here's a really fun internet forum:
https://news.ycombinator.com/
Hacker News
2023-05-22
None
<div><div><td><table>
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 <td>1.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36036997&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://buddhistuniversity.net/">The Open Buddhist University</a> (<a href="from?site=buddhistuniversity.net">buddhistuniversity.net</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 107 points by <a href="user?id=rg111">rg111</a> <a href="item?id=36036997">2 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36036997&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36036997">15 comments</a> 
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 <td>2.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36029087&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://samwho.dev/memory-allocation/">Memory Allocation</a> (<a href="from?site=samwho.dev">samwho.dev</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 986 points by <a href="user?id=thecoppinger">thecoppinger</a> <a href="item?id=36029087">14 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36029087&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36029087">138 comments</a> 
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 <td>3.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36037308&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12173">Compromising LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection</a> (<a href="from?site=arxiv.org">arxiv.org</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 16 points by <a href="user?id=greshake">greshake</a> <a href="item?id=36037308">1 hour ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36037308&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36037308">2 comments</a> 
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 <td>4.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36034726&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://www.mrdbourke.com/what-if-you-did-the-exact-opposite-like-the-rogue-bees-do/">What if you did the exact opposite, like rogue bees do (2020)</a> (<a href="from?site=mrdbourke.com">mrdbourke.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 128 points by <a href="user?id=azhenley">azhenley</a> <a href="item?id=36034726">5 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36034726&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36034726">83 comments</a> 
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 <td>5.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36034211&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq/tree/main/examples/mms">Meta AI announces Massive Multilingual Speech code, models for 1000+ languages</a> (<a href="from?site=github.com/facebookresearch">github.com/facebookresearch</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 402 points by <a href="user?id=crakenzak">crakenzak</a> <a href="item?id=36034211">6 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36034211&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36034211">145 comments</a> 
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 <td>6.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36032081&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://github.com/psychic-api/psychic">Show HN: Psychic - An open-source integration platform for unstructured data</a> (<a href="from?site=github.com/psychic-api">github.com/psychic-api</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 68 points by <a href="user?id=jasonwcfan">jasonwcfan</a> <a href="item?id=36032081">4 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36032081&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36032081">15 comments</a> 
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 <td>7.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36030958&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://nick-black.com/dankwiki/index.php/Io_uring">Io uring</a> (<a href="from?site=nick-black.com">nick-black.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 230 points by <a href="user?id=sohkamyung">sohkamyung</a> <a href="item?id=36030958">10 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36030958&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36030958">49 comments</a> 
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 <td>8.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36021741&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://www.engadget.com/blackberry-movie-review-comedy-tragedy-innovators-dilemma-140115574.html">'BlackBerry' review: The comedy and tragedy of the innovator's dilemma</a> (<a href="from?site=engadget.com">engadget.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 12 points by <a href="user?id=cf100clunk">cf100clunk</a> <a href="item?id=36021741">1 hour ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36021741&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36021741">4 comments</a> 
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 <td>9.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36037419&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://www.twitch.tv/blotterstream">Show HN: Blotter – An interactive, never ending music video</a> (<a href="from?site=twitch.tv">twitch.tv</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 14 points by <a href="user?id=ck019">ck019</a> <a href="item?id=36037419">1 hour ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36037419&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36037419">2 comments</a> 
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 <td>10.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36034929&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://stackoverflow.blog/2023/05/22/modern-work-requires-attention-constant-alerts-steal-it/">Modern work requires attention – constant alerts steal it</a> (<a href="from?site=stackoverflow.blog">stackoverflow.blog</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 214 points by <a href="user?id=djha-skin">djha-skin</a> <a href="item?id=36034929">5 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36034929&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36034929">99 comments</a> 
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 <td>11.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36022896&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://spin.atomicobject.com/2023/05/21/nonfiction-business-books/">Building a Better Book Club: A Strategy for Efficiently Ingesting Nonfiction</a> (<a href="from?site=atomicobject.com">atomicobject.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 37 points by <a href="user?id=ingve">ingve</a> <a href="item?id=36022896">4 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36022896&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36022896">19 comments</a> 
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 <td>12.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36036412&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://torrentfreak.com/more-than-600000-students-and-teachers-use-z-library-230522/">More Than 600k Students and Teachers Use Z-Library</a> (<a href="from?site=torrentfreak.com">torrentfreak.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 109 points by <a href="user?id=nickthegreek">nickthegreek</a> <a href="item?id=36036412">3 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36036412&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36036412">14 comments</a> 
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 <td>13.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36022078&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://nicole.express/2023/that-blasted-rgb.html">A Review of the RGB Blaster: No Mod, No Problem</a> (<a href="from?site=nicole.express">nicole.express</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 19 points by <a href="user?id=zdw">zdw</a> <a href="item?id=36022078">2 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36022078&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36022078">discuss</a> 
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 <td>14.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36030959&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://phys.org/news/2023-05-black-holes-defects-spacetime.html">Black holes might be defects in spacetime</a> (<a href="from?site=phys.org">phys.org</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 185 points by <a href="user?id=wglb">wglb</a> <a href="item?id=36030959">10 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36030959&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36030959">214 comments</a> 
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 <td>15.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36035641&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://www.wired.com/story/europe-break-encryption-leaked-document-csa-law/">Leaked government document shows Spain wants to ban end-to-end encryption</a> (<a href="from?site=wired.com">wired.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 336 points by <a href="user?id=arkadiyt">arkadiyt</a> <a href="item?id=36035641">4 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36035641&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36035641">182 comments</a> 
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 <td>16.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36023558&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://riskmusings.substack.com/p/success-to-the-successful">Success to the successful</a> (<a href="from?site=riskmusings.substack.com">riskmusings.substack.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 73 points by <a href="user?id=vitabenes">vitabenes</a> <a href="item?id=36023558">7 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36023558&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36023558">47 comments</a> 
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 <td>17.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36029032&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://brr.fyi/posts/polar-night">Polar Night</a> (<a href="from?site=brr.fyi">brr.fyi</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 178 points by <a href="user?id=alexcason">alexcason</a> <a href="item?id=36029032">14 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36029032&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36029032">16 comments</a> 
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 <td>18.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36031446&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/some-neural-networks-learn-language-like-humans-20230522/">Parallels in the ways that humans and ML models acquire language skills</a> (<a href="from?site=quantamagazine.org">quantamagazine.org</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 72 points by <a href="user?id=theafh">theafh</a> <a href="item?id=36031446">9 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36031446&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36031446">21 comments</a> 
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 <td>19.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36029221&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://hakibenita.com/the-many-faces-of-distinct-in-postgre-sql">The many faces of DISTINCT in Postgres (2017)</a> (<a href="from?site=hakibenita.com">hakibenita.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 158 points by <a href="user?id=rsecora">rsecora</a> <a href="item?id=36029221">13 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36029221&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36029221">59 comments</a> 
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 <td>20.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36034718&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-01604-x">Talks That Attendees See in Person More Likely to Be Cited</a> (<a href="from?site=nature.com">nature.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 20 points by <a href="user?id=belter">belter</a> <a href="item?id=36034718">5 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36034718&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36034718">12 comments</a> 
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 <td>21.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36030866&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://jsonjoy.com/blog/list-crdt-benchmarks">CRDT Benchmarks</a> (<a href="from?site=jsonjoy.com">jsonjoy.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 129 points by <a href="user?id=streamich">streamich</a> <a href="item?id=36030866">10 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36030866&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36030866">35 comments</a> 
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 <td>22.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36036321&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://www.dw.com/en/how-a-temperature-rise-of-2-degrees-celsius-impacts-billions/a-65695800">A temperature rise of 2 degrees Celsius impacts billions</a> (<a href="from?site=dw.com">dw.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 58 points by <a href="user?id=rntn">rntn</a> <a href="item?id=36036321">3 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36036321&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36036321">20 comments</a> 
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 <td>23.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36020520&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://medium.com/tebs-lab/deep-neural-networks-as-computational-graphs-867fcaa56c9">Deep neural networks as computational graphs (2018)</a> (<a href="from?site=medium.com/tebs-lab">medium.com/tebs-lab</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 86 points by <a href="user?id=softwaredoug">softwaredoug</a> <a href="item?id=36020520">11 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36020520&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36020520">35 comments</a> 
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 <td>24.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36028845&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/meta-fined-1-3-billion-over-data-transfers-to-u-s-b53dbb04">Meta fined $1.3B over data transfers to U.S.</a> (<a href="from?site=wsj.com">wsj.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 597 points by <a href="user?id=jaredwiener">jaredwiener</a> <a href="item?id=36028845">14 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36028845&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36028845">433 comments</a> 
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 <td>25.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36029115&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2023-05-22/News_and_notes">Severance payments at Wikimedia Foundation</a> (<a href="from?site=wikipedia.org">wikipedia.org</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 354 points by <a href="user?id=akolbe">akolbe</a> <a href="item?id=36029115">14 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36029115&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36029115">307 comments</a> 
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 <td>26.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36021933&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202301627">Clinical validation of a blood-pressure sensor for continuous health monitoring</a> (<a href="from?site=wiley.com">wiley.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 73 points by <a href="user?id=bookofjoe">bookofjoe</a> <a href="item?id=36021933">10 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36021933&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36021933">15 comments</a> 
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 <td>27.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36029915&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://blog.mikrotik.com/security/cve-2023-32154.html">RCE on MikroTik routers with IPv6 RA enabled</a> (<a href="from?site=mikrotik.com">mikrotik.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 89 points by <a href="user?id=dgroshev">dgroshev</a> <a href="item?id=36029915">12 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36029915&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36029915">43 comments</a> 
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 <td>28.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36022598&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.14889">Perfectly secure steganography using minimum entropy coupling</a> (<a href="from?site=arxiv.org">arxiv.org</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 53 points by <a href="user?id=Topolomancer">Topolomancer</a> <a href="item?id=36022598">9 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36022598&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36022598">14 comments</a> 
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 <td>29.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36023306&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://bartwullems.blogspot.com/2023/05/lehmans-laws-of-software-evolution.html">Lehman’s Laws of Software Evolution</a> (<a href="from?site=bartwullems.blogspot.com">bartwullems.blogspot.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 37 points by <a href="user?id=kiyanwang">kiyanwang</a> <a href="item?id=36023306">8 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36023306&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36023306">9 comments</a> 
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 <td>30.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36032224&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="item?id=36032224">Ask HN: Is anyone hosting their own Jitsi server?</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 175 points by <a href="user?id=asim">asim</a> <a href="item?id=36032224">8 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36032224&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36032224">75 comments</a> 
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 <td><a href="?p=2">More</a></td> </tr>
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 1.  The Open Buddhist University ( buddhistuniversity.net ) 
 107 points by rg111 2 hours ago | hide | 15 comments  
   
 2.  Memory Allocation ( samwho.dev )  
 986 points by thecoppinger 14 hours ago | hide | 138 comments  
   
 3.  Compromising LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection ( arxiv.org ) 
 16 points by greshake 1 hour ago | hide | 2 comments  
   
 4.  What if you did the exact opposite, like rogue bees do (2020) ( mrdbourke.com ) 
 128 points by azhenley 5 hours ago | hide | 83 comments  
   
 5.  Meta AI announces Massive Multilingual Speech code, models for 1000+ languages ( github.com/facebookresearch )
 402 points by crakenzak 6 hours ago | hide | 145 comments  
   
 6.  Show HN: Psychic - An open-source integration platform for unstructured data ( github.com/psychic-api ) 
 68 points by jasonwcfan 4 hours ago | hide | 15 comments  
   
 7.  Io uring ( nick-black.com )  
 230 points by sohkamyung 10 hours ago | hide | 49 comments  
   
 8.  'BlackBerry' review: The comedy and tragedy of the innovator's dilemma ( engadget.com ) 
 12 points by cf100clunk 1 hour ago | hide | 4 comments  
   
 9.  Show HN: Blotter – An interactive, never ending music video ( twitch.tv ) 
 14 points by ck019 1 hour ago | hide | 2 comments  
   
10.  Modern work requires attention – constant alerts steal it ( stackoverflow.blog ) 
 214 points by djha-skin 5 hours ago | hide | 99 comments  
   
11.  Building a Better Book Club: A Strategy for Efficiently Ingesting Nonfiction ( atomicobject.com ) 
 37 points by ingve 4 hours ago | hide | 19 comments  
   
12.  More Than 600k Students and Teachers Use Z-Library ( torrentfreak.com ) 
 109 points by nickthegreek 3 hours ago | hide | 14 comments  
   
13.  A Review of the RGB Blaster: No Mod, No Problem ( nicole.express ) 
 19 points by zdw 2 hours ago | hide | discuss  
   
14.  Black holes might be defects in spacetime ( phys.org ) 
 185 points by wglb 10 hours ago | hide | 214 comments  
   
15.  Leaked government document shows Spain wants to ban end-to-end encryption ( wired.com ) 
 336 points by arkadiyt 4 hours ago | hide | 182 comments  
   
16.  Success to the successful ( riskmusings.substack.com ) 
 73 points by vitabenes 7 hours ago | hide | 47 comments  
   
17.  Polar Night ( brr.fyi )  
 178 points by alexcason 14 hours ago | hide | 16 comments  
   
18.  Parallels in the ways that humans and ML models acquire language skills ( quantamagazine.org ) 
 72 points by theafh 9 hours ago | hide | 21 comments  
   
19.  The many faces of DISTINCT in Postgres (2017) ( hakibenita.com ) 
 158 points by rsecora 13 hours ago | hide | 59 comments  
   
20.  Talks That Attendees See in Person More Likely to Be Cited ( nature.com ) 
 20 points by belter 5 hours ago | hide | 12 comments  
   
21.  CRDT Benchmarks ( jsonjoy.com )  
 129 points by streamich 10 hours ago | hide | 35 comments  
   
22.  A temperature rise of 2 degrees Celsius impacts billions ( dw.com ) 
 58 points by rntn 3 hours ago | hide | 20 comments  
   
23.  Deep neural networks as computational graphs (2018) ( medium.com/tebs-lab ) 
 86 points by softwaredoug 11 hours ago | hide | 35 comments  
   
24.  Meta fined $1.3B over data transfers to U.S. ( wsj.com ) 
 597 points by jaredwiener 14 hours ago | hide | 433 comments  
   
25.  Severance payments at Wikimedia Foundation ( wikipedia.org ) 
 354 points by akolbe 14 hours ago | hide | 307 comments  
   
26.  Clinical validation of a blood-pressure sensor for continuous health monitoring ( wiley.com ) 
 73 points by bookofjoe 10 hours ago | hide | 15 comments  
   
27.  RCE on MikroTik routers with IPv6 RA enabled ( mikrotik.com ) 
 89 points by dgroshev 12 hours ago | hide | 43 comments  
   
28.  Perfectly secure steganography using minimum entropy coupling ( arxiv.org ) 
 53 points by Topolomancer 9 hours ago | hide | 14 comments  
   
29.  Lehman’s Laws of Software Evolution ( bartwullems.blogspot.com ) 
 37 points by kiyanwang 8 hours ago | hide | 9 comments  
   
30.  Ask HN: Is anyone hosting their own Jitsi server? 
 175 points by asim 8 hours ago | hide | 75 comments  
   
   
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1.      The Open Buddhist University (buddhistuniversity.net)     
 107 points by rg111 2 hours ago | hide | 15 comments 
  
  
 
 2.      Memory Allocation (samwho.dev)     
 986 points by thecoppinger 14 hours ago | hide | 138 comments 
  
  
 
 3.      Compromising LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection (arxiv.org)     
 16 points by greshake 1 hour ago | hide | 2 comments 
  
  
 
 4.      What if you did the exact opposite, like rogue bees do (2020) (mrdbourke.com)     
 128 points by azhenley 5 hours ago | hide | 83 comments 
  
  
 
 5.      Meta AI announces Massive Multilingual Speech code, models for 1000+ languages (github.com/facebookresearch)     
 402 points by crakenzak 6 hours ago | hide | 145 comments 
  
  
 
 6.      Show HN: Psychic - An open-source integration platform for unstructured data (github.com/psychic-api)     
 68 points by jasonwcfan 4 hours ago | hide | 15 comments 
  
  
 
 7.      Io uring (nick-black.com)     
 230 points by sohkamyung 10 hours ago | hide | 49 comments 
  
  
 
 8.      'BlackBerry' review: The comedy and tragedy of the innovator's dilemma (engadget.com)     
 12 points by cf100clunk 1 hour ago | hide | 4 comments 
  
  
 
 9.      Show HN: Blotter – An interactive, never ending music video (twitch.tv)     
 14 points by ck019 1 hour ago | hide | 2 comments 
  
  
 
 10.      Modern work requires attention – constant alerts steal it (stackoverflow.blog)     
 214 points by djha-skin 5 hours ago | hide | 99 comments 
  
  
 
 11.      Building a Better Book Club: A Strategy for Efficiently Ingesting Nonfiction (atomicobject.com)     
 37 points by ingve 4 hours ago | hide | 19 comments 
  
  
 
 12.      More Than 600k Students and Teachers Use Z-Library (torrentfreak.com)     
 109 points by nickthegreek 3 hours ago | hide | 14 comments 
  
  
 
 13.      A Review of the RGB Blaster: No Mod, No Problem (nicole.express)     
 19 points by zdw 2 hours ago | hide | discuss 
  
  
 
 14.      Black holes might be defects in spacetime (phys.org)     
 185 points by wglb 10 hours ago | hide | 214 comments 
  
  
 
 15.      Leaked government document shows Spain wants to ban end-to-end encryption (wired.com)     
 336 points by arkadiyt 4 hours ago | hide | 182 comments 
  
  
 
 16.      Success to the successful (riskmusings.substack.com)     
 73 points by vitabenes 7 hours ago | hide | 47 comments 
  
  
 
 17.      Polar Night (brr.fyi)     
 178 points by alexcason 14 hours ago | hide | 16 comments 
  
  
 
 18.      Parallels in the ways that humans and ML models acquire language skills (quantamagazine.org)     
 72 points by theafh 9 hours ago | hide | 21 comments 
  
  
 
 19.      The many faces of DISTINCT in Postgres (2017) (hakibenita.com)     
 158 points by rsecora 13 hours ago | hide | 59 comments 
  
  
 
 20.      Talks That Attendees See in Person More Likely to Be Cited (nature.com)     
 20 points by belter 5 hours ago | hide | 12 comments 
  
  
 
 21.      CRDT Benchmarks (jsonjoy.com)     
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 22.      A temperature rise of 2 degrees Celsius impacts billions (dw.com)     
 58 points by rntn 3 hours ago | hide | 20 comments 
  
  
 
 23.      Deep neural networks as computational graphs (2018) (medium.com/tebs-lab)     
 86 points by softwaredoug 11 hours ago | hide | 35 comments 
  
  
 
 24.      Meta fined $1.3B over data transfers to U.S. (wsj.com)     
 597 points by jaredwiener 14 hours ago | hide | 433 comments 
  
  
 
 25.      Severance payments at Wikimedia Foundation (wikipedia.org)     
 354 points by akolbe 14 hours ago | hide | 307 comments 
  
  
 
 26.      Clinical validation of a blood-pressure sensor for continuous health monitoring (wiley.com)     
 73 points by bookofjoe 10 hours ago | hide | 15 comments 
  
  
 
 27.      RCE on MikroTik routers with IPv6 RA enabled (mikrotik.com)     
 89 points by dgroshev 12 hours ago | hide | 43 comments 
  
  
 
 28.      Perfectly secure steganography using minimum entropy coupling (arxiv.org)     
 53 points by Topolomancer 9 hours ago | hide | 14 comments 
  
  
 
 29.      Lehman’s Laws of Software Evolution (bartwullems.blogspot.com)     
 37 points by kiyanwang 8 hours ago | hide | 9 comments 
  
  
 
 30.      Ask HN: Is anyone hosting their own Jitsi server?      
 175 points by asim 8 hours ago | hide | 75 comments 
  
  
     
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Hacker News
https://news.ycombinator.com/
https://slashdot.org/
Slashdot: News for nerds, stuff that matters
2023-05-22
BeauHD
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	<h2>
	 <a href="//news.slashdot.org/story/23/05/22/2059211/soylentnews-to-shut-down-on-june-30th">SoylentNews To Shut Down On June 30th</a> <a href="https://soylentnews.org/meta/article.pl?sid=23/05/20/0343254"> (soylentnews.org) </a>
	</h2>
	<p>
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 <a href="https://twitter.com/BeauHD">BeauHD</a>
	<time>on Monday May 22, 2023 @07:40PM</time>
	 from the all-things-must-end dept.
	</p>
</header>
<div>
	<p><a href="/~ElizabethGreene">ElizabethGreene</a> writes: <i>NCommander <a href="https://soylentnews.org/meta/article.pl?sid=23/05/20/0343254">announced today</a> that SoylentNews, a fork of Slashdot created in the early 2010s, will be shutting down on June 30th of this year.
<p> 
Goodbye old friend.</p></i> Here's an excerpt from NCommander's <a href="https://soylentnews.org/meta/article.pl?sid=23/05/20/0343254">lengthy post</a>, which covers the technical reasons, challenges faced, and the ultimate decision to shut down the operations of SoylentNews: <i> This is the post I never thought I would have to make. I am also writing this post on behalf of SoylentNews PBC, the legal owner of SoylentNews, and not as a member of the staff or the community.
<p> 
SoylentNews is going to shut down operations on June 30th.
</p><p> 
This wasn't an easy decision to come to, and it's ultimately the culmination of a lot of factors, some which were in my control, and some that weren't. A large part boils down to critical maintenance to the site not properly being performed for a very long time. To pay back the mountain of technical debt we've built up, it would require relaunching the site from scratch. I'll discuss this more in depth below, but I can't personally justify the time any more, especially due to the negative impact that SN is having on my personal life. Before we shut down, at least for the foreseeable future, I'm going to outline the situation as I see it, my own personal responsibility, and what happens next. [...]
</p></i><br />
	 	
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<header>
	<a href="//slashdot.org/index2.pl?fhfilter=social">
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	<h2>
	 <a href="//yro.slashdot.org/story/23/05/22/2044236/tiktok-is-suing-montana-over-law-banning-the-app-in-the-state">TikTok Is Suing Montana Over Law Banning the App In the State</a> <a href="https://www.engadget.com/tiktok-is-suing-montana-over-law-banning-the-app-in-the-state-200642508.html"> (engadget.com) </a>
	</h2>
	<p>
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 <a href="https://twitter.com/BeauHD">BeauHD</a>
	<time>on Monday May 22, 2023 @07:00PM</time>
	 from the get-your-popcorn-ready dept.
	</p>
</header>
<div>
	<p>
	 	
	According to the <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/tiktok-sues-montana-over-states-ban-of-its-service-145ee291">Wall Street Journal</a>, TikTok <a href="https://www.engadget.com/tiktok-is-suing-montana-over-law-banning-the-app-in-the-state-200642508.html">filed a lawsuit against Montana</a> claiming the state's law banning the app violates the First Amendment. Engadget reports: <i> "Montana's ban abridges freedom of speech in violation of the First Amendment, violates the U.S. Constitution in multiple other respects, and is preempted by federal law," the lawsuit reads. The law prohibits the ByteDance-owned platform from operating in the state, as well as preventing Apple's and Google's app stores from listing the TikTok app for download. Although it isn't clear how Montana plans to enforce the ban, it states that violations will tally fines of $10,000 per day. However, individual TikTok users won't be charged. </i>
The lawsuit comes just days after a group of content creators <a href="https://yro.slashdot.org/story/23/05/19/0811203/content-creators-file-lawsuit-against-montana-over-tiktok-ban">sued the state</a> for similar reasons. "Montana has no authority to enact laws advancing what it believes should be the United States' foreign policy or its national security interests, nor may Montana ban an entire forum for communication based on its perceptions that some speech shared through that forum, though protected by the First Amendment, is dangerous," the suit <a href="https://www.dwt.com/-/media/files/2023/05/20230517--alario-et-al--1-complaint.pdf">states</a>. "Montana can no more ban its residents from viewing or posting to TikTok than it could ban the Wall Street Journal because of who owns it or the ideas it publishes."<br />
	 	
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<header>
	<a href="//slashdot.org/index2.pl?fhfilter=encryption">
	</a>
	<h2>
	 <a href="//it.slashdot.org/story/23/05/22/2034231/leaked-government-document-shows-spain-wants-to-ban-end-to-end-encryption">Leaked Government Document Shows Spain Wants To Ban End-to-End Encryption</a> <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/europe-break-encryption-leaked-document-csa-law/"> (wired.com) </a>
	</h2>
	<p>
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 <a href="https://twitter.com/BeauHD">BeauHD</a>
	<time>on Monday May 22, 2023 @06:20PM</time>
	 from the extreme-positions dept.
	</p>
</header>
<div>
	<p>
	 	
	An anonymous reader quotes a report from Wired: <i>Spain has <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/europe-break-encryption-leaked-document-csa-law/">advocated banning encryption for hundreds of millions of people within the European Union</a>, according to a leaked document obtained by WIRED that reveals strong support among EU member states for proposals to scan private messages for illegal content. The <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23819681-law-enforcement-working-party-document-encryption">document</a>, a European Council survey of member countries' views on encryption regulation, offered officials' behind-the-scenes opinions on how to craft a highly controversial law to stop the spread of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) in Europe. The <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2022%3A209%3AFIN">proposed law</a> would require tech companies to scan their platforms, including users' private messages, to find illegal material. However, the proposal from Ylva Johansson, the EU commissioner in charge of home affairs, has drawn ire from cryptographers, technologists, and privacy advocates for its potential impact on end-to-end encryption.
<p> 
For years, EU states have debated whether end-to-end encrypted communication platforms, such as WhatsApp and Signal, should be protected as a way for Europeans to exercise a fundamental right to privacy -- or weakened to keep criminals from being able to communicate outside the reach of law enforcement. Experts who reviewed the document at WIRED's request say it provides important insight into which EU countries plan to support a proposal that threatens to reshape encryption and the future of online privacy. Of the 20 EU countries represented in the document leaked to WIRED, the majority said they are in favor of some form of scanning of encrypted messages, with Spain's position emerging as the most extreme. "Ideally, in our view, it would be desirable to legislatively prevent EU-based service providers from implementing end-to-end encryption," Spanish representatives said in the document. The source of the document declined to comment and requested anonymity because they were not authorized to share it.
</p><p> 
In its response, Spain said it is "imperative that we have access to the data" and suggests that it should be possible for encrypted communications to be decrypted. Spain's interior minister, Fernando Grande-Marlaska, has been outspoken about what he considers the <a href="https://www.elconfidencialdigital.com/articulo/ultima-hora/grande-marlaska-homologa-alemana-comprometen-mejorar-lucha-abuso-sexual-infantil-internet/20230209203305518912.html">threat posted by encryption</a>. When reached for comment about the leaked document, Daniel Campos de Diego, a spokesperson for Spain's Ministry of Interior, says the country's position on this matter is widely known and has been publicly disseminated on several occasions. Edging close to Spain, Poland advocated in the leaked document for mechanisms through which encryption could be lifted by court order and for parents to have the power to decrypt children's communications.</p></i> Several other countries say they would give law enforcement access to people's encrypted messages and communications. "Cyprus, Hungary, and Spain very clearly see this law as their opportunity to get inside encryption to undermine encrypted communications, and that to me is huge," says Ella Jakubowska, a senior policy advisor at European Digital Rights (EDRI) who reviewed the document. "They are seeing this law is going far beyond what DG home is claiming that it's there for."<br />
	 	
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<header>
	<a href="//slashdot.org/index2.pl?fhfilter=china">
	</a>
	<h2>
	 <a href="//yro.slashdot.org/story/23/05/22/2023209/uc-berkeley-neglected-to-disclose-220-million-deal-with-china-to-the-us-government">UC Berkeley Neglected To Disclose $220 Million Deal With China To the US Government</a> <a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/uc-berkeley-failed-to-disclose-dollar220m-tech-deal-with-china-to-us-government?ref=scroll"> (thedailybeast.com) </a>
	</h2>
	<p>
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 <a href="https://twitter.com/BeauHD">BeauHD</a>
	<time>on Monday May 22, 2023 @05:40PM</time>
	 from the eyebrow-raising dept.
	</p>
</header>
<div>
	<p><a href="/~schwit1">schwit1</a> shares a report from The Daily Beast: <i>U.C. Berkeley has <a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/uc-berkeley-failed-to-disclose-dollar220m-tech-deal-with-china-to-us-government?ref=scroll">failed to disclose to the U.S. government massive Chinese state funding</a> for a highly sensitive $240 million joint tech venture in China that has been running for the last eight years. The Californian university has not registered with the U.S. government that it received huge financial support from the city of Shenzhen for a tech project inside China, which also included partnerships with Chinese companies that have since been sanctioned by the U.S. or accused of complicity in human rights abuses.
<p> 
The university has failed to declare a $220 million investment from the municipal government of Shenzhen to build a research campus in China. A Berkeley spokesperson told The Daily Beast that the university had yet to declare the investment -- announced in 2018 -- because the campus is still under construction. However, a former Department of Education official who used to help manage the department's foreign gifts and contracts disclosure program said that investment agreements must be disclosed within six months of signing, not when they are fully executed. Berkeley admitted that it had also failed to disclose to the U.S. government a $19 million contract in 2016 with Tsinghua University, which is controlled by the Chinese government's Ministry of Education.
</p><p> 
The project's Chinese backers promised lavish funding, state-of-the-art equipment, and smart Ph.D. students for Berkeley academics researching national security-sensitive technologies, according to contract documents exclusively obtained by The Daily Beast. After the project got underway, Berkeley researchers granted Chinese officials private tours of their cutting-edge U.S. semiconductor facilities and gave "priority commercialization rights" for intellectual properties (IP) they produced to Chinese government-backed funds. A Berkeley spokesman said that Berkeley only pursued fundamental research through TBSI, meaning that all research projects were eventually publicly published and accessible to all; it did not conduct any proprietary research that exclusively benefited a Chinese entity. Still, Berkeley's ties to the Chinese government and sanctioned Chinese companies are sure to raise eyebrows in Washington, where U.S. policymakers are increasingly concerned about the outflow of U.S. technology to China, especially those with military applications.</p></i><br />
	 	
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<header>
	<a href="//slashdot.org/index2.pl?fhfilter=social">
	</a>
	<h2>
	 <a href="//tech.slashdot.org/story/23/05/22/2018205/whatsapp-allows-users-to-edit-messages">WhatsApp Allows Users To Edit Messages</a> <a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/whatsapp-allows-users-edit-messages-2023-05-22/"> (reuters.com) </a>
	</h2>
	<p>
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 <a href="https://twitter.com/BeauHD">BeauHD</a>
	<time>on Monday May 22, 2023 @04:57PM</time>
	 from the long-awaited-features dept.
	</p>
</header>
<div>
	<p>
	 	
	WhatsApp users will <a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/whatsapp-allows-users-edit-messages-2023-05-22/">now be able to edit messages</a> within 15 minutes of hitting send. Reuters reports: <i> "For the moments when you make a mistake or simply change your mind, you can now edit your sent messages on WhatsApp," the Meta Platforms Inc-owned messaging app said in a <a href="https://about.fb.com/news/2023/05/edit-whatsapp-messages/">blog post</a> on Monday.
<p> 
The function can be accessed by long-pressing the message and choosing "edit" in the drop-down menu. The modified message will carry the label "edited", without showing edit history. </p></i><br />
	 	
	</p>
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<header>
	<a href="//slashdot.org/index2.pl?fhfilter=space">
	</a>
	<h2>
	 <a href="//science.slashdot.org/story/23/05/22/2014250/spacex-launches-10th-crewed-mission-third-fully-commercial-flight">SpaceX Launches 10th Crewed Mission, Third Fully Commercial Flight</a> <a href="https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/05/spacex-launches-tenth-crewed-mission-third-fully-commercial-flight/"> (arstechnica.com) </a>
	</h2>
	<p>
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 <a href="https://twitter.com/BeauHD">BeauHD</a>
	<time>on Monday May 22, 2023 @04:15PM</time>
	 from the world's-most-prolific-human-spaceflight-provider dept.
	</p>
</header>
<div>
	<p>
	 	
	An anonymous reader quotes a report from Ars Technica: <i>SpaceX on Sunday evening <a href="https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/05/spacex-launches-tenth-crewed-mission-third-fully-commercial-flight/">launched a commercial mission to the International Space Station carrying four people</a>, including former NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson. This "Axiom-2" mission was commanded by Whitson and carried a paying customer named John Shoffner, who served as pilot, as well as two Saudi Arabian mission specialists, Ali al-Qarni and Rayyanah Barnawi. Shoffner and the government of Saudi Arabia procured the seats on Crew Dragon from Axiom, a Houston-based spaceflight company that brokered the mission to the space station. Whitson is an employee of Axiom. The crew of four is flying the second fully private mission to the International Space Station and will spend about a week on board the orbiting laboratory before departing for Earth -- weather permitting -- on May 30.
<p> 
The Axiom-2 crew members say they will conduct about 20 scientific experiments while on the station. It is not clear how much of this is legitimate science and how much of it is lip service, but certainly it is beneficial for NASA and other space agencies to gather human performance data from a wide variety of individuals like those on the Axiom-2 flight. Perhaps most significantly, the Axiom missions are expanding the envelope of human spaceflight. By purchasing such flights, these pioneering commercial astronauts are providing funding for the development of new technologies and habitats that should, over time, bring down the cost of access to space and living there.
</p><p> 
For SpaceX, this was its 10th human space mission since the Demo-2 flight for NASA that launched in May 2020. In less than three years, the company has now put 38 people into orbit. Of these, 26 were professional astronauts from NASA and its international partners, including Russia; eight were on Axiom missions, and four on Jared Isaacman's Inspiration4 orbital free-flyer mission. Isaacman is due to make a second private flight on board Dragon, Polaris Dawn, later this year. [...] Also on Sunday, for the first time, SpaceX returned a Falcon 9 first stage to a ground-based landing pad near its launch site after a human spaceflight mission. The company was able to do this by squeezing a little bit more performance out of its workhorse rocket, which has now launched more than 230 times.</p></i> You can watch a recording of the launch <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=De1wzJw0-ig">here</a>.<br />
	 	
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<header>
	<a href="//slashdot.org/index2.pl?fhfilter=security">
	</a>
	<h2>
	 <a href="//it.slashdot.org/story/23/05/22/1916237/four-accused-of-violating-german-law-in-turkish-spyware-deal">Four Accused of Violating German Law in Turkish Spyware Deal</a> <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-22/four-accused-of-violating-german-law-in-spyware-deal-with-turkey"> (bloomberg.com) </a>
	</h2>
	<p>
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 msmash
	<time>on Monday May 22, 2023 @03:21PM</time>
	 from the closer-look dept.
	</p>
</header>
<div>
	<p>
	 	
	A prosecutor in Germany has indicted former executives of surveillance technology company FinFisher GmbH, accusing them of <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-22/four-accused-of-violating-german-law-in-spyware-deal-with-turkey">unlawfully supplying the Turkish secret services</a> with spyware that could be used to hack into phones and computers. From a report:<i> In an announcement on Monday, a spokesperson for the Munich Public Prosecutor's said that the office had carried out an "extensive and complex" investigation of the company following searches of 15 properties. Four of the company's managing directors had violated foreign trade laws, according to the prosecutor's office. The prosecutor's office named the indicted directors only as "G," "H," "T" and "D." FinFisher, prosecutors say, signed a contact in January 2015 worth $5.4 million to supply spyware to Turkey's National Intelligence Organization, but did not receive the necessary export approval from German authorities. Instead, company executives sought to conceal the deal by transferring the technology through another company they had established in Bulgaria, according to the prosecutor, though all business activities were still controlled and coordinated out of Munich. <p> 
Violations of export licensing requirements under Germany's Foreign Trade and Payments can be punishable with a prison sentence of between three months and five years. The prosecutor's office pointed to a particular provision of the law that states a prison sentence of not less than one year shall be imposed if a person if found to have acted for the secret service of a foreign power. The Munich prosecutor began investigating FinFisher in the summer of 2019, after a coalition of advocacy groups filed a criminal complaint against the company, alleging that it had supplied its spyware to Turkey without obtaining the required license from Germany's federal government. The spyware had been used in Turkey to infect the phones of government critics, monitoring their calls, text messages, photos and location data, according to a technical report published by the digital rights group Access Now.</p></i><br />
	 	
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<header>
	<a href="//slashdot.org/index2.pl?fhfilter=ai">
	</a>
	<h2>
	 <a href="//tech.slashdot.org/story/23/05/22/1859211/metas-new-ai-models-can-recognize-and-produce-speech-for-more-than-1000-languages">Meta's New AI Models Can Recognize and Produce Speech For More Than 1,000 Languages</a> <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/22/1073471/metas-new-ai-models-can-recognize-and-produce-speech-for-more-than-1000-languages/"> (technologyreview.com) </a>
	</h2>
	<p>
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 msmash
	<time>on Monday May 22, 2023 @02:58PM</time>
	 from the closer-look dept.
	</p>
</header>
<div>
	<p>
	 	
	Meta has built AI models that can recognize and produce speech <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/22/1073471/metas-new-ai-models-can-recognize-and-produce-speech-for-more-than-1000-languages/">for more than 1,000 languages</a> -- a tenfold increase on what's currently available. It's a significant step toward preserving languages that are at risk of disappearing, the company says. From a repprt:<i> Meta is releasing its models to the public via the code hosting service GitHub. It claims that making them open source will help developers working in different languages to build new speech applications -- like messaging services that understand everyone, or virtual-reality systems that can be used in any language. There are around 7,000 languages in the world, but existing speech recognition models cover only about 100 of them comprehensively. This is because these kinds of models tend to require huge amounts of labeled training data, which is available for only a small number of languages, including English, Spanish, and Chinese. Meta researchers got around this problem by retraining an existing AI model developed by the company in 2020 that is able to learn speech patterns from audio without requiring large amounts of labeled data, such as transcripts. </i><br />
	 	
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<header>
	<a href="//slashdot.org/index2.pl?fhfilter=intel">
	</a>
	<h2>
	 <a href="//tech.slashdot.org/story/23/05/22/1717235/intel-gives-details-on-future-ai-chips-as-it-shifts-strategy">Intel Gives Details on Future AI Chips as It Shifts Strategy</a> <a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/intel-gives-details-future-ai-chips-it-shifts-strategy-2023-05-22/"> (reuters.com) </a>
	</h2>
	<p>
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 msmash
	<time>on Monday May 22, 2023 @02:00PM</time>
	 from the closer-look dept.
	</p>
</header>
<div>
	<p>
	 	
	Intel on Monday provided a handful of new details on a chip for artificial intelligence (AI) computing it plans to introduce in 2025 as it <a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/intel-gives-details-future-ai-chips-it-shifts-strategy-2023-05-22/">shifts strategy</a> to compete against Nvidia and Advanced Micro Devices. From a report:<i> At a supercomputing conference in Germany on Monday, Intel said its forthcoming "Falcon Shores" chip will have 288 gigabytes of memory and support 8-bit floating point computation. Those technical specifications are important as artificial intelligence models similar to services like ChatGPT have exploded in size, and businesses are looking for more powerful chips to run them.<p> 
The details are also among the first to trickle out as Intel carries out a strategy shift to catch up to Nvidia, which leads the market in chips for AI, and AMD, which is expected to challenge Nvidia's position with a chip called the MI300. Intel, by contrast, has essentially no market share after its would-be Nvidia competitor, a chip called Ponte Vecchio, suffered years of delays. Intel on Monday said it has nearly completed shipments for Argonne National Lab's Aurora supercomputer based on Ponte Vecchio, which Intel claims has better performance than Nvidia's latest AI chip, the H100. But Intel's Falcon Shores follow-on chip won't be to market until 2025, when Nvidia will likely have another chip of its own out.</p></i><br />
	 	
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<header>
	<a href="//slashdot.org/index2.pl?fhfilter=communications">
	</a>
	<h2>
	 <a href="//news.slashdot.org/story/23/05/22/174257/biden-names-fcc-picks-pushes-for-democratic-majority-at-deadlocked-agency">Biden Names FCC Picks, Pushes for Democratic Majority at Deadlocked Agency</a> <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-22/biden-names-three-to-give-democrats-control-at-deadlocked-fcc"> (bloomberg.com) </a>
	</h2>
	<p>
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 msmash
	<time>on Monday May 22, 2023 @01:20PM</time>
	 from the closer-look dept.
	</p>
</header>
<div>
	<p>
	 	
	President Joe Biden moved to lock in his first Democratic majority at the Federal Communications Commission, naming veteran government lawyer Anna Gomez <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-22/biden-names-three-to-give-democrats-control-at-deadlocked-fcc">to an open seat and proposing to extend the service</a> of two current commissioners. From a report:<i> The appointments poise the FCC, after more than two years of partisan deadlock under a Democratic chairwoman, to act on the party's priorities, including restoring net neutrality regulations. Such rules bar broadband providers from interfering with web traffic and were gutted by Republicans during the administration of President Donald Trump.<p> 
All three nominees, announced by the White House on Monday, need Senate confirmation. In addition to Gomez, Biden proposed a second five-year term for Democrat Geoffrey Starks, who otherwise would need to leave the agency at the end of the year. Biden also proposed another term for Republican Brendan Carr, who has been on the commission since 2017. Gomez's arrival would bring the agency to its full strength of five commissioners for the first time since January 2021, when Trump's Republican chairman departed, leaving the 2-to-2 split. An earlier Biden nominee withdrew amid opposition from Senate Republicans. FCC commissioners serve staggered five-year terms, and no more than three can be members of the president's party.</p></i><br />
	 	
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<header>
	<a href="//slashdot.org/index2.pl?fhfilter=google">
	</a>
	<h2>
	 <a href="//tech.slashdot.org/story/23/05/22/1621239/googles-ai-enabled-flood-forecasting-goes-global">Google's AI-enabled Flood Forecasting Goes Global</a> <a href="https://www.axios.com/2023/05/22/googles-ai-flood-forecast"> (axios.com) </a>
	</h2>
	<p>
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 msmash
	<time>on Monday May 22, 2023 @12:40PM</time>
	 from the moving-forward dept.
	</p>
</header>
<div>
	<p>
	 	
	Artificial intelligence is increasingly being tapped to address the impacts of climate change. From a report:<i> Google's latest announcement is one example. Countries across Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, Europe, and South and Central America can now use its AI-enabled platform that displays flood forecasts. Starting Monday, governments, aid organizations and people in 60 countries across these regions are able to <a href="https://www.axios.com/2023/05/22/googles-ai-flood-forecast">access Google's flood prediction information</a> up to seven days in advance of an incoming flood.<p> 
Initially launched in 2021, Flood Hub displays forecasts for riverine floods -- or floods that take place when streams or rivers overflow their banks and into surrounding areas -- showing when and where they are likely to occur. Human-caused climate change can cause these kinds of floods to become larger or more frequent than they used to be, per the EPA. Regions with high percentages of population vulnerable to flood risk -- like the Netherlands, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia as well as Myanmar, which was just struck by Cyclone Mocha -- are now on Google's list of forecastable places. It can also be used in parts of the Central American "dry corridor" in Nicaragua, Honduras, and Guatemala -- where climate change and conflict collide.</p></i><br />
	 	
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<header>
	<a href="//slashdot.org/index2.pl?fhfilter=business">
	</a>
	<h2>
	 <a href="//tech.slashdot.org/story/23/05/22/167223/amazon-braces-for-compensation-criticism-at-annual-meeting">Amazon Braces For Compensation Criticism at Annual Meeting</a> <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-22/amazon-braces-for-compensation-criticism-at-general-meeting"> (bloomberg.com) </a>
	</h2>
	<p>
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 msmash
	<time>on Monday May 22, 2023 @12:07PM</time>
	 from the up-next dept.
	</p>
</header>
<div>
	<p>
	 	
	Amazon will face <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-22/amazon-braces-for-compensation-criticism-at-general-meeting">a record 18 shareholder resolutions</a> at its annual meeting this week, with outside groups urging the company to disclose more about its treatment of employees and more closely tie executive compensation to performance. From a report:<i> Major shareholder advisory firms recommend investors approve calls for assessments of Amazon employees' working conditions and freedom to organize, as well as the risks posed by the company's sales of surveillance products. Between them, Institutional Shareholder Services and Glass Lewis are urging investors to support five resolutions brought by outside shareholders. <p> 
The two firms say shareholders should block the re-election of director Judith McGrath, chair of the board's leadership and compensation committee, and recommends a no vote on a symbolic measure to ratify Amazon's executive pay. The company's annual meeting of shareholders, held virtually since the beginning of the pandemic, is scheduled for Wednesday. The shareholder resolutions and say-on-pay votes are nonbinding.
 Investors delivered a rebuke to Amazon in 2022 over its pay practices, only narrowly approving salaries amid concerns about big stock grants awarded to top executives regardless of how well the company performed in subsequent years. The board conducted outreach with major investors following that vote but didn't adjust its plans, which Glass Lewis called "significantly concerning."</p></i><br />
	 	
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<header>
	<a href="//slashdot.org/index2.pl?fhfilter=china">
	</a>
	<h2>
	 <a href="//slashdot.org/story/23/05/22/1439227/china-is-calling-in-loans-to-dozens-of-countries">China is Calling in Loans To Dozens of Countries</a> <a href="https://fortune.com/2023/05/18/china-belt-road-loans-pakistan-sri-lanka-africa-collapse-economic-instability/"> (fortune.com) </a>
	</h2>
	<p>
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 msmash
	<time>on Monday May 22, 2023 @11:20AM</time>
	 from the closer-look dept.
	</p>
</header>
<div>
	<p>
	 	
	A dozen poor countries are facing economic instability and even collapse under the weight of hundreds of billions of dollars in foreign loans, much of them from the world's biggest and most unforgiving government lender, China. From a report:<i> An Associated Press analysis of a dozen countries most indebted to China -- including Pakistan, Kenya, Zambia, Laos and Mongolia -- found <a href="https://fortune.com/2023/05/18/china-belt-road-loans-pakistan-sri-lanka-africa-collapse-economic-instability/">paying back that debt is consuming an ever-greater amount of the tax revenue</a> needed to keep schools open, provide electricity and pay for food and fuel. And it's draining foreign currency reserves these countries use to pay interest on those loans, leaving some with just months before that money is gone. Behind the scenes is China's reluctance to forgive debt and its extreme secrecy about how much money it has loaned and on what terms, which has kept other major lenders from stepping in to help. On top of that is the recent discovery that borrowers have been required to put cash in hidden escrow accounts that push China to the front of the line of creditors to be paid.<p> 
Countries in AP's analysis had as much as 50% of their foreign loans from China and most were devoting more than a third of government revenue to paying off foreign debt. Two of them, Zambia and Sri Lanka, have already gone into default, unable to make even interest payments on loans financing the construction of ports, mines and power plants. In Pakistan, millions of textile workers have been laid off because the country has too much foreign debt and can't afford to keep the electricity on and machines running. In Kenya, the government has held back paychecks to thousands of civil service workers to save cash to pay foreign loans. The president's chief economic adviser tweeted last month, "Salaries or default? Take your pick."</p></i><br />
	 	
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<header>
	<a href="//slashdot.org/index2.pl?fhfilter=amd">
	</a>
	<h2>
	 <a href="//slashdot.org/story/23/05/22/1238236/amd-now-powers-121-of-the-worlds-fastest-supercomputers">AMD Now Powers 121 of the World's Fastest Supercomputers</a> <a href="https://www.tomshardware.com/news/amd-now-powers-121-of-the-worlds-fastest-supercomputers"> (tomshardware.com) </a>
	</h2>
	<p>
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 msmash
	<time>on Monday May 22, 2023 @10:40AM</time>
	 from the closer-look dept.
	</p>
</header>
<div>
	<p>
	 	
	The Top 500 list of the fastest supercomputers in the world was released today, and AMD continues its streak of impressive wins with <a href="https://www.tomshardware.com/news/amd-now-powers-121-of-the-worlds-fastest-supercomputers">121 systems now powered by AMD's silicon</a> -- a year-over-year increase of 29%. From a report:<i> Additionally, AMD continues to hold the #1 spot on the Top 500 with the Frontier supercomputer, while the test and development system based on the same architecture continues to hold the second spot in power efficiency metrics on the Green 500 list. Overall, AMD also powers seven of the top ten systems on the Green 500 list. The AMD-powered Frontier remains the only fully-qualified exascale-class supercomputer on the planet, as the Intel-powered two-exaflop Aurora has still not submitted a benchmark result after years of delays. <p> 
In contrast, Frontier is now fully operational and is being used by researchers in a multitude of science workloads. In fact, Frontier continues to improve from tuning -- the system entered the Top 500 list with 1.02 exaflops of performance in June 2022 but has now improved to 1.194 exaflops, a 17% increase. That's an impressive increase from the same 8,699,904 CPU cores it debuted with. For perspective, that extra 92 petaflops of performance from tuning represents the same amount of computational horsepower as the entire Perlmutter system that ranks eighth on the Top 500.</p></i><br />
	 	
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	</article><article>
	
<header>
	<a href="//slashdot.org/index2.pl?fhfilter=facebook">
	</a>
	<h2>
	 <a href="//tech.slashdot.org/story/23/05/22/092242/meta-fined-record-13-billion-in-eu-over-us-data-transfers">Meta Fined Record $1.3 Billion in EU Over US Data Transfers</a> <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-22/meta-fined-record-1-3-billion-in-eu-over-us-data-transfers"> (bloomberg.com) </a>
	</h2>
	<p>
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 msmash
	<time>on Monday May 22, 2023 @10:02AM</time>
	 from the tussle-continues dept.
	</p>
</header>
<div>
	<p>
	 	
	Facebook owner Meta was hit by a <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-22/meta-fined-record-1-3-billion-in-eu-over-us-data-transfers">record $1.3 billion European Union privacy fine</a> and given a deadline to stop shipping users' data to the US after regulators said it failed to protect personal information from the prying eyes of American security services. Bloomberg News:<i> The social network giant's continued data transfers to the US didn't address "the risks to the fundamental rights and freedoms" of people whose data was being transfered across the Atlantic, according to a decision by the Irish Data Protection Commission announced on Monday. On top of the fine, which eclipses a $806 million EU privacy penalty previously doled out to Amazon, Meta was given five months to "suspend any future transfer of personal data to the US" and six months to stop "the unlawful processing, including storage, in the US" of transferred personal EU data. A data-transfers ban for Meta was widely expected and once prompted the US firm to threaten a total withdrawal from the EU. But its impact has now been muted by the transition phase given in the decision and the prospect of a new EU-US data flows agreement that could already be operational by the middle of this year.</i><br />
	 	
	</p>
	</div>
	 	
	</article>
	</div>
	</section>
	<section>
	<blockquote>
	<p>Nature always sides with the hidden flaw.</p>
	</blockquote>
	</section>
	<p>Working...</p>
	 
	</div>||||I|||| Slashdot

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 SoylentNews To Shut Down On June 30th (soylentnews.org)

 Posted by BeauHD on Monday May 22, 2023 @07:40PM from the all-things-must-end dept.
 ElizabethGreene writes: NCommander announced today that SoylentNews, a fork of Slashdot created in the early 2010s, will be shutting down on June 30th of this year.

 Goodbye old friend. Here's an excerpt from NCommander's lengthy post, which covers the technical reasons, challenges faced, and the ultimate decision to shut down the operations of SoylentNews: This is the post I never thought I would have to make. I am also writing this post on behalf of SoylentNews PBC, the legal owner of SoylentNews, and not as a member of the staff or the community.

 SoylentNews is going to shut down operations on June 30th.

 This wasn't an easy decision to come to, and it's ultimately the culmination of a lot of factors, some which were in my control, and some that weren't. A large part boils down to critical maintenance to the site not properly being performed for a very long time. To pay back the mountain of technical debt we've built up, it would require relaunching the site from scratch. I'll discuss this more in depth below, but I can't personally justify the time any more, especially due to the negative impact that SN is having on my personal life. Before we shut down, at least for the foreseeable future, I'm going to outline the situation as I see it, my own personal responsibility, and what happens next. [...]

 TikTok Is Suing Montana Over Law Banning the App In the State (engadget.com) 3

 Posted by BeauHD on Monday May 22, 2023 @07:00PM from the get-your-popcorn-ready dept.
 According to the Wall Street Journal, TikTok filed a lawsuit against Montana claiming the state's law banning the app violates the First Amendment. Engadget reports: "Montana's ban abridges freedom of speech in violation of the First Amendment, violates the U.S. Constitution in multiple other respects, and is preempted by federal law," the lawsuit reads. The law prohibits the ByteDance-owned platform from operating in the state, as well as preventing Apple's and Google's app stores from listing the TikTok app for download. Although it isn't clear how Montana plans to enforce the ban, it states that violations will tally fines of $10,000 per day. However, individual TikTok users won't be charged. The lawsuit comes just days after a group of content creators sued the state for similar reasons. "Montana has no authority to enact laws advancing what it believes should be the United States' foreign policy or its national security interests, nor may Montana ban an entire forum for communication based on its perceptions that some speech shared through that forum, though protected by the First Amendment, is dangerous," the suit states. "Montana can no more ban its residents from viewing or posting to TikTok than it could ban the Wall Street Journal because of who owns it or the ideas it publishes."

 Leaked Government Document Shows Spain Wants To Ban End-to-End Encryption (wired.com) 19

 Posted by BeauHD on Monday May 22, 2023 @06:20PM from the extreme-positions dept.
 An anonymous reader quotes a report from Wired: Spain has advocated banning encryption for hundreds of millions of people within the European Union, according to a leaked document obtained by WIRED that reveals strong support among EU member states for proposals to scan private messages for illegal content. The document, a European Council survey of member countries' views on encryption regulation, offered officials' behind-the-scenes opinions on how to craft a highly controversial law to stop the spread of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) in Europe. The proposed law would require tech companies to scan their platforms, including users' private messages, to find illegal material. However, the proposal from Ylva Johansson, the EU commissioner in charge of home affairs, has drawn ire from cryptographers, technologists, and privacy advocates for its potential impact on end-to-end encryption.

 For years, EU states have debated whether end-to-end encrypted communication platforms, such as WhatsApp and Signal, should be protected as a way for Europeans to exercise a fundamental right to privacy -- or weakened to keep criminals from being able to communicate outside the reach of law enforcement. Experts who reviewed the document at WIRED's request say it provides important insight into which EU countries plan to support a proposal that threatens to reshape encryption and the future of online privacy. Of the 20 EU countries represented in the document leaked to WIRED, the majority said they are in favor of some form of scanning of encrypted messages, with Spain's position emerging as the most extreme. "Ideally, in our view, it would be desirable to legislatively prevent EU-based service providers from implementing end-to-end encryption," Spanish representatives said in the document. The source of the document declined to comment and requested anonymity because they were not authorized to share it.

 In its response, Spain said it is "imperative that we have access to the data" and suggests that it should be possible for encrypted communications to be decrypted. Spain's interior minister, Fernando Grande-Marlaska, has been outspoken about what he considers the threat posted by encryption. When reached for comment about the leaked document, Daniel Campos de Diego, a spokesperson for Spain's Ministry of Interior, says the country's position on this matter is widely known and has been publicly disseminated on several occasions. Edging close to Spain, Poland advocated in the leaked document for mechanisms through which encryption could be lifted by court order and for parents to have the power to decrypt children's communications. Several other countries say they would give law enforcement access to people's encrypted messages and communications. "Cyprus, Hungary, and Spain very clearly see this law as their opportunity to get inside encryption to undermine encrypted communications, and that to me is huge," says Ella Jakubowska, a senior policy advisor at European Digital Rights (EDRI) who reviewed the document. "They are seeing this law is going far beyond what DG home is claiming that it's there for."

 UC Berkeley Neglected To Disclose $220 Million Deal With China To the US Government (thedailybeast.com) 20

 Posted by BeauHD on Monday May 22, 2023 @05:40PM from the eyebrow-raising dept.
 schwit1 shares a report from The Daily Beast: U.C. Berkeley has failed to disclose to the U.S. government massive Chinese state funding for a highly sensitive $240 million joint tech venture in China that has been running for the last eight years. The Californian university has not registered with the U.S. government that it received huge financial support from the city of Shenzhen for a tech project inside China, which also included partnerships with Chinese companies that have since been sanctioned by the U.S. or accused of complicity in human rights abuses.

 The university has failed to declare a $220 million investment from the municipal government of Shenzhen to build a research campus in China. A Berkeley spokesperson told The Daily Beast that the university had yet to declare the investment -- announced in 2018 -- because the campus is still under construction. However, a former Department of Education official who used to help manage the department's foreign gifts and contracts disclosure program said that investment agreements must be disclosed within six months of signing, not when they are fully executed. Berkeley admitted that it had also failed to disclose to the U.S. government a $19 million contract in 2016 with Tsinghua University, which is controlled by the Chinese government's Ministry of Education.

 The project's Chinese backers promised lavish funding, state-of-the-art equipment, and smart Ph.D. students for Berkeley academics researching national security-sensitive technologies, according to contract documents exclusively obtained by The Daily Beast. After the project got underway, Berkeley researchers granted Chinese officials private tours of their cutting-edge U.S. semiconductor facilities and gave "priority commercialization rights" for intellectual properties (IP) they produced to Chinese government-backed funds. A Berkeley spokesman said that Berkeley only pursued fundamental research through TBSI, meaning that all research projects were eventually publicly published and accessible to all; it did not conduct any proprietary research that exclusively benefited a Chinese entity. Still, Berkeley's ties to the Chinese government and sanctioned Chinese companies are sure to raise eyebrows in Washington, where U.S. policymakers are increasingly concerned about the outflow of U.S. technology to China, especially those with military applications.

 WhatsApp Allows Users To Edit Messages (reuters.com) 9

 Posted by BeauHD on Monday May 22, 2023 @04:57PM from the long-awaited-features dept.
 WhatsApp users will now be able to edit messages within 15 minutes of hitting send. Reuters reports: "For the moments when you make a mistake or simply change your mind, you can now edit your sent messages on WhatsApp," the Meta Platforms Inc-owned messaging app said in a blog post on Monday.

 The function can be accessed by long-pressing the message and choosing "edit" in the drop-down menu. The modified message will carry the label "edited", without showing edit history.

 SpaceX Launches 10th Crewed Mission, Third Fully Commercial Flight (arstechnica.com) 11

 Posted by BeauHD on Monday May 22, 2023 @04:15PM from the world's-most-prolific-human-spaceflight-provider dept.
 An anonymous reader quotes a report from Ars Technica: SpaceX on Sunday evening launched a commercial mission to the International Space Station carrying four people, including former NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson. This "Axiom-2" mission was commanded by Whitson and carried a paying customer named John Shoffner, who served as pilot, as well as two Saudi Arabian mission specialists, Ali al-Qarni and Rayyanah Barnawi. Shoffner and the government of Saudi Arabia procured the seats on Crew Dragon from Axiom, a Houston-based spaceflight company that brokered the mission to the space station. Whitson is an employee of Axiom. The crew of four is flying the second fully private mission to the International Space Station and will spend about a week on board the orbiting laboratory before departing for Earth -- weather permitting -- on May 30.

 The Axiom-2 crew members say they will conduct about 20 scientific experiments while on the station. It is not clear how much of this is legitimate science and how much of it is lip service, but certainly it is beneficial for NASA and other space agencies to gather human performance data from a wide variety of individuals like those on the Axiom-2 flight. Perhaps most significantly, the Axiom missions are expanding the envelope of human spaceflight. By purchasing such flights, these pioneering commercial astronauts are providing funding for the development of new technologies and habitats that should, over time, bring down the cost of access to space and living there.

 For SpaceX, this was its 10th human space mission since the Demo-2 flight for NASA that launched in May 2020. In less than three years, the company has now put 38 people into orbit. Of these, 26 were professional astronauts from NASA and its international partners, including Russia; eight were on Axiom missions, and four on Jared Isaacman's Inspiration4 orbital free-flyer mission. Isaacman is due to make a second private flight on board Dragon, Polaris Dawn, later this year. [...] Also on Sunday, for the first time, SpaceX returned a Falcon 9 first stage to a ground-based landing pad near its launch site after a human spaceflight mission. The company was able to do this by squeezing a little bit more performance out of its workhorse rocket, which has now launched more than 230 times. You can watch a recording of the launch here.

 Four Accused of Violating German Law in Turkish Spyware Deal (bloomberg.com) 2

 Posted by msmash on Monday May 22, 2023 @03:21PM from the closer-look dept.
 A prosecutor in Germany has indicted former executives of surveillance technology company FinFisher GmbH, accusing them of unlawfully supplying the Turkish secret services with spyware that could be used to hack into phones and computers. From a report: In an announcement on Monday, a spokesperson for the Munich Public Prosecutor's said that the office had carried out an "extensive and complex" investigation of the company following searches of 15 properties. Four of the company's managing directors had violated foreign trade laws, according to the prosecutor's office. The prosecutor's office named the indicted directors only as "G," "H," "T" and "D." FinFisher, prosecutors say, signed a contact in January 2015 worth $5.4 million to supply spyware to Turkey's National Intelligence Organization, but did not receive the necessary export approval from German authorities. Instead, company executives sought to conceal the deal by transferring the technology through another company they had established in Bulgaria, according to the prosecutor, though all business activities were still controlled and coordinated out of Munich.

 Violations of export licensing requirements under Germany's Foreign Trade and Payments can be punishable with a prison sentence of between three months and five years. The prosecutor's office pointed to a particular provision of the law that states a prison sentence of not less than one year shall be imposed if a person if found to have acted for the secret service of a foreign power. The Munich prosecutor began investigating FinFisher in the summer of 2019, after a coalition of advocacy groups filed a criminal complaint against the company, alleging that it had supplied its spyware to Turkey without obtaining the required license from Germany's federal government. The spyware had been used in Turkey to infect the phones of government critics, monitoring their calls, text messages, photos and location data, according to a technical report published by the digital rights group Access Now.

 Meta's New AI Models Can Recognize and Produce Speech For More Than 1,000 Languages (technologyreview.com) 10

 Posted by msmash on Monday May 22, 2023 @02:58PM from the closer-look dept.
 Meta has built AI models that can recognize and produce speech for more than 1,000 languages -- a tenfold increase on what's currently available. It's a significant step toward preserving languages that are at risk of disappearing, the company says. From a repprt: Meta is releasing its models to the public via the code hosting service GitHub. It claims that making them open source will help developers working in different languages to build new speech applications -- like messaging services that understand everyone, or virtual-reality systems that can be used in any language. There are around 7,000 languages in the world, but existing speech recognition models cover only about 100 of them comprehensively. This is because these kinds of models tend to require huge amounts of labeled training data, which is available for only a small number of languages, including English, Spanish, and Chinese. Meta researchers got around this problem by retraining an existing AI model developed by the company in 2020 that is able to learn speech patterns from audio without requiring large amounts of labeled data, such as transcripts.

 Intel Gives Details on Future AI Chips as It Shifts Strategy (reuters.com) 27

 Posted by msmash on Monday May 22, 2023 @02:00PM from the closer-look dept.
 Intel on Monday provided a handful of new details on a chip for artificial intelligence (AI) computing it plans to introduce in 2025 as it shifts strategy to compete against Nvidia and Advanced Micro Devices. From a report: At a supercomputing conference in Germany on Monday, Intel said its forthcoming "Falcon Shores" chip will have 288 gigabytes of memory and support 8-bit floating point computation. Those technical specifications are important as artificial intelligence models similar to services like ChatGPT have exploded in size, and businesses are looking for more powerful chips to run them.

 The details are also among the first to trickle out as Intel carries out a strategy shift to catch up to Nvidia, which leads the market in chips for AI, and AMD, which is expected to challenge Nvidia's position with a chip called the MI300. Intel, by contrast, has essentially no market share after its would-be Nvidia competitor, a chip called Ponte Vecchio, suffered years of delays. Intel on Monday said it has nearly completed shipments for Argonne National Lab's Aurora supercomputer based on Ponte Vecchio, which Intel claims has better performance than Nvidia's latest AI chip, the H100. But Intel's Falcon Shores follow-on chip won't be to market until 2025, when Nvidia will likely have another chip of its own out.

 Biden Names FCC Picks, Pushes for Democratic Majority at Deadlocked Agency (bloomberg.com) 29

 Posted by msmash on Monday May 22, 2023 @01:20PM from the closer-look dept.
 President Joe Biden moved to lock in his first Democratic majority at the Federal Communications Commission, naming veteran government lawyer Anna Gomez to an open seat and proposing to extend the service of two current commissioners. From a report: The appointments poise the FCC, after more than two years of partisan deadlock under a Democratic chairwoman, to act on the party's priorities, including restoring net neutrality regulations. Such rules bar broadband providers from interfering with web traffic and were gutted by Republicans during the administration of President Donald Trump.

 All three nominees, announced by the White House on Monday, need Senate confirmation. In addition to Gomez, Biden proposed a second five-year term for Democrat Geoffrey Starks, who otherwise would need to leave the agency at the end of the year. Biden also proposed another term for Republican Brendan Carr, who has been on the commission since 2017. Gomez's arrival would bring the agency to its full strength of five commissioners for the first time since January 2021, when Trump's Republican chairman departed, leaving the 2-to-2 split. An earlier Biden nominee withdrew amid opposition from Senate Republicans. FCC commissioners serve staggered five-year terms, and no more than three can be members of the president's party.

 Google's AI-enabled Flood Forecasting Goes Global (axios.com) 10

 Posted by msmash on Monday May 22, 2023 @12:40PM from the moving-forward dept.
 Artificial intelligence is increasingly being tapped to address the impacts of climate change. From a report: Google's latest announcement is one example. Countries across Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, Europe, and South and Central America can now use its AI-enabled platform that displays flood forecasts. Starting Monday, governments, aid organizations and people in 60 countries across these regions are able to access Google's flood prediction information up to seven days in advance of an incoming flood.

 Initially launched in 2021, Flood Hub displays forecasts for riverine floods -- or floods that take place when streams or rivers overflow their banks and into surrounding areas -- showing when and where they are likely to occur. Human-caused climate change can cause these kinds of floods to become larger or more frequent than they used to be, per the EPA. Regions with high percentages of population vulnerable to flood risk -- like the Netherlands, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia as well as Myanmar, which was just struck by Cyclone Mocha -- are now on Google's list of forecastable places. It can also be used in parts of the Central American "dry corridor" in Nicaragua, Honduras, and Guatemala -- where climate change and conflict collide.

 Amazon Braces For Compensation Criticism at Annual Meeting (bloomberg.com) 24

 Posted by msmash on Monday May 22, 2023 @12:07PM from the up-next dept.
 Amazon will face a record 18 shareholder resolutions at its annual meeting this week, with outside groups urging the company to disclose more about its treatment of employees and more closely tie executive compensation to performance. From a report: Major shareholder advisory firms recommend investors approve calls for assessments of Amazon employees' working conditions and freedom to organize, as well as the risks posed by the company's sales of surveillance products. Between them, Institutional Shareholder Services and Glass Lewis are urging investors to support five resolutions brought by outside shareholders.

 The two firms say shareholders should block the re-election of director Judith McGrath, chair of the board's leadership and compensation committee, and recommends a no vote on a symbolic measure to ratify Amazon's executive pay. The company's annual meeting of shareholders, held virtually since the beginning of the pandemic, is scheduled for Wednesday. The shareholder resolutions and say-on-pay votes are nonbinding. Investors delivered a rebuke to Amazon in 2022 over its pay practices, only narrowly approving salaries amid concerns about big stock grants awarded to top executives regardless of how well the company performed in subsequent years. The board conducted outreach with major investors following that vote but didn't adjust its plans, which Glass Lewis called "significantly concerning."

 China is Calling in Loans To Dozens of Countries (fortune.com) 178

 Posted by msmash on Monday May 22, 2023 @11:20AM from the closer-look dept.
 A dozen poor countries are facing economic instability and even collapse under the weight of hundreds of billions of dollars in foreign loans, much of them from the world's biggest and most unforgiving government lender, China. From a report: An Associated Press analysis of a dozen countries most indebted to China -- including Pakistan, Kenya, Zambia, Laos and Mongolia -- found paying back that debt is consuming an ever-greater amount of the tax revenue needed to keep schools open, provide electricity and pay for food and fuel. And it's draining foreign currency reserves these countries use to pay interest on those loans, leaving some with just months before that money is gone. Behind the scenes is China's reluctance to forgive debt and its extreme secrecy about how much money it has loaned and on what terms, which has kept other major lenders from stepping in to help. On top of that is the recent discovery that borrowers have been required to put cash in hidden escrow accounts that push China to the front of the line of creditors to be paid.

 Countries in AP's analysis had as much as 50% of their foreign loans from China and most were devoting more than a third of government revenue to paying off foreign debt. Two of them, Zambia and Sri Lanka, have already gone into default, unable to make even interest payments on loans financing the construction of ports, mines and power plants. In Pakistan, millions of textile workers have been laid off because the country has too much foreign debt and can't afford to keep the electricity on and machines running. In Kenya, the government has held back paychecks to thousands of civil service workers to save cash to pay foreign loans. The president's chief economic adviser tweeted last month, "Salaries or default? Take your pick."

 AMD Now Powers 121 of the World's Fastest Supercomputers (tomshardware.com) 17

 Posted by msmash on Monday May 22, 2023 @10:40AM from the closer-look dept.
 The Top 500 list of the fastest supercomputers in the world was released today, and AMD continues its streak of impressive wins with 121 systems now powered by AMD's silicon -- a year-over-year increase of 29%. From a report: Additionally, AMD continues to hold the #1 spot on the Top 500 with the Frontier supercomputer, while the test and development system based on the same architecture continues to hold the second spot in power efficiency metrics on the Green 500 list. Overall, AMD also powers seven of the top ten systems on the Green 500 list. The AMD-powered Frontier remains the only fully-qualified exascale-class supercomputer on the planet, as the Intel-powered two-exaflop Aurora has still not submitted a benchmark result after years of delays.

 In contrast, Frontier is now fully operational and is being used by researchers in a multitude of science workloads. In fact, Frontier continues to improve from tuning -- the system entered the Top 500 list with 1.02 exaflops of performance in June 2022 but has now improved to 1.194 exaflops, a 17% increase. That's an impressive increase from the same 8,699,904 CPU cores it debuted with. For perspective, that extra 92 petaflops of performance from tuning represents the same amount of computational horsepower as the entire Perlmutter system that ranks eighth on the Top 500.

 Meta Fined Record $1.3 Billion in EU Over US Data Transfers (bloomberg.com) 76

 Posted by msmash on Monday May 22, 2023 @10:02AM from the tussle-continues dept.
 Facebook owner Meta was hit by a record $1.3 billion European Union privacy fine and given a deadline to stop shipping users' data to the US after regulators said it failed to protect personal information from the prying eyes of American security services. Bloomberg News: The social network giant's continued data transfers to the US didn't address "the risks to the fundamental rights and freedoms" of people whose data was being transfered across the Atlantic, according to a decision by the Irish Data Protection Commission announced on Monday. On top of the fine, which eclipses a $806 million EU privacy penalty previously doled out to Amazon, Meta was given five months to "suspend any future transfer of personal data to the US" and six months to stop "the unlawful processing, including storage, in the US" of transferred personal EU data. A data-transfers ban for Meta was widely expected and once prompted the US firm to threaten a total withdrawal from the EU. But its impact has now been muted by the transition phase given in the decision and the prospect of a new EU-US data flows agreement that could already be operational by the middle of this year.
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	 SoylentNews To Shut Down On June 30th  (soylentnews.org) 
	
	
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 BeauHD
	on Monday May 22, 2023 @07:40PM
	 from the all-things-must-end dept.
	
	 ElizabethGreene writes: NCommander announced today that SoylentNews, a fork of Slashdot created in the early 2010s, will be shutting down on June 30th of this year.
 
Goodbye old friend.  Here's an excerpt from NCommander's lengthy post, which covers the technical reasons, challenges faced, and the ultimate decision to shut down the operations of SoylentNews:  This is the post I never thought I would have to make. I am also writing this post on behalf of SoylentNews PBC, the legal owner of SoylentNews, and not as a member of the staff or the community.
 
SoylentNews is going to shut down operations on June 30th.
  
This wasn't an easy decision to come to, and it's ultimately the culmination of a lot of factors, some which were in my control, and some that weren't. A large part boils down to critical maintenance to the site not properly being performed for a very long time. To pay back the mountain of technical debt we've built up, it would require relaunching the site from scratch. I'll discuss this more in depth below, but I can't personally justify the time any more, especially due to the negative impact that SN is having on my personal life. Before we shut down, at least for the foreseeable future, I'm going to outline the situation as I see it, my own personal responsibility, and what happens next. [...]
  
	 	
	
	
	 	
	 
	
	
	
	
	 TikTok Is Suing Montana Over Law Banning the App In the State  (engadget.com) 
	
	
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 BeauHD
	on Monday May 22, 2023 @07:00PM
	 from the get-your-popcorn-ready dept.
	
	
	 	
	According to the Wall Street Journal, TikTok filed a lawsuit against Montana claiming the state's law banning the app violates the First Amendment. Engadget reports:  "Montana's ban abridges freedom of speech in violation of the First Amendment, violates the U.S. Constitution in multiple other respects, and is preempted by federal law," the lawsuit reads. The law prohibits the ByteDance-owned platform from operating in the state, as well as preventing Apple's and Google's app stores from listing the TikTok app for download. Although it isn't clear how Montana plans to enforce the ban, it states that violations will tally fines of $10,000 per day. However, individual TikTok users won't be charged. 
The lawsuit comes just days after a group of content creators sued the state for similar reasons. "Montana has no authority to enact laws advancing what it believes should be the United States' foreign policy or its national security interests, nor may Montana ban an entire forum for communication based on its perceptions that some speech shared through that forum, though protected by the First Amendment, is dangerous," the suit states. "Montana can no more ban its residents from viewing or posting to TikTok than it could ban the Wall Street Journal because of who owns it or the ideas it publishes."
	 	
	
	
	 	
	 
	
	
	
	
	 Leaked Government Document Shows Spain Wants To Ban End-to-End Encryption  (wired.com) 
	
	
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 BeauHD
	on Monday May 22, 2023 @06:20PM
	 from the extreme-positions dept.
	
	
	 	
	An anonymous reader quotes a report from Wired: Spain has advocated banning encryption for hundreds of millions of people within the European Union, according to a leaked document obtained by WIRED that reveals strong support among EU member states for proposals to scan private messages for illegal content. The document, a European Council survey of member countries' views on encryption regulation, offered officials' behind-the-scenes opinions on how to craft a highly controversial law to stop the spread of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) in Europe. The proposed law would require tech companies to scan their platforms, including users' private messages, to find illegal material. However, the proposal from Ylva Johansson, the EU commissioner in charge of home affairs, has drawn ire from cryptographers, technologists, and privacy advocates for its potential impact on end-to-end encryption.
 
For years, EU states have debated whether end-to-end encrypted communication platforms, such as WhatsApp and Signal, should be protected as a way for Europeans to exercise a fundamental right to privacy -- or weakened to keep criminals from being able to communicate outside the reach of law enforcement. Experts who reviewed the document at WIRED's request say it provides important insight into which EU countries plan to support a proposal that threatens to reshape encryption and the future of online privacy. Of the 20 EU countries represented in the document leaked to WIRED, the majority said they are in favor of some form of scanning of encrypted messages, with Spain's position emerging as the most extreme. "Ideally, in our view, it would be desirable to legislatively prevent EU-based service providers from implementing end-to-end encryption," Spanish representatives said in the document. The source of the document declined to comment and requested anonymity because they were not authorized to share it.
  
In its response, Spain said it is "imperative that we have access to the data" and suggests that it should be possible for encrypted communications to be decrypted. Spain's interior minister, Fernando Grande-Marlaska, has been outspoken about what he considers the threat posted by encryption. When reached for comment about the leaked document, Daniel Campos de Diego, a spokesperson for Spain's Ministry of Interior, says the country's position on this matter is widely known and has been publicly disseminated on several occasions. Edging close to Spain, Poland advocated in the leaked document for mechanisms through which encryption could be lifted by court order and for parents to have the power to decrypt children's communications.  Several other countries say they would give law enforcement access to people's encrypted messages and communications. "Cyprus, Hungary, and Spain very clearly see this law as their opportunity to get inside encryption to undermine encrypted communications, and that to me is huge," says Ella Jakubowska, a senior policy advisor at European Digital Rights (EDRI) who reviewed the document. "They are seeing this law is going far beyond what DG home is claiming that it's there for."
	 	
	
	
	 	
	 
	
	
	
	
	 UC Berkeley Neglected To Disclose $220 Million Deal With China To the US Government  (thedailybeast.com) 
	
	
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 BeauHD
	on Monday May 22, 2023 @05:40PM
	 from the eyebrow-raising dept.
	
	 schwit1 shares a report from The Daily Beast: U.C. Berkeley has failed to disclose to the U.S. government massive Chinese state funding for a highly sensitive $240 million joint tech venture in China that has been running for the last eight years. The Californian university has not registered with the U.S. government that it received huge financial support from the city of Shenzhen for a tech project inside China, which also included partnerships with Chinese companies that have since been sanctioned by the U.S. or accused of complicity in human rights abuses.
 
The university has failed to declare a $220 million investment from the municipal government of Shenzhen to build a research campus in China. A Berkeley spokesperson told The Daily Beast that the university had yet to declare the investment -- announced in 2018 -- because the campus is still under construction. However, a former Department of Education official who used to help manage the department's foreign gifts and contracts disclosure program said that investment agreements must be disclosed within six months of signing, not when they are fully executed. Berkeley admitted that it had also failed to disclose to the U.S. government a $19 million contract in 2016 with Tsinghua University, which is controlled by the Chinese government's Ministry of Education.
  
The project's Chinese backers promised lavish funding, state-of-the-art equipment, and smart Ph.D. students for Berkeley academics researching national security-sensitive technologies, according to contract documents exclusively obtained by The Daily Beast. After the project got underway, Berkeley researchers granted Chinese officials private tours of their cutting-edge U.S. semiconductor facilities and gave "priority commercialization rights" for intellectual properties (IP) they produced to Chinese government-backed funds. A Berkeley spokesman said that Berkeley only pursued fundamental research through TBSI, meaning that all research projects were eventually publicly published and accessible to all; it did not conduct any proprietary research that exclusively benefited a Chinese entity. Still, Berkeley's ties to the Chinese government and sanctioned Chinese companies are sure to raise eyebrows in Washington, where U.S. policymakers are increasingly concerned about the outflow of U.S. technology to China, especially those with military applications.  
	 	
	
	
	 	
	 
	
	
	
	
	 WhatsApp Allows Users To Edit Messages  (reuters.com) 
	
	
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 BeauHD
	on Monday May 22, 2023 @04:57PM
	 from the long-awaited-features dept.
	
	
	 	
	WhatsApp users will now be able to edit messages within 15 minutes of hitting send. Reuters reports:  "For the moments when you make a mistake or simply change your mind, you can now edit your sent messages on WhatsApp," the Meta Platforms Inc-owned messaging app said in a blog post on Monday.
 
The function can be accessed by long-pressing the message and choosing "edit" in the drop-down menu. The modified message will carry the label "edited", without showing edit history.   
	 	
	
	
	 	
	 
	
	
	
	
	 SpaceX Launches 10th Crewed Mission, Third Fully Commercial Flight  (arstechnica.com) 
	
	
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 BeauHD
	on Monday May 22, 2023 @04:15PM
	 from the world's-most-prolific-human-spaceflight-provider dept.
	
	
	 	
	An anonymous reader quotes a report from Ars Technica: SpaceX on Sunday evening launched a commercial mission to the International Space Station carrying four people, including former NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson. This "Axiom-2" mission was commanded by Whitson and carried a paying customer named John Shoffner, who served as pilot, as well as two Saudi Arabian mission specialists, Ali al-Qarni and Rayyanah Barnawi. Shoffner and the government of Saudi Arabia procured the seats on Crew Dragon from Axiom, a Houston-based spaceflight company that brokered the mission to the space station. Whitson is an employee of Axiom. The crew of four is flying the second fully private mission to the International Space Station and will spend about a week on board the orbiting laboratory before departing for Earth -- weather permitting -- on May 30.
 
The Axiom-2 crew members say they will conduct about 20 scientific experiments while on the station. It is not clear how much of this is legitimate science and how much of it is lip service, but certainly it is beneficial for NASA and other space agencies to gather human performance data from a wide variety of individuals like those on the Axiom-2 flight. Perhaps most significantly, the Axiom missions are expanding the envelope of human spaceflight. By purchasing such flights, these pioneering commercial astronauts are providing funding for the development of new technologies and habitats that should, over time, bring down the cost of access to space and living there.
  
For SpaceX, this was its 10th human space mission since the Demo-2 flight for NASA that launched in May 2020. In less than three years, the company has now put 38 people into orbit. Of these, 26 were professional astronauts from NASA and its international partners, including Russia; eight were on Axiom missions, and four on Jared Isaacman's Inspiration4 orbital free-flyer mission. Isaacman is due to make a second private flight on board Dragon, Polaris Dawn, later this year. [...] Also on Sunday, for the first time, SpaceX returned a Falcon 9 first stage to a ground-based landing pad near its launch site after a human spaceflight mission. The company was able to do this by squeezing a little bit more performance out of its workhorse rocket, which has now launched more than 230 times.  You can watch a recording of the launch here.
	 	
	
	
	 	
	 
	
	
	
	
	 Four Accused of Violating German Law in Turkish Spyware Deal  (bloomberg.com) 
	
	
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 msmash
	on Monday May 22, 2023 @03:21PM
	 from the closer-look dept.
	
	
	 	
	A prosecutor in Germany has indicted former executives of surveillance technology company FinFisher GmbH, accusing them of unlawfully supplying the Turkish secret services with spyware that could be used to hack into phones and computers. From a report: In an announcement on Monday, a spokesperson for the Munich Public Prosecutor's said that the office had carried out an "extensive and complex" investigation of the company following searches of 15 properties. Four of the company's managing directors had violated foreign trade laws, according to the prosecutor's office. The prosecutor's office named the indicted directors only as "G," "H," "T" and "D." FinFisher, prosecutors say, signed a contact in January 2015 worth $5.4 million to supply spyware to Turkey's National Intelligence Organization, but did not receive the necessary export approval from German authorities. Instead, company executives sought to conceal the deal by transferring the technology through another company they had established in Bulgaria, according to the prosecutor, though all business activities were still controlled and coordinated out of Munich.  
Violations of export licensing requirements under Germany's Foreign Trade and Payments can be punishable with a prison sentence of between three months and five years. The prosecutor's office pointed to a particular provision of the law that states a prison sentence of not less than one year shall be imposed if a person if found to have acted for the secret service of a foreign power. The Munich prosecutor began investigating FinFisher in the summer of 2019, after a coalition of advocacy groups filed a criminal complaint against the company, alleging that it had supplied its spyware to Turkey without obtaining the required license from Germany's federal government. The spyware had been used in Turkey to infect the phones of government critics, monitoring their calls, text messages, photos and location data, according to a technical report published by the digital rights group Access Now.  
	 	
	
	
	 	
	 
	
	
	
	
	 Meta's New AI Models Can Recognize and Produce Speech For More Than 1,000 Languages  (technologyreview.com) 
	
	
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 msmash
	on Monday May 22, 2023 @02:58PM
	 from the closer-look dept.
	
	
	 	
	Meta has built AI models that can recognize and produce speech for more than 1,000 languages -- a tenfold increase on what's currently available. It's a significant step toward preserving languages that are at risk of disappearing, the company says. From a repprt: Meta is releasing its models to the public via the code hosting service GitHub. It claims that making them open source will help developers working in different languages to build new speech applications -- like messaging services that understand everyone, or virtual-reality systems that can be used in any language. There are around 7,000 languages in the world, but existing speech recognition models cover only about 100 of them comprehensively. This is because these kinds of models tend to require huge amounts of labeled training data, which is available for only a small number of languages, including English, Spanish, and Chinese. Meta researchers got around this problem by retraining an existing AI model developed by the company in 2020 that is able to learn speech patterns from audio without requiring large amounts of labeled data, such as transcripts.  
	 	
	
	
	 	
	 
	
	
	
	
	 Intel Gives Details on Future AI Chips as It Shifts Strategy  (reuters.com) 
	
	
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 msmash
	on Monday May 22, 2023 @02:00PM
	 from the closer-look dept.
	
	
	 	
	Intel on Monday provided a handful of new details on a chip for artificial intelligence (AI) computing it plans to introduce in 2025 as it shifts strategy to compete against Nvidia and Advanced Micro Devices. From a report: At a supercomputing conference in Germany on Monday, Intel said its forthcoming "Falcon Shores" chip will have 288 gigabytes of memory and support 8-bit floating point computation. Those technical specifications are important as artificial intelligence models similar to services like ChatGPT have exploded in size, and businesses are looking for more powerful chips to run them. 
The details are also among the first to trickle out as Intel carries out a strategy shift to catch up to Nvidia, which leads the market in chips for AI, and AMD, which is expected to challenge Nvidia's position with a chip called the MI300. Intel, by contrast, has essentially no market share after its would-be Nvidia competitor, a chip called Ponte Vecchio, suffered years of delays. Intel on Monday said it has nearly completed shipments for Argonne National Lab's Aurora supercomputer based on Ponte Vecchio, which Intel claims has better performance than Nvidia's latest AI chip, the H100. But Intel's Falcon Shores follow-on chip won't be to market until 2025, when Nvidia will likely have another chip of its own out.  
	 	
	
	
	 	
	 
	
	
	
	
	 Biden Names FCC Picks, Pushes for Democratic Majority at Deadlocked Agency  (bloomberg.com) 
	
	
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 msmash
	on Monday May 22, 2023 @01:20PM
	 from the closer-look dept.
	
	
	 	
	President Joe Biden moved to lock in his first Democratic majority at the Federal Communications Commission, naming veteran government lawyer Anna Gomez to an open seat and proposing to extend the service of two current commissioners. From a report: The appointments poise the FCC, after more than two years of partisan deadlock under a Democratic chairwoman, to act on the party's priorities, including restoring net neutrality regulations. Such rules bar broadband providers from interfering with web traffic and were gutted by Republicans during the administration of President Donald Trump. 
All three nominees, announced by the White House on Monday, need Senate confirmation. In addition to Gomez, Biden proposed a second five-year term for Democrat Geoffrey Starks, who otherwise would need to leave the agency at the end of the year. Biden also proposed another term for Republican Brendan Carr, who has been on the commission since 2017. Gomez's arrival would bring the agency to its full strength of five commissioners for the first time since January 2021, when Trump's Republican chairman departed, leaving the 2-to-2 split. An earlier Biden nominee withdrew amid opposition from Senate Republicans. FCC commissioners serve staggered five-year terms, and no more than three can be members of the president's party.  
	 	
	
	
	 	
	 
	
	
	
	
	 Google's AI-enabled Flood Forecasting Goes Global  (axios.com) 
	
	
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 msmash
	on Monday May 22, 2023 @12:40PM
	 from the moving-forward dept.
	
	
	 	
	Artificial intelligence is increasingly being tapped to address the impacts of climate change. From a report: Google's latest announcement is one example. Countries across Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, Europe, and South and Central America can now use its AI-enabled platform that displays flood forecasts. Starting Monday, governments, aid organizations and people in 60 countries across these regions are able to access Google's flood prediction information up to seven days in advance of an incoming flood. 
Initially launched in 2021, Flood Hub displays forecasts for riverine floods -- or floods that take place when streams or rivers overflow their banks and into surrounding areas -- showing when and where they are likely to occur. Human-caused climate change can cause these kinds of floods to become larger or more frequent than they used to be, per the EPA. Regions with high percentages of population vulnerable to flood risk -- like the Netherlands, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia as well as Myanmar, which was just struck by Cyclone Mocha -- are now on Google's list of forecastable places. It can also be used in parts of the Central American "dry corridor" in Nicaragua, Honduras, and Guatemala -- where climate change and conflict collide.  
	 	
	
	
	 	
	 
	
	
	
	
	 Amazon Braces For Compensation Criticism at Annual Meeting  (bloomberg.com) 
	
	
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 msmash
	on Monday May 22, 2023 @12:07PM
	 from the up-next dept.
	
	
	 	
	Amazon will face a record 18 shareholder resolutions at its annual meeting this week, with outside groups urging the company to disclose more about its treatment of employees and more closely tie executive compensation to performance. From a report: Major shareholder advisory firms recommend investors approve calls for assessments of Amazon employees' working conditions and freedom to organize, as well as the risks posed by the company's sales of surveillance products. Between them, Institutional Shareholder Services and Glass Lewis are urging investors to support five resolutions brought by outside shareholders.  
The two firms say shareholders should block the re-election of director Judith McGrath, chair of the board's leadership and compensation committee, and recommends a no vote on a symbolic measure to ratify Amazon's executive pay. The company's annual meeting of shareholders, held virtually since the beginning of the pandemic, is scheduled for Wednesday. The shareholder resolutions and say-on-pay votes are nonbinding.
 Investors delivered a rebuke to Amazon in 2022 over its pay practices, only narrowly approving salaries amid concerns about big stock grants awarded to top executives regardless of how well the company performed in subsequent years. The board conducted outreach with major investors following that vote but didn't adjust its plans, which Glass Lewis called "significantly concerning."  
	 	
	
	
	 	
	 
	
	
	
	
	 China is Calling in Loans To Dozens of Countries  (fortune.com) 
	
	
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 msmash
	on Monday May 22, 2023 @11:20AM
	 from the closer-look dept.
	
	
	 	
	A dozen poor countries are facing economic instability and even collapse under the weight of hundreds of billions of dollars in foreign loans, much of them from the world's biggest and most unforgiving government lender, China. From a report: An Associated Press analysis of a dozen countries most indebted to China -- including Pakistan, Kenya, Zambia, Laos and Mongolia -- found paying back that debt is consuming an ever-greater amount of the tax revenue needed to keep schools open, provide electricity and pay for food and fuel. And it's draining foreign currency reserves these countries use to pay interest on those loans, leaving some with just months before that money is gone. Behind the scenes is China's reluctance to forgive debt and its extreme secrecy about how much money it has loaned and on what terms, which has kept other major lenders from stepping in to help. On top of that is the recent discovery that borrowers have been required to put cash in hidden escrow accounts that push China to the front of the line of creditors to be paid. 
Countries in AP's analysis had as much as 50% of their foreign loans from China and most were devoting more than a third of government revenue to paying off foreign debt. Two of them, Zambia and Sri Lanka, have already gone into default, unable to make even interest payments on loans financing the construction of ports, mines and power plants. In Pakistan, millions of textile workers have been laid off because the country has too much foreign debt and can't afford to keep the electricity on and machines running. In Kenya, the government has held back paychecks to thousands of civil service workers to save cash to pay foreign loans. The president's chief economic adviser tweeted last month, "Salaries or default? Take your pick."  
	 	
	
	
	 	
	 
	
	
	
	
	 AMD Now Powers 121 of the World's Fastest Supercomputers  (tomshardware.com) 
	
	
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 msmash
	on Monday May 22, 2023 @10:40AM
	 from the closer-look dept.
	
	
	 	
	The Top 500 list of the fastest supercomputers in the world was released today, and AMD continues its streak of impressive wins with 121 systems now powered by AMD's silicon -- a year-over-year increase of 29%. From a report: Additionally, AMD continues to hold the #1 spot on the Top 500 with the Frontier supercomputer, while the test and development system based on the same architecture continues to hold the second spot in power efficiency metrics on the Green 500 list. Overall, AMD also powers seven of the top ten systems on the Green 500 list. The AMD-powered Frontier remains the only fully-qualified exascale-class supercomputer on the planet, as the Intel-powered two-exaflop Aurora has still not submitted a benchmark result after years of delays.  
In contrast, Frontier is now fully operational and is being used by researchers in a multitude of science workloads. In fact, Frontier continues to improve from tuning -- the system entered the Top 500 list with 1.02 exaflops of performance in June 2022 but has now improved to 1.194 exaflops, a 17% increase. That's an impressive increase from the same 8,699,904 CPU cores it debuted with. For perspective, that extra 92 petaflops of performance from tuning represents the same amount of computational horsepower as the entire Perlmutter system that ranks eighth on the Top 500.  
	 	
	
	
	 	
	 
	
	
	
	
	 Meta Fined Record $1.3 Billion in EU Over US Data Transfers  (bloomberg.com) 
	
	
	 
	Posted
	by 
	 msmash
	on Monday May 22, 2023 @10:02AM
	 from the tussle-continues dept.
	
	
	 	
	Facebook owner Meta was hit by a record $1.3 billion European Union privacy fine and given a deadline to stop shipping users' data to the US after regulators said it failed to protect personal information from the prying eyes of American security services. Bloomberg News: The social network giant's continued data transfers to the US didn't address "the risks to the fundamental rights and freedoms" of people whose data was being transfered across the Atlantic, according to a decision by the Irish Data Protection Commission announced on Monday. On top of the fine, which eclipses a $806 million EU privacy penalty previously doled out to Amazon, Meta was given five months to "suspend any future transfer of personal data to the US" and six months to stop "the unlawful processing, including storage, in the US" of transferred personal EU data. A data-transfers ban for Meta was widely expected and once prompted the US firm to threaten a total withdrawal from the EU. But its impact has now been muted by the transition phase given in the decision and the prospect of a new EU-US data flows agreement that could already be operational by the middle of this year. 
	 	
	
	
	 	
	
	
	
	
	
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2023-02-27
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impHCp2s7RV3PlslQZ3hbXA0hIQAHrUPzHIITQXoFdEPc68fGX-r_0OXdJn-pxq4ZxhO_WHa3NWZuCYHIHQ3fgGZiU1kIOuFcYNP5XOlGJE1EhfuVLdowFx89OndxAODoMIFtJHbFMIHhd433OLIIKGkFTQMfmVMQ5qouQv0T-XdcPigQBJOTpHcwEC1CkIlXz6Kwc3U6LBnPfJLu9kfTkvHNUZr3ooxtp11_aEGr-gz_SZdh4Mv_SnGgvH_J9a5YU57GvVKn7Sl_5xJlIGOoFzZmRFhr4BeSCC2T70nmI-0jhU8UZ3VygY6WLbzuHqIKB7g-R6iiB4eQCQ61A8bfPXid_IJWG7UCF_8K20ExJlQoilSbueH4mCINKaLUMHOKBOrIh8XfnFkoGDBVzxpyS0KSxXDrdPnT38O3_FPYmkDEASs84KdBzhmeM0VJgGEBqX4B7ePw%3D%3D"><i></i>0 comments</a></p></div></div></div></div><div><div><p>34.6k</p></div><div><div><p><a href="/r/nextfuckinglevel/"></a></p><div><p>•Posted by4 hours ago</p><p>2</p></div></div><div><div><a href="/r/nextfuckinglevel/comments/11czhbt/guy_makes_insane_house_for_a_frog/"><p></p><h3>Guy makes insane house for a frog</h3><p></p></a></div><p>
 </p></div><div><div><p>34.6k</p></div><div><p><a href="/r/nextfuckinglevel/comments/11czhbt/guy_makes_insane_house_for_a_frog/"><i></i>655 comments</a></p></div></div></div></div><div><div><p>79.0k</p></div><div><div><p><a href="/r/Damnthatsinteresting/"></a></p><div><p>•Posted by13 hours ago</p><p></p></div></div><div><div><a href="/r/Damnthatsinteresting/comments/11ckv3u/psychopathic_tv_preacher_kenneth_copeland_wealth/"><p></p><h3>Psychopathic TV preacher Kenneth Copeland (wealth of $760 million) loses it when confronted about his use of private jets</h3><p></p></a></div><div><p><a href="/r/Damnthatsinteresting/?f=flair_name%3A%22Video%22">Video</a></p></div><p>
 </p></div><div><div><p>79.0k</p></div><div><p><a href="/r/Damnthatsinteresting/comments/11ckv3u/psychopathic_tv_preacher_kenneth_copeland_wealth/"><i></i>8.3k comments</a></p></div></div></div></div><div><div><p>27.2k</p></div><div><div><p><a href="/r/funny/"></a></p><div><p>•Posted by3 hours ago</p><p></p></div></div><div><div><a href="/r/funny/comments/11czodi/my_mom_locked_my_switch_and_i_cant_find_the_key/"><p></p><h3>My mom locked my switch and I cant find the key</h3><p></p></a></div><p>
 </p></div><div><a href="/r/funny/comments/11czodi/my_mom_locked_my_switch_and_i_cant_find_the_key/"><div><p></p></div></a></div><div><div><p>27.2k</p></div><div><p><a href="/r/funny/comments/11czodi/my_mom_locked_my_switch_and_i_cant_find_the_key/"><i></i>1.7k comments</a></p></div></div></div></div><div><div><p>2.6k</p></div><div><div><p><a href="/r/gaming/"></a></p><div><p>•Posted by9 hours ago</p></div></div><div><div><a href="/r/gaming/comments/11crf9y/what_game_would_you_play_the_f_out_of_if_it_got_a/"><p></p><h3>What game would you play the f--- out of if it got a full blown remake?</h3><p></p></a></div><p>
 </p></div><div><div><p>2.6k</p></div><div><p><a href="/r/gaming/comments/11crf9y/what_game_would_you_play_the_f_out_of_if_it_got_a/"><i></i>5.9k comments</a></p></div></div></div></div><div><div><p>17.5k</p></div><div><article><div><div><p><a href="/r/news/"></a></p><div><p>•Posted by15 hours ago</p><p>2</p></div></div><div><div><a href="/r/news/comments/11cic9d/lab_leak_most_likely_origin_of_covid19_pandemic/"><p></p><h3>Lab Leak Most Likely Origin of Covid-19 Pandemic, U.S. Agency Now Says</h3><p></p></a></div><div><p><a href="/r/news/?f=flair_name%3A%22Soft%20paywall%22">Soft paywall</a></p></div><p>
 </p></div><div><p><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-origin-china-lab-leak-807b7b0a">wsj.com/articl...<i></i></a></p></div></div></article><div><div><p>17.5k</p></div><div><p><a href="/r/news/comments/11cic9d/lab_leak_most_likely_origin_of_covid19_pandemic/"><i></i>4.5k comments</a></p></div></div></div></div><div><div><p>14.2k</p></div><div><article><div><div><p><a href="/r/movies/"></a></p><div><p>•Posted by3 hours ago</p><p></p></div></div><div><div><a href="/r/movies/comments/11czqmu/ke_huy_quan_becomes_first_asian_male_film_winner/"><p></p><h3>Ke Huy Quan Becomes First Asian Male Film Winner at SAG Awards for ‘Everything Everywhere All at Once’</h3><p></p></a></div><div><a href="/r/movies/?f=flair_name%3A%22News%22"><p>News</p></a></div><p>
 </p></div><div><p><a href="https://variety.com/2023/awards/awards/ke-huy-quan-first-asian-male-winner-sag-supporting-actor-1235535356/">variety.com/2023/a...<i></i></a></p></div></div></article><div><div><p>14.2k</p></div><div><p><a href="/r/movies/comments/11czqmu/ke_huy_quan_becomes_first_asian_male_film_winner/"><i></i>321 comments</a></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div><div><div><div><p>Popular Communities</p></div></div><div><div><p>Gaming</p></div></div><div><div><p>Sports</p></div></div><div><div><p>TV</p></div></div><div><div><p>Travel</p></div></div><div><div><p>Health &amp; Fitness</p></div></div><div><div><p>Fashion</p></div></div></div><div><div><div><p><a href="https://www.redditinc.com/policies/user-agreement">User Agreement</a><a href="https://www.redditinc.com/policies/privacy-policy">Privacy policy</a></p></div><div><p><a href="https://www.redditinc.com/policies/content-policy">Content policy</a><a href="https://www.redditinc.com/policies/moderator-guidelines">Moderator Code of Conduct</a></p></div></div><p>Reddit Inc © 2023. All rights reserved</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>||||I|||| Press J to jump to the feed. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts
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Press J to jump to the feed. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts   Search all of Reddit     Log In      Found the internet!       Feeds    Home   Popular  Topics   Valheim Genshin Impact Minecraft Pokimane Halo Infinite Call of Duty: Warzone Path of Exile Hollow Knight: Silksong Escape from Tarkov Watch Dogs: Legion     NFL NBA Megan Anderson Atlanta Hawks Los Angeles Lakers Boston Celtics Arsenal F.C. Philadelphia 76ers Premier League UFC     GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson &amp; Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla     Cardano Dogecoin Algorand Bitcoin Litecoin Basic Attention Token Bitcoin Cash     The Real Housewives of Atlanta The Bachelor Sister Wives 90 Day Fiance Wife Swap The Amazing Race Australia Married at First Sight The Real Housewives of Dallas My 600-lb Life Last Week Tonight with John Oliver     Kim Kardashian Doja Cat Iggy Azalea Anya Taylor-Joy Jamie Lee Curtis Natalie Portman Henry Cavill Millie Bobby Brown Tom Hiddleston Keanu Reeves     Animals and Pets Anime Art Cars and Motor Vehicles Crafts and DIY Culture, Race, and Ethnicity Ethics and Philosophy Fashion Food and Drink History Hobbies Law Learning and Education Military Movies Music Place Podcasts and Streamers Politics Programming Reading, Writing, and Literature Religion and Spirituality Science Tabletop Games Technology Travel     Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations.      Trending today       Popular posts      Hot   New   Top   Rising       Hot     New   Top       Rising       25.0k         •Posted by14 hours ago        What's the dumbest myth people today believe?     
     25.0k      20.5k comments        156    •promoted       Code in Node.js, Java, Python, and other open-source languages.     
              azure.microsoft.com    Sign Up     156      0 comments        34.6k         •Posted by4 hours ago 2        Guy makes insane house for a frog     
     34.6k      655 comments        79.0k         •Posted by13 hours ago          Psychopathic TV preacher Kenneth Copeland (wealth of $760 million) loses it when confronted about his use of private jets       Video   
     79.0k      8.3k comments        27.2k         •Posted by3 hours ago          My mom locked my switch and I cant find the key     
             27.2k      1.7k comments        2.6k         •Posted by9 hours ago        What game would you play the f--- out of if it got a full blown remake?     
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Internet forum - Wikipedia
2003-08-12
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<div><div>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Phpbb_3.0_prosilver.png"></a></p><div><p>An Internet forum powered by <a href="/wiki/PhpBB">phpBB</a></p></div></div>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:FUDforum.jpg"></a></p><div><p><a href="/wiki/FUDforum">FUDforum</a>, another Internet forum software package</p></div></div>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Village_Pump.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>An <b>Internet forum</b>, or <b>message board</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Online">online</a> discussion site where people can hold conversations in the form of posted messages.<sup><a href="#cite_note-vBfaqFORUM-1">[1]</a></sup> They differ from <a href="/wiki/Chat_rooms">chat rooms</a> in that messages are often longer than one line of text, and are at least temporarily archived. Also, depending on the access level of a user or the forum set-up, a posted message might need to be approved by a moderator before it becomes publicly visible.
</p><p>Forums have a specific set of jargon associated with them; for example: a single conversation is called a "<a href="#Thread">thread</a>", or <i>topic</i>.
</p><p>A discussion forum is hierarchical or tree-like in structure: a forum can contain a number of subforums, each of which may have several topics. Within a forum's topic, each new discussion started is called a thread and can be replied to by as many people as so wish.
</p><p>Depending on the forum's settings, users can be anonymous or have to register with the forum and then subsequently <a href="/wiki/Login">log in</a> to post messages. On most forums, users do not have to log in to read existing messages.
</p>
<h2>History</h2>
<p>The modern forum originated from <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board">bulletin boards</a>, and so-called computer conferencing systems, and are a technological evolution of the dialup <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system">bulletin board system</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-bbsref-2">[2]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Glossary_Of_Technical_Terms-3">[3]</a></sup> From a technological standpoint, <i>forums</i> or <i>boards</i> are <a href="/wiki/Web_application">web applications</a> managing <a href="/wiki/User-generated_content">user-generated content</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Glossary_Of_Technical_Terms-3">[3]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> 
</p><p>Early Internet forums could be described as a web version of an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list">electronic mailing list</a> or <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup">newsgroup</a> (such as exist on <a href="/wiki/Usenet">Usenet</a>); allowing people to post messages and comment on other messages. Later developments emulated the different newsgroups or individual lists, providing more than one forum, dedicated to a particular topic.<sup><a href="#cite_note-bbsref-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>Internet forums are prevalent in several <a href="/wiki/Developed_country">developed countries</a>. Japan posts the most<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> with over two million per day on their largest forum, <a href="/wiki/2channel">2channel</a>. China also has many millions of posts on forums such as <a href="/wiki/Tianya_Club">Tianya Club</a>.
</p><p>Some of the first forum systems were the Planet-Forum system, developed at the beginning of the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Information_Exchange_System">EIES system</a>, first operational in 1976, and the <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOM-systemet">KOM system</a>, which was first operational in 1977.
</p><p>One of the first forum sites (which is still active today) is Delphi Forums, once called <a href="/wiki/Delphi_(online_service)">Delphi</a>. The service, with four million members, dates to 1983.
</p><p>Forums perform a function similar to that of dial-up <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system">bulletin board systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Usenet">Usenet</a> networks that were first created starting in the late 1970s.<sup><a href="#cite_note-bbsref-2">[2]</a></sup> Early web-based forums date back as far as 1994, with the WIT<sup><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> project from W3 Consortium and starting from this time, many alternatives were created.<sup><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> A sense of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_community">virtual community</a> often develops around forums that have regular users. <a href="/wiki/Technology">Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game">video games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport">sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fashion">fashion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion">religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Politics">politics</a> are popular areas for forum themes, but there are forums for a huge number of topics. <a href="/wiki/Internet_slang">Internet slang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Image_macro">image macros</a> popular across the Internet are abundant and widely used in Internet forums.
</p><p>Forum software packages are widely available on the <a href="/wiki/Internet">Internet</a> and are written in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Programming_language">programming languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/PHP">PHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Active_Server_Pages">ASP</a>. The configuration and records of posts can be stored in <a href="/wiki/Text_file">text files</a> or in a <a href="/wiki/Database">database</a>. Each package offers different features, from the most basic, providing text-only postings, to more advanced packages, offering <a href="/wiki/Multimedia">multimedia</a> support and formatting code (usually known as <a href="/wiki/BBCode">BBCode</a>). Many packages can be integrated easily into an existing website to allow visitors to post comments on articles.
</p><p>Several other web applications, such as <a href="/wiki/Blog">blog</a> software, also incorporate forum features. <a href="/wiki/WordPress">WordPress</a> comments at the bottom of a <a href="/wiki/Blog">blog</a> post allow for a single-threaded discussion of any given blog post. <a href="/wiki/Slash_(CMS)">Slashcode</a>, on the other hand, is far more complicated, allowing fully threaded discussions and incorporating a robust moderation and meta-moderation system as well as many of the profile features available to forum users.
</p><p>Some stand alone threads on forums have reached fame and notability such as the "<a href="/wiki/I_am_lonely_will_anyone_speak_to_me">I am lonely will anyone speak to me</a>" thread on MovieCodec.com's forums, which was described as the "web's top hangout for lonely folk" by <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)"><i>Wired</i> magazine</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Structure</h2>
<p>A forum consists of a tree-like directory structure. The top end is "Categories". A forum can be divided into categories for the relevant discussions. Under the categories are sub-forums and these sub-forums can further have more sub-forums. The <i>topics</i> (commonly called <i>threads</i>) come under the lowest level of sub-forums and these are the places under which members can start their discussions or <i>posts</i>. Logically forums are organized into a finite set of generic topics (usually with one main topic) driven and updated by a group known as <i>members</i>, and governed by a group known as <i>moderators</i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> It can also have a graph structure.<sup><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
All message boards will use one of three possible display formats.
Each of the three basic message board display formats: Non-Threaded/Semi-Threaded/Fully Threaded,
has its own advantages and disadvantages. If messages are not related to one another
at all, a Non-Threaded format is best. If a user has a message topic and multiple
replies to that message topic, a semi-threaded format is best. If a user has a message
topic and replies to that message topic and responds to replies, then a fully threaded
format is best.<sup><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>User groups</h3>
<p>Internally, Western-style forums organize visitors and logged in members into user groups. <a href="/wiki/Privilege_(computing)">Privileges</a> and rights are given based on these groups. A user of the forum can automatically be promoted to a more privileged user group based on criteria set by the administrator.<sup><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> A person viewing a closed thread as a <i>member</i> will see a box saying he does not have the right to submit messages there, but a <i>moderator</i> will likely see the same box granting him access to more than just posting messages.<sup><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>An unregistered user of the site is commonly known as a <i>guest</i> or <i>visitor</i>. Guests are typically granted access to all functions that do not require database alterations or breach privacy. A guest can usually view the contents of the forum or use such features as <i>read marking</i>, but occasionally an administrator will disallow visitors to read their forum as an incentive to become a registered member.<sup><a href="#cite_note-13">[note 1]</a></sup> A person who is a very frequent visitor of the forum, a section or even a thread is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Lurker">lurker</a> and the habit is referred to as <i>lurking</i>. Registered members often will refer to themselves as <i>lurking</i> in a particular location, which is to say they have no intention of participating in that section but enjoy reading the contributions to it.
</p>
<h4>Moderators</h4>
<p>The <i>moderators</i> (short singular form: "mod") are users (or employees) of the forum who are granted access to the <a href="#Post">posts</a> and <a href="#Thread">threads</a> of all members for the purpose of <i>moderating discussion</i> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Arbitration">arbitration</a>) and also keeping the forum clean (neutralizing <a href="/wiki/Spamming">spam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spambot">spambots</a> etc.).<sup><a href="#cite_note-Administrator_seeking_moderators_to_control_spam_abuse.-14">[13]</a></sup> Moderators also answer users' concerns about the forum, general questions, as well as respond to specific complaints. Common privileges of moderators include: deleting, merging, moving, and splitting of posts and threads, locking, renaming, <a href="#Thread">stickying</a> of threads, <a href="/wiki/Block_(Internet)">banning</a>, unbanning, suspending, unsuspending, warning the members, or adding, editing, and removing the polls of threads.<sup><a href="#cite_note-vBFAQModAdmin-15">[14]</a></sup> "Junior modding", "backseat modding", or "forum copping" can refer negatively to the behavior of ordinary users who take a moderator-like tone in criticizing other members.
</p><p>Essentially, it is the duty of the moderator to manage the day-to-day affairs of a forum or board as it applies to the stream of user contributions and interactions. The relative effectiveness of this user management directly impacts the quality of a forum in general, its appeal, and its usefulness as a community of interrelated users.
</p><p>Moderators act as unpaid volunteers on many websites, which has sparked controversies and community tensions. On <a href="/wiki/Reddit">Reddit</a>, some moderators have prominently expressed dissatisfaction with their unpaid labor being underappreciated, while other site users have accused moderators of abusing special access privileges to act as a "cabal" of "petty tyrants".<sup><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup> On <a href="/wiki/4chan">4chan</a>, moderators are subject to notable levels of mockery and contempt. There, they are often referred to as janitors (or, more pejoratively, "jannies") given their job of what is tantamount to cleaning up the imageboards' infamous <a href="/wiki/Shitposting">shitposting</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Administrators</h4>
<p>The <i>administrators</i> (short form: "admin") manage the technical details required for running the site. As such, they have the authority to appoint and revoke members as <a href="#Moderators">moderators</a>, manage the rules, create sections and sub-sections, as well as perform any <a href="/wiki/Database">database</a> operations (<a href="/wiki/Backup">database backup</a>, etc.). Administrators often also act as <a href="#Moderators">moderators</a>. Administrators may also make forum-wide announcements, or change the appearance (known as the skin) of a forum. There are also many forums where administrators share their knowledge.<sup><a href="#cite_note-vBFAQModAdmin-15">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Post</h3>
<p>A <i>post</i> is a user-submitted message enclosed into a block containing the user's details and the date and time it was submitted. Members are usually allowed to edit or delete their own posts. Posts are contained in threads, where they appear as blocks one after another. The first post<sup><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup> starts the thread; this may be called the TS (thread starter) or OP (original post). Posts that follow in the thread are meant to continue discussion about that post, or respond to other replies; it is not uncommon for discussions to be derailed.
</p><p>On Western forums, the classic way to show a member's own details (such as name and avatar) has been on the left side of the post, in a narrow column of fixed width, with the post controls located on the right, at the bottom of the main body, above the signature block. In more recent forum software implementations, the Asian style of displaying the members' details above the post has been copied.
</p><p>Posts have an internal limit usually measured in characters. Often one is required to have a message with a minimum length of 10 characters. There is always an upper limit but it is rarely reached – most boards have it at either 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, or 50,000 characters.
</p><p>Most forums keep track of a user's postcount. The postcount is a measurement of how many posts a certain user has made.<sup><a href="#cite_note-postcount-19">[18]</a></sup> Users with higher postcounts are often considered more reputable than users with lower postcounts, but not always. For instance, some forums have disabled postcounts with the hopes that doing so will emphasize the quality of information over quantity.
</p>
<h3>Thread</h3>
<p>A <i>thread</i> (sometimes called a <i>topic</i>) is a collection of posts, usually displayed from oldest to latest, although this is typically configurable: Options for newest to oldest and for a threaded view (a tree-like view applying logical reply structure before chronological order) can be available. A thread is defined by a title, an additional description that may summarize the intended discussion, and an opening or <b>original post</b> (common abbreviation <b>OP</b>, which can also be used to refer to the <b>original poster</b>), which opens whatever dialogue or makes whatever announcement the poster wished. A thread can contain any number of posts, including multiple posts from the same members, even if they are one after the other.
</p>
<h4>Bumping</h4>
<p>A thread is contained in a forum and may have an associated date that is taken as the date of the last post (options to order threads by other criteria are generally available). When a member posts in a thread it will jump to the top since it is the latest updated thread. Similarly, other threads will jump in front of it when they receive posts. When a member posts in a thread for no reason but to have it go to the top, it is referred to as a <i>bump</i> or <i>bumping</i>. It has been suggested that "bump" is an acronym of "bring up my post";<sup><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></sup> however, this is almost certainly a <a href="/wiki/Backronym">backronym</a> and the usage is entirely consistent with the verb "bump" which means "to knock to a new position".<sup><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>On some messageboards, users can choose to <i>sage</i> (correctly pronounced /sa-ɣe/ though often confused as <small>IPA: </small><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA">[seɪdʒ]</a>) a post if they wish to make a post, but not "bump" it. The word "sage" derives from the <a href="/wiki/2channel">2channel</a> terminology 下げる <i>sageru</i>, meaning "to lower".
</p>
<h4>Stickying</h4>
<p>Threads that are important but rarely receive posts are <i>sticky</i>ed (or, in some software, "pinned"). A <i>sticky thread</i> will always appear in front of normal threads, often in its own section. A "threaded discussion group" is simply any group of individuals who use a forum for threaded, or asynchronous, discussion purposes. The group may or may not be the only users of the forum.
</p><p>A thread's popularity is measured on forums in reply (total posts minus one, the opening post, in most default forum settings) counts. Some forums also track <a href="/wiki/Pageview">page views</a>. Threads meeting a set number of posts or a set number of views may receive a designation such as "hot thread" and be displayed with a different icon compared to other threads. This icon may stand out more to emphasize the thread. If the forum's users have lost interest in a particular thread, it becomes a <i>dead thread</i>.
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td><div><p><a href="/wiki/File:PhpBB3_topic.png"></a></p><div><p>phpBB Thread (viewing as moderator)</p></div></div>
</td>
<td><div><p><a href="/wiki/File:PhpBB_forum.png"></a></p><div><p>phpBB Forum (viewing as moderator)</p></div></div>
</td>
<td><div><p><a href="/wiki/File:TreeExample480px.jpg"></a></p><div><p>Forum (Fully Threaded display format)</p></div></div>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2>Discussion</h2>
<p>Forums prefer a premise of open and free discussion and often adopt <a href="/wiki/De_facto_standard">de facto standards</a>. Most common topics on forums include questions, comparisons, polls of opinion, as well as debates. It is not uncommon for nonsense or unsocial behavior to sprout as people lose temper, especially if the topic is controversial. Poor understanding of differences in values of the participants is a common problem on forums. Because replies to a topic are often worded aimed at someone's point of view, discussion will usually go slightly off into several directions as people question each other's validity, sources and so on. Circular discussion and ambiguity in replies can extend for several tens of posts of a thread eventually ending when <a href="/wiki/Ad_nauseam">everyone gives up</a> or attention spans waver and a more interesting subject takes over. It is not uncommon for debate to end in <a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem">ad hominem</a> attacks.
</p>
<h3>Liabilities of owners and moderators</h3>
<p>Several <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit">lawsuits</a> have been brought against the forums and moderators claiming <a href="/wiki/Defamation">libel</a> and damage. A recent case is the Scubaboard lawsuit where a business in the Maldives filed a suit against Scubaboard for libel and defamation in January 2010.
</p><p>For the most part, though, forum owners and moderators in the United States are protected by <a href="/wiki/Section_230_of_the_Communications_Decency_Act">Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act</a>, which states that "[n]o provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider."
</p><p>In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Facebook">Facebook</a> was faced with a <a href="/wiki/Class_action">class action</a> lawsuit set forth by moderators diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>. It was settled for $52 million the following year.<sup><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Common features</h2>
<p>By default to be an Internet forum, the web application needs an ability to submit threads and replies. Typically, threads are in newer to older view, and replies in older to newer view.
</p>
<h3>Tripcodes and capcodes</h3>
<p>Most imageboards and 2channel-style discussion boards allow (and encourage) anonymous posting and use a system of tripcodes instead of registration. A tripcode is the hashed result of a password that allows one's identity to be recognized without storing any data about users.
</p><p>In a tripcode system, a secret password is added to the user's name following a separator character (often a <a href="/wiki/Number_sign">number sign</a>). This password, or tripcode, is <a href="/wiki/Hash_function">hashed</a> into a special key, or trip, distinguishable from the name by HTML styles. Tripcodes cannot be faked but on some types of forum software they are insecure and can be guessed. On other types, they can be brute forced with software designed to search for tripcodes such as Tripcode Explorer.<sup><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>Moderators and administrators will frequently assign themselves capcodes, or tripcodes where the guessable trip is replaced with a special notice (such as "# Administrator"), or cap.
</p>
<h3>Private message</h3>
<p>A <i>private message</i>, or PM for short, is a message sent in private from a member to one or more other members. The ability to send so-called <a href="/wiki/Blind_carbon_copy">blind carbon copies</a> is sometimes available. When sending a <i>blind carbon copy</i> (bcc), the users to whom the message is sent directly will not be aware of the recipients of the blind carbon copy or even if one was sent in the first place.<sup><a href="#cite_note-24">[example 1]</a></sup>
</p><p>Private messages are generally used for personal conversations. They can also be used with tripcodes—a message is addressed to a public trip and can be picked up by typing in the tripcode.
</p>
<h3>Attachment</h3>
<p>An attachment can be almost any file. When someone attaches a file to a person's post they are uploading that particular file to the forum's server. Forums usually have very strict limit on what can be attached and what cannot be (among which the size of the files in question). Attachments can be part of a thread, social group, etc.,
</p>
<h3>BBCode and HTML</h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/HTML">HyperText Markup Language</a> (HTML) is sometimes allowed but usually its use is discouraged or when allowed, it is extensively filtered. Modern bulletin board systems often will have it disabled altogether<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> or allow only administrators use it, as allowing it on any normal user level is considered a security risk due to a high rate of <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting">XSS</a> vulnerabilities. When HTML is disabled <a href="/wiki/BBCode">Bulletin Board Code</a> (BBCode) is the most common preferred alternative. BBCode usually consists of a tag, similar to HTML only instead of <code>&lt;</code> and <code>&gt;</code> the tagname is enclosed within square brackets (meaning: <code>[</code> and <code>]</code>). Commonly <code>[i]</code> is used for <a href="/wiki/Italic_type">italic type</a>, <code>[b]</code> is used for <a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)">bold</a>, <code>[u]</code> for <a href="/wiki/Underline">underline</a>, <code>[color="value"]</code> for color and <code>[list]</code> for lists, as well as <code>[img]</code> for images and <code>[url]</code> for links.
</p><p>The following example BBCode: <code>[b]This[/b] is [i]clever[/i] [b] [i]text[/i] [/b]</code> when the post is viewed the code is rendered to HTML and will appear as: <b>This</b> is <i>clever</i> <i><b>text</b></i>.
</p><p>Many forum packages offer a way to create Custom BBCodes, or BBcodes that are not built into the package, where the administrator of the board can create complex BBCodes to allow the use of JavaScript or iframe functions in posts, for example embedding a YouTube or Google Video complete with viewer directly into a post.
</p>
<h3>Emoticon</h3>
<p>An <a href="/wiki/Emoticon">emoticon</a> or <i>smiley</i> is a symbol or combination of symbols used to convey emotional content in written or message form. Forums implement a system through which some of the text representations of an emoticons (e.g. <code>xD</code>, <code>:p</code>) are rendered as a small image. Depending on what part of the world the forum's topic originates (since most forums are international) smilies can be replaced by other forms of similar graphics, an example would be <a href="/wiki/Kaoani">kaoani</a> (e.g. <code>*(^O^)*</code>, <code>(^-^)b</code>), or even text between special symbols (e.g. :blink:, :idea:).
</p>
<h3>Poll</h3>
<p>Most forums implement an <a href="/wiki/Opinion_poll">opinion poll</a> system for threads. Most implementations allow for single-choice or multi-choice (sometimes limited to a certain number) when selecting options as well as private or public display of voters. Polls can be set to expire after a certain date or in some cases after a number of days from its creation. Members vote in a poll and a statistic is displayed graphically.
</p>
<h3>RSS and ATOM</h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/RSS">RSS</a> and <a href="/wiki/ATOM">ATOM</a> feeds allow a minimalistic means of subscribing to the forum. Common implementations allow RSS feeds to list only the last few threads updated for the forum index and the last posts in a thread.
</p>
<h3>Other features</h3>
<p>An <i>ignore list</i> allows members to hide posts of other members that they do not want to see or have a problem with. In most implementations, they are referred to as <i>foe list</i> or <i>ignore list</i>. The posts are usually not hidden, but minimized with only a small bar indicating a post from the user on the <i>ignore list</i> is there.<sup><a href="#cite_note-vBFAQDTU-25">[23]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a></sup> Almost all Internet forums include a <i>member list</i>, which allows display of all forum members, with an integrated search feature. Some forums will not list members with 0 posts, even if they have activated their accounts.
</p><p>Many forums allow users to give themselves an <i>avatar</i>. An avatar is an image that appears beside all of a user's posts, in order to make the user more recognizable. The user may upload the image to the forum database or may provide a link to an image on a separate website. Each forum has limits on the height, width, and data size of avatars that may be used; if the user tries to use an avatar that is too big, it may be scaled down or rejected.
</p><p>Similarly, most forums allow users to define a <i>signature</i> (sometimes called a <i>sig</i>), which is a block of text, possibly with BBCode, which appears at the bottom of all of the user's posts. There is a character limit on signatures, though it may be so high that it is rarely hit. Often the forum's moderators impose manual rules on signatures to prevent them from being obnoxious (for example, being extremely long or having flashing images), and issue warnings or bans to users who break these rules. Like avatars, signatures may improve the recognizability of a poster. They may also allow the user to attach information to all of their posts, such as proclaiming support for a cause, noting facts about themselves, or quoting humorous things that have previously been said on the forum.
</p><p>Common on forums, a <i>subscription</i> is a form of automated notification integrated into the software of most forums. It usually notifies either by email or on the site when the member returns. The option to subscribe is available for every thread while logged in. Subscriptions work with <i>read marking</i>, namely the property of <i>unread</i>, which is given to the content never served to the user by the software.
</p><p>Recent development in some popular implementations of forum software has brought <i>social network features and functionality</i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a></sup> Such features include personal galleries, pages as well as a social network like <a href="/wiki/Online_chat">chat</a> systems.
Most forum software is now fully customizable with "hacks" or "modifications" readily available to customize a person's forum to theirs and their members' needs.
</p><p>Often forums use "<a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie">cookies</a>", or information about the user's behavior on the site sent to a user's browser and used upon re-entry into the site. This is done to facilitate automatic login and to show a user whether a thread or forum has received new posts since his or her last visit. These may be disabled or cleared at any time.<sup><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Rules and policies</h2>
<p>Forums are governed by a set of individuals, collectively referred to as <i>staff</i>, made up of <i>administrators</i> and <i>moderators</i>, which are responsible for the forums' conception, technical maintenance, and policies (creation and enforcing). Most forums have a list of rules detailing the wishes, aim, and guidelines of the forums' creators. There is usually also a <a href="/wiki/FAQ">FAQ</a> section containing basic information for new members and people not yet familiar with the use and principles of a forum (generally tailored for specific forum software).
</p><p>Rules on forums usually apply to the entire user body and often have preset exceptions, most commonly designating a section as an exception. For example, in an <a href="/wiki/Information_technology">IT</a> forum any discussion regarding anything but computer <a href="/wiki/Programming_languages">programming languages</a> may be against the rules, with the exception of a <i>general chat</i> section.
</p><p>Forum rules are maintained and enforced by the moderation team, but users are allowed to help out via what is known as a report system. Most Western forum platforms automatically provide such a system.<sup><a href="#cite_note-vBFAQDTU-25">[23]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a></sup> It consists of a small function applicable to each post (including one's own). Using it will notify all currently available moderators of its location, and subsequent action or judgment can be carried out immediately, which is particularly desirable in large or very developed boards. Generally, moderators encourage members to also use the <i>private message</i> system if they wish to report behavior. Moderators will generally frown upon attempts of moderation by non-moderators, especially when the would-be moderators do not even issue a report. Messages from non-moderators acting as moderators generally declare a post as against the rules or predict punishment. While not harmful, statements that attempt to enforce the rules are discouraged.<sup><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>When rules are broken several steps are commonly taken. First, a warning is usually given; this is commonly in the form of a <i>private message</i> but recent development has made it possible for it to be integrated into the software. Subsequent to this, if the act is ignored and warnings do not work, the member is – usually – first exiled from the forum for a number of days. Denying someone access to the site is called a <i>ban</i>. Bans can mean the person can no longer log in or even view the site anymore. If the offender, after the warning sentence, repeats the offense, another ban is given, usually this time a longer one. Continuous harassment of the site eventually leads to a permanent ban. In most cases, this means simply that the account is locked. In extreme cases where the offender – after being permanently banned – creates another account and continues to harass the site, administrators will apply an <a href="/wiki/IP_address">IP address</a> ban or block (this can also be applied at the server level): If the IP address is static, the machine of the offender is prevented from accessing the site. In some extreme circumstances, IP address range bans or country bans can be applied; this is usually for political, licensing, or other reasons. See also: <a href="/wiki/Block_(Internet)">Block (Internet)</a>, <a href="/wiki/IP_address_blocking">IP address blocking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship">Internet censorship</a>.
</p><p>Offending content is usually deleted. Sometimes if the topic is considered the source of the problem, it is <i>locked</i>; often a poster may request a topic expected to draw problems to be locked as well, although the moderators decide whether to grant it. In a <i>locked thread</i>, members cannot post anymore. In cases where the topic is considered a breach of rules it – with all of its posts – may be deleted.
</p>
<h3>Troll</h3>
<p>Forum <i>trolls</i> are users that repeatedly and deliberately breach the <a href="/wiki/Netiquette">netiquette</a> of an established online community, posting inflammatory, extraneous, or off-topic messages to bait or excite users into responding or to test the forum rules and policies, and with that the patience of the forum staff. Their provocative behavior may potentially start <a href="/wiki/Flaming_(Internet)">flame wars</a> (see below) or other disturbances. Responding to a troll's provocations is commonly known as 'feeding the troll' and is generally discouraged, as it can encourage their disruptive behavior.
</p>
<h3>Sock puppet</h3>
<p>The term sock puppet refers to multiple pseudonyms in use by the same person on a particular message board or forum. The analogy of a sock puppet is of a puppeteer holding up both hands and supplying dialogue to both puppets simultaneously. A typical use of a sockpuppet account is to agree with or debate another sockpuppet account belonging to the same person, for the purposes of reinforcing the puppeteer's position in an argument. Sock puppets are usually found when an IP address check is done on the accounts in forums.
</p>
<h3>Spamming</h3>
<p>Forum spamming is a breach of netiquette where users repeat the same word or phrase over and over, but differs from multiple posting in that spamming is usually a willful act that sometimes has malicious intent. This is a common trolling technique. It can also be traditional <a href="/wiki/Spam_(electronic)">spam</a>, unpaid <a href="/wiki/Advertisement">advertisements</a> that are in breach of the forum's rules. Spammers utilize a number of illicit techniques to post their spam, including the use of <a href="/wiki/Botnets">botnets</a>.
</p><p>Some forums consider concise, comment-oriented posts spam, for example <i>Thank you</i>, <i>Cool</i> or <i>I love it</i>.
</p>
<h3>Double posting</h3>
<p>"Double post" redirects here. For the PC BIOS double cold boot behaviour, see <a href="/wiki/Double_POST">double POST</a>.</p>
<p>One common faux pas on Internet forums is to post the same message twice. Users sometimes post versions of a message that are only slightly different, especially in forums where they are not allowed to edit their earlier posts. Multiple posting instead of editing prior posts can artificially inflate a user's post count. Multiple posting can be unintentional; a user's browser might display an error message even though the post has been transmitted or a user of a slow forum might become impatient and repeatedly hit the submit button. An offline editor may post the same message twice. Multiple posting can also be used as a method of <a href="/wiki/Troll_(Internet)">trolling</a> or spreading <a href="/wiki/Forum_spam">forum spam</a>. A user may also send the same post to several forums, which is termed <a href="/wiki/Crossposting">crossposting</a>. The term derives from <a href="/wiki/Usenet">Usenet</a>, where crossposting was an accepted practice but causes problems in web forums, which lack the ability to link such posts so replies in one forum are not visible to people reading the post in other forums.
</p>
<h3>Necroposting</h3>
<p>A <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/necropost">necropost</a> is a message that revives (as in <a href="/wiki/Necromancy">necromancy</a>) an arbitrarily old thread, causing it to appear above newer and more active threads. This practice is generally seen as a breach of netiquette on most forums. Because old threads are not usually locked from further posting, necroposting is common for newer users and in cases where the date of previous posts is not apparent.<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3>Word censor</h3>
<p>A <a href="/wiki/Word_filter">word censoring system</a> is commonly included in the forum software package. The system will pick up words in the body of the post or some other user-editable forum element (like user titles), and if they partially match a certain keyword (commonly no <a href="/wiki/Case_sensitivity">case sensitivity</a>) they will be censored. The most common censoring is letter replacement with an <a href="/wiki/Asterisk">asterisk</a> character. For example, in the user title, it is deemed inappropriate for users to use words such as "admin", "moderator", "leader" and so on. If the censoring system is implemented, a title such as "forum leader" may be filtered to "forum ******". Rude or vulgar words are common targets for the censoring system.<sup><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a></sup> But such auto-censors can make mistakes, for example censoring "<a href="/wiki/Wristwatch">wris<b>twat</b>ch</a>" to "wris****ch" and "<a href="/wiki/Scunthorpe">S<b>cunt</b>horpe</a>" to "S****horpe."
</p>
<h3>Flame wars</h3>
<p>When a thread—or in some cases, an entire forum—becomes unstable, the result is usually uncontrolled spam in the form of one-line complaints, <a href="/wiki/Image_macro">image macros</a>, or abuse of the report system. When the discussion becomes heated and sides do nothing more than complain and not accept each other's differences in point of view, the discussion degenerates into what is called a <i>flame war</i>. To <i>flame</i> someone means to go off-topic and attack the person rather than their opinion. Likely candidates for flame wars are usually religion and socio-political topics, or topics that discuss pre-existing rivalries outside the forum (e.g., rivalry between games, console systems, car manufacturers, nationalities, etc.).
</p><p>When a topic that has degenerated into a flame war is considered akin to that of the forum (be it a section or the entire board), spam and flames have a chance of spreading outside the topic and causing trouble, usually in the form of vandalism. Some forums (commonly game forums) have suffered from forum-wide flame wars almost immediately after their conception, because of a pre-existing <i><a href="/wiki/Flame_war">flame war</a> element</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Online_community">online community</a>. Many forums have created devoted areas strictly for discussion of potential flame war topics that are moderated like normal.
</p>
<h3>Registration or anonymity</h3>
<p>Many Internet forums require registration to post. Registered users of the site are referred to as <i>members</i> and are allowed to submit or send electronic messages through the <a href="/wiki/Web_application">web application</a>. The process of registration involves verification of one's age (typically age 13 and over is required so as to meet <a href="/wiki/COPPA">COPPA</a> requirements of American forum software) followed by a declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_service">terms of service</a> (other documents may also be present) and a request for agreement to said terms.<sup><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a></sup> Subsequently, if all goes well, the candidate is presented with a <a href="/wiki/Web_form">web form</a> to fill requesting at the very least a <a href="/wiki/Username">username</a> (an alias), password, email and validation of a <a href="/wiki/CAPTCHA">CAPTCHA</a> code.
</p><p>While simply completing the registration <a href="/wiki/Web_form">web form</a> is in general enough to generate an account,<sup><a href="#cite_note-36">[note 2]</a></sup> the status label <i>Inactive</i> is commonly provided by default until the registered user confirms the email address given while registering indeed belongs to the user. Until that time, the registered user can log in to the new account but may not <a href="#Post">post</a>, <a href="#Thread">reply</a>, or send <a href="#Private_message">private messages</a> in the forum.
</p>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Spacetrace_forum.png"></a></p><div><p>Internet forums are used frequently in conjunction with multiplayer online games.</p></div></div>
<p>Sometimes a <i>referrer system</i> is implemented. A <i>referrer</i> is someone who introduced or otherwise "helped someone" with the decision to join the site (likewise, how a <a href="/wiki/HTTP_referrer">HTTP referrer</a> is the site who linked one to another site). Usually, referrers are other forum members and members are usually rewarded for referrals. The referrer system is also sometimes implemented so that, if a visitor visits the forum through a link such as <code>referrerid=300</code>, the user with the id number (in this example, 300) would receive referral credit if the visitor registers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a></sup> The purpose is commonly just to give credit (sometimes rewards are implied) to those who help the community grow.
</p><p>In areas such as <a href="/wiki/Japan">Japan</a>, registration is frequently optional and anonymity is sometimes even encouraged.<sup><a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a></sup> On these forums, a <a href="/wiki/Tripcode">tripcode</a> system may be used to allow verification of an <a href="/wiki/Personally_identifiable_information">identity</a> without the need for formal registration. People who regularly read the forum discussions but do not register or do not post are often referred to as "lurkers".
</p>
<h2>Comparison with other web applications</h2>
<p><a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list">Electronic mailing lists</a>: The main difference between forums and electronic mailing lists is that mailing lists automatically deliver new messages to the subscriber, while forums require the reader to visit the website and check for new posts. Because members may miss replies in threads they are interested in, many modern forums offer an "e-mail notification" feature, whereby members can choose to be notified of new posts in a thread, and <a href="/wiki/Web_feed">web feeds</a> that allow members to see a summary of the new posts using <a href="/wiki/Feed_aggregator">aggregator</a> software. There are also software products that combine forum and mailing list features, i.e. posting and reading via email as well as the browser depending on the member's choice.<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE">examples needed</a></i>]</sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/News_client">Newsreader</a>: The main difference between newsgroups and forums is that additional software, a <a href="/wiki/News_client">News client</a>, is required to participate in newsgroups whereas using a forum requires no additional software beyond the <a href="/wiki/Web_browser">web browser</a>.
</p><p>Shoutboxes: Unlike Internet forums, most shoutboxes do not require registration, only requiring an email address from the user. Additionally, shoutboxes are not heavily moderated, unlike most message boards.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Wiki">Wiki</a>: Unlike conventional forums, the original wikis allowed all users to edit all content (including each other's messages). This level of content manipulation is reserved for moderators or administrators on most forums. Wikis also allow the creation of other content outside the <a href="/wiki/Talk_page">talk pages</a>. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Blog">weblogs</a> and generic content management systems tend to be locked down to the point where only a few select users can post blog entries, although many allow other users to comment upon them. The Wiki hosting site known as <a href="/wiki/Wikia">Wikia</a> has two features in operation, known as the Forum and Message Wall. The forum is used solely for discussion and works through editing, while the message wall works through posted messages more similar to a traditional forum.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Chat_room">Chat rooms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging">instant messaging</a>: Forums differ from chats and instant messaging in that forum participants do not have to be online simultaneously to receive or send messages. Messages posted to a forum are publicly available for some time even if the forum or thread is closed, which is uncommon in chat rooms that maintain frequent activity.
</p><p>One rarity among forums is the ability to create a picture album. Forum participants may upload personal pictures onto the site and add descriptions to the pictures. Pictures may be in the same format as posting threads, and contain the same options such as "Report Post" and "Reply to Post".
</p>
<h2>See also</h2>
<div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Internet_forum_software">Comparison of Internet forum software</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Godwin%27s_Law">Godwin's Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_social_network">Internet social network</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_forums">List of Internet forums</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Warnock%27s_dilemma">Warnock's dilemma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)">Thread</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)">Process scheduling</a></li></ul>
</div>
<p><b>Resources</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/PhpBB">phpBB</a> (<a href="/wiki/Open-source_software">open-source</a> code copyrighted platform)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open_directory_project">Open directory project</a> (multi-platform <a href="/wiki/Ontology">ontology</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Open_content">open-standard content</a> directory</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Active_Directory">Active Directory</a> (Microsoft-proprietary <a href="/wiki/Single_sign-on">single sign-on</a>, <a href="/wiki/Access_control">access</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remote_desktop">remote</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domain_controller">domain</a> control service)</li></ul>
<h2>Notes</h2>
<div><ol>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <i>read marking</i> is the process through which a thread, post, or forum that has been viewed is distinguished from those that have not. The function is usually automatic with the addition of controls, like <i>Mark All</i> etc.
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> an account is a space on the site identified by the chosen username through which a member carries out activities and contributes.
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2>Examples</h2>
<div><ol>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> Presuming someone is sending a <a href="#Private_message">private message</a> and has the ability to send <a href="/wiki/Blind_carbon_copy">blind carbon copies</a>: If someone fills the <i>recipient</i> field with "John" and "Tom", and the <i>blind carbon copy</i> field with "Gordon". John will know Tom got the message. Tom knows John got the message. But, both Tom and John have no clue that Gordon got the message as well.
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2>References</h2>
<div>
<ol>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-vBfaqFORUM_1-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.vbulletin.com/forum/faq.php?faq=vb3_board_usage#faq_vb3_forums_threads_posts">"vBulletin Community Forum - FAQ: What is a bulletin board?"</a>. vBulletin.com. Retrieved 2008-09-01. <q>A bulletin board is an online discussion site. It is sometimes also called a 'board' or 'forum'. It may contain several categories, consisting of sub-forums, threads and individual posts.</q></cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbsref_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbsref_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbsref_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011092536/http://www.videojug.com/expertanswer/internet-communities-and-forums-2/what-is-an-internet-forum">"What is an 'Internet forum'? (video entry by Ethan Feerst and Dylan Stewart group)"</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.videojug.com/expertanswer/internet-communities-and-forums-2/what-is-an-internet-forum">the original</a> on 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2008-11-04.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glossary_Of_Technical_Terms_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glossary_Of_Technical_Terms_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080507024349/http://www.greenwebdesign.com/Glossary-Of-Technical-Terms.htm">"Glossary Of Technical Terms"</a>. <i>Green Web Design</i>. Archived from <a href="http://www.greenwebdesign.com/Glossary-Of-Technical-Terms.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-07. Retrieved 2008-04-28.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421205816/http://bugclub.org/glossary.html">"Brevard User's Group - Technical Glossary"</a>. <i>Brevard User's Group</i>. Archived from <a href="http://bugclub.org/glossary.html">the original</a> on 2008-04-21. Retrieved 2008-04-28.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/WIT/">"World-Wide Web Interactive Talk"</a>. w3.org.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.forum-software.org/forum-software-timeline-from-1994-to-today">"Forum Software Timeline 1994 - 2010"</a>. Forum Software Reviews. Retrieved 2010-12-24.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <a href="https://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/06/68010">wired.com</a>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.easytechjunkie.com/what-is-a-forum-moderator.htm">"What is a Forum Moderator? (with pictures)"</a>. <i>EasyTechJunkie</i>. Retrieved 2022-01-25.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://wiki.lesswrong.com/wiki/Debate_tools#Explore-Ideas.com">"Debate tools"</a>. LessWrong. Retrieved 2011-03-31.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.bulletinboards.com/ThreadHelp.cfm">"Non-Threaded vs Semi-Threaded vs Threaded Formats"</a>. BulletinBoards.com. Retrieved 2010-05-27.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.websitetoolbox.com/message_board/features.html">"Message Board Features - Website Toolbox"</a>. Website Toolbox. Retrieved 2009-07-12.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.vbulletin.com/docs/html/vb2_manual_cp_usergroups">"vBulletin Manual: User Groups and Permissions"</a>. vBulletin. Retrieved 2008-11-04.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-Administrator_seeking_moderators_to_control_spam_abuse._14-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.ddforums.com/showpost.php?p=12566&amp;postcount=9">"Administrator seeking moderators to control spam abuse"</a>. ddforums.com. Retrieved 2010-04-20.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-vBFAQModAdmin_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vBFAQModAdmin_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="http://www.vbulletin.com/forum/faq.php?faq=vb3_reading_posting#faq_vb3_mods_admins">"vBulletin FAQ: Moderators and Administrators"</a>. vBulletin.com. Retrieved 2008-09-14.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <cite>Chen, Adrian (2015-07-21). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/26/magazine/when-the-internets-moderators-are-anything-but.html">"When the Internet's 'Moderators' Are Anything But"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 2021-07-19.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/m7aap8/the-man-who-helped-turn-4chan-into-the-internets-racist-engine">"The Man Who Helped Turn 4chan Into the Internet's Racist Engine"</a>. <i>www.vice.com</i>. Retrieved 2021-07-19.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <cite>Marone, Vittorio (2015). <a href="https://doi.org/10.29333%2Fojcmt%2F2499">""Keep in mind that I will be improving": The opening post as a request for absolution"</a>. <i>Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 136–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.29333%2Fojcmt%2F2499">10.29333/ojcmt/2499</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-postcount_19-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.technofyed.com/showthread.php?tid=219">"Postcount Information"</a>. TechnoFyed.com. Retrieved 2009-11-11.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/BUMP">"BUMP"</a>. The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-01-17.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.answers.com/bump">"bump: definition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Answers.com">Answers.com</a></i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <cite>Newton, Casey (2020-05-12). <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/12/21255870/facebook-content-moderator-settlement-scola-ptsd-mental-health">"Facebook will pay $52 million in settlement with moderators who developed PTSD on the job"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. Retrieved 2021-07-19.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100825183203/http://www.hurrchan.net/wiki/Tripcodes">"Tripcode Explorer - Hurr Network"</a>. Hurrchan/Courtney Wade. Archived from <a href="http://www.hurrchan.net/wiki/Tripcodes">the original</a> on 2010-08-25. Retrieved 2010-08-22.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-vBFAQDTU_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vBFAQDTU_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="http://www.vbulletin.com/forum/faq.php?faq=vb3_board_usage#faq_vb3_troublesome_users">"vBulletin FAQ: Dealing with Troublesome Users"</a>. vBulletin.com. Retrieved 2008-09-14.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.phpbb.com/community/faq.php?#f61">"PhpBB FAQ: How can I add / remove users to my Friends or Foes list?"</a>. PhpBB.com. Retrieved 2008-09-14.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://nodebb.org/">"NodeBB"</a>. <i>NodeBB</i>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.fanforum.com/faq.php?faq=vb_user_maintain#faq_vb_why_register">"FAQ: User Maintenance"</a>. Fan Forum. Retrieved 2012-10-31.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.phpbb.com/community/faq.php#f29">"phpBB FAQ: How can I report posts to a moderator?"</a>. phpBB.com. Retrieved 2008-09-14.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.phpbb.com/rules/#rule1c">"Community Rules 1c"</a>. phpBB.com. Retrieved 2008-09-14. <q>Members are asked to not act as 'back seat moderators'. If members note an issue that contravenes something in this policy document they are welcome to bring it to the attention of a member of the Moderator Team. Please use the 'post report' feature to report posts. Do not respond to such topics yourself. Members who constantly 'act' as moderators may be warned.</q></cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.vbulletin.com/docs/html/vboptions_group_censor">"Censorship Options"</a>. vBulletin.com. Retrieved 2008-10-30.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.phpbb.com/support/documentation/3.0/adminguide/acp_posting.php#acp_posting_censors">"3.4.5. Word censoring"</a>. PhpBB.com. Retrieved 2008-10-30.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.vbulletin.com/forum/faq.php?faq=vb3_board_usage#faq_vb3_register">"vBulletin Community forum - FAQ: Registration"</a>. vBulletin.com. Retrieved 2008-09-14.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.phpbb.com/community/faq.php#f01">"phpBB FAQ: Why do I need to register at all?"</a>. phpBB.com. Retrieved 2008-09-14.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.phpbb.com/community/faq.php#f07">"phpBB FAQ: What is COPPA?"</a>. phpBB.com. Retrieved 2008-09-14.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://www.vbulletin.com/docs/html/">"vBulletin Options - User registration"</a>. vBulletin.com. Retrieved 2008-09-15.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> <cite><a href="http://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2007/04/2channel">"2-Channel Gives Japan's Famously Quiet People a Mighty Voice"</a>. <i>WIRED</i>.</cite>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2>External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224180435/https://www.forum-software.org/forum-software-timeline-from-1994-to-today">Archived copy of Forum Software Reviews timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060414191355/http://forums.delphiforums.com/">Delphi Forums</a></li>
<li><a href="http://people.dsv.su.se/~jpalme/why-people-use-cmc.html">Why people like to use Internet forums</a></li></ul>
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 * 1 History
 * 2 Structure
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 + 2.1 User groups
 o 2.1.1 Moderators
 o 2.1.2 Administrators
 + 2.2 Post
 + 2.3 Thread
 o 2.3.1 Bumping
 o 2.3.2 Stickying
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 * 4 Common features
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 + 4.1 Tripcodes and capcodes
 + 4.2 Private message
 + 4.3 Attachment
 + 4.4 BBCode and HTML
 + 4.5 Emoticon
 + 4.6 Poll
 + 4.7 RSS and ATOM
 + 4.8 Other features
 * 5 Rules and policies
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 + 5.1 Troll
 + 5.2 Sock puppet
 + 5.3 Spamming
 + 5.4 Double posting
 + 5.5 Necroposting
 + 5.6 Word censor
 + 5.7 Flame wars
 + 5.8 Registration or anonymity
 * 6 Comparison with other web applications
 * 7 See also
 * 8 Notes
 * 9 Examples
 * 10 References
 * 11 External links
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 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 An Internet forum powered by phpBB
 FUDforum, another Internet forum software package
 The Wikipedia Village Pump is a forum used to discuss improvements on Wikipedia

 An Internet forum, or message board, is an online discussion site where people can hold conversations in the form of posted messages.[1] They differ from chat rooms in that messages are often longer than one line of text, and are at least temporarily archived. Also, depending on the access level of a user or the forum set-up, a posted message might need to be approved by a moderator before it becomes publicly visible.

 Forums have a specific set of jargon associated with them; for example: a single conversation is called a "thread", or topic.

 A discussion forum is hierarchical or tree-like in structure: a forum can contain a number of subforums, each of which may have several topics. Within a forum's topic, each new discussion started is called a thread and can be replied to by as many people as so wish.

 Depending on the forum's settings, users can be anonymous or have to register with the forum and then subsequently log in to post messages. On most forums, users do not have to log in to read existing messages.

 History

 The modern forum originated from bulletin boards, and so-called computer conferencing systems, and are a technological evolution of the dialup bulletin board system.[2][3] From a technological standpoint, forums or boards are web applications managing user-generated content.[3][4]

 Early Internet forums could be described as a web version of an electronic mailing list or newsgroup (such as exist on Usenet); allowing people to post messages and comment on other messages. Later developments emulated the different newsgroups or individual lists, providing more than one forum, dedicated to a particular topic.[2]

 Internet forums are prevalent in several developed countries. Japan posts the most[ citation needed ] with over two million per day on their largest forum, 2channel. China also has many millions of posts on forums such as Tianya Club.

 Some of the first forum systems were the Planet-Forum system, developed at the beginning of the 1970s, the EIES system, first operational in 1976, and the KOM system, which was first operational in 1977.

 One of the first forum sites (which is still active today) is Delphi Forums, once called Delphi. The service, with four million members, dates to 1983.

 Forums perform a function similar to that of dial-up bulletin board systems and Usenet networks that were first created starting in the late 1970s.[2] Early web-based forums date back as far as 1994, with the WIT[5] project from W3 Consortium and starting from this time, many alternatives were created.[6] A sense of virtual community often develops around forums that have regular users. Technology, video games, sports, music, fashion, religion, and politics are popular areas for forum themes, but there are forums for a huge number of topics. Internet slang and image macros popular across the Internet are abundant and widely used in Internet forums.

 Forum software packages are widely available on the Internet and are written in a variety of programming languages, such as PHP, Perl, Java and ASP. The configuration and records of posts can be stored in text files or in a database. Each package offers different features, from the most basic, providing text-only postings, to more advanced packages, offering multimedia support and formatting code (usually known as BBCode). Many packages can be integrated easily into an existing website to allow visitors to post comments on articles.

 Several other web applications, such as blog software, also incorporate forum features. WordPress comments at the bottom of a blog post allow for a single-threaded discussion of any given blog post. Slashcode, on the other hand, is far more complicated, allowing fully threaded discussions and incorporating a robust moderation and meta-moderation system as well as many of the profile features available to forum users.

 Some stand alone threads on forums have reached fame and notability such as the "I am lonely will anyone speak to me" thread on MovieCodec.com's forums, which was described as the "web's top hangout for lonely folk" by Wired magazine.[7]

 Structure

 A forum consists of a tree-like directory structure. The top end is "Categories". A forum can be divided into categories for the relevant discussions. Under the categories are sub-forums and these sub-forums can further have more sub-forums. The topics (commonly called threads) come under the lowest level of sub-forums and these are the places under which members can start their discussions or posts. Logically forums are organized into a finite set of generic topics (usually with one main topic) driven and updated by a group known as members, and governed by a group known as moderators.[8] It can also have a graph structure.[9] All message boards will use one of three possible display formats. Each of the three basic message board display formats: Non-Threaded/Semi-Threaded/Fully Threaded, has its own advantages and disadvantages. If messages are not related to one another at all, a Non-Threaded format is best. If a user has a message topic and multiple replies to that message topic, a semi-threaded format is best. If a user has a message topic and replies to that message topic and responds to replies, then a fully threaded format is best.[10]

 User groups

 Internally, Western-style forums organize visitors and logged in members into user groups. Privileges and rights are given based on these groups. A user of the forum can automatically be promoted to a more privileged user group based on criteria set by the administrator.[11] A person viewing a closed thread as a member will see a box saying he does not have the right to submit messages there, but a moderator will likely see the same box granting him access to more than just posting messages.[12]

 An unregistered user of the site is commonly known as a guest or visitor. Guests are typically granted access to all functions that do not require database alterations or breach privacy. A guest can usually view the contents of the forum or use such features as read marking, but occasionally an administrator will disallow visitors to read their forum as an incentive to become a registered member.[note 1] A person who is a very frequent visitor of the forum, a section or even a thread is referred to as a lurker and the habit is referred to as lurking. Registered members often will refer to themselves as lurking in a particular location, which is to say they have no intention of participating in that section but enjoy reading the contributions to it.

 Moderators

 The moderators (short singular form: "mod") are users (or employees) of the forum who are granted access to the posts and threads of all members for the purpose of moderating discussion (similar to arbitration) and also keeping the forum clean (neutralizing spam and spambots etc.).[13] Moderators also answer users' concerns about the forum, general questions, as well as respond to specific complaints. Common privileges of moderators include: deleting, merging, moving, and splitting of posts and threads, locking, renaming, stickying of threads, banning, unbanning, suspending, unsuspending, warning the members, or adding, editing, and removing the polls of threads.[14] "Junior modding", "backseat modding", or "forum copping" can refer negatively to the behavior of ordinary users who take a moderator-like tone in criticizing other members.

 Essentially, it is the duty of the moderator to manage the day-to-day affairs of a forum or board as it applies to the stream of user contributions and interactions. The relative effectiveness of this user management directly impacts the quality of a forum in general, its appeal, and its usefulness as a community of interrelated users.

 Moderators act as unpaid volunteers on many websites, which has sparked controversies and community tensions. On Reddit, some moderators have prominently expressed dissatisfaction with their unpaid labor being underappreciated, while other site users have accused moderators of abusing special access privileges to act as a "cabal" of "petty tyrants".[15] On 4chan, moderators are subject to notable levels of mockery and contempt. There, they are often referred to as janitors (or, more pejoratively, "jannies") given their job of what is tantamount to cleaning up the imageboards' infamous shitposting.[16]

 Administrators

 The administrators (short form: "admin") manage the technical details required for running the site. As such, they have the authority to appoint and revoke members as moderators, manage the rules, create sections and sub-sections, as well as perform any database operations (database backup, etc.). Administrators often also act as moderators. Administrators may also make forum-wide announcements, or change the appearance (known as the skin) of a forum. There are also many forums where administrators share their knowledge.[14]

 Post

 A post is a user-submitted message enclosed into a block containing the user's details and the date and time it was submitted. Members are usually allowed to edit or delete their own posts. Posts are contained in threads, where they appear as blocks one after another. The first post[17] starts the thread; this may be called the TS (thread starter) or OP (original post). Posts that follow in the thread are meant to continue discussion about that post, or respond to other replies; it is not uncommon for discussions to be derailed.

 On Western forums, the classic way to show a member's own details (such as name and avatar) has been on the left side of the post, in a narrow column of fixed width, with the post controls located on the right, at the bottom of the main body, above the signature block. In more recent forum software implementations, the Asian style of displaying the members' details above the post has been copied.

 Posts have an internal limit usually measured in characters. Often one is required to have a message with a minimum length of 10 characters. There is always an upper limit but it is rarely reached – most boards have it at either 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, or 50,000 characters.

 Most forums keep track of a user's postcount. The postcount is a measurement of how many posts a certain user has made.[18] Users with higher postcounts are often considered more reputable than users with lower postcounts, but not always. For instance, some forums have disabled postcounts with the hopes that doing so will emphasize the quality of information over quantity.

 Thread

 See also: Conversation threading

 A thread (sometimes called a topic) is a collection of posts, usually displayed from oldest to latest, although this is typically configurable: Options for newest to oldest and for a threaded view (a tree-like view applying logical reply structure before chronological order) can be available. A thread is defined by a title, an additional description that may summarize the intended discussion, and an opening or original post (common abbreviation OP, which can also be used to refer to the original poster), which opens whatever dialogue or makes whatever announcement the poster wished. A thread can contain any number of posts, including multiple posts from the same members, even if they are one after the other.

 Bumping

 Look up bump in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

 A thread is contained in a forum and may have an associated date that is taken as the date of the last post (options to order threads by other criteria are generally available). When a member posts in a thread it will jump to the top since it is the latest updated thread. Similarly, other threads will jump in front of it when they receive posts. When a member posts in a thread for no reason but to have it go to the top, it is referred to as a bump or bumping. It has been suggested that "bump" is an acronym of "bring up my post";[19] however, this is almost certainly a backronym and the usage is entirely consistent with the verb "bump" which means "to knock to a new position".[20]

 On some messageboards, users can choose to sage (correctly pronounced /sa-ɣe/ though often confused as IPA: [seɪdʒ]) a post if they wish to make a post, but not "bump" it. The word "sage" derives from the 2channel terminology 下げる sageru, meaning "to lower".

 Stickying

 Threads that are important but rarely receive posts are stickyed (or, in some software, "pinned"). A sticky thread will always appear in front of normal threads, often in its own section. A "threaded discussion group" is simply any group of individuals who use a forum for threaded, or asynchronous, discussion purposes. The group may or may not be the only users of the forum.

 A thread's popularity is measured on forums in reply (total posts minus one, the opening post, in most default forum settings) counts. Some forums also track page views. Threads meeting a set number of posts or a set number of views may receive a designation such as "hot thread" and be displayed with a different icon compared to other threads. This icon may stand out more to emphasize the thread. If the forum's users have lost interest in a particular thread, it becomes a dead thread.

 phpBB Thread (viewing as moderator) phpBB Forum (viewing as moderator) Forum (Fully Threaded display format)
 

 Discussion

 This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2009 ) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
 

 Forums prefer a premise of open and free discussion and often adopt de facto standards. Most common topics on forums include questions, comparisons, polls of opinion, as well as debates. It is not uncommon for nonsense or unsocial behavior to sprout as people lose temper, especially if the topic is controversial. Poor understanding of differences in values of the participants is a common problem on forums. Because replies to a topic are often worded aimed at someone's point of view, discussion will usually go slightly off into several directions as people question each other's validity, sources and so on. Circular discussion and ambiguity in replies can extend for several tens of posts of a thread eventually ending when everyone gives up or attention spans waver and a more interesting subject takes over. It is not uncommon for debate to end in ad hominem attacks.

 Liabilities of owners and moderators

 Several lawsuits have been brought against the forums and moderators claiming libel and damage. A recent case is the Scubaboard lawsuit where a business in the Maldives filed a suit against Scubaboard for libel and defamation in January 2010.

 For the most part, though, forum owners and moderators in the United States are protected by Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, which states that "[n]o provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider."

 In 2019, Facebook was faced with a class action lawsuit set forth by moderators diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. It was settled for $52 million the following year.[21]

 Common features

 By default to be an Internet forum, the web application needs an ability to submit threads and replies. Typically, threads are in newer to older view, and replies in older to newer view.

 Tripcodes and capcodes

 Main article: Tripcode

 Most imageboards and 2channel-style discussion boards allow (and encourage) anonymous posting and use a system of tripcodes instead of registration. A tripcode is the hashed result of a password that allows one's identity to be recognized without storing any data about users.

 In a tripcode system, a secret password is added to the user's name following a separator character (often a number sign). This password, or tripcode, is hashed into a special key, or trip, distinguishable from the name by HTML styles. Tripcodes cannot be faked but on some types of forum software they are insecure and can be guessed. On other types, they can be brute forced with software designed to search for tripcodes such as Tripcode Explorer.[22]

 Moderators and administrators will frequently assign themselves capcodes, or tripcodes where the guessable trip is replaced with a special notice (such as "# Administrator"), or cap.

 Private message

 Main article: Personal message

 A private message, or PM for short, is a message sent in private from a member to one or more other members. The ability to send so-called blind carbon copies is sometimes available. When sending a blind carbon copy (bcc), the users to whom the message is sent directly will not be aware of the recipients of the blind carbon copy or even if one was sent in the first place.[example 1]

 Private messages are generally used for personal conversations. They can also be used with tripcodes—a message is addressed to a public trip and can be picked up by typing in the tripcode.

 Attachment

 An attachment can be almost any file. When someone attaches a file to a person's post they are uploading that particular file to the forum's server. Forums usually have very strict limit on what can be attached and what cannot be (among which the size of the files in question). Attachments can be part of a thread, social group, etc.,

 BBCode and HTML

 Main article: BBCode

 HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is sometimes allowed but usually its use is discouraged or when allowed, it is extensively filtered. Modern bulletin board systems often will have it disabled altogether[ citation needed ] or allow only administrators use it, as allowing it on any normal user level is considered a security risk due to a high rate of XSS vulnerabilities. When HTML is disabled Bulletin Board Code (BBCode) is the most common preferred alternative. BBCode usually consists of a tag, similar to HTML only instead of < and > the tagname is enclosed within square brackets (meaning: [ and ]). Commonly [i] is used for italic type, [b] is used for bold, [u] for underline, [color="value"] for color and [list] for lists, as well as [img] for images and [url] for links.

 The following example BBCode: [b]This[/b] is [i]clever[/i] [b] [i]text[/i] [/b] when the post is viewed the code is rendered to HTML and will appear as: This is clever text.

 Many forum packages offer a way to create Custom BBCodes, or BBcodes that are not built into the package, where the administrator of the board can create complex BBCodes to allow the use of JavaScript or iframe functions in posts, for example embedding a YouTube or Google Video complete with viewer directly into a post.

 Emoticon

 Main article: Emoticon

 An emoticon or smiley is a symbol or combination of symbols used to convey emotional content in written or message form. Forums implement a system through which some of the text representations of an emoticons (e.g. xD, :p) are rendered as a small image. Depending on what part of the world the forum's topic originates (since most forums are international) smilies can be replaced by other forms of similar graphics, an example would be kaoani (e.g. *(^O^)*, (^-^)b), or even text between special symbols (e.g. :blink:, :idea:).

 Poll

 Most forums implement an opinion poll system for threads. Most implementations allow for single-choice or multi-choice (sometimes limited to a certain number) when selecting options as well as private or public display of voters. Polls can be set to expire after a certain date or in some cases after a number of days from its creation. Members vote in a poll and a statistic is displayed graphically.

 RSS and ATOM

 Main article: Web feed

 RSS and ATOM feeds allow a minimalistic means of subscribing to the forum. Common implementations allow RSS feeds to list only the last few threads updated for the forum index and the last posts in a thread.

 Other features

 An ignore list allows members to hide posts of other members that they do not want to see or have a problem with. In most implementations, they are referred to as foe list or ignore list. The posts are usually not hidden, but minimized with only a small bar indicating a post from the user on the ignore list is there.[23][24] Almost all Internet forums include a member list, which allows display of all forum members, with an integrated search feature. Some forums will not list members with 0 posts, even if they have activated their accounts.

 Many forums allow users to give themselves an avatar. An avatar is an image that appears beside all of a user's posts, in order to make the user more recognizable. The user may upload the image to the forum database or may provide a link to an image on a separate website. Each forum has limits on the height, width, and data size of avatars that may be used; if the user tries to use an avatar that is too big, it may be scaled down or rejected.

 Similarly, most forums allow users to define a signature (sometimes called a sig), which is a block of text, possibly with BBCode, which appears at the bottom of all of the user's posts. There is a character limit on signatures, though it may be so high that it is rarely hit. Often the forum's moderators impose manual rules on signatures to prevent them from being obnoxious (for example, being extremely long or having flashing images), and issue warnings or bans to users who break these rules. Like avatars, signatures may improve the recognizability of a poster. They may also allow the user to attach information to all of their posts, such as proclaiming support for a cause, noting facts about themselves, or quoting humorous things that have previously been said on the forum.

 Common on forums, a subscription is a form of automated notification integrated into the software of most forums. It usually notifies either by email or on the site when the member returns. The option to subscribe is available for every thread while logged in. Subscriptions work with read marking, namely the property of unread, which is given to the content never served to the user by the software.

 Recent development in some popular implementations of forum software has brought social network features and functionality.[25] Such features include personal galleries, pages as well as a social network like chat systems. Most forum software is now fully customizable with "hacks" or "modifications" readily available to customize a person's forum to theirs and their members' needs.

 Often forums use "cookies", or information about the user's behavior on the site sent to a user's browser and used upon re-entry into the site. This is done to facilitate automatic login and to show a user whether a thread or forum has received new posts since his or her last visit. These may be disabled or cleared at any time.[26]

 Rules and policies

 Forums are governed by a set of individuals, collectively referred to as staff, made up of administrators and moderators, which are responsible for the forums' conception, technical maintenance, and policies (creation and enforcing). Most forums have a list of rules detailing the wishes, aim, and guidelines of the forums' creators. There is usually also a FAQ section containing basic information for new members and people not yet familiar with the use and principles of a forum (generally tailored for specific forum software).

 Rules on forums usually apply to the entire user body and often have preset exceptions, most commonly designating a section as an exception. For example, in an IT forum any discussion regarding anything but computer programming languages may be against the rules, with the exception of a general chat section.

 Forum rules are maintained and enforced by the moderation team, but users are allowed to help out via what is known as a report system. Most Western forum platforms automatically provide such a system.[23][27] It consists of a small function applicable to each post (including one's own). Using it will notify all currently available moderators of its location, and subsequent action or judgment can be carried out immediately, which is particularly desirable in large or very developed boards. Generally, moderators encourage members to also use the private message system if they wish to report behavior. Moderators will generally frown upon attempts of moderation by non-moderators, especially when the would-be moderators do not even issue a report. Messages from non-moderators acting as moderators generally declare a post as against the rules or predict punishment. While not harmful, statements that attempt to enforce the rules are discouraged.[28]

 When rules are broken several steps are commonly taken. First, a warning is usually given; this is commonly in the form of a private message but recent development has made it possible for it to be integrated into the software. Subsequent to this, if the act is ignored and warnings do not work, the member is – usually – first exiled from the forum for a number of days. Denying someone access to the site is called a ban. Bans can mean the person can no longer log in or even view the site anymore. If the offender, after the warning sentence, repeats the offense, another ban is given, usually this time a longer one. Continuous harassment of the site eventually leads to a permanent ban. In most cases, this means simply that the account is locked. In extreme cases where the offender – after being permanently banned – creates another account and continues to harass the site, administrators will apply an IP address ban or block (this can also be applied at the server level): If the IP address is static, the machine of the offender is prevented from accessing the site. In some extreme circumstances, IP address range bans or country bans can be applied; this is usually for political, licensing, or other reasons. See also: Block (Internet), IP address blocking, and Internet censorship.

 Offending content is usually deleted. Sometimes if the topic is considered the source of the problem, it is locked; often a poster may request a topic expected to draw problems to be locked as well, although the moderators decide whether to grant it. In a locked thread, members cannot post anymore. In cases where the topic is considered a breach of rules it – with all of its posts – may be deleted.

 Troll

 Main article: Troll (Internet)

 Forum trolls are users that repeatedly and deliberately breach the netiquette of an established online community, posting inflammatory, extraneous, or off-topic messages to bait or excite users into responding or to test the forum rules and policies, and with that the patience of the forum staff. Their provocative behavior may potentially start flame wars (see below) or other disturbances. Responding to a troll's provocations is commonly known as 'feeding the troll' and is generally discouraged, as it can encourage their disruptive behavior.

 Sock puppet

 Main article: Sockpuppet (Internet)

 The term sock puppet refers to multiple pseudonyms in use by the same person on a particular message board or forum. The analogy of a sock puppet is of a puppeteer holding up both hands and supplying dialogue to both puppets simultaneously. A typical use of a sockpuppet account is to agree with or debate another sockpuppet account belonging to the same person, for the purposes of reinforcing the puppeteer's position in an argument. Sock puppets are usually found when an IP address check is done on the accounts in forums.

 Spamming

 Main article: Forum spam

 Forum spamming is a breach of netiquette where users repeat the same word or phrase over and over, but differs from multiple posting in that spamming is usually a willful act that sometimes has malicious intent. This is a common trolling technique. It can also be traditional spam, unpaid advertisements that are in breach of the forum's rules. Spammers utilize a number of illicit techniques to post their spam, including the use of botnets.

 Some forums consider concise, comment-oriented posts spam, for example Thank you, Cool or I love it.

 Double posting

 "Double post" redirects here. For the PC BIOS double cold boot behaviour, see double POST.

 One common faux pas on Internet forums is to post the same message twice. Users sometimes post versions of a message that are only slightly different, especially in forums where they are not allowed to edit their earlier posts. Multiple posting instead of editing prior posts can artificially inflate a user's post count. Multiple posting can be unintentional; a user's browser might display an error message even though the post has been transmitted or a user of a slow forum might become impatient and repeatedly hit the submit button. An offline editor may post the same message twice. Multiple posting can also be used as a method of trolling or spreading forum spam. A user may also send the same post to several forums, which is termed crossposting. The term derives from Usenet, where crossposting was an accepted practice but causes problems in web forums, which lack the ability to link such posts so replies in one forum are not visible to people reading the post in other forums.

 Necroposting

 A necropost is a message that revives (as in necromancy) an arbitrarily old thread, causing it to appear above newer and more active threads. This practice is generally seen as a breach of netiquette on most forums. Because old threads are not usually locked from further posting, necroposting is common for newer users and in cases where the date of previous posts is not apparent.[ citation needed ]

 Word censor

 Main article: Scunthorpe problem

 A word censoring system is commonly included in the forum software package. The system will pick up words in the body of the post or some other user-editable forum element (like user titles), and if they partially match a certain keyword (commonly no case sensitivity) they will be censored. The most common censoring is letter replacement with an asterisk character. For example, in the user title, it is deemed inappropriate for users to use words such as "admin", "moderator", "leader" and so on. If the censoring system is implemented, a title such as "forum leader" may be filtered to "forum ******". Rude or vulgar words are common targets for the censoring system.[29][30] But such auto-censors can make mistakes, for example censoring "wristwatch" to "wris****ch" and "Scunthorpe" to "S****horpe."

 Flame wars

 Main article: Flaming (Internet)

 When a thread—or in some cases, an entire forum—becomes unstable, the result is usually uncontrolled spam in the form of one-line complaints, image macros, or abuse of the report system. When the discussion becomes heated and sides do nothing more than complain and not accept each other's differences in point of view, the discussion degenerates into what is called a flame war. To flame someone means to go off-topic and attack the person rather than their opinion. Likely candidates for flame wars are usually religion and socio-political topics, or topics that discuss pre-existing rivalries outside the forum (e.g., rivalry between games, console systems, car manufacturers, nationalities, etc.).

 When a topic that has degenerated into a flame war is considered akin to that of the forum (be it a section or the entire board), spam and flames have a chance of spreading outside the topic and causing trouble, usually in the form of vandalism. Some forums (commonly game forums) have suffered from forum-wide flame wars almost immediately after their conception, because of a pre-existing flame war element in the online community. Many forums have created devoted areas strictly for discussion of potential flame war topics that are moderated like normal.

 Registration or anonymity

 Many Internet forums require registration to post. Registered users of the site are referred to as members and are allowed to submit or send electronic messages through the web application. The process of registration involves verification of one's age (typically age 13 and over is required so as to meet COPPA requirements of American forum software) followed by a declaration of the terms of service (other documents may also be present) and a request for agreement to said terms.[31][32][33] Subsequently, if all goes well, the candidate is presented with a web form to fill requesting at the very least a username (an alias), password, email and validation of a CAPTCHA code.

 While simply completing the registration web form is in general enough to generate an account,[note 2] the status label Inactive is commonly provided by default until the registered user confirms the email address given while registering indeed belongs to the user. Until that time, the registered user can log in to the new account but may not post, reply, or send private messages in the forum.

 Internet forums are used frequently in conjunction with multiplayer online games.

 Sometimes a referrer system is implemented. A referrer is someone who introduced or otherwise "helped someone" with the decision to join the site (likewise, how a HTTP referrer is the site who linked one to another site). Usually, referrers are other forum members and members are usually rewarded for referrals. The referrer system is also sometimes implemented so that, if a visitor visits the forum through a link such as referrerid=300, the user with the id number (in this example, 300) would receive referral credit if the visitor registers.[34] The purpose is commonly just to give credit (sometimes rewards are implied) to those who help the community grow.

 In areas such as Japan, registration is frequently optional and anonymity is sometimes even encouraged.[35] On these forums, a tripcode system may be used to allow verification of an identity without the need for formal registration. People who regularly read the forum discussions but do not register or do not post are often referred to as "lurkers".

 Comparison with other web applications

 Electronic mailing lists: The main difference between forums and electronic mailing lists is that mailing lists automatically deliver new messages to the subscriber, while forums require the reader to visit the website and check for new posts. Because members may miss replies in threads they are interested in, many modern forums offer an "e-mail notification" feature, whereby members can choose to be notified of new posts in a thread, and web feeds that allow members to see a summary of the new posts using aggregator software. There are also software products that combine forum and mailing list features, i.e. posting and reading via email as well as the browser depending on the member's choice.[ examples needed ]

 Newsreader: The main difference between newsgroups and forums is that additional software, a News client, is required to participate in newsgroups whereas using a forum requires no additional software beyond the web browser.

 Shoutboxes: Unlike Internet forums, most shoutboxes do not require registration, only requiring an email address from the user. Additionally, shoutboxes are not heavily moderated, unlike most message boards.

 Wiki: Unlike conventional forums, the original wikis allowed all users to edit all content (including each other's messages). This level of content manipulation is reserved for moderators or administrators on most forums. Wikis also allow the creation of other content outside the talk pages. On the other hand, weblogs and generic content management systems tend to be locked down to the point where only a few select users can post blog entries, although many allow other users to comment upon them. The Wiki hosting site known as Wikia has two features in operation, known as the Forum and Message Wall. The forum is used solely for discussion and works through editing, while the message wall works through posted messages more similar to a traditional forum.

 Chat rooms and instant messaging: Forums differ from chats and instant messaging in that forum participants do not have to be online simultaneously to receive or send messages. Messages posted to a forum are publicly available for some time even if the forum or thread is closed, which is uncommon in chat rooms that maintain frequent activity.

 One rarity among forums is the ability to create a picture album. Forum participants may upload personal pictures onto the site and add descriptions to the pictures. Pictures may be in the same format as posting threads, and contain the same options such as "Report Post" and "Reply to Post".

 See also

 * Internet portal
 * Comparison of Internet forum software
 * Godwin's Law
 * Internet social network
 * List of Internet forums
 * Warnock's dilemma
 * Thread
 * Process scheduling

 Resources

 * phpBB (open-source code copyrighted platform)
 * Open directory project (multi-platform ontology-based open-standard content directory
 * Active Directory (Microsoft-proprietary single sign-on, access, remote and domain control service)

 Notes

 1. ^ read marking is the process through which a thread, post, or forum that has been viewed is distinguished from those that have not. The function is usually automatic with the addition of controls, like Mark All etc.
 2. ^ an account is a space on the site identified by the chosen username through which a member carries out activities and contributes.

 Examples

 1. ^ Presuming someone is sending a private message and has the ability to send blind carbon copies : If someone fills the recipient field with "John" and "Tom", and the blind carbon copy field with "Gordon". John will know Tom got the message. Tom knows John got the message. But, both Tom and John have no clue that Gordon got the message as well.

 References

 1. ^ "vBulletin Community Forum - FAQ: What is a bulletin board?". vBulletin.com . Retrieved 2008-09-01 . "A bulletin board is an online discussion site. It is sometimes also called a 'board' or 'forum'. It may contain several categories, consisting of sub-forums, threads and individual posts."
 2. ^ a b c "What is an 'Internet forum'? (video entry by Ethan Feerst and Dylan Stewart group)". Archived from the original on 2008-10-11 . Retrieved 2008-11-04 .
 3. ^ a b "Glossary Of Technical Terms". Green Web Design. Archived from the original on 2008-05-07 . Retrieved 2008-04-28 .
 4. ^ "Brevard User's Group - Technical Glossary". Brevard User's Group. Archived from the original on 2008-04-21 . Retrieved 2008-04-28 .
 5. ^ "World-Wide Web Interactive Talk". w3.org.
 6. ^ "Forum Software Timeline 1994 - 2010". Forum Software Reviews . Retrieved 2010-12-24 .
 7. ^ wired.com
 8. ^ "What is a Forum Moderator? (with pictures)". EasyTechJunkie . Retrieved 2022-01-25 .
 9. ^ "Debate tools". LessWrong . Retrieved 2011-03-31 .
 10. ^ "Non-Threaded vs Semi-Threaded vs Threaded Formats". BulletinBoards.com . Retrieved 2010-05-27 .
 11. ^ "Message Board Features - Website Toolbox". Website Toolbox . Retrieved 2009-07-12 .
 12. ^ "vBulletin Manual: User Groups and Permissions". vBulletin . Retrieved 2008-11-04 .
 13. ^ "Administrator seeking moderators to control spam abuse". ddforums.com . Retrieved 2010-04-20 .
 14. ^ a b "vBulletin FAQ: Moderators and Administrators". vBulletin.com . Retrieved 2008-09-14 .
 15. ^ Chen, Adrian (2015-07-21). "When the Internet's 'Moderators' Are Anything But". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-07-19 .
 16. ^ "The Man Who Helped Turn 4chan Into the Internet's Racist Engine". www.vice.com . Retrieved 2021-07-19 .
 17. ^ Marone, Vittorio (2015). ""Keep in mind that I will be improving": The opening post as a request for absolution". Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies. 5 (1): 136–158. doi:10.29333/ojcmt/2499.
 18. ^ "Postcount Information". TechnoFyed.com . Retrieved 2009-11-11 .
 19. ^ "BUMP". The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 2010-01-17 .
 20. ^ "bump: definition". Answers.com.
 21. ^ Newton, Casey (2020-05-12). "Facebook will pay $52 million in settlement with moderators who developed PTSD on the job". The Verge . Retrieved 2021-07-19 .
 22. ^ "Tripcode Explorer - Hurr Network". Hurrchan/Courtney Wade. Archived from the original on 2010-08-25 . Retrieved 2010-08-22 .
 23. ^ a b "vBulletin FAQ: Dealing with Troublesome Users". vBulletin.com . Retrieved 2008-09-14 .
 24. ^ "PhpBB FAQ: How can I add / remove users to my Friends or Foes list?". PhpBB.com . Retrieved 2008-09-14 .
 25. ^ "NodeBB". NodeBB.
 26. ^ "FAQ: User Maintenance". Fan Forum . Retrieved 2012-10-31 .
 27. ^ "phpBB FAQ: How can I report posts to a moderator?". phpBB.com . Retrieved 2008-09-14 .
 28. ^ "Community Rules 1c". phpBB.com . Retrieved 2008-09-14 . "Members are asked to not act as 'back seat moderators'. If members note an issue that contravenes something in this policy document they are welcome to bring it to the attention of a member of the Moderator Team. Please use the 'post report' feature to report posts. Do not respond to such topics yourself. Members who constantly 'act' as moderators may be warned."
 29. ^ "Censorship Options". vBulletin.com . Retrieved 2008-10-30 .
 30. ^ "3.4.5. Word censoring". PhpBB.com . Retrieved 2008-10-30 .
 31. ^ "vBulletin Community forum - FAQ: Registration". vBulletin.com . Retrieved 2008-09-14 .
 32. ^ "phpBB FAQ: Why do I need to register at all?". phpBB.com . Retrieved 2008-09-14 .
 33. ^ "phpBB FAQ: What is COPPA?". phpBB.com . Retrieved 2008-09-14 .
 34. ^ "vBulletin Options - User registration". vBulletin.com . Retrieved 2008-09-15 .
 35. ^ "2-Channel Gives Japan's Famously Quiet People a Mighty Voice". WIRED.


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An Internet forum powered by phpBB   
       FUDforum, another Internet forum software package  
     
An Internet forum, or message board, is an online discussion site where people can hold conversations in the form of posted messages. [1]  They differ from chat rooms in that messages are often longer than one line of text, and are at least temporarily archived. Also, depending on the access level of a user or the forum set-up, a posted message might need to be approved by a moderator before it becomes publicly visible.
 Forums have a specific set of jargon associated with them; for example: a single conversation is called a "thread", or topic.
 A discussion forum is hierarchical or tree-like in structure: a forum can contain a number of subforums, each of which may have several topics. Within a forum's topic, each new discussion started is called a thread and can be replied to by as many people as so wish.
 Depending on the forum's settings, users can be anonymous or have to register with the forum and then subsequently log in to post messages. On most forums, users do not have to log in to read existing messages.
History
The modern forum originated from bulletin boards, and so-called computer conferencing systems, and are a technological evolution of the dialup bulletin board system. [2]   [3]  From a technological standpoint, forums or boards are web applications managing user-generated content. [3]   [4]  
 Early Internet forums could be described as a web version of an electronic mailing list or newsgroup (such as exist on Usenet); allowing people to post messages and comment on other messages. Later developments emulated the different newsgroups or individual lists, providing more than one forum, dedicated to a particular topic. [2] 
 Internet forums are prevalent in several developed countries. Japan posts the most[ citation needed ] with over two million per day on their largest forum, 2channel. China also has many millions of posts on forums such as Tianya Club.
 Some of the first forum systems were the Planet-Forum system, developed at the beginning of the 1970s, the EIES system, first operational in 1976, and the KOM system, which was first operational in 1977.
 One of the first forum sites (which is still active today) is Delphi Forums, once called Delphi. The service, with four million members, dates to 1983.
 Forums perform a function similar to that of dial-up bulletin board systems and Usenet networks that were first created starting in the late 1970s. [2]  Early web-based forums date back as far as 1994, with the WIT [5]  project from W3 Consortium and starting from this time, many alternatives were created. [6]  A sense of virtual community often develops around forums that have regular users. Technology, video games, sports, music, fashion, religion, and politics are popular areas for forum themes, but there are forums for a huge number of topics. Internet slang and image macros popular across the Internet are abundant and widely used in Internet forums.
 Forum software packages are widely available on the Internet and are written in a variety of programming languages, such as PHP, Perl, Java and ASP. The configuration and records of posts can be stored in text files or in a database. Each package offers different features, from the most basic, providing text-only postings, to more advanced packages, offering multimedia support and formatting code (usually known as BBCode). Many packages can be integrated easily into an existing website to allow visitors to post comments on articles.
 Several other web applications, such as blog software, also incorporate forum features. WordPress comments at the bottom of a blog post allow for a single-threaded discussion of any given blog post. Slashcode, on the other hand, is far more complicated, allowing fully threaded discussions and incorporating a robust moderation and meta-moderation system as well as many of the profile features available to forum users.
 Some stand alone threads on forums have reached fame and notability such as the "I am lonely will anyone speak to me" thread on MovieCodec.com's forums, which was described as the "web's top hangout for lonely folk" by  Wired magazine. [7] 
Structure
A forum consists of a tree-like directory structure. The top end is "Categories". A forum can be divided into categories for the relevant discussions. Under the categories are sub-forums and these sub-forums can further have more sub-forums. The topics (commonly called threads) come under the lowest level of sub-forums and these are the places under which members can start their discussions or posts. Logically forums are organized into a finite set of generic topics (usually with one main topic) driven and updated by a group known as members, and governed by a group known as moderators. [8]  It can also have a graph structure. [9] 
All message boards will use one of three possible display formats.
Each of the three basic message board display formats: Non-Threaded/Semi-Threaded/Fully Threaded,
has its own advantages and disadvantages. If messages are not related to one another
at all, a Non-Threaded format is best. If a user has a message topic and multiple
replies to that message topic, a semi-threaded format is best. If a user has a message
topic and replies to that message topic and responds to replies, then a fully threaded
format is best. [10] 
User groups
Internally, Western-style forums organize visitors and logged in members into user groups. Privileges and rights are given based on these groups. A user of the forum can automatically be promoted to a more privileged user group based on criteria set by the administrator. [11]  A person viewing a closed thread as a member will see a box saying he does not have the right to submit messages there, but a moderator will likely see the same box granting him access to more than just posting messages. [12] 
 An unregistered user of the site is commonly known as a guest or visitor. Guests are typically granted access to all functions that do not require database alterations or breach privacy. A guest can usually view the contents of the forum or use such features as read marking, but occasionally an administrator will disallow visitors to read their forum as an incentive to become a registered member. [note 1]  A person who is a very frequent visitor of the forum, a section or even a thread is referred to as a lurker and the habit is referred to as lurking. Registered members often will refer to themselves as lurking in a particular location, which is to say they have no intention of participating in that section but enjoy reading the contributions to it.
Moderators
The moderators (short singular form: "mod") are users (or employees) of the forum who are granted access to the posts and threads of all members for the purpose of moderating discussion (similar to arbitration) and also keeping the forum clean (neutralizing spam and spambots etc.). [13]  Moderators also answer users' concerns about the forum, general questions, as well as respond to specific complaints. Common privileges of moderators include: deleting, merging, moving, and splitting of posts and threads, locking, renaming, stickying of threads, banning, unbanning, suspending, unsuspending, warning the members, or adding, editing, and removing the polls of threads. [14]  "Junior modding", "backseat modding", or "forum copping" can refer negatively to the behavior of ordinary users who take a moderator-like tone in criticizing other members.
 Essentially, it is the duty of the moderator to manage the day-to-day affairs of a forum or board as it applies to the stream of user contributions and interactions. The relative effectiveness of this user management directly impacts the quality of a forum in general, its appeal, and its usefulness as a community of interrelated users.
 Moderators act as unpaid volunteers on many websites, which has sparked controversies and community tensions. On Reddit, some moderators have prominently expressed dissatisfaction with their unpaid labor being underappreciated, while other site users have accused moderators of abusing special access privileges to act as a "cabal" of "petty tyrants". [15]  On 4chan, moderators are subject to notable levels of mockery and contempt. There, they are often referred to as janitors (or, more pejoratively, "jannies") given their job of what is tantamount to cleaning up the imageboards' infamous shitposting. [16] 
Administrators
The administrators (short form: "admin") manage the technical details required for running the site. As such, they have the authority to appoint and revoke members as moderators, manage the rules, create sections and sub-sections, as well as perform any database operations (database backup, etc.). Administrators often also act as moderators. Administrators may also make forum-wide announcements, or change the appearance (known as the skin) of a forum. There are also many forums where administrators share their knowledge. [14] 
Post
A post is a user-submitted message enclosed into a block containing the user's details and the date and time it was submitted. Members are usually allowed to edit or delete their own posts. Posts are contained in threads, where they appear as blocks one after another. The first post [17]  starts the thread; this may be called the TS (thread starter) or OP (original post). Posts that follow in the thread are meant to continue discussion about that post, or respond to other replies; it is not uncommon for discussions to be derailed.
 On Western forums, the classic way to show a member's own details (such as name and avatar) has been on the left side of the post, in a narrow column of fixed width, with the post controls located on the right, at the bottom of the main body, above the signature block. In more recent forum software implementations, the Asian style of displaying the members' details above the post has been copied.
 Posts have an internal limit usually measured in characters. Often one is required to have a message with a minimum length of 10 characters. There is always an upper limit but it is rarely reached – most boards have it at either 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, or 50,000 characters.
 Most forums keep track of a user's postcount. The postcount is a measurement of how many posts a certain user has made. [18]  Users with higher postcounts are often considered more reputable than users with lower postcounts, but not always. For instance, some forums have disabled postcounts with the hopes that doing so will emphasize the quality of information over quantity.
Thread
A thread (sometimes called a topic) is a collection of posts, usually displayed from oldest to latest, although this is typically configurable: Options for newest to oldest and for a threaded view (a tree-like view applying logical reply structure before chronological order) can be available. A thread is defined by a title, an additional description that may summarize the intended discussion, and an opening or original post (common abbreviation OP, which can also be used to refer to the original poster), which opens whatever dialogue or makes whatever announcement the poster wished. A thread can contain any number of posts, including multiple posts from the same members, even if they are one after the other.
Bumping
A thread is contained in a forum and may have an associated date that is taken as the date of the last post (options to order threads by other criteria are generally available). When a member posts in a thread it will jump to the top since it is the latest updated thread. Similarly, other threads will jump in front of it when they receive posts. When a member posts in a thread for no reason but to have it go to the top, it is referred to as a bump or bumping. It has been suggested that "bump" is an acronym of "bring up my post"; [19]  however, this is almost certainly a backronym and the usage is entirely consistent with the verb "bump" which means "to knock to a new position". [20] 
 On some messageboards, users can choose to sage (correctly pronounced /sa-ɣe/ though often confused as IPA:  [seɪdʒ]) a post if they wish to make a post, but not "bump" it. The word "sage" derives from the 2channel terminology 下げる sageru, meaning "to lower".
Stickying
Threads that are important but rarely receive posts are stickyed (or, in some software, "pinned"). A sticky thread will always appear in front of normal threads, often in its own section. A "threaded discussion group" is simply any group of individuals who use a forum for threaded, or asynchronous, discussion purposes. The group may or may not be the only users of the forum.
 A thread's popularity is measured on forums in reply (total posts minus one, the opening post, in most default forum settings) counts. Some forums also track page views. Threads meeting a set number of posts or a set number of views may receive a designation such as "hot thread" and be displayed with a different icon compared to other threads. This icon may stand out more to emphasize the thread. If the forum's users have lost interest in a particular thread, it becomes a dead thread.
 
       phpBB Thread (viewing as moderator)  
       phpBB Forum (viewing as moderator)  
       Forum (Fully Threaded display format)  
   
Discussion
Forums prefer a premise of open and free discussion and often adopt de facto standards. Most common topics on forums include questions, comparisons, polls of opinion, as well as debates. It is not uncommon for nonsense or unsocial behavior to sprout as people lose temper, especially if the topic is controversial. Poor understanding of differences in values of the participants is a common problem on forums. Because replies to a topic are often worded aimed at someone's point of view, discussion will usually go slightly off into several directions as people question each other's validity, sources and so on. Circular discussion and ambiguity in replies can extend for several tens of posts of a thread eventually ending when everyone gives up or attention spans waver and a more interesting subject takes over. It is not uncommon for debate to end in ad hominem attacks.
Liabilities of owners and moderators
Several lawsuits have been brought against the forums and moderators claiming libel and damage. A recent case is the Scubaboard lawsuit where a business in the Maldives filed a suit against Scubaboard for libel and defamation in January 2010.
 For the most part, though, forum owners and moderators in the United States are protected by Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, which states that "[n]o provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider."
 In 2019, Facebook was faced with a class action lawsuit set forth by moderators diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. It was settled for $52 million the following year. [21] 
Common features
By default to be an Internet forum, the web application needs an ability to submit threads and replies. Typically, threads are in newer to older view, and replies in older to newer view.
Tripcodes and capcodes
Most imageboards and 2channel-style discussion boards allow (and encourage) anonymous posting and use a system of tripcodes instead of registration. A tripcode is the hashed result of a password that allows one's identity to be recognized without storing any data about users.
 In a tripcode system, a secret password is added to the user's name following a separator character (often a number sign). This password, or tripcode, is hashed into a special key, or trip, distinguishable from the name by HTML styles. Tripcodes cannot be faked but on some types of forum software they are insecure and can be guessed. On other types, they can be brute forced with software designed to search for tripcodes such as Tripcode Explorer. [22] 
 Moderators and administrators will frequently assign themselves capcodes, or tripcodes where the guessable trip is replaced with a special notice (such as "# Administrator"), or cap.
Private message
A private message, or PM for short, is a message sent in private from a member to one or more other members. The ability to send so-called blind carbon copies is sometimes available. When sending a blind carbon copy (bcc), the users to whom the message is sent directly will not be aware of the recipients of the blind carbon copy or even if one was sent in the first place. [example 1] 
 Private messages are generally used for personal conversations. They can also be used with tripcodes—a message is addressed to a public trip and can be picked up by typing in the tripcode.
Attachment
An attachment can be almost any file. When someone attaches a file to a person's post they are uploading that particular file to the forum's server. Forums usually have very strict limit on what can be attached and what cannot be (among which the size of the files in question). Attachments can be part of a thread, social group, etc.,
BBCode and HTML
 HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is sometimes allowed but usually its use is discouraged or when allowed, it is extensively filtered. Modern bulletin board systems often will have it disabled altogether[ citation needed ] or allow only administrators use it, as allowing it on any normal user level is considered a security risk due to a high rate of XSS vulnerabilities. When HTML is disabled Bulletin Board Code (BBCode) is the most common preferred alternative. BBCode usually consists of a tag, similar to HTML only instead of &lt; and &gt; the tagname is enclosed within square brackets (meaning: [ and ]). Commonly [i] is used for italic type, [b] is used for bold, [u] for underline, [color="value"] for color and [list] for lists, as well as [img] for images and [url] for links.
 The following example BBCode: [b]This[/b] is [i]clever[/i] [b] [i]text[/i] [/b] when the post is viewed the code is rendered to HTML and will appear as: This is clever  text .
 Many forum packages offer a way to create Custom BBCodes, or BBcodes that are not built into the package, where the administrator of the board can create complex BBCodes to allow the use of JavaScript or iframe functions in posts, for example embedding a YouTube or Google Video complete with viewer directly into a post.
Emoticon
An emoticon or smiley is a symbol or combination of symbols used to convey emotional content in written or message form. Forums implement a system through which some of the text representations of an emoticons (e.g. xD, :p) are rendered as a small image. Depending on what part of the world the forum's topic originates (since most forums are international) smilies can be replaced by other forms of similar graphics, an example would be kaoani (e.g. *(^O^)*, (^-^)b), or even text between special symbols (e.g. :blink:, :idea:).
Poll
Most forums implement an opinion poll system for threads. Most implementations allow for single-choice or multi-choice (sometimes limited to a certain number) when selecting options as well as private or public display of voters. Polls can be set to expire after a certain date or in some cases after a number of days from its creation. Members vote in a poll and a statistic is displayed graphically.
RSS and ATOM
 RSS and ATOM feeds allow a minimalistic means of subscribing to the forum. Common implementations allow RSS feeds to list only the last few threads updated for the forum index and the last posts in a thread.
Other features
An ignore list allows members to hide posts of other members that they do not want to see or have a problem with. In most implementations, they are referred to as foe list or ignore list. The posts are usually not hidden, but minimized with only a small bar indicating a post from the user on the ignore list is there. [23]   [24]  Almost all Internet forums include a member list, which allows display of all forum members, with an integrated search feature. Some forums will not list members with 0 posts, even if they have activated their accounts.
 Many forums allow users to give themselves an avatar. An avatar is an image that appears beside all of a user's posts, in order to make the user more recognizable. The user may upload the image to the forum database or may provide a link to an image on a separate website. Each forum has limits on the height, width, and data size of avatars that may be used; if the user tries to use an avatar that is too big, it may be scaled down or rejected.
 Similarly, most forums allow users to define a signature (sometimes called a sig), which is a block of text, possibly with BBCode, which appears at the bottom of all of the user's posts. There is a character limit on signatures, though it may be so high that it is rarely hit. Often the forum's moderators impose manual rules on signatures to prevent them from being obnoxious (for example, being extremely long or having flashing images), and issue warnings or bans to users who break these rules. Like avatars, signatures may improve the recognizability of a poster. They may also allow the user to attach information to all of their posts, such as proclaiming support for a cause, noting facts about themselves, or quoting humorous things that have previously been said on the forum.
 Common on forums, a subscription is a form of automated notification integrated into the software of most forums. It usually notifies either by email or on the site when the member returns. The option to subscribe is available for every thread while logged in. Subscriptions work with read marking, namely the property of unread, which is given to the content never served to the user by the software.
 Recent development in some popular implementations of forum software has brought social network features and functionality. [25]  Such features include personal galleries, pages as well as a social network like chat systems.
Most forum software is now fully customizable with "hacks" or "modifications" readily available to customize a person's forum to theirs and their members' needs.
 Often forums use "cookies", or information about the user's behavior on the site sent to a user's browser and used upon re-entry into the site. This is done to facilitate automatic login and to show a user whether a thread or forum has received new posts since his or her last visit. These may be disabled or cleared at any time. [26] 
Rules and policies
Forums are governed by a set of individuals, collectively referred to as staff, made up of administrators and moderators, which are responsible for the forums' conception, technical maintenance, and policies (creation and enforcing). Most forums have a list of rules detailing the wishes, aim, and guidelines of the forums' creators. There is usually also a FAQ section containing basic information for new members and people not yet familiar with the use and principles of a forum (generally tailored for specific forum software).
 Rules on forums usually apply to the entire user body and often have preset exceptions, most commonly designating a section as an exception. For example, in an IT forum any discussion regarding anything but computer programming languages may be against the rules, with the exception of a general chat section.
 Forum rules are maintained and enforced by the moderation team, but users are allowed to help out via what is known as a report system. Most Western forum platforms automatically provide such a system. [23]   [27]  It consists of a small function applicable to each post (including one's own). Using it will notify all currently available moderators of its location, and subsequent action or judgment can be carried out immediately, which is particularly desirable in large or very developed boards. Generally, moderators encourage members to also use the private message system if they wish to report behavior. Moderators will generally frown upon attempts of moderation by non-moderators, especially when the would-be moderators do not even issue a report. Messages from non-moderators acting as moderators generally declare a post as against the rules or predict punishment. While not harmful, statements that attempt to enforce the rules are discouraged. [28] 
 When rules are broken several steps are commonly taken. First, a warning is usually given; this is commonly in the form of a private message but recent development has made it possible for it to be integrated into the software. Subsequent to this, if the act is ignored and warnings do not work, the member is – usually – first exiled from the forum for a number of days. Denying someone access to the site is called a ban. Bans can mean the person can no longer log in or even view the site anymore. If the offender, after the warning sentence, repeats the offense, another ban is given, usually this time a longer one. Continuous harassment of the site eventually leads to a permanent ban. In most cases, this means simply that the account is locked. In extreme cases where the offender – after being permanently banned – creates another account and continues to harass the site, administrators will apply an IP address ban or block (this can also be applied at the server level): If the IP address is static, the machine of the offender is prevented from accessing the site. In some extreme circumstances, IP address range bans or country bans can be applied; this is usually for political, licensing, or other reasons. See also: Block (Internet), IP address blocking, and Internet censorship.
 Offending content is usually deleted. Sometimes if the topic is considered the source of the problem, it is locked; often a poster may request a topic expected to draw problems to be locked as well, although the moderators decide whether to grant it. In a locked thread, members cannot post anymore. In cases where the topic is considered a breach of rules it – with all of its posts – may be deleted.
Troll
Forum trolls are users that repeatedly and deliberately breach the netiquette of an established online community, posting inflammatory, extraneous, or off-topic messages to bait or excite users into responding or to test the forum rules and policies, and with that the patience of the forum staff. Their provocative behavior may potentially start flame wars (see below) or other disturbances. Responding to a troll's provocations is commonly known as 'feeding the troll' and is generally discouraged, as it can encourage their disruptive behavior.
Sock puppet
The term sock puppet refers to multiple pseudonyms in use by the same person on a particular message board or forum. The analogy of a sock puppet is of a puppeteer holding up both hands and supplying dialogue to both puppets simultaneously. A typical use of a sockpuppet account is to agree with or debate another sockpuppet account belonging to the same person, for the purposes of reinforcing the puppeteer's position in an argument. Sock puppets are usually found when an IP address check is done on the accounts in forums.
Spamming
Forum spamming is a breach of netiquette where users repeat the same word or phrase over and over, but differs from multiple posting in that spamming is usually a willful act that sometimes has malicious intent. This is a common trolling technique. It can also be traditional spam, unpaid advertisements that are in breach of the forum's rules. Spammers utilize a number of illicit techniques to post their spam, including the use of botnets.
 Some forums consider concise, comment-oriented posts spam, for example Thank you, Cool or I love it.
Double posting
"Double post" redirects here. For the PC BIOS double cold boot behaviour, see double POST.
One common faux pas on Internet forums is to post the same message twice. Users sometimes post versions of a message that are only slightly different, especially in forums where they are not allowed to edit their earlier posts. Multiple posting instead of editing prior posts can artificially inflate a user's post count. Multiple posting can be unintentional; a user's browser might display an error message even though the post has been transmitted or a user of a slow forum might become impatient and repeatedly hit the submit button. An offline editor may post the same message twice. Multiple posting can also be used as a method of trolling or spreading forum spam. A user may also send the same post to several forums, which is termed crossposting. The term derives from Usenet, where crossposting was an accepted practice but causes problems in web forums, which lack the ability to link such posts so replies in one forum are not visible to people reading the post in other forums.
Necroposting
A necropost is a message that revives (as in necromancy) an arbitrarily old thread, causing it to appear above newer and more active threads. This practice is generally seen as a breach of netiquette on most forums. Because old threads are not usually locked from further posting, necroposting is common for newer users and in cases where the date of previous posts is not apparent.[ citation needed ]
Word censor
A word censoring system is commonly included in the forum software package. The system will pick up words in the body of the post or some other user-editable forum element (like user titles), and if they partially match a certain keyword (commonly no case sensitivity) they will be censored. The most common censoring is letter replacement with an asterisk character. For example, in the user title, it is deemed inappropriate for users to use words such as "admin", "moderator", "leader" and so on. If the censoring system is implemented, a title such as "forum leader" may be filtered to "forum ******". Rude or vulgar words are common targets for the censoring system. [29]   [30]  But such auto-censors can make mistakes, for example censoring "wristwatch" to "wris****ch" and "Scunthorpe" to "S****horpe."
Flame wars
When a thread—or in some cases, an entire forum—becomes unstable, the result is usually uncontrolled spam in the form of one-line complaints, image macros, or abuse of the report system. When the discussion becomes heated and sides do nothing more than complain and not accept each other's differences in point of view, the discussion degenerates into what is called a flame war. To flame someone means to go off-topic and attack the person rather than their opinion. Likely candidates for flame wars are usually religion and socio-political topics, or topics that discuss pre-existing rivalries outside the forum (e.g., rivalry between games, console systems, car manufacturers, nationalities, etc.).
 When a topic that has degenerated into a flame war is considered akin to that of the forum (be it a section or the entire board), spam and flames have a chance of spreading outside the topic and causing trouble, usually in the form of vandalism. Some forums (commonly game forums) have suffered from forum-wide flame wars almost immediately after their conception, because of a pre-existing  flame war element in the online community. Many forums have created devoted areas strictly for discussion of potential flame war topics that are moderated like normal.
Registration or anonymity
Many Internet forums require registration to post. Registered users of the site are referred to as members and are allowed to submit or send electronic messages through the web application. The process of registration involves verification of one's age (typically age 13 and over is required so as to meet COPPA requirements of American forum software) followed by a declaration of the terms of service (other documents may also be present) and a request for agreement to said terms. [31]   [32]   [33]  Subsequently, if all goes well, the candidate is presented with a web form to fill requesting at the very least a username (an alias), password, email and validation of a CAPTCHA code.
 While simply completing the registration web form is in general enough to generate an account, [note 2]  the status label Inactive is commonly provided by default until the registered user confirms the email address given while registering indeed belongs to the user. Until that time, the registered user can log in to the new account but may not post, reply, or send private messages in the forum.
      Internet forums are used frequently in conjunction with multiplayer online games.  
Sometimes a referrer system is implemented. A referrer is someone who introduced or otherwise "helped someone" with the decision to join the site (likewise, how a HTTP referrer is the site who linked one to another site). Usually, referrers are other forum members and members are usually rewarded for referrals. The referrer system is also sometimes implemented so that, if a visitor visits the forum through a link such as referrerid=300, the user with the id number (in this example, 300) would receive referral credit if the visitor registers. [34]  The purpose is commonly just to give credit (sometimes rewards are implied) to those who help the community grow.
 In areas such as Japan, registration is frequently optional and anonymity is sometimes even encouraged. [35]  On these forums, a tripcode system may be used to allow verification of an identity without the need for formal registration. People who regularly read the forum discussions but do not register or do not post are often referred to as "lurkers".
Comparison with other web applications
 Electronic mailing lists: The main difference between forums and electronic mailing lists is that mailing lists automatically deliver new messages to the subscriber, while forums require the reader to visit the website and check for new posts. Because members may miss replies in threads they are interested in, many modern forums offer an "e-mail notification" feature, whereby members can choose to be notified of new posts in a thread, and web feeds that allow members to see a summary of the new posts using aggregator software. There are also software products that combine forum and mailing list features, i.e. posting and reading via email as well as the browser depending on the member's choice.[ examples needed ]
  Newsreader: The main difference between newsgroups and forums is that additional software, a News client, is required to participate in newsgroups whereas using a forum requires no additional software beyond the web browser.
 Shoutboxes: Unlike Internet forums, most shoutboxes do not require registration, only requiring an email address from the user. Additionally, shoutboxes are not heavily moderated, unlike most message boards.
  Wiki: Unlike conventional forums, the original wikis allowed all users to edit all content (including each other's messages). This level of content manipulation is reserved for moderators or administrators on most forums. Wikis also allow the creation of other content outside the talk pages. On the other hand, weblogs and generic content management systems tend to be locked down to the point where only a few select users can post blog entries, although many allow other users to comment upon them. The Wiki hosting site known as Wikia has two features in operation, known as the Forum and Message Wall. The forum is used solely for discussion and works through editing, while the message wall works through posted messages more similar to a traditional forum.
  Chat rooms and instant messaging: Forums differ from chats and instant messaging in that forum participants do not have to be online simultaneously to receive or send messages. Messages posted to a forum are publicly available for some time even if the forum or thread is closed, which is uncommon in chat rooms that maintain frequent activity.
 One rarity among forums is the ability to create a picture album. Forum participants may upload personal pictures onto the site and add descriptions to the pictures. Pictures may be in the same format as posting threads, and contain the same options such as "Report Post" and "Reply to Post".
See also
  Comparison of Internet forum software 
 Godwin's Law 
 Internet social network 
 List of Internet forums 
 Warnock's dilemma 
 Thread 
 Process scheduling  
 Resources
  phpBB (open-source code copyrighted platform)
 Open directory project (multi-platform ontology-based open-standard content directory
 Active Directory (Microsoft-proprietary single sign-on, access, remote and domain control service) 
Notes
 
  ^  read marking is the process through which a thread, post, or forum that has been viewed is distinguished from those that have not. The function is usually automatic with the addition of controls, like Mark All etc.
  ^  an account is a space on the site identified by the chosen username through which a member carries out activities and contributes.
 
Examples
 
  ^  Presuming someone is sending a private message and has the ability to send blind carbon copies: If someone fills the recipient field with "John" and "Tom", and the blind carbon copy field with "Gordon". John will know Tom got the message. Tom knows John got the message. But, both Tom and John have no clue that Gordon got the message as well.
 
References
  ^   "vBulletin Community Forum - FAQ: What is a bulletin board?". vBulletin.com. Retrieved 2008-09-01. A bulletin board is an online discussion site. It is sometimes also called a 'board' or 'forum'. It may contain several categories, consisting of sub-forums, threads and individual posts. 
^    a       b       c     "What is an 'Internet forum'? (video entry by Ethan Feerst and Dylan Stewart group)". Archived from the original on 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
^    a       b     "Glossary Of Technical Terms". Green Web Design. Archived from the original on 2008-05-07. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
  ^   "Brevard User's Group - Technical Glossary". Brevard User's Group. Archived from the original on 2008-04-21. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
  ^   "World-Wide Web Interactive Talk". w3.org.
  ^   "Forum Software Timeline 1994 - 2010". Forum Software Reviews. Retrieved 2010-12-24.
  ^  wired.com
  ^   "What is a Forum Moderator? (with pictures)". EasyTechJunkie. Retrieved 2022-01-25.
  ^   "Debate tools". LessWrong. Retrieved 2011-03-31.
  ^   "Non-Threaded vs Semi-Threaded vs Threaded Formats". BulletinBoards.com. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
  ^   "Message Board Features - Website Toolbox". Website Toolbox. Retrieved 2009-07-12.
  ^   "vBulletin Manual: User Groups and Permissions". vBulletin. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
  ^   "Administrator seeking moderators to control spam abuse". ddforums.com. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
^    a       b     "vBulletin FAQ: Moderators and Administrators". vBulletin.com. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  ^  Chen, Adrian (2015-07-21). "When the Internet's 'Moderators' Are Anything But". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-07-19.
  ^   "The Man Who Helped Turn 4chan Into the Internet's Racist Engine". www.vice.com. Retrieved 2021-07-19.
  ^  Marone, Vittorio (2015). ""Keep in mind that I will be improving": The opening post as a request for absolution". Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies. 5 (1): 136–158. doi:10.29333/ojcmt/2499.
  ^   "Postcount Information". TechnoFyed.com. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
  ^   "BUMP". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-01-17.
  ^   "bump: definition".  Answers.com .
  ^  Newton, Casey (2020-05-12). "Facebook will pay $52 million in settlement with moderators who developed PTSD on the job". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-07-19.
  ^   "Tripcode Explorer - Hurr Network". Hurrchan/Courtney Wade. Archived from the original on 2010-08-25. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
^    a       b     "vBulletin FAQ: Dealing with Troublesome Users". vBulletin.com. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  ^   "PhpBB FAQ: How can I add / remove users to my Friends or Foes list?". PhpBB.com. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  ^   "NodeBB". NodeBB.
  ^   "FAQ: User Maintenance". Fan Forum. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  ^   "phpBB FAQ: How can I report posts to a moderator?". phpBB.com. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  ^   "Community Rules 1c". phpBB.com. Retrieved 2008-09-14. Members are asked to not act as 'back seat moderators'. If members note an issue that contravenes something in this policy document they are welcome to bring it to the attention of a member of the Moderator Team. Please use the 'post report' feature to report posts. Do not respond to such topics yourself. Members who constantly 'act' as moderators may be warned. 
  ^   "Censorship Options". vBulletin.com. Retrieved 2008-10-30.
  ^   "3.4.5. Word censoring". PhpBB.com. Retrieved 2008-10-30.
  ^   "vBulletin Community forum - FAQ: Registration". vBulletin.com. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  ^   "phpBB FAQ: Why do I need to register at all?". phpBB.com. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  ^   "phpBB FAQ: What is COPPA?". phpBB.com. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  ^   "vBulletin Options - User registration". vBulletin.com. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
  ^   "2-Channel Gives Japan's Famously Quiet People a Mighty Voice". WIRED.
 
External links
  Archived copy of Forum Software Reviews timeline 
 Delphi Forums 
 Why people like to use Internet forums
Internet forum - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Internet_forums
Category:Internet forums - Wikipedia
2022-01-29
None
<div><div>
	<p>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</p>
	</div><div><div>
<div><p>For more information, see <b><a href="/wiki/Internet_forum">Internet forum</a></b>.</p></div>
<table><tbody><tr><td><p></p></td><td>Pages in this category <b>should be moved to subcategories where applicable.</b> This category may require frequent maintenance to avoid becoming too large. It should directly contain very few, if any, pages and should mainly contain subcategories.</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div><div><div>
<h2>Subcategories</h2>
<p>This category has the following 19 subcategories, out of 19 total.
</p><div><div><h3>0–9</h3>
<ul><li></li>
<li></li></ul></div><div><h3>A</h3>
<ul><li></li></ul></div><div><h3>B</h3>
<ul><li></li></ul></div><div><h3>C</h3>
<ul><li></li>
<li></li></ul></div><div><h3>E</h3>
<ul><li></li></ul></div><div><h3>H</h3>
<ul><li></li></ul></div><div><h3>I</h3>
<ul><li></li></ul></div><div><h3>L</h3>
<ul><li></li></ul></div><div><h3>P</h3>
<ul><li></li></ul></div><div><h3>Q</h3>
<ul><li></li></ul></div><div><h3>R</h3>
<ul><li></li></ul></div><div><h3>S</h3>
<ul><li></li>
<li></li>
<li></li>
<li></li></ul></div><div><h3>T</h3>
<ul><li></li></ul></div><div><h3>U</h3>
<ul><li></li></ul></div></div>
</div><div>
<h2>Pages in category "Internet forums"</h2>
<p>The following 193 pages are in this category, out of 193 total. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?">This list may not reflect recent changes</a>.
</p>
</div></div>
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 * 0–9
 * A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
 Pages in this category should be moved to subcategories where applicable. This category may require frequent maintenance to avoid becoming too large. It should directly contain very few, if any, pages and should mainly contain subcategories.
 

 Subcategories

 This category has the following 19 subcategories, out of 19 total.

 0–9

 * 2channel‎ (15 P)
 * 4chan‎ (2 C, 15 P, 1 F)

 A

 * Aviation Internet forums‎ (6 P)

 B

 * Bulletin board systems‎ (8 C, 63 P)

 C

 * Craigslist‎ (10 P, 1 F)
 * Crime forums‎ (13 P)

 E

 * Entertainment Internet forums‎ (2 C, 21 P)

 H

 * Internet forum hosting‎ (8 P)

 I

 * Internet forums by country‎ (2 C)

 L

 * LGBT-related Internet forums‎ (1 C, 15 P)

 P

 * Political Internet forums‎ (1 C, 22 P)

 Q

 * Question-and-answer websites‎ (1 C, 40 P)

 R

 * Reddit‎ (3 C, 11 P)

 S

 * Slashdot‎ (10 P)
 * Internet forum software‎ (1 C, 15 P)
 * Sport Internet forums‎ (12 P)
 * Subreddits‎ (1 C, 19 P)

 T

 * Internet forum terminology‎ (2 C, 25 P)

 U

 * Usenet‎ (6 C, 58 P)

 Pages in category "Internet forums"

 The following 193 pages are in this category, out of 193 total. This list may not reflect recent changes.

 * Internet forum
 * List of Internet forums

 *

 * Comparison of Q&A sites

 0–9

 * 6park
 * 420chan

 A

 * AlternateHistory.com
 * AR15.com
 * Ars Technica
 * AskMen
 * Audiogalaxy
 * AutoAdmit

 B

 * Bahrain Online
 * Bang Cartoon
 * Basenotes
 * BettyConfidential
 * BIOSCI
 * BlackHatWorld
 * Bleeding Cool
 * Bleeping Computer
 * Bluelight (web forum)
 * Boards.ie
 * BookMooch
 * Bored of Studies
 * Boston CitiNet
 * BPDFamily.com
 * Bulletin board system
 * Bulli Bai case

 C

 * CableHell
 * Calgarypuck
 * Canvas Networks
 * Carder.su
 * Cemetech
 * ChickClick
 * City-Data
 * CIX (website)
 * Clube do Hardware
 * CoComment
 * CollectSPACE
 * CompuServe
 * Computational Chemistry List
 * The Confessionals
 * ContractorUK
 * Craigslist
 * Crime forum
 * CyberTown

 D

 * The D-Word
 * Dark0de
 * DarkMarket
 * Dave's Garden
 * DC Inside
 * Dead Runners Society
 * Debate portal
 * Dek-D.com
 * Delphi (online service)
 * Dgroups
 * Digg Patriots
 * Digital Photography Review
 * Digital Spy
 * Dogster
 * Downsizer
 * Dread (forum)
 * DSLReports
 * Dvach

 E

 * Edugeek
 * Emirates Discussion Forum
 * Encyclopedia Titanica
 * ESPNscrum

 F

 * Facepunch Studios
 * Flashback Media Group
 * FlipMe
 * FluTrackers
 * ForoCoches
 * Forum.hr
 * Francofil
 * FreakingNews
 * Friends International Support Group
 * Fucked Company
 * Futaba Channel

 G

 * Gaia Online
 * GMInsideNews
 * Google Groups
 * Gurl.com

 H

 * HackBB
 * HardwareZone
 * HealthBoards
 * Hotline Communications
 * The Hub (forum)
 * Hubski

 I

 * I am lonely will anyone speak to me
 * Ilbe Storehouse
 * Imageboard
 * Info-Mac
 * The iSONEWS

 J

 * JournoList

 K

 * Karagarga
 * Kaskus
 * Kibu.com
 * Kiwi Farms
 * Kuro5hin

 L

 * LessWrong
 * LetsRun.com
 * LinuxQuestions.org
 * Los Angeles Review of Books
 * Lowyat.net
 * LUSENET

 M

 * MacMinute
 * MacRumors
 * MacTalk Australia
 * Maes-e
 * Mageo
 * MedHelp
 * Megalia
 * Megatokyo
 * The Meta Network
 * MetaFilter
 * Milnet.ca
 * MoneySavingExpert.com
 * Mop.com
 * The Motley Fool
 * MozillaZine
 * Mumsnet
 * MuslimVillage Forums
 * My Opera

 N

 * Nairaland
 * NamePros
 * NASASpaceFlight.com
 * Neowin
 * Newgrounds
 * NikeTalk

 O

 * OpenNet (website)

 P

 * Pakbugs
 * Pantip.com
 * PaperBackSwap
 * Phillyblog
 * PistonHeads
 * Planet Rugby
 * Plastic.com
 * Plover-NET
 * Praja Bangalore
 * Professional Pilots Rumour Network
 * The Psycho Ex-Wife

 R

 * R/art
 * Rescator
 * Rollonfriday
 * Rootschat

 S

 * Schizophrenia Research Forum
 * Science on Stage Europe
 * Silicon Investor
 * SkyscraperCity
 * SkyscraperPage
 * Slap (magazine)
 * Smashboards
 * Something Awful
 * SPIE Newsroom
 * Spymac
 * Stock Exchange of Visions
 * The Student Room
 * Sulli Deals
 * SweClockers.com

 T

 * TalkBack Reader Response System
 * Tbilisis Forumi
 * Tech Support Comedy
 * TheWolfWeb
 * Todayhumor
 * Topix (website)
 * Tor Carding Forum
 * TOTSE
 * Tuwaa
 * Two Plus Two Publishing

 U

 * Urban75
 * UrbanBaby

 V

 * VeggieBoards
 * The Visual Novel Database
 * Vivaldi.net
 * VN-Zoom
 * Voat

 W

 * The WELL
 * Whirlpool (website)
 * Wikipedia Review
 * Wikipediocracy
 * Womad (website)
 * Women in Crime Ink
 * Women's WIRE
 * Woot
 * The World (Internet service provider)
 * Worth1000
 * Wrong Planet

 X

 * XDA Developers

 Y

 * Yahoo! Groups
 * Ylilauta
 * YTMND

 Z

 * Zombie Squad
 * Zompist.com
 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Internet_forums&oldid=1068658159"
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 * Virtual communities
 * Websites
 * Computer-mediated communication
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
	  
 For more information, see  Internet forum . 
       Pages in this category should be moved to subcategories where applicable. This category may require frequent maintenance to avoid becoming too large. It should directly contain very few, if any, pages and should mainly contain subcategories.   
  
Subcategories
This category has the following 19 subcategories, out of 19 total.
   0–9
  
     A
      B
      C
  
     E
      H
      I
      L
      P
      Q
      R
      S
  
 
 
     T
      U
     
 
Pages in category "Internet forums"
The following 193 pages are in this category, out of 193 total. This list may not reflect recent changes.
Category:Internet forums - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Internet_forums
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/top-10-online-forums
Top 10 Online Forums
2020-01-17
Karthikeya Boyini I Love Programming S All I Know
<div><div>
<p>An online forum is a great place to discuss any particular topic with the like-minded people. These forums are internet-based group communities where you can start a discussion, or get an answer of your query or even search for new business prospects. These forums allow you to register with them and after that you can look into the answers to various questions written by others or you yourself can answer the questions. Almost every website these days has a small forum integrated in their own websites.</p><p>An online forum, or a message board, is a public place where you can drop any message, or discuss about any particular topic. In this article, we are going to discuss more about the public forums which are quite common and high in popularity.</p><p><strong>Reddit</strong> − Reddit is a social news collection of web content along with ratings, and the discussion forum website. Reddit’s registered community members can submit the content on various topics in the form of text posts or direct links. The registered users can then vote submissions up or down to organize the posts and determine their position on the site’s pages. The submissions with the most positive votes appear on the front page or the top of a category. Content entries are organized by areas of interest called “subreddits”. The subreddit topics include news, science, gaming, movies, music, books, fitness, food, and image-sharing, among many others.</p><p></p><p><strong>Stack Overflow</strong> − Stack Overflow is a quite popular question and answers based website for any type of computer programming related queries. It allows the access to both registered and guest users. The users can ask or answer the questions and can discuss various alternate answers. The users of stack overflow can earn reputation points and badges on the basis of positive and negative votes received on the answers.</p><p></p><p><strong>Quora </strong>− Quora is a question and answer community where users can ask any logical and absurd question in the forum. Users can collaborate by editing questions and suggesting edits to other users’ answers. The website was made available in 2010 and slowly making its charm all around. It is one of the most popular website.</p><p></p><p><strong>India-Forums</strong> − IndiaForums is one of the biggest discussion forums. It was started in December 2003 and since then, making waves with the television viewers across the globe. The users can discuss on various television serials and provide their views. India-Forums started as television discussion forum has branched out to several other sections like Bollywood, Celebrity Interview, Internet Radio, Fan Clubs, Debate Mansion, Sports, Books Talk, Fashion News update and Gizmo Talks.</p><p></p><p><strong>Yahoo Groups</strong> − In Yahoo Groups, people can collaborate and discuss on various topics under varied categories. The other users can give positive and negative vote on various answers. The guest users can see the answers but to answer the questions, the users need to be registered with Yahoo!</p><p></p><p><strong>Google Answers </strong>− Google Answers was active in 2002 till 2006. Currently, it is not accepting any new questions but you can still browse through the already posted questions. It was quite popular and for a good answer, a user/client can leave a tip till $100 for someone who has given an accurate answer. It is closed down in December 2006, but the archives are still available.</p><p></p><p><strong>Something Awful</strong> − Something Awful, also known as SA, is a comedy website accommodation a variety of web content, that includes blog entries, forums, feature articles, digitally edited pictures, and humorous media reviews. It is a big contributor for trending the internet culture.</p><p><strong>Askubuntu</strong> − Askubuntu is again a question and answers website to handle all the queries related to uBuntu operating system. It works in a similar manner as stack overflow and is part of the same. Members gain reputation based on the community’s response to their questions and answers. Reputation signifies trust for users in the answers they give. Privileges are given based on reputation levels, with users with the highest reputation having similar privileges to moderators.</p><p></p><p><strong>TripAdvisor</strong> − For travel lovers, TripAdvisor is a forum where the users can ask travel-related queries. They can also check the reviews of the hotels, locations and travel options. The users can discuss, or post the comments, take precautions and can give suggestions along with the real pictures to give good information.</p><p></p><p><strong>Experts-Exchange</strong> − Experts Exchange is a paid web portal where the users can post their technology related questions and expect the answers. The skilled members of the forum are quite efficient in responding to the queries giving quite accurate answers to their queries. It allows you to network and collaborate with Technical experts. It gives the users a 30-day trial access and the paid account.</p><p></p><blockquote><p>There are many more forums available to get the answers for your queries, or to just discuss on your favourite topic. We have just covered few of the online forums. There are multiple more forums available. The purpose of being in online forum is to collaborate, discuss and interact with the like minded people across the world.</p></blockquote></div>||||I|||| * Home
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 Top 10 Online Forums

 Website Web Analytics Web Services

 An online forum is a great place to discuss any particular topic with the like-minded people. These forums are internet-based group communities where you can start a discussion, or get an answer of your query or even search for new business prospects. These forums allow you to register with them and after that you can look into the answers to various questions written by others or you yourself can answer the questions. Almost every website these days has a small forum integrated in their own websites.

 An online forum, or a message board, is a public place where you can drop any message, or discuss about any particular topic. In this article, we are going to discuss more about the public forums which are quite common and high in popularity.

 Reddit − Reddit is a social news collection of web content along with ratings, and the discussion forum website. Reddit’s registered community members can submit the content on various topics in the form of text posts or direct links. The registered users can then vote submissions up or down to organize the posts and determine their position on the site’s pages. The submissions with the most positive votes appear on the front page or the top of a category. Content entries are organized by areas of interest called “subreddits”. The subreddit topics include news, science, gaming, movies, music, books, fitness, food, and image-sharing, among many others.


 Stack Overflow − Stack Overflow is a quite popular question and answers based website for any type of computer programming related queries. It allows the access to both registered and guest users. The users can ask or answer the questions and can discuss various alternate answers. The users of stack overflow can earn reputation points and badges on the basis of positive and negative votes received on the answers.


 Quora − Quora is a question and answer community where users can ask any logical and absurd question in the forum. Users can collaborate by editing questions and suggesting edits to other users’ answers. The website was made available in 2010 and slowly making its charm all around. It is one of the most popular website.


 India-Forums − IndiaForums is one of the biggest discussion forums. It was started in December 2003 and since then, making waves with the television viewers across the globe. The users can discuss on various television serials and provide their views. India-Forums started as television discussion forum has branched out to several other sections like Bollywood, Celebrity Interview, Internet Radio, Fan Clubs, Debate Mansion, Sports, Books Talk, Fashion News update and Gizmo Talks.


 Yahoo Groups − In Yahoo Groups, people can collaborate and discuss on various topics under varied categories. The other users can give positive and negative vote on various answers. The guest users can see the answers but to answer the questions, the users need to be registered with Yahoo!


 Google Answers − Google Answers was active in 2002 till 2006. Currently, it is not accepting any new questions but you can still browse through the already posted questions. It was quite popular and for a good answer, a user/client can leave a tip till $100 for someone who has given an accurate answer. It is closed down in December 2006, but the archives are still available.


 Something Awful − Something Awful, also known as SA, is a comedy website accommodation a variety of web content, that includes blog entries, forums, feature articles, digitally edited pictures, and humorous media reviews. It is a big contributor for trending the internet culture.

 Askubuntu − Askubuntu is again a question and answers website to handle all the queries related to uBuntu operating system. It works in a similar manner as stack overflow and is part of the same. Members gain reputation based on the community’s response to their questions and answers. Reputation signifies trust for users in the answers they give. Privileges are given based on reputation levels, with users with the highest reputation having similar privileges to moderators.


 TripAdvisor − For travel lovers, TripAdvisor is a forum where the users can ask travel-related queries. They can also check the reviews of the hotels, locations and travel options. The users can discuss, or post the comments, take precautions and can give suggestions along with the real pictures to give good information.


 Experts-Exchange − Experts Exchange is a paid web portal where the users can post their technology related questions and expect the answers. The skilled members of the forum are quite efficient in responding to the queries giving quite accurate answers to their queries. It allows you to network and collaborate with Technical experts. It gives the users a 30-day trial access and the paid account.


 There are many more forums available to get the answers for your queries, or to just discuss on your favourite topic. We have just covered few of the online forums. There are multiple more forums available. The purpose of being in online forum is to collaborate, discuss and interact with the like minded people across the world.

 karthikeya Boyini

 I love programming (: That's all I know

 0 Followers

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 Updated on 17-Jan-2020 11:14:53

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An online forum is a great place to discuss any particular topic with the like-minded people. These forums are internet-based group communities where you can start a discussion, or get an answer of your query or even search for new business prospects. These forums allow you to register with them and after that you can look into the answers to various questions written by others or you yourself can answer the questions. Almost every website these days has a small forum integrated in their own websites. An online forum, or a message board, is a public place where you can drop any message, or discuss about any particular topic. In this article, we are going to discuss more about the public forums which are quite common and high in popularity.  Reddit − Reddit is a social news collection of web content along with ratings, and the discussion forum website. Reddit’s registered community members can submit the content on various topics in the form of text posts or direct links. The registered users can then vote submissions up or down to organize the posts and determine their position on the site’s pages. The submissions with the most positive votes appear on the front page or the top of a category. Content entries are organized by areas of interest called “subreddits”. The subreddit topics include news, science, gaming, movies, music, books, fitness, food, and image-sharing, among many others.    Stack Overflow − Stack Overflow is a quite popular question and answers based website for any type of computer programming related queries. It allows the access to both registered and guest users. The users can ask or answer the questions and can discuss various alternate answers. The users of stack overflow can earn reputation points and badges on the basis of positive and negative votes received on the answers.    Quora − Quora is a question and answer community where users can ask any logical and absurd question in the forum. Users can collaborate by editing questions and suggesting edits to other users’ answers. The website was made available in 2010 and slowly making its charm all around. It is one of the most popular website.    India-Forums − IndiaForums is one of the biggest discussion forums. It was started in December 2003 and since then, making waves with the television viewers across the globe. The users can discuss on various television serials and provide their views. India-Forums started as television discussion forum has branched out to several other sections like Bollywood, Celebrity Interview, Internet Radio, Fan Clubs, Debate Mansion, Sports, Books Talk, Fashion News update and Gizmo Talks.    Yahoo Groups − In Yahoo Groups, people can collaborate and discuss on various topics under varied categories. The other users can give positive and negative vote on various answers. The guest users can see the answers but to answer the questions, the users need to be registered with Yahoo!    Google Answers − Google Answers was active in 2002 till 2006. Currently, it is not accepting any new questions but you can still browse through the already posted questions. It was quite popular and for a good answer, a user/client can leave a tip till $100 for someone who has given an accurate answer. It is closed down in December 2006, but the archives are still available.    Something Awful − Something Awful, also known as SA, is a comedy website accommodation a variety of web content, that includes blog entries, forums, feature articles, digitally edited pictures, and humorous media reviews. It is a big contributor for trending the internet culture.  Askubuntu − Askubuntu is again a question and answers website to handle all the queries related to uBuntu operating system. It works in a similar manner as stack overflow and is part of the same. Members gain reputation based on the community’s response to their questions and answers. Reputation signifies trust for users in the answers they give. Privileges are given based on reputation levels, with users with the highest reputation having similar privileges to moderators.    TripAdvisor − For travel lovers, TripAdvisor is a forum where the users can ask travel-related queries. They can also check the reviews of the hotels, locations and travel options. The users can discuss, or post the comments, take precautions and can give suggestions along with the real pictures to give good information.    Experts-Exchange − Experts Exchange is a paid web portal where the users can post their technology related questions and expect the answers. The skilled members of the forum are quite efficient in responding to the queries giving quite accurate answers to their queries. It allows you to network and collaborate with Technical experts. It gives the users a 30-day trial access and the paid account.    There are many more forums available to get the answers for your queries, or to just discuss on your favourite topic. We have just covered few of the online forums. There are multiple more forums available. The purpose of being in online forum is to collaborate, discuss and interact with the like minded people across the world.
Top 10 Online Forums
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/top-10-online-forums
https://www.engadget.com/2020-02-27-internet-forums-dying-off.html
As internet forums die off, finding community can be harder than ever | Engadget
2020-02-27
Kris Holt
<div><div><p>Before social networks took over the internet, message boards were perhaps the <a href="https://www.engadget.com/2015-04-22-internet-forums-are-good-for-you.html">most essential way</a> for people to come together online and talk about whatever was on their minds. Our discussion spaces have evolved dramatically, though -- message boards aren't as important as they used to be, thanks to the decade-long onslaught of Twitter, Facebook, Reddit and more. Many formerly prominent destinations are closing up shop, including the message board I called my online home for well over a decade.</p><p>IRC was before my time, and I started using the web a few years before social media changed the game, so message boards were where I found my tribe. I frequented a few but spent the vast majority of my time on the official Foo Fighters postboard (the FFPB, as it was known). After 20 years, all that remains is an earnest <a href="http://forum.foofighters.com/closed.html">thanks-for-the-memories message</a>.</p><p>A stadium rock band brought us to the virtual dancefloor and the weird, lovely community kept us there. I hadn't been a regular since about 2013, but once I learned in mid-January that it was closing at the end of that month, I hopped back in and enjoyed reminiscing.</p><p>In my youth, it was a place where I explored ideas and sought out advice. I found out about new music and films. I heard from different perspectives and learned about the political realities of people who lived in places I'd only heard of in the news. I'll never forget the running jokes, the marriages and the dramatic interpretation of various song lyrics. Most important of all were the people, none more significant than the person who has been my partner for 12 years now.</p><p>Of course, it wasn't all sunshine and roses -- there was plenty of personal drama and heated arguments, not to mention more sinister incidents, like members faking their own deaths. Even semi-private safe spaces on the internet will lure their share of jerks.</p>
 <figure>
 
 <figcaption>
 
 </figcaption>
 </figure><p>The FFPB afforded me and many others a safe online space while we came of age. I visited every day for a decade and posted 12,178 times from an account that still somehow bore my <a href="https://www.engadget.com/2014-08-29-msn-messenger-discontinued-china.html">MSN Messenger address</a> in 2020. Many of the friendships forged there migrated elsewhere long before its demise -- to private IM chats, email, phone, the real world and, yes, social networks. The rise of those platforms essentially spelled the end of the FFPB, though a moderator also mentioned that the board couldn't comply with <a href="https://www.engadget.com/2020-01-20-gdpr-fines-dla-piper-report.html">GDPR regulations</a>. That could be a difficult obstacle for many of the web's other long-standing communities to overcome.</p><p>Of course, it's far from the only once-popular message board to perish. Sony, for example, is <a href="https://kotaku.com/the-playstation-forums-are-closing-down-1841750227">shutting down its official PlayStation Forums</a> today, February 27th. For many years, it's been a helpful resource for gamers from far and wide to troubleshoot issues with their console or PlayStation services, not to mention a place for players to discuss games with their peers. Sony hopes the conversation will move to Facebook, Twitter and comment sections of PlayStation Blog posts. Perhaps the community will reassemble on another message board; it could be hard otherwise to keep the essence of what makes forum-based communities special.</p>
 <figure>
 
 <figcaption>
 
 </figcaption>
 </figure><p>Facebook and Twitter aren't as effective for keeping up with multiple discussions over an extended time frame. Reddit is a relative of traditional forums, but you won't see threads that stay active for over a decade or any that have a pulse longer than a day or two on busier subreddits. You can't exactly bump a thread to resuscitate it there either.</p><p>One key thing Reddit does have in common with message boards is the importance of moderators. There were only a few of them steering the FFPB ship. They were terrific and pretty lenient, as long as you weren't a total jerk. They were vital guiding lights for that postboard, and they made sure it felt like arriving home every time I logged in.</p><p>That's not to say you can't find your community on social media, though. Many, many folks have. Facebook Groups, for one thing, are thriving. <a href="https://www.engadget.com/2019-05-03-turn-off-comments-wont-fix-internet.html">Effective moderation</a> can keep everyone in check there too, and place a lid on the toxicity that plagues the public side of the internet. "Often, what you actually want is an authoritative stranger, responding to your specific query, speaking from their experience, but with no strings attached, no connections, no fear of seeing them in the grocery store and them asking if you took their advice," Anne Helen Petersen <a href="https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/annehelenpetersen/facebook-private-groups-online-abuse">wrote for <em>BuzzFeed News</em> last year</a>. "The opposite, in other words, of the rest of the Facebook feed."</p><p>I've been pondering what it might have been like to grow up on the internet if I were a teenager in 2020 and hadn't found my village. I might have been sucked even deeper into the <a href="https://www.engadget.com/2016-07-01-social-networks-need-to-be-more-like-online-forums.html">unmoderated chaos</a> of social platforms, where there's an unspoken expectation to act <a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailydot.com%2Fvia%2Ftwitter-social-media-introverts%2F&amp;rlz=1C1GGRV_enCA751CA751&amp;oq=cache%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailydot.com%2Fvia%2Ftwitter-social-media-introverts%2F&amp;aqs=chrome..69i57j69i58.1128j0j4&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8">performatively</a> instead of as our <a href="https://hiddenremote.com/2015/09/09/how-turbo-kids-apple-shattered-this-guys-cynical-shell/">authentic selves</a>.</p><p>Without adequate moderation or <a href="https://www.engadget.com/2017-10-25-reddit-bans-more-racist-communites.html">stringent enough rules</a>, it's all too evident that <a href="https://www.engadget.com/2018-03-14-facebook-algorithms-humans-abusive-content-sxsw.html">bad actors poison the well</a>, sow division and <a href="https://www.engadget.com/2020-01-28-youtube-climate-change-misinformation.html">spread misinformation</a>. Those lead people to have ideologies and perspectives that are harmful to society. I'm all for free speech, but we'd still all be better off with reasonable moderators refusing to <a href="https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/wheatons-law">let people be dicks</a>.</p><p>In any case, my brain jives best with the order and structure of well-moderated message boards. They'll still be around for a long time to some degree, because many folks like me still prefer them to social platforms. They're simply the best spaces for niche discussion groups that blossom into fully-formed communities.</p><p>The FFPB may be gone, but all is not lost: one of the moderators has set up an unofficial postboard for the remaining members. I'm really glad that the community will stick together in some form, and I have my fingers crossed others who found a safe space on message boards can keep theirs together too, including those PlayStation Forums members. If they can follow the example of the FFPB and move to a new forum, where they have to write out a response instead of half-heartedly clicking a like button, I bet the community will continue to flourish. It just won't be as visible as it used to be.</p></div><p><em>All products recommended by Engadget are selected by our editorial team, independent of our parent company. Some of our stories include affiliate links. If you buy something through one of these links, we may earn an affiliate commission. All prices are correct at the time of publishing.</em></p>||||I|||| * Home
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 As internet forums die off, finding community can be harder than ever

 Twitter and Facebook just aren't as good as a message board for fostering discussions.

 Nathan Ingraham / Engadget

 Engadget
 Kris Holt | @krisholt | February 27, 2020 10:00 AM

 Before social networks took over the internet, message boards were perhaps the most essential way for people to come together online and talk about whatever was on their minds. Our discussion spaces have evolved dramatically, though -- message boards aren't as important as they used to be, thanks to the decade-long onslaught of Twitter, Facebook, Reddit and more. Many formerly prominent destinations are closing up shop, including the message board I called my online home for well over a decade.

 IRC was before my time, and I started using the web a few years before social media changed the game, so message boards were where I found my tribe. I frequented a few but spent the vast majority of my time on the official Foo Fighters postboard (the FFPB, as it was known). After 20 years, all that remains is an earnest thanks-for-the-memories message.

 A stadium rock band brought us to the virtual dancefloor and the weird, lovely community kept us there. I hadn't been a regular since about 2013, but once I learned in mid-January that it was closing at the end of that month, I hopped back in and enjoyed reminiscing.

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 In my youth, it was a place where I explored ideas and sought out advice. I found out about new music and films. I heard from different perspectives and learned about the political realities of people who lived in places I'd only heard of in the news. I'll never forget the running jokes, the marriages and the dramatic interpretation of various song lyrics. Most important of all were the people, none more significant than the person who has been my partner for 12 years now.

 Of course, it wasn't all sunshine and roses -- there was plenty of personal drama and heated arguments, not to mention more sinister incidents, like members faking their own deaths. Even semi-private safe spaces on the internet will lure their share of jerks.

 The FFPB afforded me and many others a safe online space while we came of age. I visited every day for a decade and posted 12,178 times from an account that still somehow bore my MSN Messenger address in 2020. Many of the friendships forged there migrated elsewhere long before its demise -- to private IM chats, email, phone, the real world and, yes, social networks. The rise of those platforms essentially spelled the end of the FFPB, though a moderator also mentioned that the board couldn't comply with GDPR regulations. That could be a difficult obstacle for many of the web's other long-standing communities to overcome.

 Of course, it's far from the only once-popular message board to perish. Sony, for example, is shutting down its official PlayStation Forums today, February 27th. For many years, it's been a helpful resource for gamers from far and wide to troubleshoot issues with their console or PlayStation services, not to mention a place for players to discuss games with their peers. Sony hopes the conversation will move to Facebook, Twitter and comment sections of PlayStation Blog posts. Perhaps the community will reassemble on another message board; it could be hard otherwise to keep the essence of what makes forum-based communities special.

 Facebook and Twitter aren't as effective for keeping up with multiple discussions over an extended time frame. Reddit is a relative of traditional forums, but you won't see threads that stay active for over a decade or any that have a pulse longer than a day or two on busier subreddits. You can't exactly bump a thread to resuscitate it there either.

 One key thing Reddit does have in common with message boards is the importance of moderators. There were only a few of them steering the FFPB ship. They were terrific and pretty lenient, as long as you weren't a total jerk. They were vital guiding lights for that postboard, and they made sure it felt like arriving home every time I logged in.

 That's not to say you can't find your community on social media, though. Many, many folks have. Facebook Groups, for one thing, are thriving. Effective moderation can keep everyone in check there too, and place a lid on the toxicity that plagues the public side of the internet. "Often, what you actually want is an authoritative stranger, responding to your specific query, speaking from their experience, but with no strings attached, no connections, no fear of seeing them in the grocery store and them asking if you took their advice," Anne Helen Petersen wrote for BuzzFeed News last year. "The opposite, in other words, of the rest of the Facebook feed."

 I've been pondering what it might have been like to grow up on the internet if I were a teenager in 2020 and hadn't found my village. I might have been sucked even deeper into the unmoderated chaos of social platforms, where there's an unspoken expectation to act performatively instead of as our authentic selves.

 Without adequate moderation or stringent enough rules, it's all too evident that bad actors poison the well, sow division and spread misinformation. Those lead people to have ideologies and perspectives that are harmful to society. I'm all for free speech, but we'd still all be better off with reasonable moderators refusing to let people be dicks.

 In any case, my brain jives best with the order and structure of well-moderated message boards. They'll still be around for a long time to some degree, because many folks like me still prefer them to social platforms. They're simply the best spaces for niche discussion groups that blossom into fully-formed communities.

 The FFPB may be gone, but all is not lost: one of the moderators has set up an unofficial postboard for the remaining members. I'm really glad that the community will stick together in some form, and I have my fingers crossed others who found a safe space on message boards can keep theirs together too, including those PlayStation Forums members. If they can follow the example of the FFPB and move to a new forum, where they have to write out a response instead of half-heartedly clicking a like button, I bet the community will continue to flourish. It just won't be as visible as it used to be.

 All products recommended by Engadget are selected by our editorial team, independent of our parent company. Some of our stories include affiliate links. If you buy something through one of these links, we may earn an affiliate commission. All prices are correct at the time of publishing.
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Before social networks took over the internet, message boards were perhaps the most essential way for people to come together online and talk about whatever was on their minds. Our discussion spaces have evolved dramatically, though -- message boards aren't as important as they used to be, thanks to the decade-long onslaught of Twitter, Facebook, Reddit and more. Many formerly prominent destinations are closing up shop, including the message board I called my online home for well over a decade. IRC was before my time, and I started using the web a few years before social media changed the game, so message boards were where I found my tribe. I frequented a few but spent the vast majority of my time on the official Foo Fighters postboard (the FFPB, as it was known). After 20 years, all that remains is an earnest thanks-for-the-memories message. A stadium rock band brought us to the virtual dancefloor and the weird, lovely community kept us there. I hadn't been a regular since about 2013, but once I learned in mid-January that it was closing at the end of that month, I hopped back in and enjoyed reminiscing. In my youth, it was a place where I explored ideas and sought out advice. I found out about new music and films. I heard from different perspectives and learned about the political realities of people who lived in places I'd only heard of in the news. I'll never forget the running jokes, the marriages and the dramatic interpretation of various song lyrics. Most important of all were the people, none more significant than the person who has been my partner for 12 years now. Of course, it wasn't all sunshine and roses -- there was plenty of personal drama and heated arguments, not to mention more sinister incidents, like members faking their own deaths. Even semi-private safe spaces on the internet will lure their share of jerks.
 
 
 
 
 
  The FFPB afforded me and many others a safe online space while we came of age. I visited every day for a decade and posted 12,178 times from an account that still somehow bore my MSN Messenger address in 2020. Many of the friendships forged there migrated elsewhere long before its demise -- to private IM chats, email, phone, the real world and, yes, social networks. The rise of those platforms essentially spelled the end of the FFPB, though a moderator also mentioned that the board couldn't comply with GDPR regulations. That could be a difficult obstacle for many of the web's other long-standing communities to overcome. Of course, it's far from the only once-popular message board to perish. Sony, for example, is shutting down its official PlayStation Forums today, February 27th. For many years, it's been a helpful resource for gamers from far and wide to troubleshoot issues with their console or PlayStation services, not to mention a place for players to discuss games with their peers. Sony hopes the conversation will move to Facebook, Twitter and comment sections of PlayStation Blog posts. Perhaps the community will reassemble on another message board; it could be hard otherwise to keep the essence of what makes forum-based communities special.
 
 
 
 
 
  Facebook and Twitter aren't as effective for keeping up with multiple discussions over an extended time frame. Reddit is a relative of traditional forums, but you won't see threads that stay active for over a decade or any that have a pulse longer than a day or two on busier subreddits. You can't exactly bump a thread to resuscitate it there either. One key thing Reddit does have in common with message boards is the importance of moderators. There were only a few of them steering the FFPB ship. They were terrific and pretty lenient, as long as you weren't a total jerk. They were vital guiding lights for that postboard, and they made sure it felt like arriving home every time I logged in. That's not to say you can't find your community on social media, though. Many, many folks have. Facebook Groups, for one thing, are thriving. Effective moderation can keep everyone in check there too, and place a lid on the toxicity that plagues the public side of the internet. "Often, what you actually want is an authoritative stranger, responding to your specific query, speaking from their experience, but with no strings attached, no connections, no fear of seeing them in the grocery store and them asking if you took their advice," Anne Helen Petersen wrote for BuzzFeed News last year. "The opposite, in other words, of the rest of the Facebook feed." I've been pondering what it might have been like to grow up on the internet if I were a teenager in 2020 and hadn't found my village. I might have been sucked even deeper into the unmoderated chaos of social platforms, where there's an unspoken expectation to act performatively instead of as our authentic selves. Without adequate moderation or stringent enough rules, it's all too evident that bad actors poison the well, sow division and spread misinformation. Those lead people to have ideologies and perspectives that are harmful to society. I'm all for free speech, but we'd still all be better off with reasonable moderators refusing to let people be dicks. In any case, my brain jives best with the order and structure of well-moderated message boards. They'll still be around for a long time to some degree, because many folks like me still prefer them to social platforms. They're simply the best spaces for niche discussion groups that blossom into fully-formed communities. The FFPB may be gone, but all is not lost: one of the moderators has set up an unofficial postboard for the remaining members. I'm really glad that the community will stick together in some form, and I have my fingers crossed others who found a safe space on message boards can keep theirs together too, including those PlayStation Forums members. If they can follow the example of the FFPB and move to a new forum, where they have to write out a response instead of half-heartedly clicking a like button, I bet the community will continue to flourish. It just won't be as visible as it used to be.   All products recommended by Engadget are selected by our editorial team, independent of our parent company. Some of our stories include affiliate links. If you buy something through one of these links, we may earn an affiliate commission. All prices are correct at the time of publishing.
As internet forums die off, finding community can be harder than ever | Engadget
https://www.engadget.com/2020-02-27-internet-forums-dying-off.html
https://www.kahootz.com/benefits-of-online-forums/
Top 5 Benefits Of Online Forums You Can't Ignore in 2023
2020-01-23
Kahootz Admin
<div><div>
<h2><strong></strong></h2>
<p>Forums are online discussion groups. They’re like message boards, but they have rules and moderation, and they’re usually more focused on a single topic. Forums are considered to be one of the oldest forms of online communication. Back in the dial-up days, online message boards were where people would go to ask questions and get advice from other people. These days, people use them to talk about just about anything. There are internet forums for almost anything you can imagine, like sports, hobbies, and even politics.</p>
<p>In this blog post, we’re going to look at some of the main benefits of online <a href="https://help.kahootz.com/kb/articles/getting-started-with-forums">forums</a> – from early incarnations including BBS and Usenet, online forums have come a long way. Even now, they are still hugely popular. A <a href="https://www.pewinternet.org/2015/08/19/mobile-messaging-and-social-media-2015/2015-08-19_social-media-update_04/">2015 survey by Pew Research Centre</a> found that 15% of all internet users read or post comments on an online discussion site.</p>
<p>But why is it that in the age of Facebook and other social media sites, forums are still used so extensively? <a href="https://www.kahootz.com/teamwork-and-collaboration/">Understanding how technology helps collaboration</a>, we have compiled the top 5 advantages of online forums that you simply can’t ignore and why you should be using them to improve productivity within your team and other stakeholders.</p>
<h2><strong></strong></h2>
<p></p>
<p>This is what most people would consider the main advantage of an online forum.</p>
<p>They are a great way for your team members and stakeholders to connect over shared experiences.</p>
<p>To take things further, you could even create separate communities for different user groups so they can easily find topics ranging different interests that are relevant to them. This is a great way to ensure that they stay engaged with the conversations.</p>
<h2><strong></strong></h2>
<p>With e mail now considered a major productivity killer by many employees, organisations need to find new ways to improve communication.</p>
<p>An online forum can help form a key part of your <a href="https://www.kahootz.com/project-communication-plan/">communication plan</a>. Rather than searching through a packed inbox of emails, you can simply ask a question within discussion forums and see everyone’s responses in a clear, chronological order.</p>
<p>Besides the benefit of being able to answer questions, another advantage is that, through <a href="https://www.kahootz.com/features/document-collaboration/">online document collaboration</a>, the key points raised in the online discussion don’t have to be lost. The most popular platforms will allow you to pin specific posts to the top of the discussion so no-one misses any key statements.</p>
<h2><strong></strong></h2>
<p><a href="https://www.kahootz.com/improve-collaboration-in-the-workplace/">Improving collaboration</a> should be the near the top of your list of priorities.</p>
<p>Why? For a start, <a href="https://blog.clearcompany.com/7-workplace-collaboration-statistics-that-will-have-you-knocking-down-cubicles">75% of employers rate team work and collaboration as “very important.”</a></p>
<p>That’s not all though. <a href="https://www.kahootz.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-online-collaboration/">Online collaboration has many advantages</a> and can help to bring out the creative sides of your active members in a team or other members, as they can work closer together and bring new ideas to the table.</p>
<p>What better place to do this than in discussion forums? People can contribute their ideas in the knowledge that it is stored in an <a href="https://www.kahootz.com/why-kahootz/online-workspaces/">online workspace</a> that can be referred back to at any time.</p>
<p>BONUS CHECKLIST: DOWNLOAD OUR TIP SHEET ON <a href="https://www.kahootz.com/tip-sheets/how-to-collaborate-effectively/">6 TIPS ON HOW TO COLLABORATE EFFECTIVELY</a>.</p>
<h2><strong></strong></h2>
<p></p>
<p>There are <a href="https://www.kahootz.com/employee-engagement-benefits/">many benefits to having engaged employees</a>. Increased productivity and less absenteeism are just two reasons why <a href="https://www.kahootz.com/3-innovative-employee-engagement-ideas/">companies as large as Google and Facebook</a> continue to invest so much time and money into improving it.</p>
<p>This is backed up by <a href="https://www.fastcompany.com/3048751/happy-employees-are-12-more-productive-at-work">research that found</a> that employees are 12% more productive when they’re happy at work.</p>
<p>By creating a thriving online community, your stakeholders will naturally feel more engaged with your project.</p>
<p>It gives them a platform to express their views and creativity and ultimately feel like they’re positively contributing to its success.</p>
<p></p>
<h2><strong></strong></h2>
<p>Every day we are faced with problems that we need to overcome.</p>
<p>Sometimes we can just simply ask a manager or colleague for help. But what happens if they’re not around or too busy? The last thing you want is to be left to deal with the problem alone!</p>
<p>With an online forum, you don’t have to. Simply create a discussion and ask your community of forum members for help. If everyone posts problems and responds to them, over time it will create a network amongst colleagues that will be actively supporting each other.</p>
<p>Even better, as forum posts are generally archived, you can refer back to previous answers given to common issues to do with your project. It could grow to become an FAQ or Wikipedia style resource for your team or even your whole organisation.</p>
<h2><strong></strong></h2>
<p>Your forum doesn’t have to be a standalone entity. It can also form a key part of your existing or new <a href="https://www.kahootz.com/how-to-select-an-online-collaboration-tool-in-2017-best-practice/">online collaboration tool</a>.</p>
<p>Not invested in one? Perhaps you should. Especially when you consider that Gartner have stated that social technologies are currently used by 70% of organisations.</p>
<p>But there is another statistic that stands out. In the same article, Gartner also stated that most social collaboration initiatives fail because they follow a worst-practice approach of “provide and pray”, leading to only a 10% success rate.</p>
<p>To avoid this, you need to achieve <strong>one</strong> thing. Give your stakeholders a good reason to collaborate with you in this way.</p>
<p>An online forum can contribute to this. Ensuring discussions are around a particular topic, or any relevant topics that people want to actively participate in can help encourage stakeholders to regularly log in, engage with your tool and ultimately help you to achieve project success. A cornerstone to cloud collaboration</p>
<p>To make this even easier for you, leading suppliers give you the option to <a href="https://help.kahootz.com/kb/articles/notify-other-users-within-kahootz-mention-function">‘@ mention’</a> specific people to help increase participation and bring more people into the conversation.</p>
<h3><strong>Next steps</strong></h3>
<p>To help with your assessment of online collaboration tools, you should read our guide, which contains the 10 key questions you need to ask a supplier.</p>
<p>Alternatively, you can <a href="https://www.kahootz.com/start-trial/">try Kahootz out free for 30-days</a> and start building your online forum from scratch. It takes minutes to get set up and no IT training or consultancy is required.</p>
<p>Download our free guide on “<a href="https://www.kahootz.com/guides/online-collaboration-tools/">Online Collaboration Tools: 10 Questions to ask a supplier</a>“.</p> </div></div>||||I|||| * About Us
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 Home Top 5 Benefits Of Online Forums You Can’t Ignore

 Top 5 Benefits Of Online Forums You Can’t Ignore

 Posted on March 13, 2024

 What are forums?

 Forums are online discussion groups. They’re like message boards, but they have rules and moderation, and they’re usually more focused on a single topic. Forums are considered to be one of the oldest forms of online communication. Back in the dial-up days, online message boards were where people would go to ask questions and get advice from other people. These days, people use them to talk about just about anything. There are internet forums for almost anything you can imagine, like sports, hobbies, and even politics.

 In this blog post, we’re going to look at some of the main benefits of online forums – from early incarnations including BBS and Usenet, online forums have come a long way. Even now, they are still hugely popular. A 2015 survey by Pew Research Centre found that 15% of all internet users read or post comments on an online discussion site.

 But why is it that in the age of Facebook and other social media sites, forums are still used so extensively? Understanding how technology helps collaboration, we have compiled the top 5 advantages of online forums that you simply can’t ignore and why you should be using them to improve productivity within your team and other stakeholders.

 Encourage engagement on discussion forums

 This is what most people would consider the main advantage of an online forum.

 They are a great way for your team members and stakeholders to connect over shared experiences.

 To take things further, you could even create separate communities for different user groups so they can easily find topics ranging different interests that are relevant to them. This is a great way to ensure that they stay engaged with the conversations.

 Improve communication

 With e mail now considered a major productivity killer by many employees, organisations need to find new ways to improve communication.

 An online forum can help form a key part of your communication plan. Rather than searching through a packed inbox of emails, you can simply ask a question within discussion forums and see everyone’s responses in a clear, chronological order.

 Besides the benefit of being able to answer questions, another advantage is that, through online document collaboration, the key points raised in the online discussion don’t have to be lost. The most popular platforms will allow you to pin specific posts to the top of the discussion so no-one misses any key statements.

 Increase collaboration

 Improving collaboration should be the near the top of your list of priorities.

 Why? For a start, 75% of employers rate team work and collaboration as “very important.”

 That’s not all though. Online collaboration has many advantages and can help to bring out the creative sides of your active members in a team or other members, as they can work closer together and bring new ideas to the table.

 What better place to do this than in discussion forums? People can contribute their ideas in the knowledge that it is stored in an online workspace that can be referred back to at any time.

 BONUS CHECKLIST: DOWNLOAD OUR TIP SHEET ON 6 TIPS ON HOW TO COLLABORATE EFFECTIVELY.

 Better engagement

 There are many benefits to having engaged employees. Increased productivity and less absenteeism are just two reasons why companies as large as Google and Facebook continue to invest so much time and money into improving it.

 This is backed up by research that found that employees are 12% more productive when they’re happy at work.

 By creating a thriving online community, your stakeholders will naturally feel more engaged with your project.

 It gives them a platform to express their views and creativity and ultimately feel like they’re positively contributing to its success.

 Receive the 5 key methods of employee engagement straight to your inbox

 Seek assistance and support

 Every day we are faced with problems that we need to overcome.

 Sometimes we can just simply ask a manager or colleague for help. But what happens if they’re not around or too busy? The last thing you want is to be left to deal with the problem alone!

 With an online forum, you don’t have to. Simply create a discussion and ask your community of forum members for help. If everyone posts problems and responds to them, over time it will create a network amongst colleagues that will be actively supporting each other.

 Even better, as forum posts are generally archived, you can refer back to previous answers given to common issues to do with your project. It could grow to become an FAQ or Wikipedia style resource for your team or even your whole organisation.

 Help drive usage of your online collaboration tool

 Your forum doesn’t have to be a standalone entity. It can also form a key part of your existing or new online collaboration tool.

 Not invested in one? Perhaps you should. Especially when you consider that Gartner have stated that social technologies are currently used by 70% of organisations.

 But there is another statistic that stands out. In the same article, Gartner also stated that most social collaboration initiatives fail because they follow a worst-practice approach of “provide and pray”, leading to only a 10% success rate.

 To avoid this, you need to achieve one thing. Give your stakeholders a good reason to collaborate with you in this way.

 An online forum can contribute to this. Ensuring discussions are around a particular topic, or any relevant topics that people want to actively participate in can help encourage stakeholders to regularly log in, engage with your tool and ultimately help you to achieve project success. A cornerstone to cloud collaboration

 To make this even easier for you, leading suppliers give you the option to ‘@ mention’ specific people to help increase participation and bring more people into the conversation.

 Next steps

 To help with your assessment of online collaboration tools, you should read our guide, which contains the 10 key questions you need to ask a supplier.

 Alternatively, you can try Kahootz out free for 30-days and start building your online forum from scratch. It takes minutes to get set up and no IT training or consultancy is required.

 Download our free guide on “Online Collaboration Tools: 10 Questions to ask a supplier“.

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Forums are online discussion groups. They’re like message boards, but they have rules and moderation, and they’re usually more focused on a single topic. Forums are considered to be one of the oldest forms of online communication. Back in the dial-up days, online message boards were where people would go to ask questions and get advice from other people. These days, people use them to talk about just about anything. There are internet forums for almost anything you can imagine, like sports, hobbies, and even politics.
In this blog post, we’re going to look at some of the main benefits of online forums – from early incarnations including BBS and Usenet, online forums have come a long way. Even now, they are still hugely popular. A 2015 survey by Pew Research Centre found that 15% of all internet users read or post comments on an online discussion site.
But why is it that in the age of Facebook and other social media sites, forums are still used so extensively? Understanding how technology helps collaboration, we have compiled the top 5 advantages of online forums that you simply can’t ignore and why you should be using them to improve productivity within your team and other stakeholders.
   
 
This is what most people would consider the main advantage of an online forum.
They are a great way for your team members and stakeholders to connect over shared experiences.
To take things further, you could even create separate communities for different user groups so they can easily find topics ranging different interests that are relevant to them. This is a great way to ensure that they stay engaged with the conversations.
   
With e mail now considered a major productivity killer by many employees, organisations need to find new ways to improve communication.
An online forum can help form a key part of your communication plan. Rather than searching through a packed inbox of emails, you can simply ask a question within discussion forums and see everyone’s responses in a clear, chronological order.
Besides the benefit of being able to answer questions, another advantage is that, through online document collaboration, the key points raised in the online discussion don’t have to be lost. The most popular platforms will allow you to pin specific posts to the top of the discussion so no-one misses any key statements.
   
 Improving collaboration should be the near the top of your list of priorities.
Why? For a start, 75% of employers rate team work and collaboration as “very important.” 
That’s not all though. Online collaboration has many advantages and can help to bring out the creative sides of your active members in a team or other members, as they can work closer together and bring new ideas to the table.
What better place to do this than in discussion forums? People can contribute their ideas in the knowledge that it is stored in an online workspace that can be referred back to at any time.
BONUS CHECKLIST: DOWNLOAD OUR TIP SHEET ON 6 TIPS ON HOW TO COLLABORATE EFFECTIVELY.
   
 
There are many benefits to having engaged employees. Increased productivity and less absenteeism are just two reasons why companies as large as Google and Facebook continue to invest so much time and money into improving it.
This is backed up by research that found that employees are 12% more productive when they’re happy at work.
By creating a thriving online community, your stakeholders will naturally feel more engaged with your project.
It gives them a platform to express their views and creativity and ultimately feel like they’re positively contributing to its success.
 
   
Every day we are faced with problems that we need to overcome.
Sometimes we can just simply ask a manager or colleague for help. But what happens if they’re not around or too busy? The last thing you want is to be left to deal with the problem alone!
With an online forum, you don’t have to. Simply create a discussion and ask your community of forum members for help. If everyone posts problems and responds to them, over time it will create a network amongst colleagues that will be actively supporting each other.
Even better, as forum posts are generally archived, you can refer back to previous answers given to common issues to do with your project. It could grow to become an FAQ or Wikipedia style resource for your team or even your whole organisation.
   
Your forum doesn’t have to be a standalone entity. It can also form a key part of your existing or new online collaboration tool.
Not invested in one? Perhaps you should. Especially when you consider that Gartner have stated that social technologies are currently used by 70% of organisations.
But there is another statistic that stands out. In the same article, Gartner also stated that most social collaboration initiatives fail because they follow a worst-practice approach of “provide and pray”, leading to only a 10% success rate.
To avoid this, you need to achieve one thing. Give your stakeholders a good reason to collaborate with you in this way.
An online forum can contribute to this. Ensuring discussions are around a particular topic, or any relevant topics that people want to actively participate in can help encourage stakeholders to regularly log in, engage with your tool and ultimately help you to achieve project success. A cornerstone to cloud collaboration
To make this even easier for you, leading suppliers give you the option to ‘@ mention’ specific people to help increase participation and bring more people into the conversation.
 Next steps 
To help with your assessment of online collaboration tools, you should read our guide, which contains the 10 key questions you need to ask a supplier.
Alternatively, you can try Kahootz out free for 30-days and start building your online forum from scratch. It takes minutes to get set up and no IT training or consultancy is required.
Download our free guide on “Online Collaboration Tools: 10 Questions to ask a supplier“.
Top 5 Benefits Of Online Forums You Can't Ignore in 2023
https://www.kahootz.com/benefits-of-online-forums/
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2024-05-06T00:00:00Z

<html><body><div><div><div><p><a href="https://www.google.com/intl/en_us/ads/?subid=ww-ww-et-g-awa-a-g_hpafoot1_1!o2&amp;utm_source=google.com&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=google_hpafooter&amp;fg=1">Advertising</a><a href="https://www.google.com/services/?subid=ww-ww-et-g-awa-a-g_hpbfoot1_1!o2&amp;utm_source=google.com&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=google_hpbfooter&amp;fg=1">Business</a><a href="https://google.com/search/howsearchworks/?fg=1"> How Search works </a></p></div><div><p><a href="https://sustainability.google/?utm_source=googlehpfooter&amp;utm_medium=housepromos&amp;utm_campaign=bottom-footer&amp;utm_content="><span>Our third decade of climate action: join us</span></a></p></div><div><p><a href="https://policies.google.com/privacy?hl=en&amp;fg=1">Privacy</a><a href="https://policies.google.com/terms?hl=en&amp;fg=1">Terms</a><span><span></span></span></p><div><p>Settings</p></div><p></p></div></div></div></body></html>
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internet forums - Google Search
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https://contentmarketinginstitute.com/articles/google-answer-box/
Google Questions and Answers
2019-03-14T00:00:00Z
by Dennis Shiao
<html><body><div><div>
	<p></p>
<p>The keyboard and mouse may soon become relics.</p>
<p>By 2020, 30% of web-browsing sessions will be done without a screen as voice-first interactions rise, according to Gartner’s <a href="https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/gartner-predicts-a-virtual-world-of-exponential-change/">Top 10 Strategic Predictions for 2017 and Beyond</a>.</p>
<p>With voice search, your inquiry receives a single answer, which is determined by what’s in Google’s answer box.</p>
<p><span><span><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontentmarketinginstitute.com%2Farticles%2Fgoogle-answer-box%2F&amp;text=In%20voice%20search%2C%20the%20only%20answer%20given%20is%20what%E2%80%99s%20in%20Google%E2%80%99s%20answer%20box%2C%20says%20%40CourtEWakefield.%20&amp;related">In voice search, the only answer given is what’s in Google’s answer box, says @CourtEWakefield. </a></span><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontentmarketinginstitute.com%2Farticles%2Fgoogle-answer-box%2F&amp;text=In%20voice%20search%2C%20the%20only%20answer%20given%20is%20what%E2%80%99s%20in%20Google%E2%80%99s%20answer%20box%2C%20says%20%40CourtEWakefield.%20&amp;related">Click To Tweet</a></span></p><p>How do you get to be that answer? Start with lessons from Courtney Cox Wakefield, who talked voice search and the Google answer box in her Content Marketing World presentation <a href="http://cmi.media/video18">Achieving Position 0: Optimizing Your Content to Rank in Google’s Answer Box</a>.</p>
<h2>What is Google’s answer box?</h2>
<p>On the search engine results page, the <a href="https://contentmarketinginstitute.com/2019/02/seo-keywords-google/">answer box</a> lists what Google deems is the best answer to the query. It’s positioned below the search query and above the organic results. (Note: Not every search includes an answer box.) Interchangeable terms for the answer box include: “position zero,” “<a href="https://contentmarketinginstitute.com/2018/08/content-featured-snippets/">featured snippet</a>,” and “instant answer.”</p>
<p>Courtney shows the search results for “why can’t my kid sleep?” The answer box includes content from Courtney’s employer, Children’s Health:</p>
<p></p>
<p>“It’s styled a little bit differently from other results that are on the page. The font is larger, it’s highlighted with this shadow around it, and the answer text is positioned above the blue link,” says Courtney.</p>
<p>Voice searchers will hear the excerpt in the answer box read aloud. Conventional searchers see the answer box as the top position on the page. As Courtney says, “…(I)f you’re in the right location, you’re going to get the most traffic.” She uses the famous quote from British real estate tycoon Lord Harold Samuel to emphasize that sentiment:</p>
<p></p>
<p>Courtney shares a visual from Ahrefs’ <a href="https://ahrefs.com/blog/featured-snippets-study/">research</a> on featured snippet data:</p>
<p>Courtney views the result with a positive lens. While brands in position one capture 26% of clicks for search results without featured snippets, they can capture 28.2% of clicks for search pages with featured snippets if their content is the featured snippet and position one.</p>
<p><span><span><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontentmarketinginstitute.com%2Farticles%2Fgoogle-answer-box%2F&amp;text=On%20search%20page%2C%208.6%25%20of%20clicks%20go%20to%20featured%20snippets%20and%2019.6%25%20go%20to%20first%20organic%20result%20via%20%40Ahrefs.%20%23SEO&amp;related">On search page, 8.6% of clicks go to featured snippets and 19.6% go to first organic result via @Ahrefs. #SEO </a></span><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontentmarketinginstitute.com%2Farticles%2Fgoogle-answer-box%2F&amp;text=On%20search%20page%2C%208.6%25%20of%20clicks%20go%20to%20featured%20snippets%20and%2019.6%25%20go%20to%20first%20organic%20result%20via%20%40Ahrefs.%20%23SEO&amp;related">Click To Tweet</a></span></p>
<h2>How to be the Google answer</h2>
<h3>Step 1: Keyword research</h3>
<p>While there’s a time and place for software <a href="https://contentmarketinginstitute.com/2017/01/tools-find-keywords-content/">tools</a> – Google Keyword Planner, SEMrush, etc. – Courtney says to throw them out in this step.</p>
<p>Courtney recommends you talk to customers as well as your colleagues in sales. If it’s hard to schedule time with them, Courtney says, “Just go sit in on a sales meeting or two. Those can be really insightful.”</p>
<p>In addition, “Speak to the people who work in your <a href="https://contentmarketinginstitute.com/2017/04/questions-build-buyer-personas/">call center</a> and the people that answer your phones at the front desk. They have information about your customers that the folks in marketing don’t,” she says.</p>
<p>Hone in on how people are asking their questions. As Courtney says, “What language are customers using when they’re asking <a href="https://contentmarketinginstitute.com/2016/07/content-answer-searchers-questions/">questions</a>?” Build your keyword list around those phrases.</p>
<p><span><span><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontentmarketinginstitute.com%2Farticles%2Fgoogle-answer-box%2F&amp;text=Build%20your%20keyword%20list%20around%20phrases%20your%20customers%20are%20using%20when%20they%E2%80%99re%20asking%20questions.%20%40CourtEWakefield&amp;related">Build your keyword list around phrases your customers are using when they’re asking questions. @CourtEWakefield </a></span><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontentmarketinginstitute.com%2Farticles%2Fgoogle-answer-box%2F&amp;text=Build%20your%20keyword%20list%20around%20phrases%20your%20customers%20are%20using%20when%20they%E2%80%99re%20asking%20questions.%20%40CourtEWakefield&amp;related">Click To Tweet</a></span></p><p>Next, Courtney says, “Take the questions that you found from your sales team, your frontline staff, or your call center and start typing them into Google.”</p>
<p>Look at the contextual clues from Google through its people-also-ask and searches-related-to content to further inform your keyword list.</p>
<p></p>
<h3>Step 2: Competitor research</h3>
<p>“The competitors you have in the real world aren’t necessarily the competitors that you have in search,” says Courtney. Your competitor in search is the brand in the featured snippet for the keyword you want to rank for.</p>
<p><span><span><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontentmarketinginstitute.com%2Farticles%2Fgoogle-answer-box%2F&amp;text=The%20competitors%20you%20have%20in%20the%20real%20world%20aren%27t%20necessarily%20the%20ones%20that%20you%20have%20in%20search.%20%40CourtEWakefield%20%23SEO&amp;related">The competitors you have in the real world aren&#39;t necessarily the ones that you have in search. @CourtEWakefield #SEO </a></span><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontentmarketinginstitute.com%2Farticles%2Fgoogle-answer-box%2F&amp;text=The%20competitors%20you%20have%20in%20the%20real%20world%20aren%27t%20necessarily%20the%20ones%20that%20you%20have%20in%20search.%20%40CourtEWakefield%20%23SEO&amp;related">Click To Tweet</a></span></p><p>To start the competitive-research process, take the keyword list from Step 1. Type each into the search bar. Make detailed notes about the featured snippet. Courtney recommends evaluating:</p>
<ul>
<li>What’s the format?</li>
<li>Is it displayed in a bulleted list?</li>
<li>Is it displayed as a paragraph?</li>
<li>Is it in a table?</li>
<li>What words and phrases are used?</li>
<li>What’s the length of the answers? Are they long or one sentence?</li>
</ul>
<p>Save these notes because you’ll come back to them in the content planning phase.</p>
<p>Don’t leap to conclusions. Just because the featured snippet for one key phrase is a table, it doesn’t mean that all related key phrases should use a table.</p>
<h3>Step 3: Content ideation</h3>
<p>To demonstrate this approach to <a href="https://contentmarketinginstitute.com/2017/05/secrets-content-ideation/">content ideation</a>, Courtney talks about writing an article to answer the query “why can’t my child sleep?”</p>
<p>During the keyword research step, the content planners notice one of the related searches is “home remedies for insomnia.” They then research and include content about home remedies in the article.</p>
<p>The research also reveals kids get night terrors, which is a factor in their insomnia. Adding this element into the article makes it deeper and potentially more useful.</p>
<p>This research process for content ideation is often skipped, Courtney says, as content teams proceed straight to brainstorming. As she says, “We go into our content brainstorming meetings and folks say, ‘This is what the doctors want to write about.’ While that’s great and we do want to write about those things, we also need to make sure we’re answering the questions that our consumers have.”</p>
<p><span><span><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontentmarketinginstitute.com%2Farticles%2Fgoogle-answer-box%2F&amp;text=The%20research%20process%20for%20%23content%20ideation%20is%20often%20skipped%20as%20teams%20head%20straight%20to%20brainstorming.%20%40CourtEWakefield&amp;related">The research process for #content ideation is often skipped as teams head straight to brainstorming. @CourtEWakefield </a></span><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontentmarketinginstitute.com%2Farticles%2Fgoogle-answer-box%2F&amp;text=The%20research%20process%20for%20%23content%20ideation%20is%20often%20skipped%20as%20teams%20head%20straight%20to%20brainstorming.%20%40CourtEWakefield&amp;related">Click To Tweet</a></span></p>
<h3>Step 4: Content planning</h3>
<p>Content planning takes the information collected in the first three steps (keyword research, competitor research, and ideation) to determine the details of what to create.</p>
<p>“Now you’ve got these different themes, they’re grouped together, and you have to figure out, ‘Is this a series, a podcast, a single blog post?’ ‘How is this going to fit into the <a href="https://contentmarketinginstitute.com/2017/04/editorial-calendar-tools-templates/">editorial calendar</a>?’”</p>
<p>Go back to your competitor research and use the details from the featured snippet winners to guide your strategy. “Are the current answers handling all the questions in one blog post? Or are they going with long-form content that’s broken up over a series? Review those patterns and mimic them,” advises Courtney.</p>
<h3>Step 5: Content development and optimization</h3>
<p>Evaluate what your competitors are <em>not </em>doing well. What weaknesses in their content can you exploit and improve upon?</p>
<p>Is there an acronym that they didn’t spell out or explain? Did they answer one question but fail to cover related questions the reader would find important? Identify and answer those related questions and Google may determine that you’re the better answer.</p>
<p>It’s critical to use H2 headings (i.e., the HTML tag) when answering the key questions. “Google is not human. They can’t guess that you’re answering a question. They have to have some sort of clue and the H2 tag is that clue,” Courtney says.</p>
<p><span><span><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontentmarketinginstitute.com%2Farticles%2Fgoogle-answer-box%2F&amp;text=It%E2%80%99s%20critical%20to%20use%20H2%20headings%20to%20get%20your%20answers%20discovered%20by%20Google%2C%20says%20%40CourtEWakefield.%20%23SEO%20&amp;related">It’s critical to use H2 headings to get your answers discovered by Google, says @CourtEWakefield. #SEO </a></span><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontentmarketinginstitute.com%2Farticles%2Fgoogle-answer-box%2F&amp;text=It%E2%80%99s%20critical%20to%20use%20H2%20headings%20to%20get%20your%20answers%20discovered%20by%20Google%2C%20says%20%40CourtEWakefield.%20%23SEO%20&amp;related">Click To Tweet</a></span></p><p>Make the question you’re answering an H2 header. Answer the question below it. Also, mimic your competitor’s formats. “If Google likes the paragraph, put it in a paragraph. If Google likes a table, put it in a table,” says Courtney.</p>
<h3>Step 6: Technical optimization</h3>
<p>Courtney covers two areas of technical optimization — both may require the assistance of your web developers or IT team.</p>
<p>The first is structured data, also known as schema markup. According to Courtney, “Structured data is HTML markup that gives Google clues about what that content is. There is structured data for everything from <a href="https://contentmarketinginstitute.com/2018/06/reviews-content-pitfalls/">reviews</a> to frequently asked questions to articles. You’re going to want to make sure to use structured data to better describe your content.”</p>
<p>Next, verify that the <a href="https://contentmarketinginstitute.com/2018/01/seo-marketing-strategy/">technical SEO</a> on your site is optimized. Ensure that search engine spiders can crawl your site and that you have a complete and functional site map.</p>
<p>When Courtney started her current job, “the <a href="https://contentmarketinginstitute.com/2016/03/seo-page-titles-checklist/">title tag</a> for each of our articles, the one that we listed in our CMS, was not what was showing up on the actual page. Google was indexing the wrong words. We had spent all this time and energy optimizing title tags and they weren’t showing up.”</p>
<p>Courtney communicated this issue to the IT team, which corrected the problem.</p>
<h2>How do you know it’s working?</h2>
<p>Courtney acknowledges this is a tricky question to answer. Marketers are conditioned to think about SEO in terms of better rankings leading to higher click-through rates (i.e., more visitors to the site).</p>
<p>However, being the featured snippet often means satisfying the searchers so they don’t need to click. “Alexa will give her answer and cite you, but you’re not going to get a click to your site. So you won’t be able to say, ‘OK, all that work that I did, it had some value, it brought a click.’”</p>
<p>Courtney sees evaluating the effect of featured snippets as a challenge the industry needs to solve in the coming years. “As an industry, we’ve failed to define the benefit of an impression. What does it mean that someone got the answer that they needed from us? We don’t currently know how to quantify the benefit,” she says.</p>
<h2>Are you ready to <em>answer</em> the call?</h2>
<p>I have two distinct mindsets when I visit Google. The first is informational, where the answer to a question is black and white (e.g., what time does the game start?). In this mindset, I get the answer and never click.</p>
<p>The second mindset is research oriented. Here, there’s no simple answer to the query. Instead, I’m looking for detailed articles about a topic of interest. I’ll click to visit the site providing the content in the answer box. I’ll also review results on the first search results page and perhaps venture onto Page 2. I’ll open tabs to several of the articles. I’ll skim them to determine which I should read completely.</p>
<p>In both scenarios, your brand can benefit by having its content in the answer box. Not only do you get recognized for providing the answer, but you’ll receive clicks and traffic from research-oriented searches. That’s why you want to follow Courtney’s advice and optimize your content (or create new content) to capture valuable real estate: the Google answer box.</p>
<p>How are you doing getting your content into the answer box? Share your thoughts or experiences in the comments.<strong><em> </em></strong></p>
<p><strong><em>Here’s an excerpt from Courtney’s talk:</em></strong></p>
<p></p>
<p><em>Hear from the many expert presenters sharing their insight at Content Marketing World 2019. </em><a href="http://cmi.media/cmworld"><em>Register today</em></a><em> for the world’s largest content marketing event this September.</em><em> </em></p>
<p><em>Cover image by Joseph Kalinowski/Content Marketing Institute</em></p>
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The keyboard and mouse may soon become relics.
By 2020, 30% of web-browsing sessions will be done without a screen as voice-first interactions rise, according to Gartner’s Top 10 Strategic Predictions for 2017 and Beyond.
With voice search, your inquiry receives a single answer, which is determined by what’s in Google’s answer box.
   In voice search, the only answer given is what’s in Google’s answer box, says @CourtEWakefield.   Click To Tweet   How do you get to be that answer? Start with lessons from Courtney Cox Wakefield, who talked voice search and the Google answer box in her Content Marketing World presentation Achieving Position 0: Optimizing Your Content to Rank in Google’s Answer Box.
What is Google’s answer box?
On the search engine results page, the answer box lists what Google deems is the best answer to the query. It’s positioned below the search query and above the organic results. (Note: Not every search includes an answer box.) Interchangeable terms for the answer box include: “position zero,” “featured snippet,” and “instant answer.”
Courtney shows the search results for “why can’t my kid sleep?” The answer box includes content from Courtney’s employer, Children’s Health:
 
“It’s styled a little bit differently from other results that are on the page. The font is larger, it’s highlighted with this shadow around it, and the answer text is positioned above the blue link,” says Courtney.
Voice searchers will hear the excerpt in the answer box read aloud. Conventional searchers see the answer box as the top position on the page. As Courtney says, “…(I)f you’re in the right location, you’re going to get the most traffic.” She uses the famous quote from British real estate tycoon Lord Harold Samuel to emphasize that sentiment:
 
Courtney shares a visual from Ahrefs’ research on featured snippet data:
Courtney views the result with a positive lens. While brands in position one capture 26% of clicks for search results without featured snippets, they can capture 28.2% of clicks for search pages with featured snippets if their content is the featured snippet and position one.
   On search page, 8.6% of clicks go to featured snippets and 19.6% go to first organic result via @Ahrefs. #SEO   Click To Tweet  
How to be the Google answer
Step 1: Keyword research
While there’s a time and place for software tools – Google Keyword Planner, SEMrush, etc. – Courtney says to throw them out in this step.
Courtney recommends you talk to customers as well as your colleagues in sales. If it’s hard to schedule time with them, Courtney says, “Just go sit in on a sales meeting or two. Those can be really insightful.”
In addition, “Speak to the people who work in your call center and the people that answer your phones at the front desk. They have information about your customers that the folks in marketing don’t,” she says.
Hone in on how people are asking their questions. As Courtney says, “What language are customers using when they’re asking questions?” Build your keyword list around those phrases.
   Build your keyword list around phrases your customers are using when they’re asking questions. @CourtEWakefield   Click To Tweet   Next, Courtney says, “Take the questions that you found from your sales team, your frontline staff, or your call center and start typing them into Google.”
Look at the contextual clues from Google through its people-also-ask and searches-related-to content to further inform your keyword list.
 
Step 2: Competitor research
“The competitors you have in the real world aren’t necessarily the competitors that you have in search,” says Courtney. Your competitor in search is the brand in the featured snippet for the keyword you want to rank for.
   The competitors you have in the real world aren&#39;t necessarily the ones that you have in search. @CourtEWakefield #SEO   Click To Tweet   To start the competitive-research process, take the keyword list from Step 1. Type each into the search bar. Make detailed notes about the featured snippet. Courtney recommends evaluating:
What’s the format?
Is it displayed in a bulleted list?
Is it displayed as a paragraph?
Is it in a table?
What words and phrases are used?
What’s the length of the answers? Are they long or one sentence?
Save these notes because you’ll come back to them in the content planning phase.
Don’t leap to conclusions. Just because the featured snippet for one key phrase is a table, it doesn’t mean that all related key phrases should use a table.
Step 3: Content ideation
To demonstrate this approach to content ideation, Courtney talks about writing an article to answer the query “why can’t my child sleep?”
During the keyword research step, the content planners notice one of the related searches is “home remedies for insomnia.” They then research and include content about home remedies in the article.
The research also reveals kids get night terrors, which is a factor in their insomnia. Adding this element into the article makes it deeper and potentially more useful.
This research process for content ideation is often skipped, Courtney says, as content teams proceed straight to brainstorming. As she says, “We go into our content brainstorming meetings and folks say, ‘This is what the doctors want to write about.’ While that’s great and we do want to write about those things, we also need to make sure we’re answering the questions that our consumers have.”
   The research process for #content ideation is often skipped as teams head straight to brainstorming. @CourtEWakefield   Click To Tweet  
Step 4: Content planning
Content planning takes the information collected in the first three steps (keyword research, competitor research, and ideation) to determine the details of what to create.
“Now you’ve got these different themes, they’re grouped together, and you have to figure out, ‘Is this a series, a podcast, a single blog post?’ ‘How is this going to fit into the editorial calendar?’”
Go back to your competitor research and use the details from the featured snippet winners to guide your strategy. “Are the current answers handling all the questions in one blog post? Or are they going with long-form content that’s broken up over a series? Review those patterns and mimic them,” advises Courtney.
Step 5: Content development and optimization
Evaluate what your competitors are not doing well. What weaknesses in their content can you exploit and improve upon?
Is there an acronym that they didn’t spell out or explain? Did they answer one question but fail to cover related questions the reader would find important? Identify and answer those related questions and Google may determine that you’re the better answer.
It’s critical to use H2 headings (i.e., the HTML tag) when answering the key questions. “Google is not human. They can’t guess that you’re answering a question. They have to have some sort of clue and the H2 tag is that clue,” Courtney says.
   It’s critical to use H2 headings to get your answers discovered by Google, says @CourtEWakefield. #SEO   Click To Tweet   Make the question you’re answering an H2 header. Answer the question below it. Also, mimic your competitor’s formats. “If Google likes the paragraph, put it in a paragraph. If Google likes a table, put it in a table,” says Courtney.
Step 6: Technical optimization
Courtney covers two areas of technical optimization — both may require the assistance of your web developers or IT team.
The first is structured data, also known as schema markup. According to Courtney, “Structured data is HTML markup that gives Google clues about what that content is. There is structured data for everything from reviews to frequently asked questions to articles. You’re going to want to make sure to use structured data to better describe your content.”
Next, verify that the technical SEO on your site is optimized. Ensure that search engine spiders can crawl your site and that you have a complete and functional site map.
When Courtney started her current job, “the title tag for each of our articles, the one that we listed in our CMS, was not what was showing up on the actual page. Google was indexing the wrong words. We had spent all this time and energy optimizing title tags and they weren’t showing up.”
Courtney communicated this issue to the IT team, which corrected the problem.
How do you know it’s working?
Courtney acknowledges this is a tricky question to answer. Marketers are conditioned to think about SEO in terms of better rankings leading to higher click-through rates (i.e., more visitors to the site).
However, being the featured snippet often means satisfying the searchers so they don’t need to click. “Alexa will give her answer and cite you, but you’re not going to get a click to your site. So you won’t be able to say, ‘OK, all that work that I did, it had some value, it brought a click.’”
Courtney sees evaluating the effect of featured snippets as a challenge the industry needs to solve in the coming years. “As an industry, we’ve failed to define the benefit of an impression. What does it mean that someone got the answer that they needed from us? We don’t currently know how to quantify the benefit,” she says.
Are you ready to answer the call?
I have two distinct mindsets when I visit Google. The first is informational, where the answer to a question is black and white (e.g., what time does the game start?). In this mindset, I get the answer and never click.
The second mindset is research oriented. Here, there’s no simple answer to the query. Instead, I’m looking for detailed articles about a topic of interest. I’ll click to visit the site providing the content in the answer box. I’ll also review results on the first search results page and perhaps venture onto Page 2. I’ll open tabs to several of the articles. I’ll skim them to determine which I should read completely.
In both scenarios, your brand can benefit by having its content in the answer box. Not only do you get recognized for providing the answer, but you’ll receive clicks and traffic from research-oriented searches. That’s why you want to follow Courtney’s advice and optimize your content (or create new content) to capture valuable real estate: the Google answer box.
How are you doing getting your content into the answer box? Share your thoughts or experiences in the comments.    
  Here’s an excerpt from Courtney’s talk:  
 
 Hear from the many expert presenters sharing their insight at Content Marketing World 2019.   Register today   for the world’s largest content marketing event this September.   
 Cover image by Joseph Kalinowski/Content Marketing Institute
Google Questions and Answers
https://contentmarketinginstitute.com/2019/03/google-answer-box/
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