japanese first person singular pronoun used by anthropomorphic animals
None
2023-01-12
<div><div>
	<p>Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary</p>
	<p><a href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a>
	<a href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a></p><div><p><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%BE%E8%BE%88">吾辈</a></b></p>
<h2>Chinese[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%BE%E8%BC%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1">edit</a>]</h2>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>
</th>
<th>I; my
</th>
<th>contemporaries; generation; lifetime
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese">trad.</a> (<strong>吾輩</strong>)
</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%BE#Chinese">吾</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%A9#Chinese">輩</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese">simp.</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%BE%E8%BE%88#Chinese">吾辈</a>)
</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%BE#Chinese">吾</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%88#Chinese">辈</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Pronunciation[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%BE%E8%BC%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><div>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese">Mandarin</a>
<dl><dd><small>(<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">Pinyin</a></i>)</small>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=w%C3%BAb%C3%A8i&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">wúbèi</a></dd>
<dd><small>(<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuyin">Zhuyin</a></i>)</small>: ㄨˊ ㄅㄟˋ</dd></dl></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <small>(<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping">Jyutping</a></i>)</small>: ng<sup>4</sup> bui<sup>3</sup></li></ul>
<div>
<hr />
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese">Mandarin</a>
<ul><li><small>(<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></i>)</small><sup><small><abbr><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Module%3Azh%2Fdata%2Fcmn-hom%2F3&amp;action=edit">+</a></abbr></small></sup>
<ul><li><small><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></i></small>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=w%C3%BAb%C3%A8i&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">wúbèi</a></li>
<li><small><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuyin">Zhuyin</a></i></small>: ㄨˊ ㄅㄟˋ</li>
<li><small><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></i></small>: wúbèi</li>
<li><small><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles">Wade–Giles</a></i></small>: wu<sup>2</sup>-pei<sup>4</sup></li>
<li><small><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin">Yale</a></i></small>: wú-bèi</li>
<li><small><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></i></small>: wubey</li>
<li><small><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese">Palladius</a></i></small>: убэй (ubɛj)</li>
<li><small>Sinological <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet">IPA</a> <sup>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Mandarin_pronunciation">key</a>)</sup></small>: /u³⁵ peɪ̯⁵¹/</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese">Cantonese</a>
<ul><li><small>(<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Cantonese">Standard Cantonese</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_Cantonese">Guangzhou</a></i>)</small><sup><small><abbr><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Module%3Ayue-pron%2Fhom&amp;action=edit">+</a></abbr></small></sup>
<ul><li><small><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping">Jyutping</a></i></small>: ng<sup>4</sup> bui<sup>3</sup></li>
<li><small><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese">Yale</a></i></small>: ǹgh bui</li>
<li><small><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_Pinyin">Cantonese Pinyin</a></i></small>: ng<sup>4</sup> bui<sup>3</sup></li>
<li><small><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization">Guangdong Romanization</a></i></small>: ng<sup>4</sup> bui<sup>3</sup></li>
<li><small>Sinological <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet">IPA</a> <sup>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_phonology">key</a>)</sup></small>: /ŋ̍²¹ puːi̯³³/</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
<hr />
<div>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>: /ŋuo  puʌi<sup>H</sup>/</li></ul>
</div></div>
<h3>Pronoun[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%BE%E8%BC%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3">edit</a>]</h3>
<p><strong>吾輩</strong>
</p>
<ol><li>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#literary">literary</a>) <a href="/wiki/we">we</a>; <a href="/wiki/us">us</a></li></ol>
<h4>Synonyms[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%BE%E8%BC%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4">edit</a>]</h4>
	<div><p>Dialectal synonyms of <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a> (“we; us (<i>exclusive or no distinction of clusivity</i>)”) <a href="/wiki/Template:zh-dial-map/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91"><small>[map]</small></a>
</p><div> 
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Variety
</th>
<th>Location
</th>
<th>Words	<div><p><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Module%3Azh%2Fdata%2Fdial-syn%2F%E6%88%91%E5%80%91&amp;action=edit">edit</a></p></div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Chinese">Classical Chinese</a>
</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91#Chinese">我</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%BE%E5%84%95#Chinese">吾儕</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%BE%E7%AD%89#Chinese">吾等</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E7%AD%89#Chinese">我等</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%BE%E6%9B%B9#Chinese">吾曹</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E6%9B%B9#Chinese">我曹</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E8%BC%A9#Chinese">我輩</a>, <strong>吾輩</strong>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Formal <small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese">Written Standard Chinese</a>)</small>
</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Mandarin
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_dialect">Beijing</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%86%E5%80%91#Chinese">姆們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Mandarin">Taiwan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_dialect">Tianjin</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengde">Chengde</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%94%90%E5%B1%B1%E8%A9%B1">Tangshan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cangzhou">Cangzhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%9A%E8%A9%B1">Baoding</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E7%9F%B3%E5%AE%B6%E8%8E%8A%E8%A9%B1">Shijiazhuang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulanhot">Ulanhot</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongliao">Tongliao</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chifeng">Chifeng</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayanhot">Bayanhot</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailar_District">Hulunbuir <small>(Hailar)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heihe">Heihe</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiqihar">Qiqihar</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin_dialect">Harbin</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiamusi">Jiamusi</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baicheng">Baicheng</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E9%95%B7%E6%98%A5%E8%A9%B1">Changchun</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonghua">Tonghua</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang_Mandarin">Shenyang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandong">Dandong</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA#Chinese">俺</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinzhou">Jinzhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%A4%A7%E9%80%A3%E8%A9%B1">Dalian</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yantai">Yantai</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA#Chinese">俺</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muping_District">Yantai <small>(Muping)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA#Chinese">俺</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao_dialect">Qingdao</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA#Chinese">俺</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijin">Lijin</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA#Chinese">俺</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhucheng">Zhucheng</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA#Chinese">俺</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinan_dialect">Jinan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA#Chinese">俺</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%BA%E9%80%99%E5%A4%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">俺這夥</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%BF%9F%E5%AF%A7%E8%A9%B1">Jining</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA#Chinese">俺</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoyang_dialect">Luoyang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA#Chinese">俺</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E8%90%AC%E6%A6%AE%E8%A9%B1">Wanrong</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我的</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91#Chinese">我</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangqiu">Shangqiu</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA#Chinese">俺</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuanyang_County,_Henan">Yuanyang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA#Chinese">俺</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E9%84%AD%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1">Zhengzhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA#Chinese">俺</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a> <i>literary</i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingbao_City">Lingbao</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91#Chinese">我</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinyang">Xinyang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baihe_County">Baihe</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanzhong">Hanzhong</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an_dialect">Xi'an</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%BA%E7%9A%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">俺的</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA#Chinese">俺</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我的</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91#Chinese">我</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingbian_County">Dingbian</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baoji">Baoji</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我的</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E7%9A%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎的</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinchuan">Yinchuan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%AC%E5%80%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">卬們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%80%91#Chinese">阿們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianshui">Tianshui</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我的</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E8%98%AD%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1">Lanzhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xining">Xining</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hami">Hami</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E7%83%8F%E9%AD%AF%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%8A%E8%A9%B1">Ürümqi</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%AD%A6%E6%BC%A2%E8%A9%B1">Wuhan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huanggang">Huanggang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我家</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangyang">Xiangyang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianmen">Tianmen</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong%27an_County">Hong'an</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我家</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu_dialect">Chengdu</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanchong">Nanchong</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazhou">Dazhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyuan_County">Hanyuan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xichang">Xichang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigong">Zigong</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E9%87%8D%E6%85%B6%E8%A9%B1">Chongqing</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E8%B2%B4%E9%99%BD%E8%A9%B1">Guiyang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E9%81%B5%E7%BE%A9%E8%A9%B1">Zunyi</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijie">Bijie</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhaotong">Zhaotong</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dali_City">Dali</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming_dialect">Kunming</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengzi">Mengzi</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%80%91%E5%85%92&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我們兒</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%A1%82%E6%9E%97%E8%A9%B1">Guilin</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%9F%B3%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1">Liuzhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93_(%E5%8D%97%E5%AF%A7%E5%B8%82)">Nanning <small>(Xiakuojie)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuming_District">Nanning <small>(Wuming)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%BA%9C%E5%9F%8E%E9%8E%AE_(%E5%8D%97%E5%AF%A7%E5%B8%82)">Nanning <small>(Fucheng, Wuming)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E8%B3%93%E9%99%BD%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1">Binyang <small>(Nanjie)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jishou">Jishou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changde">Changde</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%A5%A0%E7%AB%B9%E5%B1%B1%E9%8E%AE">Xiangtan <small>(Jiangnan Industries Group koine)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anqing">Anqing</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuzhou_dialect">Xuzhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA#Chinese">俺</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuyang">Fuyang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%BA%E5%B9%BE%E5%80%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">俺幾個</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhu">Wuhu</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%8F%9A%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1">Yangzhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E5%80%91#Chinese">們</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E8%BC%A9%E5%85%92&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我輩兒</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianyungang">Lianyungang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianshui_County">Lianshui</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_dialect">Nanjing</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%90%88%E8%82%A5%E8%A9%B1">Hefei</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%8D%97%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%B1">Nantong</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E6%81%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我恁</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%80%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我倈</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin">Malaysia</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin">Singapore</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungan_language">Sokuluk <small>(Gansu Dungan)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungan_language">Masanchin <small>(Shaanxi Dungan)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Cantonese
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_dialect">Guangzhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese">Hong Kong</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weitou_dialect">Hong Kong <small>(San Tin Weitou)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weitou_dialect">Hong Kong <small>(Kam Tin Weitou)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ting_Kok">Hong Kong <small>(Ting Kok)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Ping_Chau">Hong Kong <small>(Tung Ping Chau)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E4%BF%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我俚</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau">Macau</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panyu_District">Guangzhou <small>(Panyu)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huadu_District">Guangzhou <small>(Huashan, Huadu)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conghua_District">Guangzhou <small>(Conghua)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%95%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我啲</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zengcheng_District">Guangzhou <small>(Zengcheng)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E7%8F%AD%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我班人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foshan">Foshan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanhai_District">Foshan <small>(Shatou, Nanhai)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunde_District">Foshan <small>(Shunde)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanshui_District">Foshan <small>(Sanshui)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaoming_District">Foshan <small>(Mingcheng, Gaoming)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiqi_dialect">Zhongshan <small>(Shiqi)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuhai">Zhuhai <small>(Qianshan)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianzhou,_Zhuhai">Zhuhai <small>(Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%96%97%E9%96%80%E9%8E%AE">Zhuhai <small>(Doumen)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%94#Chinese">偔</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangmen">Jiangmen <small>(Baisha)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%94#Chinese">偔</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhui_District">Jiangmen <small>(Xinhui)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%94#Chinese">偔</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taishanese">Taishan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91#Chinese">我</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E9%96%8B%E5%B9%B3%E8%A9%B1">Kaiping <small>(Chikan)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91#Chinese">我</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enping">Enping <small>(Niujiang)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%96%8A%E9%BD%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我喊齊</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heshan,_Guangdong">Heshan <small>(Yayao)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91#Chinese">我</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongguan">Dongguan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%B2%99%E4%BA%95%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93_(%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E5%B8%82)">Shenzhen <small>(Shajing, Bao'an)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapeng_dialect">Shenzhen <small>(Dapeng)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaoguan">Shaoguan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunfu">Yunfu</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E9%99%BD%E6%B1%9F%E8%A9%B1">Yangjiang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%94#Chinese">偔</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E4%BF%A1%E5%AE%9C%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1">Xinyi</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianjiang,_Guangdong">Lianjiang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yong-Xun_Yue">Nanning</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%A2%A7%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1">Wuzhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E7%8E%89%E6%9E%97%E8%A9%B1">Yulin</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">我人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin-Lian_Yue">Hepu <small>(Lianzhou)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA#Chinese">俺</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baise">Baise</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin-Lian_Yue">Qinzhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beihai">Beihai</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%83%91%E6%B8%AF%E9%8E%AE">Beihai <small>(Qiaogang - Cô Tô)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%83%91%E6%B8%AF%E9%8E%AE">Beihai <small>(Qiaogang - Cát Bà)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur <small>(Guangfu)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore#Other_Chinese_varieties">Singapore <small>(Guangfu)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City">Ho Chi Minh City <small>(Guangfu)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3ng_C%C3%A1i">Móng Cái</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Gan
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanchang_dialect">Nanchang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%8B%E4%BF%9A#Chinese">我個俚</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E7%AD%89#Chinese">我等</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichuan_County">Lichuan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%A4%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我多</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingxiang">Pingxiang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E4%BF%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我俚</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B7%E4%BF%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">巷俚</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Hakka
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meixian_dialect">Meixian</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E7%AD%89%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">𠊎等人</a>, <a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">𠊎兜人</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%84%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎儕</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E8%88%88%E5%AF%A7%E8%A9%B1">Xingning</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">𠊎兜人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huizhou_dialect">Huizhou <small>(Huicheng Bendihua)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91#Chinese">我</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%92%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我咧</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我大家</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E8%8C%B6%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我茶家</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%A3%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93">Huizhou <small>(Shuikou Bendihua)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91#Chinese">我</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%92%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我咧</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%A9%AB%E7%80%9D%E9%8E%AE_(%E6%83%A0%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82)">Huizhou <small>(Hengli Bendihua)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E4%BF%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我俚</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%B9%B3%E5%B1%B1%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93_(%E6%83%A0%E6%9D%B1%E7%B8%A3)">Huidong <small>(Pingshan Bendihua)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91#Chinese">我</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%92%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我咧</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%A4%A7%E5%B6%BA%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93">Huidong <small>(Daling)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">𠊎兜人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingxi,_Dongguan">Dongguan <small>(Qingxi)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%BE%E5%85%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">吾兜</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%B9%B3%E9%99%B5%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93">Longmen <small>(Pingling Bendihua)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E4%BF%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我俚</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E9%BE%8D%E6%B1%9F%E9%8E%AE_(%E9%BE%8D%E9%96%80%E7%B8%A3)">Longmen <small>(Luxi Bendihua)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%92%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我咧</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boluo_County">Boluo <small>(Bendihua)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91#Chinese">我</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E9%BD%8A%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我齊家</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatoujiao_Subdistrict">Shenzhen <small>(Shatoujiao)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C#Chinese">𠊎兜</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%AD%A3%E6%9E%9C%E9%8E%AE">Zengcheng <small>(Zhengguo)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%BE%E5%85%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">吾兜</a>, <a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C#Chinese">𠊎兜</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuguishan_Subdistrict">Zhongshan <small>(Wuguishan)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%BE%E5%93%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">吾哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanlang">Zhongshan <small>(Nanlang Heshui)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%BE%E5%93%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">吾哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuizhai,_Wuhua_County">Wuhua <small>(Shuizhai)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C#Chinese">𠊎兜</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huacheng">Wuhua <small>(Huacheng)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C#Chinese">𠊎兜</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changbu,_Guangdong">Wuhua <small>(Changbu)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C#Chinese">𠊎兜</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianyang,_Guangdong">Wuhua <small>(Mianyang)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C#Chinese">𠊎兜</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%B2%B3%E6%BA%90%E8%A9%B1">Heyuan <small>(Bendihua)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%92%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我咧</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%8F%A4%E7%AB%B9%E9%8E%AE">Zijin <small>(Guzhu Bendihua)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E4%BF%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我俚</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E4%BD%97%E5%9F%8E%E9%8E%AE">Longchuan <small>(Tuocheng Bendihua)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%92%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我咧</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%9B%9B%E9%83%BD%E9%8E%AE_(%E9%BE%8D%E5%B7%9D%E7%B8%A3)">Longchuan <small>(Sidu Bendihua)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91#Chinese">我</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%92%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我咧</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%9E%97%E5%AF%A8%E9%8E%AE">Heping <small>(Linzhai Bendihua)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%BF%A0%E4%BF%A1%E9%8E%AE_(%E9%80%A3%E5%B9%B3%E7%B8%A3)">Lianping <small>(Zhongxin Bendihua)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%92%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我咧</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E9%9A%86%E8%A1%97%E9%8E%AE">Lianping <small>(Longjie Bendihua)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E7%8F%A0%E7%92%A3%E5%B7%B7">Nanxiong <small>(Zhuji)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E7%AD%89#Chinese">𠊎等</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%9B%B2%E6%B1%9F%E8%A9%B1">Shaoguan <small>(Qujiang)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E4%BF%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎俚</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E9%A6%AC%E9%A0%AD%E9%8E%AE_(%E6%96%B0%E8%B1%90%E7%B8%A3)">Xinfeng <small>(Matou Bendihua)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E6%A0%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我根</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E9%A6%AC%E9%A0%AD%E9%8E%AE_(%E6%96%B0%E8%B1%90%E7%B8%A3)">Xinfeng <small>(Daxi Bendihua)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%B0%8F%E4%B8%89%E6%B1%9F%E9%8E%AE">Lianshan <small>(Xiaosanjiang)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E4%BF%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">阿俚</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liannan_Yao_Autonomous_County">Liannan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E4%BF%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎俚</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%91%82%E7%94%B0%E9%8E%AE">Conghua <small>(Lütian)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C#Chinese">𠊎兜</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiexi_County">Jiexi</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C%E5%84%95#Chinese">𠊎兜儕</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changting_dialect">Changting</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%84%95%E5%80%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎儕們</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%84%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎儕</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuping_County">Wuping</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E7%AD%89%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">𠊎等人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%84%89_(%E6%AD%A6%E5%B9%B3%E7%B8%A3)">Wuping <small>(Pingyu)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E7%AD%89%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">𠊎等人</a>, <a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C#Chinese">𠊎兜</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liancheng_County">Liancheng</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎大全</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninghua_County">Ninghua</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎人</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%A4%9A%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎多人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E9%9B%A9%E9%83%BD%E8%A9%B1">Yudu</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%BA%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎底</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E7%91%9E%E9%87%91%E8%A9%B1">Ruijin</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E7%8F%AD%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎班人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E7%9F%B3%E5%9F%8E%E8%A9%B1">Shicheng</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E9%83%8E%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎郎人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E7%A4%BE%E6%BA%AA%E9%8E%AE">Shangyou <small>(Shexi)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%AD%90%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎子人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixian_dialect">Miaoli <small>(N. Sixian)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C#Chinese">𠊎兜</a>, <a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E7%AD%89#Chinese">𠊎等</a>, <a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">𠊎兜人</a>, <a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C%E5%84%95#Chinese">𠊎兜儕</a>, <a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E9%80%99%E5%85%9C#Chinese">𠊎這兜</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixian_dialect">Pingtung <small>(Neipu; S. Sixian)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E7%AD%89#Chinese">𠊎等</a>, <a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E7%AD%89%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">𠊎等人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailu_dialect">Hsinchu County <small>(Zhudong; Hailu)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C#Chinese">𠊎兜</a>, <a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E7%AD%89#Chinese">𠊎等</a>, <a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">𠊎兜人</a>, <a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C%E5%84%95#Chinese">𠊎兜儕</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongshi_District">Taichung <small>(Dongshi; Dabu)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%BE%E7%AD%89#Chinese">吾等</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%BE%E9%80%99%E5%85%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">吾這兜</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%BE%E9%80%99%E5%85%9C%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">吾這兜人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoping_Hakka">Hsinchu County <small>(Qionglin; Raoping)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C#Chinese">𠊎兜</a>, <a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E7%AD%89#Chinese">𠊎等</a>, <a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">𠊎兜人</a>, <a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C%E5%84%95#Chinese">𠊎兜儕</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E8%A9%94%E5%AE%89%E5%AE%A2%E8%AA%9E">Yunlin <small>(Lunbei; Zhao'an)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AA%9E">Hong Kong</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%93%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchuan_County">Luchuan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E4%BF%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎俚</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8B%E9%8E%AE_(%E9%99%B8%E5%B7%9D%E7%B8%A3)">Luchuan <small>(Daqiao)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%B2%99%E6%B2%B3%E9%8E%AE_(%E5%8D%9A%E7%99%BD%E7%B8%A3)">Bobai <small>(Shahe)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E9%BE%8D%E6%BD%AD%E9%8E%AE_(%E5%8D%9A%E7%99%BD%E7%B8%A3)">Bobai <small>(Longtan)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎大家人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%BE%91%E5%8F%A3%E9%8E%AE">Bobai <small>(Lingping)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%93%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎哋</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%95%B2%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎啲人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E8%8F%B1%E8%A7%92%E9%8E%AE">Bobai <small>(Lingjiao)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎人</a>, <a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">𠊎兜人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah">Sabah <small>(Bao'an)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C#Chinese">𠊎兜</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah">Sabah <small>(Longchuan)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C#Chinese">𠊎兜</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senai">Senai <small>(Huiyang)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%BE%E5%85%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">吾兜</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuching">Kuching <small>(Hepo)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%84%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我儕</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singkawang">Singkawang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%85%9C%E5%84%95#Chinese">𠊎兜儕</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Huizhou
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jixi_County">Jixi</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">我人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shexian">Shexian</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">我人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%B1%AF%E6%BA%AA%E8%A9%B1">Tunxi</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">我人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiuning_County">Xiuning</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">我人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_County,_Anhui">Yixian</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%84%82#Chinese">我儂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qimen_County">Qimen</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我大家</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuyuan_County,_Jiangxi">Wuyuan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%BA%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">俺家</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%B7%E4%BF%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">刷俺</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexing,_Jiangxi">Dexing</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E6%8B%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我拉</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingde_County">Jingde</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%95%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">阿啊</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E4%BB%99%E5%AF%93%E9%8E%AE">Shitai <small>(Xianyu)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E4%BA%9B%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我些人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Jin
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%A4%AA%E5%8E%9F%E8%A9%B1">Taiyuan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingyao">Pingyao</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我家</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%AE%B6%E5%80%91%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我家們家</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangyuan">Yangyuan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8C%E8%A9%B1">Datong</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%BF%BB%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1">Xinzhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA#Chinese">俺</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lishi_District">Lishi</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linfen">Linfen</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我家</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changzhi">Changzhi</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我家</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baochang,_Taibus_Banner">Taibus <small>(Baochang)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linhe_District">Linhe</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jining_District">Jining</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_dialect">Hohhot</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baotou">Baotou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongsheng">Dongsheng</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haibowan">Haibowan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erenhot">Erenhot</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingshan_County,_Hebei">Pingshan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_dialect">Zhangjiakou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handan">Handan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linzhou">Linzhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E5%80%91#Chinese">俺們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suide_County">Suide</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Min Bei
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect">Jian'ou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">我人</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%A4%A5%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我夥人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E8%BF%AA%E5%8F%A3%E9%8E%AE">Jian'ou <small>(Dikou)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">我人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%9D%BE%E6%BA%AA%E8%A9%B1">Songxi</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%BA%E5%8F%A2%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">俺叢人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%94%BF%E5%92%8C%E8%A9%B1">Zhenghe</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">我人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E9%8E%AE%E5%89%8D%E9%8E%AE">Zhenghe <small>(Zhenqian)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">我人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jianyang_dialect">Jianyang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%A4%A5%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我夥人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%B4%87%E5%AE%89%E8%A9%B1">Wuyishan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%A4%A5%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我夥人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E7%9F%B3%E9%99%82%E9%8E%AE">Pucheng <small>(Shibei)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">我人</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%A4%9A%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我多人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Min Dong
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect">Fuzhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%90%84%E5%84%82#Chinese">我各儂</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E5%84%82%E5%AE%B6%E5%90%84%E5%84%82#Chinese">儂家各儂</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E5%84%82%E5%AE%B6#Chinese">儂家</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E9%95%BF%E4%B9%90%E8%A9%B1_(%E9%97%BD%E4%B8%9C%E8%AF%AD)">Changle</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%82%E5%AE%B6#Chinese">儂家</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuqing_dialect">Fuqing</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%82%E5%AE%B6#Chinese">儂家</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E5%84%82%E5%AE%B6%E5%90%84%E5%84%82#Chinese">儂家各儂</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%90%84%E5%84%82#Chinese">我各儂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingtan">Pingtan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%82%E5%AE%B6#Chinese">儂家</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongtai">Yongtai</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%82%E5%AE%B6%E5%90%84%E5%84%82#Chinese">儂家各儂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutian_dialect">Gutian</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%90%84%E5%84%82#Chinese">我各儂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect">Fu'an</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%84%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我儕</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningde_dialect">Ningde</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%84%95%E5%84%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我儕儂</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%84%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我儕</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%A3%BD%E5%AF%A7%E8%A9%B1">Shouning</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%84%82#Chinese">我儂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%91%A8%E5%AF%A7%E8%A9%B1">Zhouning</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%84%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我儕</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E7%A6%8F%E9%BC%8E%E8%A9%B1">Fuding</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%84%82#Chinese">我儂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsu_dialect">Matsu</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%82%E5%AE%B6#Chinese">儂家</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore#Other_Chinese_varieties">Singapore <small>(Fuqing)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%90%84%E5%84%82#Chinese">我各儂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Min Nan
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoy_dialect">Xiamen</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong%27an_District">Xiamen <small>(Tong'an)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect">Quanzhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%99%89%E6%B1%9F%E8%A9%B1">Jinjiang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan%27an,_Fujian">Nan'an</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishi,_Fujian">Shishi</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui%27an_dialect">Hui'an</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxi_County">Anxi</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongchun_dialect">Yongchun</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehua_County">Dehua</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect">Zhangzhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longhai_District">Zhangzhou <small>(Longhai)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changtai_District">Zhangzhou <small>(Changtai)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua%27an_County">Hua'an</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_County">Nanjing</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinghe_County">Pinghe</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangpu_County">Zhangpu</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunxiao_County">Yunxiao</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao%27an_County">Zhao'an</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongshan_County">Dongshan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien">Taipei</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien">New Taipei <small>(Sanxia)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien">Kaohsiung</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien">Yilan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien">Changhua <small>(Lukang)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien">Taichung</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien">Tainan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien">Hsinchu</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien">Kinmen</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien">Penghu <small>(Magong)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang_Hokkien">Penang <small>(Hokkien)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%84%82#Chinese">我儂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien">Singapore <small>(Hokkien)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%84%82#Chinese">我儂</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%AE%E5%84%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">阮儂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien">Manila <small>(Hokkien)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan_Hokkien">Medan <small>(Hokkien)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%84%82#Chinese">我儂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyan_Min">Longyan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%84%82#Chinese">我儂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%BC%B3%E5%B9%B3%E8%A9%B1">Zhangping</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%84%82#Chinese">我儂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%B0%B8%E7%A6%8F%E9%8E%AE_(%E6%BC%B3%E5%B9%B3%E5%B8%82)">Zhangping <small>(Yongfu)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%84%82#Chinese">我儂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datian_Min">Datian</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%A4%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我夥</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E4%B8%8A%E6%B8%A1%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93_(%E5%B9%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%B8%A3)">Pingnan <small>(Shangdu)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%AE%E5%84%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">阮儂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew_dialect">Chaozhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantou_dialect">Shantou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jieyang">Jieyang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifeng_dialect">Haifeng</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%AE%E5%84%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">阮儂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore#Other_Chinese_varieties">Singapore <small>(Teochew)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE#Chinese">阮</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%AE%E5%84%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">阮儂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak">Pontianak <small>(Teochew)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%84%82#Chinese">我儂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leizhou_Min">Leizhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%84%82#Chinese">我儂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenchang_dialect">Wenchang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%84%82#Chinese">我儂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikou_dialect">Haikou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%84%82#Chinese">我儂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore#Other_Chinese_varieties">Singapore <small>(Hainanese)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%84%82#Chinese">我儂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Puxian Min
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putian_dialect">Putian</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E8%BC%A9#Chinese">我輩</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianyou_dialect">Xianyou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BE#Chinese">滾</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E8%BC%A9#Chinese">我輩</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Min Zhong
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E7%8E%8B%E8%87%BA%E9%8E%AE_(%E5%8D%97%E5%B9%B3%E5%B8%82)">Yanping <small>(Wangtai)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">我人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Southern Pinghua
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93_(%E5%8D%97%E5%AF%A7%E5%B8%82)">Nanning <small>(Tingzi)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Northern Pinghua
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B2%B3%E9%84%89_(%E6%A1%82%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%82)">Guilin <small>(Dahe)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B#Chinese">我哋</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Shehua
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%27an">Fu'an</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuding">Fuding</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoyuan">Luoyuan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanming">Sanming</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E4%BB%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎仔</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunchang">Shunchang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A0%8A%8E%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">𠊎個人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Wu
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghainese">Shanghai</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89#Chinese">阿拉</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E4%BC%B2#Chinese">我伲</a> <i>dated</i>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%B2#Chinese">伲</a> <i>dated</i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadi_dialect">Shanghai <small>(Chongming)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E4%BF%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我俚</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhou_dialect">Suzhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%B2#Chinese">伲</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxi_dialect">Wuxi</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E4%BF%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我俚</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danyang,_Jiangsu">Danyang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%B7%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我己</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou_dialect">Hangzhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningbo_dialect">Ningbo</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89#Chinese">阿拉</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B1%A1%E6%8B%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">象拉</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenzhou_dialect">Wenzhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%80%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我倈</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinhua_dialect">Jinhua</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E9%83%8E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我郎</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%98%82#Chinese">昂</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%B9%AF%E6%BA%AA%E8%A9%B1">Jinhua <small>(Tangxi)</small></a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E9%81%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我道</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Xiang
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha_dialect">Changsha</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91#Chinese">我們</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%B1%8B%E8%A3%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我屋裏</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E6%B9%98%E6%BD%AD%E8%A9%B1">Xiangtan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E4%BA%BA#Chinese">我人</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%A9%81%E5%BA%95%E8%A9%B1">Loudi</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E4%BF%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我俺</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuangfeng_dialect">Shuangfeng</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E4%BF%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我俚</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%AC%E4%BF%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">卬俚</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanzhou_County">Quanzhou</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA#Chinese">俺</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
<hr />
<h2>Japanese[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%BE%E8%BC%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5">edit</a>]</h2>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Japanese_glossary#kanji">Kanji</a> in this term
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%BE#Japanese">吾</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%A9#Japanese">輩</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>わが<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Japanese_glossary#jinmeiyō_kanji">Jinmeiyō</a></small>
</td>
<td>はい<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Japanese_glossary#jōyō_kanji">Grade: S</a></small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Japanese_glossary#yutōyomi">yutōyomi</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Alternative spellings
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E8%BC%A9#Japanese">我輩</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E3%81%8C%E8%BC%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">我が輩</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%BE%E3%81%8C%E8%BC%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">吾が輩</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Pronunciation[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%BE%E8%BC%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6">edit</a>]</h3>
<ul><li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_dialect">Tokyo</a>) わがはい <samp>[wàgáháí]</samp> (<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%9D%BF%E5%9E%8B">Heiban</a> – [0])<sup><a href="#cite_note-DJR-1">[1]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet">IPA</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Japanese_pronunciation">key</a>)</sup>: [ɰᵝa̠ɡa̠ha̠i]</li></ul>
<h3>Pronoun[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%BE%E8%BC%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7">edit</a>]</h3>
<p><strong><ruby>吾<rp>(</rp><rt><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8C%E3%81%AF%E3%81%84#Japanese">わが</a></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>輩<rp>(</rp><rt><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8C%E3%81%AF%E3%81%84#Japanese">はい</a></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></strong> <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Japanese_transliteration">•</a> (<a href="/wiki/wagahai#Japanese">wagahai</a>) <i></i>
</p>
<ol><li><a href="/wiki/I">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/me">me</a>; <a href="/wiki/we">we</a>, <a href="/wiki/us">us</a>
<ul><li><b>1905</b>–<b>06</b>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsume_S%C5%8Dseki">Natsume Sōseki</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_a_Cat">I Am a Cat</a></i> (<a href="https://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000148/files/789_14547.html">text here</a>)
<dl><dd><b><ruby>吾<rp>(</rp><rt>わが</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>輩<rp>(</rp><rt>はい</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></b>は<ruby>猫<rp>(</rp><rt>ねこ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>である。<ruby>名<rp>(</rp><rt>な</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>前<rp>(</rp><rt>まえ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>はまだ<ruby>無<rp>(</rp><rt>な</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>い。<dl><dd><i><b>Wagahai</b> wa neko de aru. Namae wa mada nai.</i></dd><dd><b>I</b> am a cat. As of yet, I have no name.</dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ol>
<h4>Usage notes[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%BE%E8%BC%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8">edit</a>]</h4>
<ul><li>This is uncommon and old-fashioned and conveys a nuance of self-importance. When used today it's often a pun on the title of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_a_Cat">Natsume Sōseki's novel</a>, and the usage follows the form <i>吾輩は……である</i>. The closest pronoun widely used today is <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA#Japanese"><ruby>俺<rp>(</rp><rt>おれ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a> (ore).</li>
<li>This pronoun has a nuance of arrogance.</li></ul>
<h4>Synonyms[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%BE%E8%BC%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9">edit</a>]</h4>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BA#Japanese"><ruby>俺<rp>(</rp><rt>おれ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a> (ore)</li></ul>
<h3>References[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%BE%E8%BC%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10">edit</a>]</h3>
<div><ol>
<li><a href="#cite_ref-DJR_1-0"> ^ </a> <b>2006</b>, <cite>大辞林 (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daijirin">Daijirin</a></i>)</cite>, Third Edition (in Japanese), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D">Tōkyō</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanseid%C5%8D">Sanseidō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-385-13905-9">→ISBN</a>
</li>
</ol></div>
</div>
	<div><p><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories">Categories</a>: </p><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle_Chinese_lemmas">Middle Chinese lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_lemmas">Chinese lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mandarin_lemmas">Mandarin lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cantonese_lemmas">Cantonese lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_pronouns">Chinese pronouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mandarin_pronouns">Mandarin pronouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cantonese_pronouns">Cantonese pronouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_terms_with_IPA_pronunciation">Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_literary_terms">Chinese literary terms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_terms_spelled_with_%E5%90%BE">Japanese terms spelled with 吾</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_terms_spelled_with_%E8%BC%A9_read_as_%E3%81%AF%E3%81%84">Japanese terms spelled with 輩 read as はい</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_terms_read_with_yut%C5%8Dyomi">Japanese terms read with yutōyomi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_terms_with_IPA_pronunciation">Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_lemmas">Japanese lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_pronouns">Japanese pronouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_terms_spelled_with_jinmeiy%C5%8D_kanji">Japanese terms spelled with jinmeiyō kanji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_terms_spelled_with_secondary_school_kanji">Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_terms_written_with_two_Han_script_characters">Japanese terms written with two Han script characters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_terms_with_usage_examples">Japanese terms with usage examples</a></li></ul></div>
	</div>||||I|||| 吾輩

 Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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 See also: 吾辈

 Contents

 * 1 Chinese
 + 1.1 Pronunciation
 + 1.2 Pronoun
 o 1.2.1 Synonyms
 * 2 Japanese
 + 2.1 Pronunciation
 + 2.2 Pronoun
 o 2.2.1 Usage notes
 o 2.2.2 Synonyms
 + 2.3 References

 Chinese [ edit ]

 I; my contemporaries; generation; lifetime
 trad. ( 吾輩 ) 吾 輩 
 simp. ( 吾辈 ) 吾 辈 
 

 Pronunciation [ edit ]

 * Mandarin (Pinyin): wúbèi (Zhuyin): ㄨˊ ㄅㄟˋ
 * Cantonese (Jyutping): ng 4 bui 3
 * Mandarin
 + (Standard Chinese)+
 o Hanyu Pinyin: wúbèi
 o Zhuyin: ㄨˊ ㄅㄟˋ
 o Tongyong Pinyin: wúbèi
 o Wade–Giles: wu 2 -pei 4
 o Yale: wú-bèi
 o Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wubey
 o Palladius: убэй (ubɛj)
 o Sinological IPA (key): /u³⁵ peɪ̯⁵¹/
 * Cantonese
 + (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
 o Jyutping: ng 4 bui 3
 o Yale: ǹgh bui
 o Cantonese Pinyin: ng 4 bui 3
 o Guangdong Romanization: ng 4 bui 3
 o Sinological IPA (key): /ŋ̍ ²¹ puːi̯³³/
 * Middle Chinese: /ŋuo puʌi H /
 Rime 
 Character 吾 輩 
 Reading # 1/2 1/1 
 Initial ( 聲 ) 疑 (31) 幫 (1) 
 Final ( 韻 ) 模 (23) 灰 (42) 
 Tone ( 調 ) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
 Openness ( 開合 ) Open Closed 
 Division ( 等 ) I I 
 Fanqie 五乎 切 補妹 切 
 Reconstructions
 Zhengzhang /ŋuo/ /puʌi H / 
 Shangfang 
 Pan /ŋuo/ /puoi H / 
 Wuyun 
 Shao /ŋo/ /puɒi H / 
 Rongfen 
 Edwin /ŋɔ/ /pwəj H / 
 Pulleyblank 
 Li /ŋo/ /puᴀi H / 
 Rong 
 Wang /ŋu/ /puɒi H / 
 Li 
 Bernard /ŋuo/ /puɑ̆i H / 
 Karlgren 
 Expected 
 Mandarin wú bèi 
 Reflex 
 Expected 
 Cantonese ng4 bui3 
 Reflex 
 

 Pronoun [ edit ]

 吾輩

 1. ( literary ) we; us

 Synonyms [ edit ]

 Dialectal synonyms of 我們 (“we; us (exclusive or no distinction of clusivity)”) [map]
 Variety Location Words 
  edit 
 Classical Chinese 我, 吾儕, 吾等, 我等, 吾曹, 我曹, 我輩, 吾輩
 Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 我們 
 Mandarin Beijing 我們, 姆們 
 Taiwan 我們 
 Tianjin 我們 
 Chengde 我們 
 Tangshan 我們 
 Cangzhou 我們, 俺們 
 Baoding 我們, 俺們 
 Shijiazhuang 俺們 
 Ulanhot 俺們 
 Tongliao 俺們 
 Chifeng 我們 
 Bayanhot 我們 
 Hulunbuir (Hailar) 我們 
 Heihe 我們, 俺們 
 Qiqihar 我們, 俺們 
 Harbin 我們, 俺們 
 Jiamusi 我們, 俺們 
 Baicheng 我們, 俺們 
 Changchun 我們, 俺們 
 Tonghua 我們, 俺們 
 Shenyang 我們, 俺們 
 Dandong 我們, 俺, 俺們 
 Jinzhou 我們 
 Dalian 我們 
 Yantai 我們, 俺 
 Yantai (Muping) 俺 
 Qingdao 我們, 俺 
 Lijin 我們, 俺 
 Zhucheng 我們, 俺, 俺們 
 Jinan 我們, 俺們, 俺, 俺這夥 
 Jining 俺 
 Luoyang 我們, 俺們, 俺 
 Wanrong 我的, 我 
 Shangqiu 我們, 俺, 俺們 
 Yuanyang 我們, 俺 
 Zhengzhou 俺, 我們 literary 
 Lingbao 我 
 Xinyang 我們 
 Baihe 我們 
 Hanzhong 我們 
 Xi'an 俺的, 俺, 我的, 我, 我們 
 Dingbian 我們 
 Baoji 我們, 我的, 𠊎的 
 Yinchuan 我們, 卬們, 阿們 
 Tianshui 我們, 我的 
 Lanzhou 我們 
 Dunhuang 我們 
 Xining 我們 
 Hami 我們 
 Ürümqi 我們 
 Wuhan 我們 
 Huanggang 我家 
 Xiangyang 我們 
 Tianmen 我們 
 Hong'an 我們, 我家 
 Chengdu 我們 
 Nanchong 我們 
 Dazhou 我們 
 Hanyuan 我們 
 Xichang 我們 
 Zigong 我們 
 Chongqing 我們 
 Guiyang 我們 
 Zunyi 我們 
 Bijie 我們 
 Zhaotong 我們 
 Dali 我們 
 Kunming 我們 
 Mengzi 我們兒 
 Guilin 我們 
 Liuzhou 我們 
 Nanning (Xiakuojie) 我哋 
 Nanning (Wuming) 我們 
 Nanning (Fucheng, Wuming) 我們 
 Binyang (Nanjie) 我們 
 Jishou 我們 
 Changde 我們 
 Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine) 我們 
 Anqing 我們 
 Xuzhou 俺, 我們 
 Fuyang 我們, 俺們, 俺幾個 
 Wuhu 我們 
 Yangzhou 我們, 們, 我輩兒 
 Lianyungang 我們 
 Lianshui 我們 
 Nanjing 我們 
 Hefei 我們 
 Nantong 我恁, 我倈 
 Malaysia 我們 
 Singapore 我們 
 Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 我們 
 Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) 我們 
 Cantonese Guangzhou 我哋 
 Hong Kong 我哋 
 Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 我哋 
 Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 我哋 
 Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 我哋 
 Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 我俚 
 Macau 我哋 
 Guangzhou (Panyu) 我哋 
 Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 我哋 
 Guangzhou (Conghua) 我啲 
 Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 我班人 
 Foshan 我哋 
 Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 我哋 
 Foshan (Shunde) 我哋 
 Foshan (Sanshui) 我哋 
 Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 我哋 
 Zhongshan (Shiqi) 我哋 
 Zhuhai (Qianshan) 我哋 
 Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 我哋 
 Zhuhai (Doumen) 偔 
 Jiangmen (Baisha) 偔 
 Jiangmen (Xinhui) 偔 
 Taishan 我 
 Kaiping (Chikan) 我 
 Enping (Niujiang) 我喊齊 
 Heshan (Yayao) 我 
 Dongguan 我哋 
 Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 我哋 
 Shenzhen (Dapeng) 我哋 
 Shaoguan 我哋 
 Yunfu 我哋 
 Yangjiang 偔 
 Xinyi 我哋 
 Lianjiang 我哋 
 Nanning 我哋 
 Wuzhou 我哋 
 Yulin 我人 
 Hepu (Lianzhou) 俺 
 Baise 我哋 
 Qinzhou 我哋 
 Beihai 我哋 
 Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 我哋 
 Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 我哋 
 Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 我哋 
 Singapore (Guangfu) 我哋 
 Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 我哋 
 Móng Cái 我哋 
 Gan Nanchang 我個俚, 我等, 我們 
 Lichuan 我多 
 Pingxiang 我俚, 巷俚 
 Hakka Meixian 𠊎等人, 𠊎兜人, 𠊎儕 
 Xingning 𠊎兜人 
 Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 我, 我咧, 我大家, 我茶家 
 Huizhou (Shuikou Bendihua) 我, 我咧 
 Huizhou (Hengli Bendihua) 我俚 
 Huidong (Pingshan Bendihua) 我, 我咧 
 Huidong (Daling) 𠊎兜人 
 Dongguan (Qingxi) 吾兜 
 Longmen (Pingling Bendihua) 我俚 
 Longmen (Luxi Bendihua) 我咧 
 Boluo (Bendihua) 我, 我齊家 
 Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 𠊎兜 
 Zengcheng (Zhengguo) 吾兜, 𠊎兜 
 Zhongshan (Wuguishan) 吾哋 
 Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 吾哋 
 Wuhua (Shuizhai) 𠊎兜 
 Wuhua (Huacheng) 𠊎兜 
 Wuhua (Changbu) 𠊎兜 
 Wuhua (Mianyang) 𠊎兜 
 Heyuan (Bendihua) 我咧 
 Zijin (Guzhu Bendihua) 我俚 
 Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua) 我咧 
 Longchuan (Sidu Bendihua) 我, 我咧 
 Heping (Linzhai Bendihua) 我哋 
 Lianping (Zhongxin Bendihua) 我咧 
 Lianping (Longjie Bendihua) 我哋 
 Nanxiong (Zhuji) 𠊎等 
 Shaoguan (Qujiang) 𠊎俚 
 Xinfeng (Matou Bendihua) 我根 
 Xinfeng (Daxi Bendihua) 我哋 
 Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 阿俚 
 Liannan 𠊎俚 
 Conghua (Lütian) 𠊎兜 
 Jiexi 𠊎兜儕 
 Changting 𠊎儕們, 𠊎儕 
 Wuping 𠊎等人 
 Wuping (Pingyu) 𠊎等人, 𠊎兜 
 Liancheng 𠊎大全 
 Ninghua 𠊎人, 𠊎多人 
 Yudu 𠊎底 
 Ruijin 𠊎班人 
 Shicheng 𠊎郎人 
 Shangyou (Shexi) 𠊎子人 
 Miaoli (N. Sixian) 𠊎兜, 𠊎等, 𠊎兜人, 𠊎兜儕, 𠊎這兜 
 Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 𠊎等, 𠊎等人 
 Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 𠊎兜, 𠊎等, 𠊎兜人, 𠊎兜儕 
 Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 吾等, 吾這兜, 吾這兜人 
 Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 𠊎兜, 𠊎等, 𠊎兜人, 𠊎兜儕 
 Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 𠊎人 
 Hong Kong 𠊎哋 
 Luchuan 𠊎俚 
 Luchuan (Daqiao) 我們 
 Bobai (Shahe) 𠊎人 
 Bobai (Longtan) 𠊎大家人 
 Bobai (Lingping) 𠊎哋, 𠊎啲人 
 Bobai (Lingjiao) 𠊎人, 𠊎兜人 
 Sabah (Bao'an) 𠊎兜 
 Sabah (Longchuan) 𠊎兜 
 Senai (Huiyang) 吾兜 
 Kuching (Hepo) 我儕 
 Singkawang 𠊎兜儕 
 Huizhou Jixi 我人 
 Shexian 我人 
 Tunxi 我人 
 Xiuning 我人 
 Yixian 我儂 
 Qimen 我大家 
 Wuyuan 俺家, 刷俺 
 Dexing 我拉 
 Jingde 阿啊 
 Shitai (Xianyu) 我些人 
 Jin Taiyuan 我們, 俺們 
 Pingyao 我家, 我家們家, 我們 
 Yangyuan 我們 
 Datong 我們 
 Xinzhou 我們, 俺們, 俺 
 Lishi 俺們 
 Linfen 我們, 我家 
 Changzhi 我家 
 Taibus (Baochang) 我們 
 Linhe 我們 
 Jining 我們 
 Hohhot 我們 
 Baotou 我們 
 Dongsheng 我們 
 Haibowan 我們 
 Erenhot 我們, 俺們 
 Pingshan 我們, 俺們 
 Zhangjiakou 我們 
 Handan 我們, 俺們 
 Linzhou 我們, 俺們 
 Suide 我們 
 Min Bei Jian'ou 我人, 我夥人 
 Jian'ou (Dikou) 我人 
 Songxi 俺叢人 
 Zhenghe 我人 
 Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 我人 
 Jianyang 我夥人 
 Wuyishan 我夥人 
 Pucheng (Shibei) 我人, 我多人 
 Min Dong Fuzhou 我各儂, 儂家各儂, 儂家 
 Changle 儂家 
 Fuqing 儂家, 儂家各儂, 我各儂 
 Pingtan 儂家 
 Yongtai 儂家各儂 
 Gutian 我各儂 
 Fu'an 我儕 
 Ningde 我儕儂, 我儕 
 Shouning 我儂 
 Zhouning 我儕 
 Fuding 我儂 
 Matsu 儂家 
 Singapore (Fuqing) 我各儂 
 Min Nan Xiamen 阮 
 Xiamen (Tong'an) 阮 
 Quanzhou 阮 
 Jinjiang 阮 
 Nan'an 阮 
 Shishi 阮 
 Hui'an 阮 
 Anxi 阮 
 Yongchun 阮 
 Dehua 阮 
 Zhangzhou 阮 
 Zhangzhou (Longhai) 阮 
 Zhangzhou (Changtai) 阮 
 Hua'an 阮 
 Nanjing 阮 
 Pinghe 阮 
 Zhangpu 阮 
 Yunxiao 阮 
 Zhao'an 阮 
 Dongshan 阮 
 Taipei 阮 
 New Taipei (Sanxia) 阮 
 Kaohsiung 阮 
 Yilan 阮 
 Changhua (Lukang) 阮 
 Taichung 阮 
 Tainan 阮 
 Hsinchu 阮 
 Kinmen 阮 
 Penghu (Magong) 阮 
 Penang (Hokkien) 我儂 
 Singapore (Hokkien) 我儂, 阮, 阮儂 
 Manila (Hokkien) 阮 
 Medan (Hokkien) 我儂 
 Longyan 我儂 
 Zhangping 我儂 
 Zhangping (Yongfu) 我儂 
 Datian 我夥 
 Pingnan (Shangdu) 阮儂 
 Chaozhou 阮 
 Shantou 阮 
 Jieyang 阮 
 Haifeng 阮, 阮儂 
 Singapore (Teochew) 阮, 阮儂 
 Pontianak (Teochew) 我儂 
 Leizhou 我儂 
 Wenchang 我儂 
 Haikou 我儂 
 Singapore (Hainanese) 我儂 
 Puxian Min Putian 我輩 
 Xianyou 滾, 我輩 
 Min Zhong Yanping (Wangtai) 我人 
 Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 我哋 
 Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dahe) 我哋 
 Shehua Fu'an 𠊎人 
 Fuding 𠊎人 
 Luoyuan 𠊎人 
 Sanming 𠊎仔 
 Shunchang 𠊎個人 
 Wu Shanghai 阿拉, 我伲 dated, 伲 dated
 Shanghai (Chongming) 我俚 
 Suzhou 伲 
 Wuxi 我俚 
 Danyang 我己 
 Hangzhou 我們 
 Ningbo 阿拉, 象拉 
 Wenzhou 我倈 
 Jinhua 我郎, 昂 
 Jinhua (Tangxi) 我道 
 Xiang Changsha 我們, 我屋裏 
 Xiangtan 我人 
 Loudi 我俺 
 Shuangfeng 我俚, 卬俚 
 Quanzhou 俺 
 

 Japanese [ edit ]

 Kanji in this term
 吾 輩 
 わが はい 
 Jinmeiyō Grade: S
 yutōyomi 
 
 Alternative spellings
 我輩 
 我が輩 
 吾が輩 
 

 Pronunciation [ edit ]

 * ( Tokyo ) わ がはい [wàgáháí] (Heiban – [0])[1]
 * IPA(key): [ɰᵝa̠ɡa̠ha̠i]

 Pronoun [ edit ]

 吾(わが)輩(はい) • (wagahai)

 1. I, me; we, us
 + 1905–06, Natsume Sōseki, I Am a Cat (text here) 吾(わが)輩(はい) は 猫(ねこ) である。 名(な)前(まえ) はまだ 無(な) い。 Wagahai wa neko de aru. Namae wa mada nai.I am a cat. As of yet, I have no name.

 Usage notes [ edit ]

 * This is uncommon and old-fashioned and conveys a nuance of self-importance. When used today it's often a pun on the title of Natsume Sōseki's novel, and the usage follows the form 吾輩は……である. The closest pronoun widely used today is 俺(おれ) ( ore ) .
 * This pronoun has a nuance of arrogance.

 Synonyms [ edit ]

 * 俺(おれ) ( ore )

 References [ edit ]

 1. ^ 2006 , 大辞林 (Daijirin) , Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō : Sanseidō , →ISBN
 Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=吾輩&oldid=70801807"
 Categories:
 * Middle Chinese lemmas
 * Chinese lemmas
 * Mandarin lemmas
 * Cantonese lemmas
 * Chinese pronouns
 * Mandarin pronouns
 * Cantonese pronouns
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 * Japanese terms spelled with 吾
 * Japanese terms spelled with 輩 read as はい
 * Japanese terms read with yutōyomi
 * Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
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 * Japanese terms spelled with jinmeiyō kanji
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吾輩 - Wiktionary
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%BE%E8%BC%A9
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2012-01-01T00:00:00Z
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              * 久
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              * 日
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              * 毛
              * 氏
              * 气
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              * 癶
              * 白
              * 皮
              * 皿
              * 目
              * 矛
              * 矢
              * 石
              * 示
              * 禸
              * 禾
              * 穴
              * 立
              * ⻂
              * 世
              * 巨
              * 冊
              * 母
              * ⺲
              * 牙
              * 6
              * 瓜
              * 竹
              * 米
              * 糸
              * 缶
              * 羊
              * 羽
              * 而
              * 耒
              * 耳
              * 聿
              * 肉
              * 自
              * 至
              * 臼
              * 舌
              * 舟
              * 艮
              * 色
              * 虍
              * 虫
              * 血
              * 行
              * 衣
              * 西
              * 7
              * 臣
              * 見
              * 角
              * 言
              * 谷
              * 豆
              * 豕
              * 豸
              * 貝
              * 赤
              * 走
              * 足
              * 身
              * 車
              * 辛
              * 辰
              * 酉
              * 釆
              * 里
              * 舛
              * 麦
              * 8
              * 金
              * 長
              * 門
              * 隶
              * 隹
              * 雨
              * 青
              * 非
              * 奄
              * 岡
              * 免
              * 斉
              * 9
              * 面
              * 革
              * 韭
              * 音
              * 頁
              * 風
              * 飛
              * 食
              * 首
              * 香
              * 品
              * 10
              * 馬
              * 骨
              * 高
              * 髟
              * 鬥
              * 鬯
              * 鬲
              * 鬼
              * 竜
              * 韋
              * 11
              * 魚
              * 鳥
              * 鹵
              * 鹿
              * 麻
              * 亀
              * 啇
              * 黄
              * 黒
              * 12
              * 黍
              * 黹
              * 無
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          Searched for わがはい . You can also try a search for "wagahai".

            Words — 2 found

                    わが はい 我輩
                  Wanikani level 46 Links
                    * Sentence search for 我輩
                    * Sentence search for わがはい
                    * Sentence search for 吾輩
                    * Sentence search for 我が輩
                    * Sentence search for 吾が輩
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                    * Kanji details for 我 and 輩
                    * Edit in JMdict
                    Pronoun
                      1. I; me; myself ​ Male term or language , Dated term , nuance of arrogance
                        * そんな
                        * こと
                        * を
                        * かんが 考え
                        * ながら
                          『
                        * 我輩
                        * は
                        * カモ
                        * である
                          』
                        * を
                        * さいけん 再見
                        * しました
                          。
                      Thinking about those sorts of things, I watched "Duck Soup" again.
                    Pronoun
                      2. we; us; ourselves ​ Male term or language , Archaic
                    Other forms
                      吾輩 【わがはい】 、 我が輩 【わがはい】 、 吾が輩 【わがはい】 、 わが輩 【わがはい】
              Details ▸
                    わが はい ねこ 吾輩 は 猫 で あ る
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                  * Sentence search for わがはいはねこである
                  * Kanji details for 吾, 輩 and 猫
                  * Edit in JMdict
                    Noun
                      1. I Am a Cat (1906 novel by Natsume Soseki) ​ Work of art, literature, music, etc. name
                    Wikipedia definition
                      2. I Am a Cat ​ is a satirical novel written in 1905–1906 by Natsume Sōse... Read more
              Details ▸

              Names — 1 found

                    わがはいはねこである 【吾輩は猫である】
                      Unclassified name
                        1. I Am A Cat (novel by Natsume Soseki, 1905-1906) ​

          Other Dictionaries

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  ×
Japanese dictionary search for "wagahai"
https://jisho.org/search/wagahai
starmandeluxe
2016-07-05T13:51:00Z
<div><div>
<p>Both of your examples appear to be typical 擬人化 to me. "There is no word for the former" is probably not correct. Simply, the Japanese word 擬人化 safely covers both the former and the latter.</p>

<p>I don't know any formal pair of words to distinguish the two in Japanese. If there are such words, that must be ones recognized only by professional researchers. 擬人観 is a word I learned today.</p>

<p>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moe_anthropomorphism">萌え擬人化</a>" and "娘化" (for girls) can specifically refer to those ブラウザ娘, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantai_Collection#Gameplay">艦娘</a>, and so on, but of course it's only a subtype of "object-like humans".</p>

<p>And you said "making people into things" referring to those ブラウザ娘, but that does not correctly reflect how Japanese people perceive those girls. 擬人化/娘化 literally means "objects turned into humans/girls", and most Japanese otaku regard these "browser girls" essentially as "browsers" that happen to be in the human form, not girls in browser-like costumes. Therefore, to the eyes of average Japanese people, there is no essential difference between what's drawn in the two pictures. It's just the matter of the degree of transformation.</p>

<hr/>

<p><strong>EDIT:</strong></p>

<p>I read everything in <a href="http://pediaa.com/difference-between-personification-and-anthropomorphism/">the link OP provided</a>. Well, it appears to me that you linked to an article that says quite the opposite of your explanation. That article clearly says that creating a complete person-like character is anthropomorphism, not personification :D</p>

<p>Anyway, my conclusion is "擬人化/擬人観 is a broad term and covers both personification and anthropomorphism." <em>According to the article you linked</em> (←important!), a typical "personification" is a metaphorical expression like "山が語りかけてくる", "地球が泣いている", "時間に追いかけられている", etc. These are typical, traditional, formal, textbook examples of 擬人化. This kind of 擬人化 as a rhetoric device is something you absolutely learn at school, but something you may easily forget after graduating middle school.</p>

<p>On the other hand, anthropomorphism is "making a character which actually behaves, thinks and talks like a human being". That is also safely 擬人化 in Japanese. Creating "moe" 擬人化 characters from virtually everything (<a href="http://kinokore.gamerch.com/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%8E%E5%A8%98%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7">including mushrooms!</a>) has been a big trend among otaku in Japan, and you will find an overwhelming number of such characters on the net. Moreover, this specific trend somehow got famous under the name of the 擬人化(キャラ) for some reason. Even English Wikipedia has <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moe_anthropomorphism">an entry</a> with this name. So I'm not surprised if a person who just tried Google image search believed that 擬人化 only refers to this kind of "moe" anthropomorphism.</p>

<p>But that's not true. Japanese 擬人化 is a broad term and safely covers characters like Winnie-the-Pooh, ふなっしー, ハローキティー, アンパンマン, etc. Creating characters like ふなっしー tend to be referred to using other terms (namely <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuru-chara">ゆるキャラ</a>化, マスコット化 or キャラクター化), because, remember, 擬人化 is normally a difficult, academic-sounding word! But that does not mean they are not 擬人化 by definition.</p>

<p>As for the difference between 擬人観 and 擬人化 in Japanese, I now believe the difference is simply what their last kanji suggest (観 ≒ "perspective/view"; 化 ≒ "-fication/-ization"). To put it plainly, you can think "擬人化 is a rhetoric device that makes use of 擬人観" or "擬人化 is a way you express your 擬人観". Simple as that.</p>
    </div></div>||||I||||Skip to main content

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          What is the equivalent Japanese term for "Anthropomorphize/Anthropomorphic"

              Ask Question
            Asked 8 years, 1 month ago
            Modified 8 years, 1 month ago
            Viewed 5k times
                    2

                  In English, we have two distinct concepts "Anthropomorphization" and "Personification".

                  The former, meaning to impart some human traits onto an object or animal is often seen in Japan/Japanese media:

                  On the other hand, "Personification", which is to go "bottom-up" and make an object or animal into a complete person is also often seen in Japanese media, and after consulting my Japanese friend they taught me the word for it is 擬人化{ぎじんか}, which is basically this:

                  While the two concepts in English are distinctly different, I could find no Japanese language version of "Anthropomorphization" as either a noun, verb, or concept.

                  Considering how prevalent the former is in Japan, why isn't there a word for it and why does our concept of "anthropomorphize" always imply "Personification" in Japanese?

                        * anime
                        * daily-life
                            Share
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                            edited Jul 5, 2016 at 13:51
                          starmandeluxe
                            asked Jul 5, 2016 at 7:42
                          starmandeluxe starmandeluxe
                            246 2 2 silver badges 9 9 bronze badges
              7
                        * 3
                          How is the the safari/chrome/firefox example not making things into people?
                            – Flaw ♦
                          Commented Jul 5, 2016 at 8:04
                        * Please see my first example if you didn't fully understand the question. Also a Google Image search of "Anthropomorphize" and "擬人化" respectively should make the difference obvious.
                            – starmandeluxe
                          Commented Jul 5, 2016 at 8:09
                        * 1
                          Ok, maybe a better example is any Disney film. The characters are animals but with human traits (they talk, they walk upright, they wear clothes, etc.). However, the Japanese concept of anthropomorphization is opposite to this: specifically, a human with all physical resemblance of a human possessing traits of a non-human thing. I hope that makes sense.
                            – starmandeluxe
                          Commented Jul 5, 2016 at 9:12
                        * 1
                          @starmandeluxe The Disney example is a really good one, now I understand what you mean. (Googling for ディズニー+擬人化 gave me further insight)
                            – Yosh
                          Commented Jul 5, 2016 at 10:29
                        * 1
                          The Disney example is only for clarification. It doesn't support my point very well because I am referring to the Japanese custom of putting human traits like faces on things, not American media.
                            – starmandeluxe
                          Commented Jul 5, 2016 at 13:03
                  | Show 2 more comments

                  3 Answers

                      Sorted by: Reset to default
                      Highest score (default) Date modified (newest first) Date created (oldest first)
                      4

                    擬人化 is used to mean "personification" as in the second image of the OP.

                      * (Expressing a something by showing it as if it were human)

                    擬人観 is used to mean "anthropomorphism" as in the first image of the OP.

                      * (Imposing human characteristics on something)

                    Culturally speaking though, the concept of "anthropomorphism"（擬人観） is referred to far more often by native English speakers than by native Japanese speakers, so this word is not as familiar to native Japanese speakers as it would be to a native English speaker.

                    Sources: 大辞林, 大辞泉, Wikipedia, Google Image Search

                              Share
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                              edited Jul 5, 2016 at 9:27
                              answered Jul 5, 2016 at 9:18
                            sazarando sazarando
                              7,421 15 15 silver badges 25 25 bronze badges
                9
                          * I am aware of 擬人観 but it seems like a little known or barely used word. I am looking for a more commonly known concept. If it's not a concept familiar to Japanese, I'm wondering why (the last part of my question)
                              – starmandeluxe
                            Commented Jul 5, 2016 at 9:21
                          * I've updated my answer to address your question better. What do you think?
                              – sazarando
                            Commented Jul 5, 2016 at 9:28
                          * @sazarando Thanks, but that doesn't really satisfy me with regards to solving this mystery of "why" (the last part of my question). Also, you will probably have noticed that 擬人観 often specifically refers to 神 (such as the wikipedia article and this definition)
                              – starmandeluxe
                            Commented Jul 5, 2016 at 9:33
                          * @starmandeluxe I think the answer to "why there is no common way to refer to anthropomorphism" in Japanese is simply that the concept is not commonly referred to specifically in Japanese culture. If it were, then people would be more familiar with it. Or are you looking for some historical reason?
                              – sazarando
                            Commented Jul 5, 2016 at 9:41
                          * 1
                            @starmandeluxe I think the answer is perhaps simply that Japanese speakers don't talk about that concept using a specific word like English speakers do. In English, one might say "Wouldn't it be funny if we made our new mascot some kind of anthropomorphic fruit", and expect to be understood by everybody. But in Japanese it would be unnatural to use 擬人化 or 擬人観 because these words are not as commonly used in other circumstances. Something likem【人間みたいな果物にしたら面白くない？】would be much more readily understood in Japanese.
                              – sazarando
                            Commented Jul 5, 2016 at 9:50
                    | Show 4 more comments
                      4

                    Both of your examples appear to be typical 擬人化 to me. "There is no word for the former" is probably not correct. Simply, the Japanese word 擬人化 safely covers both the former and the latter.

                    I don't know any formal pair of words to distinguish the two in Japanese. If there are such words, that must be ones recognized only by professional researchers. 擬人観 is a word I learned today.

                    "萌え擬人化" and "娘化" (for girls) can specifically refer to those ブラウザ娘, 艦娘, and so on, but of course it's only a subtype of "object-like humans".

                    And you said "making people into things" referring to those ブラウザ娘, but that does not correctly reflect how Japanese people perceive those girls. 擬人化/娘化 literally means "objects turned into humans/girls", and most Japanese otaku regard these "browser girls" essentially as "browsers" that happen to be in the human form, not girls in browser-like costumes. Therefore, to the eyes of average Japanese people, there is no essential difference between what's drawn in the two pictures. It's just the matter of the degree of transformation.

                    EDIT:

                    I read everything in the link OP provided. Well, it appears to me that you linked to an article that says quite the opposite of your explanation. That article clearly says that creating a complete person-like character is anthropomorphism, not personification :D

                    Anyway, my conclusion is "擬人化/擬人観 is a broad term and covers both personification and anthropomorphism." According to the article you linked (←important!), a typical "personification" is a metaphorical expression like "山が語りかけてくる", "地球が泣いている", "時間に追いかけられている", etc. These are typical, traditional, formal, textbook examples of 擬人化. This kind of 擬人化 as a rhetoric device is something you absolutely learn at school, but something you may easily forget after graduating middle school.

                    On the other hand, anthropomorphism is "making a character which actually behaves, thinks and talks like a human being". That is also safely 擬人化 in Japanese. Creating "moe" 擬人化 characters from virtually everything (including mushrooms!) has been a big trend among otaku in Japan, and you will find an overwhelming number of such characters on the net. Moreover, this specific trend somehow got famous under the name of the 擬人化(キャラ) for some reason. Even English Wikipedia has an entry with this name. So I'm not surprised if a person who just tried Google image search believed that 擬人化 only refers to this kind of "moe" anthropomorphism.

                    But that's not true. Japanese 擬人化 is a broad term and safely covers characters like Winnie-the-Pooh, ふなっしー, ハローキティー, アンパンマン, etc. Creating characters like ふなっしー tend to be referred to using other terms (namely ゆるキャラ化, マスコット化 or キャラクター化), because, remember, 擬人化 is normally a difficult, academic-sounding word! But that does not mean they are not 擬人化 by definition.

                    As for the difference between 擬人観 and 擬人化 in Japanese, I now believe the difference is simply what their last kanji suggest (観 ≒ "perspective/view"; 化 ≒ "-fication/-ization"). To put it plainly, you can think "擬人化 is a rhetoric device that makes use of 擬人観" or "擬人化 is a way you express your 擬人観". Simple as that.

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                              edited Jul 5, 2016 at 15:51
                              answered Jul 5, 2016 at 11:26
                            naruto naruto
                              327k 13 13 gold badges 330 330 silver badges 644 644 bronze badges
                2
                          * Well, Google images doesn't agree with you :P 擬人化 almost exclusively shows things personified into people, so this answer isn't satisfying to me. I shouldn't even have posted the example pictures because people now think I am specifically referring to Mario characters and Web browsers, when my point was more of the general difference between "Personification" and "Anthropomorphization". Lastly, your statement "And you said 'making people into things' referring to those ブラウザ娘" again is a strawman because I said the exact opposite.
                              – starmandeluxe
                            Commented Jul 5, 2016 at 12:25
                          * 4
                            Don't be deceived by Google Image Search. If you saw only ブラウザ娘-type characters by googling 擬人化, that's pretty natural because such ○○娘 has been a hot trend for quite a while in Japan, and many people seek for the pictures of such characters by googling 擬人化. That never means Winnie-the-Pooh or ふなっしー is not 擬人化. And I thought you are concerned about the superficial appearance (ie "basically looks like a human" vs "basically looks like an animal/thing but with a face") because you showed us such a pair of pictures, but if that's not important to you, you should give a better example.
                              – naruto
                            Commented Jul 5, 2016 at 13:05
                    Add a comment |
                      3

                    擬人化 means an analogy which things are treated as human.

                    Your examples seem to be distinguished in English but they are 擬人化 in Japan but some persons may say only things with human face isn't 擬人化 though. They may be said キャラクター化. If they speak something and have emotions, they are really 擬人化.

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                              edited Jul 5, 2016 at 10:50
                              answered Jul 5, 2016 at 10:28
                            Yuuichi Tam Yuuichi Tam
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What is the equivalent Japanese term for "Anthropomorphize/Anthropomorphic"
https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/36440/what-is-the-equivalent-japanese-term-for-anthropomorphize-anthropomorphic
Contributors to Wikimedia projects
2024-08-08T18:16:15Z
<div><div>
							

						<p>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</p>
					</div><div>
<p>"Wikipe-tan" redirects here. For the Wikipedia mascot page, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipe-tan">WP:Wikipe-tan</a>.</p>
<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipe-tan_conducting.png"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipe-tan">Wikipe-tan</a>, a combination of the Japanese word for Wikipedia and the friendly suffix for children, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-tan">-tan</a></i>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-Maciamo-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> is a <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moe_(slang)">moe</a></i> anthropomorph of Wikipedia.</figcaption></figure> 
<p><b><i>Moe</i> anthropomorphism</b><span> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language">Japanese</a>: <span>萌え擬人化</span>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization">Hepburn</a>: <span><i>moe gijinka</i></span>)</span> is a form of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphism</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime">anime</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga">manga</a>, and games where <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moe_(slang)">moe</a></i> qualities are given to non-human beings (such as animals, plants, supernatural entities and fantastical creatures), objects, concepts, or phenomena.<sup><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> In addition to <i>moe</i> features, <i>moe</i> anthropomorphs are also characterized by their accessories, which serve to emphasize their original forms before anthropomorphosis. The characters here, usually in a kind of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosplay">cosplay</a>, are drawn to represent an inanimate object or popular consumer product. Part of the humor of this <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personification">personification</a> comes from the personality ascribed to the character (often <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire">satirical</a>) and the sheer arbitrariness of characterizing a variety of machines, objects, and even physical places as cute.
</p><p>This form of anthropomorphism is very common in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku">otaku</a></i> subcultures. With the exception of <i>kemonomimi</i> (which are human-like characters that have animal features), many <i>moe</i> anthropomorphizations started as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Djin">dōjin</a></i> efforts. An early form of moe anthropomorphism is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundam">Gundam</a> MS Girl created by Mika Akitaka in 1982.<sup><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Many anthropomorphizations were the results of discussions on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan">Japanese</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forum">Internet forums</a> such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2channel">2channel</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futaba_Channel">Futaba Channel</a>. The trend spread out of <i>dōjin</i> circles as commercial anime and manga also prominently feature characters who are personifications of inanimate objects.
</p>

<div><h2>Sociological aspects</h2><p><span><span>[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moe_anthropomorphism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1"><span>edit</span></a><span>]</span></span></p></div>
<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_studies">media studies</a> scholar Yuji Sone has argued that since <i>moe</i> anthropomorphism is usually personified by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishojo">beautiful young girls</a>, it is an example of the outgrowth of otaku subcultural <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)">habitus</a> into sexual fantasies.<sup><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist">psychologist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamaki_Sait%C5%8D">Tamaki Saitō</a> regards <i>moe</i> anthropomorphism as an example of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitate-e">mitate-e</a></i> art due to its simultaneous use of both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_art">high</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_culture">low art</a> to provide additional, sometimes humorous, meanings.<sup><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Saitō also connects this anthropomorphism with a "desire for transformation" associated with the <span><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo">shōjo</a></i></span> (girl) form.<sup><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>

<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nekomimi_mspaint.gif"></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catgirl">nekomimi</a>,</i> a type of <i>kemonomimi</i> with the ears of a cat</figcaption></figure>

<p><i>Kemonomimi</i><span> (<span><span><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%8D%A3%E8%80%B3">獣耳</a></span></span>)</span>, literally meaning "animal ears", is the concept of depicting human and human-like characters with animal ears,<sup><a href="#cite_note-cr-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> and by extension, other features such as tails.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Kemonomimi is often used in moe anthropomorphism, to depict animal characters in human form.<sup><a href="#cite_note-cr-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catgirl">Catgirls</a> and catboys are the most prolific and common in this category, although bunnygirls, foxgirls, doggirls, and wolfgirls are also common. Kemonomimi characters typically appear human except for added animal-like qualities. In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroki_Azuma">Hiroki Azuma</a>'s theory of otaku <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_consumption">database consumption</a>, animal ears are one type of "<i>moe</i> element," which is combined with other elements in a character in order to create an affective response in fans.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> A notable franchise featuring moe anthropomorphism and <i>kemonomimi</i> is <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemono_Friends">Kemono Friends</a></i>, which is focused on a myriad of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphized</a> animals in the form of girls and young women, ranging from real and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct">extinct</a> animals to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptid">cryptids</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendary_creature">legendary creatures</a>. Another notable series is <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uma_Musume_Pretty_Derby">Uma Musume Pretty Derby</a></i> which focuses on girls as famous Japanese <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racehorses">racehorses</a>. Mimiketto is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doujinshi_convention">doujinshi convention</a> dedicated to <i>kemonomimi</i> works.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div><h3>Mythological and fantasy creatures</h3><p><span><span>[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moe_anthropomorphism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4"><span>edit</span></a><span>]</span></span></p></div>
<p>When <i>moe</i> appearances are given to various creatures from folklore, mythology or fantasy, they are usually called monster girls (or sometimes boys). Their bestial traits may be fully retained, de-emphasized into mere personality tics or removed altogether. An early example of this is with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_video_game">independent video game</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doujin_soft">doujin soft</a> series <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touhou_Project">Touhou Project</a></i> beginning in 1997 which depicts <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai">yōkai</a></i> and other mythical beings as beautiful girls and women who summon spell cards to unleash a barrage of abstract projectile patterns called "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danmaku">danmaku</a>".<sup><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> It was further popularized by such manga as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_Musume">Monster Musume</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Centaur%27s_Life">A Centaur's Life</a></i>, and has grown into its own genre.<sup><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Rarely, the monster girls are relatively unchanged from their original form and personality, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermaids_in_popular_culture">mermaids</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaurides">centaurides</a>.
</p><p>The fan-created <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowsette">Bowsette</a>, a gender-swapped and <i>moe</i> anthropomorphized version of the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_(franchise)">Mario</a></i> antagonist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowser">Bowser</a> that gives him the appearance of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Peach">Princess Peach</a> via the "Super Crown" powerup, became one of the most popular <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme">Internet memes</a> of 2018.<sup><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> The popularity of the character later led to other <i>Mario</i> enemies being given <i>moe</i> interpretations, the most prominent of which was Boosette (based on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Boo">King Boo</a> character).<sup><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>


<p>Although <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobits">Chobits</a></i> (2001) and Toy's iMac Girl (1998) came first, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme">meme</a> of turning computer-related phenomena into <i>moe</i> subjects did not start until Shiitake-chan<span> (<span><span>しいたけちゃん</span></span>)</span>, the anthropomorphization of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer">Internet Explorer</a>'s <i>Stop</i> button. The idea of Shiitake-chan came in 2001 on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2channel">2channel</a>, starting with a poster who claims he saw the <i>Stop</i> button as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiitake">shiitake</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> When Microsoft released <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_7">Windows 7</a> in Japan, they included a theme pack centered around a personification of the OS named "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madobe_Nanami">Nanami Madobe</a>" with voice samples from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Mizuki">Nana Mizuki</a>. Microsoft used another personification involving two girls named "Yū Madobe" and "Ai Madobe" to promote <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8">Windows 8</a> in Japan.<sup><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> As part of the market launch, a Facebook draw of 8 followers took place when follower count reaches 80001; and total Twitter follower count for Yū and Ai reach 8001, where winners receive Madobe Yū and Ai-themed prizes.<sup><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Since the creation of the Microsoft-related <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS-tan">OS-tans</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> other software and websites have been anthropomorphized as well. For example, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> has its own "Wikipe-tan",<sup><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> while <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla">Mozilla</a> applications have their own set of "Moezilla".<sup>[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><span>citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Chinese netizens have created a "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Dam_Girl">Green Dam Girl</a>" to parody China's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content-control_software">content-control software</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Dam_Youth_Escort">Green Dam Youth Escort</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2010, Taiwanese illustrator known as "shinia" on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixiv">Pixiv</a> created a personification of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Silverlight">Microsoft Silverlight</a> named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikaru_Aizawa">Hikaru Aizawa</a>, who is officially promoted by Microsoft Taiwan.<sup><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Microsoft Singapore introduced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inori_Aizawa">Inori Aizawa</a>, a mascot for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer">Internet Explorer</a>.
</p><p>The manga and anime series <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Blue">World War Blue</a></i> features characters who are personifications of computer games. Video games with characters based on them include <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog">Sonic the Hedgehog</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario">Super Mario</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetris">Tetris</a></i>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Hard_Girls">Sega Hard Girls</a></i> features personifications of video game hardware by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega">Sega</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>

<figure><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ISIS_Chan_by_Ellie_Smiley.jpg"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIS-chan">ISIS-chan</a> is the <i>moe</i> anthropomorphism of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant">ISIL</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-bbc-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Elements of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan">Japanese constitution</a> have been anthropomorphized into <i>moe</i> girls, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution">Article 9</a>, which prevents Japan from waging war, being "portrayed as a peace-loving girl."<sup><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2010, users from the Breaking News board on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2channel">2channel</a> created <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinomoto_Oniko">Hinomoto Oniko</a> as an anthropomorphism of the commonly used Chinese ethnic slur used against Japanese, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riben_guizi">Riben guizi</a> (日本鬼子), literally meaning "Japanese devils". The character was made by the 2channel community in response to the growing anti-Japanese sentiment amongst Chinese netizens online, and has since become an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme">Internet meme</a> within Japanese imageboards and forums. In Japanese, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kun%27yomi">kun'yomi</a> reading of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji">kanji</a> which make up the racial slur can be interpreted as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_name">female personal name</a>, and so the character is depicted as a young female wearing a traditional Japanese <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimono">kimono</a>, along with devil horns and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katana">katana</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2015, Internet users created "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIS-chan">ISIS-chan</a>" (ISISちゃん), a <i>moe</i> anthropomorphized character of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadist">jihadist</a> group <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL). Images of her have been used by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_(group)">Anonymous</a> to dilute the Islamic State's online propaganda.<sup><a href="#cite_note-bbc-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>

<p>Other things have also been given <i>moe</i> characteristics:
</p>
<dl><dt>Cells</dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p>The manga <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_at_Work!">Cells at Work!</a></i> depicts the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)">cells</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body">human body</a> as both male and female characters.
</p>
<dl><dt>Charcoal</dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p>Based on <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binch%C5%8Dtan">binchōtan</a></i> and other types of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal">charcoal</a>, the anime and manga <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binch%C5%8D-tan_(manga)">Binchō-tan</a></i> uses the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajare">dajare</a></i> in the Japanese word for coal<span> (<span><span>炭</span></span>, <span><i>tan</i></span>)</span> to create a series of cute girls.<sup>[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><span>citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<dl><dt>Chemical elements and compounds</dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p>Many online artists have depicted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elements">chemical elements</a> as human characters in their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrations">illustrations</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcomics">webcomics</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games">video games</a>. Anthropomorphism of chemical elements is created more than that of chemical compounds. Notable examples are, a Japanese chemical company depicted their solvent products as <i>moe</i> in an online webcomic and another one is an ongoing English webcomic about personified chemical compounds by a Romanian illustrator who works as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drycleaner">drycleaner</a> <sup>[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><span>citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. 
</p>
<dl><dt>Countries</dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p>As with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_personification">national personifications</a>, <i>moe</i> versions of various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country">countries</a> are present. For example, Japan is Nihon-chan,<sup><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afuganisu-tan">Afuganisu-tan</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup>—both have their own <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcomic">webcomics</a> in Japan. Beyond these, however, are the countries of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidekaz_Himaruya">Hidekaz Himaruya</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetalia:_Axis_Powers">Hetalia: Axis Powers</a></i>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> a manga depicting the countries involved in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I">World War I</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II">World War II</a> using mostly men with only a few women mixed in. Toshio Miyake argues that <i>Hetalia's</i> appeal lies in its combination of comedy and male personification of nations, with implicit homoerotic themes.<sup><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dt>Diseases</dt>
<dd>During the 2014 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic">Western African Ebola virus epidemic</a>, a user of the website <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4chan">4chan</a> created an image depicting a <i>moe</i> version of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola">Ebola</a> known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola-chan">Ebola-chan</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, a <i>moe</i> version of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019">Coronavirus disease 2019</a> named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona-chan">Corona-chan</a> was created.<sup><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Food and beverages</dt>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habanero-tan">Habanero-tan</a>, the unofficial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascot">mascot</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%8Dkun_Habanero">Bōkun Habanero</a>; and Bisuke-tan for biscuits that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFC">KFC</a> sells in Japan. The light novel series <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akikan!">Akikan!</a></i> has soda cans that magically turn into girls. Jelly flavors have also been anthropomorphized.<sup><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Historic eras</dt>
<dd>A series of Japanese history books features anthropomorphism of historic events.<sup><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Home appliances</dt>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroge">Erotic computer games</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_Life">Like Life</a></i> and <i>Monogokoro, Monomusume</i> both feature <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_appliance">home appliances</a> as girls. These appliances include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine">washing machines</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarm_clock">alarm clocks</a>, blackboard erasers, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillow">pillows</a>, first aid boxes, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone">mobile phones</a>, and even <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_box">post boxes</a>, among others. The very nature of such games, however, puts the main characters in unusual situations when the sex scene happens—such as essentially "having sex with the washing machine". Likewise, the manga <i>090 Eko to Issho</i> features girls who are mobile phones.<sup><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<dl><dt>Military hardware</dt>
<dd><i>Mecha musume</i> are anthropomorphic personifications of military hardware, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun">guns</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank">tanks</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship">ships</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft">aircraft</a> or even <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile">missiles</a>. Popular subjects of this kind of anthropomorphism include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II">World War II</a> military vehicles, such as the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_Witches">Strike Witches</a></i> franchise; collectible <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecha">mecha</a> musume figures of these vehicles have been released.<sup><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Moe</i> anthropomorphisms of historical military ships as girls and young women ("ship girls") are also notable, as popularized by <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantai_Collection">Kantai Collection</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azur_Lane">Azur Lane</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Vehicles</dt>
<dd>Notable trains who were drawn as girls include the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastech_360">Fastech 360</a>, often drawn with cat ears because of the train's emergency <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)">air braking</a> plates. Called "Fastech-tan", this particular "train girl" has its own collectible figure, sold with permission from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company">East Japan Railway Company</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo_game">bishōjo game</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitetsu">Maitetsu</a></i> and its anime version <i>Rail Romanesque</i> feature Railords, anthropomorphized train characters paired up with the real trains.<sup><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
<ul>
		<li>
			<p><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_Tramways_27_at_Shau_Kei_Wan_(20181003150838).jpg"></a></span></p>
			<p>A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Tram">Hong Kong Tram</a> vehicle with the livery of a <i>moe</i> anthropomorphized character of a local <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_sauce">soy sauce</a> brand</p>
		</li>
</ul>

<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_34">Rule 34</a>, which sometimes involves anthropomorphic personification</li></ul>

<div><ol>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maciamo_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Maciamo (2004). <a href="http://www.jref.com/language/japanese_suffixes.shtml">"How to Use Japanese Suffixes"</a>. Jref.com.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
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</li>
</ol></div>


<ul><li><i>Gijinka-tan Hakusho</i><span> (<span><span>擬人化たん白書</span></span>, lit. 'Anthropomorphism-<i>tan</i> Files')</span>. Tokyo, Japan: Aspect, 2006. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7572-1262-3">4-7572-1262-3</a>. (The <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-tan">-tan</a></i> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocorism">hypocoristic</a> suffix.)</li></ul>






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                * 1 Sociological aspects
                * 2 Types
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                    + 2.1 Animals
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      Moe anthropomorphism

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            From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
              "Wikipe-tan" redirects here. For the Wikipedia mascot page, see WP:Wikipe-tan.

            Wikipe-tan, a combination of the Japanese word for Wikipedia and the friendly suffix for children, -tan, [ 1 ] is a moe anthropomorph of Wikipedia.

            Moe anthropomorphism ( Japanese : 萌え擬人化 , Hepburn : moe gijinka ) is a form of anthropomorphism in anime, manga, and games where moe qualities are given to non-human beings (such as animals, plants, supernatural entities and fantastical creatures), objects, concepts, or phenomena. [ 2 ] In addition to moe features, moe anthropomorphs are also characterized by their accessories, which serve to emphasize their original forms before anthropomorphosis. The characters here, usually in a kind of cosplay, are drawn to represent an inanimate object or popular consumer product. Part of the humor of this personification comes from the personality ascribed to the character (often satirical) and the sheer arbitrariness of characterizing a variety of machines, objects, and even physical places as cute.

            This form of anthropomorphism is very common in otaku subcultures. With the exception of kemonomimi (which are human-like characters that have animal features), many moe anthropomorphizations started as dōjin efforts. An early form of moe anthropomorphism is the Gundam MS Girl created by Mika Akitaka in 1982. [ 3 ] Many anthropomorphizations were the results of discussions on Japanese Internet forums such as 2channel or Futaba Channel. The trend spread out of dōjin circles as commercial anime and manga also prominently feature characters who are personifications of inanimate objects.

              Sociological aspects

              [ edit ]

            The media studies scholar Yuji Sone has argued that since moe anthropomorphism is usually personified by beautiful young girls, it is an example of the outgrowth of otaku subcultural habitus into sexual fantasies. [ 4 ] The psychologist Tamaki Saitō regards moe anthropomorphism as an example of mitate-e art due to its simultaneous use of both high and low art to provide additional, sometimes humorous, meanings. [ 5 ] Saitō also connects this anthropomorphism with a "desire for transformation" associated with the shōjo (girl) form. [ 6 ]

              Types

              [ edit ]

            A nekomimi, a type of kemonomimi with the ears of a cat

              Animals

              [ edit ]

            Kemonomimi ( 獣耳 ) , literally meaning "animal ears", is the concept of depicting human and human-like characters with animal ears, [ 7 ] and by extension, other features such as tails. [ 8 ] Kemonomimi is often used in moe anthropomorphism, to depict animal characters in human form. [ 7 ] Catgirls and catboys are the most prolific and common in this category, although bunnygirls, foxgirls, doggirls, and wolfgirls are also common. Kemonomimi characters typically appear human except for added animal-like qualities. In Hiroki Azuma's theory of otaku database consumption, animal ears are one type of "moe element," which is combined with other elements in a character in order to create an affective response in fans. [ 8 ] A notable franchise featuring moe anthropomorphism and kemonomimi is Kemono Friends, which is focused on a myriad of anthropomorphized animals in the form of girls and young women, ranging from real and extinct animals to cryptids and legendary creatures. Another notable series is Uma Musume Pretty Derby which focuses on girls as famous Japanese racehorses. Mimiketto is a doujinshi convention dedicated to kemonomimi works. [ 8 ]

              Mythological and fantasy creatures

              [ edit ]

            When moe appearances are given to various creatures from folklore, mythology or fantasy, they are usually called monster girls (or sometimes boys). Their bestial traits may be fully retained, de-emphasized into mere personality tics or removed altogether. An early example of this is with the independent video game/doujin soft series Touhou Project beginning in 1997 which depicts yōkai and other mythical beings as beautiful girls and women who summon spell cards to unleash a barrage of abstract projectile patterns called "danmaku". [ 9 ] It was further popularized by such manga as Monster Musume and A Centaur's Life, and has grown into its own genre. [ 10 ] Rarely, the monster girls are relatively unchanged from their original form and personality, such as mermaids and centaurides.

            The fan-created Bowsette, a gender-swapped and moe anthropomorphized version of the Mario antagonist Bowser that gives him the appearance of Princess Peach via the "Super Crown" powerup, became one of the most popular Internet memes of 2018. [ 11 ] The popularity of the character later led to other Mario enemies being given moe interpretations, the most prominent of which was Boosette (based on the King Boo character). [ 12 ]

              Computers

              [ edit ]
              See also: OS-tan

            Although Chobits (2001) and Toy's iMac Girl (1998) came first, the meme of turning computer-related phenomena into moe subjects did not start until Shiitake-chan ( しいたけちゃん ) , the anthropomorphization of Internet Explorer's Stop button. The idea of Shiitake-chan came in 2001 on 2channel, starting with a poster who claims he saw the Stop button as a shiitake. [ 13 ] When Microsoft released Windows 7 in Japan, they included a theme pack centered around a personification of the OS named "Nanami Madobe" with voice samples from Nana Mizuki. Microsoft used another personification involving two girls named "Yū Madobe" and "Ai Madobe" to promote Windows 8 in Japan. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] As part of the market launch, a Facebook draw of 8 followers took place when follower count reaches 80001; and total Twitter follower count for Yū and Ai reach 8001, where winners receive Madobe Yū and Ai-themed prizes. [ 17 ]

            Since the creation of the Microsoft-related OS-tans, [ 18 ] [ 19 ] other software and websites have been anthropomorphized as well. For example, Wikipedia has its own "Wikipe-tan", [ 20 ] [ 21 ] while Mozilla applications have their own set of "Moezilla".[ citation needed ] Chinese netizens have created a "Green Dam Girl" to parody China's content-control software Green Dam Youth Escort. [ 22 ] In 2010, Taiwanese illustrator known as "shinia" on Pixiv created a personification of Microsoft Silverlight named Hikaru Aizawa, who is officially promoted by Microsoft Taiwan. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] In 2013, Microsoft Singapore introduced Inori Aizawa, a mascot for Internet Explorer.

            The manga and anime series World War Blue features characters who are personifications of computer games. Video games with characters based on them include Sonic the Hedgehog, Super Mario and Tetris. Sega Hard Girls features personifications of video game hardware by Sega. [ 25 ]

              Law and politics

              [ edit ]

            ISIS-chan is the moe anthropomorphism of ISIL. [ 26 ]

            Elements of the Japanese constitution have been anthropomorphized into moe girls, such as Article 9, which prevents Japan from waging war, being "portrayed as a peace-loving girl." [ 27 ]

            In 2010, users from the Breaking News board on 2channel created Hinomoto Oniko as an anthropomorphism of the commonly used Chinese ethnic slur used against Japanese, Riben guizi (日本鬼子), literally meaning "Japanese devils". The character was made by the 2channel community in response to the growing anti-Japanese sentiment amongst Chinese netizens online, and has since become an Internet meme within Japanese imageboards and forums. In Japanese, the kun'yomi reading of the kanji which make up the racial slur can be interpreted as a female personal name, and so the character is depicted as a young female wearing a traditional Japanese kimono, along with devil horns and a katana. [ 28 ]

            In 2015, Internet users created "ISIS-chan" (ISISちゃん), a moe anthropomorphized character of the jihadist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Images of her have been used by Anonymous to dilute the Islamic State's online propaganda. [ 26 ] [ 29 ]

              Others

              [ edit ]

            Other things have also been given moe characteristics:

            Cells

            The manga Cells at Work! depicts the cells of the human body as both male and female characters.

            Charcoal

            Based on binchōtan and other types of charcoal, the anime and manga Binchō-tan uses the dajare in the Japanese word for coal ( 炭 , tan ) to create a series of cute girls.[ citation needed ]

            Chemical elements and compounds

            Many online artists have depicted chemical elements as human characters in their illustrations, webcomics and video games. Anthropomorphism of chemical elements is created more than that of chemical compounds. Notable examples are, a Japanese chemical company depicted their solvent products as moe in an online webcomic and another one is an ongoing English webcomic about personified chemical compounds by a Romanian illustrator who works as a drycleaner [ citation needed ].

            Countries

            As with national personifications, moe versions of various countries are present. For example, Japan is Nihon-chan, [ 30 ] Afghanistan is Afuganisu-tan [ 31 ] —both have their own webcomics in Japan. Beyond these, however, are the countries of Hidekaz Himaruya's Hetalia: Axis Powers, [ 32 ] [ 33 ] a manga depicting the countries involved in World War I and World War II using mostly men with only a few women mixed in. Toshio Miyake argues that Hetalia's appeal lies in its combination of comedy and male personification of nations, with implicit homoerotic themes. [ 34 ]

            Diseases During the 2014 Western African Ebola virus epidemic, a user of the website 4chan created an image depicting a moe version of Ebola known as Ebola-chan. [ 35 ] During the COVID-19 pandemic, a moe version of the Coronavirus disease 2019 named Corona-chan was created. [ 36 ] Food and beverages Habanero-tan, the unofficial mascot of Bōkun Habanero; and Bisuke-tan for biscuits that KFC sells in Japan. The light novel series Akikan! has soda cans that magically turn into girls. Jelly flavors have also been anthropomorphized. [ 37 ] Historic eras A series of Japanese history books features anthropomorphism of historic events. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Home appliances Erotic computer games Like Life and Monogokoro, Monomusume both feature home appliances as girls. These appliances include washing machines, alarm clocks, blackboard erasers, pillows, first aid boxes, mobile phones, and even post boxes, among others. The very nature of such games, however, puts the main characters in unusual situations when the sex scene happens—such as essentially "having sex with the washing machine". Likewise, the manga 090 Eko to Issho features girls who are mobile phones. [ 40 ]

            Military hardware Mecha musume are anthropomorphic personifications of military hardware, such as guns, tanks, ships, aircraft or even missiles. Popular subjects of this kind of anthropomorphism include World War II military vehicles, such as the Strike Witches franchise; collectible mecha musume figures of these vehicles have been released. [ 41 ] Moe anthropomorphisms of historical military ships as girls and young women ("ship girls") are also notable, as popularized by Kantai Collection and Azur Lane. [ 42 ] Vehicles Notable trains who were drawn as girls include the Fastech 360, often drawn with cat ears because of the train's emergency air braking plates. Called "Fastech-tan", this particular "train girl" has its own collectible figure, sold with permission from the East Japan Railway Company. [ 43 ] The bishōjo game Maitetsu and its anime version Rail Romanesque feature Railords, anthropomorphized train characters paired up with the real trains. [ 44 ] [ 45 ]
                * A Hong Kong Tram vehicle with the livery of a moe anthropomorphized character of a local soy sauce brand

              See also

              [ edit ]
              * Rule 34, which sometimes involves anthropomorphic personification

              References

              [ edit ]
                 1. ^ Maciamo (2004). "How to Use Japanese Suffixes". Jref.com.
                 2. ^ Galbraith, Patrick W. "Moe". Japanese Media and Popular Culture: An Open-Access Digital Initiative of the University of Tokyo . Retrieved 2020-06-08 .
                 3. ^ Ashcraft, Brian (March 30, 2010). "Gundam As Girls". Kotaku . Retrieved May 5, 2019 .
                 4. ^ Sone, Yuji (2014-08-07). "Canted Desire: Otaku Performance in Japanese Popular Culture". Cultural Studies Review. 20 (2): 196–222. doi:10.5130/csr.v20i2.3700. ISSN 1837-8692.
                 5. ^ Tamaki, Saitō (2011). キャラクター精神分析 ─マンガ・文学・日本人 [Character psychoanalysis ─ manga · literature · Japanese] (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Chikuma Shobō. p. 179. ISBN 978-4-480-84295-4. OCLC 709665062.
                 6. ^ Galbraith, Patrick W. (2012). "Moe: Exploring Virtual Potential in Post-Millennial Japan". In Iles, Timothy; Matanle, Peter C. D. (eds.). Researching twenty-first century Japan : new directions and approaches for the electronic age. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. p. 354. ISBN 978-0-7391-7014-4. OCLC 756592455. Archived from the original on 2021-07-25 . Retrieved 2020-12-17 .
                 7. ^ a b Planty, Blake. "From Bakeneko to Bakemonogatari: The Secret History of Catgirls". Crunchyroll . Retrieved 5 February 2021 .
                 8. ^ a b c Perdijk, Paul. "Database Consumption". Japanese Media and Popular Culture: An Open-Access Digital Initiative of the University of Tokyo . Retrieved 2021-02-22 .
                 9. ^ "An introduction to Touhou Project: Japan's biggest indie series". PC Gamer. April 21, 2015 . Retrieved September 24, 2020 .
                10. ^ "The List - 7 Manga for Monster Girl Lovers". Anime News Network . Retrieved 2018-02-22 .
                11. ^ EST, Steven Asarch On 12/20/18 at 1:45 PM (2018-12-20). "KnowYourMeme and Newsweek have compiled a list of the Top 10 Video Game Memes of 2018". Newsweek . Retrieved 2020-09-25 .{{cite web}} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link )
                12. ^ "After Bowsette, Fans Go Wild For Boosette". Kotaku. 26 September 2018 . Retrieved 2020-09-25 .
                13. ^ ""I'm Worried that the Stop Button on IE Looks Like a Shiitake" on a 2ch archive" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2007-10-23 . Retrieved 2007-03-06 .
                14. ^ 週刊アスキー. "窓辺ファミリー全員集結!! DSP版限定ウィンドウズ8.1が10月4日予約開始【追記あり】". 週刊アスキー . Retrieved 27 November 2018 .
                15. ^ 株式会社インプレス (4 October 2013). "DSP版Windows 8.1の予約受付け開始、限定版は一部でもう完売 限定版は3種類". impress.co.jp . Retrieved 27 November 2018 .
                16. ^ "「Windows 8.1 発売記念パック 窓辺ファミリーバージョン」の予約が瞬殺！ マウス付きも数少なめ - アキバ総研". akiba-souken.com . Retrieved 27 November 2018 .
                17. ^ 株式会社インプレス (4 October 2013). "窓辺ファミリーの特典付きDSP版 Windows 8.1 Proが限定発売に ～DSP版Windows 7は今後も当面併売". impress.co.jp . Retrieved 27 November 2018 .
                18. ^ Souppouris, Aaron (2013-11-07). "A visual history of Microsoft's anime fetish". The Verge . Retrieved 2021-04-04 .
                19. ^ Wallis, Cara (2015-03-04). "Gender and China's Online Censorship Protest Culture". Feminist Media Studies. 15 (2): 223–238. doi:10.1080/14680777.2014.928645. ISSN 1468-0777. S2CID 144108719.
                20. ^ Chau, Yi Pik (2013-07-31). The Ironic Performances of Internet Counter-Narratives Resisting Regime Censorship in China (Master thesis). George Mason University.
                21. ^ Petersen, Robert (2010-11-18). Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-313-36331-3.
                22. ^ "China clarifies web filter plans". BBC News. 2009-06-18 . Retrieved 2009-06-20 .
                23. ^ "Microsoft - Silverlight 第二彈 進化再生" (in Chinese). Microsoft . Retrieved March 14, 2012 .
                24. ^ "ねとらぼ：台湾MSの萌えるSilverlight「藍澤光」が日本上陸 pixivで公認イラストイベント" (in Japanese). ITmedia. January 25, 2011 . Retrieved March 14, 2012 .
                25. ^ "Sega Hard Girls CG TV Anime's High School Story, Staff, Date Unveiled". Anime News Network. June 10, 2014 . Retrieved August 29, 2014 .
                26. ^ a b "Anonymous targets IS sympathisers on Twitter". BBC. July 21, 2015 . Retrieved July 21, 2015 .
                27. ^ "Constitution Girls Book Turns Law Into Moe Girls". Anime News Network. June 29, 2011 . Retrieved June 30, 2011 .
                28. ^ 萌系日本鬼子 反攻中國 (in Chinese). The Liberty Times. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on November 3, 2010 . Retrieved November 5, 2010 .
                29. ^ Johansson, Anna (2018-01-02). "ISIS-chan – the meanings of the Manga girl in image warfare against the Islamic State". Critical Studies on Terrorism. 11 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1080/17539153.2017.1348889. ISSN 1753-9153. S2CID 149119529.
                30. ^ "Nihon-chan a la carte" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2018-11-08 . Retrieved 2008-04-23 .
                31. ^ Cornevin, Vanessa; Forceville, Charles (2017-11-20). "From metaphor to allegory: The Japanese manga Afuganisu-tan" (PDF) . Metaphor and the Social World. 7 (2): 235–251. doi:10.1075/msw.7.2.04cor. hdl:11245.1/9872caa0-a243-4abf-a58d-d0a30ee90f38. ISSN 2210-4070.
                32. ^ Hidekaz Himaruya. "Axis Powers Hetalia". www.geocities.jp/himaruya (in Japanese). Geocities. Archived from the original on 2012-08-03 . Retrieved 2008-05-30 .
                33. ^ Galbraith, Patrick W. (31 October 2009). "Moe: Exploring Virtual Potential in Post-Millennial Japan". Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies. 9 (3).
                34. ^ Miyake, Toshio (2016), Otmazgin, Nissim; Suter, Rebecca (eds.), "History as Sexualized Parody: Love and Sex Between Nations in Axis Powers Hetalia", Rewriting History in Manga: Stories for the Nation, East Asian Popular Culture, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 151–173, doi:10.1057/978-1-137-55143-6_8, hdl:10278/3672616, ISBN 978-1-137-55143-6
                35. ^ Dewey, Catilin (September 22, 2014). "4Chan's latest, terrible 'prank': Convincing West Africans that Ebola doctors actually worship the disease". The Washington Post . Retrieved May 28, 2020 .
                36. ^ Cole, Samantha (March 18, 2020). "As Coronavirus Spreads, Artists Are Coping with Waifus and Fursona Art". Vice . Retrieved May 28, 2020 .
                37. ^ "Rie Kugimiya, Rina Satou, 3 Others Voice Moe Jelly". Anime News Network. July 11, 2011 . Retrieved July 13, 2011 .
                38. ^ 日本史愛好倶楽部 [Nihonshi Alkō Kurabu] (2009). Nihonshi nenpyō: Moete oboeru shakai 日本史年表: 萌えて覚える社会の常識 [Chronology of Japanese history: Learn society's common knowledge obsession] (in Japanese). Tokyo: PHP研究所 [PHP Institute]. ISBN 978-4-569-77299-8.
                39. ^ Occhi, Debra J. (2012). "Wobbly Aesthetics, Performance, and Message: Comparing Japanese Kyara with their Anthropomorphic Forebears". Asian Ethnology. 71 (1): 119. JSTOR 41551385. "For instance, an almanac of Japanese history by the Japanese History Aficionado's Club that spans the second-century Yamataikoku to the Russo-Japanese War (1904) introduces time periods and notable events, with each topic represented by its own moe-style anthropomorphism"
                40. ^ "『０９０ えこといっしょ。（１）』（亜桜 まる） 製品詳細 講談社コミックプラス" (in Japanese). 講談社コミックプラス . Retrieved 2020-01-15 .
                41. ^ "Mecha Musume Figumate Figure Gashapon Set of 5 Konami". Amazon . Retrieved August 19, 2011 .
                42. ^ "Ship Girl Smart Phone Game Azur Lane Sets Sail as a TV Anime". Crunchyroll . Retrieved September 29, 2018 .
                43. ^ "Train Anthropomorphism SuperExpress Train Girls "Fasutekku 360S"" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2007-05-05 . Retrieved 2007-03-06 .
                44. ^ Hodgkins, Crystalyn (2020-12-12). "Rail Romanesque Anime Gets 2nd Season, Adds Rie Tanaka to Cast". Anime News Network . Retrieved 2021-02-07 .
                45. ^ Hodgkins, Crystalyn (2019-12-27). "Maitetsu Adult Game Gets TV Anime Shorts in 2020". Anime News Network . Retrieved 2021-02-07 .

              Further reading

              [ edit ]
                  Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moe anthropomorphism .
              * Gijinka-tan Hakusho ( 擬人化たん白書 , lit. 'Anthropomorphism- tan Files') . Tokyo, Japan: Aspect, 2006. ISBN 4-7572-1262-3. (The -tan is a hypocoristic suffix.)
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Moe anthropomorphism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moe_anthropomorphism
Contributors to Wikimedia projects
2024-04-28T03:29:06Z
<div><div>
							

						<p>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</p>
					</div><div>

<p>

<b>Japanese pronouns</b> are words in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language">Japanese language</a> used to address or refer to present people or things, where present means people or things that can be pointed at. The position of things (far away, nearby) and their role in the current interaction (goods, addresser, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlocutor_(linguistics)">addressee</a>, bystander) are features of the meaning of those words. The use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun">pronouns</a>, especially when referring to oneself and speaking in the first person, vary between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender">gender</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)">formality</a>, dialect and region where Japanese is spoken.
</p><p>In modern Japanese grammar, pronouns are not a distinct <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speech">part of speech</a>, but a subclass of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun">nouns</a>, and they behave grammatically just like nouns. Certain faux-archaic pronouns may still retain their grammaticality (distinct from nouns) from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Japanese">Old Japanese</a>, such as <span><span>我</span></span> (<i>ware</i>), with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive">genitive</a> form <span><span>我が</span></span> (<i>wa-ga</i>).
</p>


<p>In contrast to present people and things, absent people and things can be referred to by naming; for example, by instantiating a class, "the house" (in a context where there is only one house) and presenting things in relation to the present, named and sui generis people or things can be "I'm going home", "I'm going to Hayao's place", "I'm going to the mayor's place", "I'm going to my mother's place" or "I'm going to my mother's friend's place". Functionally, deictic classifiers not only indicate that the referenced person or thing has a spatial position or an interactional role but also classify it to some extent. In addition, Japanese pronouns are restricted by a situation type (register): who is talking to whom about what and through which medium (spoken or written, staged or in private). In that sense, when a male is talking to his male friends, the pronoun set that is available to him is different from those available when a man of the same age talks to his wife and, vice versa, when a woman talks to her husband. These variations in pronoun availability are determined by the register.
</p><p>In linguistics, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generativist">generativists</a> and other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_linguistics">structuralists</a> suggest that the Japanese language does not have <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronouns">pronouns</a> as such, since, unlike pronouns in most other languages that have them, these words are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax">syntactically</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)">morphologically</a> identical to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun">nouns</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> As <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalist_theories_of_grammar">functionalists</a> point out, however, these words function as <a href="#List_of_Japanese_personal_pronouns">personal references</a>, <a href="#Demonstrative_and_interrogative_pronouns">demonstratives</a>, and <a href="#Reflexive">reflexives</a>, just as pronouns do in other languages.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Akiyama-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Japanese has a large number of pronouns, differing in use by formality, gender, age, and relative social status of speaker and audience. Further, pronouns are an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speech#Open_and_closed_classes">open class</a>, with existing nouns being used as new pronouns with some frequency. This is ongoing; a recent example is <span><i>jibun</i></span><span> (<span><span>自分</span></span>, self)</span>, which is now used by some young men as a casual first-person pronoun.
</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun_avoidance">Pronouns are used less frequently</a> in the Japanese language than in many other languages,<sup><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> mainly because there is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-drop_language">no grammatical requirement</a> to include the subject in a sentence. That means that pronouns can seldom be translated from English to Japanese on a one-to-one basis.
</p><p>The common English personal pronouns, such as "I", "you", and "they", have no other meanings or connotations. However, most Japanese personal pronouns do. Consider for example two words corresponding to the English pronoun "I": 私 (<span><i>watashi</i></span>) also means "private" or "personal". 僕 (<span><i>boku</i></span>) carries a masculine impression; it is typically used by males, especially those in their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth">youth</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Japanese words that refer to other people are part of the encompassing system of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese">honorific speech</a> and should be understood within that context. Pronoun choice depends on the speaker's social status (as compared to the listener's) as well as the sentence's subjects and objects.
</p><p>The first-person pronouns (e.g., <span><i>watashi</i></span>, 私) and second-person pronouns (e.g., <span><i>anata</i></span>, 貴方) are used in formal contexts (however the latter can be considered rude). In many sentences, pronouns that mean "I" and "you" are omitted in Japanese when the meaning is still clear.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Akiyama-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>When it is required to state the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_(linguistics)">topic</a> of the sentence for clarity, the particle <span><i>wa</i></span> (は) is used, but it is not required when the topic can be inferred from context. Also, there are frequently used verbs that imply the subject and/or indirect object of the sentence in certain contexts: <span><i>kureru</i></span> (くれる) means "give" in the sense that "somebody other than me gives something to me or to somebody very close to me." <span><i>Ageru</i></span> (あげる) also means "give", but in the sense that "someone gives something to someone other than me." This often makes pronouns unnecessary, as they can be inferred from context.
</p><p>In Japanese, a speaker may only directly express their own emotions, as they cannot know the true mental state of anyone else. Thus, in sentences comprising a single adjective (often those ending in <span><i>-shii</i></span>), it is often assumed that the speaker is the subject. For example, the adjective <span><i>sabishii</i></span> (寂しい) can represent a complete sentence that means "I am lonely." When speaking of another person's feelings or emotions, <i>sabishisō</i> (寂しそう) "seems lonely" would be used instead. Similarly, <i>neko ga hoshii</i> (猫が欲しい) "I want a cat," as opposed to <i>neko wo hoshigatte iru</i> (猫を欲しがっている) "seems to want a cat," when referring to others.<sup><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Thus, the first-person pronoun is usually not used unless the speaker wants to put a special stress on the fact that they are referring to themselves or if it is necessary to make it clear.
</p><p>In some contexts, it may be considered uncouth to refer to the listener (second person) by a pronoun. If it is required to state the second person, the listener's surname, suffixed with <span><i>-san</i></span> or some other title (like "customer", "teacher", or "boss"), is generally used.
</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_differences_in_spoken_Japanese">Gender differences in spoken Japanese</a> also create another challenge, as men and women refer to themselves with different pronouns. Social standing also determines how people refer to themselves, as well as how they refer to other people.
</p><p>Japanese first-person pronouns by speakers and situations according to Yuko Saegusa, <a href="http://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01290792"><i>Concerning the First Personal Pronoun of Native Japanese Speakers</i></a> (2009)
</p>
<table>
<caption>First-person pronouns by elementary school pupils (2008)
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Speaker</th>
<th>Situation</th>
<th>1</th>
<th>2</th>
<th>3
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>Female
</th>
<th>To friends
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%86%E3%81%A1">uchi</a> 49%</td>
<td>First name 26%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%82%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97">atashi</a> 15%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>In the family
</th>
<td>First name 33%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%82%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97">atashi</a> 29%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%86%E3%81%A1">uchi</a> 23%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>In a class
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%8F%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97">watashi</a> 86%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%82%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97">atashi</a> 7%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%86%E3%81%A1">uchi</a> 6%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>To an unknown visitor
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%8F%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97">watashi</a> 75%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%82%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97">atashi</a>, first name, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%86%E3%81%A1">uchi</a> 8% each
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>To the class teacher
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%8F%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97">watashi</a> 66%</td>
<td>First name 13%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%82%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97">atashi</a> 9%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Male
</th>
<th>To friends
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%8A%E3%82%8C">ore</a> 72%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%BC%E3%81%8F">boku</a> 19%</td>
<td>First name 4%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>In the family
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%8A%E3%82%8C">ore</a> 62%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%BC%E3%81%8F">boku</a> 23%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%86%E3%81%A1">uchi</a> 6%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>In a class
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%BC%E3%81%8F">boku</a> 85%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%8A%E3%82%8C">ore</a> 13%</td>
<td>First name, nickname 1% each
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>To an unknown visitor
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%BC%E3%81%8F">boku</a> 64%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%8A%E3%82%8C">ore</a> 26%</td>
<td>First name 4%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>To the class teacher
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%BC%E3%81%8F">boku</a> 67%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%8A%E3%82%8C">ore</a> 27%</td>
<td>First name 3%
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table>
<caption>First-person pronouns by university students (2009)
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Speaker</th>
<th>Situation</th>
<th>1</th>
<th>2</th>
<th>3
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>Female
</th>
<th>To friends
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%86%E3%81%A1">uchi</a> 39%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%82%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97">atashi</a> 30%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%8F%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97">watashi</a> 22%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>In the family
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%82%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97">atashi</a> 28%</td>
<td>First name 27%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%86%E3%81%A1">uchi</a> 18%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>In a class
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%8F%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97">watashi</a> 89%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%82%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97">atashi</a> 7%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%98%E3%81%B6%E3%82%93">jibun</a> 3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>To an unknown visitor
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%8F%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97">watashi</a> 81%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%82%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97">atashi</a> 10%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%98%E3%81%B6%E3%82%93">jibun</a> 6%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>To the class teacher
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%8F%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97">watashi</a> 77%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%82%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97">atashi</a> 17%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%98%E3%81%B6%E3%82%93">jibun</a> 7%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Male
</th>
<th>To friends
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%8A%E3%82%8C">ore</a> 87%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%86%E3%81%A1">uchi</a> 4%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%8F%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97">watashi</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%98%E3%81%B6%E3%82%93">jibun</a> 2% each
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>In the family
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%8A%E3%82%8C">ore</a> 88%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%BC%E3%81%8F">boku</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%98%E3%81%B6%E3%82%93">jibun</a> 5% each
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>In a class
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%8F%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97">watashi</a> 48%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%98%E3%81%B6%E3%82%93">jibun</a> 28%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%BC%E3%81%8F">boku</a> 22%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>To an unknown visitor
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%BC%E3%81%8F">boku</a> 36%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%98%E3%81%B6%E3%82%93">jibun</a> 29%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%8F%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97">watashi</a> 22%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>To the class teacher
</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%98%E3%81%B6%E3%82%93">jibun</a> 38%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%BC%E3%81%8F">boku</a> 29%</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%8F%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97">watashi</a> 22%
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div><h2>List of Japanese personal pronouns</h2><p><span><span>[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_pronouns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2"><span>edit</span></a><span>]</span></span></p></div>
<p>The list is incomplete, as there are numerous Japanese pronoun forms, which vary by region and dialect. This is a list of the most commonly used forms. "It" has no direct equivalent in Japanese<sup><a href="#cite_note-Akiyama-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> (though in some contexts the demonstrative pronoun それ (<span><i>sore</i></span>) is translatable as "it"). Also, Japanese does not generally <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflection">inflect</a> by case, so, <i>I</i> is equivalent to <i>me</i>.
</p>
<table>

<tbody><tr>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji">Romaji</a>
</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana">Hiragana</a>
</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji">Kanji</a>
</th>
<th>Level of speech
</th>
<th>Gender
</th>
<th>Notes
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>– I/me –
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>watashi</i>
</td>
<td>わたし
</td>
<td>私
</td>
<td>formal/informal
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>In formal or polite contexts, this is gender neutral; in casual speech, it is typically only used by women. Use by men in casual contexts may be perceived as stiff.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>watakushi</i>
</td>
<td>わたくし
</td>
<td>私
</td>
<td>very formal
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>The most formal personal pronoun. Outdated curriculums did not provide for any other kind of pronoun in everyday speech for foreigners, except for watakushi.<sup><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> However, in modern student books, such a pronoun has been withdrawn from use.<sup><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>ware</i>
</td>
<td>われ
</td>
<td>我, 吾
</td>
<td>very formal
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Used in literary style writing. Also used as rude second person in western dialects.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>waga</i>
</td>
<td>わが
</td>
<td>我が
</td>
<td>very formal
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Means "my" or "our". Used in speeches and formalities; 我が社 <i>waga-sha</i> (our company) or 我が国 <i>waga-kuni</i> (our country).
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i><span><span></span><span>ore</span></span></i>
</td>
<td>おれ
</td>
<td>俺
</td>
<td>informal
</td>
<td>males
</td>
<td>Frequently used by men.<sup><a href="#cite_note-pronouns-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Establishes a sense of "masculinity". Can be seen as rude depending on the context. Emphasises one's own status when used with peers and with those who are younger or of lesser status. Among close friends or family, its use conveys familiarity rather than "masculinity" or superiority. It was used also by women until the late Edo period and still is in some dialects. Also <i>oi</i> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu_dialect">Kyushu dialect</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i><span><span></span><span>boku</span></span></i>
</td>
<td>ぼく
</td>
<td>僕
</td>
<td>formal/informal
</td>
<td>males
</td>
<td>Used by males of all ages; very often used by boys; can be used by females but then carries tomboyish or feminist connotations. Perceived as humble, but can also carry an undertone of "feeling young" when used by males of older age. Also used when casually giving deference; "servant" uses the same kanji (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%83%95">僕</a> <i>shimobe</i>). Can also be used as a second-person pronoun toward male children (English equivalent – "kid" or "squirt").
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>washi</i>
</td>
<td>わし
</td>
<td>儂
</td>
<td>formal/informal
</td>
<td>mainly males
</td>
<td>Often used in western dialects and fictional settings to stereotypically represent characters of old age. Also <i>wai</i>, a slang version of <i>washi</i> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansai_dialect">Kansai dialect</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>jibun</i>
</td>
<td>じぶん
</td>
<td>自分
</td>
<td>neutral
</td>
<td>mainly males
</td>
<td>Literally "oneself"; used as either reflexive or personal pronoun. Can convey a sense of distance when used in the latter way. Also used as casual second person pronoun in the Kansai dialect.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>ore-sama</i>
</td>
<td>おれさま
</td>
<td>俺様
</td>
<td>informal
</td>
<td>mainly (fictional) males
</td>
<td>"My esteemed self", "Mr. I". Used in fiction by very self-important or arrogant characters,<sup><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> or humorously.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>atai</i>
</td>
<td>あたい
</td>
<td>私
</td>
<td>very informal
</td>
<td>females
</td>
<td>Slang version of あたし <i>atashi</i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-japan_ref-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>atashi</i>
</td>
<td>あたし
</td>
<td>私
</td>
<td>informal
</td>
<td>females (but see notes)
</td>
<td>A feminine pronoun that strains from わたし ("watashi"). Rarely used in written language, but common in conversation, especially among younger women. It was formerly used by male members of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_society#Four_classes">merchant and artisan classes</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_dialect">Edo area</a> and continues to be used by male <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakugo">rakugo</a></i> performers.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>atakushi</i>
</td>
<td>あたくし
</td>
<td>私
</td>
<td>informal
</td>
<td>females
</td>
<td>A feminine pronoun that strains from わたくし ("watakushi").
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>uchi</i>
</td>
<td>うち
</td>
<td>家, 内
</td>
<td>informal
</td>
<td>mostly females
</td>
<td>Means "one's own". Often used in western dialects especially the Kansai dialect. Generally written in kana. Plural form <i>uchi-ra</i> is used by both genders. Singular form is also used by both sexes when talking about the household, e.g., "<i>uchi no neko</i>" ("my/our cat"), "<i>uchi no chichi-oya</i>" ("my father"); also used in less formal business speech to mean "our company", e.g., "<i>uchi wa sandai no rekkāsha ga aru</i>" ("we (our company) have three tow-trucks").
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>(own name)
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>informal
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Used by small children and young women; considered cute and childish.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i><span><span></span><span>oira</span></span></i>
</td>
<td>おいら
</td>
<td>俺等, 己等
</td>
<td>informal
</td>
<td>males
</td>
<td>Similar to 俺 <i>ore</i>, but more casual. Evokes a person with a rural background, a "country bumpkin".
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i><span><span></span><span>ora</span></span></i>
</td>
<td>おら
</td>
<td>俺等
</td>
<td>informal
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Dialect in Kanto and further north. Similar to おいら <i>oira</i>, but more rural. Also <i>ura</i> in some dialects.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>wate</i>
</td>
<td>わて
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>informal
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Dated Kansai dialect. Also <i>ate</i> (somewhat feminine).
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>shōsei</i>
</td>
<td>しょうせい
</td>
<td>小生
</td>
<td>formal, written
</td>
<td>males
</td>
<td>Used among academic colleagues. Lit. "your pupil".<sup><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>– you (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number">singular</a>) –
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>(name and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_titles">honorific</a>)
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>formality depends on the honorific used
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>anata</i>
</td>
<td>あなた
</td>
<td>貴方, 貴男, 貴女
</td>
<td>formal/informal
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>The kanji are very rarely used. The only second person pronoun comparable to English "you", yet still not used as often in this universal way by native speakers, as it can be considered having a condescending undertone, especially towards superiors.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Akiyama-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-pronouns-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup>[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span>better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For expressing "you" in formal contexts, using the person's name with an honorific is more typical. More commonly, <i>anata</i> may be used when having no information about the addressed person; also often used as "you" in commercials, when not referring to a particular person. Furthermore, commonly used by women to address their husband or lover, in a way roughly equivalent to the English "dear".
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>anta</i>
</td>
<td>あんた
</td>
<td>貴方
</td>
<td>informal
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Contraction of あなた <i>anata</i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-japan_ref-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Can express contempt, anger or familiarity towards a person. Generally seen as rude or uneducated when used in formal contexts.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>otaku</i>
</td>
<td>おたく
</td>
<td>お宅, 御宅
</td>
<td>formal, polite
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>A polite way of saying "your house", also used as a pronoun to address a person with slight sense of distance. <i>Otaku</i>/<i>otakki</i>/<i>ota</i> turned into a slang term referring to a type of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku">geek/obsessive hobbyist</a>, as they often addressed each other as <i>otaku</i>.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>omae</i>
</td>
<td>おまえ
</td>
<td>お前
</td>
<td>very informal
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Similar to <i>anta</i>, but used by men with more frequency.<sup><a href="#cite_note-pronouns-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Expresses the speaker's higher status or age, or a very casual relationship among peers. Often used with おれ <i>ore</i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-pronouns-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Very rude if said to elders. Commonly used by men to address their wife or lover, paralleling the female use of "anata".
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>temē</i>, <i>temae</i>
</td>
<td>てめえ,<br/>てまえ
</td>
<td>手前
</td>
<td>rude and confrontational<sup><a href="#cite_note-japan_ref-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>mainly males
</td>
<td>Literal meaning "the one in front of my hand". <i>Temē</i>, a reduction of <i>temae</i>, is more rude. Used when the speaker is very angry. Originally used for a humble first person. The Kanji are seldom used with this meaning, as unrelated to its use as a pronoun, 手前 can also mean "before", "this side", "one's standpoint" or "one's appearance".
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>kisama</i>
</td>
<td>きさま
</td>
<td>貴様
</td>
<td>extremely hostile and rude
</td>
<td>mainly males
</td>
<td>Historically very formal, but has developed in an ironic sense to show the speaker's extreme hostility / outrage towards the addressee.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>kimi</i>
</td>
<td>きみ
</td>
<td>君
</td>
<td>informal
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>The kanji means "lord" (archaic) and is also used to write <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_titles#Common_honorifics"><i>-kun</i></a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> Informal to subordinates; can also be affectionate; formerly very polite. Among peers typically used with 僕 <i>boku</i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-pronouns-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Often seen as rude or assuming when used with superiors, elders or strangers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-pronouns-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>kika</i>
</td>
<td>きか
</td>
<td>貴下
</td>
<td>informal, to a younger person
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>kikan</i>
</td>
<td>きかん
</td>
<td>貴官
</td>
<td>very formal, used to address government officials, military personnel, etc.
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>on-sha</i>
</td>
<td>おんしゃ
</td>
<td>御社
</td>
<td>formal, used to the listener representing your company
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Only used in spoken language.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>ki-sha</i>
</td>
<td>きしゃ
</td>
<td>貴社
</td>
<td>formal, similar to <i>onsha</i>
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Only used in written language as opposed to <i>onsha.</i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>– he / she –
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>ano kata</i>
</td>
<td>あのかた
</td>
<td>あの方
</td>
<td>very formal
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Sometimes pronounced <i>ano hou</i>, but with the same kanji. 方 means "direction," and is more formal by avoiding referring to the actual person in question.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>ano hito</i>
</td>
<td>あのひと
</td>
<td>あの人
</td>
<td>neutral
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Literally "that person".
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>yatsu</i>
</td>
<td>やつ
</td>
<td>奴
</td>
<td>informal
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>A thing (very informal), dude, guy.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>koitsu</i>, <i>koyatsu</i>
</td>
<td>こいつ, こやつ
</td>
<td>此奴
</td>
<td>very informal, implies contempt
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Denotes a person or material nearby the speaker. Analogous to "he/she" or "this one".
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>soitsu</i>, <i>soyatsu</i>
</td>
<td>そいつ, そやつ
</td>
<td>其奴
</td>
<td>very informal, implies contempt
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Denotes a person or material nearby the listener. Analogous to "he/she" or "that one".
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>aitsu</i>, <i>ayatsu</i>
</td>
<td>あいつ, あやつ
</td>
<td>彼奴
</td>
<td>very informal, implies contempt
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Denotes a person or (less frequently) material far from both the speaker and the listener. Analogous to "he/she" or "that one".
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>– he –
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>kare</i>
</td>
<td>かれ
</td>
<td>彼
</td>
<td>formal (neutral) and informal (boyfriend)
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Can also mean "boyfriend". Formerly 彼氏 <i>kareshi</i> was its equivalent, but this now always means "boyfriend".<sup>[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><span>citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Literally meaning "that one", in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Japanese">classical Japanese</a> it could mean "he", "she", or "it".<sup><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>– she –
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>kanojo</i>
</td>
<td>かのじょ
</td>
<td>彼女
</td>
<td>formal (neutral) and informal (girlfriend)
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Originally created in the 19th century as an equivalent to female pronouns in European languages. Initially pronounced <i>kano onna</i>, it literally means "that female".<sup><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> Can also mean "girlfriend".<sup><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><i>– we</i> (see also list of pluralising suffixes, below) –
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>ware-ware</i>
</td>
<td>われわれ
</td>
<td>我々
</td>
<td>formal
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Mostly used when speaking on behalf of a company or group.
</td></tr>

<tr>
<td><i>ware-ra</i>
</td>
<td>われら
</td>
<td>我等
</td>
<td>informal
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Used in literary style. <i>ware</i> is never used with <i>-tachi</i>.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>hei-sha</i>
</td>
<td>へいしゃ
</td>
<td>弊社
</td>
<td>formal and humble
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Used when representing one's own company. From a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary">Sino-Japanese word</a> meaning "low company" or "humble company".
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>waga-sha</i>
</td>
<td>わがしゃ
</td>
<td>我が社
</td>
<td>formal
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Used when representing one's own company.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><i>– they</i> (see also list of pluralising suffixes, below) <i>–</i>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>kare-ra</i>
</td>
<td>かれら
</td>
<td>彼等
</td>
<td>common in spoken Japanese and writing
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div><h3>Archaic personal pronouns</h3><p><span><span>[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_pronouns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3"><span>edit</span></a><span>]</span></span></p></div>
<table>

<tbody><tr>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji">Romaji</a>
</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana">Hiragana</a>
</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji">Kanji</a>
</th>
<th>Meaning
</th>
<th>Level of speech
</th>
<th>Gender
</th>
<th>Notes
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>asshi</i>
</td>
<td>あっし
</td>
<td>私
</td>
<td>I
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>males
</td>
<td>Slang version of <i>watashi</i>. From the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period">Edo period</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>sessha</i>
</td>
<td>せっしゃ
</td>
<td>拙者
</td>
<td>I
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>males
</td>
<td>Used by samurai during the feudal ages (and often also by ninja in fictionalised portrayals). From a Sino-Japanese word meaning "one who is clumsy".
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>wagahai</i>
</td>
<td>わがはい
</td>
<td>我が輩, 吾輩
</td>
<td>I
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>males
</td>
<td>Literally "my fellows; my class; my cohort", but used in a somewhat pompous manner as a first-person singular pronoun.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>soregashi</i>
</td>
<td>それがし
</td>
<td>某
</td>
<td>I
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>males
</td>
<td>Literally "So-and-so", a nameless expression. Similar to <i>sessha</i>.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>warawa</i>
</td>
<td>わらわ
</td>
<td>妾
</td>
<td>I
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>females
</td>
<td>Literally "child". Mainly used by women in samurai families. Today, it is used in fictional settings to represent archaic noble female characters.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>wachiki</i>
</td>
<td>わちき
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>I
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>females
</td>
<td>Used by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geisha">geisha</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oiran">oiran</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period">Edo period</a>. Also あちき <i>achiki</i> and わっち <i>wacchi</i>.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>yo</i>
</td>
<td>よ
</td>
<td>余, 予
</td>
<td>I
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>males
</td>
<td>Archaic first-person singular pronoun.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>chin</i>
</td>
<td>ちん
</td>
<td>朕
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_we">We</a>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Used only by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan">Emperor</a>, mostly before <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II">World War II</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>maro</i>
</td>
<td>まろ
</td>
<td>麻呂, 麿
</td>
<td>I
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>males
</td>
<td>Used as a universal first-person pronoun in ancient times. Today, it is used in fictional settings to represent Court noble male characters.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>onore</i>
</td>
<td>おのれ
</td>
<td>己
</td>
<td>I or you
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>males
</td>
<td>The word <i>onore</i>, as well as the kanji used to transcribe it, literally means "oneself". It is humble when used as a first person pronoun and hostile (on the level of てめえ <i>temee</i> or てまえ <i>temae</i>) when used as a second person pronoun.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>kei</i>
</td>
<td>けい
</td>
<td>卿
</td>
<td>you
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>males
</td>
<td>Second person pronoun, used mostly by males. Used among peers to denote light respect, and by a superior addressing his subjects and retainers in a familiar manner. Like 君 <i>kimi</i>, this can also be used as an honorific (pronounced as きょう <i>kyou</i>), in which case it's equivalent to "lord/lady" or "sir/dame".
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>nanji</i>
</td>
<td>なんじ
</td>
<td>汝, less commonly also 爾
</td>
<td>you, often translated as "thou"
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Spelled as なむち <i>namuchi</i> in the most ancient texts and later as なんち <i>nanchi</i> or なんぢ <i>nanji</i>.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>onushi</i>
</td>
<td>おぬし
</td>
<td>御主, お主
</td>
<td>you
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Used by elders and samurai to talk to people of equal or lower rank. Literally means "master".
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>sonata</i>
</td>
<td>そなた
</td>
<td>其方 (rarely used)
</td>
<td>you
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Originally a mesial deictic pronoun meaning "that side; that way; that direction"; used as a lightly respectful second person pronoun in previous eras, but now used when speaking to an inferior in a pompous and old-fashioned tone.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>sochi</i>
</td>
<td>そち
</td>
<td>其方 (rarely used)
</td>
<td>you
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>both
</td>
<td>Similar to そなた <i>sonata</i>. Literally means "that way". (<i>Sochira</i> and <i>kochira</i>, sometimes shortened to <i>sotchi</i> and <i>kotchi</i>, are still sometimes used to mean roughly "you" and "I, we", e.g. <i>kochira koso</i> in response to thanks or an apology means literally "this side is the one" but idiomatically "no, I (or we) thank/apologise to you"; especially common on the telephone, analogous to phrases like "on this end" and "on your end" in English. <i>Kochira koso</i> is often translated as "me/us, too" or "likewise" – it is certainly a reciprocation gesture, but sometimes a little more.)
</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>Suffixes are added to pronouns to make them plural.
</p>
<table>

<tbody><tr>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji">Romaji</a>
</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana">Hiragana</a>
</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji">Kanji</a>
</th>
<th>Level of speech
</th>
<th>Notes
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>tachi</i>
</td>
<td>たち
</td>
<td>達
</td>
<td>informal; examples:
<ul><li>僕達, <i>boku-tachi</i></li>
<li>私達, <i>watashi-tachi</i></li>
<li>あなた達, <i>anata-tachi</i></li>
<li>君達, <i>kimi-tachi</i></li></ul>
</td>
<td>Also can be attached to names to indicate that person and the group they are with (<i>Ryuichi-tachi</i> = "Ryuichi and friends").
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>kata</i>,<br/><i>gata</i>
</td>
<td>かた,<br/>がた
</td>
<td>方
</td>
<td>formal (ex. あなた方, <i>anata-gata</i>)
</td>
<td>More polite than 達 <i>tachi</i>. <i>gata</i> is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendaku">rendaku</a> form.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>domo</i>
</td>
<td>ども
</td>
<td>共
</td>
<td>humble (ex. 私ども, <i>watakushi-domo</i>)
</td>
<td>Casts some aspersion on the mentioned group, so it can be rude. <i>domo</i> is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendaku">rendaku</a> form.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>ra</i>
</td>
<td>ら
</td>
<td>等
</td>
<td>informal (ex. 彼ら, <i>karera</i>. 俺ら, <i>ore-ra</i>. 奴ら, <i>yatsu-ra</i>. あいつら, <i>aitsu-ra</i>)
</td>
<td>Used with informal pronouns. Frequently used with hostile words. Sometimes used for light humble as <i>domo</i> (ex. 私ら, <i>watashi-ra</i>).
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div><h2>Demonstrative and interrogative pronouns</h2><p><span><span>[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_pronouns&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5"><span>edit</span></a><span>]</span></span></p></div>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a> words, whether functioning as pronouns, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective">adjectives</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb">adverbs</a>, fall into four groups. Words beginning with <i>ko-</i> indicate something close to the speaker (so-called <i>proximal</i> demonstratives). Those beginning with <i>so-</i> indicate separation from the speaker or closeness to the listener (<i>medial</i>), while those beginning with <i>a-</i> indicate greater distance (<i>distal</i>). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogative_word">Interrogative words</a>, used in questions, begin with <i>do-</i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Akiyama-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Demonstratives are normally written in hiragana.
</p>
<table>

<tbody><tr>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji">Romaji</a>
</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana">Hiragana</a>
</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji">Kanji</a>
</th>
<th>Meaning
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>kore</i>
</td>
<td>これ
</td>
<td>此れ
</td>
<td>this thing / these things (near speaker)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>sore</i>
</td>
<td>それ
</td>
<td>其れ
</td>
<td>that thing / those things (near listener)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>are</i>
</td>
<td>あれ
</td>
<td>彼れ
</td>
<td>that thing / those things (distant from both speaker and listener)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>dore</i>
</td>
<td>どれ
</td>
<td>何れ
</td>
<td>which thing(s)?
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>kochira</i> or <i>kotchi</i>
</td>
<td>こちら / こっち
</td>
<td>此方
</td>
<td>this / here (near speaker)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>sochira</i> or <i>sotchi</i>
</td>
<td>そちら / そっち
</td>
<td>其方
</td>
<td>that / there (near listener)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>achira</i> or <i>atchi</i>
</td>
<td>あちら / あっち
</td>
<td>彼方
</td>
<td>that / there (distant from both speaker and listener)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>dochira</i> or <i>dotchi</i>
</td>
<td>どちら / どっち
</td>
<td>何方
</td>
<td>what / where
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>For more forms, see <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Template:Japanese_demonstratives">Japanese demonstratives on Wiktionary</a>.
</p><p>Other interrogative pronouns include 何 なに <i>nani</i> "what?" and 誰 だれ <i>dare</i> "who(m)?".
</p>

<p>Japanese has only one word corresponding to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun">reflexive pronouns</a> such as <i>myself</i>, <i>yourself</i>, or <i>themselves</i> in English. The word 自分<span> <span>(</span><span><i>jibun</i></span>)</span> means "one's self" and may be used for human beings or some animals. It is not used for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectotherm">cold-blooded animals</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animacy">inanimate objects</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Akiyama-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup>[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span>better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>

<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_differences_in_spoken_Japanese">Gender differences in spoken Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_honorifics">Japanese honorifics</a></li></ul>

<div><ol>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Noguchi, Tohru (1997). "Two types of pronouns and variable binding". <i>Language</i>. <b>73</b> (4): 770–797. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.1997.0021">10.1353/lan.1997.0021</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143722779">143722779</a>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Kanaya, Takehiro (2002). <i>日本語に主語はいらない Nihongo ni shugo wa iranai [In Japanese subjects are not needed]</i>. Kodansha.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akiyama_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akiyama_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akiyama_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akiyama_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akiyama_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akiyama_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite>Akiyama, Nobuo; Akiyama, Carol (2002). <i>Japanese Grammar</i>. Barron's Educational. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0764120611"><bdi>0764120611</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Ishiyama, Osamu (2008). <i>Diachronic Perspectives on Personal Pronouns in Japanese</i> (Ph.D.). State University of New York at Buffalo.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span>Maynard, Senko K: "An Introduction to Japanese Grammar and Communication Strategies", page 45. The Japan Times, 4th edition, 1993. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7890-0542-9">4-7890-0542-9</a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="http://nihonshock.com/2009/11/the-many-ways-to-say-i/">"The many ways to say "I" in Japanese | nihonshock"</a>. <i>nihonshock.com</i><span>. Retrieved <span>17 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Hatasa, Yukiko Abe; Hatasa, Kazumi; Makino, Seiichi (2014). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuPKAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=japanese+other+people%27s+emotions+%E3%81%9D%E3%81%86&amp;pg=PA314"><i>Nakama 1: Japanese Communication Culture Context</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 314. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781285981451"><bdi>9781285981451</bdi></a>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span>Nechaeva L.T. «Japanese for beginners», 2001, publishing house «Moscow Lyceum», <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7611-0291-9">5-7611-0291-9</a></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span>Maidonova S.V. «Complete Japanese course», 2009, Publishing house «<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrel">Astrel</a>», <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-17-100807-9">978-5-17-100807-9</a></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-pronouns_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pronouns_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pronouns_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pronouns_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pronouns_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pronouns_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/ts/japanese/pronoun.html">8.1. Pronouns</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322140018/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/ts/japanese/pronoun.html">Archived</a> 22 March 2018 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>sf.airnet.ne.jp</i> Retrieved on October 21, 2007</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Maynard, Senko K. (2016). <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/944246641"><i>Fluid orality in the discourse of Japanese popular culture</i></a>. Amsterdam. p. 226. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-6713-9"><bdi>978-90-272-6713-9</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)">OCLC</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/944246641">944246641</a>.</cite><span></span><span><code>{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book">cite book</a>}}</code>:  CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li><span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-japan_ref_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-japan_ref_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-japan_ref_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><a href="http://www.jref.com/language/japanese_personal_pronouns.shtml">Personal pronouns in Japanese</a> <i>Japan Reference</i>. Retrieved on October 21, 2007</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=22618#comment-1505689">"Language Log » Japanese first person pronouns"</a>. <i>languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu</i>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="http://kanjidict.com/demo/541b.html">"old boy"</a>. Kanjidict.com<span>. Retrieved <span>7 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span>Haruo Shirane (2005) <i>Classical Japanese: A Grammar</i>. Columbia University Press. p. 256</span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%BD%BC%E5%A5%B3-465534">"彼女とは"</a>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
<li><span><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a href="http://kanjidict.com/demo/5f7c.html">"he"</a>. Kanjidict.com<span>. Retrieved <span>7 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>


<ul><li><a href="http://www.wa-pedia.com/language/japanese_personal_pronouns.shtml">Japan Reference: Personal pronouns in Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/pronoun.html">sci.lang.japan FAQ: Japanese pronouns</a></li></ul>







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              Contents

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                * (Top)
                * 1 Use and etymology
                * 2 List of Japanese personal pronouns
                Toggle List of Japanese personal pronouns subsection
                    + 2.1 Archaic personal pronouns
                * 3 Suffixes
                * 4 Demonstrative and interrogative pronouns
                * 5 Reflexive
                * 6 See also
                * 7 References
                * 8 External links
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      Japanese pronouns

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            From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

                  This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
                  Find sources: "Japanese pronouns" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( February 2023 ) (Learn how and when to remove this message)                                         
              

              Japanese pronouns are words in the Japanese language used to address or refer to present people or things, where present means people or things that can be pointed at. The position of things (far away, nearby) and their role in the current interaction (goods, addresser, addressee, bystander) are features of the meaning of those words. The use of pronouns, especially when referring to oneself and speaking in the first person, vary between gender, formality, dialect and region where Japanese is spoken.

              In modern Japanese grammar, pronouns are not a distinct part of speech, but a subclass of nouns, and they behave grammatically just like nouns. Certain faux-archaic pronouns may still retain their grammaticality (distinct from nouns) from Old Japanese, such as 我 (ware), with the genitive form 我が (wa-ga).

                Use and etymology

                [ edit ]

              In contrast to present people and things, absent people and things can be referred to by naming; for example, by instantiating a class, "the house" (in a context where there is only one house) and presenting things in relation to the present, named and sui generis people or things can be "I'm going home", "I'm going to Hayao's place", "I'm going to the mayor's place", "I'm going to my mother's place" or "I'm going to my mother's friend's place". Functionally, deictic classifiers not only indicate that the referenced person or thing has a spatial position or an interactional role but also classify it to some extent. In addition, Japanese pronouns are restricted by a situation type (register): who is talking to whom about what and through which medium (spoken or written, staged or in private). In that sense, when a male is talking to his male friends, the pronoun set that is available to him is different from those available when a man of the same age talks to his wife and, vice versa, when a woman talks to her husband. These variations in pronoun availability are determined by the register.

              In linguistics, generativists and other structuralists suggest that the Japanese language does not have pronouns as such, since, unlike pronouns in most other languages that have them, these words are syntactically and morphologically identical to nouns. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] As functionalists point out, however, these words function as personal references, demonstratives, and reflexives, just as pronouns do in other languages. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

              Japanese has a large number of pronouns, differing in use by formality, gender, age, and relative social status of speaker and audience. Further, pronouns are an open class, with existing nouns being used as new pronouns with some frequency. This is ongoing; a recent example is jibun ( 自分 , self) , which is now used by some young men as a casual first-person pronoun.

              Pronouns are used less frequently in the Japanese language than in many other languages, [ 5 ] mainly because there is no grammatical requirement to include the subject in a sentence. That means that pronouns can seldom be translated from English to Japanese on a one-to-one basis.

              The common English personal pronouns, such as "I", "you", and "they", have no other meanings or connotations. However, most Japanese personal pronouns do. Consider for example two words corresponding to the English pronoun "I": 私 (watashi) also means "private" or "personal". 僕 (boku) carries a masculine impression; it is typically used by males, especially those in their youth. [ 6 ]

              Japanese words that refer to other people are part of the encompassing system of honorific speech and should be understood within that context. Pronoun choice depends on the speaker's social status (as compared to the listener's) as well as the sentence's subjects and objects.

              The first-person pronouns (e.g., watashi, 私) and second-person pronouns (e.g., anata, 貴方) are used in formal contexts (however the latter can be considered rude). In many sentences, pronouns that mean "I" and "you" are omitted in Japanese when the meaning is still clear. [ 3 ]

              When it is required to state the topic of the sentence for clarity, the particle wa (は) is used, but it is not required when the topic can be inferred from context. Also, there are frequently used verbs that imply the subject and/or indirect object of the sentence in certain contexts: kureru (くれる) means "give" in the sense that "somebody other than me gives something to me or to somebody very close to me." Ageru (あげる) also means "give", but in the sense that "someone gives something to someone other than me." This often makes pronouns unnecessary, as they can be inferred from context.

              In Japanese, a speaker may only directly express their own emotions, as they cannot know the true mental state of anyone else. Thus, in sentences comprising a single adjective (often those ending in -shii), it is often assumed that the speaker is the subject. For example, the adjective sabishii (寂しい) can represent a complete sentence that means "I am lonely." When speaking of another person's feelings or emotions, sabishisō (寂しそう) "seems lonely" would be used instead. Similarly, neko ga hoshii (猫が欲しい) "I want a cat," as opposed to neko wo hoshigatte iru (猫を欲しがっている) "seems to want a cat," when referring to others. [ 7 ] Thus, the first-person pronoun is usually not used unless the speaker wants to put a special stress on the fact that they are referring to themselves or if it is necessary to make it clear.

              In some contexts, it may be considered uncouth to refer to the listener (second person) by a pronoun. If it is required to state the second person, the listener's surname, suffixed with -san or some other title (like "customer", "teacher", or "boss"), is generally used.

              Gender differences in spoken Japanese also create another challenge, as men and women refer to themselves with different pronouns. Social standing also determines how people refer to themselves, as well as how they refer to other people.

              Japanese first-person pronouns by speakers and situations according to Yuko Saegusa, Concerning the First Personal Pronoun of Native Japanese Speakers (2009)

              First-person pronouns by elementary school pupils (2008)
                Speaker                Situation       1                                 2                             3            
                Female                 To friends      uchi 49%                          First name 26%                atashi 15%   
                In the family          First name 33%  atashi 29%                        uchi 23%                    
                In a class             watashi 86%     atashi 7%                         uchi 6%                     
                To an unknown visitor  watashi 75%     atashi, first name, uchi 8% each
                To the class teacher   watashi 66%     First name 13%                    atashi 9%                   
                Male                   To friends      ore 72%                           boku 19%                      First name 4%
                In the family          ore 62%         boku 23%                          uchi 6%                     
                In a class             boku 85%        ore 13%                           First name, nickname 1% each
                To an unknown visitor  boku 64%        ore 26%                           First name 4%               
                To the class teacher   boku 67%        ore 27%                           First name 3%               
                
                First-person pronouns by university students (2009)
                  Speaker                Situation    1                    2            3                     
                  Female                 To friends   uchi 39%             atashi 30%   watashi 22%           
                  In the family          atashi 28%   First name 27%       uchi 18%   
                  In a class             watashi 89%  atashi 7%            jibun 3%   
                  To an unknown visitor  watashi 81%  atashi 10%           jibun 6%   
                  To the class teacher   watashi 77%  atashi 17%           jibun 7%   
                  Male                   To friends   ore 87%              uchi 4%      watashi, jibun 2% each
                  In the family          ore 88%      boku, jibun 5% each
                  In a class             watashi 48%  jibun 28%            boku 22%   
                  To an unknown visitor  boku 36%     jibun 29%            watashi 22%
                  To the class teacher   jibun 38%    boku 29%             watashi 22%
                  

                    List of Japanese personal pronouns

                    [ edit ]

                  The list is incomplete, as there are numerous Japanese pronoun forms, which vary by region and dialect. This is a list of the most commonly used forms. "It" has no direct equivalent in Japanese [ 3 ] (though in some contexts the demonstrative pronoun それ (sore) is translatable as "it"). Also, Japanese does not generally inflect by case, so, I is equivalent to me.

                    Romaji                                                   Hiragana  Kanji       Level of speech                                                              Gender                    Notes                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                    – I/me –                                               
                    watashi                                                  わたし       私           formal/informal                                                              both                      In formal or polite contexts, this is gender neutral; in casual speech, it is typically only used by women. Use by men in casual contexts may be perceived as stiff.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
                    watakushi                                                わたくし      私           very formal                                                                  both                      The most formal personal pronoun. Outdated curriculums did not provide for any other kind of pronoun in everyday speech for foreigners, except for watakushi. [ 8 ] However, in modern student books, such a pronoun has been withdrawn from use. [ 9 ]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
                    ware                                                     われ        我, 吾        very formal                                                                  both                      Used in literary style writing. Also used as rude second person in western dialects.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
                    waga                                                     わが        我が          very formal                                                                  both                      Means "my" or "our". Used in speeches and formalities; 我が社 waga-sha (our company) or 我が国 waga-kuni (our country).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                    ore                                                      おれ        俺           informal                                                                     males                     Frequently used by men. [ 10 ] Establishes a sense of "masculinity". Can be seen as rude depending on the context. Emphasises one's own status when used with peers and with those who are younger or of lesser status. Among close friends or family, its use conveys familiarity rather than "masculinity" or superiority. It was used also by women until the late Edo period and still is in some dialects. Also oi in Kyushu dialect.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
                    boku                                                     ぼく        僕           formal/informal                                                              males                     Used by males of all ages; very often used by boys; can be used by females but then carries tomboyish or feminist connotations. Perceived as humble, but can also carry an undertone of "feeling young" when used by males of older age. Also used when casually giving deference; "servant" uses the same kanji (僕 shimobe). Can also be used as a second-person pronoun toward male children (English equivalent – "kid" or "squirt").                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                    washi                                                    わし        儂           formal/informal                                                              mainly males              Often used in western dialects and fictional settings to stereotypically represent characters of old age. Also wai, a slang version of washi in the Kansai dialect.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
                    jibun                                                    じぶん       自分          neutral                                                                      mainly males              Literally "oneself"; used as either reflexive or personal pronoun. Can convey a sense of distance when used in the latter way. Also used as casual second person pronoun in the Kansai dialect.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                    ore-sama                                                 おれさま      俺様          informal                                                                     mainly (fictional) males  "My esteemed self", "Mr. I". Used in fiction by very self-important or arrogant characters, [ 11 ] or humorously.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                    atai                                                     あたい       私           very informal                                                                females                   Slang version of あたし atashi. [ 12 ]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
                    atashi                                                   あたし       私           informal                                                                     females (but see notes)   A feminine pronoun that strains from わたし ("watashi"). Rarely used in written language, but common in conversation, especially among younger women. It was formerly used by male members of the merchant and artisan classes in the Edo area and continues to be used by male rakugo performers.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                    atakushi                                                 あたくし      私           informal                                                                     females                   A feminine pronoun that strains from わたくし ("watakushi").                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                    uchi                                                     うち        家, 内        informal                                                                     mostly females            Means "one's own". Often used in western dialects especially the Kansai dialect. Generally written in kana. Plural form uchi-ra is used by both genders. Singular form is also used by both sexes when talking about the household, e.g., "uchi no neko" ("my/our cat"), "uchi no chichi-oya" ("my father"); also used in less formal business speech to mean "our company", e.g., "uchi wa sandai no rekkāsha ga aru" ("we (our company) have three tow-trucks").                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                    (own name)                                                                     informal                                                                     both                      Used by small children and young women; considered cute and childish.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                    oira                                                     おいら       俺等, 己等      informal                                                                     males                     Similar to 俺 ore, but more casual. Evokes a person with a rural background, a "country bumpkin".                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
                    ora                                                      おら        俺等          informal                                                                     both                      Dialect in Kanto and further north. Similar to おいら oira, but more rural. Also ura in some dialects.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
                    wate                                                     わて                    informal                                                                     both                      Dated Kansai dialect. Also ate (somewhat feminine).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
                    shōsei                                                   しょうせい     小生          formal, written                                                              males                     Used among academic colleagues. Lit. "your pupil". [ 13 ]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                    – you (singular) –                                     
                    (name and honorific)                                                           formality depends on the honorific used                                      both                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
                    anata                                                    あなた       貴方, 貴男, 貴女  formal/informal                                                              both                      The kanji are very rarely used. The only second person pronoun comparable to English "you", yet still not used as often in this universal way by native speakers, as it can be considered having a condescending undertone, especially towards superiors. [ 3 ] [ 10 ] [ better source needed ] For expressing "you" in formal contexts, using the person's name with an honorific is more typical. More commonly, anata may be used when having no information about the addressed person; also often used as "you" in commercials, when not referring to a particular person. Furthermore, commonly used by women to address their husband or lover, in a way roughly equivalent to the English "dear".
                    anta                                                     あんた       貴方          informal                                                                     both                      Contraction of あなた anata. [ 12 ] Can express contempt, anger or familiarity towards a person. Generally seen as rude or uneducated when used in formal contexts.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
                    otaku                                                    おたく       お宅, 御宅      formal, polite                                                               both                      A polite way of saying "your house", also used as a pronoun to address a person with slight sense of distance. Otaku/otakki/ota turned into a slang term referring to a type of geek/obsessive hobbyist, as they often addressed each other as otaku.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                    omae                                                     おまえ       お前          very informal                                                                both                      Similar to anta, but used by men with more frequency. [ 10 ] Expresses the speaker's higher status or age, or a very casual relationship among peers. Often used with おれ ore. [ 10 ] Very rude if said to elders. Commonly used by men to address their wife or lover, paralleling the female use of "anata".                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                    temē, temae                                              てめえ,      手前          rude and confrontational [ 12 ]                                              mainly males              Literal meaning "the one in front of my hand". Temē, a reduction of temae, is more rude. Used when the speaker is very angry. Originally used for a humble first person. The Kanji are seldom used with this meaning, as unrelated to its use as a pronoun, 手前 can also mean "before", "this side", "one's standpoint" or "one's appearance".                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                                             てまえ                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
                    kisama                                                   きさま       貴様          extremely hostile and rude                                                   mainly males              Historically very formal, but has developed in an ironic sense to show the speaker's extreme hostility / outrage towards the addressee.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
                    kimi                                                     きみ        君           informal                                                                     both                      The kanji means "lord" (archaic) and is also used to write -kun. [ 14 ] Informal to subordinates; can also be affectionate; formerly very polite. Among peers typically used with 僕 boku. [ 10 ] Often seen as rude or assuming when used with superiors, elders or strangers. [ 10 ]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                    kika                                                     きか        貴下          informal, to a younger person                                                both                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
                    kikan                                                    きかん       貴官          very formal, used to address government officials, military personnel, etc.  both                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
                    on-sha                                                   おんしゃ      御社          formal, used to the listener representing your company                       both                      Only used in spoken language.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                    ki-sha                                                   きしゃ       貴社          formal, similar to onsha                                                     both                      Only used in written language as opposed to onsha.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                    – he / she –                                           
                    ano kata                                                 あのかた      あの方         very formal                                                                  both                      Sometimes pronounced ano hou, but with the same kanji. 方 means "direction," and is more formal by avoiding referring to the actual person in question.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
                    ano hito                                                 あのひと      あの人         neutral                                                                      both                      Literally "that person".                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                    yatsu                                                    やつ        奴           informal                                                                     both                      A thing (very informal), dude, guy.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
                    koitsu, koyatsu                                          こいつ, こやつ  此奴          very informal, implies contempt                                              both                      Denotes a person or material nearby the speaker. Analogous to "he/she" or "this one".                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                    soitsu, soyatsu                                          そいつ, そやつ  其奴          very informal, implies contempt                                              both                      Denotes a person or material nearby the listener. Analogous to "he/she" or "that one".                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
                    aitsu, ayatsu                                            あいつ, あやつ  彼奴          very informal, implies contempt                                              both                      Denotes a person or (less frequently) material far from both the speaker and the listener. Analogous to "he/she" or "that one".                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                    – he –                                                 
                    kare                                                     かれ        彼           formal (neutral) and informal (boyfriend)                                    both                      Can also mean "boyfriend". Formerly 彼氏 kareshi was its equivalent, but this now always means "boyfriend".[ citation needed ] Literally meaning "that one", in classical Japanese it could mean "he", "she", or "it". [ 15 ]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
                    – she –                                                
                    kanojo                                                   かのじょ      彼女          formal (neutral) and informal (girlfriend)                                   both                      Originally created in the 19th century as an equivalent to female pronouns in European languages. Initially pronounced kano onna, it literally means "that female". [ 16 ] Can also mean "girlfriend". [ 17 ]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                    – we (see also list of pluralising suffixes, below) –  
                    ware-ware                                                われわれ      我々          formal                                                                       both                      Mostly used when speaking on behalf of a company or group.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
                    ware-ra                                                  われら       我等          informal                                                                     both                      Used in literary style. ware is never used with -tachi.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
                    hei-sha                                                  へいしゃ      弊社          formal and humble                                                            both                      Used when representing one's own company. From a Sino-Japanese word meaning "low company" or "humble company".                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
                    waga-sha                                                 わがしゃ      我が社         formal                                                                       both                      Used when representing one's own company.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                    – they (see also list of pluralising suffixes, below) –
                    kare-ra                                                  かれら       彼等          common in spoken Japanese and writing                                        both                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
                    

                      Archaic personal pronouns

                      [ edit ]
                      Romaji     Hiragana  Kanji                    Meaning                          Level of speech  Gender   Notes                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
                      asshi      あっし       私                        I                                                 males    Slang version of watashi. From the Edo period.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
                      sessha     せっしゃ      拙者                       I                                                 males    Used by samurai during the feudal ages (and often also by ninja in fictionalised portrayals). From a Sino-Japanese word meaning "one who is clumsy".                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
                      wagahai    わがはい      我が輩, 吾輩                  I                                                 males    Literally "my fellows; my class; my cohort", but used in a somewhat pompous manner as a first-person singular pronoun.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                      soregashi  それがし      某                        I                                                 males    Literally "So-and-so", a nameless expression. Similar to sessha.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                      warawa     わらわ       妾                        I                                                 females  Literally "child". Mainly used by women in samurai families. Today, it is used in fictional settings to represent archaic noble female characters.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
                      wachiki    わちき                                I                                                 females  Used by geisha and oiran in Edo period. Also あちき achiki and わっち wacchi.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                      yo         よ         余, 予                     I                                                 males    Archaic first-person singular pronoun.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                      chin       ちん        朕                        We                                                both     Used only by the Emperor, mostly before World War II.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
                      maro       まろ        麻呂, 麿                    I                                                 males    Used as a universal first-person pronoun in ancient times. Today, it is used in fictional settings to represent Court noble male characters.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
                      onore      おのれ       己                        I or you                                          males    The word onore, as well as the kanji used to transcribe it, literally means "oneself". It is humble when used as a first person pronoun and hostile (on the level of てめえ temee or てまえ temae) when used as a second person pronoun.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
                      kei        けい        卿                        you                                               males    Second person pronoun, used mostly by males. Used among peers to denote light respect, and by a superior addressing his subjects and retainers in a familiar manner. Like 君 kimi, this can also be used as an honorific (pronounced as きょう kyou), in which case it's equivalent to "lord/lady" or "sir/dame".                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                      nanji      なんじ       汝, less commonly also 爾  you, often translated as "thou"                   both     Spelled as なむち namuchi in the most ancient texts and later as なんち nanchi or なんぢ nanji.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                      onushi     おぬし       御主, お主                   you                                               both     Used by elders and samurai to talk to people of equal or lower rank. Literally means "master".                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
                      sonata     そなた       其方 (rarely used)         you                                               both     Originally a mesial deictic pronoun meaning "that side; that way; that direction"; used as a lightly respectful second person pronoun in previous eras, but now used when speaking to an inferior in a pompous and old-fashioned tone.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                      sochi      そち        其方 (rarely used)         you                                               both     Similar to そなた sonata. Literally means "that way". (Sochira and kochira, sometimes shortened to sotchi and kotchi, are still sometimes used to mean roughly "you" and "I, we", e.g. kochira koso in response to thanks or an apology means literally "this side is the one" but idiomatically "no, I (or we) thank/apologise to you"; especially common on the telephone, analogous to phrases like "on this end" and "on your end" in English. Kochira koso is often translated as "me/us, too" or "likewise" – it is certainly a reciprocation gesture, but sometimes a little more.)
                      

                        Suffixes

                        [ edit ]

                      Suffixes are added to pronouns to make them plural.

                        Romaji  Hiragana  Kanji  Level of speech                                                      Notes                                                                                                                         
                                                 informal; examples:                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                   * 僕達, boku-tachi                                                                                                                                                                                 
                        tachi   たち        達        * 私達, watashi-tachi                                                Also can be attached to names to indicate that person and the group they are with (Ryuichi-tachi = "Ryuichi and friends").    
                                                   * あなた達, anata-tachi                                                                                                                                                                              
                                                   * 君達, kimi-tachi                                                                                                                                                                                 
                        kata,   かた,       方      formal (ex. あなた方, anata-gata)                                        More polite than 達 tachi. gata is the rendaku form.                                                                           
                        gata    がた                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
                        domo    ども        共      humble (ex. 私ども, watakushi-domo)                                     Casts some aspersion on the mentioned group, so it can be rude. domo is the rendaku form.                                     
                        ra      ら         等      informal (ex. 彼ら, karera. 俺ら, ore-ra. 奴ら, yatsu-ra. あいつら, aitsu-ra)  Used with informal pronouns. Frequently used with hostile words. Sometimes used for light humble as domo (ex. 私ら, watashi-ra).
                        

                          Demonstrative and interrogative pronouns

                          [ edit ]

                        Demonstrative words, whether functioning as pronouns, adjectives or adverbs, fall into four groups. Words beginning with ko- indicate something close to the speaker (so-called proximal demonstratives). Those beginning with so- indicate separation from the speaker or closeness to the listener (medial), while those beginning with a- indicate greater distance (distal). Interrogative words, used in questions, begin with do-. [ 3 ]

                        Demonstratives are normally written in hiragana.

                          Romaji             Hiragana   Kanji  Meaning                                                           
                          kore               これ         此れ     this thing / these things (near speaker)                          
                          sore               それ         其れ     that thing / those things (near listener)                         
                          are                あれ         彼れ     that thing / those things (distant from both speaker and listener)
                          dore               どれ         何れ     which thing(s)?                                                   
                          kochira or kotchi  こちら / こっち  此方     this / here (near speaker)                                        
                          sochira or sotchi  そちら / そっち  其方     that / there (near listener)                                      
                          achira or atchi    あちら / あっち  彼方     that / there (distant from both speaker and listener)             
                          dochira or dotchi  どちら / どっち  何方     what / where                                                      
                          

                          For more forms, see Japanese demonstratives on Wiktionary.

                          Other interrogative pronouns include 何 なに nani "what?" and 誰 だれ dare "who(m)?".

                            Reflexive

                            [ edit ]

                          Japanese has only one word corresponding to reflexive pronouns such as myself, yourself, or themselves in English. The word 自分 ( jibun ) means "one's self" and may be used for human beings or some animals. It is not used for cold-blooded animals or inanimate objects. [ 3 ] [ better source needed ]

                            See also

                            [ edit ]
                            * Gender differences in spoken Japanese
                            * Japanese honorifics

                            References

                            [ edit ]
                               1. ^ Noguchi, Tohru (1997). "Two types of pronouns and variable binding". Language. 73 (4): 770–797. doi:10.1353/lan.1997.0021. S2CID 143722779.
                               2. ^ Kanaya, Takehiro (2002). 日本語に主語はいらない Nihongo ni shugo wa iranai [In Japanese subjects are not needed]. Kodansha.
                               3. ^ a b c d e f Akiyama, Nobuo; Akiyama, Carol (2002). Japanese Grammar. Barron's Educational. ISBN 0764120611.
                               4. ^ Ishiyama, Osamu (2008). Diachronic Perspectives on Personal Pronouns in Japanese (Ph.D.). State University of New York at Buffalo.
                               5. ^ Maynard, Senko K: "An Introduction to Japanese Grammar and Communication Strategies", page 45. The Japan Times, 4th edition, 1993. ISBN 4-7890-0542-9
                               6. ^ "The many ways to say "I" in Japanese | nihonshock". nihonshock.com . Retrieved 17 October 2016 .
                               7. ^ Hatasa, Yukiko Abe; Hatasa, Kazumi; Makino, Seiichi (2014). Nakama 1: Japanese Communication Culture Context. Cengage Learning. p. 314. ISBN 9781285981451.
                               8. ^ Nechaeva L.T. «Japanese for beginners», 2001, publishing house «Moscow Lyceum», ISBN 5-7611-0291-9
                               9. ^ Maidonova S.V. «Complete Japanese course», 2009, Publishing house « Astrel », ISBN 978-5-17-100807-9
                              10. ^ a b c d e f 8.1. Pronouns Archived 22 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine sf.airnet.ne.jp Retrieved on October 21, 2007
                              11. ^ Maynard, Senko K. (2016). Fluid orality in the discourse of Japanese popular culture. Amsterdam. p. 226. ISBN 978-90-272-6713-9. OCLC 944246641.{{cite book}} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link )
                              12. ^ a b c Personal pronouns in Japanese Japan Reference . Retrieved on October 21, 2007
                              13. ^ "Language Log » Japanese first person pronouns". languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu.
                              14. ^ "old boy". Kanjidict.com . Retrieved 7 May 2012 .
                              15. ^ Haruo Shirane (2005) Classical Japanese: A Grammar . Columbia University Press. p. 256
                              16. ^ "彼女とは".
                              17. ^ "he". Kanjidict.com . Retrieved 7 May 2012 .

                            External links

                            [ edit ]
                                Look up Category:Japanese pronouns in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
                            * Japan Reference: Personal pronouns in Japanese
                            * sci.lang.japan FAQ: Japanese pronouns
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                                                       * Pronouns                                             
                                                       * Adjectives                                           
                                                       * Possessives                                          
                                                       * Particles                                            
                                                       * Topic marker                                         
                                                       * Counter words                                        
                                                       * Numerals                                             
                              Grammar and              * Native words (yamato kotoba)                         
                              vocabulary               * Sino-Japanese vocabulary                             
                                                       * Loan words (gairaigo)                                
                                                           + from Dutch                                       
                                                           + from Portuguese                                  
                                                       * Wasei-eigo                                           
                                                       * Wasei-kango                                          
                                                       * Engrish                                              
                                                       * Honorific speech                                     
                                                       * Honorifics                                           
                                                       * Court lady language (nyōbō kotoba)                   
                                                       * Role language (yakuwarigo)                           
                                                       * Gender differences                                   
                                                       * Dictionaries                                         
                                                       * Pitch accent                                         
                                                       * Rendaku                                              
                                                       * Sound symbolism                                      
                              Phonology                * Kanji pronunciation sources                          
                                                           + Go-on                                            
                                                           + Kan-on                                           
                                                           + Tō-on                                            
                                                       * Romanization                                         
                                                           + Hepburn                                          
                                                           + Nihon-shiki                                      
                                                           + Kunrei                                           
                              Transliteration              + JSL                                              
                                                           + Wāpuro rōmaji                                    
                                                           + In Esperanto                                     
                                                       * Cyrillization                                        
                                                           + Polivanov system                                 
                                                       * Books                                                
                                                       * Poetry                                               
                              Literature               * Writers                                              
                                                           + Speculative fiction writers                      
                                                       * Classical Japanese                                   
                                                           + texts                                            
                              
                                    * v                            
                                    * t                            
                                    * e                            
                                  Pronouns of the world's languages
                                    * Phonologies                  
                                    * Orthographies                
                                    * Grammars                     
                                        + Adjectives               
                                        + Determiners              
                                        + Nouns                    
                                        + Prepositions             
                                        + Pronouns                 
                                        + Verbs                    
                                                                                   * English                                                 
                                                                     Germanic          + personal                                            
                                                                                   * Colognian                                               
                                                                                   * German                                                  
                                                                                            * Catalan                                        
                                                                                                + personal                                   
                                                                                                    o auxiliary verbs                        
                                                                                            * French                                         
                                Indo-European                                  Romance          + personal                                   
                                (proto-language)                     Italic                 * Portuguese                                     
                                                                                                + personal                                   
                                                                                            * Spanish                                        
                                                                                                + object                                     
                                                                                                + personal                                   
                                                                                                                                             
                                                                                   * Bulgarian                                               
                                                                     Slavic        * Macedonian                                              
                                                                                   * Slovene                                                 
                                                                                                                                             
                                other European                           * Circassian                                                        
                                Japonic                                  * Japanese                                                          
                                                                         * Burmese                                                           
                                Sino-Tibetan                             * Cantonese                                                         
                                                                         * Hokkien                                                           
                                                                         * Mandarin                                                          
                                Austroasiatic                            * Vietnamese                                                        
                                other East Asian                         * Korean                                                            
                                others                                   * Austronesian personal pronouns                                    
                                                                         * Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns
                                
                                  Authority control databases: National      * Japan
                                  
                                Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_pronouns&oldid=1221139697"
                                Categories:
                                  * Japanese vocabulary
                                  * Japanese words and phrases
                                  * Japanese grammar
                                  * Pronouns by language
                                  * Japanese honorifics
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Japanese pronouns
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_pronouns