Canal with electric barrier
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal
Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal - Wikipedia
2005-03-13
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<table><tbody><tr><th>Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago-Sanitary-and-Ship-Canal.jpg"></a><p>Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (at the time named the Chicago Drainage Canal) being built</p></td></tr><tr><th>Specifications</th></tr><tr><th>Length</th><td>28 miles (45 km)</td></tr><tr><th>Locks</th><td>1</td></tr><tr><th>Status</th><td>Open</td></tr><tr><th>History</th></tr><tr><th>Former names</th><td>Chicago Drainage Canal</td></tr><tr><th>Date completed</th><td>January 2, 1900</td></tr><tr><th>Date extended</th><td>1907</td></tr><tr><th>Geography</th></tr><tr><th>Start point</th><td><a href="/wiki/Des_Plaines_River">Des Plaines River</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Joliet,_Illinois">Joliet, Illinois</a><br />(<a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal&amp;params=41.5552_N_88.0778_W_region:US_IL_type:canal">41°33′19″N 88°04′40″W﻿ / ﻿41.5552°N 88.0778°W</a>)</td></tr><tr><th>End point</th><td><a href="/wiki/South_Branch_Chicago_River">South Branch Chicago River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a><br />(<a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal&amp;params=41.8447_N_87.6648_W_region:US_IL_type:canal">41°50′41″N 87°39′53″W﻿ / ﻿41.8447°N 87.6648°W</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Diversion_of_Chicago_Waterways.png"></a></p><div><p>The flow of water before and after the construction of the Sanitary and Ship Canal. Note that the before image here does not include the layout of the transcontinental divide <a href="/wiki/Illinois_and_Michigan_Canal">Illinois and Michigan Canal</a> (built 1848) which existed at the time (1900) but did not generally affect the directional flow of the waters</p></div></div>
<p>The <b>Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal</b>, historically known as the <b>Chicago Drainage Canal</b>, is a 28-mile-long (45 km) canal system that connects the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_River">Chicago River</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Des_Plaines_River">Des Plaines River</a>. It reverses the direction of the Main Stem and the South Branch of the Chicago River, which now flows out of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan">Lake Michigan</a> rather than into it. The related <a href="/wiki/Calumet_River#Cal-Sag_Channel">Calumet-Saganashkee Channel</a> does the same for the Calumet River a short distance to the south, joining the Chicago canal about halfway along its route to the Des Plaines. The two provide the only navigation for ships between the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Waterway">Great Lakes Waterway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River">Mississippi River</a> system.
</p><p>The canal was in part built as a <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment">sewage treatment</a> scheme. Prior to its opening in 1900, sewage from the city of Chicago was dumped into the Chicago River and flowed into Lake Michigan. The city's <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water">drinking water</a> supply was (and remains) located offshore, and there were fears that the sewage could reach the intake and cause serious disease outbreaks. Since the sewer systems were already flowing into the river, the decision was made to dam the river and reverse its flow, thereby sending all the sewage inland where it could be treated before emptying it into the Des Plaines.
</p><p>Another goal of the construction was to replace the shallow and narrow <a href="/wiki/Illinois_and_Michigan_Canal">Illinois and Michigan Canal</a> (I&amp;M), which had originally connected Lake Michigan with the Mississippi starting in 1848. As part of the construction of the new canal, the entire route was built to allow much larger ships to navigate it. It is 202 feet (62 m) wide and 24 feet (7.3 m) deep, over three times the size of the I&amp;M. The I&amp;M became a secondary route with the new canal's opening and was shut down entirely with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Waterway">Illinois Waterway</a> network in 1933.
</p><p>The building of the Chicago canal served as intensive and practical training for engineers who later built the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal">Panama Canal</a>. The canal is operated by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Water_Reclamation_District_of_Greater_Chicago">Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago</a>. In 1999, the system was named a <i>Civil Engineering Monument of the Millennium</i> by the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> (ASCE).<sup><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> The Canal was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_West_Side_Chicago">National Register of Historic Places</a> on December 20, 2011.<sup><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
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<h2>Reasons for construction[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1">edit</a>]</h2>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Illinois-michigan-canal.png"></a></p></div>
<p>Early Chicago <a href="/wiki/Sewage">sewage</a> systems discharged directly into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan">Lake Michigan</a> or into the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_River">Chicago River</a>, which itself flowed into the lake. The city's water supply also comes from the lake, through <a href="/wiki/Water_cribs_in_Chicago">water intake cribs</a> located two miles (3.2 km) offshore. There were fears that sewage could infiltrate the water supply, leading to <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever">typhoid fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholera">cholera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dysentery">dysentery</a>. During a tremendous storm in 1885, the rainfall washed refuse from the river far out into the lake (although reports of an <a href="/wiki/Chicago_1885_cholera_epidemic_myth">1885 cholera epidemic</a> are untrue), spurring a panic that a future similar storm would cause a huge epidemic in Chicago. The only reason for the storm not causing such a catastrophic event was that the weather was cooler than normal. The Sanitary District of Chicago (now <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Water_Reclamation_District_of_Greater_Chicago">The Metropolitan Water Reclamation District</a>) was created by the Illinois legislature in 1889 in response to this close call.<sup><a href="#cite_note-straighdope-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>In addition, the canal was built to supplement and ultimately replace the older and smaller <a href="/wiki/Illinois_and_Michigan_Canal">Illinois and Michigan Canal</a> (built 1848) as a conduit to the Mississippi River system. In 1871, the old canal had been deepened in an attempt to reverse the river and improve shipping but the reversal of the river only lasted one season.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Miller,_Donald_L._1996_p._427-4">[4]</a></sup> The I&amp;M canal was also badly polluted as a result of unrestricted dumping from city sewers and industries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Union_Stock_Yards">Union Stock Yards</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
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<h2>Planning and construction, 1887–1922[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2">edit</a>]</h2>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_Drainage_Canal_construction,_1900s.jpg"></a></p><div><p>Construction of the Chicago Drainage Canal, 1900s</p></div></div>
<p>By 1887, it was decided to reverse the flow of the Chicago River through <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering">civil engineering</a>. Engineer <a href="/wiki/Isham_Randolph">Isham Randolph</a> noted that a ridge about 12 miles (19 km) from the lakeshore divided the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River">Mississippi River</a> drainage system from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes">Great Lakes</a> drainage system. This low divide had been known since pre-Columbian time by the Native Americans, who used it as the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Portage">Chicago Portage</a> to cross from the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_River">Chicago River</a> drainage to the <a href="/wiki/Des_Plaines_River">Des Plaines River</a> basin drainage. The <a href="/wiki/Illinois_and_Michigan_Canal">Illinois and Michigan Canal</a> was cut across that divide in the 1840s. In an attempt to better drain sewage and pollution in the Chicago River, the flow of the river had already been reversed in 1871 when the Illinois and Michigan Canal was deepened enough to reverse the river's flow for one season.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Miller,_Donald_L._1996_p._427-4">[4]</a></sup> A plan soon emerged to again cut through the ridge and reverse the flow permanently carrying wastewater away from the lake, through the Des Plaines and <a href="/wiki/Illinois_River">Illinois</a> rivers, to the Mississippi River and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. In 1889, the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_General_Assembly">Illinois General Assembly</a> created the Sanitary District of Chicago (SDC) to carry out the plan. After four years of turmoil during construction, Isham Randolph was appointed Chief Engineer for the newly formed Sanitary District of Chicago and resolved many issues circulating around the project. While the canal was being built, permanent reversal of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_River">Chicago River</a> was attained in 1892, when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</a> further deepened the Illinois and Michigan Canal.
</p><p>One of the issues for Randolph to resolve was a strike of about 2000 union workers, centered in <a href="/wiki/Lemont,_Illinois">Lemont</a> and Joliet. On June 1, 1893, quarrymen went out to protest a wage cut, an action that also drew in 1200 canal workers. Reports describe 400 quarrymen marching along the length of the canal project on June 2, between Lemont and Romeo, conducting a "reign of terror" at worksites, "armed with clubs and revolvers", "almost crazed with liquor".<sup><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> On the 9th strikers clashed with replacement workers and local law enforcement, and Governor Altgeld called out the First and Second Regiments of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_National_Guard">Illinois National Guard</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Strikers_Come_to_Grief-7">[7]</a></sup> Dozens were wounded and at least five killed: strikers Gregor Kilka, Jacob (or Ignatz) Ast,<sup><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> Thomas Moorski, Mike Berger,<sup><a href="#cite_note-Strikers_Come_to_Grief-7">[7]</a></sup> and 17-year-old bystander John Kluga.<sup><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> The strike was settled by the 15th.<sup><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
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<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Lockport1.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>The new Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, linking the south branch of the Chicago River to the Des Plaines River at <a href="/wiki/Lockport,_Illinois">Lockport</a>, and in advance of an application by the Missouri Attorney General for an injunction against the opening, opened on January 2, 1900. However, it was not until January 17 that the complete flow of the water was released.<sup><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-TheChicago1900-12">[12]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Baker1900-13">[13]</a></sup> Further construction from 1903 to 1907 extended the canal to <a href="/wiki/Joliet,_Illinois">Joliet</a>, as the SDC wanted to replace the previously built Illinois and Michigan Canal with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. The rate of flow is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Lockport_Powerhouse">Lockport Powerhouse</a>, sluice gates at <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Harbor">Chicago Harbor</a> and at the O'Brien Lock in the <a href="/wiki/Calumet_River">Calumet River</a>, and also by pumps at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilmette_Harbor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Wilmette Harbor</a>. Two more canals were later built to add to the system: the <a href="/wiki/North_Shore_Channel">North Shore Channel</a> in 1910, and the <a href="/wiki/Calumet-Saganashkee_Channel">Calumet-Saganashkee Channel</a> in 1922.
</p><p>Construction of the Ship and Sanitary Canal was the largest earth-moving operation that had been undertaken in North America up to that time. It was also notable for training a generation of engineers, many of whom later worked on the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal">Panama Canal</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-EB1-14">[14]</a></sup> In 1989, the Sanitary District of Chicago was renamed the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.<sup><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
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<h2>Diversion of water from Great Lakes[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3">edit</a>]</h2>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal_at_Willow_Springs,_Illinois_(1904).jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal is designed to work by taking water from Lake Michigan and discharging it into the Mississippi River watershed. At the time of construction, a specific amount of water diversion was authorized by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a> (USACE) and approved by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_War">Secretary of War</a>, under provisions of various <a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Act">Rivers and Harbors Acts</a>; over the years however, this limit was not honored or well regulated. While the increased flow more rapidly flushed the untreated sewage, it also was seen as a hazard to navigation, a concern to USACE in relation to the level of the Great Lakes and the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River">St. Lawrence River</a>, from which the water was diverted. Litigation ensued from 1907, which eventually saw states downstream of the canal siding with the sanitary district and those states upstream of Lake Michigan with Canada siding against the district.<sup><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> The litigation was eventually decided by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States">Supreme Court</a> in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanitary_District_of_Chicago_v._United_States&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Sanitary District of Chicago v. United States</a></i> in 1925,<sup><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> and again in <i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_v._Illinois">Wisconsin v. Illinois</a></i> in 1929.<sup><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> In 1930, management of the canal was turned over to the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The Corps of Engineers reduced the flow of water from Lake Michigan into the canal, but kept it open for navigation purposes.<sup><a href="#cite_note-EB1-14">[14]</a></sup> These decisions prompted the sanitary district to accelerate their treatment of raw sewage.<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> Today, diversions from the Great Lakes system are regulated by an international treaty with Canada,<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> through the <a href="/wiki/International_Joint_Commission">International Joint Commission</a>, and by governors of the Great Lakes states.
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<h2>Pollution of the Canals[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4">edit</a>]</h2>
<table><tbody><tr><td><p></p></td><td><p>This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. <i>(June 2015)</i></p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Most local sewers in the Chicago area were built over 100 years ago before wastewater treatment existed. They were designed to drain sanitary flow and a limited amount of stormwater directly into the river. If intercepting sewers and the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Water_Reclamation_District_of_Greater_Chicago">Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago</a> (MWRD) water reclamation plants reach capacity during heavy rain, the local sewer continues to drain, or “overflow,” to a waterway, thus causing concern for pollution. However, the MWRD’s Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP) has worked to decrease the combined sewage overflows (CSOs) and nearly eliminated them in the Calumet Area River System. Since the tunnels became operational in 2006, CSOs have been reduced from an average of 100 days per year to 50. Since Thornton Reservoir came online in 2015, CSOs have been nearly eliminated. TARP captures and stores combined stormwater and sewage that would otherwise overflow from sewers into waterways in rainy weather. This stored water is pumped from TARP to water reclamation plants to be cleaned before being released to waterways.
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<h2>Asian carp and the Canal[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5">edit</a>]</h2>
<p>On November 20, 2009, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers">Corps of Engineers</a> announced a single sample of DNA from <a href="/wiki/Asian_carp">Asian carp</a> had been found above the electric barrier constructed in the canal in an attempt to prevent carp from migrating into the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Silver_carp">silver carp</a>, also known as the flying carp, displace native species of fish by filter feeding and removing the bottom of the food chain. It migrated through the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River">Mississippi River</a> system, and could make its way into the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes">Great Lakes</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-Belkin2009-20">[20]</a></sup> through the man-made canal. Carp were introduced to the U.S. with the blessing of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) in the 1970s to help remove algae from catfish farms in Arkansas. They escaped the farms.
</p><p>On December 2, 2009, the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal closed, as the EPA and the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Department_of_Natural_Resources">Illinois Department of Natural Resources</a> (IDNR) began applying a fish poison, <a href="/wiki/Rotenone">rotenone</a>, in an effort to kill Asian carp north of Lockport. Although no Asian carp were found in the two months of commercial and electrofishing, the massive <a href="/wiki/Fish_kill">fish kill</a> did discover a single carp.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Garcia2009-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>On December 21, 2009, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Attorney_General">Michigan Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Cox_(U.S._politician)">Mike Cox</a> filed a lawsuit with the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States">Supreme Court</a> seeking the immediate closure of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal to keep Asian carp out of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan">Lake Michigan</a>. The state of Illinois and the Corps of Engineers, which constructed the Canal, are co-defendants in the lawsuit.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Hood2009-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>In response to the Michigan lawsuit, on January 5, 2010, <a href="/wiki/Illinois">Illinois</a> State Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Madigan">Lisa Madigan</a> filed a counter-suit with the Supreme Court requesting that it reject Michigan's claims. Siding with the State of Illinois, both the Illinois Chamber of Commerce and the <a href="/wiki/American_Waterways_Operators">American Waterways Operators</a> have filed affidavits, arguing that closing the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal would upset the movement of millions of tons of vital shipments of <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore">iron ore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grain">grain</a> and other cargo, totaling more than $1.5 billion a year, and contribute to the loss of hundreds, perhaps thousands of jobs.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Merrion2010-23">[23]</a></sup> However, Michigan along with several other Great Lakes states argue that the sport and commercial fishery and tourism associated with the fishery of the entire Great Lakes region is estimated at $7 billion a year, and impacts the economies of all Great Lakes states and Canada.
</p><p>On January 19, 2010, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected the request for a preliminary injunction closing the canal.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Barnes2010-24">[24]</a></sup> In August 2011, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals">United States Court of Appeals</a> also rejected the preliminary injunction.<sup><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
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<h2>See also[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6">edit</a>]</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_1885_cholera_epidemic_myth">Chicago 1885 cholera epidemic myth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_flood">Chicago flood</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_and_Reservoir_Plan">Tunnel and Reservoir Plan</a> (TARP)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isham_Randolph">Isham Randolph</a></li></ul>
<h2>References[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7">edit</a>]</h2>
<div>
<ol>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120115202919/http://www.asce.org/People-and-Projects/Projects/Monuments-of-the-Millennium/Chicago-Wastewater-System/">"Chicago Wastewater System"</a>. American Society of Civil Engineers. Archived from <a href="http://www.asce.org/People-and-Projects/Projects/Monuments-of-the-Millennium/Chicago-Wastewater-System/">the original</a> on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2018.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/listings/20120113.htm">"Announcement"</a>. <i>List for January 13, 2012</i>. National Park Service. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120620205219/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/listings/20120113.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-straighdope_3-0">^</a></b> <cite>Adams, Cecil (12 November 2004). <a href="http://www.straightdope.com/columns/041112.html">"Did 90,000 people die of typhoid fever and cholera in Chicago in 1885?"</a>. <i>The Straight Dope</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006061128/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/041112.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved June 20, 2018.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_Donald_L._1996_p._427_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_Donald_L._1996_p._427_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Miller, Donald L. (1997). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N0TNXWkIf0wC&amp;q=city+of+the+century"><i>City of the Century</i></a>. New York: Simon &amp; Schuster. p. 427. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684831381"><bdi>978-0684831381</bdi></a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109085948/https://books.google.com/books?id=N0TNXWkIf0wC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=city+of+the+century&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjUlYXu2ePbAhUDA6wKHQKvBD8Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=chicago%20ship%20sanitary%20canal&amp;f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2018.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AyXyWAZeUcQ">"Chicago: City of the Century"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Experience">American Experience</a></i>. 13 January 2003. <a href="/wiki/PBS">PBS</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305062053/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AyXyWAZeUcQ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&amp;d=LAH18930603.2.11">"A Brief Reign of Terror Striking Quarrymen Resort to Violence"</a>. <i>The Herald</i>. Los Angeles. 3 June 1893. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506050006/http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&amp;d=LAH18930603.2.11">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strikers_Come_to_Grief_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strikers_Come_to_Grief_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&amp;d=LAH18930610.2.5">"Strikers Come to Grief"</a>. <i>The Herald</i>. 10 June 1893. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506011114/http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&amp;d=LAH18930610.2.5">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://idnc.library.illinois.edu/cgi-bin/illinois?a=d&amp;d=RIA18930612.1.4#">"Altgeld Inquiries: What is the Matter on the Drainage Canal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch_/_The_Rock_Island_Argus">The Rock Island Argus</a></i>. 12 June 1893. p. 4. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100257/http://idnc.library.illinois.edu/cgi-bin/illinois?a=d&amp;d=RIA18930612.1.4">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://access.newspaperarchive.com/us/iowa/waterloo/iowa-state-reporter/1893/06-15/page-7?tag=john+kluga+shot+santa+fe+railroad">"Much Bloodshed"</a>. <i>Iowa State Reporter</i>. 15 June 1893. Retrieved 23 April 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1893/06/15/page/8/article/lemont-strike-ends">"Lemont Strike Ends"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. 15 June 1893. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604080624/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1893/06/15/page/8/article/lemont-strike-ends/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1900/01/18/archives/the-chicago-canal-opened-fear-of-an-injunction-hastens-the.html">"The Chicago Canal Opened; Fear of an Injunction Hastens the Consummation of the Big Drainage Ditch"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a></i>. January 18, 1900. p. 8. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621071823/https://www.nytimes.com/1900/01/18/archives/the-chicago-canal-opened-fear-of-an-injunction-hastens-the.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2018.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheChicago1900_12-0">^</a></b> <cite>Smith, Alfred Emanuel (January 6, 1900). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2pyPw_hYuAC&amp;pg=PA9">"The Chicago Drainage Canal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Outlook_(New_York)">The Outlook</a></i>. <b>64</b> (1): 9. Retrieved 2009-07-30.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baker1900_13-0">^</a></b> <cite>Baker, M. N. (February 10, 1900). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2pyPw_hYuAC&amp;pg=PA355">"The Chicago Drainage Canal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Outlook_(New_York)">The Outlook</a></i>. <b>64</b> (6): 355–360. Retrieved 2018-06-18.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a> <a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/110497/Chicago-Sanitary-and-Ship-Canal">Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111120234332/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/110497/Chicago-Sanitary-and-Ship-Canal">Archived</a> 2011-11-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> Joseph T. Zurad, <a href="http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?133042">The Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago: Our Second Century of Meeting Challenges and Achieving Success</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115803/http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?133042">Archived</a> 2012-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a>, 1996
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> J. Q. Dealey Jr., <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2189864">The Chicago Drainage Canal and St. Lawrence Development</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818234144/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2189864">Archived</a> 2016-08-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_International_Law">American Journal of International Law</a></i>, Vol. 23, No. 2, Apr., 1929
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://supreme.justia.com/us/266/405/">"Sanitary District of Chicago v. United States, 266 U. S. 405"</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516100404/http://supreme.justia.com/us/266/405/">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2011-07-01.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sanitary_District_of_Chicago_v._United_States/Opinion_of_the_Court">Sanitary District of Chicago v. United States:Opinion of the Court</a>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://supreme.justia.com/us/281/696/case.html">"U.S. Supreme Court. Wisconsin v. Illinois, 281 U.S. 696 (1930)"</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313012338/http://supreme.justia.com/us/281/696/case.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-03-13. Retrieved 2011-07-01.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-Belkin2009_20-0">^</a></b> <cite>Belkin, Douglas (20 November 2009). <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125874214275057775">"Asian Carp could Hurt Boating, Fishing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220104855/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125874214275057775">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 2009-11-21.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garcia2009_21-0">^</a></b> <cite>Garcia, John (3 December 2009). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091207113519/http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news%2Flocal&amp;id=7151833">"One Asian carp found in canal after fish kill"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WLS-TV">WLS-TV</a> News</i>. Archived from <a href="http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&amp;id=7151833">the original</a> on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-07.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hood2009_22-0">^</a></b> <cite>Hood, Joel (22 December 2009). <a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/nation-and-world/la-na-asian-carp22-2009dec22,0,7502213.story">"Fight to keep Asian carp out of Great Lakes reaches Supreme Court"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091225174826/http://www.latimes.com/news/nation-and-world/la-na-asian-carp22-2009dec22%2C0%2C7502213.story">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-07.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merrion2010_23-0">^</a></b> <cite>Merrion, Paul (4 January 2010). <a href="http://www.chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=36611&amp;ba=1">"Illinois fights back as states seek carp-blocking canal closures"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Crain%27s_Chicago_Business">Crain's Chicago Business</a></i>. Retrieved 2010-01-07.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnes2010_24-0">^</a></b> <cite>Barnes, Robert (20 January 2010). <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/19/AR2010011903955.html">"More Supreme Court actions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111025904/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/19/AR2010011903955.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 2010-01-20.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://indianalawblog.com/archives/2011/08/ind_decisions_i_114.html">"Important Invasive Species/Asian Carp Opinion issued in Typescript this afternoon by 7th Circuit (Link to Court opinion)"</a>. <i>Indiana Law Blog</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425235034/http://indianalawblog.com/archives/2011/08/ind_decisions_i_114.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2011.</cite>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2>External links[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8">edit</a>]</h2>
<div>
<p></p>
</div>
<ul><li>A History from the Chicago Public Library <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070307091435/http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/timeline/riverflow.html">[1]</a>. (However this credits Rudolph Hering, not Isham Randolph with the project.)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/11094.html">An album of photographs of the dig</a>, including a 26 stanza poem written by Isham Randolph to Admiral Dewey on the opening of the canal</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Documentation_Programs#Historic_American_Engineering_Record">Historic American Engineering Record</a> (HAER) No. IL-197, "<a href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/il0976/">Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal</a>"</li>
<li><a href="https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/reversal-of-the-chicago-river">History and Heritage of Civil Engineering – Reversal of the Chicago River</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090509162017/http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/now/wlevels/lowlevels/plot/Michigan-Huron.gif">Graph of Lakes Michigan and Huron water levels since 1860</a></li>
<li><a href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo44782">Evaluation of the Potential for Hysteresis in Index-Velocity Ratings for the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal Near Lemont, Illinois</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></li></ul>
<p><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system">Coordinates</a>: <a href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal&amp;params=41_42_18_N_87_56_02_W_">41°42′18″N 87°56′02″W﻿ / ﻿41.70500°N 87.93389°W</a>
</p>
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 Contents

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 * (Top)
 * 1 Reasons for construction
 * 2 Planning and construction, 1887–1922
 * 3 Diversion of water from Great Lakes
 * 4 Pollution of the Canals
 * 5 Asian carp and the Canal
 * 6 See also
 * 7 References
 * 8 External links
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 Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal

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 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal 
 Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (at the time named the Chicago Drainage Canal) being built
 Specifications  
 Length  28 miles (45 km) 
 Locks  1 
 Status  Open 
 History  
 Former names  Chicago Drainage Canal 
 Date completed  January 2, 1900 
 Date extended  1907 
 Geography  
 Start point  Des Plaines River north of Joliet, Illinois 
  ( 41°33′19″N 88°04′40″W ﻿ / ﻿ 41.5552°N 88.0778°W )
 End point  South Branch Chicago River in Chicago, Illinois 
  ( 41°50′41″N 87°39′53″W ﻿ / ﻿ 41.8447°N 87.6648°W )
 
 The flow of water before and after the construction of the Sanitary and Ship Canal. Note that the before image here does not include the layout of the transcontinental divide Illinois and Michigan Canal (built 1848) which existed at the time (1900) but did not generally affect the directional flow of the waters

 The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, historically known as the Chicago Drainage Canal, is a 28-mile-long (45 km) canal system that connects the Chicago River to the Des Plaines River. It reverses the direction of the Main Stem and the South Branch of the Chicago River, which now flows out of Lake Michigan rather than into it. The related Calumet-Saganashkee Channel does the same for the Calumet River a short distance to the south, joining the Chicago canal about halfway along its route to the Des Plaines. The two provide the only navigation for ships between the Great Lakes Waterway and the Mississippi River system.

 The canal was in part built as a sewage treatment scheme. Prior to its opening in 1900, sewage from the city of Chicago was dumped into the Chicago River and flowed into Lake Michigan. The city's drinking water supply was (and remains) located offshore, and there were fears that the sewage could reach the intake and cause serious disease outbreaks. Since the sewer systems were already flowing into the river, the decision was made to dam the river and reverse its flow, thereby sending all the sewage inland where it could be treated before emptying it into the Des Plaines.

 Another goal of the construction was to replace the shallow and narrow Illinois and Michigan Canal (I&M), which had originally connected Lake Michigan with the Mississippi starting in 1848. As part of the construction of the new canal, the entire route was built to allow much larger ships to navigate it. It is 202 feet (62 m) wide and 24 feet (7.3 m) deep, over three times the size of the I&M. The I&M became a secondary route with the new canal's opening and was shut down entirely with the creation of the Illinois Waterway network in 1933.

 The building of the Chicago canal served as intensive and practical training for engineers who later built the Panama Canal. The canal is operated by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. In 1999, the system was named a Civil Engineering Monument of the Millennium by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).[1] The Canal was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 20, 2011.[2]

 Reasons for construction [ edit ]

 The location and course of the old Illinois and Michigan Canal, which the Sanitary and Ship Canal largely replaced

 Early Chicago sewage systems discharged directly into Lake Michigan or into the Chicago River, which itself flowed into the lake. The city's water supply also comes from the lake, through water intake cribs located two miles (3.2 km) offshore. There were fears that sewage could infiltrate the water supply, leading to typhoid fever, cholera, and dysentery. During a tremendous storm in 1885, the rainfall washed refuse from the river far out into the lake (although reports of an 1885 cholera epidemic are untrue), spurring a panic that a future similar storm would cause a huge epidemic in Chicago. The only reason for the storm not causing such a catastrophic event was that the weather was cooler than normal. The Sanitary District of Chicago (now The Metropolitan Water Reclamation District) was created by the Illinois legislature in 1889 in response to this close call.[3]

 In addition, the canal was built to supplement and ultimately replace the older and smaller Illinois and Michigan Canal (built 1848) as a conduit to the Mississippi River system. In 1871, the old canal had been deepened in an attempt to reverse the river and improve shipping but the reversal of the river only lasted one season.[4] The I&M canal was also badly polluted as a result of unrestricted dumping from city sewers and industries, such as the Union Stock Yards.[5]

 Planning and construction, 1887–1922 [ edit ]

 Construction of the Chicago Drainage Canal, 1900s

 By 1887, it was decided to reverse the flow of the Chicago River through civil engineering. Engineer Isham Randolph noted that a ridge about 12 miles (19 km) from the lakeshore divided the Mississippi River drainage system from the Great Lakes drainage system. This low divide had been known since pre-Columbian time by the Native Americans, who used it as the Chicago Portage to cross from the Chicago River drainage to the Des Plaines River basin drainage. The Illinois and Michigan Canal was cut across that divide in the 1840s. In an attempt to better drain sewage and pollution in the Chicago River, the flow of the river had already been reversed in 1871 when the Illinois and Michigan Canal was deepened enough to reverse the river's flow for one season.[4] A plan soon emerged to again cut through the ridge and reverse the flow permanently carrying wastewater away from the lake, through the Des Plaines and Illinois rivers, to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. In 1889, the Illinois General Assembly created the Sanitary District of Chicago (SDC) to carry out the plan. After four years of turmoil during construction, Isham Randolph was appointed Chief Engineer for the newly formed Sanitary District of Chicago and resolved many issues circulating around the project. While the canal was being built, permanent reversal of the Chicago River was attained in 1892, when the Army Corps of Engineers further deepened the Illinois and Michigan Canal.

 One of the issues for Randolph to resolve was a strike of about 2000 union workers, centered in Lemont and Joliet. On June 1, 1893, quarrymen went out to protest a wage cut, an action that also drew in 1200 canal workers. Reports describe 400 quarrymen marching along the length of the canal project on June 2, between Lemont and Romeo, conducting a "reign of terror" at worksites, "armed with clubs and revolvers", "almost crazed with liquor".[6] On the 9th strikers clashed with replacement workers and local law enforcement, and Governor Altgeld called out the First and Second Regiments of the Illinois National Guard.[7] Dozens were wounded and at least five killed: strikers Gregor Kilka, Jacob (or Ignatz) Ast,[8] Thomas Moorski, Mike Berger,[7] and 17-year-old bystander John Kluga.[9] The strike was settled by the 15th.[10]

 Lock and dam at Lockport

 The new Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, linking the south branch of the Chicago River to the Des Plaines River at Lockport, and in advance of an application by the Missouri Attorney General for an injunction against the opening, opened on January 2, 1900. However, it was not until January 17 that the complete flow of the water was released.[11][12][13] Further construction from 1903 to 1907 extended the canal to Joliet, as the SDC wanted to replace the previously built Illinois and Michigan Canal with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. The rate of flow is controlled by the Lockport Powerhouse, sluice gates at Chicago Harbor and at the O'Brien Lock in the Calumet River, and also by pumps at Wilmette Harbor. Two more canals were later built to add to the system: the North Shore Channel in 1910, and the Calumet-Saganashkee Channel in 1922.

 Construction of the Ship and Sanitary Canal was the largest earth-moving operation that had been undertaken in North America up to that time. It was also notable for training a generation of engineers, many of whom later worked on the Panama Canal.[14] In 1989, the Sanitary District of Chicago was renamed the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.[15]

 Diversion of water from Great Lakes [ edit ]

 The canal at Willow Springs, Illinois, 1904

 The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal is designed to work by taking water from Lake Michigan and discharging it into the Mississippi River watershed. At the time of construction, a specific amount of water diversion was authorized by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and approved by the Secretary of War, under provisions of various Rivers and Harbors Acts; over the years however, this limit was not honored or well regulated. While the increased flow more rapidly flushed the untreated sewage, it also was seen as a hazard to navigation, a concern to USACE in relation to the level of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River, from which the water was diverted. Litigation ensued from 1907, which eventually saw states downstream of the canal siding with the sanitary district and those states upstream of Lake Michigan with Canada siding against the district.[16] The litigation was eventually decided by the Supreme Court in Sanitary District of Chicago v. United States in 1925,[17][18] and again in Wisconsin v. Illinois in 1929.[19] In 1930, management of the canal was turned over to the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The Corps of Engineers reduced the flow of water from Lake Michigan into the canal, but kept it open for navigation purposes.[14] These decisions prompted the sanitary district to accelerate their treatment of raw sewage.[ citation needed ] Today, diversions from the Great Lakes system are regulated by an international treaty with Canada,[ citation needed ] through the International Joint Commission, and by governors of the Great Lakes states.

 Pollution of the Canals [ edit ]

 This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( June 2015 )
 

 Most local sewers in the Chicago area were built over 100 years ago before wastewater treatment existed. They were designed to drain sanitary flow and a limited amount of stormwater directly into the river. If intercepting sewers and the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRD) water reclamation plants reach capacity during heavy rain, the local sewer continues to drain, or “overflow,” to a waterway, thus causing concern for pollution. However, the MWRD’s Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP) has worked to decrease the combined sewage overflows (CSOs) and nearly eliminated them in the Calumet Area River System. Since the tunnels became operational in 2006, CSOs have been reduced from an average of 100 days per year to 50. Since Thornton Reservoir came online in 2015, CSOs have been nearly eliminated. TARP captures and stores combined stormwater and sewage that would otherwise overflow from sewers into waterways in rainy weather. This stored water is pumped from TARP to water reclamation plants to be cleaned before being released to waterways.

 Asian carp and the Canal [ edit ]

 Main article: Asian carp in North America

 On November 20, 2009, the Corps of Engineers announced a single sample of DNA from Asian carp had been found above the electric barrier constructed in the canal in an attempt to prevent carp from migrating into the Great Lakes. The silver carp, also known as the flying carp, displace native species of fish by filter feeding and removing the bottom of the food chain. It migrated through the Mississippi River system, and could make its way into the Great Lakes,[20] through the man-made canal. Carp were introduced to the U.S. with the blessing of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the 1970s to help remove algae from catfish farms in Arkansas. They escaped the farms.

 On December 2, 2009, the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal closed, as the EPA and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) began applying a fish poison, rotenone, in an effort to kill Asian carp north of Lockport. Although no Asian carp were found in the two months of commercial and electrofishing, the massive fish kill did discover a single carp.[21]

 On December 21, 2009, Michigan Attorney General Mike Cox filed a lawsuit with the Supreme Court seeking the immediate closure of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal to keep Asian carp out of Lake Michigan. The state of Illinois and the Corps of Engineers, which constructed the Canal, are co-defendants in the lawsuit.[22]

 In response to the Michigan lawsuit, on January 5, 2010, Illinois State Attorney General Lisa Madigan filed a counter-suit with the Supreme Court requesting that it reject Michigan's claims. Siding with the State of Illinois, both the Illinois Chamber of Commerce and the American Waterways Operators have filed affidavits, arguing that closing the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal would upset the movement of millions of tons of vital shipments of iron ore, coal, grain and other cargo, totaling more than $1.5 billion a year, and contribute to the loss of hundreds, perhaps thousands of jobs.[23] However, Michigan along with several other Great Lakes states argue that the sport and commercial fishery and tourism associated with the fishery of the entire Great Lakes region is estimated at $7 billion a year, and impacts the economies of all Great Lakes states and Canada.

 On January 19, 2010, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected the request for a preliminary injunction closing the canal.[24] In August 2011, the United States Court of Appeals also rejected the preliminary injunction.[25]

 See also [ edit ]

 * Chicago 1885 cholera epidemic myth
 * Chicago flood
 * Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP)
 * Isham Randolph

 References [ edit ]

 1. ^ "Chicago Wastewater System". American Society of Civil Engineers. Archived from the original on 15 January 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 .
 2. ^ "Announcement". List for January 13, 2012. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012 . Retrieved 26 February 2012 .
 3. ^ Adams, Cecil (12 November 2004). "Did 90,000 people die of typhoid fever and cholera in Chicago in 1885?". The Straight Dope. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008 . Retrieved June 20, 2018 .
 4. ^ a b Miller, Donald L. (1997). City of the Century. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 427. ISBN 978-0684831381. Archived from the original on 9 January 2020 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 .
 5. ^ "Chicago: City of the Century". American Experience. 13 January 2003. PBS. Archived from the original on 5 March 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 .
 6. ^ "A Brief Reign of Terror Striking Quarrymen Resort to Violence". The Herald. Los Angeles. 3 June 1893. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016 . Retrieved 23 April 2016 .
 7. ^ a b "Strikers Come to Grief". The Herald. 10 June 1893. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016 . Retrieved 23 April 2016 .
 8. ^ "Altgeld Inquiries: What is the Matter on the Drainage Canal". The Rock Island Argus. 12 June 1893. p. 4. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 23 April 2016 .
 9. ^ "Much Bloodshed". Iowa State Reporter. 15 June 1893 . Retrieved 23 April 2016 .
 10. ^ "Lemont Strike Ends". Chicago Tribune. 15 June 1893. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016 . Retrieved 23 April 2016 .
 11. ^ "The Chicago Canal Opened; Fear of an Injunction Hastens the Consummation of the Big Drainage Ditch". The New York Times. January 18, 1900. p. 8. Archived from the original on June 21, 2018 . Retrieved June 21, 2018 .
 12. ^ Smith, Alfred Emanuel (January 6, 1900). "The Chicago Drainage Canal". The Outlook. 64 (1): 9 . Retrieved 2009-07-30 .
 13. ^ Baker, M. N. (February 10, 1900). "The Chicago Drainage Canal". The Outlook. 64 (6): 355–360 . Retrieved 2018-06-18 .
 14. ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica Online Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal Archived 2011-11-20 at the Wayback Machine
 15. ^ Joseph T. Zurad, The Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago: Our Second Century of Meeting Challenges and Achieving Success Archived 2012-03-24 at the Wayback Machine , American Society of Civil Engineers , 1996
 16. ^ J. Q. Dealey Jr., The Chicago Drainage Canal and St. Lawrence Development Archived 2016-08-18 at the Wayback Machine , American Journal of International Law , Vol. 23, No. 2, Apr., 1929
 17. ^ "Sanitary District of Chicago v. United States, 266 U. S. 405". Archived from the original on 2008-05-16 . Retrieved 2011-07-01 .
 18. ^ Sanitary District of Chicago v. United States:Opinion of the Court
 19. ^ "U.S. Supreme Court. Wisconsin v. Illinois, 281 U.S. 696 (1930)". Archived from the original on 2007-03-13 . Retrieved 2011-07-01 .
 20. ^ Belkin, Douglas (20 November 2009). "Asian Carp could Hurt Boating, Fishing". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015 . Retrieved 2009-11-21 .
 21. ^ Garcia, John (3 December 2009). "One Asian carp found in canal after fish kill". WLS-TV News. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 2010-01-07 .
 22. ^ Hood, Joel (22 December 2009). "Fight to keep Asian carp out of Great Lakes reaches Supreme Court". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 25 December 2009 . Retrieved 2010-01-07 .
 23. ^ Merrion, Paul (4 January 2010). "Illinois fights back as states seek carp-blocking canal closures". Crain's Chicago Business . Retrieved 2010-01-07 .
 24. ^ Barnes, Robert (20 January 2010). "More Supreme Court actions". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012 . Retrieved 2010-01-20 .
 25. ^ "Important Invasive Species/Asian Carp Opinion issued in Typescript this afternoon by 7th Circuit (Link to Court opinion)". Indiana Law Blog. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 .

 External links [ edit ]

 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal.
 Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article "Chicago Drainage Canal".
 * A History from the Chicago Public Library [1]. (However this credits Rudolph Hering, not Isham Randolph with the project.)
 * An album of photographs of the dig, including a 26 stanza poem written by Isham Randolph to Admiral Dewey on the opening of the canal
 * Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. IL-197, "Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal"
 * History and Heritage of Civil Engineering – Reversal of the Chicago River
 * Graph of Lakes Michigan and Huron water levels since 1860
 * Evaluation of the Potential for Hysteresis in Index-Velocity Ratings for the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal Near Lemont, Illinois United States Geological Survey
 * v 
 * t 
 * e 
 Chicago Landmark districts 
 National Historic Landmark, * Printing House Row 
 National Register of Historic Places, * Pullman 
 Chicago Landmark districts  
 * Black Metropolis–Bronzeville 
 * Logan Square Boulevards 
 National Register of Historic Places, * Old Chicago Water Tower 
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
	 
   Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal      Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (at the time named the Chicago Drainage Canal) being built    Specifications   Length 28 miles (45 km)   Locks 1   Status Open   History   Former names Chicago Drainage Canal   Date completed January 2, 1900   Date extended 1907   Geography   Start point  Des Plaines River north of Joliet, Illinois (41°33′19″N 88°04′40″W﻿ / ﻿41.5552°N 88.0778°W)   End point  South Branch Chicago River in Chicago, Illinois (41°50′41″N 87°39′53″W﻿ / ﻿41.8447°N 87.6648°W)   
      The flow of water before and after the construction of the Sanitary and Ship Canal. Note that the before image here does not include the layout of the transcontinental divide Illinois and Michigan Canal (built 1848) which existed at the time (1900) but did not generally affect the directional flow of the waters  
The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, historically known as the Chicago Drainage Canal, is a 28-mile-long (45 km) canal system that connects the Chicago River to the Des Plaines River. It reverses the direction of the Main Stem and the South Branch of the Chicago River, which now flows out of Lake Michigan rather than into it. The related Calumet-Saganashkee Channel does the same for the Calumet River a short distance to the south, joining the Chicago canal about halfway along its route to the Des Plaines. The two provide the only navigation for ships between the Great Lakes Waterway and the Mississippi River system.
 The canal was in part built as a sewage treatment scheme. Prior to its opening in 1900, sewage from the city of Chicago was dumped into the Chicago River and flowed into Lake Michigan. The city's drinking water supply was (and remains) located offshore, and there were fears that the sewage could reach the intake and cause serious disease outbreaks. Since the sewer systems were already flowing into the river, the decision was made to dam the river and reverse its flow, thereby sending all the sewage inland where it could be treated before emptying it into the Des Plaines.
 Another goal of the construction was to replace the shallow and narrow Illinois and Michigan Canal (I&amp;M), which had originally connected Lake Michigan with the Mississippi starting in 1848. As part of the construction of the new canal, the entire route was built to allow much larger ships to navigate it. It is 202 feet (62 m) wide and 24 feet (7.3 m) deep, over three times the size of the I&amp;M. The I&amp;M became a secondary route with the new canal's opening and was shut down entirely with the creation of the Illinois Waterway network in 1933.
 The building of the Chicago canal served as intensive and practical training for engineers who later built the Panama Canal. The canal is operated by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. In 1999, the system was named a Civil Engineering Monument of the Millennium by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). [1]  The Canal was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 20, 2011. [2] 
Reasons for construction[edit]
     
Early Chicago sewage systems discharged directly into Lake Michigan or into the Chicago River, which itself flowed into the lake. The city's water supply also comes from the lake, through water intake cribs located two miles (3.2 km) offshore. There were fears that sewage could infiltrate the water supply, leading to typhoid fever, cholera, and dysentery. During a tremendous storm in 1885, the rainfall washed refuse from the river far out into the lake (although reports of an 1885 cholera epidemic are untrue), spurring a panic that a future similar storm would cause a huge epidemic in Chicago. The only reason for the storm not causing such a catastrophic event was that the weather was cooler than normal. The Sanitary District of Chicago (now The Metropolitan Water Reclamation District) was created by the Illinois legislature in 1889 in response to this close call. [3] 
 In addition, the canal was built to supplement and ultimately replace the older and smaller Illinois and Michigan Canal (built 1848) as a conduit to the Mississippi River system. In 1871, the old canal had been deepened in an attempt to reverse the river and improve shipping but the reversal of the river only lasted one season. [4]  The I&amp;M canal was also badly polluted as a result of unrestricted dumping from city sewers and industries, such as the Union Stock Yards. [5] 
Planning and construction, 1887–1922[edit]
      Construction of the Chicago Drainage Canal, 1900s  
By 1887, it was decided to reverse the flow of the Chicago River through civil engineering. Engineer Isham Randolph noted that a ridge about 12 miles (19 km) from the lakeshore divided the Mississippi River drainage system from the Great Lakes drainage system. This low divide had been known since pre-Columbian time by the Native Americans, who used it as the Chicago Portage to cross from the Chicago River drainage to the Des Plaines River basin drainage. The Illinois and Michigan Canal was cut across that divide in the 1840s. In an attempt to better drain sewage and pollution in the Chicago River, the flow of the river had already been reversed in 1871 when the Illinois and Michigan Canal was deepened enough to reverse the river's flow for one season. [4]  A plan soon emerged to again cut through the ridge and reverse the flow permanently carrying wastewater away from the lake, through the Des Plaines and Illinois rivers, to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. In 1889, the Illinois General Assembly created the Sanitary District of Chicago (SDC) to carry out the plan. After four years of turmoil during construction, Isham Randolph was appointed Chief Engineer for the newly formed Sanitary District of Chicago and resolved many issues circulating around the project. While the canal was being built, permanent reversal of the Chicago River was attained in 1892, when the Army Corps of Engineers further deepened the Illinois and Michigan Canal.
 One of the issues for Randolph to resolve was a strike of about 2000 union workers, centered in Lemont and Joliet. On June 1, 1893, quarrymen went out to protest a wage cut, an action that also drew in 1200 canal workers. Reports describe 400 quarrymen marching along the length of the canal project on June 2, between Lemont and Romeo, conducting a "reign of terror" at worksites, "armed with clubs and revolvers", "almost crazed with liquor". [6]  On the 9th strikers clashed with replacement workers and local law enforcement, and Governor Altgeld called out the First and Second Regiments of the Illinois National Guard. [7]  Dozens were wounded and at least five killed: strikers Gregor Kilka, Jacob (or Ignatz) Ast, [8]  Thomas Moorski, Mike Berger, [7]  and 17-year-old bystander John Kluga. [9]  The strike was settled by the 15th. [10] 
     
The new Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, linking the south branch of the Chicago River to the Des Plaines River at Lockport, and in advance of an application by the Missouri Attorney General for an injunction against the opening, opened on January 2, 1900. However, it was not until January 17 that the complete flow of the water was released. [11]   [12]   [13]  Further construction from 1903 to 1907 extended the canal to Joliet, as the SDC wanted to replace the previously built Illinois and Michigan Canal with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. The rate of flow is controlled by the Lockport Powerhouse, sluice gates at Chicago Harbor and at the O'Brien Lock in the Calumet River, and also by pumps at Wilmette Harbor. Two more canals were later built to add to the system: the North Shore Channel in 1910, and the Calumet-Saganashkee Channel in 1922.
 Construction of the Ship and Sanitary Canal was the largest earth-moving operation that had been undertaken in North America up to that time. It was also notable for training a generation of engineers, many of whom later worked on the Panama Canal. [14]  In 1989, the Sanitary District of Chicago was renamed the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. [15] 
Diversion of water from Great Lakes[edit]
     
The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal is designed to work by taking water from Lake Michigan and discharging it into the Mississippi River watershed. At the time of construction, a specific amount of water diversion was authorized by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and approved by the Secretary of War, under provisions of various Rivers and Harbors Acts; over the years however, this limit was not honored or well regulated. While the increased flow more rapidly flushed the untreated sewage, it also was seen as a hazard to navigation, a concern to USACE in relation to the level of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River, from which the water was diverted. Litigation ensued from 1907, which eventually saw states downstream of the canal siding with the sanitary district and those states upstream of Lake Michigan with Canada siding against the district. [16]  The litigation was eventually decided by the Supreme Court in  Sanitary District of Chicago v. United States  in 1925, [17]   [18]  and again in  Wisconsin v. Illinois  in 1929. [19]  In 1930, management of the canal was turned over to the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The Corps of Engineers reduced the flow of water from Lake Michigan into the canal, but kept it open for navigation purposes. [14]  These decisions prompted the sanitary district to accelerate their treatment of raw sewage.[ citation needed ] Today, diversions from the Great Lakes system are regulated by an international treaty with Canada,[ citation needed ] through the International Joint Commission, and by governors of the Great Lakes states.
Pollution of the Canals[edit]
        This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2015)     
Most local sewers in the Chicago area were built over 100 years ago before wastewater treatment existed. They were designed to drain sanitary flow and a limited amount of stormwater directly into the river. If intercepting sewers and the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRD) water reclamation plants reach capacity during heavy rain, the local sewer continues to drain, or “overflow,” to a waterway, thus causing concern for pollution. However, the MWRD’s Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP) has worked to decrease the combined sewage overflows (CSOs) and nearly eliminated them in the Calumet Area River System. Since the tunnels became operational in 2006, CSOs have been reduced from an average of 100 days per year to 50. Since Thornton Reservoir came online in 2015, CSOs have been nearly eliminated. TARP captures and stores combined stormwater and sewage that would otherwise overflow from sewers into waterways in rainy weather. This stored water is pumped from TARP to water reclamation plants to be cleaned before being released to waterways.
Asian carp and the Canal[edit]
On November 20, 2009, the Corps of Engineers announced a single sample of DNA from Asian carp had been found above the electric barrier constructed in the canal in an attempt to prevent carp from migrating into the Great Lakes. The silver carp, also known as the flying carp, displace native species of fish by filter feeding and removing the bottom of the food chain. It migrated through the Mississippi River system, and could make its way into the Great Lakes, [20]  through the man-made canal. Carp were introduced to the U.S. with the blessing of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the 1970s to help remove algae from catfish farms in Arkansas. They escaped the farms.
 On December 2, 2009, the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal closed, as the EPA and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) began applying a fish poison, rotenone, in an effort to kill Asian carp north of Lockport. Although no Asian carp were found in the two months of commercial and electrofishing, the massive fish kill did discover a single carp. [21] 
 On December 21, 2009, Michigan Attorney General Mike Cox filed a lawsuit with the Supreme Court seeking the immediate closure of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal to keep Asian carp out of Lake Michigan. The state of Illinois and the Corps of Engineers, which constructed the Canal, are co-defendants in the lawsuit. [22] 
 In response to the Michigan lawsuit, on January 5, 2010, Illinois State Attorney General Lisa Madigan filed a counter-suit with the Supreme Court requesting that it reject Michigan's claims. Siding with the State of Illinois, both the Illinois Chamber of Commerce and the American Waterways Operators have filed affidavits, arguing that closing the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal would upset the movement of millions of tons of vital shipments of iron ore, coal, grain and other cargo, totaling more than $1.5 billion a year, and contribute to the loss of hundreds, perhaps thousands of jobs. [23]  However, Michigan along with several other Great Lakes states argue that the sport and commercial fishery and tourism associated with the fishery of the entire Great Lakes region is estimated at $7 billion a year, and impacts the economies of all Great Lakes states and Canada.
 On January 19, 2010, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected the request for a preliminary injunction closing the canal. [24]  In August 2011, the United States Court of Appeals also rejected the preliminary injunction. [25] 
See also[edit]
  Chicago 1885 cholera epidemic myth 
 Chicago flood 
 Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP)
 Isham Randolph  
References[edit]
  ^   "Chicago Wastewater System". American Society of Civil Engineers. Archived from the original on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  ^   "Announcement". List for January 13, 2012. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  ^  Adams, Cecil (12 November 2004). "Did 90,000 people die of typhoid fever and cholera in Chicago in 1885?". The Straight Dope. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
^    a       b    Miller, Donald L. (1997).  City of the Century . New York: Simon &amp; Schuster. p. 427. ISBN  978-0684831381 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  ^   "Chicago: City of the Century".  American Experience . 13 January 2003. PBS. Archived from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  ^   "A Brief Reign of Terror Striking Quarrymen Resort to Violence". The Herald. Los Angeles. 3 June 1893. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
^    a       b     "Strikers Come to Grief". The Herald. 10 June 1893. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  ^   "Altgeld Inquiries: What is the Matter on the Drainage Canal".  The Rock Island Argus . 12 June 1893. p. 4. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  ^   "Much Bloodshed". Iowa State Reporter. 15 June 1893. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  ^   "Lemont Strike Ends".  Chicago Tribune . 15 June 1893. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  ^   "The Chicago Canal Opened; Fear of an Injunction Hastens the Consummation of the Big Drainage Ditch".  The New York Times . January 18, 1900. p. 8. Archived from the original on June 21, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
  ^  Smith, Alfred Emanuel (January 6, 1900). "The Chicago Drainage Canal".  The Outlook . 64 (1): 9. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  ^  Baker, M. N. (February 10, 1900). "The Chicago Drainage Canal".  The Outlook . 64 (6): 355–360. Retrieved 2018-06-18.
^    a       b    Encyclopædia Britannica Online Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal Archived 2011-11-20 at the Wayback Machine
  ^  Joseph T. Zurad, The Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago: Our Second Century of Meeting Challenges and Achieving Success Archived 2012-03-24 at the Wayback Machine, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1996
  ^  J. Q. Dealey Jr., The Chicago Drainage Canal and St. Lawrence Development Archived 2016-08-18 at the Wayback Machine,  American Journal of International Law , Vol. 23, No. 2, Apr., 1929
  ^   "Sanitary District of Chicago v. United States, 266 U. S. 405". Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
  ^  Sanitary District of Chicago v. United States:Opinion of the Court
  ^   "U.S. Supreme Court. Wisconsin v. Illinois, 281 U.S. 696 (1930)". Archived from the original on 2007-03-13. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
  ^  Belkin, Douglas (20 November 2009). "Asian Carp could Hurt Boating, Fishing".  The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  ^  Garcia, John (3 December 2009). "One Asian carp found in canal after fish kill".  WLS-TV News. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  ^  Hood, Joel (22 December 2009). "Fight to keep Asian carp out of Great Lakes reaches Supreme Court".  Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 25 December 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  ^  Merrion, Paul (4 January 2010). "Illinois fights back as states seek carp-blocking canal closures".  Crain's Chicago Business . Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  ^  Barnes, Robert (20 January 2010). "More Supreme Court actions".  The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 2010-01-20.
  ^   "Important Invasive Species/Asian Carp Opinion issued in Typescript this afternoon by 7th Circuit (Link to Court opinion)". Indiana Law Blog. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
 
External links[edit]
 
 A History from the Chicago Public Library [1]. (However this credits Rudolph Hering, not Isham Randolph with the project.)
 An album of photographs of the dig, including a 26 stanza poem written by Isham Randolph to Admiral Dewey on the opening of the canal
 Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. IL-197, "Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal"
 History and Heritage of Civil Engineering – Reversal of the Chicago River 
 Graph of Lakes Michigan and Huron water levels since 1860 
 Evaluation of the Potential for Hysteresis in Index-Velocity Ratings for the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal Near Lemont, Illinois United States Geological Survey  
 Coordinates: 41°42′18″N 87°56′02″W﻿ / ﻿41.70500°N 87.93389°W
Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal
https://archive.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/report-fish-swim-past-electric-barrier-meant-to-block-asian-carp-b99170326z1-237051941.html/
Report: Fish swim past barrier meant to stop Asian carp
2013-12-23
Dan Egan
<div><div>
 
 
 
 
 <p>The electric barrier on the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal that is considered the last line of defense to stop an Asian carp invasion of Lake Michigan has a problem: Fish can swim through it.</p>
<p>A new report by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reveals that fish can be transported across the electrified swath of canal when they get trapped in the wake of a barge.</p>
<p>Research also shows that the metal barges can essentially suck electricity out of the water as they motor through the barrier zone, creating a moving "bubble" of water that isn't pulsing with the intended electrical current.</p>
<p>The study also revealed that small fish are not always incapacitated by the electrical current in the water. In fact, a sonar camera lowered into the canal at the barrier site regularly captured schools of fish swimming freely through the barrier.</p>
<p>States the report: "Initial findings indicate that vessel-induced residual flows can trap fish and transport them beyond the electrical barriers, and that certain barge configurations may impact barrier electric field strength. Additionally, the preliminary (sonar camera) findings identified the potential for small fish (between 2-4 inches in length) to pass the barrier array in large groups, or schools."</p>
<p>Concerned that the barrier was too weak to repel juvenile fish, in 2011 the Army Corps cranked up its voltage. The agency has since been operating under the assumption that the higher voltage is strong enough to repel all sizes of fish.</p>
<p>The camera told a different story. Crews dropped it in the water on 72 occasions to capture 10 minutes of video each time. Of those 72 samples, entire schools of fish, not believed to be Asian carp, were recorded swimming through the barrier 61% of the time.</p>
<p>Federal officials stress they do not believe Asian carp are yet probing the barrier.</p>
<p>"There is no evidence that Asian carp are bypassing the barriers. Nor is there any indication that Asian carp are in the vicinity of the barriers," states the report. "The closest adult Asian carp found in the Illinois River are about 55 miles from Lake Michigan, and no small Asian carp have been observed closer than 131 miles from Lake Michigan."</p>
<p>Yet water samples taken at the barrier site and in stretches of canal on the Lake Michigan side of the barrier have regularly tested positive for Asian carp DNA during the past four years, and a poisoning of the canal in the area around the barrier in late 2009 yielded the carcass of a single Asian carp.</p>
<p>The new study may prompt changes in the way barges are configured and how the barrier operates. Safety is a big concern; some barges traveling through the electrified section of canal, located about 30 miles downstream from Lake Michigan in suburban Chicago, carry flammable materials, and the threat of sparks flying between barges is real.</p>
<p>"The news is still fairly preliminary," Felicia Y. Kirksey, aquatic invasive species program manager for the Army Corps in Chicago, said of the study. "We're going to do more analysis and work with the barge community and the Coast Guard to see how we can move forward."</p>
<p>The news comes just before the Jan. 6 release of the Army Corps' $25 million study examining how to re-establish the natural divide between the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basin that the Chicago canal destroyed when it opened over 100 years ago.</p>
<p>The study is expected to have a range of options, but Great Lakes advocates want the canal physically plugged to stop Asian carp and other unwanted species from swimming freely between the Great Lakes and Mississippi basin. Such a project would require dramatic upgrades in Chicago's sewage treatment and storm-water management.</p>
<p>Josh Mogerman, a spokesman for the Natural Resources Defense Council, said news of the electrical barrier problems is further evidence that the federal government has to find a more permanent solution to the Asian carp problem.</p>
<p>"The electric barrier already had a spotty track record, but this report seems to burst any remaining implication it can be considered a solution to the carp invasion," he said. "It reinforces the broadly held belief that a permanent, physical barrier separating the watersheds is the only way to stop the dozens of dangerous critters queued up on both sides."</p>
 <div>
 <p></p><div>
 <h5>About Dan Egan</h5>
 <p>Dan Egan is a reporter covering the Great Lakes. His reporting on invasive species and other issues has won numerous awards. He is a two-time Pulitzer Prize finalist for explanatory reporting, in 2010 and 2013.</p>
 
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 Wisconsin News | Great Lakes | Update

 Report: Fish swim past electric barrier meant to block Asian carp

 Last line of defense shows weaknesses

 An electric barrier in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal southwest of Chicago in Romeoville, Ill., is intended to keep Asian carp from swimming upstream and into Lake Michigan. The barrier is located near the arch just north of the Romeo Road bridge. Credit: Journal Sentinel files
 Dec. 23, 2013
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 Since 2003, reporter Dan Egan has been reporting on threats facing the lakes. His groundbreaking work has shown the damage caused by invasive species and has laid out the bold steps that could be taken to restore and protect the world’s largest freshwater system.

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 By Dan Egan of the Journal Sentinel

 Dec. 23, 2013 0

 The electric barrier on the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal that is considered the last line of defense to stop an Asian carp invasion of Lake Michigan has a problem: Fish can swim through it.

 A new report by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reveals that fish can be transported across the electrified swath of canal when they get trapped in the wake of a barge.

 Research also shows that the metal barges can essentially suck electricity out of the water as they motor through the barrier zone, creating a moving "bubble" of water that isn't pulsing with the intended electrical current.

 The study also revealed that small fish are not always incapacitated by the electrical current in the water. In fact, a sonar camera lowered into the canal at the barrier site regularly captured schools of fish swimming freely through the barrier.

 States the report: "Initial findings indicate that vessel-induced residual flows can trap fish and transport them beyond the electrical barriers, and that certain barge configurations may impact barrier electric field strength. Additionally, the preliminary (sonar camera) findings identified the potential for small fish (between 2-4 inches in length) to pass the barrier array in large groups, or schools."

 Concerned that the barrier was too weak to repel juvenile fish, in 2011 the Army Corps cranked up its voltage. The agency has since been operating under the assumption that the higher voltage is strong enough to repel all sizes of fish.

 The camera told a different story. Crews dropped it in the water on 72 occasions to capture 10 minutes of video each time. Of those 72 samples, entire schools of fish, not believed to be Asian carp, were recorded swimming through the barrier 61% of the time.

 Federal officials stress they do not believe Asian carp are yet probing the barrier.

 "There is no evidence that Asian carp are bypassing the barriers. Nor is there any indication that Asian carp are in the vicinity of the barriers," states the report. "The closest adult Asian carp found in the Illinois River are about 55 miles from Lake Michigan, and no small Asian carp have been observed closer than 131 miles from Lake Michigan."

 Yet water samples taken at the barrier site and in stretches of canal on the Lake Michigan side of the barrier have regularly tested positive for Asian carp DNA during the past four years, and a poisoning of the canal in the area around the barrier in late 2009 yielded the carcass of a single Asian carp.

 The new study may prompt changes in the way barges are configured and how the barrier operates. Safety is a big concern; some barges traveling through the electrified section of canal, located about 30 miles downstream from Lake Michigan in suburban Chicago, carry flammable materials, and the threat of sparks flying between barges is real.

 "The news is still fairly preliminary," Felicia Y. Kirksey, aquatic invasive species program manager for the Army Corps in Chicago, said of the study. "We're going to do more analysis and work with the barge community and the Coast Guard to see how we can move forward."

 The news comes just before the Jan. 6 release of the Army Corps' $25 million study examining how to re-establish the natural divide between the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basin that the Chicago canal destroyed when it opened over 100 years ago.

 The study is expected to have a range of options, but Great Lakes advocates want the canal physically plugged to stop Asian carp and other unwanted species from swimming freely between the Great Lakes and Mississippi basin. Such a project would require dramatic upgrades in Chicago's sewage treatment and storm-water management.

 Josh Mogerman, a spokesman for the Natural Resources Defense Council, said news of the electrical barrier problems is further evidence that the federal government has to find a more permanent solution to the Asian carp problem.

 "The electric barrier already had a spotty track record, but this report seems to burst any remaining implication it can be considered a solution to the carp invasion," he said. "It reinforces the broadly held belief that a permanent, physical barrier separating the watersheds is the only way to stop the dozens of dangerous critters queued up on both sides."

 About Dan Egan

 Dan Egan is a reporter covering the Great Lakes. His reporting on invasive species and other issues has won numerous awards. He is a two-time Pulitzer Prize finalist for explanatory reporting, in 2010 and 2013.

 * @danpatrickegan
 * degan@journalsentinel.com
 * 414-223-5383
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The electric barrier on the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal that is considered the last line of defense to stop an Asian carp invasion of Lake Michigan has a problem: Fish can swim through it.
A new report by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reveals that fish can be transported across the electrified swath of canal when they get trapped in the wake of a barge.
Research also shows that the metal barges can essentially suck electricity out of the water as they motor through the barrier zone, creating a moving "bubble" of water that isn't pulsing with the intended electrical current.
The study also revealed that small fish are not always incapacitated by the electrical current in the water. In fact, a sonar camera lowered into the canal at the barrier site regularly captured schools of fish swimming freely through the barrier.
States the report: "Initial findings indicate that vessel-induced residual flows can trap fish and transport them beyond the electrical barriers, and that certain barge configurations may impact barrier electric field strength. Additionally, the preliminary (sonar camera) findings identified the potential for small fish (between 2-4 inches in length) to pass the barrier array in large groups, or schools."
Concerned that the barrier was too weak to repel juvenile fish, in 2011 the Army Corps cranked up its voltage. The agency has since been operating under the assumption that the higher voltage is strong enough to repel all sizes of fish.
The camera told a different story. Crews dropped it in the water on 72 occasions to capture 10 minutes of video each time. Of those 72 samples, entire schools of fish, not believed to be Asian carp, were recorded swimming through the barrier 61% of the time.
Federal officials stress they do not believe Asian carp are yet probing the barrier.
"There is no evidence that Asian carp are bypassing the barriers. Nor is there any indication that Asian carp are in the vicinity of the barriers," states the report. "The closest adult Asian carp found in the Illinois River are about 55 miles from Lake Michigan, and no small Asian carp have been observed closer than 131 miles from Lake Michigan."
Yet water samples taken at the barrier site and in stretches of canal on the Lake Michigan side of the barrier have regularly tested positive for Asian carp DNA during the past four years, and a poisoning of the canal in the area around the barrier in late 2009 yielded the carcass of a single Asian carp.
The new study may prompt changes in the way barges are configured and how the barrier operates. Safety is a big concern; some barges traveling through the electrified section of canal, located about 30 miles downstream from Lake Michigan in suburban Chicago, carry flammable materials, and the threat of sparks flying between barges is real.
"The news is still fairly preliminary," Felicia Y. Kirksey, aquatic invasive species program manager for the Army Corps in Chicago, said of the study. "We're going to do more analysis and work with the barge community and the Coast Guard to see how we can move forward."
The news comes just before the Jan. 6 release of the Army Corps' $25 million study examining how to re-establish the natural divide between the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basin that the Chicago canal destroyed when it opened over 100 years ago.
The study is expected to have a range of options, but Great Lakes advocates want the canal physically plugged to stop Asian carp and other unwanted species from swimming freely between the Great Lakes and Mississippi basin. Such a project would require dramatic upgrades in Chicago's sewage treatment and storm-water management.
Josh Mogerman, a spokesman for the Natural Resources Defense Council, said news of the electrical barrier problems is further evidence that the federal government has to find a more permanent solution to the Asian carp problem.
"The electric barrier already had a spotty track record, but this report seems to burst any remaining implication it can be considered a solution to the carp invasion," he said. "It reinforces the broadly held belief that a permanent, physical barrier separating the watersheds is the only way to stop the dozens of dangerous critters queued up on both sides."
 
   
 About Dan Egan
 Dan Egan is a reporter covering the Great Lakes. His reporting on invasive species and other issues has won numerous awards. He is a two-time Pulitzer Prize finalist for explanatory reporting, in 2010 and 2013.
Report: Fish swim past barrier meant to stop Asian carp
https://archive.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/report-fish-swim-past-electric-barrier-meant-to-block-asian-carp-b99170326z1-237051941.html/
https://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works-Projects/ANS-Portal/Barrier/
Chicago District > Missions > Civil Works Projects > ANS Portal
2019-10-07
None
<div><div><p><strong>Overview:</strong></p>
<p>The Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS) is the only continuous connection between the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins and poses the greatest potential risk for the transfer of aquatic nuisance species.</p>
<p>The Electric Barriers are located near Romeoville, Illinois, in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (CSSC) within the CAWS. The CSSC is a man-made hydrologic connection between the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins that was completed in the early 20th century to address sanitation and flooding. Construction of the CSSC allowed the reversal of the flow direction in the Chicago River and accommodated increased shipping.</p>
<p>The Electric Barriers are operated to deter the inter-basin establishment of Asian carp and other fish via the CSSC by maintaining an electric field in the water. The barriers are one control technology in a broad interagency Asian carp prevention effort. They are formed of steel electrodes that are secured to the bottom of the CSSC. The electrodes are connected to a raceway, consisting of electrical connections to a control building. Equipment in the control building generates direct current (DC) pulses through the electrodes, creating an electric field in the water that discourages fish from crossing. Laboratory and tagged-fish study results show that the electric barriers are an effective fish deterrent.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/usacechicago/sets/72157627138482598/with/5911792313/">See photos from the Electric Dispersal Barrier on our Flickr page</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Status:</strong></p>
<p>A demonstration dispersal barrier (Barrier I) has been operating since 2002.  A more permanent dispersal barrier was constructed in two segments, Barriers IIA and IIB, which began full-time operation in 2009 and 2011, respectively. Construction of a more permanent Barrier I, which will include two new electrodes arrays and the original demonstration barrier with upgrades, is underway. The northern new array, known as Barrier 1 North, was activated in February 2021. The original Barrier I, now known as Barrier 1 Demonstration, has had its electrodes and control systems replaced. The second new array, Barrier 1 South, is scheduled to be completed in 2023. Each barrier built takes lessons learned from the previous ones to ensure the most effective deterrence tool possible.</p>
<p>Effective operation of the barriers is dependent on a proper combination of frequency, length (duration) and amplitude (voltage) of the DC pulses. The Demonstration Barrier operates at a maximum in-water field strength at the water surface of 1 volt/inch with pulse parameters of 5 hertz (pulses per second), 4 ms (pulse duration in milliseconds). The other barriers currently operate at 2.3 volts/inch, 34 Hz, 2.3 ms. </p>
<p>The barriers are complex electrical and mechanical systems and must periodically be powered down for maintenance. Therefore, more than one barrier is needed so at least one can be active at any time. </p>
<p><strong>Electric Barrier Parasitic Structures:</strong></p>
<p>Parasitic structures are structural steel shapes and woven-wire rope placed strategically in the CSSC to limit the extent of the electric fields generated by the barriers to the areas designed for fish deterrence.</p>
<p><br />
<small><em>                                            Installation of parasitic structure</em></small></p>
<p>Through partnership with the U.S. Coast Guard and the Invasive Carp Regional Coordinating Committee, the Corps remains committed to operating the barriers as safely as possible.</p>
<p>Occasionally, there are waterway restrictions within the CSSC due to maintenance operations of the barriers. <a href="https://homeport.uscg.mil/port-directory/lake-michigan">View the U.S. Coast Guard waterway notices</a>.</p>
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 Home / Missions / Civil Works Projects / ANS Portal / Barrier

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 Electric Barriers

 Overview:

 The Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS) is the only continuous connection between the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins and poses the greatest potential risk for the transfer of aquatic nuisance species.

 The Electric Barriers are located near Romeoville, Illinois, in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (CSSC) within the CAWS. The CSSC is a man-made hydrologic connection between the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins that was completed in the early 20th century to address sanitation and flooding. Construction of the CSSC allowed the reversal of the flow direction in the Chicago River and accommodated increased shipping.

 The Electric Barriers are operated to deter the inter-basin establishment of Asian carp and other fish via the CSSC by maintaining an electric field in the water. The barriers are one control technology in a broad interagency Asian carp prevention effort. They are formed of steel electrodes that are secured to the bottom of the CSSC. The electrodes are connected to a raceway, consisting of electrical connections to a control building. Equipment in the control building generates direct current (DC) pulses through the electrodes, creating an electric field in the water that discourages fish from crossing. Laboratory and tagged-fish study results show that the electric barriers are an effective fish deterrent.

 See photos from the Electric Dispersal Barrier on our Flickr page .

 Status:

 A demonstration dispersal barrier (Barrier I) has been operating since 2002. A more permanent dispersal barrier was constructed in two segments, Barriers IIA and IIB, which began full-time operation in 2009 and 2011, respectively. Construction of a more permanent Barrier I, which will include two new electrodes arrays and the original demonstration barrier with upgrades, is underway. The northern new array, known as Barrier 1 North, was activated in February 2021. The original Barrier I, now known as Barrier 1 Demonstration, has had its electrodes and control systems replaced. The second new array, Barrier 1 South, is scheduled to be completed in 2023. Each barrier built takes lessons learned from the previous ones to ensure the most effective deterrence tool possible.

 Effective operation of the barriers is dependent on a proper combination of frequency, length (duration) and amplitude (voltage) of the DC pulses. The Demonstration Barrier operates at a maximum in-water field strength at the water surface of 1 volt/inch with pulse parameters of 5 hertz (pulses per second), 4 ms (pulse duration in milliseconds). The other barriers currently operate at 2.3 volts/inch, 34 Hz, 2.3 ms.

 The barriers are complex electrical and mechanical systems and must periodically be powered down for maintenance. Therefore, more than one barrier is needed so at least one can be active at any time.

 Electric Barrier Parasitic Structures:
 Parasitic structures are structural steel shapes and woven-wire rope placed strategically in the CSSC to limit the extent of the electric fields generated by the barriers to the areas designed for fish deterrence.


 Installation of parasitic structure

 Through partnership with the U.S. Coast Guard and the Invasive Carp Regional Coordinating Committee, the Corps remains committed to operating the barriers as safely as possible.

 Occasionally, there are waterway restrictions within the CSSC due to maintenance operations of the barriers. View the U.S. Coast Guard waterway notices.

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Overview: 
The Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS) is the only continuous connection between the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins and poses the greatest potential risk for the transfer of aquatic nuisance species.
The Electric Barriers are located near Romeoville, Illinois, in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (CSSC) within the CAWS. The CSSC is a man-made hydrologic connection between the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins that was completed in the early 20th century to address sanitation and flooding. Construction of the CSSC allowed the reversal of the flow direction in the Chicago River and accommodated increased shipping.
The Electric Barriers are operated to deter the inter-basin establishment of Asian carp and other fish via the CSSC by maintaining an electric field in the water. The barriers are one control technology in a broad interagency Asian carp prevention effort. They are formed of steel electrodes that are secured to the bottom of the CSSC. The electrodes are connected to a raceway, consisting of electrical connections to a control building. Equipment in the control building generates direct current (DC) pulses through the electrodes, creating an electric field in the water that discourages fish from crossing. Laboratory and tagged-fish study results show that the electric barriers are an effective fish deterrent.
 See photos from the Electric Dispersal Barrier on our Flickr page.
 Status: 
A demonstration dispersal barrier (Barrier I) has been operating since 2002.  A more permanent dispersal barrier was constructed in two segments, Barriers IIA and IIB, which began full-time operation in 2009 and 2011, respectively. Construction of a more permanent Barrier I, which will include two new electrodes arrays and the original demonstration barrier with upgrades, is underway. The northern new array, known as Barrier 1 North, was activated in February 2021. The original Barrier I, now known as Barrier 1 Demonstration, has had its electrodes and control systems replaced. The second new array, Barrier 1 South, is scheduled to be completed in 2023. Each barrier built takes lessons learned from the previous ones to ensure the most effective deterrence tool possible.
Effective operation of the barriers is dependent on a proper combination of frequency, length (duration) and amplitude (voltage) of the DC pulses. The Demonstration Barrier operates at a maximum in-water field strength at the water surface of 1 volt/inch with pulse parameters of 5 hertz (pulses per second), 4 ms (pulse duration in milliseconds). The other barriers currently operate at 2.3 volts/inch, 34 Hz, 2.3 ms. 
The barriers are complex electrical and mechanical systems and must periodically be powered down for maintenance. Therefore, more than one barrier is needed so at least one can be active at any time. 
 Electric Barrier Parasitic Structures: 
Parasitic structures are structural steel shapes and woven-wire rope placed strategically in the CSSC to limit the extent of the electric fields generated by the barriers to the areas designed for fish deterrence.
 
                                             Installation of parasitic structure  
Through partnership with the U.S. Coast Guard and the Invasive Carp Regional Coordinating Committee, the Corps remains committed to operating the barriers as safely as possible.
Occasionally, there are waterway restrictions within the CSSC due to maintenance operations of the barriers. View the U.S. Coast Guard waterway notices.
Chicago District > Missions > Civil Works Projects > ANS Portal
https://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works-Projects/ANS-Portal/Barrier/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_carp#Jumping_ability
Asian carp - Wikipedia
2004-05-26
None
<div><div>
	<div><p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending"></a></p></div>
	<p>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</p>
	</div><div>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_Swimming_Amid_Falling_Flowers_Cropped.jpg"></a></p><div><p>Carp and other types of fish in <i>Fish Swimming Amid Falling Flowers</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty">Song dynasty</a> painting attributed to Liu Cai (<i>circa</i> 1080–1120)</p></div></div>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Grass.Carp2web.jpg"></a></p></div>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Asian carp</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/File:Carp_(Chinese_characters).svg"></a><p>The original Chinese character for "carp" in <a href="/wiki/Seal_script">seal script</a> (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) characters</p></td></tr><tr><th>Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td>鯉魚</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td>鲤鱼</td></tr><tr><th>Literal meaning</th><td>"carp-fish"</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><th>Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td>lǐyú</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td>li<sup>3</sup>-yü<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin">[lì.y̌]</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td>léih-yùh</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td>lei<sup>5</sup>-jyu<sup>4</sup></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese">[le̬i.jy̏ː]</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th>Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td>鯉</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><th>Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td>koi</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Several <a href="/wiki/Species">species</a> of heavy-bodied <a href="/wiki/Cyprinid">cyprinid</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish">fishes</a> are collectively known in the <a href="/wiki/United_States">United States</a> as <b>Asian carp</b>. Cyprinids from the Indian subcontinent—for example, <i>catla</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Catla_catla">Catla catla</a></i>) and <i>mrigal</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cirrhinus_cirrhosus">Cirrhinus cirrhosus</a></i>)—are not included in this classification and are known collectively as "Indian carp". Asian carp are considered <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species_in_the_United_States">invasive species in the United States</a>.
</p>
<h2>Species[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_carp&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1">edit</a>]</h2>
<p>Ten Asian carp have been substantially introduced outside their native ranges:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grass_carp">Grass carp</a> (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common_carp">Common carp</a> (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprinus_rubrofuscus">Amur carp</a> (<i>Cyprinus rubrofuscus</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silver_carp">Silver carp</a> (<i>Hypophthalmichthys molitrix</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Largescale_silver_carp">Largescale silver carp</a> (<i>Hypophthalmichthys harmandi</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bighead_carp">Bighead carp</a> (<i>Hypophthalmichthys nobilis</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Black_carp">Black carp</a> (<i>Mylopharyngodon piceus</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goldfish">Goldfish</a> (<i>Carassius auratus</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crucian_carp">Crucian carp</a> (<i>Carassius carassius</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cirrhinus_molitorella">Mud carp</a> (<i>Cirrhinus molitorella</i>)</li></ul>
<p>All the above, except largescale silver carp, have been cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> in <a href="/wiki/China">China</a> for over 1,000 years. Largescale silver carp, a more southern species, is native to <a href="/wiki/Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and is cultivated there. Grass, silver, bighead, and black carp are known as the "Four Domesticated Fish" in China and are the most important freshwater fish species for food and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>. Bighead and silver carp are the most important fish, worldwide, in terms of total aquaculture production.<sup><a href="#cite_note-kolar-1">[1]</a></sup> Common carp, amur carp and crucian carp are also common food fishes in China and elsewhere. Goldfish, though, are cultivated mainly as pet fish. Common carp are native to both <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia">Western Asia</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> so they are sometimes called a "Eurasian" carp.
</p>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Jard%C3%ADn_Bot%C3%A1nico_de_Quito_(Koi_pond,_Ecuador.).jpg"></a></p></div>
<h2>In Chinese culture[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_carp&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2">edit</a>]</h2>
<p>A long tradition of Asian carp exists in Chinese culture and literature. A popular lyric circulating as early as 2,000 years ago in the late <a href="/wiki/Han_period">Han period</a> includes an anecdote which relates how a man far away from home sent back to his wife a pair of carp (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters">Chinese</a>: 鲤鱼; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i>Liyu</i>), in which, when the wife opened the fish to cook, she found a silk strip that carried a love note of just two lines: "Eat well to keep fit, missing you and forget me not".
</p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River">Yellow River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Henan">Henan</a> (Chinese: 河南; pinyin: Hénán; Wade–Giles: Ho-nan) is a waterfall called the <a href="/wiki/Longmen_(mythology)">Dragon Gate</a>. It is said that if certain carp called <i>yulong</i> can climb the cataract, they will transform into dragons. Every year in the third month of spring, they swim up from the sea and gather in vast numbers in the pool at the foot of the falls. It used to be said that only 71 could make the climb in any year. When the first succeeded, then the rains would begin to fall. This Dragon Gate was said to have been created after the flood by the god-emperor Yu, who split a mountain blocking the path of the Yellow River. It was so famous that throughout China was a common saying, "a student facing his examinations is like a carp attempting to leap the Dragon Gate."
</p><p>Henan is not the only place where this happens. Many other waterfalls in China also have the name Dragon Gate and much the same is said about them. Other famous Dragon Gates are on the Wei River where it passes through the Lung Sheu Mountains and at Tsin in Shanxi Province.
</p><p>The fish's jumping feature is set in such a proverbial idiom as "<i>Liyu</i> (Carp) jumps over the Dragon Gate (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters">Chinese</a>: 鲤跃龙门)," an idiom that conveys a vivid image symbolizing a sudden uplifting in one's social status, as when one ascends into the upper society or has found favor with the royal or a noble family, perhaps through marriage, but in particular through success in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination">imperial examination</a>. It is therefore an idiom often used to encourage students or children to achieve success through hard work and perseverance. This symbolic image, as well as the image of the carp itself, has been one of the most popular themes in Chinese paintings, especially those of popular styles. The fish is usually colored in gold or pink, shimmering with an unmistakably auspicious tone. Yuquan (玉泉 in Chinese), one of the well-known scenic spots in Hangzhou, has a large fish pond alive with hundreds of carp of various colors. A three-character inscription, <i>Yu-Le-Guo</i> (鱼乐国), meaning "fish's paradise", is set above one end of the pond in the calligraphy of a famous gentry-scholar of the late <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> named Dong Qichang (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters">Chinese</a>: 董其昌). Many tourists feed the fish with bread crumbs.
</p><p>Among the various kinds of carp, the silver carp is the least expensive in China. The grass carp is still the main delicacy in Hangzhou cuisine. Restaurants along the West Lake of the city keep the fish in cages submerged in the lake water right in front of the restaurant; on an order from a customer, they dash a live fish on the pavement to kill it before cooking. The fish is normally served with a vinegar-based sweet-and-sour sauce (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters">Chinese</a>: 西湖醋鱼).
</p>
<h2>Jumping ability[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_carp&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3">edit</a>]</h2>
<p><a href="/wiki/Silver_carp">Silver carp</a> are easily frightened by boats, which cause them to leap up to 2.5–3.0 metres (8–10 ft) into the air, and numerous boaters have been severely injured by collisions with the fish.<sup><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>, "reported injuries include cuts from fins, black eyes, broken bones, back injuries, and concussions".<sup><a href="#cite_note-epa.gov-4">[4]</a></sup> This behavior has sometimes been attributed to the very similar bighead carp, but these do not normally jump when frightened.<sup><a href="#cite_note-kolar-1">[1]</a></sup> Catching jumping carp in nets has become part of the Redneck Fishing Tournament in <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Illinois">Bath, Illinois</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>As food[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_carp&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4">edit</a>]</h2>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Koikoku_at_Saku_city.jpg"></a></p><div><p>Koikoku (thick <a href="/wiki/Miso">miso</a> soup with carp)</p></div></div>
<p>Asian carp have been a popular food fish in Asia for thousands of years. Some recipes are specifically for carp such as the "<a href="/wiki/Sweet-and-sour">sweet-and-sour</a> carp" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters">Chinese</a>: 糖醋鯉魚; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i>Tángcù Lǐyú</i>) and "thick <a href="/wiki/Miso_soup">miso soup</a> with carp" (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language">Japanese</a>: 鯉こく, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese">romanized</a>: </small><i>Koikoku</i>). However, many people in North America do not distinguish the various Asian carp species and see them all as undesirable <a href="/wiki/Trash_fish">trash fish</a> because of their perceived <a href="/wiki/Bottom_feeder">bottom-feeding</a> behavior, while, in fact, only some species are bottom-feeders. Furthermore, even the bottom-feeding species such as the common carp, a highly bony species which was introduced to North America from Europe in the 17th century, are important <a href="/wiki/Food_fish">food fish</a> outside North America.<sup><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>The pearly white flesh of carps — though complicated by a series of fine bones — is said to taste like <a href="/wiki/Cod">cod</a> or described as a cross between <a href="/wiki/Scallop">scallops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crabmeat">crabmeat</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Filter-feeding">filter-feeding</a> silver and bighead carp, in particular, have much lower <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_contamination">heavy metal contamination</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)">mercury</a>) than most other fish because they are <a href="/wiki/Algae_eater">algivorous</a> <a href="/wiki/Consumer_(food_chain)#Levels_of_the_food_chain">primary consumers</a> that do not eat other <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_invertebrate">aquatic invertebrates</a> or fishes and therefore are the least impacted by <a href="/wiki/Biomagnification">biomagnification</a>.
</p>
<h3>Copi renaming[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_carp&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>In June 2022,<sup><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> the Illinois Department of Natural resources announced a campaign to rebrand Asian carp as Copi.<sup><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> The Copi renaming is a part of a Federal and state initiative to get the public to eat the invasive fish,<sup><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> decrease its numbers in Midwestern waterways,<sup><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> and prevent its introduction to the Great Lakes.<sup><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_for_Copi_the_new_name_for_Asian_carp.svg"></a></p><div><p>Logo for Copi the new name for Asian carp</p></div></div>
<p>The federal <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> -- the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative<sup><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> - is funding the Copi rebrand of Asian carp.<sup><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>As an invasive species[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_carp&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6">edit</a>]</h2>
<p>Some species of Asian carp cause harm when they are <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species">introduced</a> to new environments. The black carp feeds on native mussels and snails, some of which can be already endangered. Grass carp can alter the <a href="/wiki/Food_web">food webs</a> of a new environment by altering the communities of plants, invertebrates, and fish. Silver carp feed on the <a href="/wiki/Plankton">plankton</a> necessary for larval fish and native mussels.<sup><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>North America[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_carp&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>Because of their prominence, and because they were imported to the United States much later than other carp native to Asia, the term "Asian carp" is often used with the intended meaning of only grass, black, silver, and bighead carp. In the U.S., Asian carp are considered to be invasive species. Of the Asian carp introduced to the United States, only two (crucian and black carp) are not known to be firmly established. Crucian carp is probably <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction">extirpated</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Since 2003, however, several adults, fertile black carp have been captured from the <a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_River">Atchafalaya</a> and other rivers connected to the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River">Mississippi River</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> Dr. Leo Nico, in the book <i>Black carp: Biological Synopsis and Risk Assessment of an Introduced Fish</i>, reports that black carp are probably established in the United States. In <a href="/wiki/South_Florida">South Florida</a>, the local water management district actually stocks the canals with sterilized grass carp to control the <a href="/wiki/Hydrilla">hydrilla</a> plant, which tends to block the locks and drainage valves used to control water flow from the <a href="/wiki/Everglades">Everglades</a>.
</p><p>Bighead and silver carp feed by filtering plankton from the water. The extremely high abundance of bighead and silver carp has caused great concern because of the potential for competition with native species for food and living space. Because of their filter-feeding habits, they are difficult to capture by normal angling methods.
</p>
<h4>History[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_carp&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8">edit</a>]</h4>
<p>In the late 19th century, the common carp was distributed widely throughout the United States by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_Commission">United States Fish Commission</a> as a foodfish.<sup><a href="#cite_note-NASCyprinusCarpio-17">[17]</a></sup> 
In the 1970s, fish farmers in mostly southern states began importing Asian carp from China to help clean their commercial ponds.<sup><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> The rise in the populations of bighead and silver carp has been dramatic where they are established in the Mississippi River basin.<sup><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Distribution[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_carp&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9">edit</a>]</h4>
<p>Bighead, silver, and grass carp are known to be well-established in the Mississippi River basin (including tributaries), where they at times reach extremely high numbers, especially in the case of the bighead and silver carp. Bighead, silver, and grass carp have been captured in that watershed from Louisiana to South Dakota, Minnesota, and Ohio. Grass carp are also established in at least one other watershed, in Texas, and may be established elsewhere.
</p>
<div> <div><p>Asian carp, Shedd Aquarium, Chicago</p></div></div>
<p>Grass carp have been captured in all of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes">Great Lakes</a> except <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior">Lake Superior</a>, but so far, no evidence indicates a reproducing population. No silver carp or black carp have yet been found in any of the Great Lakes. Common carp are abundant throughout the Great Lakes.
</p><p>A few bighead and grass carp have been captured in Canada's portions of the Great Lakes, but no Asian carp (other than common carp) is known to be established in Canada at this time. Concerns exist that the silver carp may spread into <a href="/wiki/Cypress_Hills_(Canada)">Cypress Hills</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alberta">Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> through <a href="/wiki/Battle_Creek_(Milk_River)">Battle Creek (Milk River)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Frenchman_River">Frenchman River</a>, and other rivers flowing south out of the hills into the <a href="/wiki/Milk_River_(Alberta%E2%80%93Montana)">Milk River</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ontario">Ontario</a> does not have Asian carp yet and has used the provincial <a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasive_Species_Act_(Ontario)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Invasive Species Act</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-On-Inv-Sp-Act-21">[21]</a></sup> to prohibit their import.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Invading-Species-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>In Mexico, grass carp have been established for many years in at least two river systems, where they are considered invasive, but no other Asian carp are known to have been introduced.
</p>
<h4>Management[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_carp&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10">edit</a>]</h4>
<p>These fish are thought to be highly detrimental to the environment in parts of the United States.<sup><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> Because of these concerns, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a> convened stakeholders to develop a national plan for the management and control of invasive Asian carp (referring to bighead, silver, black, and grass carp).<sup><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> The plan was accepted by the National Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force in the fall of 2007.
</p><p>As of 2016, efforts were being made to reintroduce <a href="/wiki/Alligator_gar">alligator gar</a> between Tennessee and Illinois as part of an effort to control Asian carp.<sup><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2019 the Kentucky declared "War on Carp" and started to use electro-fishing and sonic devices to remove 5 million pounds of Asian carp from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Barkley">Lake Barkley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Lake">Kentucky Lake</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Legislation[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_carp&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11">edit</a>]</h4>
<p>The Stop Asian Carp Act of 2011 was introduced to require the Secretary of the Army to study the feasibility of the hydrological separation, such as electric barriers, of the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins.<sup><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> The act provided 30 days for the Secretary of the Army to begin a study on the best means of implementing a hydrological separation of the Great Lakes to prevent the introduction of Asian carp. The study requirements included researching techniques that prevented the spread of carp from flooding, wastewater and storm water infrastructure, waterway safety operations, and barge and recreational traffic.
</p><p>In 2012, the U.S. Senate and House introduced new bills aimed at combating the spread of Asian carp into the Great Lakes by expediting some items of the Stop Asian Carp Act of 2011.<sup><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> The legislation provides direction to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to complete their study within 18 months on how to separate the Great Lakes from the Mississippi watersheds.
</p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_2020&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Water Resources Development Act of 2020</a> was passed by Congress to provide $25 million to efforts against the invasive species in the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River">Tennessee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_River">Cumberland</a> <a href="/wiki/River_basin">river basins</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>See also[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_carp&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12">edit</a>]</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koi">Koi</a></li></ul>
<h2>References[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_carp&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13">edit</a>]</h2>
<div>
<ol>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-kolar_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kolar_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Kolar et al. 2007. Bigheaded carp: Biological synopsis and environmental risk assessment. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> Balon, E. 1995. Origin and domestication of the wild carp, Cyprinus carpio: from Roman gourmets to the swimming flowers. Aquaculture 129(1-4):3-48
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.lib.niu.edu/2002/oi020508.html">P.J. Perea, <i>Asian Carp Invasion</i>, OutdoorIllinois, May 2002 (Ill. Dept. Natural Resources), at 8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&amp;q=n2:1072-7175">1072-7175</a>, Retrieved February 19, 2008.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-epa.gov_4-0">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.epa.gov/EPA-IMPACT/2007/July/Day-10/i13371.htm"><i>Injurious Wildlife Species; Silver Carp and Largescale Silver Carp</i>, Federal Register: July 10, 2007 (Volume 72, Number 131)</a>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> Crossett, Larry, <a href="http://www.pekintimes.com/news/x979354009/Redneck-Fishing-Tournament-draws-crowds">"Redneck Fishing Tournament draws crowds"</a>, GateHouse News Service/<i>Pekin Times</i>, August 9, 2010 8:00 AM.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> Gallagher, Jim, <a href="http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/article_9492759b-5968-5021-9c13-23168664f0d3.html">"Let them eat carp: Illinois to feed pest fish to the poor"</a>, <i>St. Louis Post-Dispatch</i>, July 14, 2011 4:45 pm.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <a href="https://www2.illinois.gov/IISNews/25089-Choose_Copi_Eat_Well_and_Do_Good.pdf">"Illinois Department of Natural Resources announcement, June 22, 2022"</a>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <a href="https://www.creativereview.co.uk/asian-carp-copi-rebrand-span/">"Creative Review: America’s least favourite fish gets a rebrand, June 29, 2022"</a>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/can-rebranding-invasive-carp-make-it-more-appealing-to-eat-180980320/">"Smithsonian: Can rebranding invasive carp make it more appealing to eat, June 2022"</a>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <a href="https://www.usnews.com/news/news/articles/2022-06-22/from-carp-to-copi-unpopular-fish-getting-a-makeover">"U.S. News &amp; World Report: From Carp to Copi, Unpopular fish gets a makeover, June 2022"</a>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <a href="https://apnews.com/article/chicago-lakes-michigan-illinois-ce92a5c9e97ab7c4c55e42b43876935d">"From ‘carp’ to ‘copi’: unpopular fish getting a makeover"</a>, <i>apnews.com</i>, June 22, 2022.]
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <a href="https://www.epa.gov/great-lakes-funding/great-lakes-restoration-initiative-glri">EPA.gov</a>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <a href="https://apnews.com/article/chicago-lakes-michigan-illinois-ce92a5c9e97ab7c4c55e42b43876935d">"From ‘carp’ to ‘copi’: unpopular fish getting a makeover"</a>, <i>apnews.com</i>, June 22, 2022.]
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <a href="https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/silver-carp">Silver Carp</a> <i>USDA National Agricultural Library</i>. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <cite>Fuller, Pam (June 7, 2005). <a href="https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=509">"Species FactSheet: Carassius carassius"</a>. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved June 19, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <cite>Fuller, Pam (June 7, 2005). <a href="https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=573">"Species FactSheet: Mylopharyngodon piceus"</a>. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved June 19, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASCyprinusCarpio_17-0">^</a></b> <cite>Fuller, Pam (June 7, 2005). <a href="https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=509">"Species FactSheet: Cyprinus carpio"</a>. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved June 19, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/the-carp-must-die-02162012.html">The Carp Must Die</a> in <a href="/wiki/BusinessWeek">BusinessWeek</a>, February 16, 2012
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <a href="https://host.madison.com/news/local/great-lakes-states-sue-to-stop-asian-carp-invasion/article_fb5b0e6a-ffc8-11de-89ef-001cc4c002e0.html">Great Lakes states sue to stop Asian carp invasion</a> in <i>The Capital Times</i>, January 13, 2010.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <cite>Koel, Todd M.; Kevin S. Irons; Eric Ratcliff (November 2000). <a href="https://www.umesc.usgs.gov/reports_publications/psrs/psr_2000_05.html">"Asian Carp Invasion of the Upper Mississippi River System"</a>. Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070621153825/http://www.umesc.usgs.gov/reports_publications/psrs/psr_2000_05.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-On-Inv-Sp-Act_21-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/s15022">"Invasive Species Act, 2015, S.O. 2015, c. 22 - Bill 37"</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-Invading-Species_22-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.invadingspecies.com/asian-carps/">"Asian Carps – Ontario's Invading Species Awareness Program"</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <cite>Rousseau, Caryn; Flesher, John (December 2, 2009). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091206091331/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hs63FD_eLJEQ2gB94JLywKNtuF2AD9CBF2680">"Fears mount over giant carp reaching Great Lakes"</a>. Associated Press. Archived from <a href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hs63FD_eLJEQ2gB94JLywKNtuF2AD9CBF2680">the original</a> on December 6, 2009. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <cite>Asian Carp Working Group; Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force (April 2006). <a href="https://images.google.com/images?hl=en&amp;source=hp&amp;q=mack&amp;um=1&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;sa=N&amp;tab=wi">"Draft Management and Control Plan for Asian Carp in the United States"</a> (PDF). Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force. Retrieved June 19, 2007.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <cite>Webber, Tammy (July 29, 2016). <a href="https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2016/07/29/alligator-gar-combat-asian-carp/87699102/">"Once-hated fish now sought to combat Asian carp"</a>. <i>Detroit Free Press</i>. Associated Press. Retrieved August 22, 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.wcpo.com/news/national/asian-carp-have-taken-over-kentuckys-lakes-and-officials-are-using-shocking-boats-to-count-them">"Asian carp have taken over Kentucky's lakes"</a>.</cite> 
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/s471/text">"Text of the Stop Asian Carp Act of 2011"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GovTrack">GovTrack</a></i>. March 3, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2015.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130802222444/http://healthylakes.org/news-events/press-release/new-bills-to-confront-asian-carp-threat-introduced-in-congress/">"Healing Our Waters"</a>. <i>Healthy Lakes Healthy Lives</i>. 2010. Archived from <a href="http://healthylakes.org/news-events/press-release/new-bills-to-confront-asian-carp-threat-introduced-in-congress/">the original</a> on August 2, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2013.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <cite>Raucoules, Gregory (December 22, 2020). <a href="https://www.wate.com/news/federal-funding-gives-25m-to-fight-asian-carp-in-tennessee-cumberland-river-basins">"Federal funding gives $25M to fight Asian carp in Tennessee, Cumberland River basins"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WATE">WATE</a></i>.</cite>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2>Further reading[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_carp&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14">edit</a>]</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.economist.com/united-states/2022/07/07/to-hook-american-diners-an-invasive-species-of-carp-gets-a-new-name">The Economist, To hook American diners, an invasive species of carp gets a new name (July 7, 2022)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.designweek.co.uk/issues/27-june-3-july-2022/asian-carp-rebrand/">DesignWeek, Asian carp rebranded as Copi to tackle US environmental crisis (June 22, 2022)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.printmag.com/daily-heller/the-daily-heller-a-misunderstood-fish-gets-a-rebrand/,">Print magazine The Daily Heller, A Misunderstood fish gets a rebrand (July, 2022)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U93YVfe0gxY">Illinois Department of Natural Resources official launch with John Goss, Brian Jupiter and Span</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.insideedition.com/media/videos/most-hated-fish-in-america-asian-carp-is-renamed-76662">Inside Edition: Most Hated Fish in America’ Asian Carp Is Renamed, (August 30, 2022)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.commarts.com/exhibit/copi-identity-and-campaign">Communication Arts: Copi identity and campaign (September 3, 2022)</a></li>
<li>Charles V. Stern, Harold F. Upton, Cynthia Brougher, <a href="http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41082.pdf">Asian Carp and the Great Lakes Region</a> <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service">Congressional Research Service</a> (January 23, 2014)</li></ul>
<h2>External links[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_carp&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15">edit</a>]</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/asian-carp">Species Profile- Asian Carp</a>, National Invasive Species Information Center, <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Agricultural_Library">United States National Agricultural Library</a>. Lists separate profiles for <a href="/wiki/Bighead_carp">bighead carp</a> (<i>Hypophthalmichthys nobilis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Black_carp">black carp</a> (<i>Mylopharyngodon piceus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Grass_carp">grass carp</a> (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Silver_carp">silver carp</a> (<i>Hypophthalmichthys molitrix</i>)</li>
<li><a href="http://asiancarp.us/">AsianCarp.us</a> - multi-agency clearinghouse of information on Asian Carp Response in the Midwest</li></ul>
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 * (Top)
 * 1 Species
 * 2 In Chinese culture
 * 3 Jumping ability
 * 4 As food
 + 4.1 Copi renaming
 * 5 As an invasive species
 + 5.1 North America
 o 5.1.1 History
 o 5.1.2 Distribution
 o 5.1.3 Management
 o 5.1.4 Legislation
 * 6 See also
 * 7 References
 * 8 Further reading
 * 9 External links
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 Asian carp

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 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 Carp and other types of fish in Fish Swimming Amid Falling Flowers, a Song dynasty painting attributed to Liu Cai (circa 1080–1120)

 Grass carp
 Asian carp  
   
 The original Chinese character for "carp" in seal script (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) characters
 Chinese name  
 Traditional Chinese  鯉魚 
 Simplified Chinese  鲤鱼 
 Literal meaning  "carp-fish"
 Transcriptions  
 Standard Mandarin  
 Hanyu Pinyin lǐyú  
 Wade–Giles li 3 -yü 2  
 IPA [lì.y̌]  
 Yue: Cantonese  
 Yale Romanization léih-yùh  
 Jyutping lei 5 -jyu 4  
 IPA [le̬i.jy̏ː]  
   
 Japanese name  
 Kanji  鯉 
 Transcriptions  
 Romanization koi  
   
   
 

 Several species of heavy-bodied cyprinid fishes are collectively known in the United States as Asian carp. Cyprinids from the Indian subcontinent—for example, catla (Catla catla) and mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus)—are not included in this classification and are known collectively as "Indian carp". Asian carp are considered invasive species in the United States.

 Species [ edit ]

 Ten Asian carp have been substantially introduced outside their native ranges:

 * Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
 * Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
 * Amur carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)
 * Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)
 * Largescale silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys harmandi)
 * Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)
 * Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)
 * Goldfish (Carassius auratus)
 * Crucian carp (Carassius carassius)
 * Mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella)

 All the above, except largescale silver carp, have been cultivated in aquaculture in China for over 1,000 years. Largescale silver carp, a more southern species, is native to Vietnam and is cultivated there. Grass, silver, bighead, and black carp are known as the "Four Domesticated Fish" in China and are the most important freshwater fish species for food and traditional Chinese medicine. Bighead and silver carp are the most important fish, worldwide, in terms of total aquaculture production.[1] Common carp, amur carp and crucian carp are also common food fishes in China and elsewhere. Goldfish, though, are cultivated mainly as pet fish. Common carp are native to both Eastern Europe and Western Asia,[2] so they are sometimes called a "Eurasian" carp.

 Asian carp, swimming at a Koi pond inside the Jardín Botánico de Quito.

 In Chinese culture [ edit ]

 Further information: Fish in Chinese mythology

 A long tradition of Asian carp exists in Chinese culture and literature. A popular lyric circulating as early as 2,000 years ago in the late Han period includes an anecdote which relates how a man far away from home sent back to his wife a pair of carp (Chinese: 鲤鱼 ; pinyin: Liyu ), in which, when the wife opened the fish to cook, she found a silk strip that carried a love note of just two lines: "Eat well to keep fit, missing you and forget me not".

 At the Yellow River at Henan (Chinese: 河南; pinyin: Hénán; Wade–Giles: Ho-nan) is a waterfall called the Dragon Gate. It is said that if certain carp called yulong can climb the cataract, they will transform into dragons. Every year in the third month of spring, they swim up from the sea and gather in vast numbers in the pool at the foot of the falls. It used to be said that only 71 could make the climb in any year. When the first succeeded, then the rains would begin to fall. This Dragon Gate was said to have been created after the flood by the god-emperor Yu, who split a mountain blocking the path of the Yellow River. It was so famous that throughout China was a common saying, "a student facing his examinations is like a carp attempting to leap the Dragon Gate."

 Henan is not the only place where this happens. Many other waterfalls in China also have the name Dragon Gate and much the same is said about them. Other famous Dragon Gates are on the Wei River where it passes through the Lung Sheu Mountains and at Tsin in Shanxi Province.

 The fish's jumping feature is set in such a proverbial idiom as "Liyu (Carp) jumps over the Dragon Gate (Chinese: 鲤跃龙门 )," an idiom that conveys a vivid image symbolizing a sudden uplifting in one's social status, as when one ascends into the upper society or has found favor with the royal or a noble family, perhaps through marriage, but in particular through success in the imperial examination. It is therefore an idiom often used to encourage students or children to achieve success through hard work and perseverance. This symbolic image, as well as the image of the carp itself, has been one of the most popular themes in Chinese paintings, especially those of popular styles. The fish is usually colored in gold or pink, shimmering with an unmistakably auspicious tone. Yuquan (玉泉 in Chinese), one of the well-known scenic spots in Hangzhou, has a large fish pond alive with hundreds of carp of various colors. A three-character inscription, Yu-Le-Guo (鱼乐国), meaning "fish's paradise", is set above one end of the pond in the calligraphy of a famous gentry-scholar of the late Ming Dynasty named Dong Qichang (Chinese: 董其昌 ). Many tourists feed the fish with bread crumbs.

 Among the various kinds of carp, the silver carp is the least expensive in China. The grass carp is still the main delicacy in Hangzhou cuisine. Restaurants along the West Lake of the city keep the fish in cages submerged in the lake water right in front of the restaurant; on an order from a customer, they dash a live fish on the pavement to kill it before cooking. The fish is normally served with a vinegar-based sweet-and-sour sauce (Chinese: 西湖醋鱼 ).

 Jumping ability [ edit ]

 Silver carp are easily frightened by boats, which cause them to leap up to 2.5–3.0 metres (8–10 ft) into the air, and numerous boaters have been severely injured by collisions with the fish.[3] According to the Environmental Protection Agency, "reported injuries include cuts from fins, black eyes, broken bones, back injuries, and concussions".[4] This behavior has sometimes been attributed to the very similar bighead carp, but these do not normally jump when frightened.[1] Catching jumping carp in nets has become part of the Redneck Fishing Tournament in Bath, Illinois.[5]

 As food [ edit ]

 Koikoku (thick miso soup with carp)

 Asian carp have been a popular food fish in Asia for thousands of years. Some recipes are specifically for carp such as the "sweet-and-sour carp" (Chinese: 糖醋鯉魚 ; pinyin: Tángcù Lǐyú ) and "thick miso soup with carp" (Japanese: 鯉こく , romanized: Koikoku). However, many people in North America do not distinguish the various Asian carp species and see them all as undesirable trash fish because of their perceived bottom-feeding behavior, while, in fact, only some species are bottom-feeders. Furthermore, even the bottom-feeding species such as the common carp, a highly bony species which was introduced to North America from Europe in the 17th century, are important food fish outside North America.[6]

 The pearly white flesh of carps — though complicated by a series of fine bones — is said to taste like cod or described as a cross between scallops and crabmeat. The filter-feeding silver and bighead carp, in particular, have much lower heavy metal contamination (such as mercury) than most other fish because they are algivorous primary consumers that do not eat other aquatic invertebrates or fishes and therefore are the least impacted by biomagnification.

 Copi renaming [ edit ]

 In June 2022,[7] the Illinois Department of Natural resources announced a campaign to rebrand Asian carp as Copi.[8] The Copi renaming is a part of a Federal and state initiative to get the public to eat the invasive fish,[9] decrease its numbers in Midwestern waterways,[10] and prevent its introduction to the Great Lakes.[11]

 Logo for Copi the new name for Asian carp

 The federal United States Environmental Protection Agency -- the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative[12] - is funding the Copi rebrand of Asian carp.[13]

 As an invasive species [ edit ]

 Some species of Asian carp cause harm when they are introduced to new environments. The black carp feeds on native mussels and snails, some of which can be already endangered. Grass carp can alter the food webs of a new environment by altering the communities of plants, invertebrates, and fish. Silver carp feed on the plankton necessary for larval fish and native mussels.[14]

 North America [ edit ]

 Main article: Asian carp in North America

 Because of their prominence, and because they were imported to the United States much later than other carp native to Asia, the term "Asian carp" is often used with the intended meaning of only grass, black, silver, and bighead carp. In the U.S., Asian carp are considered to be invasive species. Of the Asian carp introduced to the United States, only two (crucian and black carp) are not known to be firmly established. Crucian carp is probably extirpated.[15] Since 2003, however, several adults, fertile black carp have been captured from the Atchafalaya and other rivers connected to the Mississippi River.[16] Dr. Leo Nico, in the book Black carp: Biological Synopsis and Risk Assessment of an Introduced Fish, reports that black carp are probably established in the United States. In South Florida, the local water management district actually stocks the canals with sterilized grass carp to control the hydrilla plant, which tends to block the locks and drainage valves used to control water flow from the Everglades.

 Bighead and silver carp feed by filtering plankton from the water. The extremely high abundance of bighead and silver carp has caused great concern because of the potential for competition with native species for food and living space. Because of their filter-feeding habits, they are difficult to capture by normal angling methods.

 History [ edit ]

 In the late 19th century, the common carp was distributed widely throughout the United States by the United States Fish Commission as a foodfish.[17] In the 1970s, fish farmers in mostly southern states began importing Asian carp from China to help clean their commercial ponds.[18][19] The rise in the populations of bighead and silver carp has been dramatic where they are established in the Mississippi River basin.[20]

 Distribution [ edit ]

 Bighead, silver, and grass carp are known to be well-established in the Mississippi River basin (including tributaries), where they at times reach extremely high numbers, especially in the case of the bighead and silver carp. Bighead, silver, and grass carp have been captured in that watershed from Louisiana to South Dakota, Minnesota, and Ohio. Grass carp are also established in at least one other watershed, in Texas, and may be established elsewhere.

 Asian carp, Shedd Aquarium, Chicago

 Grass carp have been captured in all of the Great Lakes except Lake Superior, but so far, no evidence indicates a reproducing population. No silver carp or black carp have yet been found in any of the Great Lakes. Common carp are abundant throughout the Great Lakes.

 A few bighead and grass carp have been captured in Canada's portions of the Great Lakes, but no Asian carp (other than common carp) is known to be established in Canada at this time. Concerns exist that the silver carp may spread into Cypress Hills in Alberta and Saskatchewan through Battle Creek (Milk River), the Frenchman River, and other rivers flowing south out of the hills into the Milk River. Ontario does not have Asian carp yet and has used the provincial Invasive Species Act[21] to prohibit their import.[22]

 In Mexico, grass carp have been established for many years in at least two river systems, where they are considered invasive, but no other Asian carp are known to have been introduced.

 Management [ edit ]

 These fish are thought to be highly detrimental to the environment in parts of the United States.[23] Because of these concerns, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service convened stakeholders to develop a national plan for the management and control of invasive Asian carp (referring to bighead, silver, black, and grass carp).[24] The plan was accepted by the National Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force in the fall of 2007.

 As of 2016, efforts were being made to reintroduce alligator gar between Tennessee and Illinois as part of an effort to control Asian carp.[25]

 In 2019 the Kentucky declared "War on Carp" and started to use electro-fishing and sonic devices to remove 5 million pounds of Asian carp from Lake Barkley and Kentucky Lake.[26]

 Legislation [ edit ]

 The Stop Asian Carp Act of 2011 was introduced to require the Secretary of the Army to study the feasibility of the hydrological separation, such as electric barriers, of the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins.[27] The act provided 30 days for the Secretary of the Army to begin a study on the best means of implementing a hydrological separation of the Great Lakes to prevent the introduction of Asian carp. The study requirements included researching techniques that prevented the spread of carp from flooding, wastewater and storm water infrastructure, waterway safety operations, and barge and recreational traffic.

 In 2012, the U.S. Senate and House introduced new bills aimed at combating the spread of Asian carp into the Great Lakes by expediting some items of the Stop Asian Carp Act of 2011.[28] The legislation provides direction to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to complete their study within 18 months on how to separate the Great Lakes from the Mississippi watersheds.

 The Water Resources Development Act of 2020 was passed by Congress to provide $25 million to efforts against the invasive species in the Tennessee and Cumberland river basins.[29]

 See also [ edit ]

 * Koi

 References [ edit ]

 1. ^ a b Kolar et al. 2007. Bigheaded carp: Biological synopsis and environmental risk assessment. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD.
 2. ^ Balon, E. 1995. Origin and domestication of the wild carp, Cyprinus carpio: from Roman gourmets to the swimming flowers. Aquaculture 129(1-4):3-48
 3. ^ P.J. Perea, Asian Carp Invasion, OutdoorIllinois, May 2002 (Ill. Dept. Natural Resources), at 8 . ISSN 1072-7175 , Retrieved February 19, 2008.
 4. ^ Injurious Wildlife Species; Silver Carp and Largescale Silver Carp, Federal Register: July 10, 2007 (Volume 72, Number 131)
 5. ^ Crossett, Larry, "Redneck Fishing Tournament draws crowds" , GateHouse News Service/ Pekin Times , August 9, 2010 8:00 AM.
 6. ^ Gallagher, Jim, "Let them eat carp: Illinois to feed pest fish to the poor" , St. Louis Post-Dispatch , July 14, 2011 4:45 pm.
 7. ^ "Illinois Department of Natural Resources announcement, June 22, 2022"
 8. ^ "Creative Review: America’s least favourite fish gets a rebrand, June 29, 2022"
 9. ^ "Smithsonian: Can rebranding invasive carp make it more appealing to eat, June 2022"
 10. ^ "U.S. News & World Report: From Carp to Copi, Unpopular fish gets a makeover, June 2022"
 11. ^ "From ‘carp’ to ‘copi’: unpopular fish getting a makeover" , apnews.com , June 22, 2022.]
 12. ^ EPA.gov
 13. ^ "From ‘carp’ to ‘copi’: unpopular fish getting a makeover" , apnews.com , June 22, 2022.]
 14. ^ Silver Carp USDA National Agricultural Library . Retrieved August 29, 2019.
 15. ^ Fuller, Pam (June 7, 2005). "Species FactSheet: Carassius carassius". U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved June 19, 2007 .
 16. ^ Fuller, Pam (June 7, 2005). "Species FactSheet: Mylopharyngodon piceus". U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved June 19, 2007 .
 17. ^ Fuller, Pam (June 7, 2005). "Species FactSheet: Cyprinus carpio". U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved June 19, 2007 .
 18. ^ The Carp Must Die in BusinessWeek , February 16, 2012
 19. ^ Great Lakes states sue to stop Asian carp invasion in The Capital Times , January 13, 2010.
 20. ^ Koel, Todd M.; Kevin S. Irons; Eric Ratcliff (November 2000). "Asian Carp Invasion of the Upper Mississippi River System". Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center. Archived from the original on June 21, 2007 . Retrieved June 19, 2007 .
 21. ^ "Invasive Species Act, 2015, S.O. 2015, c. 22 - Bill 37".
 22. ^ "Asian Carps – Ontario's Invading Species Awareness Program".
 23. ^ Rousseau, Caryn; Flesher, John (December 2, 2009). "Fears mount over giant carp reaching Great Lakes". Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 6, 2009 . Retrieved December 2, 2009 .
 24. ^ Asian Carp Working Group; Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force (April 2006). "Draft Management and Control Plan for Asian Carp in the United States" (PDF) . Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force . Retrieved June 19, 2007 .
 25. ^ Webber, Tammy (July 29, 2016). "Once-hated fish now sought to combat Asian carp". Detroit Free Press. Associated Press . Retrieved August 22, 2019 .
 26. ^ "Asian carp have taken over Kentucky's lakes".
 27. ^ "Text of the Stop Asian Carp Act of 2011". GovTrack. March 3, 2011 . Retrieved February 20, 2015 .
 28. ^ "Healing Our Waters". Healthy Lakes Healthy Lives. 2010. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013 . Retrieved April 23, 2013 .
 29. ^ Raucoules, Gregory (December 22, 2020). "Federal funding gives $25M to fight Asian carp in Tennessee, Cumberland River basins". WATE.

 Further reading [ edit ]

 * The Economist, To hook American diners, an invasive species of carp gets a new name (July 7, 2022)
 * DesignWeek, Asian carp rebranded as Copi to tackle US environmental crisis (June 22, 2022)
 * Print magazine The Daily Heller, A Misunderstood fish gets a rebrand (July, 2022)
 * Illinois Department of Natural Resources official launch with John Goss, Brian Jupiter and Span
 * Inside Edition: Most Hated Fish in America’ Asian Carp Is Renamed, (August 30, 2022)
 * Communication Arts: Copi identity and campaign (September 3, 2022)
 * Charles V. Stern, Harold F. Upton, Cynthia Brougher, Asian Carp and the Great Lakes Region Congressional Research Service (January 23, 2014)

 External links [ edit ]

 * Species Profile- Asian Carp, National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists separate profiles for bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)
 * AsianCarp.us - multi-agency clearinghouse of information on Asian Carp Response in the Midwest
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
	 
      Carp and other types of fish in Fish Swimming Amid Falling Flowers, a Song dynasty painting attributed to Liu Cai (circa 1080–1120)  
     
   Asian carp      The original Chinese character for "carp" in seal script (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) characters    Chinese name    Traditional Chinese  鯉魚    Simplified Chinese  鲤鱼   Literal meaning "carp-fish"       Transcriptions    Standard Mandarin     Hanyu Pinyin  lǐyú    Wade–Giles  li3-yü2     IPA   [lì.y̌]     Yue: Cantonese     Yale Romanization  léih-yùh    Jyutping  lei5-jyu4     IPA   [le̬i.jy̏ː]        Japanese name    Kanji  鯉       Transcriptions    Romanization  koi       
Several species of heavy-bodied cyprinid fishes are collectively known in the United States as Asian carp. Cyprinids from the Indian subcontinent—for example, catla ( Catla catla ) and mrigal ( Cirrhinus cirrhosus )—are not included in this classification and are known collectively as "Indian carp". Asian carp are considered invasive species in the United States.
Species[edit]
Ten Asian carp have been substantially introduced outside their native ranges:
  Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
 Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
 Amur carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)
 Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)
 Largescale silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys harmandi)
 Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)
 Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)
 Goldfish (Carassius auratus)
 Crucian carp (Carassius carassius)
 Mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella) 
All the above, except largescale silver carp, have been cultivated in aquaculture in China for over 1,000 years. Largescale silver carp, a more southern species, is native to Vietnam and is cultivated there. Grass, silver, bighead, and black carp are known as the "Four Domesticated Fish" in China and are the most important freshwater fish species for food and traditional Chinese medicine. Bighead and silver carp are the most important fish, worldwide, in terms of total aquaculture production. [1]  Common carp, amur carp and crucian carp are also common food fishes in China and elsewhere. Goldfish, though, are cultivated mainly as pet fish. Common carp are native to both Eastern Europe and Western Asia, [2]  so they are sometimes called a "Eurasian" carp.
     
In Chinese culture[edit]
A long tradition of Asian carp exists in Chinese culture and literature. A popular lyric circulating as early as 2,000 years ago in the late Han period includes an anecdote which relates how a man far away from home sent back to his wife a pair of carp (Chinese: 鲤鱼; pinyin: Liyu), in which, when the wife opened the fish to cook, she found a silk strip that carried a love note of just two lines: "Eat well to keep fit, missing you and forget me not".
 At the Yellow River at Henan (Chinese: 河南; pinyin: Hénán; Wade–Giles: Ho-nan) is a waterfall called the Dragon Gate. It is said that if certain carp called yulong can climb the cataract, they will transform into dragons. Every year in the third month of spring, they swim up from the sea and gather in vast numbers in the pool at the foot of the falls. It used to be said that only 71 could make the climb in any year. When the first succeeded, then the rains would begin to fall. This Dragon Gate was said to have been created after the flood by the god-emperor Yu, who split a mountain blocking the path of the Yellow River. It was so famous that throughout China was a common saying, "a student facing his examinations is like a carp attempting to leap the Dragon Gate."
 Henan is not the only place where this happens. Many other waterfalls in China also have the name Dragon Gate and much the same is said about them. Other famous Dragon Gates are on the Wei River where it passes through the Lung Sheu Mountains and at Tsin in Shanxi Province.
 The fish's jumping feature is set in such a proverbial idiom as "Liyu (Carp) jumps over the Dragon Gate (Chinese: 鲤跃龙门)," an idiom that conveys a vivid image symbolizing a sudden uplifting in one's social status, as when one ascends into the upper society or has found favor with the royal or a noble family, perhaps through marriage, but in particular through success in the imperial examination. It is therefore an idiom often used to encourage students or children to achieve success through hard work and perseverance. This symbolic image, as well as the image of the carp itself, has been one of the most popular themes in Chinese paintings, especially those of popular styles. The fish is usually colored in gold or pink, shimmering with an unmistakably auspicious tone. Yuquan (玉泉 in Chinese), one of the well-known scenic spots in Hangzhou, has a large fish pond alive with hundreds of carp of various colors. A three-character inscription, Yu-Le-Guo (鱼乐国), meaning "fish's paradise", is set above one end of the pond in the calligraphy of a famous gentry-scholar of the late Ming Dynasty named Dong Qichang (Chinese: 董其昌). Many tourists feed the fish with bread crumbs.
 Among the various kinds of carp, the silver carp is the least expensive in China. The grass carp is still the main delicacy in Hangzhou cuisine. Restaurants along the West Lake of the city keep the fish in cages submerged in the lake water right in front of the restaurant; on an order from a customer, they dash a live fish on the pavement to kill it before cooking. The fish is normally served with a vinegar-based sweet-and-sour sauce (Chinese: 西湖醋鱼).
Jumping ability[edit]
 Silver carp are easily frightened by boats, which cause them to leap up to 2.5–3.0 metres (8–10 ft) into the air, and numerous boaters have been severely injured by collisions with the fish. [3]  According to the Environmental Protection Agency, "reported injuries include cuts from fins, black eyes, broken bones, back injuries, and concussions". [4]  This behavior has sometimes been attributed to the very similar bighead carp, but these do not normally jump when frightened. [1]  Catching jumping carp in nets has become part of the Redneck Fishing Tournament in Bath, Illinois. [5] 
As food[edit]
      Koikoku (thick miso soup with carp)  
Asian carp have been a popular food fish in Asia for thousands of years. Some recipes are specifically for carp such as the "sweet-and-sour carp" (Chinese: 糖醋鯉魚; pinyin: Tángcù Lǐyú) and "thick miso soup with carp" (Japanese: 鯉こく,  romanized:  Koikoku). However, many people in North America do not distinguish the various Asian carp species and see them all as undesirable trash fish because of their perceived bottom-feeding behavior, while, in fact, only some species are bottom-feeders. Furthermore, even the bottom-feeding species such as the common carp, a highly bony species which was introduced to North America from Europe in the 17th century, are important food fish outside North America. [6] 
 The pearly white flesh of carps — though complicated by a series of fine bones — is said to taste like cod or described as a cross between scallops and crabmeat. The filter-feeding silver and bighead carp, in particular, have much lower heavy metal contamination (such as mercury) than most other fish because they are algivorous primary consumers that do not eat other aquatic invertebrates or fishes and therefore are the least impacted by biomagnification.
Copi renaming[edit]
In June 2022, [7]  the Illinois Department of Natural resources announced a campaign to rebrand Asian carp as Copi. [8]  The Copi renaming is a part of a Federal and state initiative to get the public to eat the invasive fish, [9]  decrease its numbers in Midwestern waterways, [10]  and prevent its introduction to the Great Lakes. [11] 
      Logo for Copi the new name for Asian carp  
The federal United States Environmental Protection Agency -- the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative [12]  - is funding the Copi rebrand of Asian carp. [13] 
As an invasive species[edit]
Some species of Asian carp cause harm when they are introduced to new environments. The black carp feeds on native mussels and snails, some of which can be already endangered. Grass carp can alter the food webs of a new environment by altering the communities of plants, invertebrates, and fish. Silver carp feed on the plankton necessary for larval fish and native mussels. [14] 
North America[edit]
Because of their prominence, and because they were imported to the United States much later than other carp native to Asia, the term "Asian carp" is often used with the intended meaning of only grass, black, silver, and bighead carp. In the U.S., Asian carp are considered to be invasive species. Of the Asian carp introduced to the United States, only two (crucian and black carp) are not known to be firmly established. Crucian carp is probably extirpated. [15]  Since 2003, however, several adults, fertile black carp have been captured from the Atchafalaya and other rivers connected to the Mississippi River. [16]  Dr. Leo Nico, in the book Black carp: Biological Synopsis and Risk Assessment of an Introduced Fish, reports that black carp are probably established in the United States. In South Florida, the local water management district actually stocks the canals with sterilized grass carp to control the hydrilla plant, which tends to block the locks and drainage valves used to control water flow from the Everglades.
 Bighead and silver carp feed by filtering plankton from the water. The extremely high abundance of bighead and silver carp has caused great concern because of the potential for competition with native species for food and living space. Because of their filter-feeding habits, they are difficult to capture by normal angling methods.
History[edit]
In the late 19th century, the common carp was distributed widely throughout the United States by the United States Fish Commission as a foodfish. [17]  
In the 1970s, fish farmers in mostly southern states began importing Asian carp from China to help clean their commercial ponds. [18]   [19]  The rise in the populations of bighead and silver carp has been dramatic where they are established in the Mississippi River basin. [20] 
Distribution[edit]
Bighead, silver, and grass carp are known to be well-established in the Mississippi River basin (including tributaries), where they at times reach extremely high numbers, especially in the case of the bighead and silver carp. Bighead, silver, and grass carp have been captured in that watershed from Louisiana to South Dakota, Minnesota, and Ohio. Grass carp are also established in at least one other watershed, in Texas, and may be established elsewhere.
  Asian carp, Shedd Aquarium, Chicago  
Grass carp have been captured in all of the Great Lakes except Lake Superior, but so far, no evidence indicates a reproducing population. No silver carp or black carp have yet been found in any of the Great Lakes. Common carp are abundant throughout the Great Lakes.
 A few bighead and grass carp have been captured in Canada's portions of the Great Lakes, but no Asian carp (other than common carp) is known to be established in Canada at this time. Concerns exist that the silver carp may spread into Cypress Hills in Alberta and Saskatchewan through Battle Creek (Milk River), the Frenchman River, and other rivers flowing south out of the hills into the Milk River. Ontario does not have Asian carp yet and has used the provincial Invasive Species Act  [21]  to prohibit their import. [22] 
 In Mexico, grass carp have been established for many years in at least two river systems, where they are considered invasive, but no other Asian carp are known to have been introduced.
Management[edit]
These fish are thought to be highly detrimental to the environment in parts of the United States. [23]  Because of these concerns, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service convened stakeholders to develop a national plan for the management and control of invasive Asian carp (referring to bighead, silver, black, and grass carp). [24]  The plan was accepted by the National Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force in the fall of 2007.
 As of 2016, efforts were being made to reintroduce alligator gar between Tennessee and Illinois as part of an effort to control Asian carp. [25] 
 In 2019 the Kentucky declared "War on Carp" and started to use electro-fishing and sonic devices to remove 5 million pounds of Asian carp from Lake Barkley and Kentucky Lake. [26] 
Legislation[edit]
The Stop Asian Carp Act of 2011 was introduced to require the Secretary of the Army to study the feasibility of the hydrological separation, such as electric barriers, of the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins. [27]  The act provided 30 days for the Secretary of the Army to begin a study on the best means of implementing a hydrological separation of the Great Lakes to prevent the introduction of Asian carp. The study requirements included researching techniques that prevented the spread of carp from flooding, wastewater and storm water infrastructure, waterway safety operations, and barge and recreational traffic.
 In 2012, the U.S. Senate and House introduced new bills aimed at combating the spread of Asian carp into the Great Lakes by expediting some items of the Stop Asian Carp Act of 2011. [28]  The legislation provides direction to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to complete their study within 18 months on how to separate the Great Lakes from the Mississippi watersheds.
 The Water Resources Development Act of 2020 was passed by Congress to provide $25 million to efforts against the invasive species in the Tennessee and Cumberland river basins. [29] 
See also[edit]
  Koi  
References[edit]
^    a       b    Kolar et al. 2007. Bigheaded carp: Biological synopsis and environmental risk assessment. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD.
  ^  Balon, E. 1995. Origin and domestication of the wild carp, Cyprinus carpio: from Roman gourmets to the swimming flowers. Aquaculture 129(1-4):3-48
  ^  P.J. Perea, Asian Carp Invasion, OutdoorIllinois, May 2002 (Ill. Dept. Natural Resources), at 8. ISSN 1072-7175, Retrieved February 19, 2008.
  ^   Injurious Wildlife Species; Silver Carp and Largescale Silver Carp, Federal Register: July 10, 2007 (Volume 72, Number 131)
  ^  Crossett, Larry, "Redneck Fishing Tournament draws crowds", GateHouse News Service/Pekin Times, August 9, 2010 8:00 AM.
  ^  Gallagher, Jim, "Let them eat carp: Illinois to feed pest fish to the poor", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 14, 2011 4:45 pm.
  ^  "Illinois Department of Natural Resources announcement, June 22, 2022"
  ^  "Creative Review: America’s least favourite fish gets a rebrand, June 29, 2022"
  ^  "Smithsonian: Can rebranding invasive carp make it more appealing to eat, June 2022"
  ^  "U.S. News &amp; World Report: From Carp to Copi, Unpopular fish gets a makeover, June 2022"
  ^  "From ‘carp’ to ‘copi’: unpopular fish getting a makeover", apnews.com, June 22, 2022.]
  ^  EPA.gov
  ^  "From ‘carp’ to ‘copi’: unpopular fish getting a makeover", apnews.com, June 22, 2022.]
  ^  Silver Carp USDA National Agricultural Library. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  ^  Fuller, Pam (June 7, 2005). "Species FactSheet: Carassius carassius". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
  ^  Fuller, Pam (June 7, 2005). "Species FactSheet: Mylopharyngodon piceus". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
  ^  Fuller, Pam (June 7, 2005). "Species FactSheet: Cyprinus carpio". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
  ^  The Carp Must Die in BusinessWeek, February 16, 2012
  ^  Great Lakes states sue to stop Asian carp invasion in The Capital Times, January 13, 2010.
  ^  Koel, Todd M.; Kevin S. Irons; Eric Ratcliff (November 2000). "Asian Carp Invasion of the Upper Mississippi River System". Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center. Archived from the original on June 21, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
  ^   "Invasive Species Act, 2015, S.O. 2015, c. 22 - Bill 37".
  ^   "Asian Carps – Ontario's Invading Species Awareness Program".
  ^  Rousseau, Caryn; Flesher, John (December 2, 2009). "Fears mount over giant carp reaching Great Lakes". Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 6, 2009. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
  ^  Asian Carp Working Group; Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force (April 2006). "Draft Management and Control Plan for Asian Carp in the United States" (PDF). Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
  ^  Webber, Tammy (July 29, 2016). "Once-hated fish now sought to combat Asian carp". Detroit Free Press. Associated Press. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  ^   "Asian carp have taken over Kentucky's lakes". 
  ^   "Text of the Stop Asian Carp Act of 2011".  GovTrack . March 3, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
  ^   "Healing Our Waters". Healthy Lakes Healthy Lives. 2010. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  ^  Raucoules, Gregory (December 22, 2020). "Federal funding gives $25M to fight Asian carp in Tennessee, Cumberland River basins".  WATE .
 
Further reading[edit]
  The Economist, To hook American diners, an invasive species of carp gets a new name (July 7, 2022) 
 DesignWeek, Asian carp rebranded as Copi to tackle US environmental crisis (June 22, 2022) 
 Print magazine The Daily Heller, A Misunderstood fish gets a rebrand (July, 2022) 
 Illinois Department of Natural Resources official launch with John Goss, Brian Jupiter and Span 
 Inside Edition: Most Hated Fish in America’ Asian Carp Is Renamed, (August 30, 2022) 
 Communication Arts: Copi identity and campaign (September 3, 2022) 
Charles V. Stern, Harold F. Upton, Cynthia Brougher, Asian Carp and the Great Lakes Region Congressional Research Service (January 23, 2014) 
External links[edit]
  Species Profile- Asian Carp, National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists separate profiles for bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)
 AsianCarp.us - multi-agency clearinghouse of information on Asian Carp Response in the Midwest
Asian carp - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_carp
https://www.smith-root.com/barriers
Fish Guidance and Deterrence Barriers
2023-01-01
None
<div><div>
	<div>
	<div>
	<p>Smith-Root is the world's leader in fish guidance and deterrence technology with over <a href="https://www.smith-root.com/barriers/sites">fifty electric fish barriers</a> installed in North America and Europe over the last thirty years. Barriers range in scope from small systems in 1-meter diameter plastic culverts that protect lakes from carp invasions, to mid-sized stream barriers used to divert migrating species into hatcheries or traps for identification and sorting, to large-scale barrier systems that operate in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal where they prevent invasive species from colonizing the Great Lakes, yet still allow the safe passage of commercial barge and pleasure craft.</p>
	
</div>
	<div>
	<p>We have the knowledge, experience, and technology to assist you in any fish barrier or behavioral guidance system application. We have systems to contain sterile grass carp within power-station cooling lakes, and barriers to prevent fish from moving upstream into hydropower tailraces. Fish species that have been successfully stopped or guided to another location include various trout and salmon species (cutthroat trout, rainbow trout, brown trout, Atlantic salmon, Pacific salmon), sea lamprey, round goby, Eurasian ruffe, common carp, Asian carp, grass carp, largemouth bass, golden shiners, gizzard shad, and numerous other local resident species. Evaluations of our barriers and guidance systems have confirmed that both juvenile and adult-sized fish can be successfully blocked or guided.</p>
	
</div>
	
</div>
	<div>
	<p>
	</p><h2>Newest Barrier Projects</h2>
	<p></p>
	<ul>
	<li>
	<div>
	<p><a href="https://www.smith-root.com/barriers/sites/haldon-pastures-trout-barrier"></a></p>
	</div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<div>
	<p><a href="https://www.smith-root.com/barriers/sites/elysian-lake-2b-barrier"></a></p>
	</div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<div>
	<p><a href="https://www.smith-root.com/barriers/sites/madison-lake-1a-barrier"></a></p>
	</div>
	</li>
	</ul>
	
</div>
	<div>
	<div>
	<p>
	</p><h2>What Does an Electric Barrier Do?</h2>
	<p></p>
	<p>Each barrier/guidance system is designed and operated to change an animal’s behavior. While most of our systems have been installed to block fish movement totally, we have also installed systems where the objective is to guide fish towards a specific location (e.g., adult Pacific salmon across a stream towards the entrance to a fish ladder).</p>
<p>Electric barriers are used for control of invasive species, for clearing fish from turbine raceways and intakes, and for collecting runs to allow separating of fish species. They can also be calibrated to sort large fish from small. Since some species are less affected by electric fields, they can perform as filters.</p>
<p>Other unique applications have included:</p>
<ul>
<li>Containment of grass carp within a bay of a large, shallow reservoir</li>
<li>Prevention of Pacific harbor seal predation on sockeye and other salmon captured in sampling gillnets</li>
<li>Deterrence of Pacific harbor seals from establishing riverine feeding stations to prey on outmigrating Pacific salmon smolts</li>
</ul>
</div>
	<div>
	<div>
	<p>
	</p><h3>What Does A System Look Like?</h3>
	<p></p>
	
</div>
	<div>
	<p>While each application is designed to achieve a specific barrier/guidance objective, a system generally consists of a series of electrodes (cables or metal bars) attached to the bottom of the channel, often in grooves in a concrete sill, rising up the sides of the channel to accommodate higher water levels. However there are many other types of configurations that our engineers can design, including vertical pile-mounted and suspended vertical electrodes. Different configurations produce different fields, some uniform, some graduated, some more intense close to the bottom.</p>
<p>A big advantage of an electric barrier or guidance system is that there need be no physical structure in the water column, as opposed to a screen, fence, or weir. Therefore, our barriers are not subject to debris clogging or physical damage and water traffic may pass unobstructed.</p>
<p>Each site is unique in terms of its channel geometry, electrical field characteristics, and overall objective. Smith-Root has the experience and technical staff to design and install a system that is suitable for your needs.</p>
</div>
	<div>
	<p>
</p>
	
</div>
	
</div>
	
</div>
	<div>
	<p>
	</p><h3>How Does Our System Work?</h3>
	<p></p>
	<p>A typical barrier/guidance system produces a graduated, pulsed field of direct current (DC) in the water that affects muscular control in fish, or sensory organs (whiskers) in marine mammals. The animal feels uncomfortable in the field and moves in the direction that reduces the discomfort. The driving electric voltage comes from a Smith-Root pulser unit. A graduated field can be specifically designed to meet the needs of each site in terms of its physical configuration, water depth and conductivity, the size and species of fish for which behavior modifications are required to be changed, and the client’s objective (i.e., total blocking, guidance of adults, barrier to adults only, etc.).</p>
<p>Fields are mathematically modeled by Smith-Root to assist in their design and to provide a basis for calibration on site. Fields are represented as voltage gradients (V/cm). A fish within a field feels a voltage head-to-tail equal to the voltage gradient multiplied by the fish length. The total voltage from one end of the field to the other is not relevant to fish behavior.</p>
<p>While barriers to upstream-migrating fish can be set high to disable temporarily any fish that challenge them (since disabled fish will be swept downstream), barriers to downstream-migrating fish have to be designed carefully to balance the electrical field and the water velocity patterns so that fish are repelled before they become disoriented.</p>
</div>
	<div>
	<div>
	<p>
	</p><h2>Typical Electric Fish Barrier</h2>
	<p></p>
	
</div>
	<div>
	<div>
	<p>This illustration shows a typical large stream electric fish barrier system installation. The example system includes standard <strong>BP-1.5 Programmable Output Waveform (POW) pulsers</strong>. The pulsers are connected to a group of electrodes submerged in the waterway. The pulsers store energy in a large capacitor bank and then quickly discharge the energy through the water. Pulse width and repetition are adjustable to create the waveform required to halt the movement of fish. The number of pulsers required in a barrier system depends on several factors and will be determined by Smith-Root during the project evaluation phase. All Smith-Root barrier systems include our custom-developed <strong>Fish Barrier Telemetry &amp; Control System (FBTCS)</strong> for system setup and monitoring.</p>
	
</div>
	<div>
	<p>
</p>
	
</div>
	
</div>
	<div>
	<div>
	<p>
	</p><h3>BP-1.5 POW Pulser</h3>
	<p></p>
	<p>The BP-1.5 POW is our most popular pulser and outputs up to 1.5 kilowatts. Pulsed waveforms and frequencies can be programmed for optimum fish blocking or repelling. The BP-1.5 POW can produce a wide range of DC pulse outputs to give more stopping power while causing less stress to fish. Pulsers with larger output capacities can be custom designed to meet the needs of your project.</p>
<p>Each BP-1.5 pulser includes a microprocessor to control width, frequency, and period of the output. A variety of waveforms can be generated: standard pulses, sweeping pulse widths, sweeping frequencies, and gated bursts. This allows generation of optimum waveforms that are effective with a wide range of species. Use of the FBTCS software is required to setup, monitor, and control the pulsers.</p>
</div>
	<div>
	<p>
	</p><h3>Fish Barrier Telemetry and Control System (FBTCS)</h3>
	<p></p>
	<p>Smith-Root fish barrier installations are monitored and controlled by the Fish Barrier Telemetry &amp; Control System (FBTCS). The FBTCS is an advanced graphical interface computer application that provides the following features:</p>
<ul>
<li>24x7 Barrier site monitoring</li>
<li>Complete remote control and monitoring via network or modem</li>
<li>Pulser output waveform control</li>
<li>Pulser and relay control based on current water level</li>
<li>Automatic detection of all Smith-Root devices connected to the network</li>
<li>Alarm condition monitoring and email alarm reports</li>
<li>Event logging with search and filtering</li>
<li>Building security monitoring and control</li>
</ul>
</div>
	
</div>
	
</div>
	<div>
	<p>
	</p><h2>Barrier Safety</h2>
	<p></p>
	<p>There are two areas of concern for electrical safety. Out of the water, the Smith-Root electrical barrier systems are designed with careful attention to all national safety codes. Nevertheless, we require barriers to be fenced and warning signs also be posted. In the water, the water acts as a conductor in the circuit. The voltage is dissipated over the length of the field so that the voltage gradient over any small length of the field is much less than the total voltage applied.</p>
<p>Smith-Root barrier and behavioral guidance systems are designed to be non-lethal and to use only low-frequency pulsed direct current (DC) to create electric fields. Humans are three times more likely to be harmed by alternating current (AC) than by DC current, and it has been shown repeatedly in the scientific literature that use of AC can injure fish. Pulse frequency (especially) and duration and current can all contribute to potential damage, thus Smith-Root typically sets these values well below the electrocution threshold of a typical ground fault interrupter. Pulse frequencies for barriers are much lower than those used in traditional electrofishing. Our interest for most barriers is in changing fish behavior, not achieving galvanotaxis, tetany or anesthesia.</p>
<p>Vessels can safely pass through our electrical fields. Metal-hulled vessels create local short-circuits (requiring longer fields to ensure that fish do not find a pathway through); there are no potential differences within a hull. Hulls of insulating materials merely distort the field by displacing the conductive water. As occurs in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal multiple times per hour, metal-hulled barges traverse our series of electric barriers for Asian carp control with no effects to vessels or occupants. Smith- Root systems are safe to operate when done so in accordance with the design criteria specified for each unique situation.</p>
</div>
	<div>
	<div>
	<p>
	</p><h2>Meet Our Team</h2>
	<p></p>
	
</div>
	<div>
	<div>
	<p>Smith-Root has a team of scientists, electrical engineers, and civil/structural engineers available to help you through the entire decision making process. We can help define your biological objectives, suggest what type of physical structure and configuration might best accomplish your objective, and provide the appropriate electronic equipment to generate the field you need.</p>
	
</div>
	<div>
	<p></p><div>
	<h4>Brandon Byrne, Paralegal, CSSBB</h4>
	<p>Contract Administrator/Project Manager</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	
</div>
	
</div>
	
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 Fish Guidance and Deterrence Barriers

 Smith-Root is the world's leader in fish guidance and deterrence technology with over fifty electric fish barriers installed in North America and Europe over the last thirty years. Barriers range in scope from small systems in 1-meter diameter plastic culverts that protect lakes from carp invasions, to mid-sized stream barriers used to divert migrating species into hatcheries or traps for identification and sorting, to large-scale barrier systems that operate in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal where they prevent invasive species from colonizing the Great Lakes, yet still allow the safe passage of commercial barge and pleasure craft.

 We have the knowledge, experience, and technology to assist you in any fish barrier or behavioral guidance system application. We have systems to contain sterile grass carp within power-station cooling lakes, and barriers to prevent fish from moving upstream into hydropower tailraces. Fish species that have been successfully stopped or guided to another location include various trout and salmon species (cutthroat trout, rainbow trout, brown trout, Atlantic salmon, Pacific salmon), sea lamprey, round goby, Eurasian ruffe, common carp, Asian carp, grass carp, largemouth bass, golden shiners, gizzard shad, and numerous other local resident species. Evaluations of our barriers and guidance systems have confirmed that both juvenile and adult-sized fish can be successfully blocked or guided.

 Newest Barrier Projects

 * Haldon Pastures Trout Barrier
 * Elysian Lake 2B Barrier
 * Madison Lake 1A Barrier
 Review all of our barrier sites

 What Does an Electric Barrier Do?

 Each barrier/guidance system is designed and operated to change an animal’s behavior. While most of our systems have been installed to block fish movement totally, we have also installed systems where the objective is to guide fish towards a specific location (e.g., adult Pacific salmon across a stream towards the entrance to a fish ladder).

 Electric barriers are used for control of invasive species, for clearing fish from turbine raceways and intakes, and for collecting runs to allow separating of fish species. They can also be calibrated to sort large fish from small. Since some species are less affected by electric fields, they can perform as filters.

 Other unique applications have included:

 * Containment of grass carp within a bay of a large, shallow reservoir
 * Prevention of Pacific harbor seal predation on sockeye and other salmon captured in sampling gillnets
 * Deterrence of Pacific harbor seals from establishing riverine feeding stations to prey on outmigrating Pacific salmon smolts

 What Does A System Look Like?

 While each application is designed to achieve a specific barrier/guidance objective, a system generally consists of a series of electrodes (cables or metal bars) attached to the bottom of the channel, often in grooves in a concrete sill, rising up the sides of the channel to accommodate higher water levels. However there are many other types of configurations that our engineers can design, including vertical pile-mounted and suspended vertical electrodes. Different configurations produce different fields, some uniform, some graduated, some more intense close to the bottom.

 A big advantage of an electric barrier or guidance system is that there need be no physical structure in the water column, as opposed to a screen, fence, or weir. Therefore, our barriers are not subject to debris clogging or physical damage and water traffic may pass unobstructed.

 Each site is unique in terms of its channel geometry, electrical field characteristics, and overall objective. Smith-Root has the experience and technical staff to design and install a system that is suitable for your needs.

 How Does Our System Work?

 A typical barrier/guidance system produces a graduated, pulsed field of direct current (DC) in the water that affects muscular control in fish, or sensory organs (whiskers) in marine mammals. The animal feels uncomfortable in the field and moves in the direction that reduces the discomfort. The driving electric voltage comes from a Smith-Root pulser unit. A graduated field can be specifically designed to meet the needs of each site in terms of its physical configuration, water depth and conductivity, the size and species of fish for which behavior modifications are required to be changed, and the client’s objective (i.e., total blocking, guidance of adults, barrier to adults only, etc.).

 Fields are mathematically modeled by Smith-Root to assist in their design and to provide a basis for calibration on site. Fields are represented as voltage gradients (V/cm). A fish within a field feels a voltage head-to-tail equal to the voltage gradient multiplied by the fish length. The total voltage from one end of the field to the other is not relevant to fish behavior.

 While barriers to upstream-migrating fish can be set high to disable temporarily any fish that challenge them (since disabled fish will be swept downstream), barriers to downstream-migrating fish have to be designed carefully to balance the electrical field and the water velocity patterns so that fish are repelled before they become disoriented.

 Typical Electric Fish Barrier

 This illustration shows a typical large stream electric fish barrier system installation. The example system includes standard BP-1.5 Programmable Output Waveform (POW) pulsers. The pulsers are connected to a group of electrodes submerged in the waterway. The pulsers store energy in a large capacitor bank and then quickly discharge the energy through the water. Pulse width and repetition are adjustable to create the waveform required to halt the movement of fish. The number of pulsers required in a barrier system depends on several factors and will be determined by Smith-Root during the project evaluation phase. All Smith-Root barrier systems include our custom-developed Fish Barrier Telemetry & Control System (FBTCS) for system setup and monitoring.

 BP-1.5 POW Pulser

 The BP-1.5 POW is our most popular pulser and outputs up to 1.5 kilowatts. Pulsed waveforms and frequencies can be programmed for optimum fish blocking or repelling. The BP-1.5 POW can produce a wide range of DC pulse outputs to give more stopping power while causing less stress to fish. Pulsers with larger output capacities can be custom designed to meet the needs of your project.

 Each BP-1.5 pulser includes a microprocessor to control width, frequency, and period of the output. A variety of waveforms can be generated: standard pulses, sweeping pulse widths, sweeping frequencies, and gated bursts. This allows generation of optimum waveforms that are effective with a wide range of species. Use of the FBTCS software is required to setup, monitor, and control the pulsers.

 Fish Barrier Telemetry and Control System (FBTCS)

 Smith-Root fish barrier installations are monitored and controlled by the Fish Barrier Telemetry & Control System (FBTCS). The FBTCS is an advanced graphical interface computer application that provides the following features:

 * 24x7 Barrier site monitoring
 * Complete remote control and monitoring via network or modem
 * Pulser output waveform control
 * Pulser and relay control based on current water level
 * Automatic detection of all Smith-Root devices connected to the network
 * Alarm condition monitoring and email alarm reports
 * Event logging with search and filtering
 * Building security monitoring and control

 Barrier Safety

 There are two areas of concern for electrical safety. Out of the water, the Smith-Root electrical barrier systems are designed with careful attention to all national safety codes. Nevertheless, we require barriers to be fenced and warning signs also be posted. In the water, the water acts as a conductor in the circuit. The voltage is dissipated over the length of the field so that the voltage gradient over any small length of the field is much less than the total voltage applied.

 Smith-Root barrier and behavioral guidance systems are designed to be non-lethal and to use only low-frequency pulsed direct current (DC) to create electric fields. Humans are three times more likely to be harmed by alternating current (AC) than by DC current, and it has been shown repeatedly in the scientific literature that use of AC can injure fish. Pulse frequency (especially) and duration and current can all contribute to potential damage, thus Smith-Root typically sets these values well below the electrocution threshold of a typical ground fault interrupter. Pulse frequencies for barriers are much lower than those used in traditional electrofishing. Our interest for most barriers is in changing fish behavior, not achieving galvanotaxis, tetany or anesthesia.

 Vessels can safely pass through our electrical fields. Metal-hulled vessels create local short-circuits (requiring longer fields to ensure that fish do not find a pathway through); there are no potential differences within a hull. Hulls of insulating materials merely distort the field by displacing the conductive water. As occurs in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal multiple times per hour, metal-hulled barges traverse our series of electric barriers for Asian carp control with no effects to vessels or occupants. Smith- Root systems are safe to operate when done so in accordance with the design criteria specified for each unique situation.

 Meet Our Team

 Smith-Root has a team of scientists, electrical engineers, and civil/structural engineers available to help you through the entire decision making process. We can help define your biological objectives, suggest what type of physical structure and configuration might best accomplish your objective, and provide the appropriate electronic equipment to generate the field you need.

 Brandon Byrne, Paralegal, CSSBB

 Contract Administrator/Project Manager

 Have Questions? Get In Touch With Us.

 We are actively evaluating the application of our design and technology for use in other circumstances including other fish species and various reptiles and marine mammals. Our existing technology functions well in water conductivities up to 5,000 µ/cm (3.9 parts per thousand salinity). We are exploring full seawater applications and their resulting electrical power requirements. We are always ready to discuss any special requirements you may have.

 If you believe an electric barrier or guidance system may be right for your situation, please contact us using this form to initiate an inquiry.

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 Search
Smith-Root is the world's leader in fish guidance and deterrence technology with over fifty electric fish barriers installed in North America and Europe over the last thirty years. Barriers range in scope from small systems in 1-meter diameter plastic culverts that protect lakes from carp invasions, to mid-sized stream barriers used to divert migrating species into hatcheries or traps for identification and sorting, to large-scale barrier systems that operate in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal where they prevent invasive species from colonizing the Great Lakes, yet still allow the safe passage of commercial barge and pleasure craft.
	
	
	We have the knowledge, experience, and technology to assist you in any fish barrier or behavioral guidance system application. We have systems to contain sterile grass carp within power-station cooling lakes, and barriers to prevent fish from moving upstream into hydropower tailraces. Fish species that have been successfully stopped or guided to another location include various trout and salmon species (cutthroat trout, rainbow trout, brown trout, Atlantic salmon, Pacific salmon), sea lamprey, round goby, Eurasian ruffe, common carp, Asian carp, grass carp, largemouth bass, golden shiners, gizzard shad, and numerous other local resident species. Evaluations of our barriers and guidance systems have confirmed that both juvenile and adult-sized fish can be successfully blocked or guided.
	
	
	
	
	 Newest Barrier Projects
	 
	
	
	
	   
	
	
	
	
	   
	
	
	
	
	   
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	 What Does an Electric Barrier Do?
	 
	Each barrier/guidance system is designed and operated to change an animal’s behavior. While most of our systems have been installed to block fish movement totally, we have also installed systems where the objective is to guide fish towards a specific location (e.g., adult Pacific salmon across a stream towards the entrance to a fish ladder).
Electric barriers are used for control of invasive species, for clearing fish from turbine raceways and intakes, and for collecting runs to allow separating of fish species. They can also be calibrated to sort large fish from small. Since some species are less affected by electric fields, they can perform as filters.
Other unique applications have included:
Containment of grass carp within a bay of a large, shallow reservoir
Prevention of Pacific harbor seal predation on sockeye and other salmon captured in sampling gillnets
Deterrence of Pacific harbor seals from establishing riverine feeding stations to prey on outmigrating Pacific salmon smolts
	
	
	
	 What Does A System Look Like?
	 
	
	
	While each application is designed to achieve a specific barrier/guidance objective, a system generally consists of a series of electrodes (cables or metal bars) attached to the bottom of the channel, often in grooves in a concrete sill, rising up the sides of the channel to accommodate higher water levels. However there are many other types of configurations that our engineers can design, including vertical pile-mounted and suspended vertical electrodes. Different configurations produce different fields, some uniform, some graduated, some more intense close to the bottom.
A big advantage of an electric barrier or guidance system is that there need be no physical structure in the water column, as opposed to a screen, fence, or weir. Therefore, our barriers are not subject to debris clogging or physical damage and water traffic may pass unobstructed.
Each site is unique in terms of its channel geometry, electrical field characteristics, and overall objective. Smith-Root has the experience and technical staff to design and install a system that is suitable for your needs.
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	 How Does Our System Work?
	 
	A typical barrier/guidance system produces a graduated, pulsed field of direct current (DC) in the water that affects muscular control in fish, or sensory organs (whiskers) in marine mammals. The animal feels uncomfortable in the field and moves in the direction that reduces the discomfort. The driving electric voltage comes from a Smith-Root pulser unit. A graduated field can be specifically designed to meet the needs of each site in terms of its physical configuration, water depth and conductivity, the size and species of fish for which behavior modifications are required to be changed, and the client’s objective (i.e., total blocking, guidance of adults, barrier to adults only, etc.).
Fields are mathematically modeled by Smith-Root to assist in their design and to provide a basis for calibration on site. Fields are represented as voltage gradients (V/cm). A fish within a field feels a voltage head-to-tail equal to the voltage gradient multiplied by the fish length. The total voltage from one end of the field to the other is not relevant to fish behavior.
While barriers to upstream-migrating fish can be set high to disable temporarily any fish that challenge them (since disabled fish will be swept downstream), barriers to downstream-migrating fish have to be designed carefully to balance the electrical field and the water velocity patterns so that fish are repelled before they become disoriented.
	
	
	
	 Typical Electric Fish Barrier
	 
	
	
	
	This illustration shows a typical large stream electric fish barrier system installation. The example system includes standard BP-1.5 Programmable Output Waveform (POW) pulsers. The pulsers are connected to a group of electrodes submerged in the waterway. The pulsers store energy in a large capacitor bank and then quickly discharge the energy through the water. Pulse width and repetition are adjustable to create the waveform required to halt the movement of fish. The number of pulsers required in a barrier system depends on several factors and will be determined by Smith-Root during the project evaluation phase. All Smith-Root barrier systems include our custom-developed Fish Barrier Telemetry &amp; Control System (FBTCS) for system setup and monitoring.
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	 BP-1.5 POW Pulser
	 
	The BP-1.5 POW is our most popular pulser and outputs up to 1.5 kilowatts. Pulsed waveforms and frequencies can be programmed for optimum fish blocking or repelling. The BP-1.5 POW can produce a wide range of DC pulse outputs to give more stopping power while causing less stress to fish. Pulsers with larger output capacities can be custom designed to meet the needs of your project.
Each BP-1.5 pulser includes a microprocessor to control width, frequency, and period of the output. A variety of waveforms can be generated: standard pulses, sweeping pulse widths, sweeping frequencies, and gated bursts. This allows generation of optimum waveforms that are effective with a wide range of species. Use of the FBTCS software is required to setup, monitor, and control the pulsers.
	
	
	 Fish Barrier Telemetry and Control System (FBTCS)
	 
	Smith-Root fish barrier installations are monitored and controlled by the Fish Barrier Telemetry &amp; Control System (FBTCS). The FBTCS is an advanced graphical interface computer application that provides the following features:
24x7 Barrier site monitoring
Complete remote control and monitoring via network or modem
Pulser output waveform control
Pulser and relay control based on current water level
Automatic detection of all Smith-Root devices connected to the network
Alarm condition monitoring and email alarm reports
Event logging with search and filtering
Building security monitoring and control
	
	
	
	
	 Barrier Safety
	 
	There are two areas of concern for electrical safety. Out of the water, the Smith-Root electrical barrier systems are designed with careful attention to all national safety codes. Nevertheless, we require barriers to be fenced and warning signs also be posted. In the water, the water acts as a conductor in the circuit. The voltage is dissipated over the length of the field so that the voltage gradient over any small length of the field is much less than the total voltage applied.
Smith-Root barrier and behavioral guidance systems are designed to be non-lethal and to use only low-frequency pulsed direct current (DC) to create electric fields. Humans are three times more likely to be harmed by alternating current (AC) than by DC current, and it has been shown repeatedly in the scientific literature that use of AC can injure fish. Pulse frequency (especially) and duration and current can all contribute to potential damage, thus Smith-Root typically sets these values well below the electrocution threshold of a typical ground fault interrupter. Pulse frequencies for barriers are much lower than those used in traditional electrofishing. Our interest for most barriers is in changing fish behavior, not achieving galvanotaxis, tetany or anesthesia.
Vessels can safely pass through our electrical fields. Metal-hulled vessels create local short-circuits (requiring longer fields to ensure that fish do not find a pathway through); there are no potential differences within a hull. Hulls of insulating materials merely distort the field by displacing the conductive water. As occurs in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal multiple times per hour, metal-hulled barges traverse our series of electric barriers for Asian carp control with no effects to vessels or occupants. Smith- Root systems are safe to operate when done so in accordance with the design criteria specified for each unique situation.
	
	
	
	 Meet Our Team
	 
	
	
	
	Smith-Root has a team of scientists, electrical engineers, and civil/structural engineers available to help you through the entire decision making process. We can help define your biological objectives, suggest what type of physical structure and configuration might best accomplish your objective, and provide the appropriate electronic equipment to generate the field you need.
	
	
	  
	Brandon Byrne, Paralegal, CSSBB
	Contract Administrator/Project Manager
Fish Guidance and Deterrence Barriers
https://www.smith-root.com/barriers
https://www.marineinsight.com/know-more/10-famous-shipping-canals-of-the-world/
10 Famous Shipping Canals of the World
2019-01-25
MI News Network
<div><div>
<main>
<div>
<article>
<div>
<p><em>[Updated Oct. 2018]</em> Shipping canals are waterways specifically built along major seawater routes to enable the passage of vessels. Most of the time, these canals are constructed to connect to waterbodies including seas, lakes, and rivers, offering an alternative route to the vessels, particularly cargo vessels. Such canals are of vital importance in the maritime industry as they offer shorter transportation routes across major seawater networks and also help to regulate maritime traffic internally within countries.</p>
<p>There are hundreds of shipping canals all over the world, in different length, width and depth, facilitating easy movement of a variety of vessels on an everyday basis. Some of these canals are also the busiest traffic routes around the world.</p>
<p>Mentioned below are ten of the most famous and busiest shipping canals from around the world (In no specific order).</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Popularly known as Grand Canal, the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal is the longest and the oldest canal in the world. Connecting China’s the Yellow River and Yangtze River, the canal goes through several provinces in the country as well as connects with several other rivers.  While the canal covers a length of 1,776 km (1,104 mi), its greatest height reaches at a summit of 42 m in the mountains of Shandong. Linking the northern and southern China, the canal contributes heavily to the country’s economy as it holds a great role in the transportation of cargo. Originally built in 468 BC, the Grand Canal is currently a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Suez Canal </strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Opened in November 1869, the 193.30 km (120 miles)-long <a href="https://www.marineinsight.com/maritime-law/suez-canal-tonnage-rules-explained/">Suez Canal</a> is an artificial sea-level waterway located in Egypt. Linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Gulf of Suez, the <a href="https://www.marineinsight.com/maritime-history/a-brief-history-of-the-suez-canal/">Suez Canal</a> is an extremely crucial shipping canal in the world maritime sector as it is one of the most heavily used shipping routes in the world.</p>
<p>The canal, which separates Asia from the African continent, provides a shortest maritime route between Europe and the regions which share a border with the Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific Ocean. The Suez Canal has been recognized as a maritime route to be open at all times, to shipping vessels of all countries in order to facilitate continuity in maritime trade operations irrespective of global conflicts.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Panama Canal</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>One of the most crucial maritime gateways in the western region, the Panama Canal provides connectivity between the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean through the Panama isthmus- a narrow strip that separates the Caribbean Sea from the Pacific Ocean. Since the oceans that the canal connects with are not at the same level, the canal uses Lock Gates on either side to lift the vessel to the higher level and similarly to drop down to the sea level. Opened in the year 1914, the canal helps vessels transiting between the east and west coasts of the US to shorten their journey by 15,000 km. The 82 km (51 mi)-long waterway offers its service to 29 major liner services, mostly on the US East Coast to Asia trade route. In 2017, the Panama Canal witnessed the arrival of a total of 13,548 vessels and received 403.8 million tons of cargo.</p>
<p>Learn about some important <a href="https://www.marineinsight.com/guidelines/10-important-panama-canals-facts-everyone-should-know/">Panama Canal Facts</a> here.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Corinth Canal</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Connecting the Gulf of Corinth and the Saronic Gulf in the Aegean Sea, the Corinth Canal goes through the narrow Isthmus of Corinth and divides the Peloponnese from the Greek mainland. With a 6.4-kilometre length and 8 meters (26 ft) depth, the Corinth Canal is important as it helps seafarers avoid the dangers of sailing around the Peloponnese’s treacherous southern capes while moving between the Gulf of Corinth and the Saronic Gulf.  Though its economic importance has been reduced due to the incapability to accommodate modern ships, the canal still serves around 15,000 ships from at least 50 countries.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>The White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>The White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal, also called the White Sea Canal, is an important waterway that regularizes traffic internally along the Russian waterways, starting from the White Sea in the north and extending to the Baltic Sea down south. Constructed in the year 1933, the shipping canal passes through various smaller water bodies, including the Arctic Ocean and Lake Onega, before finally emerging into the Baltic Sea. Although important navigation conduct, the 227 km-long canals, however, witness only light traffic since it isn’t suitable for merchant ships vessels with larger dimensions and specifications. It is estimated that a total of 193 million tonnes of cargo have been transited through the canal over the first 75 years of its operation since 1993.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Rhine-Main-Danube Canal</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Linking three important rivers in the heart of Western Europe, the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal or the Europa Canal was originally built as early as the 1938s. Thex<code>x</code> Europa Canal is a major marine transportation gateway linking the North Sea to the Black Sea via the Atlantic Ocean. Over the years there have been several constructional extensions that have been made to the canal, the last one being carried out in the early 1990s. An important shipping gateway within Europe, the 171-kilometre (106 mi) long Rhine-Main-Danube Canal is capable of accommodating barges with a capacity of up to 2,425 tons of bulk cargo.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Volga-Don Canal</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>The Volga-Don ship canal interlinks the Russian rivers Volga and Don, providing an important water passage through the Azoff Sea (a bay of the Black Sea) and the Caspian Sea to the major oceanic networks. The original construction work on the canal, at the closest point of the rivers, was started as early as the 16th century, and the route was considered important because of the fact that it provided a passage to connect the Eastern European shipping networks with their Western counterparts. Opened in 1952, the 101 km-long waterway passes through three reservoirs, including Karpovka, Bereslavka, and Varvarovka. The canal features nine one-chamber canal locks on the Volga slope to raise ships and four locks on the Don slope to lower vessels.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Kiel Canal</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Connecting the Baltic Sea with the North Sea, the Kiel Canal passes through the German province of Schleswig-Holstein. Opened in 1895, the 98 km-long Kiel Canal helps vessels bypass the longer route that passes via Denmark (peninsula of Jutland), which is regarded as quite unstable maritime route, saving an average of 250 nautical miles. With this artificial waterway, vessels en route to the east through the North Sea enter the canal at Brunsbüttel and complete the journey at Kiel-Holtenau to enter into the Baltic. The constructional aspect of the water route dates back to the 1700s, though the construction of the present-day Kiel water conduit began only in late 1887. More than 9,000 workers spent eight years completing the construction of the present-day canal.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Houston Ship Canal</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Offering a conduit for vessels between Houston, Texas, and the Gulf of Mexico, the 50-mile Houston Ship Channel is a vital waterway in the United States. Opened in 1914 and enhanced later, the canal makes Texas home to one of the US’s busiest seaports. With a number of terminals as well as berthing locations, the Houston Ship Channel witnesses a significant volume of inland barge traffic. Naturally developed by the dredging works in Buffalo Bayou and Galveston Bay, the shipping canal has been broadened and deepened later in order to ensure its continued viability.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Danube-Black Sea Canal</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>The Danube-Black Sea conduit is yet another important passage in the Western European region. In addition to connecting the Danube River to the Black Sea, this shipping canal also, in a way, interlinks the Black Sea to the North Sea through the Danube-Main-Rhine channel, offering a maritime passage to Eastern Europe by way of the Volga-Don canal. The Danube-Black Sea enables vessels to bypass the difficult deltaic region of the Danube, providing continuity in maritime operations in the region. While the 64.4 km-long main branch of the canal was constructed between the year 1976 and 1984, the 31.2 km-long north branch was built during a period between 1983 and 1987. At the same time, the Danube-Black Sea has a historical relevance as tens and thousands of political prisoners were brought in for the excavation of the waterway.</p>
<p>Over to you.</p>
<p>Do you know any other shipping canal that should be added to this list?</p>
<p>Let us know in the comments.</p>
<div>
<p><em><strong>Disclaimer :</strong> <br/>The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. While we endeavour to keep the information up to date and correct, we make no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability or availability with respect to the website or the information, products, services, or related graphics contained on the website for any purpose. Any reliance you place on such information is therefore strictly at your own risk.</em></p>
<p><em>In no event will we be liable for any loss or damage including without limitation, indirect or consequential loss or damage, or any loss or damage whatsoever arising from loss of data or profits arising out of, or in connection with, the use of this website.<br/></em></p>
</div><div>
<p>Marine Insight News Network is a premier source for up-to-date, comprehensive, and insightful coverage of the maritime industry. Dedicated to offering the latest news, trends, and analyses in shipping, marine technology, regulations, and global maritime affairs, Marine Insight News Network prides itself on delivering accurate, engaging, and relevant information. </p>
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 Home › Know More

 10 Famous Shipping Canals of the World

 By MI News Network January 25, 2019January 23, 2024 Know More

 [Updated Oct. 2018] Shipping canals are waterways specifically built along major seawater routes to enable the passage of vessels. Most of the time, these canals are constructed to connect to waterbodies including seas, lakes, and rivers, offering an alternative route to the vessels, particularly cargo vessels. Such canals are of vital importance in the maritime industry as they offer shorter transportation routes across major seawater networks and also help to regulate maritime traffic internally within countries.

 There are hundreds of shipping canals all over the world, in different length, width and depth, facilitating easy movement of a variety of vessels on an everyday basis. Some of these canals are also the busiest traffic routes around the world.

 Mentioned below are ten of the most famous and busiest shipping canals from around the world (In no specific order).

 1. Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal

 Popularly known as Grand Canal, the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal is the longest and the oldest canal in the world. Connecting China’s the Yellow River and Yangtze River, the canal goes through several provinces in the country as well as connects with several other rivers. While the canal covers a length of 1,776 km (1,104 mi), its greatest height reaches at a summit of 42 m in the mountains of Shandong. Linking the northern and southern China, the canal contributes heavily to the country’s economy as it holds a great role in the transportation of cargo. Originally built in 468 BC, the Grand Canal is currently a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

 1. Suez Canal

 Opened in November 1869, the 193.30 km (120 miles)-long Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway located in Egypt. Linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Gulf of Suez, the Suez Canal is an extremely crucial shipping canal in the world maritime sector as it is one of the most heavily used shipping routes in the world.

 The canal, which separates Asia from the African continent, provides a shortest maritime route between Europe and the regions which share a border with the Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific Ocean. The Suez Canal has been recognized as a maritime route to be open at all times, to shipping vessels of all countries in order to facilitate continuity in maritime trade operations irrespective of global conflicts.

 1. Panama Canal

 One of the most crucial maritime gateways in the western region, the Panama Canal provides connectivity between the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean through the Panama isthmus- a narrow strip that separates the Caribbean Sea from the Pacific Ocean. Since the oceans that the canal connects with are not at the same level, the canal uses Lock Gates on either side to lift the vessel to the higher level and similarly to drop down to the sea level. Opened in the year 1914, the canal helps vessels transiting between the east and west coasts of the US to shorten their journey by 15,000 km. The 82 km (51 mi)-long waterway offers its service to 29 major liner services, mostly on the US East Coast to Asia trade route. In 2017, the Panama Canal witnessed the arrival of a total of 13,548 vessels and received 403.8 million tons of cargo.

 Learn about some important Panama Canal Facts here.

 ﻿
 1. Corinth Canal

 Connecting the Gulf of Corinth and the Saronic Gulf in the Aegean Sea, the Corinth Canal goes through the narrow Isthmus of Corinth and divides the Peloponnese from the Greek mainland. With a 6.4-kilometre length and 8 meters (26 ft) depth, the Corinth Canal is important as it helps seafarers avoid the dangers of sailing around the Peloponnese’s treacherous southern capes while moving between the Gulf of Corinth and the Saronic Gulf. Though its economic importance has been reduced due to the incapability to accommodate modern ships, the canal still serves around 15,000 ships from at least 50 countries.

 1. The White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal

 The White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal, also called the White Sea Canal, is an important waterway that regularizes traffic internally along the Russian waterways, starting from the White Sea in the north and extending to the Baltic Sea down south. Constructed in the year 1933, the shipping canal passes through various smaller water bodies, including the Arctic Ocean and Lake Onega, before finally emerging into the Baltic Sea. Although important navigation conduct, the 227 km-long canals, however, witness only light traffic since it isn’t suitable for merchant ships vessels with larger dimensions and specifications. It is estimated that a total of 193 million tonnes of cargo have been transited through the canal over the first 75 years of its operation since 1993.

 1. Rhine-Main-Danube Canal

 Linking three important rivers in the heart of Western Europe, the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal or the Europa Canal was originally built as early as the 1938s. Thexx Europa Canal is a major marine transportation gateway linking the North Sea to the Black Sea via the Atlantic Ocean. Over the years there have been several constructional extensions that have been made to the canal, the last one being carried out in the early 1990s. An important shipping gateway within Europe, the 171-kilometre (106 mi) long Rhine-Main-Danube Canal is capable of accommodating barges with a capacity of up to 2,425 tons of bulk cargo.

 1. Volga-Don Canal

 The Volga-Don ship canal interlinks the Russian rivers Volga and Don, providing an important water passage through the Azoff Sea (a bay of the Black Sea) and the Caspian Sea to the major oceanic networks. The original construction work on the canal, at the closest point of the rivers, was started as early as the 16th century, and the route was considered important because of the fact that it provided a passage to connect the Eastern European shipping networks with their Western counterparts. Opened in 1952, the 101 km-long waterway passes through three reservoirs, including Karpovka, Bereslavka, and Varvarovka. The canal features nine one-chamber canal locks on the Volga slope to raise ships and four locks on the Don slope to lower vessels.

 1. Kiel Canal

 Connecting the Baltic Sea with the North Sea, the Kiel Canal passes through the German province of Schleswig-Holstein. Opened in 1895, the 98 km-long Kiel Canal helps vessels bypass the longer route that passes via Denmark (peninsula of Jutland), which is regarded as quite unstable maritime route, saving an average of 250 nautical miles. With this artificial waterway, vessels en route to the east through the North Sea enter the canal at Brunsbüttel and complete the journey at Kiel-Holtenau to enter into the Baltic. The constructional aspect of the water route dates back to the 1700s, though the construction of the present-day Kiel water conduit began only in late 1887. More than 9,000 workers spent eight years completing the construction of the present-day canal.

 1. Houston Ship Canal

 Offering a conduit for vessels between Houston, Texas, and the Gulf of Mexico, the 50-mile Houston Ship Channel is a vital waterway in the United States. Opened in 1914 and enhanced later, the canal makes Texas home to one of the US’s busiest seaports. With a number of terminals as well as berthing locations, the Houston Ship Channel witnesses a significant volume of inland barge traffic. Naturally developed by the dredging works in Buffalo Bayou and Galveston Bay, the shipping canal has been broadened and deepened later in order to ensure its continued viability.

 1. Danube-Black Sea Canal

 The Danube-Black Sea conduit is yet another important passage in the Western European region. In addition to connecting the Danube River to the Black Sea, this shipping canal also, in a way, interlinks the Black Sea to the North Sea through the Danube-Main-Rhine channel, offering a maritime passage to Eastern Europe by way of the Volga-Don canal. The Danube-Black Sea enables vessels to bypass the difficult deltaic region of the Danube, providing continuity in maritime operations in the region. While the 64.4 km-long main branch of the canal was constructed between the year 1976 and 1984, the 31.2 km-long north branch was built during a period between 1983 and 1987. At the same time, the Danube-Black Sea has a historical relevance as tens and thousands of political prisoners were brought in for the excavation of the waterway.

 Over to you.

 Do you know any other shipping canal that should be added to this list?

 Let us know in the comments.

 Disclaimer :
 The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. While we endeavour to keep the information up to date and correct, we make no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability or availability with respect to the website or the information, products, services, or related graphics contained on the website for any purpose. Any reliance you place on such information is therefore strictly at your own risk.

 In no event will we be liable for any loss or damage including without limitation, indirect or consequential loss or damage, or any loss or damage whatsoever arising from loss of data or profits arising out of, or in connection with, the use of this website.

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 Disclaimer :
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 Marine Insight News Network is a premier source for up-to-date, comprehensive, and insightful coverage of the maritime industry. Dedicated to offering the latest news, trends, and analyses in shipping, marine technology, regulations, and global maritime affairs, Marine Insight News Network prides itself on delivering accurate, engaging, and relevant information.

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 20 Comments

 1. Myron says:
 March 8, 2014 at 12:21 am

 Maybe I missed it but shouldn’t there be a map of the canal location? I can find it easily enough but the casual searcher will not know where most of these canals are located.

 2. Phyllis nyandia says:
 July 22, 2014 at 3:15 pm

 Good work but there should be a map of canals.

 3. alhassin ali says:
 June 23, 2015 at 1:35 pm

 should be a map of the canals very nacessery

 4. Ekuma uchechukwu Fredrick says:
 June 13, 2017 at 8:27 pm

 I want to be a sailor, it has being my unrealistic dream. I need help.

 5. Shayne says:
 August 29, 2018 at 9:21 am

 What about the soo locks in Northern Michigan?

 6. Bob says:
 October 14, 2018 at 1:17 am

 I, myself, am glad this article has no maps, because this forces me to get up off my fat butt and walk across the room and get the atlas off the shelf and look things up. I needed the exercise. Thank you.

 7. Anish says:
 October 21, 2018 at 4:16 pm

 ?

 8. Christopher says:
 January 27, 2019 at 6:22 am

 The St. Lawrence sea way, the Welland Canal, and the Sault St. Marie locks should have been included in this list, as the Hiway H2O system in Canada and the US is in valuable to the worlds economy.

 9. John says:
 January 27, 2019 at 9:21 am

 Welland Canal.

 10. Stephanie says:
 January 27, 2019 at 10:03 am

 How about the Welland Canal in Ontario, Canada!

 11. Alin says:
 January 27, 2019 at 12:44 pm

 Canal de Garonne and Canal de Midi in Southern France. Together they link the Atlantic and the Mediteranean.

 12. Juha Hellman says:
 January 28, 2019 at 12:32 am

 The Saimaa Canale Finland

 13. Jennifer says:
 June 19, 2019 at 12:48 am

 The Columbia-Snake River System Locks & Dams

 14. Anish says:
 June 25, 2019 at 9:19 pm

 @Jennifer- Thank you ????????

 15. Ahmed Dabarako Idris says:
 August 29, 2019 at 2:09 pm

 Patigi River Canal located along River Niger Channels in Patigi Located Government Area of Kwara
 State, Nigeria. this is natural canal which exist before the arrival of Europeans which assist in the movement of goods from towns, and villages along the River channels between Kwara State and Niger State in Nigeria.

 16. Nikolaos Pitsos says:
 May 24, 2020 at 10:47 am

 thanks

 17. Anish says:
 May 30, 2020 at 8:51 am

 ??

 18. Jeff says:
 June 17, 2020 at 11:30 pm

 The cape cod canal is the deepest canal

 19. Jeanine says:
 January 24, 2021 at 5:09 am

 Yes. Our tiny but deep Cape Cod Canal in Massachusetts.

 20. Jeff Foster says:
 December 5, 2022 at 4:41 am

 Don’t forget The Cape Cod Canal. Important on the east coast of the U. S.

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[Updated Oct. 2018] Shipping canals are waterways specifically built along major seawater routes to enable the passage of vessels. Most of the time, these canals are constructed to connect to waterbodies including seas, lakes, and rivers, offering an alternative route to the vessels, particularly cargo vessels. Such canals are of vital importance in the maritime industry as they offer shorter transportation routes across major seawater networks and also help to regulate maritime traffic internally within countries.
There are hundreds of shipping canals all over the world, in different length, width and depth, facilitating easy movement of a variety of vessels on an everyday basis. Some of these canals are also the busiest traffic routes around the world.
Mentioned below are ten of the most famous and busiest shipping canals from around the world (In no specific order).
 Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal 
Popularly known as Grand Canal, the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal is the longest and the oldest canal in the world. Connecting China’s the Yellow River and Yangtze River, the canal goes through several provinces in the country as well as connects with several other rivers.  While the canal covers a length of 1,776 km (1,104 mi), its greatest height reaches at a summit of 42 m in the mountains of Shandong. Linking the northern and southern China, the canal contributes heavily to the country’s economy as it holds a great role in the transportation of cargo. Originally built in 468 BC, the Grand Canal is currently a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
 Suez Canal  
Opened in November 1869, the 193.30 km (120 miles)-long Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway located in Egypt. Linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Gulf of Suez, the Suez Canal is an extremely crucial shipping canal in the world maritime sector as it is one of the most heavily used shipping routes in the world.
The canal, which separates Asia from the African continent, provides a shortest maritime route between Europe and the regions which share a border with the Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific Ocean. The Suez Canal has been recognized as a maritime route to be open at all times, to shipping vessels of all countries in order to facilitate continuity in maritime trade operations irrespective of global conflicts.
 Panama Canal 
One of the most crucial maritime gateways in the western region, the Panama Canal provides connectivity between the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean through the Panama isthmus- a narrow strip that separates the Caribbean Sea from the Pacific Ocean. Since the oceans that the canal connects with are not at the same level, the canal uses Lock Gates on either side to lift the vessel to the higher level and similarly to drop down to the sea level. Opened in the year 1914, the canal helps vessels transiting between the east and west coasts of the US to shorten their journey by 15,000 km. The 82 km (51 mi)-long waterway offers its service to 29 major liner services, mostly on the US East Coast to Asia trade route. In 2017, the Panama Canal witnessed the arrival of a total of 13,548 vessels and received 403.8 million tons of cargo.
Learn about some important Panama Canal Facts here.
 Corinth Canal 
Connecting the Gulf of Corinth and the Saronic Gulf in the Aegean Sea, the Corinth Canal goes through the narrow Isthmus of Corinth and divides the Peloponnese from the Greek mainland. With a 6.4-kilometre length and 8 meters (26 ft) depth, the Corinth Canal is important as it helps seafarers avoid the dangers of sailing around the Peloponnese’s treacherous southern capes while moving between the Gulf of Corinth and the Saronic Gulf.  Though its economic importance has been reduced due to the incapability to accommodate modern ships, the canal still serves around 15,000 ships from at least 50 countries.
 The White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal 
The White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal, also called the White Sea Canal, is an important waterway that regularizes traffic internally along the Russian waterways, starting from the White Sea in the north and extending to the Baltic Sea down south. Constructed in the year 1933, the shipping canal passes through various smaller water bodies, including the Arctic Ocean and Lake Onega, before finally emerging into the Baltic Sea. Although important navigation conduct, the 227 km-long canals, however, witness only light traffic since it isn’t suitable for merchant ships vessels with larger dimensions and specifications. It is estimated that a total of 193 million tonnes of cargo have been transited through the canal over the first 75 years of its operation since 1993.
 Rhine-Main-Danube Canal 
Linking three important rivers in the heart of Western Europe, the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal or the Europa Canal was originally built as early as the 1938s. Thexx Europa Canal is a major marine transportation gateway linking the North Sea to the Black Sea via the Atlantic Ocean. Over the years there have been several constructional extensions that have been made to the canal, the last one being carried out in the early 1990s. An important shipping gateway within Europe, the 171-kilometre (106 mi) long Rhine-Main-Danube Canal is capable of accommodating barges with a capacity of up to 2,425 tons of bulk cargo.
 Volga-Don Canal 
The Volga-Don ship canal interlinks the Russian rivers Volga and Don, providing an important water passage through the Azoff Sea (a bay of the Black Sea) and the Caspian Sea to the major oceanic networks. The original construction work on the canal, at the closest point of the rivers, was started as early as the 16th century, and the route was considered important because of the fact that it provided a passage to connect the Eastern European shipping networks with their Western counterparts. Opened in 1952, the 101 km-long waterway passes through three reservoirs, including Karpovka, Bereslavka, and Varvarovka. The canal features nine one-chamber canal locks on the Volga slope to raise ships and four locks on the Don slope to lower vessels.
 Kiel Canal 
Connecting the Baltic Sea with the North Sea, the Kiel Canal passes through the German province of Schleswig-Holstein. Opened in 1895, the 98 km-long Kiel Canal helps vessels bypass the longer route that passes via Denmark (peninsula of Jutland), which is regarded as quite unstable maritime route, saving an average of 250 nautical miles. With this artificial waterway, vessels en route to the east through the North Sea enter the canal at Brunsbüttel and complete the journey at Kiel-Holtenau to enter into the Baltic. The constructional aspect of the water route dates back to the 1700s, though the construction of the present-day Kiel water conduit began only in late 1887. More than 9,000 workers spent eight years completing the construction of the present-day canal.
 Houston Ship Canal 
Offering a conduit for vessels between Houston, Texas, and the Gulf of Mexico, the 50-mile Houston Ship Channel is a vital waterway in the United States. Opened in 1914 and enhanced later, the canal makes Texas home to one of the US’s busiest seaports. With a number of terminals as well as berthing locations, the Houston Ship Channel witnesses a significant volume of inland barge traffic. Naturally developed by the dredging works in Buffalo Bayou and Galveston Bay, the shipping canal has been broadened and deepened later in order to ensure its continued viability.
 Danube-Black Sea Canal 
The Danube-Black Sea conduit is yet another important passage in the Western European region. In addition to connecting the Danube River to the Black Sea, this shipping canal also, in a way, interlinks the Black Sea to the North Sea through the Danube-Main-Rhine channel, offering a maritime passage to Eastern Europe by way of the Volga-Don canal. The Danube-Black Sea enables vessels to bypass the difficult deltaic region of the Danube, providing continuity in maritime operations in the region. While the 64.4 km-long main branch of the canal was constructed between the year 1976 and 1984, the 31.2 km-long north branch was built during a period between 1983 and 1987. At the same time, the Danube-Black Sea has a historical relevance as tens and thousands of political prisoners were brought in for the excavation of the waterway.
Over to you.
Do you know any other shipping canal that should be added to this list?
Let us know in the comments.
  Disclaimer : The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. While we endeavour to keep the information up to date and correct, we make no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability or availability with respect to the website or the information, products, services, or related graphics contained on the website for any purpose. Any reliance you place on such information is therefore strictly at your own risk. 
 In no event will we be liable for any loss or damage including without limitation, indirect or consequential loss or damage, or any loss or damage whatsoever arising from loss of data or profits arising out of, or in connection with, the use of this website.  
 
Marine Insight News Network is a premier source for up-to-date, comprehensive, and insightful coverage of the maritime industry. Dedicated to offering the latest news, trends, and analyses in shipping, marine technology, regulations, and global maritime affairs, Marine Insight News Network prides itself on delivering accurate, engaging, and relevant information. 
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10 Famous Shipping Canals of the World
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