieved <span>30 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-LegcoTransport_283-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LegcoTransport_283-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFTransport_Statistical_Highlights2016">Transport Statistical Highlights 2016</a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFReport_on_Rail_Service2014">Report on Rail Service 2014</a>, p. 1.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="http://www.mtr.com.hk/en/customer/services/cbs_introduction_tourist.html">"Cross Boundary Train Services"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTR_Corporation">MTR Corporation</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171119030307/http://www.mtr.com.hk/en/customer/services/cbs_introduction_tourist.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2017<span>. Retrieved <span>20 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.mtr.com.hk/en/customer/services/intercity_index.html">"MTR &gt; Intercity Passenger Services"</a>. <i>www.mtr.com.hk</i><span>. Retrieved <span>30 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/hong-kong-economy/article/3175918/end-era-hong-kong-mtrs-cross-border-through-train">"<span></span>'End of an era' for Hong Kong's cross-border through-train services"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 29 April 2022<span>. Retrieved <span>30 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="http://gdfs.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/2480148/6013329/index.html">"海關總署公告2024年第96號（關於關閉北京西站、上海站、廣州、東莞等4個鐵路口岸的公告）"</a>. <i>General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240731135355/http://gdfs.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/2480148/6013329/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2024<span>. Retrieved <span>31 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFKwok2018">Kwok 2018</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFVehicle_Registration_and_Licensing2018">Vehicle Registration and Licensing 2018</a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLabarre2010">Labarre 2010</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFTraffic_Congestion_Study2014">Traffic Congestion Study 2014</a>, pp. 2–3</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFTransport_Facts2016">Transport Facts 2016</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://hongkongfp.com/2017/05/23/ridesharing-not-crime-uber-criticises-hong-kongs-outdated-traffic-laws-following-arrests/">"<span></span>'Ridesharing should not be a crime': Uber criticises Hong Kong's outdated traffic laws following arrests"</a>. <i>Hong Kong Free Press</i>. 23 May 2017<span>. Retrieved <span>4 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/hong-kong-economy/article/3263415/uber-vs-hong-kong-taxis-why-government-allowing-quarrel-fester-and-let-customers-lose">"Uber vs Hong Kong taxis: why is the government allowing the quarrel to fester?"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 21 May 2024<span>. Retrieved <span>4 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/transport/article/3269375/hong-kong-require-private-hire-car-permits-ride-hailing-services-including-uber">"Hong Kong to require permits for ride-hailing services including Uber"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 5 July 2024<span>. Retrieved <span>4 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCullinane2002">Cullinane 2002</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="http://www.td.gov.hk/mini_site/hksrens/2008/EN/images/diagram.pdf"><i>Hong Kong Strategic Route Map</i></a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Map). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Department">Transport Department</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615112730/http://www.td.gov.hk/mini_site/hksrens/2008/EN/images/diagram.pdf">Archived</a> <span>(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 June 2018<span>. Retrieved <span>29 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/transport/article/3226610/hong-kongs-old-kai-tak-airport-closes-well-miss-you-scmp-archive">"<span></span>'Goodbye Kai Tak': 25 years since Hong Kong's old airport turned off its lights"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 6 July 2023<span>. Retrieved <span>31 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHKIA_Annual_Report2017">HKIA Annual Report 2017</a>, p. 152.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFNY/NJ_Port_Authority_Airport_Traffic2017">NY/NJ Port Authority Airport Traffic 2017</a>, p. 32</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFNY/NJ_Port_Authority_Airport_Traffic2017">NY/NJ Port Authority Airport Traffic 2017</a>, p. 58</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFWordie2007">Wordie 2007</a>, p. 242.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="http://www.starferry.com.hk/en/operationalInfo">"Operational Information"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Ferry">Star Ferry</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171130062543/http://www.starferry.com.hk/en/operationalInfo">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2017<span>. Retrieved <span>20 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCushman1993">Cushman 1993</a>, p. 57.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.gov.hk/en/residents/transport/crossboundary/ferryservices.htm">"Ferry Services to Macau and the Mainland Ports"</a>. Hong Kong Government. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171119151136/https://www.gov.hk/en/residents/transport/crossboundary/ferryservices.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2017<span>. Retrieved <span>20 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFTatlow2017">Tatlow 2017</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Roberts, Toby; Williams, Ian; Preston, John (19 May 2021). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03088839.2020.1802785">"The Southampton system: a new universal standard approach for port-city classification"</a>. <i>Maritime Policy &amp; Management</i>. <b>48</b> (4): 530–542. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03088839.2020.1802785">10.1080/03088839.2020.1802785</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0308-8839">0308-8839</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225502755">225502755</a>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-energystats2016p1_309-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-energystats2016p1_309-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFEnergy_Statistics_Report2017">Energy Statistics Report 2017</a>, p. 1</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFEnergy_Statistics_Report2017">Energy Statistics Report 2017</a>, p. 9</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFEnergy_Statistics_Report2017">Energy Statistics Report 2017</a>, p. 29</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFEnergy_Statistics_Report2017">Energy Statistics Report 2017</a>, p. 6</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFChan2017">Chan 2017</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-LeeWater_314-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeeWater_314-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLee2013">Lee 2013</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFWater_Supply_Facts2016">Water Supply Facts 2016</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="http://www.ofca.gov.hk/en/media_focus/data_statistics/key_stat/">"Key Communications Statistics"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Communications_Authority">Office of the Communications Authority</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620153354/https://www.ofca.gov.hk/en/media_focus/data_statistics/key_stat/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2018<span>. Retrieved <span>8 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFAkamai's_State_of_the_Internet2017">Akamai's State of the Internet 2017</a>, p. 54</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFIT_and_Internet_Usage2017">IT and Internet Usage 2017</a>, p. 9.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFMonthly_Statistics_for_June2019">Monthly Statistics for June 2019</a>, p. 242</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, p. 169.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, pp. 167–172.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHe2013">He 2013</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFTam2017">Tam 2017</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLam2015">Lam 2015</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.pori.hk/pop-poll/ethnic-identity-en/q001.html?lang=en">"Categorical Ethnic Identity – HKPORI – 香港民意研究所"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Public_Opinion_Research_Institute">Hong Kong Public Opinion Research Institute</a><span> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%B0%91%E6%84%8F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80">zh</a>]</span></i>. 9 December 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305222442/https://www.pori.hk/pop-poll/ethnic-identity-en/q001.html?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2024.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFFamily_Survey2013">Family Survey 2013</a>, pp. 12–13.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFPopulation_By-Census2021">Population By-Census 2021</a>, p. 77.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFFowlerFowler2008">Fowler &amp; Fowler 2008</a>, p. 263.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFXiIngham2003">Xi &amp; Ingham 2003</a>, p. 181.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFChanChow2006">Chan &amp; Chow 2006</a>, p. 3.</span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-LongHKFood_331-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LongHKFood_331-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLong2015">Long 2015</a>, p. 271.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCurryHanstedt2014">Curry &amp; Hanstedt 2014</a>, pp. 9–12.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLong2015">Long 2015</a>, p. 272.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFFu2008">Fu 2008</a>, pp. 381, 388–389.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, p. 148.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, p. 168.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Chu, Karen (16 February 2023). <a href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/hong-kong-film-industry-comeback-berlin-1235326295/">"Berlin Spotlight: How Hong Kong's Film Industry Made a Surprise Comeback"</a>. <i>The Hollywood Reporter</i><span>. Retrieved <span>22 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFGe2017">Ge 2017</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFChu2017">Chu 2017</a>, pp. 1–9, 24–25.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFChu2017">Chu 2017</a>, pp. 77–85.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFChu2017">Chu 2017</a>, pp. 107–116.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFChu2017">Chu 2017</a>, pp. 9–10.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFChu2017">Chu 2017</a>, pp. 159–164.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFSmithMoirBrennanRambarran2017">Smith et al. 2017</a>, p. 101</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHo2011">Ho 2011</a>, p. 147.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Vivienne Chow (12 September 2019). <a href="https://qz.com/1707883/glory-to-hong-kong-is-citys-new-unofficial-anthem/">"Singing showdowns in Hong Kong pit the city's unofficial new anthem against China's"</a>. <i>Quartz</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913230100/https://qz.com/1707883/glory-to-hong-kong-is-citys-new-unofficial-anthem/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2019<span>. Retrieved <span>15 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124103722/https://time.com/5672018/glory-to-hong-kong-protests-national-anthem/">"Listen to the Song That Hong Kong's Youthful Protesters Are Calling Their 'National Anthem'<span></span>"</a>. <i>TIME</i>. 12 September 2019. Archived from <a href="https://time.com/5672018/glory-to-hong-kong-protests-national-anthem/">the original</a> on 24 January 2022<span>. Retrieved <span>16 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-ShenKee_348-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShenKee_348-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFShenKee2017">Shen &amp; Kee 2017</a>, p. 247.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFGhoshal2011">Ghoshal 2011</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHorneManzenreiter2002">Horne &amp; Manzenreiter 2002</a>, p. 128.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLamChang2005">Lam &amp; Chang 2005</a>, p. 141.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Shum, Michael; Chow, Carine (27 July 2021). <a href="https://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news/section/11/232551/Fence-tastic!">"FENCE-TASTIC! Cheung Ka-long wins gold for HK"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Standard_(Hong_Kong)">The Standard</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>27 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLamChang2005">Lam &amp; Chang 2005</a>, p. 99.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFSofieldSivan2003">Sofield &amp; Sivan 2003</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-JockeyClub_355-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JockeyClub_355-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLittlewood2010">Littlewood 2010</a>, pp. 16–17.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFInland_Revenue_Annual_Report2017">Inland Revenue Annual Report 2017</a>, p. 4</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFChanLeung2003">Chan &amp; Leung 2003</a>, p. 24.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-nss_358-0">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="http://www.edb.gov.hk/en/edu-system/primary-secondary/secondary/highlights/index.html">"Programme Highlights"</a>. Hong Kong Government. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130824010442/http://www.edb.gov.hk/en/edu-system/primary-secondary/secondary/highlights/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2013<span>. Retrieved <span>20 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-HKEduLi_359-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HKEduLi_359-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite>Li, Arthur (18 May 2005). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080303190339/http://www.news.gov.hk/en/category/ontherecord/050518/html/050518en11001.htm">"Creating a better education system"</a>. Hong Kong Government. Archived from <a href="http://news.gov.hk/en/category/ontherecord/050518/html/050518en11001.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2008<span>. Retrieved <span>17 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101016060315/http://www.hkeaa.edu.hk/en/HkDSE">"HKDSE"</a>. Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority. 12 October 2010. Archived from <a href="http://www.hkeaa.edu.hk/en/hkdse/">the original</a> on 16 October 2010<span>. Retrieved <span>20 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFWomen_and_Men_in_Hong_Kong_Key_Statistics2017">Women and Men in Hong Kong Key Statistics 2017</a>, p. 66</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.socialindicators.org.hk/en/indicators/education/7.7">"Adult literacy rate"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hong_Kong_Council_of_Social_Service">The Hong Kong Council of Social Service</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228172415/https://www.socialindicators.org.hk/en/indicators/education/7.7">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2017<span>. Retrieved <span>27 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFChengLumLamFung2013">Cheng et al. 2013</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFUNESCO_Literacy_Rates2017">UNESCO Literacy Rates 2017</a>, p. 8.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLeeLeung2012">Lee &amp; Leung 2012</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://tl.hku.hk/tl/">"Teaching and Learning | HKU Teaching and Learning"</a>. <i>HKU Teaching and Learning | Teaching and Learning in The University of Hong Kong</i>. 5 April 2010<span>. Retrieved <span>17 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://registry.hkust.edu.hk/resource-library/proof-english-medium-instruction">"Proof of English as Medium of Instruction | HKUST – Academic Registry"</a>. <i>registry.hkust.edu.hk</i><span>. Retrieved <span>17 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://ar.hkbu.edu.hk/quality-assurance/university-policy-and-guidelines/lang-policy">"University Language Policy | HKBU AR"</a>. <i>ar.hkbu.edu.hk</i><span>. Retrieved <span>17 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.hkmu.edu.hk/admissions/taught-postgraduate/non-local/postgraduate-programmes-at-hkmu/languages-of-instruction/">"Languages of instruction"</a>. <i>Hong Kong Metropolitan University</i><span>. Retrieved <span>17 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517015558/https://www51.polyu.edu.hk/eprospectus/ug/international/programme-features">"Study@PolyU"</a>. <i>www51.polyu.edu.hk</i>. Archived from <a href="https://www51.polyu.edu.hk/eprospectus/ug/international/programme-features">the original</a> on 17 May 2023<span>. Retrieved <span>17 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="http://www.res.cuhk.edu.hk/en-gb/applications/graduates-of-full-time-undergraduate-programmes/transcript-certifying-letter-report-on-curriculum-details/faq-transcript-certifyingletter-curriculum-details">"Res – Frequently Asked Questions on Applications for Transcript/Letter of Certification/Report on Curriculum Details"</a>. <i>www.res.cuhk.edu.hk</i><span>. Retrieved <span>17 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, pp. 84–86.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFFulton_Commission1963">Fulton Commission 1963</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_374-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_374-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/world-ranking">"World University Rankings"</a>. <i>Times Higher Education (THE)</i>. 4 October 2022<span>. Retrieved <span>2 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_375-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_375-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2023">"QS World University Rankings 2023: Top Global Universities"</a>. <i>Top Universities</i><span>. Retrieved <span>2 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_376-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_376-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings">"2022–2023 Best Global Universities Rankings"</a>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFThe_Hong_Kong_Polytechnic_University_Ordinance">The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Ordinance</a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHong_Kong_Baptist_University_Ordinance">Hong Kong Baptist University Ordinance</a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFThe_Open_University_of_Hong_Kong_Ordinance">The Open University of Hong Kong Ordinance</a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLingnan_University_Ordinance">Lingnan University Ordinance</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegCo_Grant_to_Shue_Yan_University2007_381-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLegCo_Grant_to_Shue_Yan_University2007">LegCo Grant to Shue Yan University 2007</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.sfu.edu.hk/en/media/press-release/index_id_774.html">"Saint Francis University – Press Release – Caritas Institute of Higher Education granted the university title and renamed Saint Francis University 2024-01-9"</a>. <i>www.sfu.edu.hk</i><span>. Retrieved <span>26 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREF"Hong_Kong_media_profile",_BBC_News">"Hong Kong media profile", <i>BBC News</i></a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFMedia_Facts2017">Media Facts 2017</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-broadcasterList_385-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-broadcasterList_385-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFLicensed_Broadcasting_Services2018">Licensed Broadcasting Services 2018</a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.ofca.gov.hk/filemanager/ofca/en/content_1087/tv_frequency_digital_en.pdf">"Frequency Table for Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting Services in Hong Kong"</a> <span>(PDF)</span><span>. Retrieved <span>26 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFChow2017">Chow 2017</a>.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.ofca.gov.hk/filemanager/ofca/en/content_108/channel_list_eng.pdf">"A List of Licensed Broadcasting Services in Hong Kong (As at 18 June 2024)"</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <i>Office of the Communications Authority</i>. Hong Kong.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFRTHK_Budget2018">RTHK Budget 2018</a>, pp. 806, 809.</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.rthk.hk/about/pdf/rthk_annual_report_202122_eng.pdf">"RADIO TELEVISION HONG KONG ANNUAL REPORT 2021 – 2022"</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <i>rthk.hk</i><span>. Retrieved <span>26 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://www.rthk.hk/timetable/tv36">"香港電台網站"</a>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREF"Hong_Kong_Activists_Stare_Down_'Great_Firewall_of_China'",_NBC_News">"Hong Kong Activists Stare Down 'Great Firewall of China'", <i>NBC News</i></a></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<p></p><h3>Sources</h3><p></p>
<p></p><h4>Print</h4><p></p>
<div>
<ul><li><cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Biao">Ban, Biao 班彪</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Gu">Ban, Gu 班固</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Zhao">Ban, Zhao 班昭</a> (111).  <bdi>地理志</bdi> [Treatise on geography]. <a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7028%E4%B8%8B"><i>Book of Han</i></a> (in Chinese). Vol. 28. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)">OCLC</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4342548">4342548</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Barber, Nicola (2004). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xY3y9kR5EOgC"><i>Hong Kong</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Stevens">Gareth Stevens</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8368-5198-4"><bdi>978-0-8368-5198-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Bishop, Kevin; Roberts, Annabel (1997). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1c0UyPNF_I0C"><i>China's Imperial Way</i></a>. Odyssey Publications. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-217-511-2"><bdi>978-962-217-511-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Buckley, Roger (1997). <span><a href="https://archive.org/details/hongkongroadto190000buck"><i>Hong Kong: The Road to 1997</i></a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46979-1"><bdi>978-0-521-46979-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Carroll, John (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D37ijXG-FykC"><i>A Concise History of Hong Kong</i></a>. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3422-3"><bdi>978-0-7425-3422-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Chan, Cecilia; Chow, Amy (2006). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzUvGEw7Z0AC"><i>Death, Dying and Bereavement: a Hong Kong Chinese Experience</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-787-2"><bdi>978-962-209-787-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Chan, Shun-hing; Leung, Beatrice (2003). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tY_sAQAAQBAJ"><i>Changing Church and State Relations in Hong Kong, 1950–2000</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-209-612-3"><bdi>962-209-612-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Chu, Cindy Yik-yi (2005). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PUfHAAAAQBAJ"><i>Foreign Communities in Hong Kong, 1840s–1950s</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8055-7"><bdi>978-1-4039-8055-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Chu, Yiu-wai (2017). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=62I2DwAAQBAJ"><i>Hong Kong Cantopop: A Concise History</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-8390-58-8"><bdi>978-988-8390-58-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Courtauld, Caroline; Holdsworth, May; Vickers, Simon (1997). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g6pwAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Hong Kong Story</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-590353-9"><bdi>978-0-19-590353-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Curry, Janel; Hanstedt, Paul (2014). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eRH4AwAAQBAJ"><i>Reading Hong Kong, Reading Ourselves</i></a>. City University of Hong Kong Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-937-235-4"><bdi>978-962-937-235-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Cushman, Jennifer Wayne (1993). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3x-HixYwa0C"><i>Fields from the Sea: Chinese Junk Trade with Siam During the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries</i></a>. Cornell Southeast Asia Program. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-711-8"><bdi>978-0-87727-711-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Francis_Davis">Davis, Sir John Francis</a> (1841). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dTQOAAAAYAAJ"><i>Sketches of China: partly during an inland journey of four months, between Peking, Nanking, and Canton; with notices and observations relative to the present war</i></a>. Vol. 1. Charles Knight &amp; Co. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)">OCLC</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/491627420">491627420</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Dodsworth, John; Mihaljek, Dubravko (1997). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6csHC4xlmFAC"><i>Hong Kong, China: Growth, Structural Change, and Economic Stability During the Transition</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55775-672-5"><bdi>978-1-55775-672-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Edmonds, Richard L. (2002). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXoFscQ2QwsC"><i>China and Europe Since 1978: A European Perspective</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52403-2"><bdi>978-0-521-52403-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Empson, Hal (1992). <i>Mapping Hong Kong: A Historical Atlas</i>. Government Information Services. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)">OCLC</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29939947">29939947</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Erni, John Nguyet; Leung, Lisa Yuk-ming (2014). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VjWdAwAAQBAJ"><i>Understanding South Asian Minorities in Hong Kong</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-8208-34-0"><bdi>978-988-8208-34-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Fowler, Jeaneane D.; Fowler, Merv (2008). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpJNfIAZltoC"><i>Chinese Religions: Beliefs and Practices</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-172-6"><bdi>978-1-84519-172-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Gittings, Danny (2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G12Umf-puSkC">"Hong Kong Judiciary"</a>. In Gaylord, Mark S.; Gittings, Danny; Traver, Harold (eds.). <i>Introduction to Crime, Law and Justice in Hong Kong</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. pp. 147–168. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-978-4"><bdi>978-962-209-978-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Ho, Wai-chung (2011). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7VieYfjWRV0C"><i>School Music Education and Social Change in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18917-1"><bdi>978-90-04-18917-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Hoe, Susanna; Roebuck, Derek (1999). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qYZqvwNUR_gC"><i>The Taking of Hong Kong: Charles and Clara Elliot in China Waters</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1145-1"><bdi>978-0-7007-1145-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Horne, John; Manzenreiter, Wolfram (2002). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7YD7PWVCABAC"><i>Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27563-7"><bdi>978-0-415-27563-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Hu, Qi-ming (2003). <a href="http://www.herbarium.gov.hk/PublicationsPreface.aspx?BookNameId=1&amp;SectionId=2&amp;ContentId=2">"Preface"</a>. <a href="http://www.herbarium.gov.hk/PublicationsPreface.aspx?BookNameId=1&amp;SectionId=1&amp;ContentId=1"><i>Rare and Precious Plants of Hong Kong</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Conservation_Department">Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-201-616-3"><bdi>978-988-201-616-3</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)">OCLC</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/491712858">491712858</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Ingham, Michael (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kwcSDAAAQBAJ"><i>Hong Kong: A Cultural History</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531496-0"><bdi>978-0-19-531496-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Keat, Ooi Gin (2004). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC"><i>Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-770-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Lam, S.F.; Chang, Julian W. (2005). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y45FBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Quest for Gold: Fifty Years of Amateur Sports in Hong Kong, 1947–1997</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-765-0"><bdi>978-962-209-765-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Lam, Wai-man (2015). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YhXICQAAQBAJ"><i>Understanding the Political Culture of Hong Kong: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45301-7"><bdi>978-1-317-45301-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Lee, S.H. (2006). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7YgpNtIL1VwC"><i>SARS in China and Hong Kong</i></a>. Nova Science Publishers. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-678-5"><bdi>978-1-59454-678-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Leung, Julian Y.M. (2016). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SckYDQAAQBAJ">"Education in Hong Kong and China: Towards Convergence?"</a>. In Chan, Ming K.; Postiglione, Gerard A. (eds.). <i>The Hong Kong Reader: Passage to Chinese Sovereignty: Passage to Chinese Sovereignty</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-48835-6"><bdi>978-1-315-48835-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Li, Guo (2012). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hQ6lGvyMZMMC">"A Site Catchment Analysis of Hong Kong's Neolithic Subsistence"</a>. In Cheng, Pei-kai; Fan, Ka Wai (eds.). <i>New Perspectives on the Research of Chinese Culture</i>. Springer. pp. 17–43. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-4021-78-4_2">10.1007/978-981-4021-78-4_2</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4021-77-7"><bdi>978-981-4021-77-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Littlewood, Michael (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_7eiOi2lbOkC"><i>Taxation Without Representation: The History of Hong Kong's Troublingly Successful Tax System</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-099-6"><bdi>978-962-209-099-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Long, Lucy M. (2015). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ"><i>Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield">Rowman &amp; Littlefield</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-2730-9"><bdi>978-1-4422-2730-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Morton, Brian; Harper, Elizabeth (1995). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LNCYHVVcM8IC"><i>An Introduction to the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-388-1"><bdi>978-962-209-388-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Owen, Bernie; Shaw, Raynor (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4sO5vlJ7ETcC"><i>Hong Kong Landscapes: Shaping the Barren Rock</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-847-3"><bdi>978-962-209-847-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Porter, Jonathan (1996). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gsC6AAAAIAAJ"><i>Macau, the Imaginary City: Culture and Society, 1557 to the Present</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westview_Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2836-2"><bdi>978-0-8133-2836-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Preston, Peter Wallace; Haacke, Jürgen (2003). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q79VGofCqIgC"><i>Contemporary China: The Dynamics of Change at the Start of the New Millennium</i></a>. RoutledgeCurzon. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1637-1"><bdi>978-0-7007-1637-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Ren, Hai (4 October 2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NAvGBQAAQBAJ"><i>Neoliberalism and Culture in China and Hong Kong: The Countdown of Time</i></a>. Oxford: Routledge. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-92364-7"><bdi>978-1-136-92364-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Schottenhammer, Angela (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ga-5mPOr2-wC"><i>The East Asian Maritime World 1400–1800: Its Fabrics of Power and Dynamics of Exchanges</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrassowitz_Verlag">Harrassowitz Verlag</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05474-4"><bdi>978-3-447-05474-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Room, Adrian (2005). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C"><i>Placenames of the World</i></a>. McFarland &amp; Company. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2248-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-2248-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Scott, Ian (1989). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w7NuSICc0lYC"><i>Political Change and the Crisis of Legitimacy in Hong Kong</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1269-0"><bdi>978-0-8248-1269-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Shen, Jianfa; Kee, Gordon (2017). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2UhxDQAAQBAJ"><i>Development and Planning in Seven Major Coastal Cities in Southern and Eastern China</i></a>. Springer. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-46421-3">10.1007/978-3-319-46421-3</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-46420-6"><bdi>978-3-319-46420-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Smith, Gareth Dylan; Moir, Zack; Brennan, Matt; Rambarran, Shara; Kirkman, Phil (2017). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JColDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Routledge Research Companion to Popular Music Education</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-6498-9"><bdi>978-1-4724-6498-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Snow, Philip (2003). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Um5eZLwurzoC"><i>The Fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese Occupation</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10373-1"><bdi>978-0-300-10373-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Tam, Maria Wai-chu; Chan, Eugene Kin-keung; Choi Kwan, Janice Wing-kum; Leung, Gloria Chi-kin; Lo, Alexandra Dak-wai; Tang, Simon Shu-pui (2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612205720/http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/publications/book/15anniversary_reunification_ch2_2.pdf">"Basic Law – the Source of Hong Kong's Progress and Development"</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <i>The Basic Law and Hong Kong – The 15th Anniversary of Reunification with the Motherland</i>. Working Group on Overseas Community of the Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)">OCLC</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/884571397">884571397</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/publications/book/15anniversary_reunification_ch2_2.pdf">the original</a> <span>(PDF)</span> on 12 June 2018<span>. Retrieved <span>3 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Tsang">Tsang, Steve</a> (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7JC856mG72EC"><i>A Modern History of Hong Kong</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-419-0"><bdi>978-1-84511-419-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>von Glahn, Richard (1996). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DNlv4f9tV_AC"><i>Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91745-3"><bdi>978-0-520-91745-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li>Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. <i>Vigil: Hong Kong on the Brink</i> (2020) <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/vigil-hong-kong-on-the-brink-review-the-origins-of-deance-11581974256">Online review</a></li>
<li><cite>Wills, John E. (1998). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC">"Relations with Maritime Europe, 1514–1662"</a>. In Twitchett, Denis; Mote, Frederick W. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644</i>. Vol. 2. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 333–375. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521243339.009">10.1017/CHOL9780521243339.009</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24333-9"><bdi>978-0-521-24333-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Wiltshire, Trea (1997). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0fhjrgEACAAJ"><i>Old Hong Kong Volume II: 1901–1945</i></a> (5th ed.). FormAsia Books. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-7283-13-3"><bdi>978-962-7283-13-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Wong, Siu Lun (1992). <a href="https://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/42565/1/07.pdf"><i>Emigration and stability in Hong Kong</i></a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong">University of Hong Kong</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-7558-09-5"><bdi>978-962-7558-09-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Wordie, Jason (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AyfPeYnp3-oC"><i>Streets: Exploring Kowloon</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-813-8"><bdi>978-962-209-813-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Magalhães, Bianca dos Santos (2017). <a href="https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/5202"><i>UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2017 Edition</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization">World Tourism Organization</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.18111%2F9789284419029">10.18111/9789284419029</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-844-1901-2"><bdi>978-92-844-1901-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Xi, Xu; Ingham, Mike (2003). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2f3IAQAAQBAJ"><i>City Voices: Hong Kong writing in English, 1945–present</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-605-9"><bdi>978-962-209-605-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Xue, Charlie Q.L. (2016). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5xZkDAAAQBAJ"><i>Hong Kong Architecture 1945–2015: From Colonial to Global</i></a>. Springer. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-10-1004-0">10.1007/978-981-10-1004-0</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-1003-3"><bdi>978-981-10-1003-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Yanne, Andrew; Heller, Gillis (2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DpOQrEVBcX4C"><i>Signs of a Colonial Era</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-944-9"><bdi>978-962-209-944-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Yeung, Rikkie (2008). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VUfqAQAAQBAJ"><i>Moving Millions: The Commercial Success and Political Controversies of Hong Kong's Railways</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-963-0"><bdi>978-962-209-963-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Young, Simon N.M.; Cullen, Richard (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Px1WflAKjwEC"><i>Electing Hong Kong's Chief Executive</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-8028-39-9"><bdi>978-988-8028-39-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Zhihong, Shi (2006). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mLBgaa8d4aMC">"China's Overseas Trade Policy and Its Historical Results: 1522–1840"</a>. In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heita_Kawakatsu">Latham, A.J.H.</a>; Kawakatsu, Heita (eds.). <i>Intra-Asian Trade and the World Market</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 4–23. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37207-7"><bdi>978-0-415-37207-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></li></ul>
</div>
<p></p><h5>Legislation and case law</h5><p></p>
<div>
<ul><li><cite>Amendment to the Basic Law Annex I (<a href="http://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/instrument/A111/amendment.html">Instrument A111</a>)</cite></li>
<li><cite>Basic Law <a href="http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_2.html">Chapter II</a></cite></li>
<li><cite>Basic Law <a href="http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_3.html">Chapter III</a></cite></li>
<li><cite>Basic Law <a href="http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_4.html">Chapter IV</a></cite></li>
<li><cite>Basic Law <a href="http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_5.html">Chapter V</a></cite></li>
<li><cite>Basic Law <a href="http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_7.html">Chapter VII</a></cite></li>
<li><cite><i>Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Another v the President of the Legislative Council</i>, <a href="http://legalref.judiciary.gov.hk/lrs/common/ju/ju_body.jsp?AH=&amp;QS=&amp;FN=&amp;currpage=T&amp;DIS=106799#p20"><abbr>HCAL</abbr> 185/2016</a>, at para. 20</cite></li>
<li><cite>Constitution of the People's Republic of China (<a href="http://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/instrument/A1/constitution.html">Instrument A1</a>)</cite></li>
<li><cite>District Councils Ordinance (<a href="https://www.hklii.hk/en/legis/ord/547/">Cap. 547</a>) Schedule 3</cite></li>
<li><cite>Emergency Regulations Ordinance (<a href="https://www.hklii.hk/en/legis/ord/241/">Cap. 241</a>)</cite></li>
<li><cite>Hong Kong Baptist University Ordinance (<a href="https://www.hklii.hk/en/legis/ord/1126/">Cap. 1126</a>)</cite></li>
<li><cite>Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Passports Ordinance (<a href="https://www.hklii.hk/en/legis/ord/539/">Cap. 539</a>)</cite></li>
<li><cite>Lingnan University Ordinance (<a href="https://www.hklii.hk/en/legis/ord/1165/">Cap. 1165</a>)</cite></li>
<li><cite><i>Ng Ka Ling and Another v the Director of Immigration</i>, <a href="http://legalref.judiciary.gov.hk/lrs/common/ju/ju_body.jsp?AH=&amp;QS=&amp;FN=&amp;currpage=T&amp;DIS=34052#p63"><abbr>FACV</abbr> 14/1998</a>, at para. 63</cite></li>
<li><cite>Official Languages Ordinance (Cap. 5) <a href="http://www.hklii.hk/en/legis/ord/5/s3">§ 3</a>(1)</cite></li>
<li><cite>Sino-British Joint Declaration (<a href="http://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/instrument/A301/declaration.html">Instrument A301</a>)</cite></li>
<li><cite>Standing Committee Interpretation Concerning Implementation of Chinese Nationality Law in Hong Kong (<a href="http://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/instrument/A204/interpretation.html">Instrument A204</a>)</cite></li>
<li><cite>The Education University of Hong Kong Ordinance (<a href="https://www.hklii.hk/en/legis/ord/444/">Cap. 444</a>)</cite></li>
<li><cite>The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Ordinance (<a href="https://www.hklii.hk/en/legis/ord/1075/">Cap. 1075</a>)</cite></li>
<li><cite>The Open University of Hong Kong Ordinance (<a href="https://www.hklii.hk/en/legis/ord/1145/">Cap. 1145</a>)</cite></li></ul>
</div>
<p></p><h4>Academic publications</h4><p></p>
<div>
<ul><li><cite>Chen, Li (2011). "Universalism and Equal Sovereignty as Contested Myths of International Law in the Sino-Western Encounter". <i>Journal of the History of International Law</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 75–116. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157180511X552054">10.1163/157180511X552054</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Cheng, Edmund W. (June 2016). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741016000394">"Street Politics in a Hybrid Regime: The Diffusion of Political Activism in Post-colonial Hong Kong"</a>. <i>The China Quarterly</i>. <b>226</b>: 383–406. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741016000394">10.1017/S0305741016000394</a></span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Cheng, Sheung-Tak; Lum, Terry; Lam, Linda C. W.; Fung, Helene H. (2013). "Hong Kong: Embracing a Fast Aging Society With Limited Welfare". <i>The Gerontologist</i>. <b>53</b> (4): 527–533. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgeront%2Fgnt017">10.1093/geront/gnt017</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23528290">23528290</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Cullinane, S. (2002). "The relationship between car ownership and public transport provision: a case study of Hong Kong". <i>Transport Policy</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 29–39. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0967-070X%2801%2900028-2">10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00028-2</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Fan, Shuh Ching (1974). <a href="http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/pdf/c-c21.pdf">"The Population of Hong Kong"</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <i>World Population Year</i>: 1–2. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)">OCLC</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/438716102">438716102</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Forrest, Ray; La Grange, Adrienne; Yip, Ngai-ming (2004). "Hong Kong as a Global City? Social Distance and Spatial Differentiation". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Studies_(journal)">Urban Studies</a></i>. <b>41</b> (1): 207–227. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004UrbSt..41..207F">2004UrbSt..41..207F</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span><a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1032.5974">10.1.1.1032.5974</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0042098032000155759">10.1080/0042098032000155759</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154042413">154042413</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Fu, Poshek (2008). "Japanese Occupation, Shanghai Exiles, and Postwar Hong Kong Cinema". <i>The China Quarterly</i>. <b>194</b> (194): 380–394. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS030574100800043X">10.1017/S030574100800043X</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20192203">20192203</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154730809">154730809</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Fulton Commission (1963). "Report of the Fulton Commission, 1963: Commission to Advise on the Creation of a Federal-Type Chinese University in Hong Kong". <i>Minerva</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 493–507. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01107190">10.1007/bf01107190</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41821589">41821589</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189763965">189763965</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Jordan, Ann D. (1997). <a href="https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1401&amp;context=cilj">"Lost in the Translation: Two Legal Cultures, the Common Law Judiciary and the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_International_Law_Journal">Cornell International Law Journal</a></i>. <b>30</b> (2): 335–380.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Lee, John (2012). "A Corpus-Based Analysis of Mixed Code in Hong Kong Speech". <i>2012 International Conference on Asian Language Processing</i>. pp. 165–168. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIALP.2012.10">10.1109/IALP.2012.10</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-6113-2"><bdi>978-1-4673-6113-2</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16210378">16210378</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Lee, Kwai Sang; Leung, Wai Mun (2012). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F2191-5059-2-2">"The status of Cantonese in the education policy of Hong Kong"</a>. <i>Multilingual Education</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 2. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F2191-5059-2-2">10.1186/2191-5059-2-2</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)">hdl</a>:<span><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10397%2F98877">10397/98877</a></span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Lee, Nelson K. (2013). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2427.12060">"The Changing Nature of Border, Scale and the Production of Hong Kong's Water Supply System since 1959"</a>. <i>International Journal of Urban and Regional Research</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 903–921. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2427.12060">10.1111/1468-2427.12060</a></span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>McKercher, Bob; Ho, Pamela S.Y.; du Cros, Hilary (2004). "Attributes of Popular Attractions in Hong Kong". <i>Annals of Tourism Research</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 393–407. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.annals.2003.12.008">10.1016/j.annals.2003.12.008</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10397%2F29409">10397/29409</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Meacham, William (1999). <a href="http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/viewFile/11707/10336">"Neolithic to Historic in the Hong Kong Region"</a>. <i>Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 121–128. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.7152%2Fbippa.v18i0.11707">10.7152/bippa.v18i0.11707</a> (inactive 31 January 2024). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)">eISSN</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0156-1316">0156-1316</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)">hdl</a>:<span><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10722%2F208530">10722/208530</a></span>.</cite><span></span><span><code>{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>:  CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_January_2024">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><cite>Ming, Sing (2006). "The Legitimacy Problem and Democratic Reform in Hong Kong". <i>Journal of Contemporary China</i>. <b>15</b> (48): 517–532. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670560600736558">10.1080/10670560600736558</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154949190">154949190</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Poon, Simpson; Chau, Patrick (2001). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627034146/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f800/672c1448f0233ae7982444a85cf6d806b774.pdf">"Octopus: The Growing E-payment System in Hong Kong"</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <i>Electronic Markets</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 97–106. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F101967801300197016">10.1080/101967801300197016</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18766585">18766585</a>. Archived from <a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f800/672c1448f0233ae7982444a85cf6d806b774.pdf">the original</a> <span>(PDF)</span> on 27 June 2018.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Sofield, Trevor H.B.; Sivan, Atara (2003). "From Cultural Festival to International Sport – The Hong Kong Dragon Boat Races". <i>Journal of Sport &amp; Tourism</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 9–20. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14775080306242">10.1080/14775080306242</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144106613">144106613</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Tong, C. O.; Wong, S. C. (1997). "The advantages of a high density, mixed land use, linear urban development". <i>Transportation</i>. <b>24</b> (3): 295–307. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1004987422746">10.1023/A:1004987422746</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152365622">152365622</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Wong, Eliza L.Y.; Yeoh, Eng-kiong; Chau, Patsy Y.K.; Yam, Carrie H.K.; Cheung, Annie W.L.; Fung, Hong (2015). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2015.11.012">"How shall we examine and learn about public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the health sector? Realist evaluation of PPPs in Hong Kong"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_%26_Medicine">Social Science &amp; Medicine</a></i>. <b>147</b>: 261–269. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2015.11.012">10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.012</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26605970">26605970</a>.</cite><span></span></li></ul>
</div>
<p></p><h4>Institutional reports</h4><p></p>
<div>
<ul><li><cite><a href="https://www.ofca.gov.hk/filemanager/ofca/en/content_108/channel_list_eng.pdf">A List of Licensed Broadcasting Services in Hong Kong</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Communications_Authority">Office of the Communications Authority</a>. 1 June 2018.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr98-99/english/bc/bc55/papers/p739e1.pdf">Adaptation of Laws Programme – Guiding Principles and Guideline Glossary of Terms</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Legislative Council</a>. November 1998.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/agriculture.pdf">Agriculture and Fisheries</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <i>Hong Kong: The Facts</i> (Report). Hong Kong Government. May 2017.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525172312/http://www.panynj.gov/airports/pdf-traffic/ATR2016.pdf">Airport Traffic Report</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey">Port Authority of New York and New Jersey</a>. 14 April 2017. Archived from <a href="http://www.panynj.gov/airports/pdf-traffic/ATR2016.pdf">the original</a> <span>(PDF)</span> on 25 May 2017<span>. Retrieved <span>20 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.akamai.com/us/en/multimedia/documents/state-of-the-internet/q1-2017-state-of-the-internet-connectivity-report.pdf">Akamai's State of the Internet – Q1 2017 Report</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akamai_Technologies">Akamai Technologies</a>. 2017.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="http://www.hongkongairport.com/iwov-resources/file/airport-authority/publications/annual-and-interim-reports/en/16_17/1617_Annual_Report_EN.pdf">Annual Report 2016/17</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_Authority_Hong_Kong">Airport Authority Hong Kong</a>. 12 June 2017.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.ird.gov.hk/dar/2016-17/table/en/ar_1617.pdf">Annual Report 2016–17</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Revenue_Department_(Hong_Kong)">Inland Revenue Department</a>. 2017.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.hshgroup.com/-/media/Files/HSH/Financial-Reports/2017/EW00045-2017-Annual-Report.ashx">Annual Report 2017</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong_and_Shanghai_Hotels">Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels</a>. 2017.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.hsbc.com.hk/content/dam/hsbc/hk/docs/legal/regulatory-disclosures/report-and-accounts-11.pdf">Annual Report and Accounts 2011</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hongkong_and_Shanghai_Banking_Corporation">The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation</a>. 2011.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143118/http://www.cushmanwakefield.com/~/media/reports/china/Cushman%20%20Wakefield%20RHQ%20Report_2016_F4.pdf">APAC Regional Headquarters</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushman_%26_Wakefield">Cushman &amp; Wakefield</a>. April 2016. Archived from <a href="http://www.cushmanwakefield.com/~/media/reports/china/Cushman%20%20Wakefield%20RHQ%20Report_2016_F4.pdf">the original</a> <span>(PDF)</span> on 12 June 2018<span>. Retrieved <span>7 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801204158/https://www.hkapa.edu/files/guide/media-publications/Bethanie-Booklet.pdf">Béthanie – The Academy's Landmark Heritage Campus</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Academy_for_Performing_Arts">Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts</a>. September 2015. Archived from <a href="https://www.hkapa.edu/files/guide/media-publications/Bethanie-Booklet.pdf">the original</a> <span>(PDF)</span> on 1 August 2020<span>. Retrieved <span>25 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr07-08/english/panels/ed/papers/ed0229cb2-1238-1-e.pdf">Developing a Supplementary Guide to the Chinese Language Curriculum for Non-Chinese Speaking Students</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Legislative Council</a>. January 2008.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907000229/http://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/district_admin.pdf">District Administration</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <i>Hong Kong: The Facts</i> (Report). Hong Kong Government. April 2016. Archived from <a href="http://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/district_admin.pdf">the original</a> <span>(PDF)</span> on 7 September 2008<span>. Retrieved <span>18 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1617issh25-port-of-hong-kong-20170426-e.pdf">Economic development: Statistical Highlights</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Legislative Council</a>. 26 April 2017.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr13-14/english/panels/ws/papers/ws0609cb2-2288-2-e.pdf">Family Survey 2013</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Legislative Council</a>. July 2014.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmfaff/649/649.pdf">The UK's relations with Hong Kong: 30 years after the Joint Declaration</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>. 6 March 2015.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office">Foreign and Commonwealth Office</a> (October 2014). <a href="http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/foreign-affairs-committee/the-uks-relations-with-hong-kong-30-years-after-the-joint-declaration/written/14357.pdf">Written evidence from Foreign and Commonwealth Office</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/FileManager/EN/Content_810/geog.pdf">Geography and Climate</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_and_Statistics_Department_(Hong_Kong)">Census and Statistics Department</a>. 2010.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181122213234/https://www.eac.gov.hk/pdf/legco/2016lc_guide/en/lc_full_guide.pdf">Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Affairs_Commission">Electoral Affairs Commission</a>. 2016. Archived from <a href="https://www.eac.gov.hk/pdf/legco/2016lc_guide/en/lc_full_guide.pdf">the original</a> <span>(PDF)</span> on 22 November 2018<span>. Retrieved <span>22 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="http://www.dh.gov.hk/english/statistics/statistics_hs/files/Health_Statistics_pamphlet_E.pdf">Health Facts of Hong Kong: 2017 Edition</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Hong_Kong)">Department of Health</a>. 2017.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/service_economy.pdf">Hong Kong as a Service Economy</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <i>Hong Kong: The Facts</i> (Report). Hong Kong Government. April 2016.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B11000022016AN16B0100.pdf">Hong Kong Energy Statistics – 2016 Annual Report</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_and_Statistics_Department_(Hong_Kong)">Census and Statistics Department</a>. April 2017.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1926/100085.pdf">The Hong Kong Government Gazette</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). 3 September 1926 – via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong">University of Hong Kong</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf">Human Development Indices and Indicators – Statistical Update 2018</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 2018.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Jiang, Guorong; Tang, Nancy; Law, Eve; Sze, Angela (September 2003). <a href="http://www.hkma.gov.hk/media/eng/publication-and-research/quarterly-bulletin/qb200309/fa1.pdf">The Profitability of the Banking Sector in Hong Kong</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Monetary_Authority">Hong Kong Monetary Authority</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/fd.jsp?file=B10100022019MM06B0100.pdf">June 2019</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <i>Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics</i> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_and_Statistics_Department_(Hong_Kong)">Census and Statistics Department</a>. June 2019.</cite><span></span><sup><span>[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"><span>permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li><cite><a href="http://www.districtcouncils.gov.hk/south/sc_chi/activities/files/Political_Affiliation_20170620_TC.pdf">List of Political Affiliations of LegCo Members and DC Members</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Councils_of_Hong_Kong">District Councils</a>. 19 June 2017.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020745/http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/fs45-literacy-rates-continue-rise-generation-to-next-en-2017.pdf">Literacy Rates Continue to Rise from One Generation to the Next</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. September 2017. Archived from <a href="https://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/fs45-literacy-rates-continue-rise-generation-to-next-en-2017.pdf">the original</a> <span>(PDF)</span> on 29 March 2020<span>. Retrieved <span>30 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Lung, Charles C P; Sung, Y F (2010). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190411223254/http://www.irse.org/knowledge/publicdocuments/1.07%20Lung%20-%20Century%20of%20Railway%20Development%20Hong%20Kong.pdf">A Century of Railway Development – The Hong Kong Story</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). Institution of Railway Signal Engineers. Archived from <a href="http://www.irse.org/knowledge/publicdocuments/1.07%20Lung%20-%20Century%20of%20Railway%20Development%20Hong%20Kong.pdf">the original</a> <span>(PDF)</span> on 11 April 2019<span>. Retrieved <span>26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.census2021.gov.hk/doc/pub/21c-main-results.pdf">Main Results</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <i>2021 Population By-Census</i> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_and_Statistics_Department_(Hong_Kong)">Census and Statistics Department</a>. 2021.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.hkex.com.hk/-/media/HKEX-Market/News/News-Release/2018/181221news/181221news.pdf?la=en">Market Statistics 2018</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange">Hong Kong Stock Exchange</a>. 2018.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Panel on Education (8 January 2007). <a href="http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr06-07/english/panels/ed/papers/ed0108cb2-757-4-e.pdf">Grant to the Hong Kong Shue Yan University for Establishing a General Development Fund</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Legislative Council</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Panel on Home Affairs (June 2007). <a href="http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr06-07/english/panels/ha/papers/ha0601cb2-2102-1-e.pdf">"List of Historical Buildings Declared as Monuments from 1997 to 2006"</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. The Queen's Pier (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Legislative Council</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/public_finance.pdf">Public Finance</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <i>Hong Kong: The Facts</i> (Report). Hong Kong Government. May 2018.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="http://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/publication/ptss_final_report_eng.pdf">Public Transport Strategy Study</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Department">Transport Department</a>. June 2017.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.budget.gov.hk/2018/eng/pdf/head160.pdf">Radio Television Hong Kong</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <i>The 2018–2019 Budget</i> (Report). Hong Kong Government. 2018.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/railway.pdf">Railway Network</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <i>Hong Kong: The Facts</i> (Report). Hong Kong Government. April 2018.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="http://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_281/table41a.pdf">Registration and Licensing of Vehicles by Class of Vehicles</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Department">Transport Department</a>. January 2018.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/religion.pdf">Religion and Custom</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <i>Hong Kong: The Facts</i> (Report). Hong Kong Government. May 2016.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Subcommittee on Matters Relating to Railways (2014). <a href="http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr13-14/english/panels/tp/tp_rdp/papers/tp_rdp0228cb1-980-5-e.pdf">Follow-ups on the Service Suspension of Tseung Kwan O Line and Part of Kwun Tong Line on 16 December 2013, and Report on Subsequent Major Incidents on East Rail Line and Light Rail</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Legislative Council</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.devb.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_1054/Paper_07_2017.pdf">Reclamation Outside Victoria Harbour</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_Bureau">Development Bureau</a>. 2017.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="http://www.info.gov.hk/info/population/eng/pdf/report_eng.pdf">Report of the Task Force on Population Policy</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). Hong Kong Government. 2002.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_22.pdf">The Global Financial Centres Index 22</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Development_Institute">China Development Institute</a>. September 2017.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/media.pdf">The Media</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <i>Hong Kong: The Facts</i> (Report). Hong Kong Government. December 2017.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/data/stat_report/product/B1120108/att/B11201082021XXXXB0100.pdf">Thematic Report: Household Income Distribution in Hong Kong</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <i>2021 Population By-Census</i> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_and_Statistics_Department_(Hong_Kong)">Census and Statistics Department</a>. May 2023.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/tourism.pdf">Tourism</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <i>Hong Kong: The Facts</i> (Report). Hong Kong Government. May 2016.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/transport.pdf">Transport</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <i>Hong Kong: The Facts</i> (Report). Hong Kong Government. May 2016.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220423133342/https://www.thb.gov.hk/eng/boards/transport/land/Full_Eng_C_cover.pdf">Report on Study of Road Traffic Congestion in Hong Kong</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_and_Housing_Bureau">Transport and Housing Bureau</a>. December 2014. Archived from <a href="http://www.thb.gov.hk/eng/boards/transport/land/Full_Eng_C_cover.pdf">the original</a> <span>(PDF)</span> on 23 April 2022<span>. Retrieved <span>21 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_and_Housing_Bureau">Transport and Housing Bureau</a> (19 April 2017). <a href="https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr16-17/english/subleg/brief/2017ln060-065_brf.pdf">Technical Legislative Amendments on Traffic Arrangements for the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Legislative Council</a>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1617issh06-public-transport-20161028-e.pdf">Transport: Statistical Highlights</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Legislative Council</a>. 28 October 2016.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfx16fx.pdf">Triennial Central Bank Survey: Foreign exchange turnover in April 2016</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a>. September 2016.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B71711FB2017XXXXB0100.pdf">Usage of Information Technology and the Internet by Hong Kong Residents, 2000 to 2016</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_and_Statistics_Department_(Hong_Kong)">Census and Statistics Department</a>. November 2017.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809065252/https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr11-12/english/sec/library/1112in17-e.pdf">Use of Chinese in Court Proceedings</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Legislative Council</a>. 2011. Archived from <a href="http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr11-12/english/sec/library/1112in17-e.pdf">the original</a> <span>(PDF)</span> on 9 August 2020<span>. Retrieved <span>16 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/water_supplies.pdf">Water Supplies</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <i>Hong Kong: The Facts</i> (Report). Hong Kong Government. May 2016.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B11303032017AN17B0100.pdf">Women and Men in Hong Kong Key Statistics</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_and_Statistics_Department_(Hong_Kong)">Census and Statistics Department</a>. July 2017.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Yu, Jian Zhen; Huang, Hilda; Ng, Wai Man (June 2013). <a href="http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/sites/default/files/epd/english/environmentinhk/air/studyrpts/files/final_report_mvtmpms_2012.pdf">Final Report for Provision of Service for Fine Particulate Matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) Sample Chemical Analysis</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Department">Environmental Protection Department</a>.</cite><span></span></li></ul>
</div>
<p></p><h4>News and magazine articles</h4><p></p>
<div>
<ul><li><cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Baldwin">Baldwin, Clare</a>; Lee, Yimou; Jim, Clare (30 December 2014). <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-china-economy-specialreport/special-report-the-mainlands-colonization-of-the-hong-kong-economy-idUSKBN0K901320141231">"Special Report: The mainland's colonisation of the Hong Kong economy"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters">Reuters</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Bland, Ben (31 July 2016). <span><a href="https://www.ft.com/content/c6e07268-56fd-11e6-9f70-badea1b336d4">"Hong Kong ban on pro-independence candidates sparks backlash"</a></span>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times">Financial Times</a></i>. <a href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/c6e07268-56fd-11e6-9f70-badea1b336d4">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022<span>. Retrieved <span>26 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Chan, Bernice (17 July 2017). <a href="http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/2102674/hong-kong-villagers-using-solar-energy-help-power-their-homes-and-show-its">"Hong Kong villagers using solar energy to help power their homes – and show its potential as a source of electricity for city"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>25 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Chao, York (25 May 2013). <a href="http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1245226/racist-hong-kong-still-fact">"Racist Hong Kong is still a fact"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>18 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Cheung, Stephanie (23 March 2015). <a href="http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1742930/case-extending-hong-kongs-2047-deadline">"The case for extending Hong Kong's 2047 deadline"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>22 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Cheung, Tony (10 May 2016). <a href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1943075/too-soon-talk-about-2047-legal-experts-split-when-hong-kong">"Too soon to talk about 2047? Legal experts split on when Hong Kong should debate its future"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>22 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Cheung, Tony (28 February 2017). <a href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2074786/who-goes-there-chinas-annual-two-sessions-event-explained">"Who goes there? Hong Kong's participation in China's 'two sessions' explained"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>27 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Cheung, Tony; Ho, Lauren (19 January 2013). <a href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1131216/cy-leung-insists-housing-policy-wont-cause-property-crash">"CY Leung insists housing policy won't cause property crash"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>14 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Chow, Vivienne (16 March 2017). <a href="https://variety.com/2017/tv/asia/hong-kong-tvb-new-ott-platform-productions-1202010080/">"Hong Kong's TVB Targeting New Revenues With OTT Platform, Productions"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)">Variety</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>6 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Darrach, Amanda (14 June 2019). <a href="https://www.cjr.org/analysis/how-many-marched-protests-hong-kong-how-guess-crowd-size.php">"How many really marched in Hong Kong? And how should we best guess crowd size?"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review">Columbia Journalism Review</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>23 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.economist.com/briefing/2010/07/15/end-of-an-experiment">"End of an experiment"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 15 July 2010<span>. Retrieved <span>5 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Frank, Robert (5 September 2018). <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/05/hong-kong-topples-new-york-as-worlds-richest-city.html">"Hong Kong topples New York as world's richest city"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC">CNBC</a><span>. Retrieved <span>21 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Gargan, Edward A. (1 July 1997). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/01/world/china-resumes-control-of-hong-kong-concluding-156-years-of-british-rule.html">"China Resumes Control of Hong Kong, Concluding 156 Years of British Rule"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>5 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Ge, Celine (28 July 2017). <a href="http://www.scmp.com/business/article/2104540/its-fade-out-hong-kongs-film-industry-china-moves-spotlight">"It's fade out for Hong Kong's film industry as China moves into the spotlight"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>28 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Gold, Anne (6 July 2001). <span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/06/style/hong-kongs-milelong-escalator-system-elevates-the-senses-a-stairway-to.html">"Hong Kong's Mile-Long Escalator System Elevates the Senses: A Stairway to Urban Heaven"</a></span>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322100224/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/06/style/hong-kongs-milelong-escalator-system-elevates-the-senses-a-stairway-to.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2017<span>. Retrieved <span>22 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Griffiths, James; Lazarus, Sarah (22 October 2018). <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/21/world/hong-kong-zhuhai-macau-bridge-intl/index.html">"World's longest sea-crossing bridge opens between Hong Kong and China"</a>. CNN<span>. Retrieved <span>15 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Haas, Benjamin (14 July 2017). <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/14/hong-kong-pro-democracy-legislators-disqualified-parliament">"Hong Kong pro-democracy legislators disqualified from parliament"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>5 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>He, Huifeng (13 January 2013). <a href="http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1126786/forgotten-stories-huge-escape-hong-kong">"Forgotten stories of the great escape to Hong Kong"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>27 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Hollingsworth, Julia; Zheng, Sarah (27 March 2017). <a href="http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/2081852/top-10-hong-kong-skyscraper-nicknames-big-syringe-hong-kong-finger">"Top 10 Hong Kong skyscraper nicknames, from the Big Syringe to the Hong Kong Finger"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>26 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Huang, Echo (15 November 2016). <a href="https://qz.com/837562/a-hong-kong-court-has-disqualifed-yau-wia-ching-and-baggio-leung-from-the-legco-for-refusing-to-take-their-oath-correctly/">"A Hong Kong court has disqualified two legislators who refused to take their oath "correctly"<span></span>"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_(publication)">Quartz</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>5 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Kaiman, Jonathan (30 September 2014). <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/30/-sp-hong-kong-umbrella-revolution-pro-democracy-protests">"Hong Kong's umbrella revolution – the Guardian briefing"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>3 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Kong, Daniel (8 August 2013). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191633/http://modernfarmer.com/2013/08/hong-kong-imports-over-90-of-its-food-can-it-learn-to-grow/">"Hong Kong Imports Over 90% of Its Food. Can It Learn to Grow?"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Farmer_(magazine)">Modern Farmer</a></i>. Archived from <a href="http://modernfarmer.com/2013/08/hong-kong-imports-over-90-of-its-food-can-it-learn-to-grow/">the original</a> on 29 October 2013<span>. Retrieved <span>26 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Kwok, Donny (22 September 2018). <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-china-train/all-aboard-hong-kong-bullet-train-signals-high-speed-integration-with-china-idUSKCN1M301T">"All aboard: Hong Kong bullet train signals high-speed integration with China"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters">Reuters</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>26 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Labarre, Suzanne (15 June 2010). <a href="https://www.fastcompany.com/1660258/ingenious-flipper-bridge-melds-left-side-drivers-right-side-drivers">"Ingenious Flipper Bridge Melds Left-Side Drivers With Right-Side Drivers"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Company_(magazine)">Fast Company</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>25 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Lendon, Brad (29 June 2017). <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/27/asia/china-military-hong-kong/index.html">"China makes its military more visible in Hong Kong"</a>. CNN<span>. Retrieved <span>22 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Lhatoo, Yonden (17 September 2015). <a href="http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1859049/racism-rife-hong-kong-and-equal-opportunities-commission">"Racism is rife in Hong Kong and the Equal Opportunities Commission is a toothless hamster to tackle it"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>18 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Liu, Alfred (5 September 2018). <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-06/hong-kong-passes-new-york-as-home-to-the-most-ultra-rich-people">"These Are the Cities With the Most Ultra-Rich People"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News">Bloomberg News</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>21 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Mok, Danny (14 February 2018). <a href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/community/article/2133393/going-prices-hong-kongs-famous-peak-tram-increased-second">"Going up! Prices for Hong Kong's famous Peak Tram to increase for second time in less than two years"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>2 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Mok, Danny; Lee, Eddie (4 March 2015). <a href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1729129/let-hongkongers-serve-chinas-peoples-liberation-army-says-top">"Let Hongkongers serve in China's People's Liberation Army, says top military official"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>27 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Ngo, Jennifer; Cheung, Elizabeth (16 March 2016). <a href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1928626/case-inclusion-carrie-lam-pledges-tout-list-16-ethnic">"A case for inclusion: Carrie Lam pledges to tout list of 16 ethnic minority Hongkongers for government advisory positions"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>18 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Park, Kyunghee (23 January 2019). <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-23/hong-kong-port-falls-to-lowest-position-in-at-least-40-years">"Once the World's Greatest Port, Hong Kong Sinks in Global Ranking"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News">Bloomberg News</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>14 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Sala, Ilaria Maria (1 September 2016). <a href="https://qz.com/770620/as-hong-kong-prepares-to-go-to-the-polls-why-isnt-the-communist-party-on-the-ballot/">"As Hong Kong goes to the polls, why isn't the Communist Party on the ballot?"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_(publication)">Quartz</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>18 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Siu, Phila; Chung, Kimmy (27 December 2017). <a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2125820/chinas-top-body-approves-plan-enforce-mainland-laws-joint">"Controversial joint checkpoint plan approved for high-speed rail link as Hong Kong officials dismiss concerns over legality"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>5 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Tam, Luisa (11 September 2017). <a href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/2110645/self-centred-demanding-materialistic-and-arrogant-how-steer-clear">"Self-centred, demanding, materialistic and arrogant: how to steer clear of the Kong Girls"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. Hong Kong<span>. Retrieved <span>27 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (2 February 2017). <span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/02/world/asia/china-junk-builders-hong-kong.html">"On Deck With China's Last Junk Builders, Masters of an Ebbing Craft"</a></span>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/02/world/asia/china-junk-builders-hong-kong.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2022<span>. Retrieved <span>31 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.economist.com/leaders/2019/06/20/to-restore-calm-in-hong-kong-try-democracy">"To restore calm in Hong Kong, try democracy"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 20 June 2019<span>. Retrieved <span>23 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Wong, Joshua; Lim, Emily (23 February 2017). <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/23/we-must-resist-until-china-gives-hong-kong-a-say-in-our-future">"We must resist until China gives Hong Kong a say in our future"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>16 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Hung, Emily; Ma, Jess (19 September 2023). <a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3235101/hong-kongs-poorest-households-struggle-benefit-post-pandemic-recovery-wealth-divide-reaches-worst">"Hong Kong's poorest struggle to benefit from post-pandemic recovery with wealth gap at its worst in over 10 years, Oxfam warns"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>8 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Yu, Verna (6 January 2013). <a href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1120852/veterans-who-fled-mainland-hong-kong-1970s-tell-their-stories">"Veterans who fled mainland for Hong Kong in 1970s tell their stories"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>9 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Zhao, Shirley (6 September 2015). <a href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1855629/if-you-tell-them-you-are-pakistani-they-wont-give-you-flat-finding">"<span></span>'If you tell them you are Pakistani, they won't give you the flat': Finding a Hong Kong home is battle against prejudice for ethnic minorities"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>18 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Zheng, Sarah (14 January 2017). <a href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/2062004/hong-kongs-heritage-sites-face-continued-threat">"Hong Kong's heritage sites face continued threat despite government grading system"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. Hong Kong<span>. Retrieved <span>5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li></ul>
</div>
<p></p><h4>Websites</h4><p></p>
<div>
<ul><li><cite>Bush, Richard C.; Whelan-Wuest, Maeve (29 March 2017). <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/03/29/another-hong-kong-election-another-pro-beijing-leader-why-it-matters">"Another Hong Kong election, another pro-Beijing leader—why it matters"</a>. <i>Brookings Institution</i><span>. Retrieved <span>18 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Desjardins, Jeff (14 March 2018). <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/these-25-countries-have-the-most-billionaires-2018-3">"These 25 countries have the most billionaires"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider">Business Insider</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>3 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="http://www.legco.gov.hk/english/disclaim.htm">"Disclaimer and Copyright Notice"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong">Legislative Council</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>27 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Ghoshal, Amoy (1 July 2011). <a href="http://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2011/01/07/2293901/asian-cup-know-your-history-part-one-1956-1988">"Asian Cup: Know Your History – Part One (1956–1988)"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_(website)">Goal</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729141559/http://www.ejinsight.com/20170823-hk-records-hottest-day-before-typhoon/">"HK records hottest day before typhoon"</a>. <i>EJ Insight</i>. 23 August 2017. Archived from <a href="http://www.ejinsight.com/20170823-hk-records-hottest-day-before-typhoon/">the original</a> on 29 July 2018<span>. Retrieved <span>29 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829090354/http://www.ejinsight.com/20170609-hk-versus-china-gdp-a-sobering-reality/">"HK vs China GDP: A sobering reality"</a>. <i>EJ Insight</i>. 9 June 2017. Archived from <a href="http://www.ejinsight.com/20170609-hk-versus-china-gdp-a-sobering-reality/">the original</a> on 29 August 2018<span>. Retrieved <span>29 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/hong-kong-protests/hong-kong-activists-stare-down-great-firewall-china-n213911">"Hong Kong Activists Stare Down 'Great Firewall of China'<span></span>"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News">NBC News</a>. 29 September 2014<span>. Retrieved <span>21 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16525992">"Hong Kong profile – Media"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 5 March 2018<span>. Retrieved <span>29 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Kohlstedt, Kurt (5 September 2016). <a href="https://99percentinvisible.org/article/dragons-feng-shui-shapes-skyline-hong-kong/">"Here Be Dragons: How Feng Shui Shapes the Skyline of Hong Kong"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99%25_Invisible">99% Invisible</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>23 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Kwong, Chi Man (9 September 2015). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627034106/http://theasiadialogue.com/2015/09/09/hong-kong-during-world-war-ii-a-transnational-battlefield/">"Hong Kong during World War II: A Transnational Battlefield"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>. Archived from <a href="http://theasiadialogue.com/2015/09/09/hong-kong-during-world-war-ii-a-transnational-battlefield/">the original</a> on 27 June 2018<span>. Retrieved <span>22 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite>Lam, Eric; Qiu, Yue (23 June 2017). <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2017-hang-seng-index/">"Hong Kong's Stock Market Tells the Story of China's Growing Dominance"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News">Bloomberg News</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019212830/http://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/info_serv/statistic/landu.html">"Land Use in Hong Kong 2017"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Planning_Board">Planning Department</a></i>. Archived from <a href="http://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/info_serv/statistic/landu.html">the original</a> on 19 October 2013<span>. Retrieved <span>1 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span></span></li>
<li><cite><a href="http://www.immd.gov.hk/eng/services/roa/term.html">"Meanings of Right of Abode and Other Terms"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Department_(Hong_Kong)">Immigration Department</a></i><span>. Retrieved <span>18 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span></span></li></ul>
</div>
<p></p><h2>External links</h2><p></p>

<ul><li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hong-kong/">Hong Kong</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-16517764">Hong Kong</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News">BBC News</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=HK">Key Development Forecasts for Hong Kong</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Futures">International Futures</a></li>
<li><a href="https://arthistory.hku.hk/HKinTransition/">Hong Kong in Transition (1995–2020)</a>, an open access photographic archive of recent Hong Kong history</li></ul>
<p><b>Government</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.gov.hk/">GovHK</a> Hong Kong SAR government portal</li>
<li><a href="http://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/index.jsp">Discover Hong Kong</a> Official site of the tourism board</li></ul>
<p><b>Trade</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/HKG/Year/2019/Summary">World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Hong Kong</a></li></ul>
<p><b>Maps</b>
</p>






<p><span><span><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hong_Kong&amp;params=22.3_N_114.2_E_type:adm1st_region:HK_dim:30000"><span><span><span>22°18′N</span> <span>114°12′E</span></span></span><span>﻿ / ﻿</span><span><span>22.3°N 114.2°E</span></span></a></span></span>
</p>




</div></div>||||I||||Jump to content
      Main menu
                Main menu
              move to sidebar hide
                Navigation
                  * Main page
                  * Contents
                  * Current events
                  * Random article
                  * About Wikipedia
                  * Contact us
                  * Donate
                Contribute
                  * Help
                  * Learn to edit
                  * Community portal
                  * Recent changes
                  * Upload file
      Search
          Search
        Appearance
            * Create account
            * Log in
      Personal tools
              * Create account
              * Log in
            Pages for logged out editors learn more
              * Contributions
              * Talk

              Contents

              move to sidebar hide
                * (Top)
                * 1 Etymology
                * 2 History
                Toggle History subsection
                    + 2.1 Prehistory and Imperial China
                    + 2.2 British colony
                    + 2.3 Chinese special administrative region
                * 3 Government and politics
                Toggle Government and politics subsection
                    + 3.1 Administrative divisions
                    + 3.2 Political reforms and sociopolitical issues
                * 4 Geography
                Toggle Geography subsection
                    + 4.1 Climate
                    + 4.2 Architecture
                * 5 Demographics
                * 6 Economy
                * 7 Infrastructure
                Toggle Infrastructure subsection
                    + 7.1 Transport
                    + 7.2 Utilities
                * 8 Culture
                Toggle Culture subsection
                    + 8.1 Cuisine
                    + 8.2 Cinema
                    + 8.3 Music
                    + 8.4 Sport and recreation
                * 9 Education
                Toggle Education subsection
                    + 9.1 Medium of instruction
                    + 9.2 Tertiary education
                * 10 Media
                * 11 See also
                * 12 Notes
                * 13 References
                Toggle References subsection
                    + 13.1 Citations
                    + 13.2 Sources
                        o 13.2.1 Print
                            - 13.2.1.1 Legislation and case law
                        o 13.2.2 Academic publications
                        o 13.2.3 Institutional reports
                        o 13.2.4 News and magazine articles
                        o 13.2.5 Websites
                * 14 External links
        Toggle the table of contents

      Hong Kong

        236 languages
              * Acèh
              * Afrikaans
              * Alemannisch
              * Алтай тил
              * አማርኛ
              * अंगिका
              * Ænglisc
              * Аԥсшәа
              * العربية
              * Aragonés
              * Armãneashti
              * অসমীয়া
              * Asturianu
              * अवधी
              * Avañe'ẽ
              * Azərbaycanca
              * تۆرکجه
              * Basa Bali
              * Bamanankan
              * বাংলা
              * 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú
              * Basa Banyumasan
              * Башҡортса
              * Беларуская
              * Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
              * भोजपुरी
              * Bikol Central
              * Bislama
              * Български
              * Boarisch
              * བོད་ཡིག
              * Bosanski
              * Brezhoneg
              * Буряад
              * Català
              * Чӑвашла
              * Cebuano
              * Čeština
              * Chavacano de Zamboanga
              * Chi-Chewa
              * Corsu
              * Cymraeg
              * Dansk
              * الدارجة
              * Deutsch
              * ދިވެހިބަސް
              * Diné bizaad
              * डोटेली
              * ཇོང་ཁ
              * Eesti
              * Ελληνικά
              * Эрзянь
              * Español
              * Esperanto
              * Estremeñu
              * Euskara
              * Eʋegbe
              * فارسی
              * Fiji Hindi
              * Føroyskt
              * Français
              * Frysk
              * Furlan
              * Gaeilge
              * Gagauz
              * Gàidhlig
              * Galego
              * ГӀалгӀай
              * 贛語
              * Gĩkũyũ
              * ગુજરાતી
              * 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺
              * 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî
              * 한국어
              * Hausa
              * Hawaiʻi
              * Հայերեն
              * हिन्दी
              * Hrvatski
              * Ido
              * Igbo
              * Ilokano
              * বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী
              * Bahasa Indonesia
              * Interlingua
              * Interlingue
              * Ирон
              * IsiXhosa
              * IsiZulu
              * Íslenska
              * Italiano
              * עברית
              * Jawa
              * Kabɩyɛ
              * ಕನ್ನಡ
              * Kapampangan
              * ქართული
              * Қазақша
              * Kernowek
              * Ikinyarwanda
              * Kiswahili
              * Kreyòl ayisyen
              * Kriyòl gwiyannen
              * Kurdî
              * Кыргызча
              * Ladin
              * ລາວ
              * Latina
              * Latviešu
              * Lëtzebuergesch
              * Лезги
              * Lietuvių
              * Li Niha
              * Ligure
              * Limburgs
              * Lingála
              * Lingua Franca Nova
              * Livvinkarjala
              * Lombard
              * Magyar
              * Madhurâ
              * मैथिली
              * Македонски
              * Malagasy
              * മലയാളം
              * Malti
              * Māori
              * मराठी
              * მარგალური
              * مصرى
              * مازِرونی
              * Bahasa Melayu
              * ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ
              * Minangkabau
              * 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
              * Монгол
              * မြန်မာဘာသာ
              * Nederlands
              * नेपाली
              * नेपाल भाषा
              * 日本語
              * Napulitano
              * Нохчийн
              * Nordfriisk
              * Norfuk / Pitkern
              * Norsk bokmål
              * Norsk nynorsk
              * Novial
              * Occitan
              * Олык марий
              * ଓଡ଼ିଆ
              * Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча
              * ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
              * Pangcah
              * پنجابی
              * Papiamentu
              * پښتو
              * Patois
              * ភាសាខ្មែរ
              * Picard
              * Piemontèis
              * Tok Pisin
              * Plattdüütsch
              * Polski
              * Português
              * Qaraqalpaqsha
              * Qırımtatarca
              * Română
              * Romani čhib
              * Runa Simi
              * Русиньскый
              * Русский
              * Саха тыла
              * Sakizaya
              * संस्कृतम्
              * ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ
              * Sardu
              * Scots
              * Seediq
              * Sesotho
              * Setswana
              * Shqip
              * Sicilianu
              * සිංහල
              * Simple English
              * سنڌي
              * Slovenčina
              * Slovenščina
              * Ślůnski
              * Soomaaliga
              * کوردی
              * Српски / srpski
              * Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
              * Sunda
              * Suomi
              * Svenska
              * Tagalog
              * தமிழ்
              * Taqbaylit
              * Tarandíne
              * Татарча / tatarça
              * ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး
              * Tayal
              * తెలుగు
              * ไทย
              * ትግርኛ
              * Тоҷикӣ
              * ᏣᎳᎩ
              * Tsetsêhestâhese
              * Türkçe
              * Türkmençe
              * Twi
              * Tyap
              * Basa Ugi
              * Українська
              * اردو
              * ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
              * Vahcuengh
              * Vèneto
              * Vepsän kel’
              * Tiếng Việt
              * Volapük
              * Võro
              * Walon
              * 文言
              * Winaray
              * Wolof
              * 吴语
              * ייִדיש
              * Yorùbá
              * 粵語
              * Zazaki
              * Žemaitėška
              * 中文
              * Betawi
              * Tolışi
              Edit links
                  * Article
                  * Talk
              English
                  * Read
                  * View source
                  * View history
              Tools
                        Tools
                      move to sidebar hide
                        Actions
                          * Read
                          * View source
                          * View history
                        General
                          * What links here
                          * Related changes
                          * Upload file
                          * Special pages
                          * Permanent link
                          * Page information
                          * Cite this page
                          * Get shortened URL
                          * Download QR code
                          * Wikidata item
                        Print/export
                          * Download as PDF
                          * Printable version
                        In other projects
                          * Wikimedia Commons
                          * Wikibooks
                          * Wikinews
                          * Wikiquote
                          * Wikisource
                          * Wikivoyage
                  Appearance
                move to sidebar hide
                Coordinates : 22°18′N 114°12′E ﻿ / ﻿ 22.3°N 114.2°E
            From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
              "HK" redirects here. For other uses, see Hong Kong (disambiguation) and HK (disambiguation).

                Hong Kong                                                                                                          
                香港                                                                                                                 
                Special administrative region                                                                                      
              Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China                                            
                    Other official names                                                                                           
                  *                                                                                                                
                  * Chinese:                          中華人民共和國香港特別行政區                                                               
                    Cantonese Yale romanisation:      Jūng'wàh Yàhnmàhn Guhng'wòhgwok Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui             
                    Cantonese Jyutping romanisation:  zung1 waa4 jan4 man4 gung6 wo4 gwok3 hoeng1 gong2 dak6 bit6 hang4 zing3 keoi1
                                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                   
                    Flag                                                                                                           
                                                                                                                                   
                    Emblem                                                                                                         
                Location of Hong Kong within China                                                                                 
              Sovereign state                                                                                                        China                                                                   
              British possession                                                                                                     26 January 1841                                                         
              Treaty of Nanking                                                                                                      29 August 1842                                                          
              Convention of Peking                                                                                                   24 October 1860                                                         
              New Territories lease                                                                                                  9 June 1898                                                             
              Imperial Japanese occupation                                                                                           25 December 1941 to 30 August 1945                                      
              Re-designated as a British Dependent Territory                                                                         1 January 1981                                                          
              Sino-British Joint Declaration                                                                                         19 December 1984                                                        
              Handover to China                                                                                                      1 July 1997                                                             
              Administrative centre                                                                                                  Tamar                                                                   
              Largest district                                                                                                       Sha Tin                                                                 
              by population                                                                                                                                                                                  
              Official languages                                                                                                         * Chinese [ a ]                                                     
                                                                                                                                         * English [ b ]                                                     
                Regional language                                                                                                    Cantonese [ a ]                                                         
                Official scripts                                                                                                     Traditional Chinese [ b ]                                               
                                                                                                                                     English alphabet                                                        
                                                                                                                                     91.6% Chinese                                                           
                                                                                                                                     2.7% Filipino                                                           
              Ethnic groups                                                                                                          1.9% Indonesian                                                         
                (2021)                                                                                                               0.8% White                                                              
                                                                                                                                     0.6% Indian                                                             
                                                                                                                                     0.4% Nepalese                                                           
                                                                                                                                     2% other [ 6 ]                                                          
              Demonym(s)                                                                                                             Hongkonger                                                              
                                                                                                                                     Hongkongese                                                             
              Government                                                                                                             Devolved executive-led government within a unitary one-party state [ 7 ]
                                                                                                                                   
                • Chief Executive                                                                                                    John Lee                                                                
                • Chief Secretary                                                                                                    Eric Chan                                                               
                • Council President                                                                                                  Andrew Leung                                                            
                • Chief Justice                                                                                                      Andrew Cheung                                                           
                                                                                                                                   
              Legislature                                                                                                            Legislative Council                                                     
              National representation                                                                                              
                • National People's Congress                                                                                         36 deputies                                                             
                • Chinese People's                                                                                                                                                                           
                Political Consultative                                                                                               203 delegates [ 8 ]                                                     
                Conference                                                                                                                                                                                   
              Area                                                                                                                 
                • Total                                                                                                              2,754.97 [ 9 ] km2 (1,063.70 sq mi) (168th)                             
                                                                                                                                     59.70%                                                                  
                • Water (%)                                                                                                          (1,640.62 km2;                                                          
                                                                                                                                     633.45 sq mi) [ 9 ]                                                     
                • Land                                                                                                               1,114.35 km2                                                            
                                                                                                                                     (430.25 sq mi) [ 9 ]                                                    
              Highest elevation                                                                                                      957 m (3,140 ft)                                                        
                (Tai Mo Shan)                                                                                                                                                                                
              Lowest elevation                                                                                                       0 m (0 ft)                                                              
                (South China Sea)                                                                                                                                                                            
              Population                                                                                                           
                • 2023 estimate                                                                                                      7,498,100 [ 10 ]                                                        
                • 2021 census                                                                                                        7,413,070 [ 11 ]                                                        
                • Density                                                                                                            6,801 [ 12 ] /km2 (17,614.5/sq mi) (4th)                                
              GDP ( PPP )                                                                                                            2024 estimate                                                           
                • Total                                                                                                              $570.082 billion [ 13 ] (44th)                                          
                • Per capita                                                                                                         $75,128 [ 13 ] (12th)                                                   
              GDP (nominal)                                                                                                          2024 estimate                                                           
                • Total                                                                                                              $406.775 billion [ 13 ] (38th)                                          
                • Per capita                                                                                                         $53,606 [ 13 ] (19th)                                                   
              Gini (2021)                                                                                                            39.7 [ c ] [ 14 ]                                                       
                                                                                                                                     medium                                                                  
              HDI (2022)                                                                                                             0.956 [ 15 ]                                                            
                                                                                                                                     very high · 4th                                                         
              Currency                                                                                                               Hong Kong dollar (HK$) (HKD)                                            
              Time zone                                                                                                              UTC+08:00 (HKT)                                                         
              Date format                                                                                                            dd/mm/yyyy                                                              
                                                                                                                                     yyyy年mm月dd日                                                             
              Mains electricity                                                                                                      220 V–50 Hz                                                             
              Driving side                                                                                                           left [ d ]                                                              
              Calling code                                                                                                           +852                                                                    
              ISO 3166 code                                                                                                              * HK                                                                
                                                                                                                                         * CN-HK                                                             
              Internet TLD                                                                                                               * .hk                                                               
                                                                                                                                         * .香港                                                               
              Number plate prefixes                                                                                                  None for local vehicles, 粤Z for cross-boundary vehicles                 
              

              Hong Kong [ e ] is a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China. With 7.4 million residents of various nationalities [ f ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre (426 sq mi) territory, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated territories in the world.

              Hong Kong was established as a colony of the British Empire after the Qing dynasty ceded Hong Kong Island in 1841–1842 as a consequence of losing the First Opium War. The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and was further extended when the United Kingdom obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898. Hong Kong was occupied by Japan from 1941 to 1945 during World War II. The territory was handed over from the United Kingdom to China in 1997. Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country, two systems. [ g ]

              Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages, [ 18 ] [ 19 ] the territory is now one of the world's most significant financial centres and commercial ports. Hong Kong is the world's fourth-ranked global financial centre, ninth-largest exporter, and eighth-largest importer. Its currency, the Hong Kong dollar, is the ninth most traded currency in the world. Home to the seventh-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, Hong Kong has the largest number of ultra high-net-worth individuals. [ 20 ] Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, severe income inequality exists among the population. Despite being the city with the most skyscrapers in the world, housing in Hong Kong has been well-documented to experience a chronic persistent shortage.

              Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and has a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.956, ranking fourth in the world and currently the only place in Asia to be in the top 5. The city has the highest life expectancy in the world, and a public transport usage exceeding 90 per cent.

                Etymology

                Hong Kong                                                                                
                                                                                                         
                  "Hong Kong" in Chinese characters                                                      
                Chinese                                                                                    香港                                            
                                                                                                         
                Jyutping                                                                                   hoeng1 gong2                                  
                                                                                                               * Hēunggóng ⓘ                             
                Cantonese Yale                                                                                 * or                                      
                                                                                                               * Hèunggóng                               
                                                                                                         
                Literal meaning                                                                            "Fragrant Harbour" [ 21 ] [ 22 ]              
                Transcriptions                                                                           
                Standard Mandarin                                                                        
                Hanyu Pinyin         Xiānggǎng                                                           
                Bopomofo             ㄒㄧㄤ ㄍㄤˇ                                                             
                Gwoyeu Romatzyh      Shianggaang                                                         
                Wade–Giles           Hsiang 1 -kang 3                                                    
                Yale Romanization    Syānggǎng                                                           
                IPA                  [ɕjáŋ.kàŋ]                                                        
                Wu                                                                                       
                Romanization         shian 平 kaon 上                                                      
                Hakka                                                                                    
                Romanization         Hiong 1 gong 3                                                      
                Yue: Cantonese                                                                           
                                         * Hēunggóng ⓘ                                                   
                Yale Romanization        * or                                                            
                                         * Hèunggóng                                                     
                Jyutping             hoeng1 gong2                                                        
                Canton Romanization  Hêng 1 gong 2                                                       
                                         * [hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ]                                                 
                IPA                      * or                                                            
                                         * [hœ̂ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ]                                                 
                Southern Min                                                                             
                Hokkien POJ          Hiong-káng                                                          
                                                                                                         
                Hong Kong Special Administrative Region                                                  
                Traditional Chinese                                                                                * 香港特別行政區                             
                                                                                                                   * (香港特區)                              
                Simplified Chinese                                                                                 * 香港特别行政区                             
                                                                                                                   * (香港特区)                              
                                                                                                         
                Jyutping                                                                                       * hoeng1 gong2 dak6 bit6 hang4 zing3 keoi1
                                                                                                               * (hoeng1 gong2 dak6 keoi1)               
                                                                                                               * Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui        
                                                                                                               * (Hēunggóng Dahkkēui)                    
                Cantonese Yale                                                                                 * or                                      
                                                                                                               * Hèunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui        
                                                                                                               * (Hèunggóng Dahkkēui)                    
                                                                                                         
                Transcriptions                                                                           
                Standard Mandarin                                                                        
                Hanyu Pinyin             * Xiānggǎng Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū                                   
                                         * (Xiānggǎng Tèqū)                                              
                                         * ㄒㄧㄤ ㄍㄤˇ                                                       
                Bopomofo                 * ㄊㄜˋ ㄅㄧㄝˊ                                                      
                                         * ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄓㄥˋ ㄑㄩ                                                   
                                         * (ㄒㄧㄤ ㄍㄤˇ ㄊㄜˋ ㄑㄩ)                                              
                Gwoyeu Romatzyh          * Shianggaang Tehbye Shyngjenqchiu                              
                                         * (Shianggaang Tehchiu)                                         
                Wade–Giles               * Hsiang 1 -kang 3 T ʻ e 4 -⁠pieh 2 Hsing 2 -⁠cheng 4 -⁠ch ʻ ü 1
                                         * (Hsiang 1 -kang 3 T ʻ e 4 -ch ʻ ü 1 )                         
                Yale Romanization        * Syāngggǎng Tèbyé Syíngjèngchyū                                
                                         * (Syānggǎng Tèchyū)                                            
                IPA                      * [ɕjáŋ.kàŋ tʰɤ̂.pjě ɕǐŋ.ʈʂə̂ŋ.tɕʰý]                       
                                         * ([ɕjáŋ.kàŋ tʰɤ̂.tɕʰú])                                     
                Wu                                                                                       
                                         * shian平kaon上 deh入⁠bih入                                         
                Romanization             * ghan平⁠tsen去⁠chiu平                                             
                                         * (shian平kaon上 deh入chiu平)                                       
                Hakka                                                                                    
                Romanization             * Hiong 1 gong 3 Tet 6 ⁠piet 6 Hang 2 ⁠zin 4 ⁠ki 1              
                Yue: Cantonese                                                                           
                                         * Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui                              
                                         * (Hēunggóng Dahkkēui)                                          
                Yale Romanization        * or                                                            
                                         * Hèunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui                              
                                         * (Hèunggóng Dahkkēui)                                          
                Jyutping                 * hoeng1 gong2 dak6 bit6 hang4 zing3 keoi1                      
                                         * (hoeng1 gong2 dak6 keoi1)                                     
                Canton Romanization      * Hêng 1 gong 2 Deg 6 ⁠bid 6 Heng 4 ⁠jing 3 ⁠kêu 1              
                                         * [hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.pìːt̚ hɐ̏ŋ.tsēŋ.kʰɵ́y]                     
                                         * ([hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.kʰɵ́y])                                   
                IPA                      * or                                                            
                                         * [hœ̂ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.pìːt̚ hɐ̏ŋ.tsēŋ.kʰɵ́y]                     
                                         * ([hœ̂ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.kʰɵ́y])                                   
                Southern Min                                                                             
                Hokkien POJ              * Hiong-káng Te̍k-⁠pia̍t Hêng-⁠chèng-⁠khu                       
                                         * (Hiong-káng Te̍k-khu)                                         
                                                                                                         
                                                                                                         
                

                The name of the territory, first romanised as "He-Ong-Kong" in 1780, [ 23 ] originally referred to a small inlet located between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen. [ 24 ] Although the source of the romanised name is unknown, it is generally believed to be an early phonetic rendering of the Cantonese (or Tanka Cantonese) phrase hēung góng. The name translates as "fragrant harbour" or "incense harbour". [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 25 ] "Fragrant" may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's freshwater influx from the Pearl River or to the odour from incense factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Victoria Harbour was developed. [ 25 ] Sir John Davis (the second colonial governor) offered an alternative origin; Davis said that the name derived from "Hoong-keang" ("red torrent"), reflecting the colour of soil over which a waterfall on the island flowed. [ 26 ]

                The simplified name Hong Kong was frequently used by 1810. [ 27 ] The name was also commonly written as the single word Hongkong until 1926, when the government officially adopted the two-word name. [ 28 ] Some corporations founded during the early colonial era still keep this name, including Hongkong Land, Hongkong Electric Company, Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC). [ 29 ] [ 30 ]

                  History

                  Main article: History of Hong Kong
                  For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Hong Kong history.

                  Prehistory and Imperial China

                Earliest known human traces in what is now Hong Kong are dated by some to 35,000 and 39,000 years ago during the Paleolithic period. The claim is based on an archaeological investigation in Wong Tei Tung, Sai Kung in 2003. The archaeological works revealed knapped stone tools from deposits that were dated using optical luminescence dating. [ 31 ]

                During the Middle Neolithic period, about 6,000 years ago, the region had been widely occupied by humans. [ 32 ] Neolithic to Bronze Age Hong Kong settlers were semi-coastal people. Early inhabitants are believed to be Austronesians in the Middle Neolithic period and later the Yue people. [ 32 ] As hinted by the archaeological works in Sha Ha, Sai Kung, rice cultivation had been introduced since Late Neolithic period. [ 33 ] Bronze Age Hong Kong featured coarse pottery, hard pottery, quartz and stone jewelry, as well as small bronze implements. [ 32 ]

                Sung Wong Toi

                The Qin dynasty incorporated the Hong Kong area into China for the first time in 214 BCE, after conquering the indigenous Baiyue. [ 34 ] The region was consolidated under the Nanyue kingdom (a predecessor state of Vietnam) after the Qin collapse [ 35 ] and recaptured by China after the Han conquest. [ 36 ] During the Mongol conquest of China in the 13th century, the Southern Song court was briefly located in modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before its final defeat in the 1279 Battle of Yamen by the Yuan Dynasty. [ 37 ] By the end of the Yuan dynasty, seven large families had settled in the region and owned most of the land. Settlers from nearby provinces migrated to Kowloon throughout the Ming dynasty. [ 38 ]

                The earliest European visitor was Portuguese explorer Jorge Álvares, who arrived in 1513. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] Portuguese merchants established a trading post called Tamão in Hong Kong waters and began regular trade with southern China. Although the traders were expelled after military clashes in the 1520s, [ 41 ] Portuguese-Chinese trade relations were re-established by 1549. Portugal acquired a permanent lease for Macau in 1557. [ 42 ]

                After the Qing conquest, maritime trade was banned under the Haijin policies. From 1661 to 1683, the population of most of the area forming present day Hong Kong was cleared under the Great Clearance, turning the region into a wasteland. [ 43 ] The Kangxi Emperor lifted the maritime trade prohibition, allowing foreigners to enter Chinese ports in 1684. [ 44 ] Qing authorities established the Canton System in 1757 to regulate trade more strictly, restricting non-Russian ships to the port of Canton. [ 45 ] Although European demand for Chinese commodities like tea, silk, and porcelain was high, Chinese interest in European manufactured goods was insignificant, so that Chinese goods could only be bought with precious metals. To reduce the trade imbalance, the British sold large amounts of Indian opium to China. Faced with a drug crisis, Qing officials pursued ever more aggressive actions to halt the opium trade. [ 46 ]

                  British colony

                  Main article: British Hong Kong

                Hong Kong in 1868, photograph by John Thomson

                In 1839, the Daoguang Emperor rejected proposals to legalise and tax opium and ordered imperial commissioner Lin Zexu to eradicate the opium trade. The commissioner destroyed opium stockpiles and halted all foreign trade, [ 47 ] triggering a British military response and the First Opium War. The Qing surrendered early in the war and ceded Hong Kong Island in the Convention of Chuenpi. British forces began controlling Hong Kong shortly after the signing of the convention, from 26 January 1841. [ 48 ] However, both countries were dissatisfied and did not ratify the agreement. [ 49 ] After more than a year of further hostilities, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded to the United Kingdom in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking. [ 50 ]

                Administrative infrastructure was quickly built by early 1842, but piracy, disease, and hostile Qing policies initially prevented the government from attracting commerce. Conditions on the island improved during the Taiping Rebellion in the 1850s, when many Chinese refugees, including wealthy merchants, fled mainland turbulence and settled in the colony. [ 18 ] Further tensions between the British and Qing over the opium trade escalated into the Second Opium War. The Qing were again defeated and forced to give up Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island in the Convention of Peking. [ 51 ] By the end of this war, Hong Kong had evolved from a transient colonial outpost into a major entrepôt. Rapid economic improvement during the 1850s attracted foreign investment, as potential stakeholders became more confident in Hong Kong's future. [ 52 ]

                The colony was further expanded in 1898 when the United Kingdom obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories. [ 53 ] The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's first institution of higher education. [ 54 ] Kai Tak Airport began operation in 1924, and the colony avoided a prolonged economic downturn after the 1925–26 Canton–Hong Kong strike. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] At the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared Hong Kong a neutral zone to safeguard its status as a free port. [ 57 ] The colonial government prepared for a possible attack, evacuating all British women and children in 1940. [ 58 ] The Imperial Japanese Army attacked Hong Kong on 8 December 1941, the same morning as its attack on Pearl Harbor. [ 59 ] Hong Kong was occupied by Japan for almost four years before the British resumed control on 30 August 1945. [ 60 ]

                The flag of British Hong Kong from 1959 to 1997

                Peking Road in Tsim Sha Tsui in 1971

                Its population rebounded quickly after the war, as skilled Chinese migrants fled from the Chinese Civil War and more refugees crossed the border when the Chinese Communist Party took control of mainland China in 1949. [ 61 ] Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies to industrialise during the 1950s. [ 62 ] With a rapidly increasing population, the colonial government attempted reforms to improve infrastructure and public services. The public-housing estate programme, Independent Commission Against Corruption, and Mass Transit Railway were all established during the post-war decades to provide safer housing, integrity in the civil service, and more reliable transportation. [ 63 ] [ 64 ]

                Nevertheless, widespread public discontent resulted in multiple protests from the 1950s to 1980s, including pro-Republic of China and pro-Chinese Communist Party protests. In the 1967 Hong Kong riots, pro-PRC protestors clashed with the British colonial government. As many as 51 were killed and 802 were injured in the violence, including dozens killed by the Royal Hong Kong Police via beatings and shootings. [ 65 ]

                Although the territory's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined because of rising labour and property costs, it transitioned to a service-based economy. By the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre and shipping hub. [ 66 ]

                  Chinese special administrative region

                  Further information: Handover of Hong Kong

                Victoria Harbour and Hong Kong Island, 2007

                The colony faced an uncertain future as the end of the New Territories lease approached, and Governor Murray MacLehose raised the question of Hong Kong's status with Deng Xiaoping in 1979. [ 67 ] Diplomatic negotiations with China resulted in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, in which the United Kingdom agreed the handover of the colony in 1997 and China would guarantee Hong Kong's economic and political systems for 50 years after the handover. [ 68 ] The impending handover triggered a wave of mass emigration as residents feared an erosion of civil rights, the rule of law, and quality of life. [ 69 ] Over half a million people left the territory during the peak migration period, from 1987 to 1996. [ 70 ] The Legislative Council became a fully elected legislature for the first time in 1995 and extensively expanded its functions and organisations throughout the last years of the colonial rule. [ 71 ] The handover of Hong Kong to China was at midnight on 1 July 1997, after 156 years of British rule. [ 72 ]

                Immediately after the handover, Hong Kong was severely affected by several crises. The Hong Kong government was forced to use substantial foreign exchange reserves to maintain the Hong Kong dollar's currency peg during the 1997 Asian financial crisis, [ 61 ] and the recovery from this was muted by an H5N1 avian-flu outbreak [ 73 ] and a housing surplus. [ 74 ] This was followed by the 2003 SARS epidemic, during which the territory experienced its most serious economic downturn. [ 75 ]

                Chinese communists portrayed the return of Hong Kong as key moment in the PRC's rise to great power status. [ 76 ] : 51

                Hong Kong protests, August 2019

                Political debates after the handover have centred around the region's democratic development and the Chinese central government's adherence to the "one country, two systems" principle. After reversal of the last colonial era Legislative Council democratic reforms following the handover, [ 77 ] the regional government unsuccessfully attempted to enact national security legislation pursuant to Article 23 of the Basic Law. [ 78 ] The central government decision to implement nominee pre-screening before allowing chief executive elections triggered a series of protests in 2014 which became known as the Umbrella Revolution. [ 79 ] Discrepancies in the electoral registry and disqualification of elected legislators after the 2016 Legislative Council elections [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ] and enforcement of national law in the West Kowloon high-speed railway station raised further concerns about the region's autonomy. [ 83 ] In June 2019, mass protests erupted in response to a proposed extradition amendment bill permitting the extradition of fugitives to mainland China. The protests are the largest in Hong Kong's history, [ 84 ] with organisers claiming to have attracted more than three million Hong Kong residents.

                The Hong Kong regional government and Chinese central government responded to the protests with a number of administrative measures to quell dissent. In June 2020, the Legislative Council passed the National Anthem Ordinance, which criminalised "insults to the national anthem of China". [ 85 ] The Chinese central government meanwhile enacted the Hong Kong national security law to help quell protests in the region. [ 86 ] Nine months later, in March 2021, the Chinese central government introduced amendments to Hong Kong's electoral system, which included the reduction of directly elected seats in the Legislative Council and the requirement that all candidates be vetted and approved by a Beijing-appointed Candidate Eligibility Review Committee. [ 87 ]

                In May 2023, the Legislative Council also introduced legislation to reduce the number of directly elected seats in the district councils, and a District Council Eligibility Review Committee was similarly established to vet candidates. [ 88 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ]

                  Government and politics

                  Main articles: Government of Hong Kong, Politics of Hong Kong, Elections in Hong Kong, and Separation of powers in Hong Kong

                Since 2012, the legislature has met in the Tamar Legislative Council Complex.

                Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China, with executive, legislative, and judicial powers devolved from the national government. [ 91 ] The Sino-British Joint Declaration provided for economic and administrative continuity through the handover, [ 68 ] resulting in an executive-led governing system largely inherited from the territory's history as a British colony. [ 92 ] Under these terms and the "one country, two systems" principle, the Basic Law of Hong Kong is the regional constitution. [ 93 ] The regional government is composed of three branches:

                  * Executive: The Chief Executive is responsible for enforcing regional law, [ 92 ] can force reconsideration of legislation, [ 94 ] and appoints Executive Council members and principal officials. [ 95 ] Acting with the Executive Council, the Chief Executive-in-Council can propose new bills, issue subordinate legislation, and has authority to dissolve the legislature. [ 96 ] In states of emergency or public danger, the Chief Executive-in-Council is further empowered to enact any regulation necessary to restore public order. [ 97 ]
                  * Legislature: The unicameral Legislative Council enacts regional law, approves budgets, and has the power to impeach a sitting chief executive. [ 98 ]
                  * Judiciary: The Court of Final Appeal and lower courts interpret laws and overturn those inconsistent with the Basic Law. [ 99 ] Judges are appointed by the chief executive on the advice of a recommendation commission. [ 100 ]

                The chief executive is the head of government and serves for a maximum of two five-year terms. The State Council (led by the Premier of China) appoints the chief executive after nomination by the Election Committee, which is composed of 1500 business, community, and government leaders. [ 101 ] [ 102 ] [ 103 ]

                The Legislative Council has 90 members, each serving a four-year term. Twenty are directly elected from geographical constituencies, thirty-five represent functional constituencies (FC), and forty are chosen by an election committee consisting of representatives appointed by the Chinese central government. [ 104 ] Thirty FC councillors are selected from limited electorates representing sectors of the economy or special interest groups, [ 105 ] and the remaining five members are nominated from sitting district council members and selected in region-wide double direct elections. [ 106 ] All popularly elected members are chosen by proportional representation. The 30 limited electorate functional constituencies fill their seats using first-past-the-post or instant-runoff voting. [ 105 ]

                Twenty-two political parties had representatives elected to the Legislative Council in the 2016 election. [ 107 ] These parties have aligned themselves into three ideological groups: the pro-Beijing camp (the current government), the pro-democracy camp, and localist groups. [ 108 ] The Chinese Communist Party does not have an official political presence in Hong Kong, and its members do not run in local elections. [ 109 ] Hong Kong is represented in the National People's Congress by 36 deputies chosen through an electoral college and 203 delegates in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference appointed by the central government. [ 8 ]

                The Court of Final Appeal Building formerly housed the Supreme Court and the Legislative Council.

                Chinese national law does not generally apply in the region, and Hong Kong is treated as a separate jurisdiction. [ 99 ] Its judicial system is based on common law, continuing the legal tradition established during British rule. [ 110 ] Local courts may refer to precedents set in English law and overseas jurisprudence. [ 111 ] However, mainland criminal procedure law applies to cases investigated by the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR. [ 112 ] Interpretative and amending power over the Basic Law and jurisdiction over acts of state lie with the central authority, making regional courts ultimately subordinate to the mainland's socialist civil law system. [ 113 ] Decisions made by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress override any territorial judicial process. [ 114 ] Furthermore, in circumstances where the Standing Committee declares a state of emergency in Hong Kong, the State Council may enforce national law in the region. [ 115 ]

                The territory's jurisdictional independence is most apparent in its immigration and taxation policies. The Immigration Department issues passports for permanent residents which differ from those of the mainland or Macau, [ 116 ] and the region maintains a regulated border with the rest of the country. All travellers between Hong Kong and China and Macau must pass through border controls, regardless of nationality. [ 117 ] Mainland Chinese citizens do not have right of abode in Hong Kong and are subject to immigration controls. [ 118 ] Public finances are handled separately from the national government; taxes levied in Hong Kong do not fund the central authority. [ 119 ] [ 120 ]

                The Hong Kong Garrison of the People's Liberation Army is responsible for the region's defence. [ 121 ] Although the Chairman of the Central Military Commission is supreme commander of the armed forces, [ 122 ] the regional government may request assistance from the garrison. [ 123 ] Hong Kong residents are not required to perform military service, and current law has no provision for local enlistment, so its defence is composed entirely of non-Hongkongers. [ 124 ]

                The central government and Ministry of Foreign Affairs handle diplomatic matters, but Hong Kong retains the ability to maintain separate economic and cultural relations with foreign nations. [ 125 ] The territory actively participates in the World Trade Organization, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, the International Olympic Committee, and many United Nations agencies. [ 126 ] [ 127 ] [ 128 ] The regional government maintains trade offices in Greater China and other nations. [ 129 ]

                The imposition of the Hong Kong national security law by the central government in Beijing in June 2020 resulted in the suspension of bilateral extradition treaties by the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Finland, and Ireland. [ 130 ] The United States ended its preferential economic and trade treatment of Hong Kong in July 2020 because it was no longer able to distinguish Hong Kong as a separate entity from the People's Republic of China. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] In 2024, the Safeguarding National Security Ordinance was passed by the Legislative Council to grant officials "even more powers to crack down on opposition to Beijing and the Hong Kong government" and includes penalties such as life imprisonment for political crimes such as treason and insurrection. Critics state that this expansion "will strike a lasting blow to the partial autonomy the city had been promised by China." [ 132 ]

                  Administrative divisions

                  Main articles: List of towns in Hong Kong and Districts of Hong Kong

                The territory is divided into 18 districts, each represented by a district council. These advise the government on local issues such as public facility provisioning, community programme maintenance, cultural promotion, and environmental policy. As of 2019, there are a total of 479 district council seats, 452 of which are directly elected. [ 133 ] Rural committee chairmen, representing outlying villages and towns, fill the 27 non-elected seats. [ 134 ] In May 2023, the government proposed reforms to the District Council electoral system which further cut the number of directly elected seats from 452 to 88, and total seats from 479 to 470. A requirement that district council candidates be vetted and approved by the District Council Eligibility Review Committee was also proposed. The Legislative Council approved the reforms in July 2023. [ 88 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ]


                  Political reforms and sociopolitical issues

                  Main articles: Democratic development in Hong Kong and Human rights in Hong Kong

                2019–2020 Hong Kong protests

                Hong Kong is governed by a hybrid regime that is not fully representative of the population. Legislative Council members elected by functional constituencies composed of professional and special interest groups are accountable to these narrow corporate electorates and not the general public. This electoral arrangement has guaranteed a pro-establishment majority in the legislature since the handover. Similarly, the chief executive is selected by establishment politicians and corporate members of the Election Committee rather than directly elected. [ 135 ] Despite universal suffrage being established as ultimate goals for the election of the chief executive and all members of the Legislative Council in Articles 45 and 68 of the basic law, [ 136 ] the legislature is only partially directly elected, and the executive continues to be nominated by an unrepresentative body. [ 135 ] The government has been repeatedly petitioned to introduce direct elections for these positions. [ 137 ] [ 138 ]

                Ethnic minorities (except those of European ancestry) have marginal representation in government and often experience discrimination in housing, education, and employment. [ 139 ] [ 140 ] Employment vacancies and public service appointments frequently have language requirements which minority job seekers do not meet, and language education resources remain inadequate for Chinese learners. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] Foreign domestic helpers, mostly women from the Philippines and Indonesia, have little protection under regional law. [ 143 ] Although they live and work in Hong Kong, these workers are not treated as ordinary residents and do not have the right of abode in the territory. [ 144 ] Sex trafficking is also an issue, [ 145 ] local, mainland Chinese, and foreign women have been trafficked for sex in brothels, homes, and businesses in the city. [ 146 ] [ 147 ]

                The Joint Declaration guarantees the Basic Law of Hong Kong for 50 years after the handover. [ 68 ] It does not specify how Hong Kong will be governed after 2047, and the central government's role in determining the territory's future system of government is the subject of political debate and speculation. Hong Kong's political and judicial systems may be integrated with China's at that time, or the territory may continue to be administered separately. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] However, in response to large-scale protests in 2019 and 2020, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress passed the controversial Hong Kong national security law. [ 150 ] The law criminalises secession, subversion, terrorism and collusion with foreign elements and establishes the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR, an investigative office under Central People's Government authority immune from HKSAR jurisdiction. Some of the aforementioned acts were previously considered protected speech under Hong Kong law. [ 112 ] [ 151 ] The United Kingdom considers the law to be a serious violation of the Joint Declaration. [ 152 ] In October 2020, the Hong Kong Police arrested seven pro-democracy politicians over tussles with pro-Beijing politicians in the Legislative Council in May. They were charged with contempt and interfering with members of the council, while none of the pro-Beijing lawmakers were detained. [ 153 ] Annual commemorations of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre were also cancelled amidst fears of violating the national security law. [ 154 ] In March 2021, the Chinese central government unilaterally changed Hong Kong's electoral system and established the Candidate Eligibility Review Committee, which would be tasked with screening and evaluating political candidates for their "patriotism". [ 87 ]

                  Geography

                  Main articles: Geography of Hong Kong and Environment of Hong Kong

                Areas of urban development and vegetation are visible in this satellite image.

                Hong Kong is on China's southern coast, 60 km (37 mi) east of Macau, on the east side of the mouth of the Pearl River estuary. It is surrounded by the South China Sea on all sides except the north, which neighbours the Guangdong city of Shenzhen along the Sham Chun River. The territory's 1,110.18 km2 (428.64 sq mi) [ 155 ] area (2,754.97 km2 [ 155 ] if the maritime area is included) consists of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories, Lantau Island, and over 200 other islands. Of the total area, 1,073 km2 (414 sq mi) is land and 35 km2 (14 sq mi) is water. [ 156 ] The territory's highest point is Tai Mo Shan, 957 metres (3,140 ft) above sea level. [ 157 ] Urban development is concentrated on the Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong Island, and in new towns throughout the New Territories. [ 158 ] Much of this is built on reclaimed land; 70 km2 (27 sq mi) (6% of the total land or about 25% of developed space in the territory) is reclaimed from the sea. [ 159 ]

                Undeveloped terrain is hilly to mountainous, with very little flat land, and consists mostly of grassland, woodland, shrubland, or farmland. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] About 40% of the remaining land area is country parks and nature reserves. [ 162 ] The territory has a diverse ecosystem; over 3,000 species of vascular plants occur in the region (300 of which are native to Hong Kong), and thousands of insect, avian, and marine species. [ 163 ] [ 164 ]

                  Climate

                Hong Kong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), characteristic of southern China, despite being located south of the Tropic of Cancer, although closely bordering on a tropical climate. Summers are long, hot and humid, with occasional showers and thunderstorms and warm air from the southwest. The humid nature of Hong Kong exacerbates the warmth of summer. Typhoons occur most often then, sometimes resulting in floods or landslides. Winters are short, mild and usually sunny at the beginning, becoming cloudy towards February. Frequent cold fronts bring strong, cooling winds from the north and occasionally result in chilly weather. Autumn is the sunniest season, whilst spring is generally cloudy. [ 165 ] Snowfall has been extremely rare in Hong Kong; the last reported instance was on Tai Mo Shan in 1975. [ 166 ] Hong Kong averages 1,709 hours of sunshine per year. [ 167 ] Historic temperature extremes at the Hong Kong Observatory are 36.6 °C (97.9 °F) on 22 August 2017 and 0.0 °C (32.0 °F) on 18 January 1893. [ 168 ] The highest and lowest recorded temperatures in all of Hong Kong are 39.0 °C (102 °F) at Wetland Park on 22 August 2017, [ 169 ] and −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) at Tai Mo Shan on 24 January 2016. [ 170 ]

                    Climate data for Hong Kong (Hong Kong Observatory), normals 1991–2020, [ h ] extremes 1884–1939 and 1947–present
                    Month                                                                                                             Jan     Feb     Mar     Apr     May      Jun      Jul      Aug      Sep      Oct     Nov     Dec     Year   
                    Record high °C (°F)                                                                                               26.9    28.3    31.5    33.4    36.1     35.6     36.1     36.6     35.9     34.6    31.8    28.7    36.6   
                                                                                                                                      (80.4)  (82.9)  (88.7)  (92.1)  (97.0)   (96.1)   (97.0)   (97.9)   (96.6)   (94.3)  (89.2)  (83.7)  (97.9) 
                    Mean maximum °C (°F)                                                                                              24.0    25.1    27.5    30.2    32.3     33.6     34.1     34.2     33.4     31.3    28.4    25.1    34.7   
                                                                                                                                      (75.2)  (77.2)  (81.5)  (86.4)  (90.1)   (92.5)   (93.4)   (93.6)   (92.1)   (88.3)  (83.1)  (77.2)  (94.5) 
                    Mean daily maximum °C (°F)                                                                                        18.7    19.4    21.9    25.6    28.8     30.7     31.6     31.3     30.5     28.1    24.5    20.4    26.0   
                                                                                                                                      (65.7)  (66.9)  (71.4)  (78.1)  (83.8)   (87.3)   (88.9)   (88.3)   (86.9)   (82.6)  (76.1)  (68.7)  (78.8) 
                    Daily mean °C (°F)                                                                                                16.5    17.1    19.5    23.0    26.3     28.3     28.9     28.7     27.9     25.7    22.2    18.2    23.5   
                                                                                                                                      (61.7)  (62.8)  (67.1)  (73.4)  (79.3)   (82.9)   (84.0)   (83.7)   (82.2)   (78.3)  (72.0)  (64.8)  (74.3) 
                    Mean daily minimum °C (°F)                                                                                        14.6    15.3    17.6    21.1    24.5     26.5     26.9     26.7     26.1     23.9    20.3    16.2    21.6   
                                                                                                                                      (58.3)  (59.5)  (63.7)  (70.0)  (76.1)   (79.7)   (80.4)   (80.1)   (79.0)   (75.0)  (68.5)  (61.2)  (70.9) 
                    Mean minimum °C (°F)                                                                                              9.1     10.2    12.2    16.3    20.7     23.6     24.2     24.3     23.5     20.1    15.3    10.1    7.8    
                                                                                                                                      (48.4)  (50.4)  (54.0)  (61.3)  (69.3)   (74.5)   (75.6)   (75.7)   (74.3)   (68.2)  (59.5)  (50.2)  (46.0) 
                    Record low °C (°F)                                                                                                0.0     2.4     4.8     9.9     15.4     19.2     21.7     21.6     18.4     13.5    6.5     4.3     0.0    
                                                                                                                                      (32.0)  (36.3)  (40.6)  (49.8)  (59.7)   (66.6)   (71.1)   (70.9)   (65.1)   (56.3)  (43.7)  (39.7)  (32.0) 
                    Average rainfall mm (inches)                                                                                      33.2    38.9    75.3    153.0   290.6    491.5    385.8    453.2    321.4    120.3   39.3    28.8    2,431.2
                                                                                                                                      (1.31)  (1.53)  (2.96)  (6.02)  (11.44)  (19.35)  (15.19)  (17.84)  (12.65)  (4.74)  (1.55)  (1.13)  (95.72)
                    Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm)                                                                                     5.70    7.97    10.50   11.37   15.37    19.33    18.43    17.50    14.90    7.83    5.70    5.30    139.90 
                    Average relative humidity (%)                                                                                     74      79      82      83      83       82       81       81       78       73      72      70      78     
                    Average dew point °C (°F)                                                                                         11.7    13.2    16.1    19.7    23.0     24.9     25.2     25.1     23.6     20.2    16.7    12.4    19.3   
                                                                                                                                      (53.1)  (55.8)  (61.0)  (67.5)  (73.4)   (76.8)   (77.4)   (77.2)   (74.5)   (68.4)  (62.1)  (54.3)  (66.7) 
                    Mean monthly sunshine hours                                                                                       145.8   101.7   100.0   113.2   138.8    144.3    197.3    182.1    174.4    197.8   172.3   161.6   1,829.3
                    Percent possible sunshine                                                                                         43      32      27      30      34       36       48       46       47       55      52      48      41     
                    Source: Hong Kong Observatory [ 171 ] [ 172 ] [ 173 ]                                                           
                    

                    Architecture

                    Main article: Architecture of Hong Kong

                  A residential building in Quarry Bay

                  Hong Kong has the world's largest number of skyscrapers, with 554 towers taller than 150 metres (490 ft), [ 174 ] and the third-largest number of high-rise buildings in the world. [ 175 ] The lack of available space restricted development to high-density residential tenements and commercial complexes packed closely together on buildable land. [ 176 ] Single-family detached homes are uncommon and generally only found in outlying areas. [ 177 ] The International Commerce Centre and Two International Finance Centre are the tallest buildings in Hong Kong and are among the tallest in the Asia-Pacific region. [ 178 ] Other distinctive buildings lining the Hong Kong Island skyline include the HSBC Main Building, the anemometer-topped triangular Central Plaza, the circular Hopewell Centre, and the sharp-edged Bank of China Tower. [ 179 ] [ 180 ]

                  Demand for new construction has contributed to frequent demolition of older buildings, freeing space for modern high-rises. [ 181 ] However, many examples of European and Lingnan architecture are still found throughout the territory. Older government buildings are examples of colonial architecture. The 1846 Flagstaff House, the former residence of the Commander of the British forces in Hong Kong, is the oldest Western-style building in Hong Kong. [ 182 ] Some buildings, such as the Court of Final Appeal Building and the Hong Kong Observatory retain their original functions, and others have been adapted and reused; the Former Marine Police Headquarters was redeveloped into a commercial and retail complex, [ 183 ] and Béthanie (built in 1875 as a sanatorium) houses the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts. [ 184 ] The Tin Hau Temple, dedicated to the sea goddess Mazu (originally built in 1012 and rebuilt in 1266), is the territory's oldest existing structure. [ 185 ] The Ping Shan Heritage Trail has architectural examples of several imperial Chinese dynasties, including the Tsui Sing Lau Pagoda (Hong Kong's only remaining pagoda). [ 186 ]

                  Tong lau, mixed-use tenement buildings constructed during the colonial era, blended southern Chinese architectural styles with European influences. These were especially prolific during the immediate post-war period, when many were rapidly built to house large numbers of Chinese migrants. [ 187 ] Examples include Lui Seng Chun, the Blue House in Wan Chai, and the Shanghai Street shophouses in Mong Kok. Mass-produced public-housing estates, built since the 1960s, are mainly constructed in modernist style. [ 188 ]

                        The Hong Kong Island skyline, viewed from the Victoria Harbour waterfront
                        City view of Kowloon, Hong Kong Island, and the Hong Kong skyline

                    Demographics

                    Main articles: Demographics of Hong Kong and Hong Kong people
                  Death rates (No. of Deaths per 100,000 Population) by leading causes of death, based on ICD 10th Revision. [ 189 ] Red : increased compared with 2001. Deaths from dementia increased more than 5 times from 2001 to 2021.
                    Cause of Death           2001   2011   2021 
                    1. Malignant neoplasms   169.9  187.2  203.8
                    2. Pneumonia             45.1   87.8   132.6
                    3. Diseases of heart     70     89.6   89   
                    4. Cerebrovascular       46.6   47.2   42.2 
                    5. External causes of    27.5   22.2   26.7 
                    morbidity and mortality                     
                    6. Nephritis, nephrotic  15.7   21.8   24   
                    syndrome and nephrosis                      
                    7. Dementia              3.8    10.6   20.2 
                    8. Septicaemia           6.3    10.8   16.8 
                    9. Chronic lower         31.5   27.8   14.3 
                    respiratory diseases                        
                    10. Diabetes mellitus    10.1   6.5    7.4  
                    All other causes         69.7   85     118.1
                    All causes               496    596.6  695.2
                    

                    2016 population pyramid

                    The Census and Statistics Department estimated Hong Kong's population at 7,413,070 in 2021. The overwhelming majority (91.6%) is Han Chinese, [ 6 ] most of whom are Taishanese, Teochew, Hakka, and other Cantonese peoples. [ 190 ] [ 191 ] [ 192 ] The remaining 8.4% are non-ethnic Chinese minorities, primarily Filipinos, Indonesians, and South Asians. [ 6 ] [ 193 ] However, most Filipinos and Indonesians in Hong Kong are short-term workers. According to a 2021 thematic report by the Hong Kong government, after excluding foreign domestic helpers, the real number of non-Chinese ethnic minorities in the city was 301,344, or 4% of Hong Kong's population. [ 194 ] About half the population have some form of British nationality, a legacy of colonial rule; 3.4 million residents have British National (Overseas) status, and 260,000 British citizens live in the territory. [ 195 ] The vast majority also hold Chinese nationality, automatically granted to all ethnic Chinese residents at the handover. [ 196 ] Headline population density exceeds 7,060 people/km2, and is the fourth-highest in the world. [ 197 ]

                    The predominant language is Cantonese, a variety of Chinese originating in Guangdong. It is spoken by 93.7% of the population, 88.2% as a first language and 5.5% as a second language. [ 3 ] Slightly over half the population (58.7%) speaks English, the other official language; [ 2 ] 4.6% are native speakers, and 54.1% speak English as a second language. [ 3 ] Code-switching, mixing English and Cantonese in informal conversation, is common among the bilingual population. [ 198 ] Post-handover governments have promoted Mandarin, which is currently about as prevalent as English; 54.2% of the population speak Mandarin, with 2.3% native speakers and 51.9% as a second language. [ 3 ] Traditional Chinese characters are used in writing, rather than the simplified characters used in the mainland. [ 199 ]

                    Wong Tai Sin Temple is dedicated to the Taoist deity Wong Tai Sin.

                    Among the religious population, the traditional "three teachings" of China, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism, have the most adherents (20%), followed by Christianity (12%) and Islam (4%). [ 200 ] Followers of other religions, including Sikhism, Hinduism, and Judaism, generally originate from regions where their religion predominates. [ 200 ]

                    Life expectancy in Hong Kong was 81.3 years for males and 87.2 years for females in 2022, one of the highest in the world. [ 201 ] [ 202 ] Cancer, pneumonia, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and accidents are the territory's five leading causes of death. [ 203 ] The universal public healthcare system is funded by general-tax revenue, and treatment is highly subsidised; on average, 95% of healthcare costs are covered by the government. [ 204 ]

                    The city has a severe amount of income inequality, [ 205 ] which has risen since the handover, as the region's ageing population has gradually added to the number of nonworking people. [ 206 ] Although median household income steadily increased during the decade to 2021, the wage gap remained high; [ 207 ] the 90th percentile of earners receive 41% of all income. [ 207 ] The city has the most billionaires per capita, with one billionaire per 109,657 people, [ 208 ] as well as the second-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, [ 209 ] the highest number of billionaires of any city in Asia, and the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world. [ 210 ] [ 211 ] Despite government efforts to reduce the growing disparity, [ 212 ] median income for the top 10% of earners is 57 times that of the bottom 10%. [ 213 ] [ 214 ]

                      Economy

                      Main articles: Economy of Hong Kong and Tourism in Hong Kong

                    Hong Kong is one of the world's busiest container ports.

                    One of the world's most significant financial centres and commercial ports, [ 215 ] Hong Kong has a market economy focused on services, characterised by low taxation, minimal government market intervention, and an established international financial market. [ 216 ] It is the world's 38th-largest economy, with a nominal GDP of approximately US$407 billion. [ 13 ] Hong Kong's economy ranked at the top of the Heritage Foundation's economic freedom index between 1995 and 2021. [ 217 ] [ 218 ] However, Hong Kong was removed from the index by the Heritage Foundation in 2021, with the Foundation citing a "loss of political freedom and autonomy ... [making Hong Kong] almost indistinguishable in many respects from other major Chinese commercial centers like Shanghai and Beijing". [ 219 ] Hong Kong is highly developed, and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index. [ 156 ] The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the seventh-largest in the world, with a market capitalisation of HK$30.4 trillion (US$3.87 trillion) as of December 2018. [ 220 ] Hong Kong is ranked as the 17th most innovative territory in the Global Innovation Index in 2023, [ 221 ] and 3rd in the Global Financial Centres Index. [ 222 ] The city is sometimes referred to as "Silicon Harbor", [ 223 ] a nickname derived from Silicon Valley in California. Hong Kong hosts several high tech and innovation companies, [ 224 ] including several multinational companies. [ 225 ] [ 226 ]

                    Hong Kong is the ninth largest trading entity in exports and eighth largest in imports (2021), [ 227 ] [ 228 ] trading more goods in value than its gross domestic product. [ 227 ] [ 228 ] Over half of its cargo throughput consists of transshipments (goods travelling through Hong Kong). Products from mainland China account for about 40% of that traffic. [ 229 ] The city's location allowed it to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure which includes the world's seventh-busiest container port [ 230 ] and the busiest airport for international cargo. [ 231 ] The territory's largest export markets are mainland China and the United States. [ 156 ] Hong Kong is a key part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. [ 232 ] It has little arable land and few natural resources, importing most of its food and raw materials. More than 90% of Hong Kong's food is imported, including nearly all of its meat and rice. [ 233 ] Agricultural activity is 0.1% of GDP and consists of growing premium food and flower varieties. [ 234 ]

                    Although the territory had one of Asia's largest manufacturing economies during the latter half of the colonial era, Hong Kong's economy is now dominated by the service sector. The sector generates 92.7% of economic output, with the public sector accounting for about 10%. [ 235 ] Between 1961 and 1997 Hong Kong's gross domestic product increased by a factor of 180, and per capita GDP increased by a factor of 87. [ 236 ] [ 237 ] The territory's GDP relative to mainland China's peaked at 27% in 1993; it fell to less than 3% in 2017, as the mainland developed and liberalised its economy. [ 238 ] Economic and infrastructure integration with China has increased significantly since the 1978 start of market liberalisation on the mainland. Since resumption of cross-boundary train service in 1979, many rail and road links have been improved and constructed, facilitating trade between regions. [ 239 ] [ 240 ] The Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement formalised a policy of free trade between the two areas, with each jurisdiction pledging to remove remaining obstacles to trade and cross-boundary investment. [ 241 ] A similar economic partnership with Macau details the liberalisation of trade between the special administrative regions. [ 242 ] Chinese companies have expanded their economic presence in the territory since the handover. Mainland firms represent over half of the Hang Seng Index value, up from 5% in 1997. [ 243 ] [ 244 ]

                    Former trading floor of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange

                    As the mainland liberalised its economy, Hong Kong's shipping industry faced intense competition from other Chinese ports. Half of China's trade goods were routed through Hong Kong in 1997, dropping to about 13% by 2015. [ 245 ] The territory's minimal taxation, common law system, and civil service attract overseas corporations wishing to establish a presence in Asia. [ 245 ] The city has the second-highest number of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region. [ 246 ] Hong Kong is a gateway for foreign direct investment in China, giving investors open access to mainland Chinese markets through direct links with the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges. The territory was the first market outside mainland China for renminbi-denominated bonds, and is one of the largest hubs for offshore renminbi trading. [ 247 ] In November 2020, Hong Kong's Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau proposed a new law that will restrict cryptocurrency trading to professional investors only, leaving amateur traders (93% of Hong Kong's trading population) out of the market. [ 248 ] The Hong Kong dollar, the local currency, is the eighth most traded currency in the world. [ 249 ] Due to extremely compact house sizes and the extremely high housing density, the city has the most expensive housing market in the world. [ 250 ] [ 251 ] [ 252 ]

                    The government has had a passive role in the economy. Colonial governments had little industrial policy and implemented almost no trade controls. Under the doctrine of "positive non-interventionism", post-war administrations deliberately avoided the direct allocation of resources; active intervention was considered detrimental to economic growth. [ 253 ] While the economy transitioned to a service basis during the 1980s, [ 253 ] late colonial governments introduced interventionist policies. Post-handover administrations continued and expanded these programmes, including export-credit guarantees, a compulsory pension scheme, a minimum wage, anti-discrimination laws, and a state mortgage backer. [ 254 ]

                    Tourism is a major part of the economy, accounting for 5% of GDP. [ 183 ] In 2016, 26.6 million visitors contributed HK$258 billion (US$32.9 billion) to the territory, making Hong Kong the 14th most popular destination for international tourists. It is the most popular Chinese city for tourists, receiving over 70% more visitors than its closest competitor (Macau). [ 255 ] The city is ranked as one of the most expensive cities for expatriates. [ 256 ] [ 257 ] However, since 2020, there has been a sharp decline in incoming visitors due to tight COVID-19 travel restrictions. Additionally, due to the closure of the Russian airspace in 2022, multiple airlines decided to cease their operations in Hong Kong. [ 258 ] In an attempt to attract tourists back to Hong Kong, the Hong Kong government announced plans to give away 500,000 free airline tickets in 2023. [ 259 ]

                          Victoria Peak is a major tourist attraction that offers views of Central and Victoria Harbour.

                      Infrastructure

                      Transport

                      Main article: Transport in Hong Kong

                    Entrance to the Cross-Harbour Tunnel in Hung Hom, Kowloon

                    Hong Kong has a highly developed, sophisticated transport network. Over 90% of the daily trips made by its residents are made with public transport, the highest percentage in the world. [ 260 ] The Octopus card, a contactless smart payment card made for Hong Kong, is widely accepted on railways, trams, buses and ferries, and can be used for payment in most retail stores. [ 261 ] Alternative payments such as Apple Pay, AliPay, Mastercard and Visa have also been gradually introduced to public transports. [ 262 ] [ 263 ] [ 264 ] [ 265 ] [ 266 ]

                    The Peak Tram, Hong Kong's first public transport system, has provided funicular rail transport between Central and Victoria Peak since 1888. [ 267 ]

                    The Central and Western District has an extensive system of escalators and moving pavements, which being the Mid-Levels escalator, the world's longest outdoor covered escalator system. [ 268 ]

                    Hong Kong Tramways’ tram network covers a portion of Hong Kong Island, covering from Kennedy Town to Shau Kei Wan, with a branch to Happy Valley. It operates 6 routes and has had a rideship of 42,558 in 2022. [ 269 ] [ 270 ] It began servicing Hong Kong since 1904. [ 271 ] Hong Kong Tramways currently holds the Guinness World Record as the “Largest double-decker tram fleet in service”, certified in 30 July 2021, with a fleet of 165 double-decker trams. [ 272 ] The fleet of trams were mostly built by Hong Kong Tramways.

                    The Mass Transit Railway (MTR) is an extensive passenger rail network, connecting 98 metro stations and 68 light-rail stops throughout the territory. [ 273 ] [ 274 ] With a daily ridership of almost five million, the system serves 41% of all public transit passengers in the city [ 275 ] and has an on-time rate of 99.9%. [ 276 ] Cross-boundary train service to Shenzhen is offered by the East Rail line, and longer-distance inter-city trains to Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Beijing are operated from Hung Hom station. [ 277 ] This train service has however been suspended since the outbreak of COVID-19, and offically closed by the State Council in 31 July 2024, as announced by the General Administration of Customs, citing that high-speed passenger trains have effectively met the travel needs of passengers between the mainland and Hong Kong. [ 278 ] [ 279 ] [ 280 ] Connecting service to the national high-speed rail system is provided at West Kowloon railway station. [ 281 ]

                    Although public transport systems handle most passenger traffic, there are over 500,000 private vehicles registered in Hong Kong. [ 282 ] Automobiles drive on the left (unlike in mainland China), because of historical influence of the British Empire. [ 283 ] Vehicle traffic is extremely congested in urban areas, exacerbated by limited space to expand roads and an increasing number of vehicles. [ 284 ] More than 18,000 taxicabs, easily identifiable by their bright colours and taxi lights, are licensed to carry riders in the territory. [ 285 ] Unlicensed ride-hailing services such as Uber also exists in Hong Kong, with some operating with licensed taxis to legitimise their business in ride-sharing. Unlicensed drivers have been targetted by the government and taxi drivers in the past, mainly due to the lack of third-party insurance on passengers and taxi drivers fearing the competition from drivers of these ride-hailing services. [ 286 ] [ 287 ] The government in 2024 has looked into legalising these services. [ 288 ]

                    Bus services operate more than 700 routes across the territory, [ 275 ] with smaller public light buses (also known as minibuses) serving areas standard buses do not reach as frequently or directly. [ 289 ] Expressways and truck roads, organised with the Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System, connect all major areas of the territory. [ 290 ] The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge provides a direct route to the western side of the Pearl River estuary. [ 240 ]

                    MTR train on the Tung Chung line

                    Hong Kong International Airport is the territory's primary airport, replacing Kai Tak International Airport that ended its operation in 1998. [ 291 ] Over 100 airlines operate flights from the airport, including locally based Cathay Pacific (flag carrier), Hong Kong Airlines, low-cost airline HK Express and cargo airline Air Hong Kong. [ 292 ] It was the eighth-busiest airport by passenger traffic [ 293 ] pre-COVID and handles the most air-cargo traffic in the world. [ 294 ] Most private recreational aviation traffic flies through Shek Kong Airfield, under the supervision of the Hong Kong Aviation Club. [ 295 ]

                    The Star Ferry operates two lines across Victoria Harbour for its 53,000 daily passengers. [ 296 ] Ferries also serve outlying islands inaccessible by other means. Smaller kai-to boats serve the most remote coastal settlements. [ 297 ] Ferry travel to Macau and mainland China is also available. [ 298 ] Junks, once common in Hong Kong waters, are no longer widely available and are used privately and for tourism. [ 299 ] The large size of the port gives Hong Kong the classification of Large-Port Metropolis. [ 300 ]

                      Utilities

                      Main articles: Energy in Hong Kong, Electricity sector in Hong Kong, and Water supply and sanitation in Hong Kong

                    Hong Kong generates most of its electricity locally. [ 301 ] The vast majority of this energy comes from fossil fuels, with 46% from coal and 47% from petroleum. [ 302 ] The rest is from other imports, including nuclear energy generated in mainland China. [ 303 ] Renewable sources account for a negligible amount of energy generated for the territory. [ 304 ] Small-scale wind-power sources have been developed, [ 301 ] and a small number of private homes and public buildings have installed solar panels. [ 305 ]

                    With few natural lakes and rivers, high population density, inaccessible groundwater sources, and extremely seasonal rainfall, the territory does not have a reliable source of freshwater. The Dongjiang River in Guangdong supplies 70% of the city's water, [ 306 ] and the remaining demand is filled by harvesting rainwater. [ 307 ] Toilets in most built-up areas of the territory flush with seawater, greatly reducing freshwater use. [ 306 ]

                    Broadband Internet access is widely available, with 92.6% of households connected. Connections over fibre-optic infrastructure are increasingly prevalent, [ 308 ] contributing to the high regional average connection speed of 21.9 Mbit/s (the world's fourth-fastest). [ 309 ] Mobile-phone use is ubiquitous; [ 310 ] there are more than 18 million mobile-phone accounts, [ 311 ] more than double the territory's population.

                      Culture

                      Main article: Culture of Hong Kong
                      See also: Cantonese culture

                    Hong Kong is characterised as a hybrid of East and West. Traditional Chinese values emphasising family and education blend with Western ideals, including economic liberty and the rule of law. [ 312 ] Although the vast majority of the population is ethnically Chinese, Hong Kong has developed a distinct identity. The territory diverged from the mainland through its long period of colonial administration and a different pace of economic, social, and cultural development. Mainstream culture was derived from immigrants originating from various parts of China; it was then influenced by British-style education, a separate political system, and the territory's rapid development during the late 20th century. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] Most migrants of that era fled poverty and war, reflected in the prevailing attitude toward wealth; Hongkongers would tend to link self-image and decision-making to material benefits. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] Residents' sense of local identity has increased post-handover: polling in December 2022 had 32% of respondents identifying as "Hongkongers", 34.1% identifying as "Hongkongers in China" 45.9% purporting a "Mixed Identity", 20.5% identifying as "Chinese" and 11.9% identifying as "Chinese in Hong Kong". [ 317 ]

                    Traditional Chinese family values, including family honour, filial piety, and a preference for sons, are prevalent. [ 318 ] Nuclear families are the most common households, although multi-generational and extended families are not unusual. [ 319 ] Spiritual concepts such as feng shui are observed; large-scale construction projects often hire consultants to ensure proper building positioning and layout. The degree of its adherence to feng shui is believed to determine the success of a business. [ 179 ] Bagua mirrors are regularly used to deflect evil spirits, [ 320 ] and buildings often lack floor numbers with a 4; [ 321 ] the number has a similar sound to the word for "die" in Cantonese. [ 322 ]

                      Cuisine

                      Main article: Hong Kong cuisine
                          Typical fare at a dim sum restaurant (left); cha chaan teng breakfast food with Hong Kong-style milk tea (right)

                    Food in Hong Kong is primarily based on Cantonese cuisine, despite the territory's exposure to foreign influences and its residents' varied origins. Rice is the staple food, and is usually served plain with other dishes. [ 323 ] Freshness of ingredients is emphasised. Poultry and seafood are commonly sold live at wet markets, and ingredients are used as quickly as possible. [ 324 ] There are five daily meals: breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner, and siu yeh. [ 325 ] Dim sum, as part of yum cha (brunch), is a dining-out tradition with family and friends. Dishes include congee, cha siu bao, siu yuk, egg tarts, and mango pudding. Local versions of Western food are served at cha chaan teng (Hong Kong-style cafes). Common cha chaan teng menu items include macaroni in soup, deep-fried French toast, and Hong Kong-style milk tea. [ 323 ]

                      Cinema

                      Main article: Cinema of Hong Kong

                    Statue of Bruce Lee on the Avenue of Stars, a tribute to the city's film industry

                    Hong Kong developed into a filmmaking hub during the late 1940s as a wave of Shanghai filmmakers migrated to the territory, and these movie veterans helped build the colony's entertainment industry over the next decade. [ 326 ] By the 1960s, the city was well known to overseas audiences through films such as The World of Suzie Wong. [ 327 ] When Bruce Lee's The Way of the Dragon was released in 1972, local productions became popular outside Hong Kong. During the 1980s, films such as A Better Tomorrow, As Tears Go By, and Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain expanded global interest beyond martial arts films; locally made gangster films, romantic dramas, and supernatural fantasies became popular. [ 328 ]

                    Hong Kong cinema continued to be internationally successful over the following decade with critically acclaimed dramas such as Farewell My Concubine, To Live, and Chungking Express. The city's martial arts film roots are evident in the roles of the most prolific Hong Kong actors. Jackie Chan, Donnie Yen, Jet Li, Chow Yun-fat, and Michelle Yeoh frequently play action-oriented roles in foreign films. Hong Kong films have also grown popular in oversea markets such as Japan, South Korea, and Southeast Asia, earning the city the moniker "Hollywood of the East". [ 329 ] At the height of the local movie industry in the early 1990s, over 400 films were produced each year; since then, industry momentum shifted to mainland China. The number of films produced annually has declined to about 60 in 2017. [ 330 ]

                      Music

                      Main article: Music of Hong Kong
                          Leslie Cheung (left) is considered a pioneering Cantopop artist, and Andy Lau has been an icon of Hong Kong music and film for several decades as a member of the Four Heavenly Kings.

                    Cantopop is a genre of Cantonese popular music which emerged in Hong Kong during the 1970s. Evolving from Shanghai-style shidaiqu, it is also influenced by Cantonese opera and Western pop. [ 331 ] Local media featured songs by artists such as Sam Hui, Anita Mui, Leslie Cheung, and Alan Tam; during the 1980s, exported films and shows exposed Cantopop to a global audience. [ 332 ] The genre's popularity peaked in the 1990s, when the Four Heavenly Kings dominated Asian record charts. [ 333 ] Despite a general decline since late in the decade, [ 334 ] Cantopop remains dominant in Hong Kong; contemporary artists such as Eason Chan, Joey Yung, and Twins are popular in and beyond the territory. [ 335 ]

                    Western classical music has historically had a strong presence in Hong Kong and remains a large part of local musical education. [ 336 ] The publicly funded Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra, the territory's oldest professional symphony orchestra, frequently hosts musicians and conductors from overseas. The Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra, composed of classical Chinese instruments, is the leading Chinese ensemble and plays a significant role in promoting traditional music in the community. [ 337 ]

                    Hong Kong has never had a separate national anthem to the country that controlled it; its current official national anthem is therefore that of the People's Republic of China, March of the Volunteers. The song Glory to Hong Kong has been used by protestors as an unofficial anthem of the city. [ 338 ] [ 339 ]

                      Sport and recreation

                      Main article: Sport in Hong Kong

                    The Hong Kong Sevens, considered the premier tournament of the World Rugby Sevens Series, is played each spring.

                    Despite its small area, the territory is home to a variety of sports and recreational facilities. The city has hosted numerous major sporting events, including the 2009 East Asian Games, the 2008 Summer Olympics equestrian events, and the 2007 Premier League Asia Trophy. [ 340 ] The territory regularly hosts the Hong Kong Sevens, Hong Kong Marathon, Hong Kong Tennis Classic and Lunar New Year Cup, and hosted the inaugural AFC Asian Cup and the 1995 Dynasty Cup. [ 341 ] [ 342 ]

                    Hong Kong represents itself separately from mainland China, with its own sports teams in international competitions. [ 340 ] The territory has participated in almost every Summer Olympics since 1952 and has earned nine medals. Lee Lai-shan won the territory's first Olympic gold medal at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, [ 343 ] and Cheung Ka Long won the second one in Tokyo 2020. [ 344 ] Hong Kong athletes have won 126 medals at the Paralympic Games and 17 at the Commonwealth Games. No longer part of the Commonwealth of Nations, the city's last appearance in the latter was in 1994. [ 345 ]

                    Dragon boat races originated as a religious ceremony conducted during the annual Tuen Ng Festival. The race was revived as a modern sport as part of the Tourism Board's efforts to promote Hong Kong's image abroad. The first modern competition was organised in 1976, and overseas teams began competing in the first international race in 1993. [ 346 ]

                    The Hong Kong Jockey Club, the territory's largest taxpayer, [ 347 ] has a monopoly on gambling and provides over 7% of government revenue. [ 348 ] Three forms of gambling are legal in Hong Kong: lotteries, horse racing, and football. [ 347 ]

                      Education

                      Main article: Education in Hong Kong

                    Old campus of St. Paul's College, the first school established in the colonial era

                    Education in Hong Kong is largely modelled on that of the United Kingdom, particularly the English system. [ 349 ] Children are required to attend school from age 6 until completion of secondary education, generally at age 18. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] At the end of secondary schooling, all students take a public examination and are awarded the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education upon successful completion. [ 352 ]

                    Of residents aged 15 and older, 81% completed lower-secondary education, 66% graduated from an upper secondary school, 32% attended a non-degree tertiary program, and 24% earned a bachelor's degree or higher. [ 353 ]

                    Mandatory education has contributed to an adult literacy rate of 95.7%. [ 354 ] The literacy rate is lower than that of other developed economies because of the influx of refugees from mainland China during the post-war colonial era; much of the elderly population were not formally educated because of war and poverty. [ 355 ] [ 356 ]

                    Comprehensive schools fall under three categories: public schools, which are government-run; subsidised schools, including government aid-and-grant schools; and private schools, often those run by religious organisations and that base admissions on academic merit. These schools are subject to the curriculum guidelines as provided by the Education Bureau. Private schools subsidised under the Direct Subsidy Scheme; international schools fall outside of this system and may elect to use differing curricula and teach using other languages. [ 351 ]

                      Medium of instruction

                    At primary and secondary school levels, the government maintains a policy of "mother tongue instruction"; most schools use Cantonese as the medium of instruction, with written education in both Chinese and English. Other languages being used as medium of instruction in non-international school education include English and Putonghua (Standard Mandarin Chinese). Secondary schools emphasise "bi-literacy and tri-lingualism", which has encouraged the proliferation of spoken Mandarin language education. [ 357 ]

                    English is the official medium of instruction and assessments for most university programmes in Hong Kong, although use of Cantonese is predominant in informal discussions among local students and professors. [ 358 ] [ 359 ] [ 360 ] [ 361 ] [ 362 ] [ 363 ]

                      Tertiary education

                    University of Hong Kong main building

                    Hong Kong has twelve universities. The University of Hong Kong (HKU) was founded as the city's first institute of higher education during the early colonial period in 1911. [ 364 ] The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) was established in 1963 to fill the need for a university that taught using Chinese as its primary language of instruction. [ 365 ] Along with the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) established in 1991, these universities are consistently ranked among the top 50 or top 100 universities worldwide. [ 366 ] [ 367 ] [ 368 ]

                    The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU) [ 369 ] and City University of Hong Kong (CityU), both granted university status in 1994, are consistently ranked among the top 100 or top 200 universities worldwide. [ 366 ] [ 367 ] [ 368 ] The Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU) was granted university status in 1994 [ 370 ] and is a liberal arts institution. Hong Kong Metropolitan University (formerly as Open University of Hong Kong prior to 2021) (attaining status in 1997), [ 371 ] Lingnan University (in 1999), [ 372 ] Hong Kong Shue Yan University (in 2006), [ 373 ] Education University of Hong Kong (in 2016), Hang Seng University of Hong Kong (in 2018) and Saint Francis University (in 2024) [ 374 ] all attained full university status in subsequent years.

                      Media

                      Main article: Media of Hong Kong

                    TVB City, headquarters of Hong Kong's first over-the-air television station

                    Most of the newspapers in Hong Kong are written in Chinese but there are also a few English-language newspapers. The major one being the South China Morning Post, with The Standard serving as a business-oriented alternative. A variety of Chinese-language newspapers are published daily; the most prominent are Ming Pao and Oriental Daily News. Local publications are often politically affiliated, with pro-Beijing or pro-democracy sympathies. The central government has a print-media presence in the territory through the state-owned Ta Kung Pao and Wen Wei Po. [ 375 ] Several international publications have regional operations in Hong Kong, including The Wall Street Journal, Financial Times, USA Today, Yomiuri Shimbun, and The Nikkei. [ 376 ]

                    Four free-to-air television broadcasters operate in the territory; TVB, HKTVE, Hong Kong Open TV and Phoenix Television air eight digital channels. [ 377 ] [ 378 ] TVB, Hong Kong's dominant television network, has an 80% viewer share. [ 379 ] Paid television services operated by PCCW offer hundreds of additional channels and cater to a variety of audiences. [ 380 ] RTHK is the public broadcaster, providing seven radio channels and six free-to-air television channels. [ 381 ] [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Ten non-domestic broadcasters air programming for the territory's foreign population. [ 377 ] Access to media and information over the Internet is not subject to mainland Chinese regulations, including the Great Firewall, yet local control applies. [ 384 ]

                      See also

                      * Hong Kong portal
                      * China portal
                      * Index of articles related to Hong Kong
                      * Outline of Hong Kong

                      Notes

                         1. ^ a b No specific variety of Chinese is official in the territory. Residents predominantly speak Cantonese , the de facto regional standard. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
                         2. ^ a b For all government use, documents written using Traditional Chinese characters are authoritative over ones inscribed with Simplified Chinese characters . [ 4 ] English shares equal status with Chinese in all official proceedings. [ 5 ]
                         3. ^ After adjustment for taxes and social transfers
                         4. ^ Except for the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Hong Kong Link Road , which drives on the right. [ 16 ]
                         5. ^
                                + US : / ˈ h ɒ ŋ k ɒ ŋ / or UK : / h ɒ ŋ ˈ k ɒ ŋ /; Chinese: 香港; Jyutping: Hoeng1 gong2 ; Cantonese Yale: Hēunggóng , Cantonese : [hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ] ⓘ
                                + Officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR; Chinese: 中華人民共和國香港特別行政區 ; Cantonese Yale: Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui ).
                                + Legally Hong Kong, China in international treaties and organizations.
                         6. ^ Hong Kong permanent residents can be of any nationality. A person without Chinese nationality who has entered Hong Kong with a valid travel document, has ordinarily resided there for a continuous period not less than seven years, and is permanently domiciled in the territory would be legally recognised as a Hongkonger . [ 17 ]
                         7. ^ However, decisions made by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress override any territorial judicial process. Furthermore, the State Council may enforce national law in the region under specific circumstances.
                         8. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data in Hong Kong from 1991 to 2020.

                      References

                      Citations

                         1. ^ Leung 2016 .
                         2. ^ a b Official Languages Ordinance .
                         3. ^ a b c d Population By-Census 2021 , pp. 31, 51–52
                         4. ^ Legislative Council Disclaimer and Copyright Notice
                         5. ^ Use of Chinese in Court Proceedings 2011
                         6. ^ a b c Population By-Census 2021 , p. 46.
                         7. ^ "China (People's Republic of) 1982 (rev. 2004)". Constitute project. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2019 .
                         8. ^ a b Cheung 2017 .
                         9. ^ a b c "Survey and Mapping Office – Circulars and Publications". Survey and Mapping Office. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023 . Retrieved 20 October 2020 .
                        10. ^ "Mid-year population for 2023" (Press release). Census and Statistics Department. 15 August 2023. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023 . Retrieved 15 November 2023 .
                        11. ^ "Key statistics of the 2021 and 2011 Population Census" (PDF) . census2021.gov.hk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 .
                        12. ^ "Main Tables – 2021 Population Census". census2021.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 .
                        13. ^ a b c d e "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (HK)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 11 April 2024 . Retrieved 2 May 2024 .
                        14. ^ Household Income Distribution 2021 , p. 5
                        15. ^ "Human Development Report 2023/2024" (PDF) . United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024 . Retrieved 13 March 2024 .
                        16. ^ Technical Legislative Amendments on Traffic Arrangements for the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge 2017
                        17. ^ Basic Law Chapter III Article 24.
                        18. ^ a b Carroll 2007 , pp. 15–21.
                        19. ^ Ren 2010 , p. 221.
                        20. ^ Kirschner, Kylie (10 September 2023). "The top 10 cities around the world with the most ultra-wealthy people". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023 . Retrieved 15 November 2023 .
                        21. ^ a b "Aquilaria sinensis and origin of the name of Hong Kong". Hong Kong Herbarium. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 .
                        22. ^ a b Carroll 2007 , p. 1
                        23. ^ Empson 1992 , p. 94.
                        24. ^ Bishop & Roberts 1997 , p. 218.
                        25. ^ a b Room 2005 , p. 168.
                        26. ^ Davis 1841 , p. 6.
                        27. ^ Empson 1992 , p. 96.
                        28. ^ Hong Kong Government Gazette 1926 , No. 479.
                        29. ^ HSH Annual Report 2017 , p. 6.
                        30. ^ HSBC Annual Report 2011 , p. 2.
                        31. ^ Davis, Vin; Ixer, Rob (2009). "The Petrology of the Wong Tei Tung Stone Tool Manufacturing Site, Sham Chung, Hong Kong Sar, China". Internet Archaeology (26). doi:10.11141/ia.26.8. ISSN 1363-5387. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023 . Retrieved 8 June 2020 .
                        32. ^ a b c Meacham 1999 , p. 2.
                        33. ^ Li 2012 , p. 38.
                        34. ^ Ban, Ban & Ban 111 .
                        35. ^ Keat 2004 , p. 932.
                        36. ^ Carroll 2007 , p. 9.
                        37. ^ Barber 2004 , p. 48.
                        38. ^ Carroll 2007 , p. 10.
                        39. ^ Porter 1996 , p. 63.
                        40. ^ Edmonds 2002 , p. 1.
                        41. ^ von Glahn 1996 , p. 116.
                        42. ^ Wills 1998 , pp. 342–344.
                        43. ^ "Hong Kong Museum of History: "The Hong Kong Story" Exhibition Materials" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2009.
                        44. ^ Zhihong 2006 , pp. 8–9.
                        45. ^ Schottenhammer 2007 , p. 33.
                        46. ^ Chen 2011 .
                        47. ^ Hoe & Roebuck 1999 , pp. 82, 87.
                        48. ^ "Hong Kong 2003 – History". www.yearbook.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 25 October 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2021 .
                        49. ^ Tsang 2007 , p. 12.
                        50. ^ Courtauld, Holdsworth & Vickers 1997 , pp. 38–58
                        51. ^ Carroll 2007 , pp. 21–24.
                        52. ^ Carroll 2007 , p. 30.
                        53. ^ Scott 1989 , p. 6.
                        54. ^ Chu 2005 , p. 90.
                        55. ^ Wordie 2007 , p. 243.
                        56. ^ Carroll 2007 , p. 103.
                        57. ^ Yanne & Heller 2009 , p. 71.
                        58. ^ Snow 2003 , p. 43.
                        59. ^ Snow 2003 , pp. 53–73.
                        60. ^ Kwong 2015 .
                        61. ^ a b Wiltshire 1997 , p. 148.
                        62. ^ Buckley 1997 , pp. 64, 92.
                        63. ^ Carroll 2007 , pp. 145, 174–175.
                        64. ^ Forsyth, Neil (Director) (1990). Underground Pride (Motion picture). Hong Kong: MTR Corporation.
                        65. ^ Chu, Yingchi (2003). Hong Kong Cinema: Coloniser, Motherland and Self! Routledge Publishing. ISBN 0-7007-1746-3 .
                        66. ^ Dodsworth & Mihaljek 1997 , p. 54.
                        67. ^ Carroll 2007 , pp. 176–178.
                        68. ^ a b c Carroll 2007 , p. 181.
                        69. ^ Wong 1992 , p. 9.
                        70. ^ Population Policy Report 2002 , pp. 27–28
                        71. ^ Gargan, Edward A. (18 September 1995). "Pro-China Party Appears Big Loser in Hong Kong Election". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021 . Retrieved 20 November 2020 .
                        72. ^ Gargan 1997 .
                        73. ^ Carroll 2007 , p. 218
                        74. ^ Cheung & Ho 2013 .
                        75. ^ Lee 2006 , pp. 63–70.
                        76. ^ Crean, Jeffrey (2024). The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-350-23394-2.
                        77. ^ Carroll 2007 , p. 200.
                        78. ^ Carroll 2007 , pp. 226, 233.
                        79. ^ Kaiman 2014 .
                        80. ^ Bland 2016 .
                        81. ^ Haas 2017 .
                        82. ^ Huang 2016 .
                        83. ^ Siu & Chung 2017 .
                        84. ^ "To restore calm in Hong Kong, try democracy", The Economist
                        85. ^ "CE signs National Anthem Ordinance (with photos)". HKSAR Government Press Releases. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020 . Retrieved 12 June 2020 .
                        86. ^ Regan, Helen (29 June 2020). "China passes sweeping Hong Kong national security law: report". CNN. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020 . Retrieved 29 June 2020 .
                        87. ^ a b "China approves plan to veto Hong Kong election candidates". France 24. 11 March 2021. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021 . Retrieved 6 September 2022 .
                        88. ^ a b "Hong Kong cuts directly elected District Council seats as overhaul unanimously approved". Hong Kong Free Press. 6 July 2023.
                        89. ^ a b "Ordinance passed and promulgated" (PDF) . Hong Kong Government Gazette. 10 July 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2023.
                        90. ^ a b "District Councils (Amendment) Ordinance 2023—Ordinance No. 19 of 2023" (PDF) . Hong Kong Government Gazette. 10 July 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2023.
                        91. ^ Tam et al. 2012 , p. 80
                        92. ^ a b Tam et al. 2012 , pp. 66, 80–81
                        93. ^ Ng Ka Ling and Another v the Director of Immigration
                        94. ^ Tam et al. 2012 , p. 77
                        95. ^ Young & Cullen 2010 , p. 39.
                        96. ^ Adaptation of Laws Guidelines 1998 , p. 7
                        97. ^ Emergency Regulations Ordinance .
                        98. ^ Tam et al. 2012 , p. 73
                        99. ^ a b Gittings 2009 , p. 150.
                       100. ^ Gittings 2009 , p. 153.
                       101. ^ Young & Cullen 2010 , pp. 13–16.
                       102. ^ Basic Law Chapter IV Article 45.
                       103. ^ Amendment to the Basic Law Annex I
                       104. ^ "China moves to overhaul Hong Kong politics, squeezing democratic opposition". Reuters. 11 March 2021. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021 . Retrieved 6 September 2022 .
                       105. ^ a b Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election 2016 , pp. 3–4
                       106. ^ Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election 2016 , pp. 3, 52–53
                       107. ^ LegCo and DC Member Political Affiliations 2017
                       108. ^ Bush & Whelan-Wuest 2017 .
                       109. ^ Sala 2016 .
                       110. ^ Tam et al. 2012 , pp. 80–81
                       111. ^ Gittings 2009 , p. 148.
                       112. ^ a b "Legislation Summary: Hong Kong National Security Law". NPC Observer. 30 June 2020. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020 . Retrieved 2 July 2020 .
                       113. ^ Jordan 1997 , p. 335.
                       114. ^ Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Another v the President of the Legislative Council
                       115. ^ Basic Law Chapter II Article 18.
                       116. ^ Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Passports Ordinance
                       117. ^ "Control Point Locations". Immigration Department. Archived from the original on 22 November 2017 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 .
                       118. ^ Basic Law Chapter II Article 22.
                       119. ^ Basic Law Chapter V Article 106.
                       120. ^ Public Finance Facts 2018 .
                       121. ^ Lendon 2017 .
                       122. ^ Constitution of the People's Republic of China Chapter 3 § 4 (93).
                       123. ^ Basic Law Chapter II Article 14.
                       124. ^ Mok & Lee 2015 .
                       125. ^ Basic Law Chapter VII Article 152.
                       126. ^ "Hong Kong Committee for UNICEF". UNICEF. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 .
                       127. ^ "UNHCR Hong Kong". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 .
                       128. ^ "List of Treaties in Force and Applicable to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region". Department of Justice. 25 October 2017. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 .
                       129. ^ "Offices Outside Hong Kong". Hong Kong Government. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 .
                       130. ^ a b "Ireland suspends its extradition treaty with Hong Kong". The Globe and Mail Inc. Reuters. 23 October 2020. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020 . Retrieved 23 October 2020 .
                       131. ^ "Trump ends preferential economic treatment for Hong Kong". BBC. 15 July 2020. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020 . Retrieved 23 October 2020 .
                       132. ^ "Hong Kong Adopts Sweeping Security Laws, Bowing to Beijing – The New York Times". The New York Times. 20 March 2024. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024 . Retrieved 21 March 2024 .{{cite web}} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link )
                       133. ^ District Administration Facts 2016
                       134. ^ District Councils Ordinance .
                       135. ^ a b Cheng 2016 , p. 387.
                       136. ^ Basic Law Chapter IV Articles 45, 68.
                       137. ^ Wong & Lim 2017 .
                       138. ^ Ming 2006 .
                       139. ^ Ngo & Cheung 2016 .
                       140. ^ Zhao 2015 .
                       141. ^ Chao 2013 .
                       142. ^ Lhatoo 2015 .
                       143. ^ Raquel Carvalho and Peace Chiu (25 February 2018). "Fed up with human trafficking, Hong Kong migrant workers hold vigil demanding justice". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023 . Retrieved 24 June 2020 .
                       144. ^ "Meanings of Right of Abode and Other Terms", Immigration Department
                       145. ^ Tony Read (8 July 2016). "Hong Kong must lead the fight against human trafficking, rather than just do the bare minimum". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023 . Retrieved 24 June 2020 .
                       146. ^ Astrid Zweynert (22 October 2015). "New ways to help Hong Kong's human trafficking victims". Christian Science Monitor. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023 . Retrieved 24 June 2020 . "The US State Department's 2014 Trafficking in Persons report said people from mainland China, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Nepal, Cambodia, and other Southeast Asian countries as well as Colombia, Chad, and Uganda had become victims of sex trafficking and forced labor in Hong Kong."
                       147. ^ Jason Wordie (16 January 2016). "Human trafficking in Hong Kong: hidden in plain sight". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023 . Retrieved 24 June 2020 . "Likewise, legions of mainland prostitutes form a highly visible yet officially clandestine workforce in certain parts of Hong Kong. Many of these women, according to informed sources within the sex-worker sorority, have been trafficked."
                       148. ^ Cheung 2016 .
                       149. ^ Cheung 2015 .
                       150. ^ Hernández, Javier C. (30 June 2020). "Harsh Penalties, Vaguely Defined Crimes: Hong Kong's Security Law Explained". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020 . Retrieved 2 July 2020 .
                       151. ^ "Hong Kong National Security Law Promulgated, Came into Effect June 30, 2020". Morrison & Foerster. 1 July 2020. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020 . Retrieved 2 July 2020 .
                       152. ^ James, William (1 July 2020). "UK says China's security law is serious violation of Hong Kong treaty". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020 . Retrieved 2 July 2020 .
                       153. ^ "Hong Kong pro-democracy politicians arrested". BBC News. November 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020 . Retrieved 1 November 2020 .
                       154. ^ "Hong Kong churches drop Tiananmen tributes after 33 years amid arrest fears". Agence France-Presse. 30 May 2022. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022 . Retrieved 31 May 2022 – via The Guardian.
                       155. ^ a b "Survey and Mapping Office – Circulars and Publications". www.landsd.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021 . Retrieved 9 March 2021 .
                       156. ^ a b c "Hong Kong". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021 . Retrieved 2 October 2018 .
                       157. ^ Owen & Shaw 2007 , p. 13.
                       158. ^ Population By-Census 2021 , pp. 34–35
                       159. ^ Land Policy Report 2017 , p. 1.
                       160. ^ Owen & Shaw 2007 , p. 2.
                       161. ^ "Land Use in Hong Kong 2017", Planning Department
                       162. ^ Morton & Harper 1995 , p. 9.
                       163. ^ Hu 2003 .
                       164. ^ "The Natural Environment, Plants & Animals in Hong Kong". Hong Kong Government. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 .
                       165. ^ "Climate of Hong Kong". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 2 June 2017 . Retrieved 5 September 2017 .
                       166. ^ "Last time it snowed in Hong Kong". www.hko.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023 . Retrieved 12 December 2023 .
                       167. ^ Geography and Climate 2010 .
                       168. ^ "Extreme Values and Dates of Occurrence of Extremes of Meteorological Elements between 1884 and 1939 and 1947–2017 for Hong Kong". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 24 March 2018 . Retrieved 25 March 2018 .
                       169. ^ "HK records hottest day before typhoon", EJ Insight
                       170. ^ "Automatic Weather Observations yearly Extract". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021 . Retrieved 17 January 2021 .
                       171. ^ "Monthly Meteorological Normals for Hong Kong (1991–2020)". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021 . Retrieved 7 February 2021 .
                       172. ^ "Extreme Values and Dates of Occurrence of Extremes of Meteorological Elements between 1884–1939 and 1947–2020 for Hong Kong)". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021 . Retrieved 7 February 2021 .
                       173. ^ "Monthly Data for Single Element". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022 . Retrieved 16 February 2022 .
                       174. ^ "Hong Kong". The Skyscraper Center. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 .
                       175. ^ "Skyline Ranking". Emporis. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 .
                       176. ^ Tong & Wong 1997 .
                       177. ^ Forrest, La Grange & Yip 2004 , pp. 215, 222
                       178. ^ "The World's Tallest Buildings". Emporis. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 .
                       179. ^ a b Kohlstedt 2016 .
                       180. ^ Hollingsworth & Zheng 2017 .
                       181. ^ Zheng 2017 .
                       182. ^ McKercher, Ho & du Cros 2004 .
                       183. ^ a b Tourism Facts 2016 .
                       184. ^ Béthanie 2015 , p. 3.
                       185. ^ Ingham 2007 , p. 225.
                       186. ^ Declared Monuments 2007 , pp. 5–6.
                       187. ^ Xue 2016 , p. 99.
                       188. ^ Xue 2016 , p. 41.
                       189. ^ "Death Rates by Leading Causes of Death, 2001 – 2021". Archived from the original on 8 April 2023 . Retrieved 8 April 2023 .
                       190. ^ Fan 1974 .
                       191. ^ Carroll 2007 , pp. 144–147.
                       192. ^ Yu 2013 .
                       193. ^ Erni & Leung 2014 , pp. 18, 22.
                       194. ^ "Statistical Product". www.censtatd.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022 . Retrieved 28 November 2021 .
                       195. ^ FCO Written Evidence 2014 .
                       196. ^ Standing Committee Interpretation Concerning Implementation of Chinese Nationality Law in Hong Kong
                       197. ^ "Population density (people per sq km of land area) – Hong Kong SAR, China". World Bank. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020 . Retrieved 6 August 2022 .
                       198. ^ Lee 2012 .
                       199. ^ Developing a Supplementary Guide to the Chinese Language Curriculum for Non-Chinese Speaking Students 2008 , p. 9
                       200. ^ a b Religion and Custom Facts 2016 .
                       201. ^ "Life Expectancy by Country and in the World". Life expectancy of the world population. worldometer. Archived from the original on 1 February 2019 . Retrieved 1 January 2022 .
                       202. ^ "Life Expectancy at Birth (Male and Female), 1971 – 2022". Hong Kong Government Centrer of Health Protection. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023 . Retrieved 16 August 2023 .
                       203. ^ Health Facts 2017 .
                       204. ^ Wong et al. 2015 , p. 262.
                       205. ^ "Country Comparison: GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 .
                       206. ^ Household Income Distribution 2021 , p. 3
                       207. ^ a b Household Income Distribution 2021 , p. 50
                       208. ^ Desjardins 2018 .
                       209. ^ Grosser, Annika (30 April 2024). "The Cities With The Most Billionaires 2024". Forbes . Retrieved 8 June 2024 .
                       210. ^ Liu 2018 .
                       211. ^ Frank 2018 .
                       212. ^ Household Income Distribution 2021 , p. 4
                       213. ^ Hung & Ma 2023 .
                       214. ^ Household Income Distribution 2021 , p. 40
                       215. ^ Global Financial Centres Index 2017
                       216. ^ Jiang et al. 2003 .
                       217. ^ "Hong Kong ranked world's freest economy for 18th consecutive year". Hong Kong Government. 12 January 2012. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012 . Retrieved 28 May 2012 .
                       218. ^ "Top 10 Countries". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 1 February 2008 .
                       219. ^ Feulner, Edwin. "Hong Kong Is No Longer What It Was". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022 . Retrieved 13 September 2022 .
                       220. ^ HKSE Market Statistics 2018 , p. 2.
                       221. ^ WIPO (8 May 2024). Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition. World Intellectual Property Organization. doi:10.34667/tind.46596. ISBN 978-92-805-3432-0. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023 . Retrieved 23 October 2023 . {{cite book}} : |website= ignored ( help )
                       222. ^ "The Global Financial Centres Index 31" (PDF) . Long Finance. March 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2022 . Retrieved 24 March 2022 .
                       223. ^ "US Bank Leads Development of Hong Kong's "Silicon Harbor"". Tech Monitor. 8 July 1999. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022 . Retrieved 6 July 2022 .
                       224. ^ Rohwer, J. (2001). Remade in America: How Asia Will Change Because America Boomed. Crown. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-609-50412-3. Archived from the original on 10 February 2024 . Retrieved 6 July 2022 .
                       225. ^ Pete Engardio (12 April 1989). "How Motorola Took Asia By The Tail". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022.
                       226. ^ Cragg, C. (1993). Hunting with the Tigers: Doing Business with Hong Kong, Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Pfeiffer. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-89384-204-8. Archived from the original on 10 February 2024 . Retrieved 6 July 2022 .
                       227. ^ a b "Country Comparison: Exports". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019 . Retrieved 16 June 2019 .
                       228. ^ a b "Country Comparison: Imports". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008 . Retrieved 16 June 2019 .
                       229. ^ Economic Statistical Highlights 2017
                       230. ^ Park 2019 .
                       231. ^ "Cargo Traffic 2016". Airports Council International. 1 January 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 .
                       232. ^ Lam, Jasmine Siu Lee; Cullinane, Kevin Patrick Brendan; Lee, Paul Tae-Woo (3 May 2018). "The 21st-century Maritime Silk Road: challenges and opportunities for transport management and practice". Transport Reviews. 38 (4). Routledge: 413–415. doi:10.1080/01441647.2018.1453562. S2CID 158856945.
                       233. ^ Kong 2013 .
                       234. ^ Agriculture and Fisheries Facts 2017
                       235. ^ Economy Facts 2016 .
                       236. ^ Preston & Haacke 2003 .
                       237. ^ Yeung 2008 , p. 16.
                       238. ^ "HK vs China GDP: A sobering reality", EJ Insight
                       239. ^ Lung & Sung 2010 , p. 5.
                       240. ^ a b Griffiths & Lazarus 2018 .
                       241. ^ "Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA)". Trade and Industry Department. 31 October 2017. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 26 December 2017 .
                       242. ^ "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (HK-Macao CEPA)". Trade and Industry Department. 17 November 2017. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 .
                       243. ^ Baldwin, Lee & Jim 2014 .
                       244. ^ Lam & Qiu 2017 .
                       245. ^ a b House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Tenth Report 2015 , p. 18
                       246. ^ Cushman & Wakefield RHQ Report 2016 , p. 8
                       247. ^ House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Tenth Report 2015 , pp. 18–19
                       248. ^ MUIR, PAUL (17 February 2021). "Crypto body warns new HK law will backfire". Archived from the original on 22 February 2021 . Retrieved 24 February 2021 .
                       249. ^ Triennial Central Bank Survey 2016 , p. 10
                       250. ^ "Hong Kong conundrum: sky-high prices and flats the size of parking spaces". Financial Times. 24 November 2021. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 . Retrieved 3 September 2022 .
                       251. ^ Saiidi, Uptin (10 April 2017). "Here's why Hong Kong housing is so expensive". CNBC. Archived from the original on 3 September 2022 . Retrieved 3 September 2022 .
                       252. ^ Chan, Vanesse; Molloy, Claire (22 July 2021). "Why rent in Hong Kong is so high, even though there's undeveloped land". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 3 September 2022 . Retrieved 3 September 2022 .
                       253. ^ a b Tsang, Donald (18 September 2006). "Big Market, Small Government" (Press release). Hong Kong Government. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 .
                       254. ^ "End of an experiment", The Economist
                       255. ^ WTO 2017 , p. 6.
                       256. ^ "Despite worldwide changes, multinationals focus on mobile workforces to support career growth and ensure competitiveness". New York: Mercer. 21 June 2017. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018 . Retrieved 26 December 2017 .
                       257. ^ "Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009". Mercer. 29 June 2010. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 .
                       258. ^ "Virgin Atlantic drops Hong Kong route after nearly 30 years". Reuters. 5 October 2022. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023 . Retrieved 10 October 2022 .
                       259. ^ Goh Chiew Tong; Vivian Kam (3 February 2023). "Hong Kong will give away half a million plane tickets. Here's who can get them first". CNBC. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023 . Retrieved 22 February 2023 .
                       260. ^ Public Transport Strategy Study 2017 , p. 1
                       261. ^ Poon & Chau 2001 , p. 102.
                       262. ^ "MTR > Ticket Purchase and Usage". www.mtr.com.hk. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024 . Retrieved 30 July 2024 .
                       263. ^ "Hong Kong Tramways – Schedules and Fares". www.hktramways.com. Archived from the original on 16 June 2024 . Retrieved 30 July 2024 .
                       264. ^ "Schedule & Fares | StarFerry". www.starferry.com.hk. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023 . Retrieved 30 July 2024 .
                       265. ^ "E-payment System". www.citybus.com.hk. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023 . Retrieved 30 July 2024 .
                       266. ^ "The Kowloon Motor Bus Co. (1933) Ltd 九龍巴士(一九三三)". www.kmb.hk. Archived from the original on 1 May 2024 . Retrieved 30 July 2024 .
                       267. ^ Mok 2018 .
                       268. ^ Gold 2001 .
                       269. ^ "Public Transport | Annual transport digest 2023". www.td.gov.hk . Retrieved 30 July 2024 .
                       270. ^ "Hong Kong Tramways – Schedules and Fares". www.hktramways.com . Retrieved 30 July 2024 .
                       271. ^ "Hong Kong Tramways: fun facts about the century-old Ding Ding | Hong Kong Tourism Board". Discover Hong Kong . Retrieved 30 July 2024 .
                       272. ^ "Largest double-decker tram fleet in service". Guinness World Records. 30 July 2021 . Retrieved 30 July 2024 .
                       273. ^ Railway Network Facts 2018 .
                       274. ^ "Transport Department – Railways". www.td.gov.hk . Retrieved 30 July 2024 .
                       275. ^ a b Transport Statistical Highlights 2016
                       276. ^ Report on Rail Service 2014 , p. 1.
                       277. ^ "Cross Boundary Train Services". MTR Corporation. Archived from the original on 19 November 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 .
                       278. ^ "MTR > Intercity Passenger Services". www.mtr.com.hk . Retrieved 30 July 2024 .
                       279. ^ "'End of an era' for Hong Kong's cross-border through-train services". South China Morning Post. 29 April 2022 . Retrieved 30 July 2024 .
                       280. ^ "海關總署公告2024年第96號（關於關閉北京西站、上海站、廣州、東莞等4個鐵路口岸的公告）". General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 31 July 2024 . Retrieved 31 July 2024 .
                       281. ^ Kwok 2018 .
                       282. ^ Vehicle Registration and Licensing 2018
                       283. ^ Labarre 2010 .
                       284. ^ Traffic Congestion Study 2014 , pp. 2–3
                       285. ^ Transport Facts 2016 .
                       286. ^ "'Ridesharing should not be a crime': Uber criticises Hong Kong's outdated traffic laws following arrests". Hong Kong Free Press. 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 4 August 2024 .
                       287. ^ "Uber vs Hong Kong taxis: why is the government allowing the quarrel to fester?". South China Morning Post. 21 May 2024 . Retrieved 4 August 2024 .
                       288. ^ "Hong Kong to require permits for ride-hailing services including Uber". South China Morning Post. 5 July 2024 . Retrieved 4 August 2024 .
                       289. ^ Cullinane 2002 .
                       290. ^ Hong Kong Strategic Route Map (PDF) (Map). Transport Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 .
                       291. ^ "'Goodbye Kai Tak': 25 years since Hong Kong's old airport turned off its lights". South China Morning Post. 6 July 2023 . Retrieved 31 May 2024 .
                       292. ^ HKIA Annual Report 2017 , p. 152.
                       293. ^ NY/NJ Port Authority Airport Traffic 2017 , p. 32
                       294. ^ NY/NJ Port Authority Airport Traffic 2017 , p. 58
                       295. ^ Wordie 2007 , p. 242.
                       296. ^ "Operational Information". Star Ferry. Archived from the original on 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 .
                       297. ^ Cushman 1993 , p. 57.
                       298. ^ "Ferry Services to Macau and the Mainland Ports". Hong Kong Government. Archived from the original on 19 November 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 .
                       299. ^ Tatlow 2017 .
                       300. ^ Roberts, Toby; Williams, Ian; Preston, John (19 May 2021). "The Southampton system: a new universal standard approach for port-city classification". Maritime Policy & Management. 48 (4): 530–542. doi:10.1080/03088839.2020.1802785. ISSN 0308-8839. S2CID 225502755.
                       301. ^ a b Energy Statistics Report 2017 , p. 1
                       302. ^ Energy Statistics Report 2017 , p. 9
                       303. ^ Energy Statistics Report 2017 , p. 29
                       304. ^ Energy Statistics Report 2017 , p. 6
                       305. ^ Chan 2017 .
                       306. ^ a b Lee 2013 .
                       307. ^ Water Supply Facts 2016 .
                       308. ^ "Key Communications Statistics". Office of the Communications Authority. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 July 2018 .
                       309. ^ Akamai's State of the Internet 2017 , p. 54
                       310. ^ IT and Internet Usage 2017 , p. 9.
                       311. ^ Monthly Statistics for June 2019 , p. 242
                       312. ^ Carroll 2007 , p. 169.
                       313. ^ Carroll 2007 , pp. 167–172.
                       314. ^ He 2013 .
                       315. ^ Tam 2017 .
                       316. ^ Lam 2015 .
                       317. ^ "Categorical Ethnic Identity – HKPORI – 香港民意研究所". Hong Kong Public Opinion Research Institute [ zh ] . 9 December 2022. Archived from the original on 5 March 2024.
                       318. ^ Family Survey 2013 , pp. 12–13.
                       319. ^ Population By-Census 2021 , p. 77.
                       320. ^ Fowler & Fowler 2008 , p. 263.
                       321. ^ Xi & Ingham 2003 , p. 181.
                       322. ^ Chan & Chow 2006 , p. 3.
                       323. ^ a b Long 2015 , p. 271.
                       324. ^ Curry & Hanstedt 2014 , pp. 9–12.
                       325. ^ Long 2015 , p. 272.
                       326. ^ Fu 2008 , pp. 381, 388–389.
                       327. ^ Carroll 2007 , p. 148.
                       328. ^ Carroll 2007 , p. 168.
                       329. ^ Chu, Karen (16 February 2023). "Berlin Spotlight: How Hong Kong's Film Industry Made a Surprise Comeback". The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 22 February 2023 .
                       330. ^ Ge 2017 .
                       331. ^ Chu 2017 , pp. 1–9, 24–25.
                       332. ^ Chu 2017 , pp. 77–85.
                       333. ^ Chu 2017 , pp. 107–116.
                       334. ^ Chu 2017 , pp. 9–10.
                       335. ^ Chu 2017 , pp. 159–164.
                       336. ^ Smith et al. 2017 , p. 101
                       337. ^ Ho 2011 , p. 147.
                       338. ^ Vivienne Chow (12 September 2019). "Singing showdowns in Hong Kong pit the city's unofficial new anthem against China's". Quartz. Archived from the original on 13 September 2019 . Retrieved 15 September 2019 .
                       339. ^ "Listen to the Song That Hong Kong's Youthful Protesters Are Calling Their 'National Anthem'". TIME. 12 September 2019. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022 . Retrieved 16 November 2022 .
                       340. ^ a b Shen & Kee 2017 , p. 247.
                       341. ^ Ghoshal 2011 .
                       342. ^ Horne & Manzenreiter 2002 , p. 128.
                       343. ^ Lam & Chang 2005 , p. 141.
                       344. ^ Shum, Michael; Chow, Carine (27 July 2021). "FENCE-TASTIC! Cheung Ka-long wins gold for HK". The Standard . Retrieved 27 July 2021 .
                       345. ^ Lam & Chang 2005 , p. 99.
                       346. ^ Sofield & Sivan 2003 .
                       347. ^ a b Littlewood 2010 , pp. 16–17.
                       348. ^ Inland Revenue Annual Report 2017 , p. 4
                       349. ^ Chan & Leung 2003 , p. 24.
                       350. ^ "Programme Highlights". Hong Kong Government. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013 . Retrieved 20 October 2010 .
                       351. ^ a b Li, Arthur (18 May 2005). "Creating a better education system". Hong Kong Government. Archived from the original on 3 March 2008 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 .
                       352. ^ "HKDSE". Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority. 12 October 2010. Archived from the original on 16 October 2010 . Retrieved 20 October 2010 .
                       353. ^ Women and Men in Hong Kong Key Statistics 2017 , p. 66
                       354. ^ "Adult literacy rate". The Hong Kong Council of Social Service. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 .
                       355. ^ Cheng et al. 2013 .
                       356. ^ UNESCO Literacy Rates 2017 , p. 8.
                       357. ^ Lee & Leung 2012 .
                       358. ^ "Teaching and Learning | HKU Teaching and Learning". HKU Teaching and Learning | Teaching and Learning in The University of Hong Kong. 5 April 2010 . Retrieved 17 May 2023 .
                       359. ^ "Proof of English as Medium of Instruction | HKUST – Academic Registry". registry.hkust.edu.hk . Retrieved 17 May 2023 .
                       360. ^ "University Language Policy | HKBU AR". ar.hkbu.edu.hk . Retrieved 17 May 2023 .
                       361. ^ "Languages of instruction". Hong Kong Metropolitan University . Retrieved 17 May 2023 .
                       362. ^ "Study@PolyU". www51.polyu.edu.hk. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023 . Retrieved 17 May 2023 .
                       363. ^ "Res – Frequently Asked Questions on Applications for Transcript/Letter of Certification/Report on Curriculum Details". www.res.cuhk.edu.hk . Retrieved 17 May 2023 .
                       364. ^ Carroll 2007 , pp. 84–86.
                       365. ^ Fulton Commission 1963 .
                       366. ^ a b "World University Rankings". Times Higher Education (THE). 4 October 2022 . Retrieved 2 December 2022 .
                       367. ^ a b "QS World University Rankings 2023: Top Global Universities". Top Universities . Retrieved 2 December 2022 .
                       368. ^ a b "2022–2023 Best Global Universities Rankings".
                       369. ^ The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Ordinance
                       370. ^ Hong Kong Baptist University Ordinance
                       371. ^ The Open University of Hong Kong Ordinance
                       372. ^ Lingnan University Ordinance .
                       373. ^ LegCo Grant to Shue Yan University 2007 .
                       374. ^ "Saint Francis University – Press Release – Caritas Institute of Higher Education granted the university title and renamed Saint Francis University 2024-01-9". www.sfu.edu.hk . Retrieved 26 July 2024 .
                       375. ^ "Hong Kong media profile", BBC News
                       376. ^ Media Facts 2017 .
                       377. ^ a b Licensed Broadcasting Services 2018
                       378. ^ "Frequency Table for Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting Services in Hong Kong" (PDF) . Retrieved 26 July 2024 .
                       379. ^ Chow 2017 .
                       380. ^ "A List of Licensed Broadcasting Services in Hong Kong (As at 18 June 2024)" (PDF) . Office of the Communications Authority. Hong Kong.
                       381. ^ RTHK Budget 2018 , pp. 806, 809.
                       382. ^ "RADIO TELEVISION HONG KONG ANNUAL REPORT 2021 – 2022" (PDF) . rthk.hk . Retrieved 26 July 2024 .
                       383. ^ "香港電台網站".
                       384. ^ "Hong Kong Activists Stare Down 'Great Firewall of China'", NBC News

                      Sources

                      Print

                        * Ban, Biao 班彪; Ban, Gu 班固; Ban, Zhao 班昭 (111). 地理志 [Treatise on geography]. Book of Han (in Chinese). Vol. 28. OCLC 4342548.
                        * Barber, Nicola (2004). Hong Kong. Gareth Stevens. ISBN 978-0-8368-5198-4.
                        * Bishop, Kevin; Roberts, Annabel (1997). China's Imperial Way. Odyssey Publications. ISBN 978-962-217-511-2.
                        * Buckley, Roger (1997). Hong Kong: The Road to 1997. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46979-1.
                        * Carroll, John (2007). A Concise History of Hong Kong. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-3422-3.
                        * Chan, Cecilia; Chow, Amy (2006). Death, Dying and Bereavement: a Hong Kong Chinese Experience. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-787-2.
                        * Chan, Shun-hing; Leung, Beatrice (2003). Changing Church and State Relations in Hong Kong, 1950–2000. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 962-209-612-3.
                        * Chu, Cindy Yik-yi (2005). Foreign Communities in Hong Kong, 1840s–1950s. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-8055-7.
                        * Chu, Yiu-wai (2017). Hong Kong Cantopop: A Concise History. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-988-8390-58-8.
                        * Courtauld, Caroline; Holdsworth, May; Vickers, Simon (1997). The Hong Kong Story. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-590353-9.
                        * Curry, Janel; Hanstedt, Paul (2014). Reading Hong Kong, Reading Ourselves. City University of Hong Kong Press. ISBN 978-962-937-235-4.
                        * Cushman, Jennifer Wayne (1993). Fields from the Sea: Chinese Junk Trade with Siam During the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries. Cornell Southeast Asia Program. ISBN 978-0-87727-711-8.
                        * Davis, Sir John Francis (1841). Sketches of China: partly during an inland journey of four months, between Peking, Nanking, and Canton; with notices and observations relative to the present war. Vol. 1. Charles Knight & Co. OCLC 491627420.
                        * Dodsworth, John; Mihaljek, Dubravko (1997). Hong Kong, China: Growth, Structural Change, and Economic Stability During the Transition. International Monetary Fund. ISBN 978-1-55775-672-5.
                        * Edmonds, Richard L. (2002). China and Europe Since 1978: A European Perspective. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52403-2.
                        * Empson, Hal (1992). Mapping Hong Kong: A Historical Atlas. Government Information Services. OCLC 29939947.
                        * Erni, John Nguyet; Leung, Lisa Yuk-ming (2014). Understanding South Asian Minorities in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-988-8208-34-0.
                        * Fowler, Jeaneane D.; Fowler, Merv (2008). Chinese Religions: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-84519-172-6.
                        * Gittings, Danny (2009). "Hong Kong Judiciary". In Gaylord, Mark S.; Gittings, Danny; Traver, Harold (eds.). Introduction to Crime, Law and Justice in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 147–168. ISBN 978-962-209-978-4.
                        * Ho, Wai-chung (2011). School Music Education and Social Change in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-18917-1.
                        * Hoe, Susanna; Roebuck, Derek (1999). The Taking of Hong Kong: Charles and Clara Elliot in China Waters. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1145-1.
                        * Horne, John; Manzenreiter, Wolfram (2002). Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27563-7.
                        * Hu, Qi-ming (2003). "Preface". Rare and Precious Plants of Hong Kong. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department. ISBN 978-988-201-616-3. OCLC 491712858.
                        * Ingham, Michael (2007). Hong Kong: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-531496-0.
                        * Keat, Ooi Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2.
                        * Lam, S.F.; Chang, Julian W. (2005). The Quest for Gold: Fifty Years of Amateur Sports in Hong Kong, 1947–1997. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-765-0.
                        * Lam, Wai-man (2015). Understanding the Political Culture of Hong Kong: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-45301-7.
                        * Lee, S.H. (2006). SARS in China and Hong Kong. Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59454-678-5.
                        * Leung, Julian Y.M. (2016). "Education in Hong Kong and China: Towards Convergence?". In Chan, Ming K.; Postiglione, Gerard A. (eds.). The Hong Kong Reader: Passage to Chinese Sovereignty: Passage to Chinese Sovereignty. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-48835-6.
                        * Li, Guo (2012). "A Site Catchment Analysis of Hong Kong's Neolithic Subsistence". In Cheng, Pei-kai; Fan, Ka Wai (eds.). New Perspectives on the Research of Chinese Culture. Springer. pp. 17–43. doi:10.1007/978-981-4021-78-4_2. ISBN 978-981-4021-77-7.
                        * Littlewood, Michael (2010). Taxation Without Representation: The History of Hong Kong's Troublingly Successful Tax System. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-099-6.
                        * Long, Lucy M. (2015). Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-2730-9.
                        * Morton, Brian; Harper, Elizabeth (1995). An Introduction to the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-388-1.
                        * Owen, Bernie; Shaw, Raynor (2007). Hong Kong Landscapes: Shaping the Barren Rock. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-847-3.
                        * Porter, Jonathan (1996). Macau, the Imaginary City: Culture and Society, 1557 to the Present. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-2836-2.
                        * Preston, Peter Wallace; Haacke, Jürgen (2003). Contemporary China: The Dynamics of Change at the Start of the New Millennium. RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 978-0-7007-1637-1.
                        * Ren, Hai (4 October 2010). Neoliberalism and Culture in China and Hong Kong: The Countdown of Time. Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-92364-7.
                        * Schottenhammer, Angela (2007). The East Asian Maritime World 1400–1800: Its Fabrics of Power and Dynamics of Exchanges. Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05474-4.
                        * Room, Adrian (2005). Placenames of the World. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7.
                        * Scott, Ian (1989). Political Change and the Crisis of Legitimacy in Hong Kong. University of Hawaiʻi Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1269-0.
                        * Shen, Jianfa; Kee, Gordon (2017). Development and Planning in Seven Major Coastal Cities in Southern and Eastern China. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46421-3. ISBN 978-3-319-46420-6.
                        * Smith, Gareth Dylan; Moir, Zack; Brennan, Matt; Rambarran, Shara; Kirkman, Phil (2017). The Routledge Research Companion to Popular Music Education. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-6498-9.
                        * Snow, Philip (2003). The Fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese Occupation. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10373-1.
                        * Tam, Maria Wai-chu; Chan, Eugene Kin-keung; Choi Kwan, Janice Wing-kum; Leung, Gloria Chi-kin; Lo, Alexandra Dak-wai; Tang, Simon Shu-pui (2012). "Basic Law – the Source of Hong Kong's Progress and Development" (PDF) . The Basic Law and Hong Kong – The 15th Anniversary of Reunification with the Motherland. Working Group on Overseas Community of the Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. OCLC 884571397. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 January 2018 .
                        * Tsang, Steve (2007). A Modern History of Hong Kong. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-419-0.
                        * von Glahn, Richard (1996). Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91745-3.
                        * Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. Vigil: Hong Kong on the Brink (2020) Online review
                        * Wills, John E. (1998). "Relations with Maritime Europe, 1514–1662". In Twitchett, Denis; Mote, Frederick W. (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 333–375. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521243339.009. ISBN 978-0-521-24333-9.
                        * Wiltshire, Trea (1997). Old Hong Kong Volume II: 1901–1945 (5th ed.). FormAsia Books. ISBN 978-962-7283-13-3.
                        * Wong, Siu Lun (1992). Emigration and stability in Hong Kong (PDF) . University of Hong Kong. ISBN 978-962-7558-09-5.
                        * Wordie, Jason (2007). Streets: Exploring Kowloon. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-813-8.
                        * Magalhães, Bianca dos Santos (2017). UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2017 Edition. World Tourism Organization. doi:10.18111/9789284419029. ISBN 978-92-844-1901-2.
                        * Xi, Xu; Ingham, Mike (2003). City Voices: Hong Kong writing in English, 1945–present. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-605-9.
                        * Xue, Charlie Q.L. (2016). Hong Kong Architecture 1945–2015: From Colonial to Global. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-1004-0. ISBN 978-981-10-1003-3.
                        * Yanne, Andrew; Heller, Gillis (2009). Signs of a Colonial Era. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-944-9.
                        * Yeung, Rikkie (2008). Moving Millions: The Commercial Success and Political Controversies of Hong Kong's Railways. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-963-0.
                        * Young, Simon N.M.; Cullen, Richard (2010). Electing Hong Kong's Chief Executive. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-988-8028-39-9.
                        * Zhihong, Shi (2006). "China's Overseas Trade Policy and Its Historical Results: 1522–1840". In Latham, A.J.H.; Kawakatsu, Heita (eds.). Intra-Asian Trade and the World Market. Routledge. pp. 4–23. ISBN 978-0-415-37207-7.

                      Legislation and case law

                        * Amendment to the Basic Law Annex I (Instrument A111)
                        * Basic Law Chapter II
                        * Basic Law Chapter III
                        * Basic Law Chapter IV
                        * Basic Law Chapter V
                        * Basic Law Chapter VII
                        * Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Another v the President of the Legislative Council, HCAL 185/2016, at para. 20
                        * Constitution of the People's Republic of China (Instrument A1)
                        * District Councils Ordinance (Cap. 547) Schedule 3
                        * Emergency Regulations Ordinance (Cap. 241)
                        * Hong Kong Baptist University Ordinance (Cap. 1126)
                        * Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Passports Ordinance (Cap. 539)
                        * Lingnan University Ordinance (Cap. 1165)
                        * Ng Ka Ling and Another v the Director of Immigration, FACV 14/1998, at para. 63
                        * Official Languages Ordinance (Cap. 5) § 3(1)
                        * Sino-British Joint Declaration (Instrument A301)
                        * Standing Committee Interpretation Concerning Implementation of Chinese Nationality Law in Hong Kong (Instrument A204)
                        * The Education University of Hong Kong Ordinance (Cap. 444)
                        * The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Ordinance (Cap. 1075)
                        * The Open University of Hong Kong Ordinance (Cap. 1145)

                      Academic publications

                        * Chen, Li (2011). "Universalism and Equal Sovereignty as Contested Myths of International Law in the Sino-Western Encounter". Journal of the History of International Law. 13 (1): 75–116. doi:10.1163/157180511X552054.
                        * Cheng, Edmund W. (June 2016). "Street Politics in a Hybrid Regime: The Diffusion of Political Activism in Post-colonial Hong Kong". The China Quarterly. 226: 383–406. doi:10.1017/S0305741016000394.
                        * Cheng, Sheung-Tak; Lum, Terry; Lam, Linda C. W.; Fung, Helene H. (2013). "Hong Kong: Embracing a Fast Aging Society With Limited Welfare". The Gerontologist. 53 (4): 527–533. doi:10.1093/geront/gnt017. PMID 23528290.
                        * Cullinane, S. (2002). "The relationship between car ownership and public transport provision: a case study of Hong Kong". Transport Policy. 9 (1): 29–39. doi:10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00028-2.
                        * Fan, Shuh Ching (1974). "The Population of Hong Kong" (PDF) . World Population Year: 1–2. OCLC 438716102.
                        * Forrest, Ray; La Grange, Adrienne; Yip, Ngai-ming (2004). "Hong Kong as a Global City? Social Distance and Spatial Differentiation". Urban Studies. 41 (1): 207–227. Bibcode:2004UrbSt..41..207F. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1032.5974. doi:10.1080/0042098032000155759. S2CID 154042413.
                        * Fu, Poshek (2008). "Japanese Occupation, Shanghai Exiles, and Postwar Hong Kong Cinema". The China Quarterly. 194 (194): 380–394. doi:10.1017/S030574100800043X. JSTOR 20192203. S2CID 154730809.
                        * Fulton Commission (1963). "Report of the Fulton Commission, 1963: Commission to Advise on the Creation of a Federal-Type Chinese University in Hong Kong". Minerva. 1 (4): 493–507. doi:10.1007/bf01107190. JSTOR 41821589. S2CID 189763965.
                        * Jordan, Ann D. (1997). "Lost in the Translation: Two Legal Cultures, the Common Law Judiciary and the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region". Cornell International Law Journal. 30 (2): 335–380.
                        * Lee, John (2012). "A Corpus-Based Analysis of Mixed Code in Hong Kong Speech". 2012 International Conference on Asian Language Processing. pp. 165–168. doi:10.1109/IALP.2012.10. ISBN 978-1-4673-6113-2. S2CID 16210378.
                        * Lee, Kwai Sang; Leung, Wai Mun (2012). "The status of Cantonese in the education policy of Hong Kong". Multilingual Education. 2 (2): 2. doi:10.1186/2191-5059-2-2. hdl:10397/98877.
                        * Lee, Nelson K. (2013). "The Changing Nature of Border, Scale and the Production of Hong Kong's Water Supply System since 1959". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 38 (3): 903–921. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12060.
                        * McKercher, Bob; Ho, Pamela S.Y.; du Cros, Hilary (2004). "Attributes of Popular Attractions in Hong Kong". Annals of Tourism Research. 31 (2): 393–407. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2003.12.008. hdl:10397/29409.
                        * Meacham, William (1999). "Neolithic to Historic in the Hong Kong Region". Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin. 18 (2): 121–128. doi:10.7152/bippa.v18i0.11707 (inactive 31 January 2024). eISSN 0156-1316. hdl:10722/208530.{{cite journal}} : CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 ( link )
                        * Ming, Sing (2006). "The Legitimacy Problem and Democratic Reform in Hong Kong". Journal of Contemporary China. 15 (48): 517–532. doi:10.1080/10670560600736558. S2CID 154949190.
                        * Poon, Simpson; Chau, Patrick (2001). "Octopus: The Growing E-payment System in Hong Kong" (PDF) . Electronic Markets. 11 (2): 97–106. doi:10.1080/101967801300197016. S2CID 18766585. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2018.
                        * Sofield, Trevor H.B.; Sivan, Atara (2003). "From Cultural Festival to International Sport – The Hong Kong Dragon Boat Races". Journal of Sport & Tourism. 8 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1080/14775080306242. S2CID 144106613.
                        * Tong, C. O.; Wong, S. C. (1997). "The advantages of a high density, mixed land use, linear urban development". Transportation. 24 (3): 295–307. doi:10.1023/A:1004987422746. S2CID 152365622.
                        * Wong, Eliza L.Y.; Yeoh, Eng-kiong; Chau, Patsy Y.K.; Yam, Carrie H.K.; Cheung, Annie W.L.; Fung, Hong (2015). "How shall we examine and learn about public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the health sector? Realist evaluation of PPPs in Hong Kong". Social Science & Medicine. 147: 261–269. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.012. PMID 26605970.

                      Institutional reports

                        * A List of Licensed Broadcasting Services in Hong Kong (PDF) (Report). Office of the Communications Authority. 1 June 2018.
                        * Adaptation of Laws Programme – Guiding Principles and Guideline Glossary of Terms (PDF) (Report). Legislative Council. November 1998.
                        * Agriculture and Fisheries (PDF) . Hong Kong: The Facts (Report). Hong Kong Government. May 2017.
                        * Airport Traffic Report (PDF) (Report). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. 14 April 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 .
                        * Akamai's State of the Internet – Q1 2017 Report (PDF) (Report). Akamai Technologies. 2017.
                        * Annual Report 2016/17 (PDF) (Report). Airport Authority Hong Kong. 12 June 2017.
                        * Annual Report 2016–17 (PDF) (Report). Inland Revenue Department. 2017.
                        * Annual Report 2017 (PDF) (Report). Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels. 2017.
                        * Annual Report and Accounts 2011 (PDF) (Report). The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. 2011.
                        * APAC Regional Headquarters (PDF) (Report). Cushman & Wakefield. April 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 .
                        * Béthanie – The Academy's Landmark Heritage Campus (PDF) (Report). Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts. September 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2020 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 .
                        * Developing a Supplementary Guide to the Chinese Language Curriculum for Non-Chinese Speaking Students (PDF) (Report). Legislative Council. January 2008.
                        * District Administration (PDF) . Hong Kong: The Facts (Report). Hong Kong Government. April 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2008 . Retrieved 18 November 2008 .
                        * Economic development: Statistical Highlights (PDF) (Report). Legislative Council. 26 April 2017.
                        * Family Survey 2013 (PDF) (Report). Legislative Council. July 2014.
                        * The UK's relations with Hong Kong: 30 years after the Joint Declaration (PDF) (Report). Parliament of the United Kingdom. 6 March 2015.
                        * Foreign and Commonwealth Office (October 2014). Written evidence from Foreign and Commonwealth Office (PDF) (Report). Parliament of the United Kingdom.
                        * Geography and Climate (PDF) (Report). Census and Statistics Department. 2010.
                        * Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election (PDF) (Report). Electoral Affairs Commission. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 .
                        * Health Facts of Hong Kong: 2017 Edition (PDF) (Report). Department of Health. 2017.
                        * Hong Kong as a Service Economy (PDF) . Hong Kong: The Facts (Report). Hong Kong Government. April 2016.
                        * Hong Kong Energy Statistics – 2016 Annual Report (PDF) (Report). Census and Statistics Department. April 2017.
                        * The Hong Kong Government Gazette (PDF) (Report). 3 September 1926 – via University of Hong Kong.
                        * Human Development Indices and Indicators – Statistical Update 2018 (PDF) (Report). United Nations Development Programme. 2018.
                        * Jiang, Guorong; Tang, Nancy; Law, Eve; Sze, Angela (September 2003). The Profitability of the Banking Sector in Hong Kong (PDF) (Report). Hong Kong Monetary Authority.
                        * June 2019 (PDF) . Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics (Report). Census and Statistics Department. June 2019. [ permanent dead link ]
                        * List of Political Affiliations of LegCo Members and DC Members (PDF) (Report). District Councils. 19 June 2017.
                        * Literacy Rates Continue to Rise from One Generation to the Next (PDF) (Report). UNESCO. September 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2020 . Retrieved 30 December 2019 .
                        * Lung, Charles C P; Sung, Y F (2010). A Century of Railway Development – The Hong Kong Story (PDF) (Report). Institution of Railway Signal Engineers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2019 . Retrieved 26 December 2017 .
                        * Main Results (PDF) . 2021 Population By-Census (Report). Census and Statistics Department. 2021.
                        * Market Statistics 2018 (PDF) (Report). Hong Kong Stock Exchange. 2018.
                        * Panel on Education (8 January 2007). Grant to the Hong Kong Shue Yan University for Establishing a General Development Fund (PDF) (Report). Legislative Council.
                        * Panel on Home Affairs (June 2007). "List of Historical Buildings Declared as Monuments from 1997 to 2006" (PDF) . The Queen's Pier (Report). Legislative Council.
                        * Public Finance (PDF) . Hong Kong: The Facts (Report). Hong Kong Government. May 2018.
                        * Public Transport Strategy Study (PDF) (Report). Transport Department. June 2017.
                        * Radio Television Hong Kong (PDF) . The 2018–2019 Budget (Report). Hong Kong Government. 2018.
                        * Railway Network (PDF) . Hong Kong: The Facts (Report). Hong Kong Government. April 2018.
                        * Registration and Licensing of Vehicles by Class of Vehicles (PDF) (Report). Transport Department. January 2018.
                        * Religion and Custom (PDF) . Hong Kong: The Facts (Report). Hong Kong Government. May 2016.
                        * Subcommittee on Matters Relating to Railways (2014). Follow-ups on the Service Suspension of Tseung Kwan O Line and Part of Kwun Tong Line on 16 December 2013, and Report on Subsequent Major Incidents on East Rail Line and Light Rail (PDF) (Report). Legislative Council.
                        * Reclamation Outside Victoria Harbour (PDF) (Report). Development Bureau. 2017.
                        * Report of the Task Force on Population Policy (PDF) (Report). Hong Kong Government. 2002.
                        * The Global Financial Centres Index 22 (PDF) (Report). China Development Institute. September 2017.
                        * The Media (PDF) . Hong Kong: The Facts (Report). Hong Kong Government. December 2017.
                        * Thematic Report: Household Income Distribution in Hong Kong (PDF) . 2021 Population By-Census (Report). Census and Statistics Department. May 2023.
                        * Tourism (PDF) . Hong Kong: The Facts (Report). Hong Kong Government. May 2016.
                        * Transport (PDF) . Hong Kong: The Facts (Report). Hong Kong Government. May 2016.
                        * Report on Study of Road Traffic Congestion in Hong Kong (PDF) (Report). Transport and Housing Bureau. December 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2022 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 .
                        * Transport and Housing Bureau (19 April 2017). Technical Legislative Amendments on Traffic Arrangements for the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (PDF) (Report). Legislative Council.
                        * Transport: Statistical Highlights (PDF) (Report). Legislative Council. 28 October 2016.
                        * Triennial Central Bank Survey: Foreign exchange turnover in April 2016 (PDF) (Report). Bank for International Settlements. September 2016.
                        * Usage of Information Technology and the Internet by Hong Kong Residents, 2000 to 2016 (PDF) (Report). Census and Statistics Department. November 2017.
                        * Use of Chinese in Court Proceedings (PDF) (Report). Legislative Council. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2020 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 .
                        * Water Supplies (PDF) . Hong Kong: The Facts (Report). Hong Kong Government. May 2016.
                        * Women and Men in Hong Kong Key Statistics (PDF) (Report). Census and Statistics Department. July 2017.
                        * Yu, Jian Zhen; Huang, Hilda; Ng, Wai Man (June 2013). Final Report for Provision of Service for Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Sample Chemical Analysis (PDF) (Report). Environmental Protection Department.

                      News and magazine articles

                        * Baldwin, Clare; Lee, Yimou; Jim, Clare (30 December 2014). "Special Report: The mainland's colonisation of the Hong Kong economy". Reuters . Retrieved 26 December 2017 .
                        * Bland, Ben (31 July 2016). "Hong Kong ban on pro-independence candidates sparks backlash". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 .
                        * Chan, Bernice (17 July 2017). "Hong Kong villagers using solar energy to help power their homes – and show its potential as a source of electricity for city". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 25 November 2017 .
                        * Chao, York (25 May 2013). "Racist Hong Kong is still a fact". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 18 November 2017 .
                        * Cheung, Stephanie (23 March 2015). "The case for extending Hong Kong's 2047 deadline". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
                        * Cheung, Tony (10 May 2016). "Too soon to talk about 2047? Legal experts split on when Hong Kong should debate its future". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
                        * Cheung, Tony (28 February 2017). "Who goes there? Hong Kong's participation in China's 'two sessions' explained". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 27 November 2017 .
                        * Cheung, Tony; Ho, Lauren (19 January 2013). "CY Leung insists housing policy won't cause property crash". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 14 November 2017 .
                        * Chow, Vivienne (16 March 2017). "Hong Kong's TVB Targeting New Revenues With OTT Platform, Productions". Variety . Retrieved 6 June 2018 .
                        * Darrach, Amanda (14 June 2019). "How many really marched in Hong Kong? And how should we best guess crowd size?". Columbia Journalism Review . Retrieved 23 October 2019 .
                        * "End of an experiment". The Economist. 15 July 2010 . Retrieved 5 September 2010 .
                        * Frank, Robert (5 September 2018). "Hong Kong topples New York as world's richest city". CNBC . Retrieved 21 April 2019 .
                        * Gargan, Edward A. (1 July 1997). "China Resumes Control of Hong Kong, Concluding 156 Years of British Rule". The New York Times . Retrieved 5 January 2018 .
                        * Ge, Celine (28 July 2017). "It's fade out for Hong Kong's film industry as China moves into the spotlight". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 28 May 2018 .
                        * Gold, Anne (6 July 2001). "Hong Kong's Mile-Long Escalator System Elevates the Senses: A Stairway to Urban Heaven". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 October 2010 .
                        * Griffiths, James; Lazarus, Sarah (22 October 2018). "World's longest sea-crossing bridge opens between Hong Kong and China". CNN . Retrieved 15 February 2019 .
                        * Haas, Benjamin (14 July 2017). "Hong Kong pro-democracy legislators disqualified from parliament". The Guardian . Retrieved 5 July 2018 .
                        * He, Huifeng (13 January 2013). "Forgotten stories of the great escape to Hong Kong". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 27 December 2017 .
                        * Hollingsworth, Julia; Zheng, Sarah (27 March 2017). "Top 10 Hong Kong skyscraper nicknames, from the Big Syringe to the Hong Kong Finger". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 26 June 2018 .
                        * Huang, Echo (15 November 2016). "A Hong Kong court has disqualified two legislators who refused to take their oath "correctly"". Quartz . Retrieved 5 July 2018 .
                        * Kaiman, Jonathan (30 September 2014). "Hong Kong's umbrella revolution – the Guardian briefing". The Guardian . Retrieved 3 February 2018 .
                        * Kong, Daniel (8 August 2013). "Hong Kong Imports Over 90% of Its Food. Can It Learn to Grow?". Modern Farmer. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 26 October 2013 .
                        * Kwok, Donny (22 September 2018). "All aboard: Hong Kong bullet train signals high-speed integration with China". Reuters . Retrieved 26 September 2018 .
                        * Labarre, Suzanne (15 June 2010). "Ingenious Flipper Bridge Melds Left-Side Drivers With Right-Side Drivers". Fast Company . Retrieved 25 March 2018 .
                        * Lendon, Brad (29 June 2017). "China makes its military more visible in Hong Kong". CNN . Retrieved 22 December 2017 .
                        * Lhatoo, Yonden (17 September 2015). "Racism is rife in Hong Kong and the Equal Opportunities Commission is a toothless hamster to tackle it". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 18 November 2017 .
                        * Liu, Alfred (5 September 2018). "These Are the Cities With the Most Ultra-Rich People". Bloomberg News . Retrieved 21 April 2019 .
                        * Mok, Danny (14 February 2018). "Going up! Prices for Hong Kong's famous Peak Tram to increase for second time in less than two years". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 2 July 2018 .
                        * Mok, Danny; Lee, Eddie (4 March 2015). "Let Hongkongers serve in China's People's Liberation Army, says top military official". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 27 November 2017 .
                        * Ngo, Jennifer; Cheung, Elizabeth (16 March 2016). "A case for inclusion: Carrie Lam pledges to tout list of 16 ethnic minority Hongkongers for government advisory positions". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 18 November 2017 .
                        * Park, Kyunghee (23 January 2019). "Once the World's Greatest Port, Hong Kong Sinks in Global Ranking". Bloomberg News . Retrieved 14 February 2019 .
                        * Sala, Ilaria Maria (1 September 2016). "As Hong Kong goes to the polls, why isn't the Communist Party on the ballot?". Quartz . Retrieved 18 November 2017 .
                        * Siu, Phila; Chung, Kimmy (27 December 2017). "Controversial joint checkpoint plan approved for high-speed rail link as Hong Kong officials dismiss concerns over legality". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 5 July 2018 .
                        * Tam, Luisa (11 September 2017). "Self-centred, demanding, materialistic and arrogant: how to steer clear of the Kong Girls". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong . Retrieved 27 December 2017 .
                        * Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (2 February 2017). "On Deck With China's Last Junk Builders, Masters of an Ebbing Craft". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 .
                        * "To restore calm in Hong Kong, try democracy". The Economist. 20 June 2019 . Retrieved 23 October 2019 .
                        * Wong, Joshua; Lim, Emily (23 February 2017). "We must resist until China gives Hong Kong a say in our future". The Guardian . Retrieved 16 November 2017 .
                        * Hung, Emily; Ma, Jess (19 September 2023). "Hong Kong's poorest struggle to benefit from post-pandemic recovery with wealth gap at its worst in over 10 years, Oxfam warns". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 8 June 2024 .
                        * Yu, Verna (6 January 2013). "Veterans who fled mainland for Hong Kong in 1970s tell their stories". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 9 September 2013 .
                        * Zhao, Shirley (6 September 2015). "'If you tell them you are Pakistani, they won't give you the flat': Finding a Hong Kong home is battle against prejudice for ethnic minorities". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 18 November 2017 .
                        * Zheng, Sarah (14 January 2017). "Hong Kong's heritage sites face continued threat despite government grading system". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong . Retrieved 5 March 2018 .

                      Websites

                        * Bush, Richard C.; Whelan-Wuest, Maeve (29 March 2017). "Another Hong Kong election, another pro-Beijing leader—why it matters". Brookings Institution . Retrieved 18 November 2017 .
                        * Desjardins, Jeff (14 March 2018). "These 25 countries have the most billionaires". Business Insider . Retrieved 3 April 2018 .
                        * "Disclaimer and Copyright Notice". Legislative Council . Retrieved 27 November 2017 .
                        * Ghoshal, Amoy (1 July 2011). "Asian Cup: Know Your History – Part One (1956–1988)". Goal . Retrieved 5 March 2018 .
                        * "HK records hottest day before typhoon". EJ Insight. 23 August 2017. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018 . Retrieved 29 August 2018 .
                        * "HK vs China GDP: A sobering reality". EJ Insight. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018 . Retrieved 29 January 2018 .
                        * "Hong Kong Activists Stare Down 'Great Firewall of China'". NBC News. 29 September 2014 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 .
                        * "Hong Kong profile – Media". BBC News. 5 March 2018 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 .
                        * Kohlstedt, Kurt (5 September 2016). "Here Be Dragons: How Feng Shui Shapes the Skyline of Hong Kong". 99% Invisible . Retrieved 23 June 2018 .
                        * Kwong, Chi Man (9 September 2015). "Hong Kong during World War II: A Transnational Battlefield". University of Nottingham. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 .
                        * Lam, Eric; Qiu, Yue (23 June 2017). "Hong Kong's Stock Market Tells the Story of China's Growing Dominance". Bloomberg News . Retrieved 26 December 2017 .
                        * "Land Use in Hong Kong 2017". Planning Department. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 September 2018 .
                        * "Meanings of Right of Abode and Other Terms". Immigration Department . Retrieved 18 November 2017 .

                      External links

                        Hong Kong at Wikipedia's sister projects
                            * Definitions from Wiktionary
                            * Media from Commons
                            * News from Wikinews
                            * Quotations from Wikiquote
                            * Texts from Wikisource
                            * Textbooks from Wikibooks
                            * Resources from Wikiversity
                            * Travel information from Wikivoyage
                            * Data from Wikidata
                      * Hong Kong. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
                      * Hong Kong from BBC News
                      * Key Development Forecasts for Hong Kong from International Futures
                      * Hong Kong in Transition (1995–2020), an open access photographic archive of recent Hong Kong history

                    Government

                      * GovHK Hong Kong SAR government portal
                      * Discover Hong Kong Official site of the tourism board

                    Trade

                      * World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Hong Kong

                    Maps

                      * Wikimedia Atlas of Hong Kong
                      * Geographic data related to Hong Kong at OpenStreetMap
                            * v                
                            * t                
                            * e                
                          Hong Kong            
                            * Outline          
                            * Index of articles
                                                     * Prehistoric                            
                                                     * Imperial China                         
                                                         + Bao'an County and Xin'an County    
                                                     * British colony                         
                                                     * 1800s–1930s                            
                                                         + WWI                                
                                                     * Battle of Hong Kong                    
                                                     * Japanese occupation                    
                        History                      * 1950s                                  
                                                     * 1960s                                  
                                                     * 1970s                                  
                                                     * 1980s                                  
                                                     * 1990s                                  
                                                     * Handover of Hong Kong                  
                                                     * 2000s                                  
                                                     * 2010s                                  
                                                     * 2020s                                  
                                                     * Administrative divisions               
                                                     * Air pollution                          
                                                     * Areas                                  
                                                     * Bays                                   
                                                     * Beaches                                
                                                     * Buildings and structures               
                                                     * Channels                               
                                                     * Cities and towns                       
                                                     * Country parks and conservation         
                        Geography                    * Ecology                                
                                                     * Land reclamation                       
                                                     * Harbours                               
                                                     * Islands and peninsulas                 
                                                     * Lakes                                  
                                                     * Marine parks                           
                                                     * Mountains and peaks                    
                                                     * Public parks and gardens               
                                                     * Reservoirs                             
                                                     * Rivers                                 
                                                     * Villages                               
                                                     * National anthem                        
                                                     * Basic Law                              
                                                     * Chief Executive                        
                                                     * Districts                              
                                                     * Elections                              
                                                     * Emblem                                 
                                                     * Flag                                   
                                                     * Foreign relations                      
                                                     * Government                             
                        Politics                     * Independence                           
                                                     * Judiciary                              
                                                     * Legal system                           
                                                     * Legislative Council                    
                                                     * LGBT rights                            
                                                     * Military                               
                                                     * One country, two systems               
                                                     * Political parties                      
                                                     * Protests                               
                                                     * Sino-British Joint Declaration         
                                                     * Special administrative regions of China
                                                     * Education                              
                                                     * Fire services                          
                        Public services              * Food and Health Bureau                 
                                                     * Healthcare                             
                                                     * Police                                 
                                                     * Banks                                  
                                                     * Companies                              
                                                     * Dollar (currency)                      
                                                     * Employment                             
                        Economy                      * Hawkers                                
                                                     * Port                                   
                                                     * Stock Exchange                         
                                                     * Communications                         
                                                     * The Hongs                              
                                                     * Tourism                                
                                                     * Airlines                               
                                                     * Airport                                
                                                     * Buses                                  
                        Transport                    * Cycling                                
                                                     * Ferries                                
                                                     * List of roads                          
                                                     * Rail                                   
                                                     * Taxis                                  
                                                     * Crime                                  
                        Society                      * Prostitution                           
                                                     * Sex trafficking                        
                                                     * Architecture                           
                                                     * Cinema                                 
                                                     * Comics                                 
                                                     * Cheung Chau Bun Festival               
                                                     * Cuisine                                
                                                     * Gambling                               
                                                     * Graffiti                               
                                                     * Heritage conservation                  
                                                     * Hong Kong orchid                       
                                                     * Honours system                         
                                                     * Hong Kong nationalism                  
                                                     * Languages                              
                                                     * LGBT                                   
                                                     * Lion Rock Spirit                       
                                                     * Literature                             
                                                     * McDull                                 
                        Culture                      * Media                                  
                                                     * Museums                                
                                                     * Music                                  
                                                     * Ngai jong                              
                                                     * People                                 
                                                         + Demographics                       
                                                         + Women                              
                                                         + Youth                              
                                                     * Public holidays                        
                                                     * Religion                               
                                                     * RTHK                                   
                                                     * Shopping                               
                                                     * Sport                                  
                                                     * Television                             
                                                     * Visual art                             
                                                     * Anglosphere                            
                                                     * CJKV                                   
                                                         + Sinosphere                         
                        
                              * v                                                                                                                            
                              * t                                                                                                                            
                              * e                                                                                                                            
                            Provincial-level divisions of China                                                                                              
                                                                                                                                                                   * Anhui           
                                                                                                                                                                   * Fujian          
                                                                                                                                                                   * Gansu           
                                                                                                                                                                   * Guangdong       
                                                                                                                                                                   * Guizhou         
                                                                                                                                                                   * Hainan          
                                                                                                                                                                   * Hebei           
                                                                                                                                                                   * Heilongjiang    
                                                                                                                                                                   * Henan           
                                                                                                                                                                   * Hubei           
                          Provinces                                                                                                                                * Hunan           
                                                                                                                                                                   * Jiangsu         
                                                                                                                                                                   * Jiangxi         
                                                                                                                                                                   * Jilin           
                                                                                                                                                                   * Liaoning        
                                                                                                                                                                   * Qinghai         
                                                                                                                                                                   * Shaanxi         
                                                                                                                                                                   * Shandong        
                                                                                                                                                                   * Shanxi          
                                                                                                                                                                   * Sichuan         
                                                                                                                                                                   * Yunnan          
                                                                                                                                                                   * Zhejiang        
                                                                                                                                                                   * Guangxi       
                                                                                                                                                                   * Inner Mongolia
                          Autonomous regions                                                                                                                       * Ningxia       
                                                                                                                                                                   * Tibet         
                                                                                                                                                                   * Xinjiang      
                                                                                                                                                                   * Beijing       
                          Direct-administered municipalities                                                                                                       * Chongqing     
                                                                                                                                                                   * Shanghai      
                                                                                                                                                                   * Tianjin       
                          Special administrative regions                                                                                                           * Hong Kong     
                                                                                                                                                                   * Macau         
                          Disputed province                                                                                                                        * Taiwan1       
                            1 Taiwan is claimed by the People's Republic of China but administered by the Republic of China (see political status of Taiwan).
                          
                                * v                                                                                                                                                                                                      
                                * t                                                                                                                                                                                                      
                                * e                                                                                                                                                                                                      
                              Prefecture-level divisions of China                                                                                                                                                                        
                              Notes: *Provincial capitals, ★Sub-provincial cities, ☆Sub-provincial autonomous prefecture *Sub prefectural-level divisions, ✧"Comparatively larger city [ zh ] " ( 较大的市 ) as approved by the State Council
                                                          * *Hefei                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Wuhu                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                          * Bengbu                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Huainan                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Ma'anshan                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Huaibei                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Tongling                                                                                                                                                                     
                                        Anhui             * Anqing                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Huangshan                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Chuzhou                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Fuyang                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Suzhou                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Lu'an                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                          * Bozhou                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Chizhou                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Xuancheng                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * *Fuzhou                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * ★Xiamen                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Putian                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Sanming                                                                                                                                                                      
                                        Fujian            * Quanzhou                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Zhangzhou                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Nanping                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Longyan                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Ningde                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * *Lanzhou                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Jiayuguan                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Jinchang                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Baiyin                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Tianshui                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Wuwei                                                                                                                                                                        
                                        Gansu             * Zhangye                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Pingliang                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Jiuquan                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Qingyang                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Dingxi                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Longnan                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Linxia (Hui)                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                          * Gannan (Tibetan)                                                                                                                                                             
                                                          * *★Guangzhou                                                                                                                                                                  
                                                          * ★Shenzhen                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Shaoguan                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Zhuhai                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Shantou                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Foshan                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Jiangmen                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Zhanjiang                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Maoming                                                                                                                                                                      
                                        Guangdong         * Zhaoqing                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Huizhou                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Meizhou                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Yangjiang                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Shanwei                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Heyuan                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Qingyuan                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Dongguan                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Zhongshan                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Jieyang                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Yunfu                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                          * *Guiyang                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Liupanshui                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                          * Zunyi                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                          * Anshun                                                                                                                                                                       
                                        Guizhou           * Bijie                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                          * Tongren                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Qianxinan (Buyei and Miao)                                                                                                                                                   
                                                          * Qiannan (Buyei and Miao)                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Qiandongnan (Miao and Dong)                                                                                                                                                  
                                                          * *Haikou                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Sanya                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                          * Danzhou                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Sansha                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * *Wuzhishan                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                          * *Qionghai                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * *Wenchang                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * *Wanning                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * *Dongfang                                                                                                                                                                    
                                        Hainan            * *Ding'an County                                                                                                                                                              
                                                          * *Tunchang County                                                                                                                                                             
                                                          * *Chengmai County                                                                                                                                                             
                                                          * *Lingao County                                                                                                                                                               
                                                          * *Baisha County (Li)                                                                                                                                                          
                                                          * *Changjiang County (Li)                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * *Ledong County (Li)                                                                                                                                                          
                                                          * *Lingshui County (Li)                                                                                                                                                        
                                                          * *Baoting County (Li and Miao)                                                                                                                                                
                                                          * *Qiongzhong County (Li and Miao)                                                                                                                                             
                                                          * *Shijiazhuang                                                                                                                                                                
                                                          * ✧Tangshan                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Qinhuangdao                                                                                                                                                                  
                                                          * Handan                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Xingtai                                                                                                                                                                      
                                        Hebei             * Baoding                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Zhangjiakou "Kalgan"                                                                                                                                                         
                                                          * Chengde                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Cangzhou                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Langfang                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Hengshui                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * *Zhengzhou                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                          * Kaifeng                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Luoyang                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Pingdingshan                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                          * Anyang                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Hebi                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                          * Xinxiang                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Jiaozuo                                                                                                                                                                      
                                        Henan             * Puyang                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Xuchang                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Luohe                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                          * Sanmenxia                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Nanyang                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Shangqiu                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Xinyang                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Zhoukou                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Zhumadian                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * *Jiyuan                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * *★Wuhan                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Huangshi                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Shiyan                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Yichang                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Xiangyang                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Ezhou                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                          * Jingmen                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Xiaogan                                                                                                                                                                      
                                        Hubei             * Jingzhou                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Huanggang                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Xianning                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Suizhou                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Enshi (Tujia and Miao)                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * *Xiantao                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * *Qianjiang                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                          * *Tianmen                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * *Shennongjia Forestry District                                                                                                                                               
                                                          * *★Harbin                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Qiqihar                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Jixi                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                          * Hegang                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Shuangyashan                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                          * Daqing                                                                                                                                                                       
                                        Heilongjiang      * Yichun                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Jiamusi                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Qitaihe                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Mudanjiang                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                          * Heihe                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                          * Suihua                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Daxing'anling Prefecture                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * *Changsha                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Zhuzhou                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Xiangtan                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Hengyang                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Shaoyang                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Yueyang                                                                                                                                                                      
                                        Hunan             * Changde                                                                                                                                                                      
                            Provinces                     * Zhangjiajie                                                                                                                                                                  
                                                          * Yiyang                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Chenzhou                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Yongzhou                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Huaihua                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Loudi                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                          * Xiangxi (Tujia and Miao)                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * *★Changchun                                                                                                                                                                  
                                                          * Jilin                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                          * Siping                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Liaoyuan                                                                                                                                                                     
                                        Jilin             * Tonghua                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Baishan                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Songyuan                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Baicheng                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Yanbian (Korean)                                                                                                                                                             
                                                          * *★Nanjing                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Wuxi                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                          * Xuzhou                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Changzhou                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * ✧Suzhou                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Nantong                                                                                                                                                                      
                                        Jiangsu           * Lianyungang                                                                                                                                                                  
                                                          * Huai'an                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Yancheng                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Yangzhou                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Zhenjiang                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Taizhou                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Suqian                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * *Nanchang                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Jingdezhen                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                          * Pingxiang                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Jiujiang                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Xinyu                                                                                                                                                                        
                                        Jiangxi           * Yingtan                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Ganzhou                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Ji'an                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                          * Yichun                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Fuzhou                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Shangrao                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * *★Shenyang                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                          * ★Dalian                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Anshan                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Fushun                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Benxi                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                          * Dandong                                                                                                                                                                      
                                        Liaoning          * Jinzhou                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Yingkou                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Fuxin                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                          * Liaoyang                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Panjin                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Tieling                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Chaoyang                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Huludao                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * *Xining                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Haidong                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Haibei (Tibetan)                                                                                                                                                             
                                        Qinghai           * Huangnan (Tibetan)                                                                                                                                                           
                                                          * Hainan (Tibetan)                                                                                                                                                             
                                                          * Golog "Guolog" (Tibetan)                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Yushu (Tibetan)                                                                                                                                                              
                                                          * Haixi "Qaidam" (Mongol and Tibetan)                                                                                                                                          
                                                          * *★Chengdu                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Zigong                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Panzhihua                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Luzhou                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Deyang                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Mianyang                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Guangyuan                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Suining                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Neijiang                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Leshan                                                                                                                                                                       
                                        Sichuan           * Nanchong                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Meishan                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Yibin                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                          * Guang'an                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Dazhou                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Bazhong                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Ziyang                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Ya'an                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                          * Ngawa "Aba" (Tibetan and Qiang)                                                                                                                                              
                                                          * Garzê "Ganzi" (Tibetan)                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Liangshan (Yi)                                                                                                                                                               
                                                          * *★Xi'an                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Tongchuan                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Baoji                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                          * Xianyang                                                                                                                                                                     
                                        Shaanxi           * Weinan                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Yan'an                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Hanzhong                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Yulin                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                          * Ankang                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Shangluo                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * *★Jinan                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * ★Qingdao                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Zibo                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                          * Zaozhuang                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Dongying                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Yantai                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Weifang                                                                                                                                                                      
                                        Shandong          * Jining                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Tai'an                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Weihai                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Rizhao                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Linyi                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                          * Dezhou                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Liaocheng                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Binzhou                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Heze                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                          * *Taiyuan                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Datong                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Yangquan                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Changzhi                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Jincheng                                                                                                                                                                     
                                        Shanxi            * Shuozhou                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Jinzhong                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Yuncheng                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Xinzhou                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Linfen                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Lüliang                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * *Taibei                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Gaoxiong                                                                                                                                                                     
                                        Taiwan            * Xinbei                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Taizhong                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Tainan                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Taoyuan                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * *Kunming                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Qujing                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Yuxi                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                          * Baoshan                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Zhaotong                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Lijiang                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Pu'er                                                                                                                                                                        
                                        Yunnan            * Lincang                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Chuxiong (Yi)                                                                                                                                                                
                                                          * Honghe (Hani and Yi)                                                                                                                                                         
                                                          * Wenshan (Zhuang and Miao)                                                                                                                                                    
                                                          * Xishuangbanna (Dai)                                                                                                                                                          
                                                          * Dali (Bai)                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                          * Dehong (Dai and Jingpo)                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Nujiang (Lisu)                                                                                                                                                               
                                                          * Dêqên (Tibetan)                                                                                                                                                              
                                                          * *★Hangzhou                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                          * ★Ningbo                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * ✧Wenzhou                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Jiaxing                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Huzhou                                                                                                                                                                       
                                        Zhejiang          * Shaoxing                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Jinhua                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Quzhou                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                          * Zhoushan                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                          * Taizhou                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                          * Lishui                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                      * *Nanning                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                      * Liuzhou                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                      * Guilin                                                                                                                                                                           
                                                      * Wuzhou                                                                                                                                                                           
                                                      * Beihai                                                                                                                                                                           
                                                      * Fangchenggang                                                                                                                                                                    
                                        Guangxi       * Qinzhou                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                      * Guigang                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                      * Yulin                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                      * Baise                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                      * Hezhou                                                                                                                                                                           
                                                      * Hechi                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                      * Laibin                                                                                                                                                                           
                                                      * Chongzuo                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                      * *Yinchuan                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                      * Shizuishan                                                                                                                                                                       
                                        Ningxia       * Wuzhong                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                      * Guyuan                                                                                                                                                                           
                                                      * Zhongwei                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                      * *Hohhot                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                      * ✧Baotou                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                      * Wuhai                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                      * Chifeng "Ulankhad"                                                                                                                                                               
                                                      * Tongliao                                                                                                                                                                         
                                        Inner         * Ordos                                                                                                                                                                            
                                        Mongolia      * Hulunbuir                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                      * Bayannur "Bayannao'er"                                                                                                                                                           
                                                      * Ulanqab                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                      * Hinggan League                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                      * Xilingol League                                                                                                                                                                  
                                                      * Alxa League "Ālāshàn League"                                                                                                                                                     
                            Autonomous                * *Ürümqi                                                                                                                                                                          
                            regions                   * Karamay                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                      * Turpan                                                                                                                                                                           
                                                      * Hami                                                                                                                                                                             
                                                      * Changji (Hui)                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                      * Bortala (Mongol)                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                      * Bayingolin (Mongol)                                                                                                                                                              
                                                      * Kizilsu (Kyrgyz)                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                      * ( ☆Ili (Kazakh)                                                                                                                                                                  
                                                      * Tacheng Prefecture                                                                                                                                                               
                                                      * Altay Prefecture )                                                                                                                                                               
                                                      * Aksu Prefecture                                                                                                                                                                  
                                        Xinjiang      * Kashgar "Kashi" Prefecture                                                                                                                                                       
                                                      * Hotan Prefecture                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                      * *Shihezi                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                      * *Aral                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                      * *Tumxuk                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                      * *Wujiaqu                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                      * *Beitun                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                      * *Tiemenguan                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                      * *Shuanghe                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                      * *Kokdala                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                      * *Kunyu                                                                                                                                                                           
                                                      * *Huyanghe                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                      * *Xinxing                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                      * *Lhasa                                                                                                                                                                           
                                                      * Shigatse "Xigazê"                                                                                                                                                                
                                                      * Chamdo "Qamdo"                                                                                                                                                                   
                                        Tibet         * Nyingchi "Linzhi"                                                                                                                                                                
                                                      * Shannan                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                      * Nagqu                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                      * Ngari Prefecture                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                    * Beijing                                                                                                                                                            
                            Direct-administered municipalities      * Tianjin                                                                                                                                                            
                                                                    * Shanghai                                                                                                                                                           
                                                                    * Chongqing                                                                                                                                                          
                            Special administrative regions          * Hong Kong                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                    * Macau                                                                                                                                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
                              See also: List of prefectures in China, List of cities in China                                                                                                                                            
                            
                                Links to related articles                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                        * v                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
                                        * t                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
                                        * e                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
                                      Countries and dependencies of Asia                                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                                          * Afghanistan                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                                          * Armenia2                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                          * Azerbaijan1                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                                          * Bahrain                                                                                              
                                                                                                                                                          * Bangladesh                                                                                           
                                                                                                                                                          * Bhutan                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                          * Brunei                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                          * Cambodia                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                          * China                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                                          * Cyprus2                                                                                              
                                                                                                                                                          * East Timor                                                                                           
                                                                                                                                                          * Egypt1                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                          * Georgia1                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                          * India                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                                          * Indonesia1                                                                                           
                                                                                                                                                          * Iran                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                                          * Iraq                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                                          * Israel                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                          * Japan                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                                          * Jordan                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                          * Kazakhstan1                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                                          * North Korea                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                                          * South Korea                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                                          * Kuwait                                                                                               
                                    Sovereign states                                                                                                      * Kyrgyzstan                                                                                           
                                                                                                                                                          * Laos                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                                          * Lebanon                                                                                              
                                                                                                                                                          * Malaysia                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                          * Maldives                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                          * Mongolia                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                          * Myanmar                                                                                              
                                                                                                                                                          * Nepal                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                                          * Oman                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                                          * Pakistan                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                          * Philippines                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                                          * Qatar                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                                          * Russia1                                                                                              
                                                                                                                                                          * Saudi Arabia                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                                          * Singapore                                                                                            
                                                                                                                                                          * Sri Lanka                                                                                            
                                                                                                                                                          * Syria                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                                          * Tajikistan                                                                                           
                                                                                                                                                          * Thailand                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                          * Turkey1                                                                                              
                                                                                                                                                          * Turkmenistan                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                                          * United Arab Emirates                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                                          * Uzbekistan                                                                                           
                                                                                                                                                          * Vietnam                                                                                              
                                                                                                                                                          * Yemen                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                                          * Abkhazia2                                                                                            
                                    States with limited                                                                                                   * Northern Cyprus2                                                                                     
                                    recognition                                                                                                           * Palestine                                                                                            
                                                                                                                                                          * South Ossetia2                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                                          * Taiwan                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                      Australia           * Christmas Island                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                                          * Cocos (Keeling) Islands                                                              
                                    Dependent                                                                                                         Greece              * Kastellorizo                                                                         
                                    territories                                                                                                       United Kingdom      * Akrotiri and Dhekelia2 (Sovereign Base Areas)                                        
                                                                                                                                                                          * British Indian Ocean Territory (British Overseas Territory)                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                    Special administrative                                                                                                * Hong Kong                                                                                            
                                    regions of China                                                                                                      * Macau                                                                                                
                                          * 1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.                                                                                                                                                
                                          * 2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.                                                                                                             
                                        * Category                                                                                                                                                                                                               
                                        * Asia portal                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                          * v                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                          * t                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                          * e                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                        East Asia                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                                  * China                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      + Hong Kong                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                                      + Macau                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                      + Mainland                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                      Countries and regions       * Japan                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      + Ryukyu                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                  * Mongolia                                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                  * North Korea                                                                                                                                                                                  
                                                                  * South Korea                                                                                                                                                                                  
                                                                  * Taiwan                                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                  * Ainu                                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                  * Han Chinese                                                                                                                                                                                  
                                                                      + subgroups                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                                  * Hui                                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                  * Japanese                                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                      + Yamato                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                  * Koreans                                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                      + in China                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                                      + in Japan                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                                      + in Sakhalin                                                                                                                                                                              
                                                                  * Manchu                                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                  * Miao                                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                  * Mongolic                                                                                                                                                                                     
                                      Ethnic groups                   + Mongols                                                                                                                                                                                  
                                                                          o in China                                                                                                                                                                             
                                                                          o Khalkha in Mongolia                                                                                                                                                                  
                                                                  * Qiang                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                  * Ryukyuans                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                  * Indigenous Taiwanese                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                  * Tibetans                                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                  * Tujia                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                  * Uyghurs                                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                  * Yi                                                                                                                                                                                           
                                                                  * Zhuang                                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                  * other ethnic groups in China                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                                      + unrecognized                                                                                                                                                                             
                                                                      + historical                                                                                                                                                                               
                                                                  * Age reckoning                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                                  * Architecture‎                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                                  * Art                                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                      + Chinese                                                                                                                                                                                  
                                                                      + Japanese                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                                      + Korean                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                      + Taiwanese                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                                  * Blepharoplasty                                                                                                                                                                               
                                                                  * Buddhism                                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                  * Calligraphy                                                                                                                                                                                  
                                                                  * Cinema                                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                  * Cuisine                                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                  * Sinosphere                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                  * Dance                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                  * Chinese knotting                                                                                                                                                                             
                                                                  * Chinese dragon                                                                                                                                                                               
                                                                  * Festivals                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                      Culture                     * Gardens                                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                  * Chinese characters                                                                                                                                                                           
                                                                  * Hip-and-gable roof                                                                                                                                                                           
                                                                  * Languages                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                  * Literature                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                  * Mādhyamaka                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                  * Music                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                  * Mythology                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                  * Philosophy                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                  * Religion                                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                  * Scripts                                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                  * Seal                                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                  * Sino-Xenic pronunciations                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                  * Surnames                                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                  * Television                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                  * Typography                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                  * Yogācāra                                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                  * Chinese zodiac                                                                                                                                                                               
                                                                  * East Asia Climate Partnership                                                                                                                                                                
                                      Environment                 * Monsoon                                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                  * Rainy season                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                                  * Flora                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                  * China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                  * Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia                                                                                                                                             
                                                                  * Capitalism                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                  * East Asia Summit                                                                                                                                                                             
                                      Economy and Politics        * East Asian Bureau of Economic Research                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                  * East Asian Community                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                  * Four Asian Tigers                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                                  * Human rights in East Asia                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                  * Ports                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                  * Stock exchanges                                                                                                                                                                              
                                                                  * Archaeology                                                                                                                                                                                  
                                                                  * Archaeological cultures                                                                                                                                                                      
                                      History                     * Bronze Age                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                  * Iron Age                                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                  * Former countries                                                                                                                                                                             
                                                                  * China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting                                                                                                                                                
                                                                  * East Asian Football Federation                                                                                                                                                               
                                                                  * East Asian Games                                                                                                                                                                             
                                      Sports                      * East Asian Judo Championships                                                                                                                                                                
                                                                  * East Asian martial arts                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                  * East Asian Youth Games                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                  * EAFF E-1 Football Championship                                                                                                                                                               
                                                                  * Association of East Asian Research Universities                                                                                                                                              
                                                                  * CrossAsia                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                  * East Asian Economic Review                                                                                                                                                                   
                                      Education                   * East Asia Image Collection                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                  * East Asia Law Review                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                  * East Asian studies                                                                                                                                                                           
                                                                  * Journal of East Asian Studies                                                                                                                                                                
                                                                  * Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute                                                                                                                                                             
                                                                  * Horses in East Asian warfare                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                                  * Bansenshūkai                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                                  * Miyamoto Musashi                                                                                                                                                                             
                                      Military                    * Sun Tzu                                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                  * The Art of War                                                                                                                                                                               
                                                                  * The Book of Five Rings                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                  * Yi Sun-sin                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                  * Needham Research Institute                                                                                                                                                                   
                                      Science and technology      * Printing                                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                  * Swords                                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                  * Traditional medicine                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                            * v                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
                                            * t                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
                                            * e                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
                                          Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region (Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area)                                                                                                                                     
                                          Pearl River Delta Economic Zone                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                  * Guangzhou                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                      + Panyu                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                      + Huadu                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                      + Nansha                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                      + Zengcheng                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                      + Conghua                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                  * Shenzhen                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                      + Bao'an                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                  * Zhuhai                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                      + Hengqin                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                  * Dongguan                                                                                                                     
                                        Guangdong Province                                                                        * Zhongshan                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                      + Cuiheng                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                  * Foshan                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                  * Jiangmen                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                      + Enping                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                      + Taishan                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                      + Kaiping                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                      + Heshan                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                  * Huizhou                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                  * Zhaoqing                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                      + Sihui                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                      + Gaoyao                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                  * Hong Kong                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                      + New Territories                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                      + Kowloon                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                      + Hong Kong Island                                                                                                         
                                        Special administrative regions                                                            * Macau                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                      + Macau Peninsula                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                      + Taipa                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                      + Coloane                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                      + Cotai                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                              * v                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                              * t                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                              * e                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                            Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)                                                                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                     * Australia                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                     * Brunei                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                     * Canada                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                     * Chile                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                     * China                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                     * Hong Kong ¹                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                     * Indonesia                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                     * Japan                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                     * South Korea                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                     * Malaysia                                                                                                                  
                                          Nations                                                                                    * Mexico                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                     * New Zealand                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                     * Papua New Guinea                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                     * Peru                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * Philippines                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                     * Russia                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                     * Singapore                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                     * Taiwan                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                     * Thailand                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                     * United States                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                     * Vietnam                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                     * 1989                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 1990                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 1991                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 1992                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 1993                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 1994                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 1995                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 1996                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 1997                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 1998                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 1999                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2000                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2001                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2002                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2003                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2004                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2005                                                                                                                      
                                          Summits                                                                                    * 2006                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2007                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2008                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2009                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2010                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2011                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2012                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2013                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2014                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2015                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2016                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2017                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2018                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2019                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2020                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2021                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2022                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2023                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * 2024                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     * APEC Business Travel Card                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                     * APEC blue                                                                                                                 
                                          Other                                                                                      * APEC Climate Center                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                     * APEC Sculpture Garden                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                     * APEC Youth Science Festival                                                                                               
                                              * 1. A special administrative region of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China"                                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                * v                                                                                                                                                                                                              
                                                * t                                                                                                                                                                                                              
                                                * e                                                                                                                                                                                                              
                                              World Trade Organization                                                                                                                                                                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Accession and membership                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Appellate Body                                       
                                            System                                                                                                                                                        * Dispute Settlement Body                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * International Trade Centre                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Chronology of key events                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Criticism                                            
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Doha Development Round                               
                                            Issues                                                                                                                                                        * Singapore issues                                     
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Quota Elimination                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Peace Clause                                         
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Agriculture                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures                  
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Technical Barriers to Trade                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Trade-Related Investment Measures                    
                                            Agreements                                                                                                                                                    * Trade in Services                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Government Procurement                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Information Technology                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Marrakesh Agreement                                  
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Doha Declaration                                     
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Bali Package                                         
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * 1st (1996)                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * 2nd (1998)                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * 3rd (1999)                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * 4th (2001)                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * 5th (2003)                                           
                                            Ministerial                                                                                                                                                   * 6th (2005)                                           
                                            Conferences                                                                                                                                                   * 7th (2009)                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * 8th (2011)                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * 9th (2013)                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * 10th (2015)                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * 11th (2017)                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * 12th (2022)                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * 13th (2024)                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala (Director-General)               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Roberto Azevêdo                                      
                                            People                                                                                                                                                        * Pascal Lamy                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Supachai Panitchpakdi                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Alejandro Jara                                       
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Rufus Yerxa                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Afghanistan                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Albania                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Algeria                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Angola                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Antigua and Barbuda                                  
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Argentina                                            
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Armenia                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Australia                                            
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Bahrain                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Bangladesh                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Barbados                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Belize                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Benin                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Bolivia                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Botswana                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Brazil                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Brunei                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Burkina Faso                                         
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Myanmar                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Burundi                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Cambodia                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Cameroon                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Canada                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Cape Verde                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Central African Republic                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Chad                                                 
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Chile                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * China                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Colombia                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Democratic Republic of the Congo                     
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Republic of the Congo                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Costa Rica                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Ivory Coast                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Cuba                                                 
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Djibouti                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Dominica                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Dominican Republic                                   
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Ecuador                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Egypt                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * El Salvador                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Eswatini                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Fiji                                                 
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Gabon                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * The Gambia                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Georgia                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Ghana                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Grenada                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Guatemala                                            
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Guinea                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Guinea-Bissau                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Guyana                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Haiti                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Honduras                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Hong Kong1                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Iceland                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * India                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Indonesia                                            
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Israel                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Jamaica                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Japan                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Jordan                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Kazakhstan                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Kenya                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * South Korea                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Kuwait                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Kyrgyzstan                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Laos                                                 
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Lesotho                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Liberia                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Liechtenstein                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Macau1                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Madagascar                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Malawi                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Malaysia                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Maldives                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Mali                                                 
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Mauritania                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Mauritius                                            
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Mexico                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Moldova                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Mongolia                                             
                                            Members                                                                                                                                                       * Montenegro                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Morocco                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Mozambique                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Namibia                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Nepal                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * New Zealand                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Nicaragua                                            
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Niger                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Nigeria                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * North Macedonia                                      
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Norway                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Oman                                                 
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Pakistan                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Panama                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Papua New Guinea                                     
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Paraguay                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Peru                                                 
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Philippines                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Qatar                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Russia                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Rwanda                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * St. Kitts and Nevis                                  
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * St. Lucia                                            
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * St. Vincent and the Grenadines                       
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Samoa                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Saudi Arabia                                         
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Senegal                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Seychelles                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Sierra Leone                                         
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Singapore                                            
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Solomon Islands                                      
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * South Africa                                         
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Sri Lanka                                            
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Suriname                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Switzerland                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Tajikistan                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Taiwan2                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Tanzania                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Thailand                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Togo                                                 
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Tonga                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Trinidad and Tobago                                  
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Tunisia                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Turkey                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Uganda                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Ukraine                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * United Arab Emirates                                 
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * United Kingdom                                       
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * United States                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Uruguay                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Venezuela                                            
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Vietnam                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Yemen                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Zambia                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Zimbabwe                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Austria                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Belgium                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Bulgaria                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Croatia                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Cyprus                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Czech Republic                       
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Denmark                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Estonia                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Finland                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * France                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Germany                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Greece                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Hungary                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                      European Union      * Ireland                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Italy                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Latvia                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Lithuania                            
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Luxembourg                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Malta                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Netherlands                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Poland                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Portugal                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Romania                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Slovakia                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Slovenia                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Spain                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          * Sweden                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                               1. Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, participating as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao, China".                                                                                      
                                               2. Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.                                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                              World portal                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                              
                                  Authority control databases
                                                                   * FAST                                
                                International                      * ISNI                                
                                                                   * VIAF                                
                                                                   * France                              
                                                                   * BnF data                            
                                                                   * Germany                             
                                                                   * Israel                              
                                                                   * United States                       
                                                                       + 2                               
                                National                           * Sweden                              
                                                                   * Japan                               
                                                                   * Czech Republic                      
                                                                   * Australia                           
                                                                       + 2                               
                                                                   * Korea                               
                                                                   * Croatia                             
                                Geographic                         * MusicBrainz area                    
                                Academics                          * CiNii                               
                                People                             * Trove                               
                                                                   * UK Parliament                       
                                                                   * Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
                                Other                              * NARA                                
                                                                   * IdRef                               
                                

                              22°18′N 114°12′E ﻿ / ﻿ 22.3°N 114.2°E

                              Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong&oldid=1240503847"
                              Categories:
                                * Hong Kong
                                * People's Republic of China
                                * 1842 establishments in Asia
                                * Countries and territories where Chinese is an official language
                                * English-speaking countries and territories
                                * Metropolitan areas of China
                                * Pearl River Delta
                                * Populated places established in 1842
                                * Port cities and towns in China
                                * South China Sea
                                * Special administrative regions of China
                                * States and territories established in 1997
                              Hidden categories:
                                * Pages using the Phonos extension
                                * Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text
                                * Pages with Cantonese IPA
                                * Pages including recorded pronunciations
                                * CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown
                                * CS1 errors: periodical ignored
                                * Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas
                                * Articles with short description
                                * Short description is different from Wikidata
                                * Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
                                * Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
                                * Good articles
                                * Use Hong Kong English from April 2022
                                * All Wikipedia articles written in Hong Kong English
                                * Use dmy dates from March 2024
                                * Articles containing Chinese-language text
                                * Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019
                                * All articles containing potentially dated statements
                                * Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2018
                                * Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images
                                * CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)
                                * CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)
                                * CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024
                                * All articles with dead external links
                                * Articles with dead external links from July 2023
                                * Articles with permanently dead external links
                                * Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata
                                * Pages using Sister project links with default search
                                * Articles with FAST identifiers
                                * Articles with ISNI identifiers
                                * Articles with VIAF identifiers
                                * Articles with BNF identifiers
                                * Articles with BNFdata identifiers
                                * Articles with GND identifiers
                                * Articles with J9U identifiers
                                * Articles with LCCN identifiers
                                * Articles with Libris identifiers
                                * Articles with NDL identifiers
                                * Articles with NKC identifiers
                                * Articles with NLA identifiers
                                * Articles with NLK identifiers
                                * Articles with NSK identifiers
                                * Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers
                                * Articles with CINII identifiers
                                * Articles with Trove identifiers
                                * Articles with UKPARL identifiers
                                * Articles with HDS identifiers
                                * Articles with NARA identifiers
                                * Articles with SUDOC identifiers
                                * Coordinates on Wikidata
                        * This page was last edited on 15 August 2024, at 18:33 (UTC) .
                        * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
                        * Privacy policy
                        * About Wikipedia
                        * Disclaimers
                        * Contact Wikipedia
                        * Code of Conduct
                        * Developers
                        * Statistics
                        * Cookie statement
                        * Mobile view
                        * 
                        * 
                    * 
Hong Kong
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong