crypto and web3, twitter
https://twitter.com/ConstitutionDAO/status/1461527516670316544
None
Fri Nov 19 02:51:28 +0000 2021
ConstitutionDAO
<div>We showed the world what crypto and web3, onboarding thousands of people in the process, including museum curators and art directors who are now excited to keep learning.

We were the first DAO @Sothebys has ever worked with, but we're sure we won't be the last one.| created_at: Fri Nov 19 02:51:28 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1797 | quote_count: 75 | reply_count: 291 | retweet_count: 304 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|>
We showed the world what crypto and web3, onboarding thousands of people in the process, including museum curators and art directors who are now excited to keep learning.
We were the first DAO @Sothebys has ever worked with, but we're sure we won't be the last one.| created_at: Fri Nov 19 02:51:28 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1797 | quote_count: 75 | reply_count: 291 | retweet_count: 304 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en
https://twitter.com/ConstitutionDAO/status/1461527516670316544
https://twitter.com/gaby_goldberg/status/1437811499985035267
None
Tue Sep 14 16:12:29 +0000 2021
gaby_goldberg
<div>I'm joining the team at @tcg_crypto:

https://gaby.mirror.xyz/sXs9qaL44Cf5x3cAJ2ZXWOqoKJ8BRvHoH37-W6rwlDU| created_at: Tue Sep 14 16:12:29 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 962 | quote_count: 19 | reply_count: 159 | retweet_count: 29 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@gaby_goldberg @tcg_crypto this is a vibe congrats| created_at: Wed Sep 15 03:08:14 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 3 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@gregisenberg @tcg_crypto thank youuuu!!!| created_at: Wed Sep 15 03:11:38 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@gaby_goldberg @tcg_crypto Congrats Gaby.

Culture curators stand together.

You're a star 🌟| created_at: Tue Sep 14 20:03:54 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 14 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@Cooopahtroopa @tcg_crypto 🙏🔐❤️| created_at: Tue Sep 14 20:07:19 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 3 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: und </div><div>@gaby_goldberg @tcg_crypto Come a long way in 69 days https://twitter.com/JoshBromberg1/status/1438540360964313097/video/1| created_at: Thu Sep 16 16:28:43 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@JoshBromberg1 @tcg_crypto Wowwwww

It was certainly a wild 69 days :)| created_at: Thu Sep 16 16:36:33 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 2 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@gaby_goldberg @tcg_crypto congrats!!!| created_at: Tue Sep 14 16:25:09 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@gaby_goldberg @tcg_crypto All star team, congrats 👏| created_at: Tue Sep 14 17:20:32 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@gaby_goldberg @tcg_crypto Congratulations @gaby_goldberg @jarroddicker| created_at: Tue Sep 14 17:32:16 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 2 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@sriramk @gaby_goldberg @tcg_crypto thx friend| created_at: Tue Sep 14 17:32:52 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 0 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div>
I'm joining the team at @tcg_crypto:
https://gaby.mirror.xyz/sXs9qaL44Cf5x3cAJ2ZXWOqoKJ8BRvHoH37-W6rwlDU| created_at: Tue Sep 14 16:12:29 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 962 | quote_count: 19 | reply_count: 159 | retweet_count: 29 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  @gaby_goldberg @tcg_crypto this is a vibe congrats| created_at: Wed Sep 15 03:08:14 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 3 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  @gregisenberg @tcg_crypto thank youuuu!!!| created_at: Wed Sep 15 03:11:38 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  @gaby_goldberg @tcg_crypto Congrats Gaby.
Culture curators stand together.
You're a star 🌟| created_at: Tue Sep 14 20:03:54 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 14 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  @Cooopahtroopa @tcg_crypto 🙏🔐❤️| created_at: Tue Sep 14 20:07:19 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 3 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: und  @gaby_goldberg @tcg_crypto Come a long way in 69 days https://twitter.com/JoshBromberg1/status/1438540360964313097/video/1| created_at: Thu Sep 16 16:28:43 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  @JoshBromberg1 @tcg_crypto Wowwwww
It was certainly a wild 69 days :)| created_at: Thu Sep 16 16:36:33 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 2 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  @gaby_goldberg @tcg_crypto congrats!!!| created_at: Tue Sep 14 16:25:09 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  @gaby_goldberg @tcg_crypto All star team, congrats 👏| created_at: Tue Sep 14 17:20:32 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  @gaby_goldberg @tcg_crypto Congratulations @gaby_goldberg @jarroddicker| created_at: Tue Sep 14 17:32:16 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 2 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  @sriramk @gaby_goldberg @tcg_crypto thx friend| created_at: Tue Sep 14 17:32:52 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 0 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en
https://twitter.com/gaby_goldberg/status/1437811499985035267
<div>What are different definitions / standards of interop?
@meta is all for you being able to port your personal property (e.g. NFTs, profile data). But social graph portability is important- a community is defined by rships b/w people, not the content that they produce individually| created_at: Thu Nov 11 18:56:44 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 47 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 7 | retweet_count: 1 | lang: en </div>
What are different definitions / standards of interop?
@meta is all for you being able to port your personal property (e.g. NFTs, profile data). But social graph portability is important- a community is defined by rships b/w people, not the content that they produce individually| created_at: Thu Nov 11 18:56:44 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 47 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 7 | retweet_count: 1 | lang: en
https://twitter.com/j_asminewang/status/1458871329990615043
https://twitter.com/anay_sim/status/1463235985333006345
None
Tue Nov 23 20:00:19 +0000 2021
anay_sim
<div>bullish on women in web3| created_at: Tue Nov 23 20:00:19 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 4308 | quote_count: 55 | reply_count: 200 | retweet_count: 420 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|endoftext|><|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bullish on women in web3| created_at: Tue Nov 23 20:00:19 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 4308 | quote_count: 55 | reply_count: 200 | retweet_count: 420 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en
https://twitter.com/anay_sim/status/1463235985333006345
https://twitter.com/home
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2023-01-01
None
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https://twitter.com/i/events/1442958663493111808
Family attorney confirms Brian Laundrie’s cause of death / X
2021-11-23T00:00:00Z

<html><body><div><div><p><span>The attorney for the Laundrie family, Steven Bertolino, said on Tuesday that Brian Laundrie died by suicide. Laundrie’s remains were found in October in a Florida park. He was the sole person of interest in the death of his fiancée Gabby Petito who died by homicide, according to a coroner. Petito and Laundrie were traveling together across the US in a converted van at the time of Petito’s disappearance.</span></p><p><a href="https://twitter.com/i/status/1463211443642417152"><span>Photo via @WFLA</span></a></p></div></div></body></html>
The attorney for the Laundrie family, Steven Bertolino, said on Tuesday that Brian Laundrie died by suicide. Laundrie’s remains were found in October in a Florida park. He was the sole person of interest in the death of his fiancée Gabby Petito who died by homicide, according to a coroner. Petito and Laundrie were traveling together across the US in a converted van at the time of Petito’s disappearance.    Photo via @WFLA
Family attorney confirms Brian Laundrie’s cause of death / X
https://twitter.com/i/events/1442958663493111808
https://twitter.com/WilliamBryk
None
Sun May 09 03:29:07 +0000 2021
WilliamBryk
<div>CEO of exa (@ExaAILabs)| profile_url: http://exa.ai | name: Will Bryk | created_at: Sun May 09 03:29:07 +0000 2021 | favourites_count: 394 | followers_count: 1617 | friends_count: 98 | media_count: 35 | possibly_sensitive: False | verified: False | statuses_count: 204 | location: San Francisco </div><div>It's 3:30am and the team is cookin something biggg https://t.co/3tWJvX8nzB| created_at: Thu Jan 25 11:31:47 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 308 | quote_count: 3 | reply_count: 26 | retweet_count: 2 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Wait so coding agents were possible this whole time and we just needed IOI level prompt engineering??| created_at: Wed Mar 13 00:42:20 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 155 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 3 | retweet_count: 3 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>It's crazy that there are 3500 NeurIPS papers but no good way to explore this treasure trove of knowledge...

...so Metaphor made an app that lets you search, save, and chat with papers. Powered by our neural search

Download link below 👇

Hope you enjoy, and see you at NeurIPS! https://t.co/d3gsqu2Mp6| created_at: Fri Dec 08 00:18:49 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 147 | quote_count: 3 | reply_count: 3 | retweet_count: 16 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>So far, the most exciting thing to me about LK99 is it shows that noone -- including respected material scientists -- has any idea what the hell is going on inside materials once they get even slightly complex.

Magical materials are waiting to be found| created_at: Wed Aug 02 04:52:59 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 119 | quote_count: 2 | reply_count: 3 | retweet_count: 7 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Jeff once told a girl he had 6 GPUs. 

She responded that her ex had 8.  

Jeff was sad. Jeff was hurt. Jeff improved himself for 6 years.  

Now Jeff has 400 times the compute.| created_at: Sat Nov 04 01:56:19 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 80 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 6 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>i love the metaphor team so much| created_at: Sun Nov 19 06:46:44 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 68 | quote_count: 3 | reply_count: 4 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>In tribute to all our fallen SF comrades, come code with us Saturday night. 💻🥳

We're gonna setup desks, turn off the lights, setup strobe lights, blast coding music, and code till the break of dawn.

Let's turn those tears into good schema. 

Partiful link below 👇 https://t.co/6QULr3ygfj| created_at: Tue Sep 26 04:58:42 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 61 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 9 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>the state of big tech https://t.co/YBEi1zg3zA| created_at: Sat Feb 25 02:09:24 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 54 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 2 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>I dream of a future where the web feels like a database you could filter by meaning, in any way you want. 

It would feel like you have comprehensive knowledge over any domain, bc you'd know nothing is missing. 

This future is pretty close| created_at: Thu Feb 29 23:10:06 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 50 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>People think Google has a big moat in search, but that moat is actually a cage.

"They have all the search data" --&gt; That means their algorithm is designed for past search patterns, not future ones

“They have all the click data" --&gt; Which has optimized them directly into SEO…| created_at: Wed Dec 20 19:17:42 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 41 | quote_count: 4 | reply_count: 7 | retweet_count: 4 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>The next chapter begins!

Heroic effort by the team to ship all this.

Exa's gonna do it folks, we're gonna finally organize the world's knowledge. So exacited for all the product/research that's coming.

Gonna miss the metaphor puns, but will not miss watching people struggle to…| created_at: Fri Jan 26 19:35:57 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 42 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 3 | retweet_count: 2 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Ever wanted to build some crazy distributed transformer-based search infrastructure over the internet so that we could organize the entirety of human knowledge?

Me too.

@metaphorsystems is making this happen. If you're excited, DM me!| created_at: Thu Oct 26 22:40:33 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 40 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 11 | retweet_count: 5 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>We're gearing up to train a bigger, better search model at @ExaAILabs

Help us out - if magical search existed, what would you want to find? Tell us below and we'll try to make it possible 🫡 https://t.co/ooUhrQk7AR| created_at: Thu Mar 14 19:10:46 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 41 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 19 | retweet_count: 4 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Before starting @metaphorsystems, projects that involved gigabytes scared me. Now I'm happy when it's only terabytes. 

The day will come when petabytes no longer invite fear but relief🥹 https://t.co/C4kAD6dMb4| created_at: Wed Sep 20 01:45:56 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 41 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 3 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Human progress is bottlenecked by the number of competent relentless teams inspired by a mission. 

Very happy this guy is going hard to fix something missing in the world, thereby embodying the founders he interviews.| created_at: Sun Dec 24 21:38:17 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 38 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Crazy amounts of low hanging fruit in web-scale transformer-based retrieval research.

Several architectural improvements recently discovered by @zed_hat and @fine_whines at @ExaAILabs

Stay tuned! GPUs cooking 🔥🔥 https://t.co/QheCL06SRM| created_at: Thu Apr 18 19:54:51 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 38 | quote_count: 2 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>We tested GPT-3.5 Turbo finetuning for @metaphorsystems autoprompting and it’s pretty badass.  

You get near-GPT4 quality for about the same price as GPT3.5.

Input tokens ~10x cost, but need ~10x fewer in the prompt.

It’s slow as hell rn, but that will improve https://t.co/xHuZT7qcIe| created_at: Wed Aug 23 23:20:24 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 31 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 3 | retweet_count: 5 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>pro tip: if you want to clean your house in SF, throw a house party. 

a) people pick up garbage more than they create it
b) everyone wears socks, meaning you basically get a hundred little brooms that sweep dust to the corners of each room| created_at: Tue Aug 15 06:50:40 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 29 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 5 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>https://t.co/rhbWWTzAUO| created_at: Fri Nov 17 21:44:23 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 28 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: zxx </div><div>https://t.co/Ou1JyVOnzn| created_at: Mon Aug 07 18:08:05 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 27 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 2 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: zxx </div><div>Almost there! https://t.co/vOsD2b6cfI| created_at: Thu Jan 25 15:59:10 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 27 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 4 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>I bet a friend in early November 2022 that GPT-4 would not be able to solve this mechanics problem that I made up. Today I lost money 😢. Crazy times!! https://t.co/KHfXpsi1iB| created_at: Wed Mar 15 00:11:25 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 27 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 4 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>this is a sick application of the Metaphor API! It moves us toward a web that feels like a web, where the connections are based on idea similarity, and you discover new content by navigating those connections| created_at: Tue May 09 16:51:56 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 20 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 3 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Idea: A programming paradigm designed for LLMs.

- Each module has to fit inside a 4k context window
- Each module requires a text explanation of intended input/output
- Each dependency must be a module

Then LLMs could recursively check the codebase out of the box. No more hacks| created_at: Thu Sep 07 01:10:07 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 20 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 3 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Software startups need to operate as if truly human-level text processing is coming in 2024, because it probably is. 

A good thought exercise: "If GPT-5 came out today, would my software become more necessary?"

Luckily for search, the answer is yes 🎉🎉| created_at: Fri Jan 12 09:12:52 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 21 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>The ChatGPT API generates ~100 tokens/s in my testing. That means hiring ChatGPT full time costs 70 cents/hour. So a gigabrain task force of 20 ChatGPTs costs CA minimum wage| created_at: Thu Mar 02 03:13:52 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 21 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>The era of widespread open source LLMs has begun. This weekend's hackathon was just a taste of what's possible.

Couldn't have asked for a more fun crew to host it with... more to come!| created_at: Mon May 08 22:07:56 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 21 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 3 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>karpathy, perhaps it's time for an 11-year anniversary blog post
 
"The state of Computer Vision and AI: we are pretty darn close" https://t.co/IEiMuqujJO| created_at: Wed Oct 04 06:07:15 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 19 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 2 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Was honestly so fun to help build this. Crazy full team send!

Required some pretty interesting innovations to combine neural search over an ever-expanding gigantic index of sites with hard SQL-like filters, all near instantaneously| created_at: Wed Jun 07 06:55:57 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 19 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Straight from the "Early experiments with GPT-4" paper 🤯 https://t.co/4XETtdNmvj| created_at: Sat Mar 25 01:47:13 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 18 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Within 2 years you'll be able to get a comprehensive report on any topic, at any level of granularity, informed by all human knowledge, perfectly personalized to your preferences, instantly.

imo this will have more impact than any other tech, and the path to get there is clear| created_at: Sat Apr 06 00:59:16 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 18 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>The last time an entity had reasoning abilities on par with homo sapiens was around 40,000 years ago. 

The next time is probably this year.| created_at: Sun Jan 14 06:25:39 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 18 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@dwarkesh_sp @ShaneLegg There are few things in this life that make me giddy like a child: 
- The possibility of room temperature superconductors
- Detecting traces of alien life on Europa
- Seeing a Dwarkesh deepmind interview on my feed

Here's to dwarkesh demonstrating the internet's potential 🥂| created_at: Thu Oct 26 22:42:21 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 15 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Another wonderful podcast by @dwarkesh_sp . This dude is killing it. Very relevant for the current moment https://t.co/ZCfLt4J4pP| created_at: Sat May 27 08:05:23 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 16 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 2 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>It's been crazy fun building these new releases! We're stepping in uncharted search territory and there's literally so much left to do. The next year is gonna be insane| created_at: Tue Apr 18 21:14:35 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 16 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 2 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Wanna shoutout @LiamHinzman for designing and shipping a very fun video on a 3-day time frame for our exa launch! Many a redbull were spilled for this effort.

Liam's one of the smartest engineers I know who is now becoming one of the best artists I know. That's a powerful…| created_at: Sat Jan 27 01:56:14 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 15 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Ask and ye shall receive... excited to see what you all build with this!| created_at: Fri Apr 21 21:21:29 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 14 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>When I got in an uber this morning I immediately put on my seatbelt because I don't want to die before AGI| created_at: Thu Feb 15 19:53:20 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 13 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>GPT-4 is superhuman at explaining/brainstorming how to use a product. This kindof thing should be in every app.

Sick work @beeejar 🎉🚢| created_at: Wed Oct 04 17:31:57 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 10 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 3 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>come through and train your own model! @metaphorsystems will be giving access to the Metaphor API so you could power your model with the world's knowledge| created_at: Tue May 02 00:26:31 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 12 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>people are nothing without their OpenAI ❤️| created_at: Tue Nov 21 07:42:32 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 11 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>LLMs + google search will become commoditized. 

All search alpha comes from doing what LLMs + google can't and won't| created_at: Fri Mar 01 21:58:13 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 12 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Few things are faster than my mouse in the panicked race to reach the stop button before the text generation becomes unbearably normie https://t.co/ilhdheEJ3n| created_at: Mon Jan 22 17:41:00 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 12 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Sora + Vision Pro means that you can describe a world and then exist in it| created_at: Fri Feb 16 01:55:26 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 11 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Inspiring read. This is too important and delicate of a time in human history to chase incremental apps that move money around without pushing humanity forward.

If you're reading this tweet and deciding what to do next, choose a good quest.

https://t.co/xvhu7vf2jY| created_at: Mon Mar 18 08:38:18 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 12 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 2 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>The vision pro is a technology built by a society with no clear vision.  

If we don't have a common, compelling vision of what future society we want, then it's hard to evaluate whether the vision pro is good or bad.| created_at: Sun Feb 04 03:45:15 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 11 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>There's something beautiful about people who take their craft very seriously. 

I had the same feeling this week when observing:
- the guy who sold us desks and chairs
- a beast engineer churning out elegant code
- my dad diagnosing a sprained wrist

Why is it so beautiful?| created_at: Mon Aug 28 08:51:40 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 11 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Was a lot of fun talking about search with @cerebral_valley

Please dm me if you have some related ideas/counterarguments| created_at: Thu Feb 01 23:57:27 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 10 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 3 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Google’s completeness will go from feature to bug as LLM generation online 1000xs| created_at: Wed Jan 03 06:55:45 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 11 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 2 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Lucky to be working with people like @hubertyuan_ and @zed_hat who create both highly optimized rust systems and delightful explanations with the perfect memes 🫡

Stay tuned for more technical deep dives!| created_at: Mon Feb 12 21:55:49 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 10 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>can't wait for gpt4.5 to come out so that my mom stops thinking I'm insane| created_at: Thu Feb 22 09:26:16 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 10 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>One takeaway from the openai fiasco is that unaligned teams -- no matter how stacked -- will eventually collapse.

The aligned will inherit the earth| created_at: Tue Nov 21 03:48:16 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 9 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Exa is actually a customer of Exa 😊| created_at: Tue Feb 06 19:59:22 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 9 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@LisaWehden Maybe the loss of divine meaning enables a deeper meaning. Because it makes me ask "Where did the universe come from?" I have no idea, but I'm certain there's an answer, some great mind-bending truth. This mystery gives me a source of meaning religion never did -- unending wonder| created_at: Wed Oct 13 02:20:46 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 9 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@wangzjeff ...the tweet that began the fall of the huberman empire| created_at: Sun Aug 20 05:11:17 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 9 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>🤖❤️| created_at: Mon Aug 07 19:47:59 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 9 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: art </div><div>Retrieval is critical to AI alignment.

The knowledge AIs are fed through retrieval and finetuning will affect their behavior more than their intelligence.

Alignment researchers trying to control AI's intelligence should think more about how to control AI's knowledge| created_at: Tue Jan 30 17:38:00 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 8 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Math is self-play with God. 

LLMs will not need our data to play better than us.| created_at: Sat Dec 16 23:02:56 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 8 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>I'm surprised there aren't good short films portraying possible futures for AI. Like take 2 good scenarios and 2 bad scenarios and make a high quality short film for each. The "Slaughterbots" project is a north star.

One short film &gt; 1000 lesswrong blog posts| created_at: Sun Jul 02 07:02:40 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 6 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>still goin lol| created_at: Thu Jan 25 14:56:27 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 7 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>holy cow, AI generated music is gonna get soooo good.

- lyrics that mean something personally relevant (can be connected to journal)
- Tune adapts to computer activity (beat drop happens right on bug fix)
- infinite hanz zimmer| created_at: Sun Feb 11 03:32:21 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 7 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>This video samples from the latent space of the city (in both look and sound), and in doing so shows how our cities are just arbitrary points in the embedding space of possible cities.

Generative models are absurdist explorers.| created_at: Sun Dec 24 09:07:42 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 7 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>GPT-4 using Bing is like Thor using a twig https://t.co/qc5U55jHpA| created_at: Thu Jun 29 18:55:52 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 7 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@sineatrix legend| created_at: Tue Aug 01 04:25:08 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 6 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>getting major Einstein letter to FDR vibes from this OpenAI breakthrough https://t.co/xIm6uaBcJb| created_at: Thu Nov 23 08:00:20 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 7 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 3 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@metaphorsystems is in NYC this week, lemme know if you're a founder in the AI space who wants to get coffee / chat about the craziness going on in the information world rn| created_at: Tue Sep 12 22:43:36 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 6 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Well said. Photorealistic video achieved is not the biggest takeaway of Sora. The biggest takeaway is that scaling with the right synthetic data probably gets us to AGI.| created_at: Fri Feb 16 09:22:12 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 5 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Post Sora, the arguments that scaling doesn't work seem very weak and the economic gains of scaling seem very big.

The only thing that could prevent AGI at this point is societal collapse| created_at: Sun Feb 18 09:56:15 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>thanks king @jxnlco for hacking with us| created_at: Wed Aug 23 23:20:24 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 6 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>DALLE 3 generations are magical. 

Searching over all human knowledge should feel the same.

Here's DALLE 3's attempt to demonstrate that: https://t.co/SlWVRxqKGF| created_at: Thu Sep 21 22:34:47 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 6 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>This party is gonna bring SF so back that no one will need to say SF is so back, because everyone will just know that SF is so back| created_at: Sun Aug 20 21:19:59 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 6 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>The Cabana ships!🚢🚢| created_at: Wed Apr 19 06:13:00 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 5 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@dwarkesh_sp hell yeah
- what's his hope for humanity 2100AD. What about 1 million AD
- What's his "Faust parameter" and why (from his recent blog post)
- What's the biggest missing piece of LLMs
- ELI5 What the hell is an electron. Like straight up, how does a point particle make any sense| created_at: Fri Mar 03 05:58:39 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 5 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>The two people I know who are beasts at rust are both claustrophilic. Seems like there's some insight here| created_at: Mon Jan 29 08:35:08 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 5 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>I never heard anyone portray a post-AGI world that's truly exciting

Live forever, travel the stars.. humans would eventually get bored, it's our biology

Only one solution avoids that: 
Upgrade our biology to not get bored

Endless wonder and pleasure on a scale we can't imagine| created_at: Wed Nov 01 07:05:28 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 4 | retweet_count: 2 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Gonna be in NYC February 5th-7th. Come say hi at Exa's east coast launch event!

If you can't make it, would love to meet anyone in NYC who wants to help make the internet feel like this School of Athens painting| created_at: Wed Jan 31 23:48:08 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 5 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>The power of the internet to build a community of legends in one day that's better than anything that exists...

I wish this happened more| created_at: Wed Nov 01 18:16:44 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@SarahChieng @metaphorsystems ❤️ so happy to be building together! Sarah == legend has become only more true over time| created_at: Wed Oct 11 06:25:26 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 5 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@rrchalamala @siddmojha hey Rahul this is pretty sick. Imagine it over the whole web! Would like to DM you about it but your DMs are closed| created_at: Mon Jan 15 08:59:47 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 3 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@deliprao If people expect Google to scan over everything on the web with each search, and most of the web becomes crap, their job gets harder to the point where it might not be the right solution to scan the whole web| created_at: Wed Jan 03 08:14:16 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 3 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>why does your iq double the second you hit send on an email 🤔| created_at: Thu Apr 13 23:02:30 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 5 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>This post is terrifying and motivating. We have limited time to get our act together as a species. I suppose the first step is spreading the word: https://t.co/gImPtSxkze| created_at: Tue Sep 20 03:50:46 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@ExaAILabs I’ll go: “recent research papers about new types of information retrieval that don't mention the word LLM”| created_at: Thu Mar 14 19:19:16 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 5 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>I'm slowly awakening to the now substantial possibility we figure out why the universe exists before I die. (AGI leads to ASI leads to immortality/jupiter brains leads to the answer). 

Let's say 1/3 prob we reach ASI before I die * 1/2 prob ASI finds the answer.. a dice roll?| created_at: Tue Apr 11 17:57:55 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 5 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Folks, GPT-4 trained in a 3D Unity environment + an AR headset + a jetpack can probably do everything in this video. All those things already exist or will exist in the next two years. WTF

https://t.co/Ao6qRwTWlc| created_at: Sun Mar 26 22:19:06 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 5 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@IvanVendrov It's fascinating bc science cannot map atoms to feeling. If triangles felt joy, would that be boring?

It's important bc of moral implications. You'd drown a submarine but not a whale - why?

When we have AGIs walking around, these questions will become more than just philosophy| created_at: Tue Dec 19 11:33:09 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Kudos to @SarahChieng and @wangzjeff for beasting out the past few nights!| created_at: Fri Dec 08 00:18:50 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>https://t.co/8NDfdfnNcu| created_at: Fri Dec 08 00:18:49 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: zxx </div><div>No video has ever captured the craziness of the universe like some songs do. Perhaps bc there aren't filmmakers who are able to or who care to. AI video changes this. I will soon be able to make a video that captures the feeling I get from this song.

https://t.co/gUdU60vyCk| created_at: Mon Jun 26 05:12:00 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Feels unreal. Nat and team just showed the world how much more we're capable of| created_at: Tue Feb 06 04:34:27 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>I'd trade a lifetime of comfort for a few moments like this video. Real life isn't as perfectly cinematic, but doing a hard startup with my friends has been a close approximation.

https://t.co/jjvqAFwPcA| created_at: Mon Feb 19 03:18:07 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 3 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Come on, the implications of room temperature superconductors would be too crazy. People taking this seriously are nuts, let's be reasonable.

Side note: I'm a conscious blob of atoms sending messages at the speed of light, and I'm about to go code with a superintelligent being.| created_at: Thu Jul 27 04:05:34 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>"We imagine a future and our imaginings horrify us"
"They won't fear it until they understand it, and they won't understand it until they've used it."
"I don't know if we can be trusted with such a weapon"

I hope they don't make a sequel called "Altman"

https://t.co/KXnP2oKuYW| created_at: Mon Feb 27 07:56:02 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@fchollet Future LLMs will be a different breed than current LLMs, so what's true for current LLMs might not apply in 1 year:

- Self-play: Allows these models to learn beyond human data, like AlphaGo

- Bootstrap: if validation is easier than generation, the models can bootstrap by…| created_at: Sun Dec 24 13:22:27 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>ChatGPT with plugins is both the best and the worst thing to happen to the internet. I'm not sure if it's going to make it magical or destroy it.| created_at: Fri Mar 24 08:28:30 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 3 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>oh and kudos as well to GPT4 for beasting out flutter code like it's nobody's business. Crazy how fast you can build apps these days| created_at: Fri Dec 08 00:21:30 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 3 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>GPT-4 will save me at least 1 hour per month, because my nieces will no longer be calling me for math help. My uncle duties have been automated. Not super happy about that| created_at: Wed Mar 15 03:33:31 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 3 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>If someone were to ask me what they should do with their life (which no-one really has bc I'm barely an adult), I'd say 
1. Devour this waitbutwhy article and do the exercise at the end
2. Choose something you'll love doing even if it fails/is painful

https://t.co/wf6blIj4xR| created_at: Thu Nov 25 02:35:02 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 3 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>@dwarkesh_sp @ESYudkowsky - Portray the year 2072 if AGI actually goes well
- What AI safety breakthrough would cure your worries
- Steelman the argument that doom mindset actually hurts AI safety efforts| created_at: Thu Mar 09 02:36:29 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 2 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div>
CEO of exa (@ExaAILabs)| profile_url: http://exa.ai | name: Will Bryk | created_at: Sun May 09 03:29:07 +0000 2021 | favourites_count: 394 | followers_count: 1617 | friends_count: 98 | media_count: 35 | possibly_sensitive: False | verified: False | statuses_count: 204 | location: San Francisco  It's 3:30am and the team is cookin something biggg https://t.co/3tWJvX8nzB| created_at: Thu Jan 25 11:31:47 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 308 | quote_count: 3 | reply_count: 26 | retweet_count: 2 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Wait so coding agents were possible this whole time and we just needed IOI level prompt engineering??| created_at: Wed Mar 13 00:42:20 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 155 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 3 | retweet_count: 3 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  It's crazy that there are 3500 NeurIPS papers but no good way to explore this treasure trove of knowledge...
...so Metaphor made an app that lets you search, save, and chat with papers. Powered by our neural search
Download link below 👇
Hope you enjoy, and see you at NeurIPS! https://t.co/d3gsqu2Mp6| created_at: Fri Dec 08 00:18:49 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 147 | quote_count: 3 | reply_count: 3 | retweet_count: 16 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  So far, the most exciting thing to me about LK99 is it shows that noone -- including respected material scientists -- has any idea what the hell is going on inside materials once they get even slightly complex.
Magical materials are waiting to be found| created_at: Wed Aug 02 04:52:59 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 119 | quote_count: 2 | reply_count: 3 | retweet_count: 7 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Jeff once told a girl he had 6 GPUs. 
She responded that her ex had 8.  
Jeff was sad. Jeff was hurt. Jeff improved himself for 6 years.  
Now Jeff has 400 times the compute.| created_at: Sat Nov 04 01:56:19 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 80 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 6 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  i love the metaphor team so much| created_at: Sun Nov 19 06:46:44 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 68 | quote_count: 3 | reply_count: 4 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  In tribute to all our fallen SF comrades, come code with us Saturday night. 💻🥳
We're gonna setup desks, turn off the lights, setup strobe lights, blast coding music, and code till the break of dawn.
Let's turn those tears into good schema. 
Partiful link below 👇 https://t.co/6QULr3ygfj| created_at: Tue Sep 26 04:58:42 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 61 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 9 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  the state of big tech https://t.co/YBEi1zg3zA| created_at: Sat Feb 25 02:09:24 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 54 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 2 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  I dream of a future where the web feels like a database you could filter by meaning, in any way you want. 
It would feel like you have comprehensive knowledge over any domain, bc you'd know nothing is missing. 
This future is pretty close| created_at: Thu Feb 29 23:10:06 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 50 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  People think Google has a big moat in search, but that moat is actually a cage.
"They have all the search data" --&gt; That means their algorithm is designed for past search patterns, not future ones
“They have all the click data" --&gt; Which has optimized them directly into SEO…| created_at: Wed Dec 20 19:17:42 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 41 | quote_count: 4 | reply_count: 7 | retweet_count: 4 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  The next chapter begins!
Heroic effort by the team to ship all this.
Exa's gonna do it folks, we're gonna finally organize the world's knowledge. So exacited for all the product/research that's coming.
Gonna miss the metaphor puns, but will not miss watching people struggle to…| created_at: Fri Jan 26 19:35:57 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 42 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 3 | retweet_count: 2 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  Ever wanted to build some crazy distributed transformer-based search infrastructure over the internet so that we could organize the entirety of human knowledge?
Me too.
@metaphorsystems is making this happen. If you're excited, DM me!| created_at: Thu Oct 26 22:40:33 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 40 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 11 | retweet_count: 5 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  We're gearing up to train a bigger, better search model at @ExaAILabs
Help us out - if magical search existed, what would you want to find? Tell us below and we'll try to make it possible 🫡 https://t.co/ooUhrQk7AR| created_at: Thu Mar 14 19:10:46 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 41 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 19 | retweet_count: 4 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Before starting @metaphorsystems, projects that involved gigabytes scared me. Now I'm happy when it's only terabytes. 
The day will come when petabytes no longer invite fear but relief🥹 https://t.co/C4kAD6dMb4| created_at: Wed Sep 20 01:45:56 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 41 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 3 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Human progress is bottlenecked by the number of competent relentless teams inspired by a mission. 
Very happy this guy is going hard to fix something missing in the world, thereby embodying the founders he interviews.| created_at: Sun Dec 24 21:38:17 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 38 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  Crazy amounts of low hanging fruit in web-scale transformer-based retrieval research.
Several architectural improvements recently discovered by @zed_hat and @fine_whines at @ExaAILabs
Stay tuned! GPUs cooking 🔥🔥 https://t.co/QheCL06SRM| created_at: Thu Apr 18 19:54:51 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 38 | quote_count: 2 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  We tested GPT-3.5 Turbo finetuning for @metaphorsystems autoprompting and it’s pretty badass.  
You get near-GPT4 quality for about the same price as GPT3.5.
Input tokens ~10x cost, but need ~10x fewer in the prompt.
It’s slow as hell rn, but that will improve https://t.co/xHuZT7qcIe| created_at: Wed Aug 23 23:20:24 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 31 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 3 | retweet_count: 5 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  pro tip: if you want to clean your house in SF, throw a house party. 
a) people pick up garbage more than they create it
b) everyone wears socks, meaning you basically get a hundred little brooms that sweep dust to the corners of each room| created_at: Tue Aug 15 06:50:40 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 29 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 5 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  https://t.co/rhbWWTzAUO| created_at: Fri Nov 17 21:44:23 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 28 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: zxx  https://t.co/Ou1JyVOnzn| created_at: Mon Aug 07 18:08:05 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 27 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 2 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: zxx  Almost there! https://t.co/vOsD2b6cfI| created_at: Thu Jan 25 15:59:10 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 27 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 4 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  I bet a friend in early November 2022 that GPT-4 would not be able to solve this mechanics problem that I made up. Today I lost money 😢. Crazy times!! https://t.co/KHfXpsi1iB| created_at: Wed Mar 15 00:11:25 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 27 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 4 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  this is a sick application of the Metaphor API! It moves us toward a web that feels like a web, where the connections are based on idea similarity, and you discover new content by navigating those connections| created_at: Tue May 09 16:51:56 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 20 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 3 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  Idea: A programming paradigm designed for LLMs.
- Each module has to fit inside a 4k context window
- Each module requires a text explanation of intended input/output
- Each dependency must be a module
Then LLMs could recursively check the codebase out of the box. No more hacks| created_at: Thu Sep 07 01:10:07 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 20 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 3 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Software startups need to operate as if truly human-level text processing is coming in 2024, because it probably is. 
A good thought exercise: "If GPT-5 came out today, would my software become more necessary?"
Luckily for search, the answer is yes 🎉🎉| created_at: Fri Jan 12 09:12:52 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 21 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  The ChatGPT API generates ~100 tokens/s in my testing. That means hiring ChatGPT full time costs 70 cents/hour. So a gigabrain task force of 20 ChatGPTs costs CA minimum wage| created_at: Thu Mar 02 03:13:52 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 21 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  The era of widespread open source LLMs has begun. This weekend's hackathon was just a taste of what's possible.
Couldn't have asked for a more fun crew to host it with... more to come!| created_at: Mon May 08 22:07:56 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 21 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 3 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  karpathy, perhaps it's time for an 11-year anniversary blog post
 
"The state of Computer Vision and AI: we are pretty darn close" https://t.co/IEiMuqujJO| created_at: Wed Oct 04 06:07:15 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 19 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 2 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Was honestly so fun to help build this. Crazy full team send!
Required some pretty interesting innovations to combine neural search over an ever-expanding gigantic index of sites with hard SQL-like filters, all near instantaneously| created_at: Wed Jun 07 06:55:57 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 19 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  Straight from the "Early experiments with GPT-4" paper 🤯 https://t.co/4XETtdNmvj| created_at: Sat Mar 25 01:47:13 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 18 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Within 2 years you'll be able to get a comprehensive report on any topic, at any level of granularity, informed by all human knowledge, perfectly personalized to your preferences, instantly.
imo this will have more impact than any other tech, and the path to get there is clear| created_at: Sat Apr 06 00:59:16 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 18 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  The last time an entity had reasoning abilities on par with homo sapiens was around 40,000 years ago. 
The next time is probably this year.| created_at: Sun Jan 14 06:25:39 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 18 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  @dwarkesh_sp @ShaneLegg There are few things in this life that make me giddy like a child: 
- The possibility of room temperature superconductors
- Detecting traces of alien life on Europa
- Seeing a Dwarkesh deepmind interview on my feed
Here's to dwarkesh demonstrating the internet's potential 🥂| created_at: Thu Oct 26 22:42:21 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 15 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Another wonderful podcast by @dwarkesh_sp . This dude is killing it. Very relevant for the current moment https://t.co/ZCfLt4J4pP| created_at: Sat May 27 08:05:23 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 16 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 2 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  It's been crazy fun building these new releases! We're stepping in uncharted search territory and there's literally so much left to do. The next year is gonna be insane| created_at: Tue Apr 18 21:14:35 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 16 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 2 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  Wanna shoutout @LiamHinzman for designing and shipping a very fun video on a 3-day time frame for our exa launch! Many a redbull were spilled for this effort.
Liam's one of the smartest engineers I know who is now becoming one of the best artists I know. That's a powerful…| created_at: Sat Jan 27 01:56:14 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 15 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  Ask and ye shall receive... excited to see what you all build with this!| created_at: Fri Apr 21 21:21:29 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 14 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  When I got in an uber this morning I immediately put on my seatbelt because I don't want to die before AGI| created_at: Thu Feb 15 19:53:20 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 13 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  GPT-4 is superhuman at explaining/brainstorming how to use a product. This kindof thing should be in every app.
Sick work @beeejar 🎉🚢| created_at: Wed Oct 04 17:31:57 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 10 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 3 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  come through and train your own model! @metaphorsystems will be giving access to the Metaphor API so you could power your model with the world's knowledge| created_at: Tue May 02 00:26:31 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 12 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  people are nothing without their OpenAI ❤️| created_at: Tue Nov 21 07:42:32 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 11 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  LLMs + google search will become commoditized. 
All search alpha comes from doing what LLMs + google can't and won't| created_at: Fri Mar 01 21:58:13 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 12 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Few things are faster than my mouse in the panicked race to reach the stop button before the text generation becomes unbearably normie https://t.co/ilhdheEJ3n| created_at: Mon Jan 22 17:41:00 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 12 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Sora + Vision Pro means that you can describe a world and then exist in it| created_at: Fri Feb 16 01:55:26 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 11 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  Inspiring read. This is too important and delicate of a time in human history to chase incremental apps that move money around without pushing humanity forward.
If you're reading this tweet and deciding what to do next, choose a good quest.
https://t.co/xvhu7vf2jY| created_at: Mon Mar 18 08:38:18 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 12 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 2 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  The vision pro is a technology built by a society with no clear vision.  
If we don't have a common, compelling vision of what future society we want, then it's hard to evaluate whether the vision pro is good or bad.| created_at: Sun Feb 04 03:45:15 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 11 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  There's something beautiful about people who take their craft very seriously. 
I had the same feeling this week when observing:
- the guy who sold us desks and chairs
- a beast engineer churning out elegant code
- my dad diagnosing a sprained wrist
Why is it so beautiful?| created_at: Mon Aug 28 08:51:40 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 11 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Was a lot of fun talking about search with @cerebral_valley
Please dm me if you have some related ideas/counterarguments| created_at: Thu Feb 01 23:57:27 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 10 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 3 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  Google’s completeness will go from feature to bug as LLM generation online 1000xs| created_at: Wed Jan 03 06:55:45 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 11 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 2 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Lucky to be working with people like @hubertyuan_ and @zed_hat who create both highly optimized rust systems and delightful explanations with the perfect memes 🫡
Stay tuned for more technical deep dives!| created_at: Mon Feb 12 21:55:49 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 10 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  can't wait for gpt4.5 to come out so that my mom stops thinking I'm insane| created_at: Thu Feb 22 09:26:16 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 10 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  One takeaway from the openai fiasco is that unaligned teams -- no matter how stacked -- will eventually collapse.
The aligned will inherit the earth| created_at: Tue Nov 21 03:48:16 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 9 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Exa is actually a customer of Exa 😊| created_at: Tue Feb 06 19:59:22 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 9 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  @LisaWehden Maybe the loss of divine meaning enables a deeper meaning. Because it makes me ask "Where did the universe come from?" I have no idea, but I'm certain there's an answer, some great mind-bending truth. This mystery gives me a source of meaning religion never did -- unending wonder| created_at: Wed Oct 13 02:20:46 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 9 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  @wangzjeff ...the tweet that began the fall of the huberman empire| created_at: Sun Aug 20 05:11:17 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 9 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  🤖❤️| created_at: Mon Aug 07 19:47:59 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 9 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: art  Retrieval is critical to AI alignment.
The knowledge AIs are fed through retrieval and finetuning will affect their behavior more than their intelligence.
Alignment researchers trying to control AI's intelligence should think more about how to control AI's knowledge| created_at: Tue Jan 30 17:38:00 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 8 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Math is self-play with God. 
LLMs will not need our data to play better than us.| created_at: Sat Dec 16 23:02:56 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 8 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  I'm surprised there aren't good short films portraying possible futures for AI. Like take 2 good scenarios and 2 bad scenarios and make a high quality short film for each. The "Slaughterbots" project is a north star.
One short film &gt; 1000 lesswrong blog posts| created_at: Sun Jul 02 07:02:40 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 6 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  still goin lol| created_at: Thu Jan 25 14:56:27 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 7 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  holy cow, AI generated music is gonna get soooo good.
- lyrics that mean something personally relevant (can be connected to journal)
- Tune adapts to computer activity (beat drop happens right on bug fix)
- infinite hanz zimmer| created_at: Sun Feb 11 03:32:21 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 7 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  This video samples from the latent space of the city (in both look and sound), and in doing so shows how our cities are just arbitrary points in the embedding space of possible cities.
Generative models are absurdist explorers.| created_at: Sun Dec 24 09:07:42 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 7 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  GPT-4 using Bing is like Thor using a twig https://t.co/qc5U55jHpA| created_at: Thu Jun 29 18:55:52 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 7 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  @sineatrix legend| created_at: Tue Aug 01 04:25:08 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 6 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  getting major Einstein letter to FDR vibes from this OpenAI breakthrough https://t.co/xIm6uaBcJb| created_at: Thu Nov 23 08:00:20 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 7 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 3 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  @metaphorsystems is in NYC this week, lemme know if you're a founder in the AI space who wants to get coffee / chat about the craziness going on in the information world rn| created_at: Tue Sep 12 22:43:36 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 6 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Well said. Photorealistic video achieved is not the biggest takeaway of Sora. The biggest takeaway is that scaling with the right synthetic data probably gets us to AGI.| created_at: Fri Feb 16 09:22:12 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 5 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  Post Sora, the arguments that scaling doesn't work seem very weak and the economic gains of scaling seem very big.
The only thing that could prevent AGI at this point is societal collapse| created_at: Sun Feb 18 09:56:15 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  thanks king @jxnlco for hacking with us| created_at: Wed Aug 23 23:20:24 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 6 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  DALLE 3 generations are magical. 
Searching over all human knowledge should feel the same.
Here's DALLE 3's attempt to demonstrate that: https://t.co/SlWVRxqKGF| created_at: Thu Sep 21 22:34:47 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 6 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  This party is gonna bring SF so back that no one will need to say SF is so back, because everyone will just know that SF is so back| created_at: Sun Aug 20 21:19:59 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 6 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  The Cabana ships!🚢🚢| created_at: Wed Apr 19 06:13:00 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 5 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  @dwarkesh_sp hell yeah
- what's his hope for humanity 2100AD. What about 1 million AD
- What's his "Faust parameter" and why (from his recent blog post)
- What's the biggest missing piece of LLMs
- ELI5 What the hell is an electron. Like straight up, how does a point particle make any sense| created_at: Fri Mar 03 05:58:39 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 5 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  The two people I know who are beasts at rust are both claustrophilic. Seems like there's some insight here| created_at: Mon Jan 29 08:35:08 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 5 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  I never heard anyone portray a post-AGI world that's truly exciting
Live forever, travel the stars.. humans would eventually get bored, it's our biology
Only one solution avoids that: 
Upgrade our biology to not get bored
Endless wonder and pleasure on a scale we can't imagine| created_at: Wed Nov 01 07:05:28 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 4 | retweet_count: 2 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Gonna be in NYC February 5th-7th. Come say hi at Exa's east coast launch event!
If you can't make it, would love to meet anyone in NYC who wants to help make the internet feel like this School of Athens painting| created_at: Wed Jan 31 23:48:08 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 5 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  The power of the internet to build a community of legends in one day that's better than anything that exists...
I wish this happened more| created_at: Wed Nov 01 18:16:44 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  @SarahChieng @metaphorsystems ❤️ so happy to be building together! Sarah == legend has become only more true over time| created_at: Wed Oct 11 06:25:26 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 5 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  @rrchalamala @siddmojha hey Rahul this is pretty sick. Imagine it over the whole web! Would like to DM you about it but your DMs are closed| created_at: Mon Jan 15 08:59:47 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 3 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  @deliprao If people expect Google to scan over everything on the web with each search, and most of the web becomes crap, their job gets harder to the point where it might not be the right solution to scan the whole web| created_at: Wed Jan 03 08:14:16 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 3 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  why does your iq double the second you hit send on an email 🤔| created_at: Thu Apr 13 23:02:30 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 5 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  This post is terrifying and motivating. We have limited time to get our act together as a species. I suppose the first step is spreading the word: https://t.co/gImPtSxkze| created_at: Tue Sep 20 03:50:46 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  @ExaAILabs I’ll go: “recent research papers about new types of information retrieval that don't mention the word LLM”| created_at: Thu Mar 14 19:19:16 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 5 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  I'm slowly awakening to the now substantial possibility we figure out why the universe exists before I die. (AGI leads to ASI leads to immortality/jupiter brains leads to the answer). 
Let's say 1/3 prob we reach ASI before I die * 1/2 prob ASI finds the answer.. a dice roll?| created_at: Tue Apr 11 17:57:55 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 5 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 2 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Folks, GPT-4 trained in a 3D Unity environment + an AR headset + a jetpack can probably do everything in this video. All those things already exist or will exist in the next two years. WTF
https://t.co/Ao6qRwTWlc| created_at: Sun Mar 26 22:19:06 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 5 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  @IvanVendrov It's fascinating bc science cannot map atoms to feeling. If triangles felt joy, would that be boring?
It's important bc of moral implications. You'd drown a submarine but not a whale - why?
When we have AGIs walking around, these questions will become more than just philosophy| created_at: Tue Dec 19 11:33:09 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Kudos to @SarahChieng and @wangzjeff for beasting out the past few nights!| created_at: Fri Dec 08 00:18:50 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  https://t.co/8NDfdfnNcu| created_at: Fri Dec 08 00:18:49 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: zxx  No video has ever captured the craziness of the universe like some songs do. Perhaps bc there aren't filmmakers who are able to or who care to. AI video changes this. I will soon be able to make a video that captures the feeling I get from this song.
https://t.co/gUdU60vyCk| created_at: Mon Jun 26 05:12:00 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 1 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Feels unreal. Nat and team just showed the world how much more we're capable of| created_at: Tue Feb 06 04:34:27 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: True | retweeted: False | lang: en  I'd trade a lifetime of comfort for a few moments like this video. Real life isn't as perfectly cinematic, but doing a hard startup with my friends has been a close approximation.
https://t.co/jjvqAFwPcA| created_at: Mon Feb 19 03:18:07 +0000 2024 | favorite_count: 3 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Come on, the implications of room temperature superconductors would be too crazy. People taking this seriously are nuts, let's be reasonable.
Side note: I'm a conscious blob of atoms sending messages at the speed of light, and I'm about to go code with a superintelligent being.| created_at: Thu Jul 27 04:05:34 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  "We imagine a future and our imaginings horrify us"
"They won't fear it until they understand it, and they won't understand it until they've used it."
"I don't know if we can be trusted with such a weapon"
I hope they don't make a sequel called "Altman"
https://t.co/KXnP2oKuYW| created_at: Mon Feb 27 07:56:02 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  @fchollet Future LLMs will be a different breed than current LLMs, so what's true for current LLMs might not apply in 1 year:
- Self-play: Allows these models to learn beyond human data, like AlphaGo
- Bootstrap: if validation is easier than generation, the models can bootstrap by…| created_at: Sun Dec 24 13:22:27 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 4 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 1 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  ChatGPT with plugins is both the best and the worst thing to happen to the internet. I'm not sure if it's going to make it magical or destroy it.| created_at: Fri Mar 24 08:28:30 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 3 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  oh and kudos as well to GPT4 for beasting out flutter code like it's nobody's business. Crazy how fast you can build apps these days| created_at: Fri Dec 08 00:21:30 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 3 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  GPT-4 will save me at least 1 hour per month, because my nieces will no longer be calling me for math help. My uncle duties have been automated. Not super happy about that| created_at: Wed Mar 15 03:33:31 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 3 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 0 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  If someone were to ask me what they should do with their life (which no-one really has bc I'm barely an adult), I'd say 
1. Devour this waitbutwhy article and do the exercise at the end
2. Choose something you'll love doing even if it fails/is painful
https://t.co/wf6blIj4xR| created_at: Thu Nov 25 02:35:02 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 3 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  @dwarkesh_sp @ESYudkowsky - Portray the year 2072 if AGI actually goes well
- What AI safety breakthrough would cure your worries
- Steelman the argument that doom mindset actually hurts AI safety efforts| created_at: Thu Mar 09 02:36:29 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 2 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 1 | retweet_count: 0 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en
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crypto
<div>How crypto and blockchain are reshaping our world
📧: https://t.co/nsAHDmNtwq
Telegram: https://t.co/6NXRIyMLLe| profile_url: https://www.bloomberg.com/crypto | name: Bloomberg Crypto | created_at: Thu Nov 09 23:00:29 +0000 2017 | favourites_count: 223 | followers_count: 1102536 | friends_count: 141 | media_count: 4269 | possibly_sensitive: False | verified: False | statuses_count: 30648 | location:  </div><div>Bloomberg Crypto is now on Telegram.

As Sam Bankman-Fried's trial continues, join our channel for the latest news and analysis from the crypto universe https://t.co/geiphM1qV7 https://t.co/Xp28MYP4tA| created_at: Wed Oct 11 19:10:34 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 760 | quote_count: 17 | reply_count: 925 | retweet_count: 590 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>JUST IN: Vladimir Putin says he accepts crypto as a legitimate currency for making payments https://t.co/yYX2aQkQ4i via @markets| created_at: Thu Oct 14 09:23:22 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 13248 | quote_count: 776 | reply_count: 626 | retweet_count: 3418 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>JUST IN: Shiba Inu is now the 12th largest cryptocurrency, after rising over 300% in a week https://t.co/3YGpTMDPpH| created_at: Thu Oct 07 03:50:36 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 6703 | quote_count: 151 | reply_count: 378 | retweet_count: 1846 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>The source of funds for the winning bid in Melania Trump’s first NFT auction appears to be the creators of the project themselves https://t.co/qHdwr8CD73| created_at: Wed Feb 16 19:32:50 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 4754 | quote_count: 2008 | reply_count: 1212 | retweet_count: 2041 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>EXCLUSIVE: The SEC is likely to allow the first U.S. #Bitcoin futures ETF to begin trading next week, in what would be a watershed moment for crypto https://t.co/ZbGKr8EBBN| created_at: Fri Oct 15 02:38:29 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 4667 | quote_count: 299 | reply_count: 247 | retweet_count: 1396 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>BREAKING: Binance, the world's biggest crypto exchange, is under investigation by the Justice Department and IRS https://t.co/mk0Njo7tUE| created_at: Thu May 13 17:03:14 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 3533 | quote_count: 1276 | reply_count: 892 | retweet_count: 1616 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>"Binance is not a Chinese company, we are not related to China at all."

CEO Changpeng "CZ" Zhao (@cz_binance), who is considering a bid for assets of bankrupt crypto firm Voyager, said on @BloombergTV his company is mistakenly believed to be Chinese "because I look Chinese" https://t.co/Wqos9XTeW5| created_at: Thu Nov 24 06:58:05 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 3777 | quote_count: 172 | reply_count: 600 | retweet_count: 673 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Ethereum is closing in on a long-sought fix to reduce energy use over 99% https://t.co/CE3OlgYmpE| created_at: Sun May 23 15:15:20 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 3555 | quote_count: 89 | reply_count: 116 | retweet_count: 752 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Ripple Labs CEO Brad Garlinghouse says that a federal court's decision means that its crypto token XRP “is not a security,” giving the digital-payments company more freedom to pursue various business opportunities https://t.co/lpNFuakr6K https://t.co/ZKmb1nt4Ac| created_at: Fri Jul 14 19:11:20 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 3701 | quote_count: 97 | reply_count: 134 | retweet_count: 1167 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>In case you missed it: Robinhood investors who missed out on Dogecoin’s rally want the chance to ride Shiba Inu’s surge https://t.co/tv5ODFpzQl| created_at: Wed Nov 03 14:55:11 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 3275 | quote_count: 79 | reply_count: 267 | retweet_count: 1112 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>"I think @elonmusk wants to be a humorous guy ... but he has to realize that his tweets do have the power to move markets," says Changpeng Zhao.

@cz_binance speaks to @tracyalloway at the Qatar Economic Forum. Watch the full video here: https://t.co/E5GF1hthYI https://t.co/WvsV4qY8Jp| created_at: Wed Jun 23 04:01:04 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 3017 | quote_count: 48 | reply_count: 321 | retweet_count: 535 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>El Salvador began installing Bitcoin ATMs, allowing its citizens to convert the cryptocurrency into U.S. dollars and withdraw it in cash https://t.co/LbFVs11MZ5| created_at: Mon Aug 23 18:55:00 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 3079 | quote_count: 64 | reply_count: 126 | retweet_count: 763 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Robinhood investors who missed out on Dogecoin’s rally earlier this year now want the chance to ride Shiba Inu’s autumn surge https://t.co/7faBHfUlWr via @wealth| created_at: Sun Oct 31 17:41:03 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 2913 | quote_count: 64 | reply_count: 220 | retweet_count: 1052 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>“The only country on the planet that thinks XRP is a security is the United States.”

Ripple CEO Brad Garlinghouse joins the Bloomberg Crypto show to talk about the SEC rules on XRP's classification https://t.co/7Nsf3ppwtY https://t.co/ArwSdJxLQY| created_at: Wed Apr 27 01:38:00 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 2852 | quote_count: 68 | reply_count: 275 | retweet_count: 986 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>El Salvador became the first country to formally adopt #Bitcoin as legal tender.

Castle Island’s @nic__carter was talking to President @nayibbukele on Twitter when the vote occurred. Here's what he had to say.

More on @crypto: https://t.co/kW75EqxgK7 https://t.co/s9X5lejLzQ| created_at: Thu Jun 10 00:57:14 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 2588 | quote_count: 39 | reply_count: 69 | retweet_count: 478 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Vladimir Putin says he accepts crypto as a legitimate currency for making payments https://t.co/Bb93O3T4ZN https://t.co/j2VcT4Ns4p| created_at: Thu Oct 14 11:16:56 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 2524 | quote_count: 129 | reply_count: 119 | retweet_count: 622 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Curious about #cryptocurrency? Not sure how to buy #Bitcoin? We've got you covered!

From the latest news and updates to a beginners guide to everything @crypto and more: https://t.co/4ElqlFWMS1 https://t.co/0KzykWOeqb| created_at: Fri Mar 05 07:53:55 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1873 | quote_count: 128 | reply_count: 3574 | retweet_count: 1299 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>https://t.co/UXIzUGRUeR will be publishing its audited proof of reserves, CEO Kris Marszalek says in a tweet, noting that transparency is more important than ever https://t.co/DYSYjPeDz9| created_at: Thu Nov 10 05:52:04 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 2425 | quote_count: 69 | reply_count: 202 | retweet_count: 652 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>A power plant in New York sets up its own Bitcoin mining operation, using the electricity it produces to generate about $50,000 worth of the cryptocurrency every day https://t.co/VJeLxHdOR5| created_at: Thu Mar 05 11:22:31 +0000 2020 | favorite_count: 2141 | quote_count: 144 | reply_count: 81 | retweet_count: 698 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Cryptocurrency pioneer Justin Sun bid a record $4.57 million to have lunch with Warren Buffett—and maybe change his mind about digital coins https://t.co/w3YuiOZNm5| created_at: Mon Jun 03 16:40:01 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 2029 | quote_count: 136 | reply_count: 189 | retweet_count: 583 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>https://t.co/UXIzUGRmpj buys two exchanges from IG Group for $216 million https://t.co/UpOR7z6FLz via @technology| created_at: Wed Dec 01 08:28:50 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 2121 | quote_count: 50 | reply_count: 219 | retweet_count: 630 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Binance CEO Zhao Changpeng calls 2018 a "correction year" for cryptocurrencies, and adds that "we want to kick off 2019 with a bang" https://t.co/0whUEdjyIi https://t.co/h1X21lYE35| created_at: Wed Dec 19 23:49:05 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 1918 | quote_count: 74 | reply_count: 74 | retweet_count: 644 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>BREAKING: South Korea issues an arrest warrant for crypto firm founder Do Kwon as it probes alleged illegal activity behind collapsed stablecoin TerraUSD
https://t.co/7Ahn0SipCe https://t.co/rcieujKhw5| created_at: Wed Sep 14 06:10:42 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 2076 | quote_count: 372 | reply_count: 256 | retweet_count: 691 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>169-year-old insurer MassMutual buys $100 million in Bitcoin https://t.co/q3VPeEiWzQ| created_at: Thu Dec 10 20:41:08 +0000 2020 | favorite_count: 2010 | quote_count: 138 | reply_count: 71 | retweet_count: 381 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>In one of the largest crypto industry attacks ever, hackers stole nearly $600 million from the Ronin Bridge that connects different blockchains https://t.co/PjFgHDKRJa| created_at: Tue Mar 29 21:33:46 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 1867 | quote_count: 862 | reply_count: 442 | retweet_count: 1283 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>“We’re hoping this is the beginning of a great long-term collaboration.”

Matt Damon becomes the latest celebrity crypto backer https://t.co/NDUAQhs93e https://t.co/oMrzef5Saw| created_at: Thu Oct 28 11:34:24 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1899 | quote_count: 50 | reply_count: 143 | retweet_count: 320 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>For a cryptocurrency created as a joke, Dogecoin now has some serious company https://t.co/ba6HrSFNJV via @crypto| created_at: Tue Apr 20 11:23:45 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1789 | quote_count: 49 | reply_count: 73 | retweet_count: 609 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Ripple CEO Brad Garlinghouse says over 80% of hiring this year will be outside US, where the crypto payments company is embroiled in a long-running legal dispute with the SEC https://t.co/BqKGTRFK95 https://t.co/nZJyMMBvpY| created_at: Wed Sep 13 02:25:46 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 1970 | quote_count: 43 | reply_count: 224 | retweet_count: 572 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>BREAKING: Kim Kardashian will pay $1.26 million over SEC allegations that she broke US rules by touting a crypto token without disclosing she was paid for the promotion https://t.co/tZyIdVqUXT https://t.co/Hr7DtraRZM| created_at: Mon Oct 03 11:41:47 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 1796 | quote_count: 616 | reply_count: 528 | retweet_count: 675 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Crypto fans often start their day on social media by greeting fellow enthusiasts with a “gm” -- short for good morning. Friday was an especially good morning https://t.co/hEge1vNhjF| created_at: Sat Oct 02 05:31:40 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1779 | quote_count: 167 | reply_count: 378 | retweet_count: 186 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Ethereum is closing in on a long-sought fix to reduce energy use over 99% https://t.co/y7xYfHpoXU| created_at: Mon May 24 15:40:05 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1721 | quote_count: 16 | reply_count: 63 | retweet_count: 274 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>SEC Chair Gary Gensler says the U.S. won’t follow China’s lead in banning digital tokens https://t.co/j2MkNPJv5h| created_at: Tue Oct 05 20:32:40 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1729 | quote_count: 83 | reply_count: 75 | retweet_count: 461 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>LATEST: Fidelity will buy and sell Bitcoin for institutional customers within a few weeks, according to a person familiar with the matter https://t.co/gZ7UyGFNRq| created_at: Mon May 06 12:15:30 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 1590 | quote_count: 63 | reply_count: 43 | retweet_count: 631 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Nasdaq is moving ahead with a plan to list Bitcoin futures, sources say https://t.co/SZAHnZss3Z| created_at: Tue Nov 27 09:51:42 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 1538 | quote_count: 82 | reply_count: 45 | retweet_count: 644 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>President Joe Biden is set to sign an executive order this week that will outline the U.S. government’s strategy for cryptocurrencies https://t.co/6LaAUnyO8w| created_at: Mon Mar 07 20:28:35 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 1607 | quote_count: 1050 | reply_count: 779 | retweet_count: 971 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>NEW: Binance launches a $1 billion fund to support Binance Smart Chain and accelerate the adoption of digital assets and blockchain https://t.co/hJTZsvbBWe| created_at: Tue Oct 12 14:10:36 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1482 | quote_count: 144 | reply_count: 864 | retweet_count: 284 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>🎮 Gamers have largely beaten back efforts to incorporate blockchain tokens into new releases, a rare win against the industry’s efforts to wring more money from its customers.

Here's the story: https://t.co/ZVBnrFBr8a https://t.co/OVZ2EjE3Hp| created_at: Mon Oct 17 23:10:30 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 1585 | quote_count: 361 | reply_count: 380 | retweet_count: 264 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Miami Mayor Francis Suarez makes $126,000 working for the city, converting it into crypto. Despite last year’s market rout, the Republican’s net worth more than doubled to $3.5 million https://t.co/DFlifJSQTr| created_at: Tue Jul 11 18:00:18 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 17 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 17 | retweet_count: 5 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>BREAKING: Crypto lender Celsius files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy a month after freezing customer withdrawals, the latest casualty from the rout in cryptocurrencies https://t.co/PCi6CfpfjL https://t.co/infYnkua5s| created_at: Thu Jul 14 00:37:27 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 1504 | quote_count: 567 | reply_count: 234 | retweet_count: 800 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>New York Mayor-elect Eric Adams said schools should teach about cryptocurrency and its technology, as he vows to build a crypto-friendly city when he takes office in January https://t.co/wp0pzvE9Zp| created_at: Sun Nov 07 17:18:19 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1411 | quote_count: 255 | reply_count: 256 | retweet_count: 297 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>The head of the Intercontinental Exchange, which owns the New York Stock Exchange, says crypto trading is a "trend we can't ignore" https://t.co/VVvDNYHkhD https://t.co/S7BySeQbos| created_at: Mon Apr 09 15:10:28 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 1225 | quote_count: 90 | reply_count: 54 | retweet_count: 780 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>JUST IN: The @Winklevoss twins say 2018 goal for Gemini Exchange is expanding to other tokens such as Bitcoin Cash and Litecoin https://t.co/NkATFLeDE6 https://t.co/Cxl32TzKqd| created_at: Thu Mar 08 16:07:25 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 1182 | quote_count: 61 | reply_count: 129 | retweet_count: 411 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Mexican billionaire Ricardo Salinas Pliego endorsed the use of #Bitcoin and said his bank is on the way to accepting the cryptocurrency https://t.co/uy2zBtCoiY| created_at: Mon Jun 28 02:30:51 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1353 | quote_count: 18 | reply_count: 66 | retweet_count: 285 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>A firm handling $2 trillion in assets takes a big stake in Michael Saylor's Bitcoin bull MicroStrategy https://t.co/ZIbNhkDWsq via @crypto| created_at: Wed Jul 14 09:01:33 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1329 | quote_count: 40 | reply_count: 70 | retweet_count: 314 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>BREAKING: India’s top court strikes down curbs that effectively outlawed cryptocurrencies https://t.co/K7x60XPIhP https://t.co/HANPvFs06z| created_at: Wed Mar 04 05:47:22 +0000 2020 | favorite_count: 1304 | quote_count: 99 | reply_count: 70 | retweet_count: 433 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>EXCLUSIVE: Goldman Sachs and billionaire @novogratz are investing in crypto custodian BitGo https://t.co/L1wiEZxHr6| created_at: Thu Oct 18 12:26:19 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 1200 | quote_count: 58 | reply_count: 41 | retweet_count: 556 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>The Ethereum blockchain is well-poised to make an even bigger upgrade to reduce its energy use by 99%, according to its inventor https://t.co/KANuVPaLnb| created_at: Thu Aug 05 18:20:21 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1282 | quote_count: 35 | reply_count: 75 | retweet_count: 271 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>WATCH: @justinsuntron, founder of #cryptocurrency platform #TRON, discusses the prospects for digital currencies on @BloombergTV 

More on @crypto: https://t.co/a3qDmu9VlV $TRON https://t.co/uCb7TGJAHJ| created_at: Mon May 31 04:07:11 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1288 | quote_count: 28 | reply_count: 97 | retweet_count: 318 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>“We feel pretty confident that Bitcoin is less risky than holding cash, less risky than holding gold” https://t.co/F1ORNgGU0c| created_at: Tue Sep 22 19:35:00 +0000 2020 | favorite_count: 1206 | quote_count: 40 | reply_count: 71 | retweet_count: 333 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>"This is a win for Ripple. It's also a win for the entire crypto industry," says Ripple Labs CEO Brad Garlinghouse after a federal court ruled that its crypto token XRP  is not deemed a security https://t.co/qlbonM0oOJ https://t.co/bQpMyhOweY| created_at: Fri Jul 14 19:15:57 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 1380 | quote_count: 36 | reply_count: 62 | retweet_count: 429 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Coinbase CEO Brian Armstrong will meet with US House Democrats behind closed doors on Wednesday https://t.co/T4S8dFV0Ef| created_at: Mon Jul 17 23:42:20 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 1324 | quote_count: 50 | reply_count: 145 | retweet_count: 353 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Mike Novogratz, famous hedge fund manager and now the biggest Bitcoin bull on Wall Street, has made and lost a fortune on crypto. He’s still all-in https://t.co/f8DCx8lWBU| created_at: Tue Dec 11 12:18:35 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 1154 | quote_count: 52 | reply_count: 59 | retweet_count: 419 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>#Bitcoin jumped above $39,000 after @elonmusk said Tesla would resume transactions with the cryptocurrency when mining is done with more clean energy https://t.co/sPOulu0yFW $BTC $TSLA https://t.co/Tb5ekBdmxh| created_at: Mon Jun 14 01:04:23 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1221 | quote_count: 69 | reply_count: 165 | retweet_count: 232 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Google searches for Bitcoin drop to lowest since October https://t.co/OZ71fexGlR https://t.co/XpFyMh2yxv| created_at: Tue Mar 06 18:22:43 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 531 | quote_count: 75 | reply_count: 46 | retweet_count: 486 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>BREAKING: Bitcoin drops below $36,000 for the first time since July https://t.co/D54azvq4JI https://t.co/cBWkxF1Ugs| created_at: Fri Jan 21 22:56:07 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 1243 | quote_count: 71 | reply_count: 152 | retweet_count: 323 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Robinhood investors who missed out on Dogecoin’s rally now want the chance to ride Shiba Inu’s surge https://t.co/0guwxDr7uG| created_at: Wed Oct 27 18:19:58 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1196 | quote_count: 27 | reply_count: 97 | retweet_count: 459 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Elon Musk inquires about converting “large transactions” of Tesla Inc.’s balance sheet into Bitcoin in a Twitter exchange with Michael Saylor, a prominent booster of the digital currency https://t.co/bci1YoTt5J| created_at: Sun Dec 20 20:15:11 +0000 2020 | favorite_count: 1141 | quote_count: 53 | reply_count: 69 | retweet_count: 250 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>MicroStrategy to Buy More Bitcoin After $1 Billion Purchase https://t.co/8xsD7bV1rI| created_at: Thu Feb 25 07:38:12 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1163 | quote_count: 36 | reply_count: 49 | retweet_count: 242 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Jack Dorsey says he is all in on Bitcoin as the currency of the future https://t.co/kf563LEtT7 https://t.co/3MOlOtUfYg| created_at: Wed May 16 18:00:23 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 1074 | quote_count: 51 | reply_count: 19 | retweet_count: 417 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Fir Tree reached an agreement with Grayscale Investments that resolves a lawsuit the hedge fund had filed against the crypto firm in connection to the $19 billion Grayscale Bitcoin Trust https://t.co/7WeFqNUx1H| created_at: Tue Jul 11 17:38:37 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 13 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 21 | retweet_count: 4 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>.@elonmusk says #Bitcoin mining is “shifting towards renewable energy” and Tesla will likely resume accepting it as payment in the future https://t.co/Wz1EGkV1wO| created_at: Thu Jul 22 05:27:55 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1129 | quote_count: 16 | reply_count: 87 | retweet_count: 224 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>SCOOP: George Soros is preparing to trade cryptocurrencies https://t.co/M2cP91hUFn https://t.co/cdAjZZS1Nr| created_at: Fri Apr 06 14:00:37 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 862 | quote_count: 216 | reply_count: 111 | retweet_count: 573 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>The CEO of Binance, the world's biggest crypto exchange, says he doesn't believe in maximizing profits in the short term.

When asked if he's one of the world's richest people, he says, "I don't really care about wealth." https://t.co/KBwmCYzrha #NewEconomyForum https://t.co/rVmumUcqLa| created_at: Fri Nov 19 05:29:40 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1151 | quote_count: 83 | reply_count: 180 | retweet_count: 325 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>JPMorgan says gold will suffer because of Bitcoin https://t.co/AnxRSaZynp| created_at: Wed Dec 09 14:28:50 +0000 2020 | favorite_count: 1103 | quote_count: 108 | reply_count: 66 | retweet_count: 253 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>BREAKING: U.S. Justice Department opens criminal probe into whether traders are manipulating the price of Bitcoin https://t.co/8bADgr6vGc https://t.co/pYxOVC05OC| created_at: Thu May 24 08:05:51 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 1006 | quote_count: 173 | reply_count: 117 | retweet_count: 597 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>JUST IN: The head of the SEC says a lack of investor protections makes it unlikely that his agency will approve a Bitcoin ETF anytime soon https://t.co/EbIRfxvxlG| created_at: Tue Nov 27 23:35:57 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 1030 | quote_count: 124 | reply_count: 163 | retweet_count: 548 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Lloyd Blankfein on cryptocurrencies: "It's not for me, I don't do it, I don't own Bitcoin [...] but if it does work out, I could give you the historical path why that could have happened" https://t.co/afXDb7PAHn https://t.co/wl6dKXiad4| created_at: Tue Jun 19 18:46:35 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 1025 | quote_count: 141 | reply_count: 37 | retweet_count: 470 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Tesla will accept Dogecoin as payment for some of its merchandise, Elon Musk says
https://t.co/R9g8sekpcm| created_at: Tue Dec 14 10:48:14 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1069 | quote_count: 48 | reply_count: 135 | retweet_count: 309 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Bitcoin is in the midst of another notable rally and yet almost no one’s talking about it https://t.co/bM1d5Utyt2| created_at: Mon Nov 16 18:52:14 +0000 2020 | favorite_count: 1047 | quote_count: 78 | reply_count: 83 | retweet_count: 192 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>How much Bitcoin is @jack holding? "Enough," he says https://t.co/OO31nlVYaJ| created_at: Tue Feb 05 23:33:49 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 994 | quote_count: 31 | reply_count: 48 | retweet_count: 289 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Axie Infinity’s vision of a “play-to-earn” video game has crumbled https://t.co/wsfjHtECiI| created_at: Fri Jun 10 14:49:03 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 1050 | quote_count: 433 | reply_count: 249 | retweet_count: 419 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Founding Partner of Draper Associates and DFJ Tim Draper says he believes Bitcoin will rise to $250,000 by 2025 https://t.co/jAzofuzWAN https://t.co/EXGqUaFtCD| created_at: Tue Jul 11 17:57:46 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 107 | quote_count: 3 | reply_count: 30 | retweet_count: 29 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>.@elonmusk responds to a query from a Twitter user asking how much Shiba Inu he holds with, “None.” In a follow-up, he said he has bought Bitcoin, Ether and Dogecoin, and “that’s it” https://t.co/39XS8Ilw71 $SHIB $BTC $ETH $DOGE| created_at: Mon Oct 25 03:27:15 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1013 | quote_count: 32 | reply_count: 288 | retweet_count: 235 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Bitcoin's rally masks an uncomfortable fact: almost nobody uses it https://t.co/dkKCTOAGpG| created_at: Fri May 31 01:20:39 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 936 | quote_count: 136 | reply_count: 362 | retweet_count: 314 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>“I’m convinced 100% that crypto is the future,” says Binance founder Zhao Changpeng. “I just know it will happen” https://t.co/ICQAq4P8kZ https://t.co/LQYkpLnIRj| created_at: Wed Mar 28 20:30:06 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 904 | quote_count: 34 | reply_count: 37 | retweet_count: 379 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Goldman Sachs says 15% of family offices in a recent survey are already invested in crypto and another 45% want to get in  https://t.co/CT1H82IILa via @wealth| created_at: Wed Jul 21 14:05:53 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1020 | quote_count: 76 | reply_count: 57 | retweet_count: 286 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Thomas Lee—who predicted Bitcoin would hit $25,000 by the end of 2018—says the market is wrong about crypto https://t.co/uy38kQU08y| created_at: Thu Dec 13 15:15:17 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 916 | quote_count: 126 | reply_count: 174 | retweet_count: 303 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>The owner of the New York Stock Exchange has an ambitious plan to bring Bitcoin to the masses https://t.co/z32v5sMtNi| created_at: Thu Apr 18 12:11:33 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 931 | quote_count: 21 | reply_count: 35 | retweet_count: 455 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>“This is indeed a national security issue,” Sec. Mnuchin said on the need for more regulation in the crypto space. “We will not allow digital asset service providers to operate in the shadows.” https://t.co/03CEzStDZE https://t.co/zykiOLkm96| created_at: Mon Jul 15 18:30:54 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 886 | quote_count: 190 | reply_count: 207 | retweet_count: 428 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>An 18-year-old exploited a weakness in Indexed Finance’s code and opened a legal conundrum that’s still rocking the blockchain community https://t.co/yLUv3DsRAd| created_at: Thu May 19 10:51:47 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 983 | quote_count: 174 | reply_count: 118 | retweet_count: 383 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>EXCLUSIVE: Coinbase is talking to clients about starting a new trading platform overseas, as the US environment for digital-asset companies continues to sour https://t.co/u50uEUx0pL| created_at: Fri Mar 17 14:38:20 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 1047 | quote_count: 65 | reply_count: 106 | retweet_count: 295 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Pepe, the frog-themed crypto token that's only been around for a month, may be signaling pain ahead for Bitcoin bulls https://t.co/y0TGtq3vrN| created_at: Sun May 14 19:15:58 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 989 | quote_count: 91 | reply_count: 270 | retweet_count: 509 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Bankers in Hong Kong are turning their burnout into a crypto community https://t.co/UsgilDZkEO| created_at: Tue Mar 29 12:04:12 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 351 | quote_count: 5 | reply_count: 90 | retweet_count: 318 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>BREAKING: Bitcoin surges past $5,000, climbing more than 20% to its highest level since November https://t.co/ZYbeHH619E| created_at: Tue Apr 02 05:43:29 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 891 | quote_count: 24 | reply_count: 32 | retweet_count: 304 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Fidelity offers first Bitcoin fund https://t.co/6SD8TZgL7b.| created_at: Wed Aug 26 21:49:03 +0000 2020 | favorite_count: 898 | quote_count: 47 | reply_count: 57 | retweet_count: 342 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Robinhood Markets included four new cryptocurrencies on its platform, including the Shiba Inu coin https://t.co/xybcNYG8bt| created_at: Tue Apr 12 15:08:00 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 918 | quote_count: 4 | reply_count: 93 | retweet_count: 268 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Months ago Jack Mallers was pretty much indistinguishable from the horde of baseball cap and hoodie-wearing young men touting Bitcoin. Now venture capitalists are clamoring to offer him money https://t.co/o48KJccxFx| created_at: Sat Jul 24 19:49:01 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 905 | quote_count: 18 | reply_count: 61 | retweet_count: 117 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Axie Infinity — an online world where crypto, gaming, NFTs and capitalism collide — shows what the metaverse could look like. This world is filled with dangers though, and is far from altruistic https://t.co/m7hcmMqyQp via @wealth| created_at: Tue Nov 02 02:03:03 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 821 | quote_count: 171 | reply_count: 1072 | retweet_count: 131 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>LATEST: Fidelity is targeting a March launch date for its Bitcoin custody service, according to three people with knowledge of the matter https://t.co/IjaZm93aQ3| created_at: Tue Jan 29 20:57:16 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 859 | quote_count: 37 | reply_count: 39 | retweet_count: 360 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>The growing clamor for Robinhood to add the Shiba Inu coin to its platform is helping boost the cryptocurrency to record highs https://t.co/axaxVihrEE $SHIB| created_at: Wed Oct 27 02:34:01 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 901 | quote_count: 34 | reply_count: 86 | retweet_count: 291 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Binance has tripled in value in the past 3 months. It’s now the world’s largest digital-asset exchange by trading volume https://t.co/8MmP1l11FJ https://t.co/WQT1WB3loW| created_at: Fri Mar 15 18:53:48 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 810 | quote_count: 33 | reply_count: 46 | retweet_count: 244 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>JUST IN: A judge has ruled that U.S. securities laws cover initial coin offerings https://t.co/X7uXkBOHOW| created_at: Tue Sep 11 16:05:44 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 807 | quote_count: 127 | reply_count: 51 | retweet_count: 549 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Crypto exchange Coinbase warned the US SEC that it won't be easy to beat in court if the regulator pursues litigation, referring to itself as "a well-resourced adversary" https://t.co/zXCUDkYJZh| created_at: Sat Apr 29 21:07:24 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 925 | quote_count: 52 | reply_count: 126 | retweet_count: 173 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>In the middle of a crypto winter, Animoca Brands has grown its portfolio to more than 340 finance, gaming, and social media companies https://t.co/0IL8T3jLaN| created_at: Thu Aug 18 13:42:34 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 867 | quote_count: 79 | reply_count: 165 | retweet_count: 309 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Interest in Dogecoin and Shiba Inu coins has exploded. So has demand for living, breathing shiba inus https://t.co/Umti0ymoR2 via @BW| created_at: Fri Nov 05 11:47:32 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 861 | quote_count: 20 | reply_count: 92 | retweet_count: 280 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>San Francisco was set to become “the blockchain capital of the world” but lost its status because of hostile US government policy, Ripple co-founder Chris Larsen says https://t.co/zPbEzabPP8| created_at: Wed Sep 06 13:05:10 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 965 | quote_count: 28 | reply_count: 72 | retweet_count: 319 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>The fight over the one-click endorphin loop will define the next stage of regulators' efforts to contain crypto, writes @LionelRALaurent https://t.co/7oopEgsR1j| created_at: Tue Jul 11 17:30:19 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 14 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 23 | retweet_count: 5 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>When it comes to crypto the US doesn’t know how to play, says DFJ Founder Tim Draper https://t.co/GtjTx4s9ZO https://t.co/NuAd0HUwyw| created_at: Tue Jul 11 17:42:29 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 115 | quote_count: 2 | reply_count: 37 | retweet_count: 31 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>U.S. futures are getting clobbered 📉 

Bitcoin, on the other hand... https://t.co/taOMckdMjN https://t.co/DuYWifYA21| created_at: Mon May 13 12:10:52 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 780 | quote_count: 25 | reply_count: 24 | retweet_count: 218 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Bitcoin soared to the highest level in a year, extending a run that’s seen prices more than double https://t.co/LIVjDvpE82 https://t.co/oibhp01o3S| created_at: Mon May 27 02:09:13 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 785 | quote_count: 14 | reply_count: 29 | retweet_count: 237 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div><div>Yep, Bitcoin was a bubble. And it popped. https://t.co/RFl50WlXw1 (via @Bopinion) https://t.co/90HSOIVqme| created_at: Tue Dec 11 13:48:03 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 787 | quote_count: 191 | reply_count: 282 | retweet_count: 343 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en </div>
How crypto and blockchain are reshaping our world
📧: https://t.co/nsAHDmNtwq
Telegram: https://t.co/6NXRIyMLLe| profile_url: https://www.bloomberg.com/crypto | name: Bloomberg Crypto | created_at: Thu Nov 09 23:00:29 +0000 2017 | favourites_count: 223 | followers_count: 1102536 | friends_count: 141 | media_count: 4269 | possibly_sensitive: False | verified: False | statuses_count: 30648 | location:   Bloomberg Crypto is now on Telegram.
As Sam Bankman-Fried's trial continues, join our channel for the latest news and analysis from the crypto universe https://t.co/geiphM1qV7 https://t.co/Xp28MYP4tA| created_at: Wed Oct 11 19:10:34 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 760 | quote_count: 17 | reply_count: 925 | retweet_count: 590 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  JUST IN: Vladimir Putin says he accepts crypto as a legitimate currency for making payments https://t.co/yYX2aQkQ4i via @markets| created_at: Thu Oct 14 09:23:22 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 13248 | quote_count: 776 | reply_count: 626 | retweet_count: 3418 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  JUST IN: Shiba Inu is now the 12th largest cryptocurrency, after rising over 300% in a week https://t.co/3YGpTMDPpH| created_at: Thu Oct 07 03:50:36 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 6703 | quote_count: 151 | reply_count: 378 | retweet_count: 1846 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  The source of funds for the winning bid in Melania Trump’s first NFT auction appears to be the creators of the project themselves https://t.co/qHdwr8CD73| created_at: Wed Feb 16 19:32:50 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 4754 | quote_count: 2008 | reply_count: 1212 | retweet_count: 2041 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  EXCLUSIVE: The SEC is likely to allow the first U.S. #Bitcoin futures ETF to begin trading next week, in what would be a watershed moment for crypto https://t.co/ZbGKr8EBBN| created_at: Fri Oct 15 02:38:29 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 4667 | quote_count: 299 | reply_count: 247 | retweet_count: 1396 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  BREAKING: Binance, the world's biggest crypto exchange, is under investigation by the Justice Department and IRS https://t.co/mk0Njo7tUE| created_at: Thu May 13 17:03:14 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 3533 | quote_count: 1276 | reply_count: 892 | retweet_count: 1616 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  "Binance is not a Chinese company, we are not related to China at all."
CEO Changpeng "CZ" Zhao (@cz_binance), who is considering a bid for assets of bankrupt crypto firm Voyager, said on @BloombergTV his company is mistakenly believed to be Chinese "because I look Chinese" https://t.co/Wqos9XTeW5| created_at: Thu Nov 24 06:58:05 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 3777 | quote_count: 172 | reply_count: 600 | retweet_count: 673 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Ethereum is closing in on a long-sought fix to reduce energy use over 99% https://t.co/CE3OlgYmpE| created_at: Sun May 23 15:15:20 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 3555 | quote_count: 89 | reply_count: 116 | retweet_count: 752 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Ripple Labs CEO Brad Garlinghouse says that a federal court's decision means that its crypto token XRP “is not a security,” giving the digital-payments company more freedom to pursue various business opportunities https://t.co/lpNFuakr6K https://t.co/ZKmb1nt4Ac| created_at: Fri Jul 14 19:11:20 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 3701 | quote_count: 97 | reply_count: 134 | retweet_count: 1167 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  In case you missed it: Robinhood investors who missed out on Dogecoin’s rally want the chance to ride Shiba Inu’s surge https://t.co/tv5ODFpzQl| created_at: Wed Nov 03 14:55:11 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 3275 | quote_count: 79 | reply_count: 267 | retweet_count: 1112 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  "I think @elonmusk wants to be a humorous guy ... but he has to realize that his tweets do have the power to move markets," says Changpeng Zhao.
@cz_binance speaks to @tracyalloway at the Qatar Economic Forum. Watch the full video here: https://t.co/E5GF1hthYI https://t.co/WvsV4qY8Jp| created_at: Wed Jun 23 04:01:04 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 3017 | quote_count: 48 | reply_count: 321 | retweet_count: 535 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  El Salvador began installing Bitcoin ATMs, allowing its citizens to convert the cryptocurrency into U.S. dollars and withdraw it in cash https://t.co/LbFVs11MZ5| created_at: Mon Aug 23 18:55:00 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 3079 | quote_count: 64 | reply_count: 126 | retweet_count: 763 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Robinhood investors who missed out on Dogecoin’s rally earlier this year now want the chance to ride Shiba Inu’s autumn surge https://t.co/7faBHfUlWr via @wealth| created_at: Sun Oct 31 17:41:03 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 2913 | quote_count: 64 | reply_count: 220 | retweet_count: 1052 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  “The only country on the planet that thinks XRP is a security is the United States.”
Ripple CEO Brad Garlinghouse joins the Bloomberg Crypto show to talk about the SEC rules on XRP's classification https://t.co/7Nsf3ppwtY https://t.co/ArwSdJxLQY| created_at: Wed Apr 27 01:38:00 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 2852 | quote_count: 68 | reply_count: 275 | retweet_count: 986 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  El Salvador became the first country to formally adopt #Bitcoin as legal tender.
Castle Island’s @nic__carter was talking to President @nayibbukele on Twitter when the vote occurred. Here's what he had to say.
More on @crypto: https://t.co/kW75EqxgK7 https://t.co/s9X5lejLzQ| created_at: Thu Jun 10 00:57:14 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 2588 | quote_count: 39 | reply_count: 69 | retweet_count: 478 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Vladimir Putin says he accepts crypto as a legitimate currency for making payments https://t.co/Bb93O3T4ZN https://t.co/j2VcT4Ns4p| created_at: Thu Oct 14 11:16:56 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 2524 | quote_count: 129 | reply_count: 119 | retweet_count: 622 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Curious about #cryptocurrency? Not sure how to buy #Bitcoin? We've got you covered!
From the latest news and updates to a beginners guide to everything @crypto and more: https://t.co/4ElqlFWMS1 https://t.co/0KzykWOeqb| created_at: Fri Mar 05 07:53:55 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1873 | quote_count: 128 | reply_count: 3574 | retweet_count: 1299 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  https://t.co/UXIzUGRUeR will be publishing its audited proof of reserves, CEO Kris Marszalek says in a tweet, noting that transparency is more important than ever https://t.co/DYSYjPeDz9| created_at: Thu Nov 10 05:52:04 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 2425 | quote_count: 69 | reply_count: 202 | retweet_count: 652 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  A power plant in New York sets up its own Bitcoin mining operation, using the electricity it produces to generate about $50,000 worth of the cryptocurrency every day https://t.co/VJeLxHdOR5| created_at: Thu Mar 05 11:22:31 +0000 2020 | favorite_count: 2141 | quote_count: 144 | reply_count: 81 | retweet_count: 698 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Cryptocurrency pioneer Justin Sun bid a record $4.57 million to have lunch with Warren Buffett—and maybe change his mind about digital coins https://t.co/w3YuiOZNm5| created_at: Mon Jun 03 16:40:01 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 2029 | quote_count: 136 | reply_count: 189 | retweet_count: 583 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  https://t.co/UXIzUGRmpj buys two exchanges from IG Group for $216 million https://t.co/UpOR7z6FLz via @technology| created_at: Wed Dec 01 08:28:50 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 2121 | quote_count: 50 | reply_count: 219 | retweet_count: 630 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Binance CEO Zhao Changpeng calls 2018 a "correction year" for cryptocurrencies, and adds that "we want to kick off 2019 with a bang" https://t.co/0whUEdjyIi https://t.co/h1X21lYE35| created_at: Wed Dec 19 23:49:05 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 1918 | quote_count: 74 | reply_count: 74 | retweet_count: 644 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  BREAKING: South Korea issues an arrest warrant for crypto firm founder Do Kwon as it probes alleged illegal activity behind collapsed stablecoin TerraUSD
https://t.co/7Ahn0SipCe https://t.co/rcieujKhw5| created_at: Wed Sep 14 06:10:42 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 2076 | quote_count: 372 | reply_count: 256 | retweet_count: 691 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  169-year-old insurer MassMutual buys $100 million in Bitcoin https://t.co/q3VPeEiWzQ| created_at: Thu Dec 10 20:41:08 +0000 2020 | favorite_count: 2010 | quote_count: 138 | reply_count: 71 | retweet_count: 381 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  In one of the largest crypto industry attacks ever, hackers stole nearly $600 million from the Ronin Bridge that connects different blockchains https://t.co/PjFgHDKRJa| created_at: Tue Mar 29 21:33:46 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 1867 | quote_count: 862 | reply_count: 442 | retweet_count: 1283 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  “We’re hoping this is the beginning of a great long-term collaboration.”
Matt Damon becomes the latest celebrity crypto backer https://t.co/NDUAQhs93e https://t.co/oMrzef5Saw| created_at: Thu Oct 28 11:34:24 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1899 | quote_count: 50 | reply_count: 143 | retweet_count: 320 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  For a cryptocurrency created as a joke, Dogecoin now has some serious company https://t.co/ba6HrSFNJV via @crypto| created_at: Tue Apr 20 11:23:45 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1789 | quote_count: 49 | reply_count: 73 | retweet_count: 609 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Ripple CEO Brad Garlinghouse says over 80% of hiring this year will be outside US, where the crypto payments company is embroiled in a long-running legal dispute with the SEC https://t.co/BqKGTRFK95 https://t.co/nZJyMMBvpY| created_at: Wed Sep 13 02:25:46 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 1970 | quote_count: 43 | reply_count: 224 | retweet_count: 572 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  BREAKING: Kim Kardashian will pay $1.26 million over SEC allegations that she broke US rules by touting a crypto token without disclosing she was paid for the promotion https://t.co/tZyIdVqUXT https://t.co/Hr7DtraRZM| created_at: Mon Oct 03 11:41:47 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 1796 | quote_count: 616 | reply_count: 528 | retweet_count: 675 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Crypto fans often start their day on social media by greeting fellow enthusiasts with a “gm” -- short for good morning. Friday was an especially good morning https://t.co/hEge1vNhjF| created_at: Sat Oct 02 05:31:40 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1779 | quote_count: 167 | reply_count: 378 | retweet_count: 186 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Ethereum is closing in on a long-sought fix to reduce energy use over 99% https://t.co/y7xYfHpoXU| created_at: Mon May 24 15:40:05 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1721 | quote_count: 16 | reply_count: 63 | retweet_count: 274 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  SEC Chair Gary Gensler says the U.S. won’t follow China’s lead in banning digital tokens https://t.co/j2MkNPJv5h| created_at: Tue Oct 05 20:32:40 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1729 | quote_count: 83 | reply_count: 75 | retweet_count: 461 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  LATEST: Fidelity will buy and sell Bitcoin for institutional customers within a few weeks, according to a person familiar with the matter https://t.co/gZ7UyGFNRq| created_at: Mon May 06 12:15:30 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 1590 | quote_count: 63 | reply_count: 43 | retweet_count: 631 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Nasdaq is moving ahead with a plan to list Bitcoin futures, sources say https://t.co/SZAHnZss3Z| created_at: Tue Nov 27 09:51:42 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 1538 | quote_count: 82 | reply_count: 45 | retweet_count: 644 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  President Joe Biden is set to sign an executive order this week that will outline the U.S. government’s strategy for cryptocurrencies https://t.co/6LaAUnyO8w| created_at: Mon Mar 07 20:28:35 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 1607 | quote_count: 1050 | reply_count: 779 | retweet_count: 971 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  NEW: Binance launches a $1 billion fund to support Binance Smart Chain and accelerate the adoption of digital assets and blockchain https://t.co/hJTZsvbBWe| created_at: Tue Oct 12 14:10:36 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1482 | quote_count: 144 | reply_count: 864 | retweet_count: 284 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  🎮 Gamers have largely beaten back efforts to incorporate blockchain tokens into new releases, a rare win against the industry’s efforts to wring more money from its customers.
Here's the story: https://t.co/ZVBnrFBr8a https://t.co/OVZ2EjE3Hp| created_at: Mon Oct 17 23:10:30 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 1585 | quote_count: 361 | reply_count: 380 | retweet_count: 264 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Miami Mayor Francis Suarez makes $126,000 working for the city, converting it into crypto. Despite last year’s market rout, the Republican’s net worth more than doubled to $3.5 million https://t.co/DFlifJSQTr| created_at: Tue Jul 11 18:00:18 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 17 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 17 | retweet_count: 5 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  BREAKING: Crypto lender Celsius files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy a month after freezing customer withdrawals, the latest casualty from the rout in cryptocurrencies https://t.co/PCi6CfpfjL https://t.co/infYnkua5s| created_at: Thu Jul 14 00:37:27 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 1504 | quote_count: 567 | reply_count: 234 | retweet_count: 800 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  New York Mayor-elect Eric Adams said schools should teach about cryptocurrency and its technology, as he vows to build a crypto-friendly city when he takes office in January https://t.co/wp0pzvE9Zp| created_at: Sun Nov 07 17:18:19 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1411 | quote_count: 255 | reply_count: 256 | retweet_count: 297 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  The head of the Intercontinental Exchange, which owns the New York Stock Exchange, says crypto trading is a "trend we can't ignore" https://t.co/VVvDNYHkhD https://t.co/S7BySeQbos| created_at: Mon Apr 09 15:10:28 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 1225 | quote_count: 90 | reply_count: 54 | retweet_count: 780 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  JUST IN: The @Winklevoss twins say 2018 goal for Gemini Exchange is expanding to other tokens such as Bitcoin Cash and Litecoin https://t.co/NkATFLeDE6 https://t.co/Cxl32TzKqd| created_at: Thu Mar 08 16:07:25 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 1182 | quote_count: 61 | reply_count: 129 | retweet_count: 411 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Mexican billionaire Ricardo Salinas Pliego endorsed the use of #Bitcoin and said his bank is on the way to accepting the cryptocurrency https://t.co/uy2zBtCoiY| created_at: Mon Jun 28 02:30:51 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1353 | quote_count: 18 | reply_count: 66 | retweet_count: 285 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  A firm handling $2 trillion in assets takes a big stake in Michael Saylor's Bitcoin bull MicroStrategy https://t.co/ZIbNhkDWsq via @crypto| created_at: Wed Jul 14 09:01:33 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1329 | quote_count: 40 | reply_count: 70 | retweet_count: 314 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  BREAKING: India’s top court strikes down curbs that effectively outlawed cryptocurrencies https://t.co/K7x60XPIhP https://t.co/HANPvFs06z| created_at: Wed Mar 04 05:47:22 +0000 2020 | favorite_count: 1304 | quote_count: 99 | reply_count: 70 | retweet_count: 433 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  EXCLUSIVE: Goldman Sachs and billionaire @novogratz are investing in crypto custodian BitGo https://t.co/L1wiEZxHr6| created_at: Thu Oct 18 12:26:19 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 1200 | quote_count: 58 | reply_count: 41 | retweet_count: 556 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  The Ethereum blockchain is well-poised to make an even bigger upgrade to reduce its energy use by 99%, according to its inventor https://t.co/KANuVPaLnb| created_at: Thu Aug 05 18:20:21 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1282 | quote_count: 35 | reply_count: 75 | retweet_count: 271 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  WATCH: @justinsuntron, founder of #cryptocurrency platform #TRON, discusses the prospects for digital currencies on @BloombergTV 
More on @crypto: https://t.co/a3qDmu9VlV $TRON https://t.co/uCb7TGJAHJ| created_at: Mon May 31 04:07:11 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1288 | quote_count: 28 | reply_count: 97 | retweet_count: 318 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  “We feel pretty confident that Bitcoin is less risky than holding cash, less risky than holding gold” https://t.co/F1ORNgGU0c| created_at: Tue Sep 22 19:35:00 +0000 2020 | favorite_count: 1206 | quote_count: 40 | reply_count: 71 | retweet_count: 333 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  "This is a win for Ripple. It's also a win for the entire crypto industry," says Ripple Labs CEO Brad Garlinghouse after a federal court ruled that its crypto token XRP  is not deemed a security https://t.co/qlbonM0oOJ https://t.co/bQpMyhOweY| created_at: Fri Jul 14 19:15:57 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 1380 | quote_count: 36 | reply_count: 62 | retweet_count: 429 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Coinbase CEO Brian Armstrong will meet with US House Democrats behind closed doors on Wednesday https://t.co/T4S8dFV0Ef| created_at: Mon Jul 17 23:42:20 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 1324 | quote_count: 50 | reply_count: 145 | retweet_count: 353 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Mike Novogratz, famous hedge fund manager and now the biggest Bitcoin bull on Wall Street, has made and lost a fortune on crypto. He’s still all-in https://t.co/f8DCx8lWBU| created_at: Tue Dec 11 12:18:35 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 1154 | quote_count: 52 | reply_count: 59 | retweet_count: 419 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  #Bitcoin jumped above $39,000 after @elonmusk said Tesla would resume transactions with the cryptocurrency when mining is done with more clean energy https://t.co/sPOulu0yFW $BTC $TSLA https://t.co/Tb5ekBdmxh| created_at: Mon Jun 14 01:04:23 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1221 | quote_count: 69 | reply_count: 165 | retweet_count: 232 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Google searches for Bitcoin drop to lowest since October https://t.co/OZ71fexGlR https://t.co/XpFyMh2yxv| created_at: Tue Mar 06 18:22:43 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 531 | quote_count: 75 | reply_count: 46 | retweet_count: 486 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  BREAKING: Bitcoin drops below $36,000 for the first time since July https://t.co/D54azvq4JI https://t.co/cBWkxF1Ugs| created_at: Fri Jan 21 22:56:07 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 1243 | quote_count: 71 | reply_count: 152 | retweet_count: 323 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Robinhood investors who missed out on Dogecoin’s rally now want the chance to ride Shiba Inu’s surge https://t.co/0guwxDr7uG| created_at: Wed Oct 27 18:19:58 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1196 | quote_count: 27 | reply_count: 97 | retweet_count: 459 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Elon Musk inquires about converting “large transactions” of Tesla Inc.’s balance sheet into Bitcoin in a Twitter exchange with Michael Saylor, a prominent booster of the digital currency https://t.co/bci1YoTt5J| created_at: Sun Dec 20 20:15:11 +0000 2020 | favorite_count: 1141 | quote_count: 53 | reply_count: 69 | retweet_count: 250 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  MicroStrategy to Buy More Bitcoin After $1 Billion Purchase https://t.co/8xsD7bV1rI| created_at: Thu Feb 25 07:38:12 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1163 | quote_count: 36 | reply_count: 49 | retweet_count: 242 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Jack Dorsey says he is all in on Bitcoin as the currency of the future https://t.co/kf563LEtT7 https://t.co/3MOlOtUfYg| created_at: Wed May 16 18:00:23 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 1074 | quote_count: 51 | reply_count: 19 | retweet_count: 417 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Fir Tree reached an agreement with Grayscale Investments that resolves a lawsuit the hedge fund had filed against the crypto firm in connection to the $19 billion Grayscale Bitcoin Trust https://t.co/7WeFqNUx1H| created_at: Tue Jul 11 17:38:37 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 13 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 21 | retweet_count: 4 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  .@elonmusk says #Bitcoin mining is “shifting towards renewable energy” and Tesla will likely resume accepting it as payment in the future https://t.co/Wz1EGkV1wO| created_at: Thu Jul 22 05:27:55 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1129 | quote_count: 16 | reply_count: 87 | retweet_count: 224 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  SCOOP: George Soros is preparing to trade cryptocurrencies https://t.co/M2cP91hUFn https://t.co/cdAjZZS1Nr| created_at: Fri Apr 06 14:00:37 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 862 | quote_count: 216 | reply_count: 111 | retweet_count: 573 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  The CEO of Binance, the world's biggest crypto exchange, says he doesn't believe in maximizing profits in the short term.
When asked if he's one of the world's richest people, he says, "I don't really care about wealth." https://t.co/KBwmCYzrha #NewEconomyForum https://t.co/rVmumUcqLa| created_at: Fri Nov 19 05:29:40 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1151 | quote_count: 83 | reply_count: 180 | retweet_count: 325 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  JPMorgan says gold will suffer because of Bitcoin https://t.co/AnxRSaZynp| created_at: Wed Dec 09 14:28:50 +0000 2020 | favorite_count: 1103 | quote_count: 108 | reply_count: 66 | retweet_count: 253 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  BREAKING: U.S. Justice Department opens criminal probe into whether traders are manipulating the price of Bitcoin https://t.co/8bADgr6vGc https://t.co/pYxOVC05OC| created_at: Thu May 24 08:05:51 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 1006 | quote_count: 173 | reply_count: 117 | retweet_count: 597 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  JUST IN: The head of the SEC says a lack of investor protections makes it unlikely that his agency will approve a Bitcoin ETF anytime soon https://t.co/EbIRfxvxlG| created_at: Tue Nov 27 23:35:57 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 1030 | quote_count: 124 | reply_count: 163 | retweet_count: 548 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Lloyd Blankfein on cryptocurrencies: "It's not for me, I don't do it, I don't own Bitcoin [...] but if it does work out, I could give you the historical path why that could have happened" https://t.co/afXDb7PAHn https://t.co/wl6dKXiad4| created_at: Tue Jun 19 18:46:35 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 1025 | quote_count: 141 | reply_count: 37 | retweet_count: 470 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Tesla will accept Dogecoin as payment for some of its merchandise, Elon Musk says
https://t.co/R9g8sekpcm| created_at: Tue Dec 14 10:48:14 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1069 | quote_count: 48 | reply_count: 135 | retweet_count: 309 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Bitcoin is in the midst of another notable rally and yet almost no one’s talking about it https://t.co/bM1d5Utyt2| created_at: Mon Nov 16 18:52:14 +0000 2020 | favorite_count: 1047 | quote_count: 78 | reply_count: 83 | retweet_count: 192 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  How much Bitcoin is @jack holding? "Enough," he says https://t.co/OO31nlVYaJ| created_at: Tue Feb 05 23:33:49 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 994 | quote_count: 31 | reply_count: 48 | retweet_count: 289 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Axie Infinity’s vision of a “play-to-earn” video game has crumbled https://t.co/wsfjHtECiI| created_at: Fri Jun 10 14:49:03 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 1050 | quote_count: 433 | reply_count: 249 | retweet_count: 419 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Founding Partner of Draper Associates and DFJ Tim Draper says he believes Bitcoin will rise to $250,000 by 2025 https://t.co/jAzofuzWAN https://t.co/EXGqUaFtCD| created_at: Tue Jul 11 17:57:46 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 107 | quote_count: 3 | reply_count: 30 | retweet_count: 29 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  .@elonmusk responds to a query from a Twitter user asking how much Shiba Inu he holds with, “None.” In a follow-up, he said he has bought Bitcoin, Ether and Dogecoin, and “that’s it” https://t.co/39XS8Ilw71 $SHIB $BTC $ETH $DOGE| created_at: Mon Oct 25 03:27:15 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1013 | quote_count: 32 | reply_count: 288 | retweet_count: 235 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Bitcoin's rally masks an uncomfortable fact: almost nobody uses it https://t.co/dkKCTOAGpG| created_at: Fri May 31 01:20:39 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 936 | quote_count: 136 | reply_count: 362 | retweet_count: 314 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  “I’m convinced 100% that crypto is the future,” says Binance founder Zhao Changpeng. “I just know it will happen” https://t.co/ICQAq4P8kZ https://t.co/LQYkpLnIRj| created_at: Wed Mar 28 20:30:06 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 904 | quote_count: 34 | reply_count: 37 | retweet_count: 379 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Goldman Sachs says 15% of family offices in a recent survey are already invested in crypto and another 45% want to get in  https://t.co/CT1H82IILa via @wealth| created_at: Wed Jul 21 14:05:53 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 1020 | quote_count: 76 | reply_count: 57 | retweet_count: 286 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Thomas Lee—who predicted Bitcoin would hit $25,000 by the end of 2018—says the market is wrong about crypto https://t.co/uy38kQU08y| created_at: Thu Dec 13 15:15:17 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 916 | quote_count: 126 | reply_count: 174 | retweet_count: 303 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  The owner of the New York Stock Exchange has an ambitious plan to bring Bitcoin to the masses https://t.co/z32v5sMtNi| created_at: Thu Apr 18 12:11:33 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 931 | quote_count: 21 | reply_count: 35 | retweet_count: 455 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  “This is indeed a national security issue,” Sec. Mnuchin said on the need for more regulation in the crypto space. “We will not allow digital asset service providers to operate in the shadows.” https://t.co/03CEzStDZE https://t.co/zykiOLkm96| created_at: Mon Jul 15 18:30:54 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 886 | quote_count: 190 | reply_count: 207 | retweet_count: 428 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  An 18-year-old exploited a weakness in Indexed Finance’s code and opened a legal conundrum that’s still rocking the blockchain community https://t.co/yLUv3DsRAd| created_at: Thu May 19 10:51:47 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 983 | quote_count: 174 | reply_count: 118 | retweet_count: 383 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  EXCLUSIVE: Coinbase is talking to clients about starting a new trading platform overseas, as the US environment for digital-asset companies continues to sour https://t.co/u50uEUx0pL| created_at: Fri Mar 17 14:38:20 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 1047 | quote_count: 65 | reply_count: 106 | retweet_count: 295 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Pepe, the frog-themed crypto token that's only been around for a month, may be signaling pain ahead for Bitcoin bulls https://t.co/y0TGtq3vrN| created_at: Sun May 14 19:15:58 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 989 | quote_count: 91 | reply_count: 270 | retweet_count: 509 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Bankers in Hong Kong are turning their burnout into a crypto community https://t.co/UsgilDZkEO| created_at: Tue Mar 29 12:04:12 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 351 | quote_count: 5 | reply_count: 90 | retweet_count: 318 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  BREAKING: Bitcoin surges past $5,000, climbing more than 20% to its highest level since November https://t.co/ZYbeHH619E| created_at: Tue Apr 02 05:43:29 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 891 | quote_count: 24 | reply_count: 32 | retweet_count: 304 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Fidelity offers first Bitcoin fund https://t.co/6SD8TZgL7b.| created_at: Wed Aug 26 21:49:03 +0000 2020 | favorite_count: 898 | quote_count: 47 | reply_count: 57 | retweet_count: 342 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Robinhood Markets included four new cryptocurrencies on its platform, including the Shiba Inu coin https://t.co/xybcNYG8bt| created_at: Tue Apr 12 15:08:00 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 918 | quote_count: 4 | reply_count: 93 | retweet_count: 268 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Months ago Jack Mallers was pretty much indistinguishable from the horde of baseball cap and hoodie-wearing young men touting Bitcoin. Now venture capitalists are clamoring to offer him money https://t.co/o48KJccxFx| created_at: Sat Jul 24 19:49:01 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 905 | quote_count: 18 | reply_count: 61 | retweet_count: 117 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Axie Infinity — an online world where crypto, gaming, NFTs and capitalism collide — shows what the metaverse could look like. This world is filled with dangers though, and is far from altruistic https://t.co/m7hcmMqyQp via @wealth| created_at: Tue Nov 02 02:03:03 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 821 | quote_count: 171 | reply_count: 1072 | retweet_count: 131 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  LATEST: Fidelity is targeting a March launch date for its Bitcoin custody service, according to three people with knowledge of the matter https://t.co/IjaZm93aQ3| created_at: Tue Jan 29 20:57:16 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 859 | quote_count: 37 | reply_count: 39 | retweet_count: 360 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  The growing clamor for Robinhood to add the Shiba Inu coin to its platform is helping boost the cryptocurrency to record highs https://t.co/axaxVihrEE $SHIB| created_at: Wed Oct 27 02:34:01 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 901 | quote_count: 34 | reply_count: 86 | retweet_count: 291 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Binance has tripled in value in the past 3 months. It’s now the world’s largest digital-asset exchange by trading volume https://t.co/8MmP1l11FJ https://t.co/WQT1WB3loW| created_at: Fri Mar 15 18:53:48 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 810 | quote_count: 33 | reply_count: 46 | retweet_count: 244 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  JUST IN: A judge has ruled that U.S. securities laws cover initial coin offerings https://t.co/X7uXkBOHOW| created_at: Tue Sep 11 16:05:44 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 807 | quote_count: 127 | reply_count: 51 | retweet_count: 549 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Crypto exchange Coinbase warned the US SEC that it won't be easy to beat in court if the regulator pursues litigation, referring to itself as "a well-resourced adversary" https://t.co/zXCUDkYJZh| created_at: Sat Apr 29 21:07:24 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 925 | quote_count: 52 | reply_count: 126 | retweet_count: 173 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  In the middle of a crypto winter, Animoca Brands has grown its portfolio to more than 340 finance, gaming, and social media companies https://t.co/0IL8T3jLaN| created_at: Thu Aug 18 13:42:34 +0000 2022 | favorite_count: 867 | quote_count: 79 | reply_count: 165 | retweet_count: 309 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Interest in Dogecoin and Shiba Inu coins has exploded. So has demand for living, breathing shiba inus https://t.co/Umti0ymoR2 via @BW| created_at: Fri Nov 05 11:47:32 +0000 2021 | favorite_count: 861 | quote_count: 20 | reply_count: 92 | retweet_count: 280 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  San Francisco was set to become “the blockchain capital of the world” but lost its status because of hostile US government policy, Ripple co-founder Chris Larsen says https://t.co/zPbEzabPP8| created_at: Wed Sep 06 13:05:10 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 965 | quote_count: 28 | reply_count: 72 | retweet_count: 319 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  The fight over the one-click endorphin loop will define the next stage of regulators' efforts to contain crypto, writes @LionelRALaurent https://t.co/7oopEgsR1j| created_at: Tue Jul 11 17:30:19 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 14 | quote_count: 0 | reply_count: 23 | retweet_count: 5 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  When it comes to crypto the US doesn’t know how to play, says DFJ Founder Tim Draper https://t.co/GtjTx4s9ZO https://t.co/NuAd0HUwyw| created_at: Tue Jul 11 17:42:29 +0000 2023 | favorite_count: 115 | quote_count: 2 | reply_count: 37 | retweet_count: 31 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  U.S. futures are getting clobbered 📉 
Bitcoin, on the other hand... https://t.co/taOMckdMjN https://t.co/DuYWifYA21| created_at: Mon May 13 12:10:52 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 780 | quote_count: 25 | reply_count: 24 | retweet_count: 218 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Bitcoin soared to the highest level in a year, extending a run that’s seen prices more than double https://t.co/LIVjDvpE82 https://t.co/oibhp01o3S| created_at: Mon May 27 02:09:13 +0000 2019 | favorite_count: 785 | quote_count: 14 | reply_count: 29 | retweet_count: 237 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en  Yep, Bitcoin was a bubble. And it popped. https://t.co/RFl50WlXw1 (via @Bopinion) https://t.co/90HSOIVqme| created_at: Tue Dec 11 13:48:03 +0000 2018 | favorite_count: 787 | quote_count: 191 | reply_count: 282 | retweet_count: 343 | is_quote_status: False | retweeted: False | lang: en
https://twitter.com/crypto
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter
Twitter - Wikipedia
2007-02-12
Authority control
<div><div>
<p>This article is about the social networking service. For the company which owns and operates it, see <a href="/wiki/Twitter,_Inc.">Twitter, Inc.</a></p>
<p>"Tweeting" and "Tweeted" redirect here. For the animal behavior, see <a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization">Bird vocalization</a>.</p>
<table><caption>Twitter</caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/File:Twitter-logo.svg"></a></td></tr><tr><td><div><p>Screenshot</p><div>
<p><a href="/wiki/File:Screen_of_Twitter.png"></a></p></div></div></td></tr><tr><th><p>Type of site</p></th><td><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service">Social networking service</a></td></tr><tr><th>Available in</th><td>Multilingual</td></tr><tr><th>Founded</th><td>March 21, 2006; 16 years ago in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California">San Francisco, California</a></td></tr><tr><th>Area served</th><td>Worldwide, except <a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Twitter">blocking countries</a></td></tr><tr><th>Owner</th><td><a href="/wiki/Twitter,_Inc.">Twitter, Inc.</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Organizational_founder">Founder(s)</a></th><td><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Glass">Noah Glass</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biz_Stone">Biz Stone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Williams_(Internet_entrepreneur)">Evan Williams</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th>CEO</th><td><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk">Elon Musk</a></td></tr><tr><th>URL</th><td><a href="https://twitter.com/">twitter<wbr></wbr>.com</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918#P856"></a></td></tr><tr><th>Registration</th><td>Required</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Registered_user">Users</a></th><td>238 million monetizable <a href="/wiki/Daily_active_users">DAU</a> (Q2 2022)</td></tr><tr><th>Launched</th><td>July 15, 2006; 16 years ago</td></tr><tr><th>Current status</th><td>Active</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform">Native client(s) on</a></th><td><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS">iOS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS">iPadOS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)">Android</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows">Windows</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS">macOS</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th>Written in</th><td><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)">Java</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)">Ruby</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)">Scala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td><sup><a href="#cite_note-Dorsey2006-1">[1]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-10K-2">[2]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Twitter_coding-4">[4]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-infoq-jvm-5">[5]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-launch-6">[6]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Twitter</b> is an online <a href="/wiki/Social_media">social media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service">social networking service</a> owned and operated by American company <a href="/wiki/Twitter,_Inc.">Twitter, Inc.</a>, on which users send and respond publicly or privately 280-character-long messages, images and videos known as "tweets".<sup><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Registered_user">Registered users</a> can tweet, like, '<a href="/wiki/Reblogging">retweet</a>' tweets and <a href="/wiki/Instant_Messaging">direct message</a> (DM), while unregistered users only have the ability to view public tweets. Users interact with Twitter through browser or mobile <a href="/wiki/Frontend_and_backend">frontend</a> software, or programmatically via its <a href="/wiki/API">APIs</a>. 
</p><p>Twitter was created by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah_Glass">Noah Glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biz_Stone">Biz Stone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Evan_Williams_(Internet_entrepreneur)">Evan Williams</a> in March 2006 and launched in July of that year. Twitter, Inc. is based in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California">San Francisco, California</a> and has more than 25 offices around the world.<sup><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> By 2012, more than 100 million users tweeted 340 million tweets a day,<sup><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion <a href="/wiki/Web_search_query">search queries</a> per day.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Twitter_500-11">[11]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> In 2013, it was one of the ten <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_websites">most-visited websites</a> and has been described as "the <a href="/wiki/SMS">SMS</a> of the Internet".<sup><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> By the start of 2019, Twitter had more than 330 million monthly active users.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Twitter-15">[15]</a></sup> In practice, the vast majority of tweets are tweeted by a minority of users.<sup><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> In 2020, it was estimated that approximately 48 million accounts (15% of all accounts) were fake.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Rodriguez-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>On October 27, 2022, <a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk">business magnate Elon Musk acquired Twitter, Inc.</a> for US$44 billion, gaining control of the platform.<sup><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> On December 20, 2022, Musk announced he would step down as CEO once a replacement had been found.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:13-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>History</h2>
<h3>2006–2007: Creation and initial reaction</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Twttr_sketch-Dorsey-2006.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>Twitter's origins lie in a "daylong brainstorming session" held by board members of the <a href="/wiki/Podcast">podcasting</a> company <a href="/wiki/Odeo">Odeo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a>, then an undergraduate student at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University">New York University</a>, introduced the idea of an individual using an SMS service to communicate with a small group.<sup><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-origins-25">[25]</a></sup> The original <a href="/wiki/Project_code_name">project code name</a> for the service was <i>twttr</i>, an idea that Williams later ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Noah_Glass_(Twitter)">Noah Glass</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> inspired by <a href="/wiki/Flickr">Flickr</a> and the five-character length of American SMS <a href="/wiki/Short_code">short codes</a>. The decision was also partly due to the fact that the domain twitter.com was already in use, and it was six months after the launch of twttr that the crew purchased the domain and changed the name of the service to <i>Twitter</i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> The developers initially considered "10958" as the service's <a href="/wiki/Short_code">short code</a> for <a href="/wiki/SMS">SMS</a> text messaging, but later changed it to "40404" for "ease of use and memorability".<sup><a href="#cite_note-HowTwitterWasBorn-28">[28]</a></sup> Work on the project started on March 21, 2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 12:50 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Standard_Time">PST</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9208:00">UTC−08:00</a>): "just setting up my twttr".<sup><a href="#cite_note-Dorsey2006-1">[1]</a></sup> Dorsey has explained the origin of the "Twitter" title:<sup><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>...we came across the word "twitter", and it was just perfect. The definition was "a short burst of inconsequential information", and "chirps from birds". And that's exactly what the product was.
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as an internal service for Odeo employees.<sup><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> The full version was introduced publicly on July 15, 2006.<sup><a href="#cite_note-launch-6">[6]</a></sup> In October 2006, <a href="/wiki/Biz_Stone">Biz Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evan_Williams_(Internet_entrepreneur)">Evan Williams</a>, Dorsey, and other members of Odeo formed Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo, together with its assets—including Odeo.com and Twitter.com—from the investors and shareholders.<sup><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitter's startup until 2011.<sup><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007.<sup><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview:<sup><a href="#cite_note-Inc-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>With Twitter, it wasn't clear what it was. They called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didn't replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is. Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network.
</p>
</blockquote>
<h3>2007–2010</h3>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Tipping_point_(sociology)">tipping point</a> for Twitter's popularity was the 2007 <a href="/wiki/South_by_Southwest_Interactive">South by Southwest Interactive</a> (SXSWi) conference. During the event, <a href="/wiki/Twitter_usage">Twitter usage</a> increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000.<sup><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> "The Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages," remarked <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>'s <a href="/wiki/Steven_Levy">Steven Levy</a>. "Hundreds of conference-goers kept tabs on each other via constant twitters. Panelists and speakers mentioned the service, and the bloggers in attendance touted it."<sup><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> Reaction at the conference was highly positive.<sup><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> Twitter staff received the festival's Web Award prize with the remark "we'd like to thank you in 140 characters or less. And we just did!"<sup><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup>
</p><p>The company experienced rapid initial growth. It had 400,000 tweets posted per quarter in 2007. This grew to 100 million tweets posted per quarter in 2008. In February 2010, Twitter users were sending 50 million tweets per day.<sup><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> In 2009, Twitter won the "Breakout of the Year" <a href="/wiki/Webby_Award">Webby Award</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> On November 29, 2009, Twitter was named the Word of the Year by the <a href="/wiki/Global_Language_Monitor">Global Language Monitor</a>, declaring it "a new form of social interaction".<sup><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> By March 2010, the company recorded over 70,000 registered applications.<sup><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> As of June 2010, about 65 million tweets were posted each day, equaling about 750 tweets sent each second, according to Twitter.<sup><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> As of March 2011, that was about 140 million tweets posted daily.<sup><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> As noted on <a href="/wiki/Compete.com">Compete.com</a>, Twitter moved up to the third-highest-ranking <a href="/wiki/Social_networking">social networking</a> site in January 2009 from its previous rank of twenty-second.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Kazeniac-46">[46]</a></sup>
</p>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_Dorsey_-_TechCrunch_Real-Time_Stream_Crunchup_-_2009.jpg"></a></p></div>
<p>Twitter's usage spikes during prominent events. For example, a record was set during the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a> when fans wrote 2,940 tweets per second in the thirty-second period after <a href="/wiki/Japan_national_football_team">Japan</a> scored against <a href="/wiki/Cameroon_national_football_team">Cameroon</a> on June 14, 2010. The record was broken again when 3,085 tweets per second were posted after the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers">Los Angeles Lakers</a>' victory in the <a href="/wiki/2010_NBA_Finals">2010 NBA Finals</a> on June 17, 2010,<sup><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> and then again at the close of Japan's victory over <a href="/wiki/Denmark_national_football_team">Denmark</a> in the World Cup when users published 3,283 tweets per second.<sup><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> The record was set again during the <a href="/wiki/2011_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_Final">2011 FIFA Women's World Cup Final</a> between <a href="/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_football_team">Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team">United States</a>, when 7,196 tweets per second were published.<sup><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> When American singer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> died on June 25, 2009, Twitter servers crashed after users were updating their status to include the words "Michael Jackson" at a rate of 100,000 tweets per hour.<sup><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> The current record as of August 3, 2013, was set in Japan, with 143,199 tweets per second during a television screening of the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Castle_in_the_Sky">Castle in the Sky</a></i><sup><a href="#cite_note-raffi-51">[51]</a></sup> (beating the previous record of 33,388, also set by Japan for the television screening of the same movie).<sup><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first unassisted off-Earth Twitter message was posted from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station">International Space Station</a> by <a href="/wiki/NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Astronaut">astronaut</a> <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Creamer">T. J. Creamer</a> on January 22, 2010.<sup><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> By late November 2010, an average of a dozen updates per day were posted on the astronauts' communal account, @NASA_Astronauts. NASA has also hosted over 25 <a href="/wiki/NASA_Social">"tweetups"</a>, events that provide guests with VIP access to NASA facilities and speakers with the goal of leveraging participants' social networks to further the outreach goals of NASA.
</p><p>Twitter acquired application developer Atebits on April 11, 2010. Atebits had developed the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Design_Award">Apple Design Award</a>-winning Twitter client <a href="/wiki/Tweetie">Tweetie</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh">Mac</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPhone">iPhone</a>. The application, became the official Twitter client for the iPhone, <a href="/wiki/IPad">iPad</a> and Mac.<sup><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>2010–2014</h3>
<p>From September through October 2010, the company began rolling out "New Twitter", an entirely revamped edition of twitter.com. Changes included the ability to see pictures and videos without leaving Twitter itself by clicking on individual tweets which contain links to images and clips from a variety of supported websites, including <a href="/wiki/YouTube">YouTube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flickr">Flickr</a>, and a complete overhaul of the interface, which shifted links such as '@mentions' and 'Retweets' above the Twitter stream, while 'Messages' and 'Log Out' became accessible via a black bar at the very top of twitter.com. As of November 1, 2010, the company confirmed that the "New Twitter experience" had been rolled out to all users. In 2019, Twitter was announced to be the 10th most downloaded mobile app of the decade, from 2010 to 2019.<sup><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup>
</p><p>On April 5, 2011, Twitter tested a new homepage and phased out the "Old Twitter".<sup><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> However, a glitch came about after the page was launched, so the previous "retro" homepage was still in use until the issues were resolved; the new homepage was reintroduced on April 20.<sup><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> On December 8, 2011, Twitter overhauled its website once more to feature the "Fly" design, which the service says is easier for new users to follow and promotes advertising. In addition to the <i>Home</i> tab, the <i>Connect</i> and <i>Discover</i> tabs were introduced along with a redesigned profile and timeline of Tweets. The site's layout has been compared to that of <a href="/wiki/Facebook">Facebook</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> On February 21, 2012, it was announced that Twitter and <a href="/wiki/Yandex">Yandex</a> agreed to a partnership. Yandex, a Russian search engine, finds value within the partnership due to Twitter's real time news feeds. Twitter's director of business development explained that it is important to have Twitter content where Twitter users go.<sup><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> On March 21, 2012, Twitter celebrated its sixth birthday by announcing that it had 140 million users, a 40% rise from September 2011, who were sending 340 million tweets per day.<sup><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup>
</p><p>On June 5, 2012, a modified logo was unveiled through the company blog, removing the text to showcase the slightly redesigned bird as the sole symbol of Twitter.<sup><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> On December 18, 2012, Twitter announced it had surpassed 200 million <a href="/wiki/Monthly_active_users">monthly active users</a>. 
</p><p>On January 28, 2013, Twitter acquired <a href="/wiki/Crashlytics">Crashlytics</a> in order to build out its mobile developer products.<sup><a href="#cite_note-crashlytics-66">[66]</a></sup> On April 18, 2013, Twitter launched a music app called Twitter Music for the iPhone.<sup><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup> On August 28, 2013, Twitter acquired Trendrr,<sup><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> followed by the acquisition of MoPub on September 9, 2013.<sup><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup> As of September 2013, the company's data showed that 200 million users sent over 400 million tweets daily, with nearly 60% of tweets sent from mobile devices.<sup><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup>
</p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVII">Super Bowl XLVII</a> on February 3, 2013, when the power went out in the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Superdome">Mercedes-Benz Superdome</a> <a href="/wiki/Mondelez_International">Mondelez International</a>, vice president Lisa Mann was asked to tweet, "You can still dunk in the dark", referring to <a href="/wiki/Oreo">Oreo</a> cookies. She approved, and as she told <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Age">Ad Age</a></i> in 2020, "literally the world [had] changed when I woke up the next morning." This became a milestone in the development of commenting daily on culture.<sup><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>2014–2020</h3>
<p>In April 2014, Twitter underwent a redesign that made the site resemble Facebook somewhat, with profile picture and biography in a column left to the timeline, and a full-width header image with <a href="/wiki/Parallax_scrolling">parallax scrolling</a> effect.<sup><a href="#cite_note-72">[a]</a></sup> That layout was used as main for the desktop front end until July 2019, undergoing changes over time such as removal of shortcut buttons to jump to the previous or next tweet in early 2017, and rounded profile pictures since June 2017.<sup><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2015, the Twitter.com desktop homepage changed.<sup><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a></sup> Later in the year it became apparent that growth had slowed, according to Fortune,<sup><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></sup> Business Insider,<sup><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a></sup> Marketing Land<sup><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a></sup> and other news websites including Quartz (in 2016).<sup><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since May 2018, tweet replies deemed by an algorithm to be detractive from conversation are initially hidden, and only loaded through actuating a "Show more replies" element at the bottom.<sup><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2019, Twitter released another redesign of its user interface<sup><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></sup> and ended support for <a href="/wiki/TLS_1.0">TLS 1.0</a> and <a href="/wiki/TLS_1.1">1.1</a> connections.<sup><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>2020–2021</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_J_Trump_(realDonaldTrump)_Twitter_-_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%82_2020-05-26.png"></a></p><div><p>The two tweets on May 26, 2020, from President Trump that Twitter had marked "potentially misleading" (inserting the blue warning icon and "Get the facts..." language) that led to the executive order</p></div></div><p>Twitter experienced considerable growth during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> in 2020.<sup><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a></sup> The platform also was increasingly used for <a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic">misinformation related to the pandemic</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a></sup> Twitter started marking tweets which contained misleading information, and adding links to fact-checks.<sup><a href="#cite_note-twitter_misinformation-86">[85]</a></sup> In May 2020, Twitter moderators marked two tweets from U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a> as "potentially misleading" and linked to a fact-check.<sup><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a></sup> Trump responded by signing an executive order to weaken <a href="/wiki/Section_230">Section 230</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act">Communications Decency Act</a>, which limits social media sites' liability for content moderation decisions.<sup><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a></sup> Twitter later banned Trump, claiming that he violated "the glorification of violence policy".<sup><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a></sup> The ban was criticized by conservatives and some European leaders, who saw it as an interference on freedom of speech.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:5-92">[91]</a></sup>
</p><p>On June 5, 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Nigeria">Nigerian</a> government issued an <a href="/wiki/Ban_of_Twitter_in_Nigeria">indefinite ban</a> on Twitter usage in the country, citing "misinformation and fake news spread through it have had real world violent consequences",<sup><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a></sup> after the platform removed tweets made by the Nigerian President <a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari">Muhammadu Buhari</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a></sup> Nigeria's ban was criticized by <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International">Amnesty International</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2021, Twitter began the research phase of <a href="/wiki/Bluesky_(protocol)">Bluesky</a><i>,</i> an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software">open source</a> decentralized social media protocol where users can choose which algorithmic curation they want.<sup><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></sup> The same year, Twitter also released Twitter Spaces, a social audio feature;<sup><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a></sup> "super follows", a way to subscribe to creators for exclusive content;<sup><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a></sup> and a beta of "ticketed Spaces", which makes access to certain audio rooms paid.<sup><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a></sup> Twitter unveiled a redesign in August 2021, with adjusted colors and a new Chirp font, which improves the left-alignment of most Western languages.<sup><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Since 2022</h3>
<p>In June 2022, Twitter announced a partnership with e-commerce giant <a href="/wiki/Shopify">Shopify</a>, and its plans to launch a sales channel app for U.S. Shopify merchants.<sup><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Acquisition by Elon Musk</h4>
<p><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate">Business magnate</a> <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk">Elon Musk</a> began speaking of buying Twitter, Inc. in early 2022, stating his concerns with the company's commitment to free speech and whether Twitter's moderation policies were undermining democracy.<sup><a href="#cite_note-ap_musk_timeline-104">[103]</a></sup> Musk reportedly planned major changes to Twitter's treatment of spambots, a more lenient content moderation policy, revamp of its offered services, and cost cuts. In the long-run, Musk expressed an intention to turn Twitter into an "everything app" like <a href="/wiki/WeChat">WeChat</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a></sup>
</p><p>Initially, Musk sought a position on the Twitter, Inc. Board of Directors by buying shares of the company; the Board created a "<a href="/wiki/Shareholder_rights_plan">poison pill</a>" to prevent Musk from gaining sufficient shares. Subsequently, Musk made an unsolicited offer to buy Twitter, Inc. for $43 billion on April 14, 2022. This process went through a number of business and legal confrontations; Musk ultimately completed the acquisition on October 27, 2022, for $44 billion.<sup><a href="#cite_note-ap_musk_timeline-104">[103]</a></sup> Musk immediately fired the top three Twitter executives.<sup><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a></sup> About a week later, he began laying off about half of the company's approximately 7,500 employees.<sup><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a></sup>
</p><p>A week after the takeover, Musk revamped Twitter Blue, increasing its price to $8 per month and adding new features, including the "<a href="/wiki/Twitter_verification">blue checkmark</a>" verification that had previously been reserved for high-profile confirmed users. This plan was criticized by several outlets, fearing that the potential for misinformation would increase since anyone could pay to appear to be verified through Twitter Blue. Musk opted to delay the changes to blue checkmarks until after the <a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_elections">2022 United States elections</a> over these concerns, and stated that accounts that were faking identities, outside of parody accounts, would be terminated.<sup><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a></sup> Following the takeover, various brands and companies paused advertising on the platform.<sup><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a></sup>
</p><p>Musk undid the prior ban on <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a> on November 19, 2022, following a poll Musk posted in favor of lifting the ban.<sup><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a></sup> Musk also unbanned other notable accounts that had been banned for misinformation previously, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee">The Babylon Bee</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson">Jordan Peterson</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a></sup> Musk also unbanned <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West">Kanye West</a>; a few weeks later, he re-instituted his ban after West posted a series of tweets that Musk said were incitement to violence, including one that posted a <a href="/wiki/Swastika">swastika</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_star">Jewish star</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a></sup>
</p><p>During December 2022, Musk provided internal documentation to a number of independent journalists and writers which were then publicly disseminated through a series of posts known as the "<a href="/wiki/Twitter_Files">Twitter Files</a>". The files describe internal discussion as related to Twitter's moderation steps in events such as the breaking of the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Biden_laptop_controversy">Hunter Biden laptop controversy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shadow_banning">shadow banning</a> of some conservative commentators' accounts, and the decision to block Trump. While some on the right saw the documents as evidence of Twitter's liberal bias and hostility to free speech, many people on the left described them as a reflection of how difficult it is for social media platforms to make tough decisions about content moderation.<sup><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-alJazeeraDec7-115">[114]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Twitter accounts of a number of journalists were permanently suspended on December 15, 2022. These journalists, including <a href="/wiki/Mashable">Mashable</a>'s Matt Binder, Aaron Rupar, Ryan Mac of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a>'</i>, and <a href="/wiki/CNN">CNN</a>'s Donie O'Sullivan, have covered Twitter and recently wrote articles about Musk's takeover. Several of the reporters had recently tweeted about the controversy over Musk's banning of <a href="/wiki/ElonJet">ElonJet</a> and other accounts which track private jets.<sup><a href="#cite_note-VergeJournalistsBanned-116">[115]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-CNNJournalistsBanned-117">[116]</a></sup> In response, Twitter Head of Trust and Safety Ella Irwin told <i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge">The Verge</a></i> that "we will suspend any accounts that violate our privacy policies and put other users at risk."<sup><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a></sup> Binder denied violating any of Twitter's policies, saying: "I did not share any location data, as per Twitter’s new terms. Nor did I share any links to ElonJet or other location tracking accounts."<sup><a href="#cite_note-APJournalistsBanned-119">[118]</a></sup> CNN journalist Oliver Darcy wrote that the bannings "called into serious question Musk’s supposed commitment to free speech."<sup><a href="#cite_note-CNNJournalistsBanned-117">[116]</a></sup> A group of the suspended users created a <a href="#Spaces">Space</a> where they discussed the actions (a function they were still able to use); after Musk joined the space and continued to criticize the ElonJet account, Spaces was abruptly disabled site-wide, with employees citing a "legacy bug".<sup><a href="#cite_note-:12-120">[119]</a></sup>
</p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post">The Washington Post</a></i> said in a statement that suspending reporter Drew Harwell "undermines Elon Musk's claim that he intends to run Twitter as a platform dedicated to free speech".<sup><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/European_Union">European Union</a> (EU) commissioner <a href="/wiki/Vera_Jourova">Vera Jourova</a> stated that the EU <a href="/wiki/Digital_Services_Act">Digital Services Act</a> insists on media freedom. Jourova stated: "Elon Musk should be aware of that. There are red lines. And sanctions, soon."<sup><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a></sup> On December 17, 2022, in a <a href="/wiki/Flip-flop_(politics)">u-turn</a>, several banned journalists' accounts were reinstated.<sup><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a></sup> Twitter also appeared to block links to <a href="/wiki/Mastodon_(social_network)">Mastodon</a> as malware or potentially harmful.<sup><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a></sup>
</p><p>On December 18, 2022, Twitter announced that it was banning users linking to what were referred to as "prohibited platforms" including <a href="/wiki/Facebook">Facebook</a>, Mastodon, <a href="/wiki/Instagram">Instagram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Truth_Social">Truth Social</a>, as well as third party link aggregators such as <a href="/wiki/Linktree">Linktree</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a></sup> Six hours after his announcement, Musk tweeted: "Going forward, there will be a vote for major policy changes. My apologies. Won't happen again." It is unclear if the earlier policy will be reversed. He also tweeted a poll asking users if he should remain as head of Twitter promising to abide by its results,<sup><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a></sup> in which 57.5% of the 17.5m votes were in favour of him stepping down.<sup><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a></sup> On December 20, 2022, Musk announced he would step down as CEO once a replacement had been found, and that he would then run the software and servers teams.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:13-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since the acquisition, Twitter's stability has been called into question, with reports that Musk had "disconnected one of the more sensitive server racks" in a datacenter used by Twitter, just before a large-scale outage of the platform occurred in December 2022.<sup><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a></sup> In 2023, many alternative third-party Twitter clients including <a href="/wiki/Tweetbot">Tweetbot</a>, stopped working without warning and without any apparent explanation from the company, with developers of such applications being unable to contact anyone to source an explanation for their errors, which often include a reference to authentication being unavailable or being unauthorised.<sup><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a></sup> Later, Twitter announced it was "enforcing long-standing API rules" and retroactively changed its Developer Terms of Service afterwards to justify its unannounced banning of third-party Twitter clients.<sup><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a></sup>
</p><p>In February, Twitter announced that it would be removing the free tier of its API within a week and replacing it with a "basic paid tier", effectively shutting down the many volunteer bots and applications that use the platform, such as StreamerBans and Video Downloader bots.<sup><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a></sup> Two days after this announcement, The Information reported plans by Twitter that any business account wanting to keep their gold checkmark as verification of their business will have to pay a minimum of $1000 per month, plus $50 for every affiliate account they include as part of their "business", such as accounts for sub-divisions of the company or even notable employees.<sup><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Whistleblower complaint</h4>
<p>On August 23, 2022, the contents of a whistleblower complaint by former information security head <a href="/wiki/Peiter_Zatko">Peiter Zatko</a> to the United States Congress were published. Zatko had been fired by Twitter in January 2022. The complaint alleges that Twitter failed to disclose several data breaches, had negligent security measures, violated <a href="/wiki/United_States_securities_regulation">United States securities regulations</a>, and broke the terms of a previous settlement with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> over the safeguarding of user data. The report also claims that the Indian government forced Twitter to hire one of its agents to gain direct access to user data.<sup><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Appearance and features</h2>
<h3>Tweets</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Twitter_wikipedia.png"></a></p><div><p>The Twitter account page for Wikipedia, demonstrating the account-customized timeline view which shows tweets in reverse chronological order</p></div></div>
<p>Tweets are publicly visible by default, but senders can restrict message delivery to only their followers. Users can mute users they do not wish to interact with, block accounts from viewing their tweets, and remove accounts from their followers list.<sup><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a></sup> Users can tweet via the Twitter website, compatible external applications (such as for <a href="/wiki/Smartphone">smartphones</a>), or by <a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service">Short Message Service</a> (SMS) available in certain countries.<sup><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a></sup> Users may subscribe to other users' tweets—this is known as "following" and subscribers are known as "followers"<sup><a href="#cite_note-lists1-139">[138]</a></sup> or "tweeps", a portmanteau of Twitter and peeps.<sup><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a></sup> Individual tweets can be forwarded by other users to their own feed, a process known as a "retweet". In 2015, Twitter launched "quote tweet" (originally called "retweet with comment"),<sup><a href="#cite_note-verge-quotetweet-141">[140]</a></sup> a feature that allows users to add a comment to their retweet, nesting one tweet in the other.<sup><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a></sup> Users can also "<a href="/wiki/Like_button">like</a>" (formerly "favorite") individual tweets.<sup><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a></sup>
</p><p>The counters for "likes", "retweets", and replies appear next to the respective buttons in timelines such as on profile pages and search results. Counters for likes and retweets exist on a tweet's standalone page too. Since September 2020, quote tweets, formerly known as "retweet with comment", have their own counter on their tweet page.<sup><a href="#cite_note-verge-quotetweet-141">[140]</a></sup> Until the legacy desktop front end that was discontinued in 2020, a row with miniature profile pictures of up to ten liking or retweeting users was displayed (earliest documented implementation in December 2011 overhaul), as well as a tweet reply counter next to the according button on a tweet's page.<sup><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a></sup>
</p><p>Twitter allows users to update their profile via their mobile phone either by text messaging or by apps released for certain smartphones and tablets.<sup><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a></sup> Twitter has been compared to a web-based <a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat">Internet Relay Chat</a> (IRC) client.<sup><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a></sup> In a 2009 <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine essay, technology author <a href="/wiki/Steven_Berlin_Johnson">Steven Johnson</a> described the basic mechanics of Twitter as "remarkably simple":
</p>
<blockquote><p>As a social network, Twitter revolves around the principle of followers. When you choose to follow another Twitter user, that user's tweets appear in reverse chronological order on your main Twitter page. If you follow 20 people, you'll see a mix of tweets scrolling down the page: breakfast-cereal updates, interesting new links, music recommendations, even musings on the future of education.<sup><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>Twitter announced in a tweet on September 1, 2022, that the ability to edit a tweet was being tested for a few users. The company said the feature was being tested first to determine whether it could be abused. Editing would be allowed for 30 minutes, and previous versions of an edited post would be available. Eventually, all <a href="#Twitter_Blue">Twitter Blue</a> subscribers would be able to use the feature.<sup><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Hashtags, usernames, retweets and replies</h4>
<p>"Twitter hashtag" redirects here. For more about hashtags, see <a href="/wiki/Hashtag">Hashtag</a>.</p>
<p>Users can group posts together by topic or type by use of <a href="/wiki/Hashtag">hashtags</a> – words or phrases prefixed with a "<code>#</code>" sign. Similarly, the "<code>@</code>" sign followed by a <a href="/wiki/Username">username</a> is used for mentioning or replying to other users.<sup><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2014, in anticipation for the <a href="/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup">FIFA World Cup</a>, Twitter introduced hashflags, special hashtags that automatically generate a custom <a href="/wiki/Emoji">emoji</a> next to them for a certain period of time, following the success of a similar campaign during the <a href="/wiki/2010_World_Cup">2010 World Cup</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a></sup> Hashflags may be generated by Twitter themselves (such as to <a href="/wiki/Consciousness_raising">raise awareness</a> for <a href="/wiki/Social_issue">social issues</a>)<sup><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a></sup> or be purchased by corporations (such as to promote products and events).<sup><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a></sup>
</p><p>To repost a message from another Twitter user and share it with one's own followers, a user can click the retweet button within the Tweet. Users can reply to other accounts' replies. Since November 2019, users can hide replies to their messages. Since May 2020, users can select who can reply to each of their tweets before sending them: anyone, accounts who follow the poster, specific accounts, and none. This ability was upgraded in July 2021 to make the feature retroactively applicable to tweets after they have been sent out.<sup><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Using SMS</h4>
<p>Through SMS, users can communicate with Twitter through five <a href="/wiki/Gateway_(telecommunications)">gateway</a> numbers: <a href="/wiki/Short_code">short codes</a> for the United States, Canada, India, New Zealand, and an <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man">Isle of Man</a>-based number for international use. There is also a short code in the United Kingdom which is only accessible to those on the <a href="/wiki/Vodafone">Vodafone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica_Europe">O2</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Orange_UK">Orange</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a></sup> networks. In India, since Twitter only supports tweets from <a href="/wiki/Bharti_Airtel">Bharti Airtel</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a></sup> an alternative platform called smsTweet<sup><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a></sup> was set up by a user to work on all networks.<sup><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a></sup> A similar platform called GladlyCast exists for mobile phone users in Singapore and Malaysia.<sup><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a></sup>
</p><p>The tweets were set to a largely constrictive 140-character limit for compatibility with SMS messaging, introducing the shorthand notation and <a href="/wiki/Internet_slang">slang commonly used in SMS</a> messages. The 140-character limit also increased the usage of <a href="/wiki/URL_shortening">URL shortening</a> services such as <a href="/wiki/Bitly">bit.ly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google_URL_Shortener">goo.gl</a>, <a href="/wiki/TinyURL">tinyurl.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tr.im">tr.im</a>, and other content-hosting services such as <a href="/wiki/TwitPic">TwitPic</a>, memozu.com and NotePub to accommodate <a href="/wiki/Multimedia">multimedia</a> content and text longer than 140 characters. Since June 2011, Twitter has used its own <a href="/wiki/T.co">t.co</a> domain for automatic <a href="/wiki/URL_shortening">shortening</a> of all URLs posted on its site, making other link shorteners unnecessary for staying within Twitter's 140 character limit.<sup><a href="#cite_note-twitterhelpshort-162">[161]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-t.co_rollout-163">[162]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2020, Twitter discontinued the ability to receive SMS messages containing the text of new tweets in most countries.<sup><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Character limits</h4>
<p>In 2016, Twitter announced that media such as photos, videos, and the person's handle, would not count against the already constrictive 140 character limit. A user photo post used to count for a large chunk of a Tweet, about 24 characters.<sup><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a></sup> Attachments and links would also no longer be part of the character limit.<sup><a href="#cite_note-New_Twitter_Name-167">[166]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since March 30, 2017, the Twitter handles are outside the tweet itself, therefore they no longer count towards the character limit.<sup><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a></sup> Only new Twitter handles added to the conversation count towards the limit.
</p><p>In 2017, Twitter doubled its historical 140-character-limitation to 280.<sup><a href="#cite_note-new280limit-169">[168]</a></sup> Under the new limit, <a href="/wiki/Glyph">glyphs</a> are counted as a variable number of characters, depending upon the script they are from: most European letters and punctuation forms count as one character, while each <a href="/wiki/CJK">CJK</a> glyph counts as two so that only 140 such glyphs can be used in a tweet.<sup><a href="#cite_note-new280limit-169">[168]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>URL shortener</h4>
<p>t.co is a <a href="/wiki/URL_shortening">URL shortening</a> service created by Twitter.<sup><a href="#cite_note-twitterhelpshort-162">[161]</a></sup> It is only available for links posted to Twitter and not available for general use.<sup><a href="#cite_note-twitterhelpshort-162">[161]</a></sup> All links posted to Twitter use a t.co wrapper.<sup><a href="#cite_note-twitterblog-170">[169]</a></sup> Twitter hopes that the service will be able to protect users from malicious sites,<sup><a href="#cite_note-twitterhelpshort-162">[161]</a></sup> and will use it to track clicks on links within tweets.<sup><a href="#cite_note-twitterhelpshort-162">[161]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a></sup>
</p><p>Having used the services of third parties <a href="/wiki/TinyURL">TinyURL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bit.ly">bit.ly</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a></sup> Twitter began experimenting with its own URL shortening service for private messages in March 2010 using the twt.tl domain,<sup><a href="#cite_note-twitterblog-170">[169]</a></sup> before it purchased the t.co domain.<sup><a href="#cite_note-twitterblog-170">[169]</a></sup> On June 7, 2011, Twitter announced that it was rolling out the feature.<sup><a href="#cite_note-t.co_rollout-163">[162]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Image sharing</h4>
<p>On June 1, 2011, Twitter announced its own integrated photo-sharing service that enables users to upload a photo and attach it to a Tweet right from Twitter.com.<sup><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a></sup> Users now also have the ability to add pictures to Twitter's search by adding hashtags to the tweet.<sup><a href="#cite_note-twitpic-174">[173]</a></sup> Twitter also plans to provide photo galleries designed to gather and syndicate all photos that a user has uploaded on Twitter and third-party services such as <a href="/wiki/TwitPic">TwitPic</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-twitpic-174">[173]</a></sup>
</p><p>On March 29, 2016, Twitter introduced the ability to add a caption of up to 480 characters to each image attached to a tweet,<sup><a href="#cite_note-hc_420-175">[174]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-420char-176">[175]</a></sup> accessible via screen reading software or by hovering the mouse above a picture inside <a href="/wiki/TweetDeck">TweetDeck</a>. In April 2022, Twitter made the ability to add and view captions globally available. Descriptions can be added to any uploaded image with a limit of 1000 characters. Images that have a description will feature a badge that says <i>ALT</i> in the bottom left corner, which will bring up the description when clicked.<sup><a href="#cite_note-AltDesc2022-177">[176]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Polls</h4>
<p>In 2015, Twitter began to roll out the ability to attach poll questions to tweets. Polls are open for up to 7 days, and voters are not personally identified.<sup><a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a></sup> Initially, polls could have only two options with a maximum of twenty characters per option. Later,<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items">when?</a></i>]</sup> the ability to add four options with up to 25 characters per option, was added.
</p>
<h3>Non-tweet content</h3>
<h4>Streaming video</h4>
<p>In 2016, Twitter began to place a larger focus on live streaming video programming, hosting various events including streams of the <a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention">Republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention">Democratic</a> conventions during the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election">U.S. presidential campaign</a> as part of a partnership with <a href="/wiki/CBS_News">CBS News</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dreamhack">Dreamhack</a> and <a href="/wiki/ESL_(company)">ESL</a> <a href="/wiki/Esports">esports</a> events,<sup><a href="#cite_note-verge-twitterstreamingvideo-180">[179]</a></sup> and winning a bid for non-exclusive streaming rights to ten <a href="/wiki/NFL">NFL</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Thursday_Night_Football">Thursday Night Football</a></i> games in the <a href="/wiki/2016_NFL_season">2016 season</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-verge-twitterstreamingvideo-180">[179]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-ars-tnftwitter-181">[180]</a></sup>
</p><p>During an event in New York in May 2017, Twitter announced that it planned to construct a 24-hour streaming video channel hosted within the service, featuring content from various partners.<sup><a href="#cite_note-verge-twitterstreamingvideo-180">[179]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-recode-twittervideo-182">[181]</a></sup> CEO Jack Dorsey stated that the digital video strategy was part of a goal for Twitter to be "the first place that anyone hears of anything going on that matters to them"; as of the first quarter of 2017, Twitter had over 200 content partners, who streamed over 800 hours of video over 450 events.<sup><a href="#cite_note-variety-streamingchannel-183">[182]</a></sup>
</p><p>Twitter announced a number of new and expanded partnerships for its streaming video services at the event, including <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P.">Bloomberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/BuzzFeed">BuzzFeed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheddar_(TV_channel)">Cheddar</a> (<i>Opening Bell</i> and <i>Closing Bell</i> shows; the latter was introduced in October 2016) <a href="/wiki/WME/IMG">IMG Fashion</a> (coverage of fashion events), <a href="/wiki/Live_Nation_Entertainment">Live Nation Entertainment</a> (streaming concert events), <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> (weekly online game stream, plus a weekly program with live look-ins and coverage of trending stories), <a href="/wiki/MTV">MTV</a> and <a href="/wiki/BET_(TV_channel)">BET</a> (red carpet coverage for their <a href="/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards">MTV Video Music Awards</a>, <a href="/wiki/MTV_Movie_%26_TV_Awards">MTV Movie &amp; TV Awards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BET_Awards">BET Awards</a>), <a href="/wiki/NFL_Network">NFL Network</a> (the Monday-Thursday news program <i>NFL Blitz Live</i>, and Sunday <i>Fantasy Gameday</i>),<sup><a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-verge-nfltwitter17-185">[184]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/PGA_Tour">PGA Tour</a> (<i>PGA Tour Live</i> coverage of early tournament rounds preceding television coverage),<sup><a href="#cite_note-golf-pgatwitter-186">[185]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Players%27_Tribune">The Players' Tribune</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Silverman">Ben Silverman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Owens">Howard T. Owens</a>' Propagate (daily entertainment show <i>#WhatsHappening</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge">The Verge</a></i> (weekly technology show <i>Circuit Breaker: The Verge's Gadget Show</i>), <a href="/wiki/Stadium_(sports_network)">Stadium</a> (a new digital sports network being formed by <a href="/wiki/Silver_Chalice">Silver Chalice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a>)<sup><a href="#cite_note-bandc-asnrevamp-187">[186]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-sbn-asnrelaunch-188">[187]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-sunherald-stadium-189">[188]</a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/WNBA">WNBA</a> (weekly game).<sup><a href="#cite_note-variety-streamingchannel-183">[182]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Spaces</h4>
<p>Twitter Spaces is a <a href="/wiki/Social_audio">social audio</a> feature that enables users to host or participate in a live-audio virtual environment called <i>space</i> for conversation. Spaces can accommodate an unlimited number of listeners. A maximum of 13 people (1 host, 2 co-hosts and 10 speakers) are allowed onstage. The feature was initially limited to users with at least 600 followers. Since October 21, 2021, any Twitter user can create a Space from the Android or iOS app.<sup><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a></sup>
</p><p>Spaces was temporarily disabled on December 16, 2022, after it was discovered that suspended users could still participate in them.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:12-120">[119]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Fleets</h4>
<p>In March 2020, Twitter began to test a <a href="/wiki/Stories_(social_media)">stories</a> feature known as "fleets" in some markets,<sup><a href="#cite_note-:3-191">[190]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a></sup> which officially launched on November 17, 2020.<sup><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a></sup> Similarly to equivalent features, fleets can contain text and media, are only accessible for 24 hours after they are posted, and are accessed within the Twitter app via an area above the timeline.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:3-191">[190]</a></sup>
</p><p>In June 2021, Twitter announced it would start implementing advertising into fleets, integrating full-screen ads among user-created content.<sup><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a></sup> On July 14, 2021, Twitter stated that it would remove Fleets by August 3. Twitter had intended for fleets to encourage more users to tweet regularly, rather than simply consume other folks' tweets, but instead fleets were generally used by users who already tweeted a lot. The company stated that their spot at the top of the screen would now be occupied by currently active Spaces from the user's feed.<sup><a href="#cite_note-expiringfeature-196">[195]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Curation</h3>
<h4>Trending topics</h4>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Twitter_TT.PNG"></a></p><div><p>Countries and cities with local <i>trending topics</i> in Twitter</p></div></div>
<p>A word, phrase, or topic that is mentioned at a greater rate than others is said to be a "trending topic". Trending topics become popular either through a concerted effort by users or because of an event that prompts people to talk about a specific topic.<sup><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a></sup> These topics help Twitter and their users to understand what is happening in the world and what people's opinions are about it.<sup><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a></sup> The Twitter web interface displays a list of trending topics on a sidebar on the home page, along with sponsored content.
</p><p>Trending topics are sometimes the result of concerted efforts and manipulations by fans of certain celebrities or cultural phenomena, particularly musicians like <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga">Lady Gaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Bieber">Justin Bieber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rihanna">Rihanna</a> and <a href="/wiki/One_Direction">One Direction</a>, and novel series <i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_(novel_series)">Twilight</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter">Harry Potter</a></i>. Twitter has altered the trend algorithm in the past to prevent manipulation of this type with limited success.<sup><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a></sup> Twitter also censors trending hashtags that are claimed to be abusive or offensive. Twitter censored the #Thatsafrican<sup><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a></sup> and #thingsdarkiessay hashtags after users complained that they found the hashtags offensive.<sup><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Lists</h4>
<p>In late 2009, the "Twitter Lists" feature was added, making it possible for users to follow ad hoc lists of users instead of individual users.<sup><a href="#cite_note-lists1-139">[138]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Moments</h4>
<p>In October 2015, Twitter introduced "Moments"—a feature that allows users to curate tweets from other users into a larger collection. Twitter initially intended the feature to be used by its in-house editorial team and other partners; they populated a dedicated tab in Twitter's apps, chronicling news headlines, sporting events, and other content.<sup><a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a></sup> In September 2016, creation of moments became available to all Twitter users.<sup><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Algorithm</h3>
<p>An October 21, 2021, report based on a "long-running, massive-scale randomized experiment" that analyzed "millions of tweets sent between 1 April and 15 August 2020", found that Twitter's machine learning algorithm amplified right-leaning politics on personalized user Home timelines.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Huszár_20211021-206">[205]</a></sup><sup>: 1 </sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-BBC_20211022-207">[206]</a></sup> The report compared seven countries with active Twitter users where data was available—Germany, Canada, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, and Spain—and examined Tweets "from major political groups and politicians".<sup><a href="#cite_note-Huszár_20211021-206">[205]</a></sup><sup>: 4 </sup> Researchers used the 2019 Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHESDATA) to position parties on political ideology within each country.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Huszár_20211021-206">[205]</a></sup><sup>: 4 </sup> The "machine learning algorithms"—introduced by Twitter in 2016—personalized 99% of users' feeds by displaying Tweets—even older Tweets and Retweets from accounts the user had not directly followed—but that the algorithm had "deemed relevant" to the users' past preferences.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Huszár_20211021-206">[205]</a></sup><sup>: 4 </sup> Twitter randomly chose 1% of users whose Home timelines displayed content in reverse-chronological order from users they directly followed.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Huszár_20211021-206">[205]</a></sup><sup>: 2 </sup>
</p>
<h3>Mobile</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Twitter_Mobile.PNG"></a></p></div>
<p>Twitter has mobile apps for <a href="/wiki/IPhone">iPhone</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPad">iPad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)">Android</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a></sup> In April 2017, Twitter introduced <i>Twitter Lite</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_web_app">progressive web app</a> designed for regions with unreliable and slow Internet connections, with a size of less than one <a href="/wiki/Megabyte">megabyte</a>, designed for devices with limited storage capacity.<sup><a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Adding and following content</h3>
<p>There are numerous tools for adding content, monitoring content and conversations including Twitter's own <a href="/wiki/TweetDeck">TweetDeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salesforce.com">Salesforce.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/HootSuite">HootSuite</a>, and Twitterfeed.com. As of 2009, fewer than half of tweets posted were posted using the web user interface with most users using third-party applications (based on an analysis of 500 million tweets by Sysomos).<sup><a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Twitter Blue</h3>
<p>On June 3, 2021, Twitter announced a paid subscription service known as Twitter Blue, which provides additional premium features to the service,<sup><a href="#cite_note-:8-213">[212]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a></sup> which currently include:
</p>
<ul><li>Undo Tweet, which delays the posting of a tweet by up to one minute to allow the submitter to withdraw it before it is posted.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:8-213">[212]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a></sup></li>
<li>Bookmarks, which allows users to save individual tweets into folders.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:8-213">[212]</a></sup></li>
<li>Reader mode, which converts threads of tweets into an article-like view.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:8-213">[212]</a></sup></li>
<li>A selection of color themes and app icons for the Twitter mobile app.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:8-213">[212]</a></sup></li>
<li>Dedicated customer support.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:8-213">[212]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NFT">NFT</a> profile pictures, added on January 20, 2022. They are displayed in a hexagon-shaped frame, rather than circular like other profile pictures.<sup><a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a></sup></li>
<li>A planned edit feature for tweets was in development as of April 2022.<sup><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a></sup></li>
<li>Customization of the navigation bar.<sup><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h4>Verification of paid accounts</h4>
<p>In November 2022, Musk announced plans to add account verification and the ability to upload longer audio and video to Twitter Blue. A previous perk offering advertising-free news articles from participating publishers was dropped, but Musk stated that Twitter did want to work with publishers on a similar "<a href="/wiki/Paywall">paywall</a> bypass" perk.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:9-219">[218]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:10-220">[219]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:11-221">[220]</a></sup> Musk had pushed for a more expensive version of Twitter Blue following his takeover, arguing that it would be needed to offset a decline in advertising revenue.<sup><a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a></sup>
</p><p>The verification marker was included in a premium tier of Twitter Blue introduced on November 9, 2022, priced at US$7.99.<sup><a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a></sup> On November 11, 2022, after the introduction of this feature led to prominent issues involving accounts using the feature to impersonate public figures and companies, Twitter Blue with verification was temporarily suspended.<sup><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Elon_Musk’s_first_big_Twitter_product_paused_after_fake_accounts_spread-225">[224]</a></sup> After about a month, Twitter Blue was relaunched on December 12, 2022, though for those purchasing the service through the <a href="/wiki/App_Store_(iOS/iPadOS)">iOS app store</a>, the cost will be $10.99 a month as to offset the 30% revenue split that Apple takes.<sup><a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>User monetization</h3>
<p>In June 2021, the company opened applications for its premium subscription options called Super Follows. This lets eligible accounts charge $2.99, $4.99 or $9.99 per month to subscribe to the account.<sup><a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a></sup> The launch only generated about $6,000 in its first two weeks.<sup><a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2021, Twitter began testing a Tip Jar feature on its iOS and Android clients. The feature allows users to send monetary tips to certain accounts, providing a financial incentive for content creators on the platform. The Tip Jar is optional and users can choose whether or not to enable tips for their account.<sup><a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a></sup> On September 23, 2021, Twitter announced that it will allow users to tip users on the social network with <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin">bitcoin</a>. The feature will be available for iOS users. Previously, users could tip with fiat currency using services such as <a href="/wiki/Square_(financial_services_company)">Square's</a> <a href="/wiki/Cash_App">Cash App</a> and <a href="/wiki/PayPal">PayPal's</a> <a href="/wiki/Venmo">Venmo</a>. Twitter will integrate the Strike bitcoin lightning wallet service. It was noted that at this current time, Twitter will not take a cut of any money sent through the tips feature.<sup><a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a></sup>
</p><p>On August 27, 2021, Twitter rolled out Ticketed Spaces, which let Twitter Spaces hosts charge between $1 and $999 for access to their rooms.<sup><a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a></sup> In April 2022, Twitter announced that it will partner with <a href="/wiki/Stripe,_Inc.">Stripe, Inc.</a> for piloting cryptocurrency payouts for limited users in the platform. Eligible users of Ticketed Spaces and Super Follows will be able to receive their earnings in the form of USD coin, a stablecoin whose value is that of the U.S. dollar. Users can also hold their earnings in crypto wallets, and then exchange them into other cryptocurrencies.<sup><a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>E-commerce</h3>
<p>From 2014 to 2017, Twitter offered a "Buy button" feature, allowing tweets to embed products that could be purchased from within the service. Users could also add their billing and shipping information directly to their accounts. The buy button's platform partners at launch included Stripe, <a href="/wiki/Gumroad">Gumroad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musictoday">Musictoday</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Fancy">The Fancy</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a></sup>
</p><p>In July 2021, Twitter began testing a "Shop module" for iOS users in the United States, allowing accounts associated with brands to display a carousel of cards on their profiles showcasing products. Unlike the Buy button, where order fulfillment was handed from within Twitter, these cards are external links to online storefronts from which the products may be purchased.<sup><a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a></sup> In March 2022, Twitter expanded the test to allow companies to showcase up to 50 products on their profiles.<sup><a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a></sup>
</p><p>In November 2021, Twitter introduced support for "shoppable" live streams, in which brands can hold streaming events that similarly display banners and pages highlighting products that are featured in the presentation.<sup><a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Usage</h2>
<p>Daily user estimates vary as the company does not publish statistics on active accounts. A February 2009 <a href="/wiki/Compete.com">Compete.com</a> blog entry ranked Twitter as the third most used social network based on their count of 6 million unique monthly visitors and 55 million monthly visits.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Kazeniac-46">[46]</a></sup> An April 2017 a <a href="/wiki/Statista.com">statista.com</a> blog entry ranked Twitter as the tenth most used social network based on their count of 319 million monthly visitors.<sup><a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a></sup> Its global user base in 2017 was 328 million.<sup><a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Demographics</h3>
<table><tbody><tr><td><p></p></td><td><p>This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. <i>(September 2019)</i></p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Twitter.com Top5 Global Markets by Reach (%)<sup><a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a></sup></th></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Country</b></td>
<td></td>
<td><b>Fraction</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Indonesia</td>
<td><small>Jun. 2010</small></td>
<td>
</td>
<td><small>20.8%</small></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><small>Dec. 2010</small></td>
<td>
</td>
<td><small>19.0%</small></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Brazil</td>
<td><small>Jun. 2010</small></td>
<td>
</td>
<td><small>20.5%</small></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><small>Dec. 2010</small></td>
<td>
</td>
<td><small>21.8%</small></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Venezuela</td>
<td><small>Jun. 2010</small></td>
<td>
</td>
<td><small>19.0%</small></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><small>Dec. 2010</small></td>
<td>
</td>
<td><small>21.1%</small></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Netherlands</td>
<td><small>Jun. 2010</small></td>
<td>
</td>
<td><small>17.7%</small></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><small>Dec. 2010</small></td>
<td>
</td>
<td><small>22.3%</small></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Japan</td>
<td><small>Jun. 2010</small></td>
<td>
</td>
<td><small>16.8%</small></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><small>Dec. 2010</small></td>
<td>
</td>
<td><small>20.0%</small></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><small>Note: Visitor age &gt;15, home and work locations. Excludes visitation from public computers such as Internet cafes or access from mobile phones or PDAs.</small></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p>In 2009, Twitter was mainly used by older adults who might not have used other social sites before Twitter, said Jeremiah Owyang, an industry analyst studying social media. "Adults are just catching up to what teens have been doing for years", he said.<sup><a href="#cite_note-teensdonttweet-241">[240]</a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/ComScore">comScore</a> only 11% of Twitter's users are aged 12 to 17.<sup><a href="#cite_note-teensdonttweet-241">[240]</a></sup> comScore attributed this to Twitter's "early adopter period" when the social network first gained popularity in business settings and news outlets attracting primarily older users. However, comScore also stated in 2009 that Twitter had begun to "filter more into the mainstream", and "along with it came a culture of celebrity as <a href="/wiki/Shaquille_O%27Neal">Shaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britney_Spears">Britney Spears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Kutcher">Ashton Kutcher</a> joined the ranks of the Twitterati".<sup><a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to a study by <a href="/wiki/Sysomos">Sysomos</a> in June 2009, women make up a slightly larger Twitter demographic than men—53% over 47%. It also stated that 5% of users accounted for 75% of all activity and that New York City has more Twitter users than other cities.<sup><a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to Quancast, 27 million people in the US used Twitter as of September 3, 2009; 63% of Twitter users are under 35 years old; 60% of Twitter users are Caucasian, but a higher than average (compared to other Internet properties) are African American/black (16%) and Hispanic (11%); 58% of Twitter users have a total household income of at least US$60,000.<sup><a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a></sup> The prevalence of African American Twitter usage and in many popular hashtags has been the subject of research studies.<sup><a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a></sup>
</p><p>On September 7, 2011, Twitter announced that it had 100 million active users logging in at least once a month and 50 million active users every day.<sup><a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a></sup> On March 31, 2014, Twitter announced that there were 255 million monthly active users (MAUs) and 198 million mobile MAUs.<sup><a href="#cite_note-investor.twitterinc.com-248">[247]</a></sup> In 2013, there were over 100 million users actively using Twitter daily and about 500 million tweets every day,<sup><a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a></sup> with about 29% of users checking Twitter multiple times a day.<sup><a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a></sup>
As of Q1 2019, Twitter had more than 330 million monthly active users. The majority of Twitter users skew to the American political left.<sup><a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-Twitter-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2012, the country with the most active users on Twitter was the United States.<sup><a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a></sup> A 2016 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center">Pew research poll</a> found that Twitter is used by 24% of all online US adults. It was equally popular with men and women (24% and 25% of online Americans respectively), but more popular with younger (36% of 18–29 year olds) generations.<sup><a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a></sup>
</p><p>A 2019 survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/The_Pew_Charitable_Trusts">Pew Foundation</a> found that Twitter users are more likely than the general public to have both a college degree and higher income than the average U.S. adult. Users are also three times as likely to be younger than 50 years old, with the median age of adult U.S. users being 40 years old. The survey found that 10% of users who are most active on Twitter are responsible for 80% of all tweets, focusing mainly on the topics of politics and women.<sup><a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Content</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Content_of_Tweets.svg"></a></p><div><p>Content of tweets according to Pear Analytics in August 2009 </p><p>  News (3.6%)</p> <p>  Spam (3.8%)</p> <p>  Self-promotion (5.9%)</p> <p>  Pointless babble (40.1%)</p> <p>  Conversational (37.6%)</p> <p>  Pass-along value (8.7%)</p></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio">San Antonio</a>-based market-research firm Pear Analytics analyzed 2,000 tweets (originating from the United States and in English) over a two-week period in August 2009 from 11:00 am to 5:00 pm (CST) and separated them into six categories.<sup><a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Small_talk">Pointless babble</a> made up 40%, with 38% being conversational. Pass-along value had 9%, self-promotion 6% with <a href="/wiki/Spam_(electronic)">spam</a> and news each making 4%.
</p><p>Despite Jack Dorsey's own open contention that a message on Twitter is "a short burst of inconsequential information", social networking researcher <a href="/wiki/Danah_boyd">danah boyd</a> responded to the Pear Analytics survey by arguing that what the Pear researchers labeled "pointless babble" is better characterized as "<a href="/wiki/Social_grooming">social grooming</a>" or "peripheral awareness" (which she justifies as persons "want[ing] to know what the people around them are thinking and doing and feeling, even when co-presence isn't viable").<sup><a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a></sup> Similarly, a survey of Twitter users found that a more specific social role of passing along messages that include a hyperlink is an expectation of reciprocal linking by followers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Levels of use</h3>
<p>According to research published in April 2014, around 44% of user accounts have never tweeted.<sup><a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a></sup> About 22% of Americans say they have ever used Twitter, according to a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center">Pew Research Center</a> survey.<sup><a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a></sup> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Online">Nielsen Online</a> reported that Twitter had a user-retention rate of forty percent. Many people stop using the service after a month; therefore the site may potentially reach only about ten percent of all <a href="/wiki/Global_internet_usage">Internet users</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a></sup> Noting how demographics of Twitter users differ from the average Americans, commentators have cautioned against media narratives that treat Twitter as representative of the population,<sup><a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a></sup> adding that only 10% of users Tweet actively, and that 90% of Twitter users have Tweeted no more than twice. In 2016, shareholders sued Twitter, alleging it "artificially inflated its stock price by misleading them about user engagement." The company announced on September 20, 2021, that it would pay $809.5 million to settle this class-action lawsuit.<sup><a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Branding</h2>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Twitter_2010_logo_-_from_Commons.svg"></a></p><div><p>The Twitter logo from September 14, 2010, to June 5, 2012, featuring the silhouette version of "Larry the Bird"</p></div></div>
<p>Twitter has become internationally identifiable by its signature bird logo, or the Twitter Bird. The original logo, which was simply the word <i>Twitter</i>, was in use from its launch in March 2006. It was accompanied by an image of a bird which was later discovered to be a piece of <a href="/wiki/Clip_art">clip art</a> created by the British graphic designer <a href="/wiki/Simon_Oxley">Simon Oxley</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_logo-264">[263]</a></sup> A new logo had to be redesigned by founder Biz Stone with help from designer Philip Pascuzzo, which resulted in a more cartoon-like bird in 2009. This version had been named "Larry the Bird" after <a href="/wiki/Larry_Bird">Larry Bird</a> of the NBA's <a href="/wiki/Boston_Celtics">Boston Celtics</a> fame.<sup><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_logo-264">[263]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a></sup>
</p><p>Within a year, the Larry the Bird logo underwent a redesign by Stone and Pascuzzo to eliminate the cartoon features, leaving a solid silhouette of Larry the Bird that was used from 2010 through 2012.<sup><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_logo-264">[263]</a></sup> In 2012, Douglas Bowman created a further simplified version of Larry the Bird, keeping the solid silhouette but making it more similar to a <a href="/wiki/Mountain_bluebird">mountain bluebird</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a></sup> This new logo was called simply the "Twitter Bird" and has been used as the company's branding since.<sup><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_logo-264">[263]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Finances</h2>
<h3>Revenue sources</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Twitter_Headquarters.jpg"></a></p><div><p>Twitter's San Francisco headquarters located at 1355 Market Street</p></div></div><p>On April 13, 2010, Twitter announced plans to offer paid <a href="/wiki/Advertising">advertising</a> for companies that would be able to purchase "promoted tweets" to appear in selective search results on the Twitter website, similar to <a href="/wiki/Adwords">Google Adwords'</a> advertising model.<sup><a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a></sup> Users' photos can generate royalty-free revenue for Twitter, and an agreement with <a href="/wiki/World_Entertainment_News_Network">World Entertainment News Network</a> (WENN) was announced in May 2011.<sup><a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a></sup> Twitter generated an estimated US$139.5 million in advertising sales during 2011.<sup><a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a></sup>
</p><p>In June 2011, Twitter announced that it would offer small businesses a self-service advertising system.<sup><a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a></sup> The self-service advertising platform was launched in March 2012 to <a href="/wiki/American_Express">American Express</a> card members and merchants in the U.S. on an invite-only basis.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Zach-273">[272]</a></sup> To continue their advertising campaign, Twitter announced on March 20, 2012, that promoted tweets would be introduced to mobile devices.<sup><a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a></sup> In April 2013, Twitter announced that its Twitter Ads self-service platform, consisting of promoted tweets and promoted accounts, was available to all U.S. users without an invite.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Zach-273">[272]</a></sup>
</p><p>On August 3, 2016, Twitter launched Instant Unlock Card, a new feature that encourages people to tweet about a brand in order to earn rewards and utilize the social media network's conversational ads. The format itself consists of images or videos with call-to-action buttons and a customizable hashtag.<sup><a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Advertising bans</h3>
<p>In October 2017, Twitter banned the Russian media outlets <a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_network)">RT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(news_agency)">Sputnik</a> from advertising on their website following the conclusions of the U.S. national intelligence report the previous January that both Sputnik and RT had been used as vehicles for <a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections">Russia's interference in the 2016 US presidential election</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Zakharova">Maria Zakharova</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)">Russian foreign ministry</a> said the ban was a "gross violation" by the US of free speech.<sup><a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a></sup>
</p><p>In October 2019, Twitter announced it would stop running political ads on its ad platform effective November 22. This resulted from several spurious claims made by political ads. Company CEO Dorsey clarified that internet advertising had great power and was extremely effective for commercial advertisers, the power brings significant risks to politics where crucial decisions impact millions of lives.<sup><a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2022, Twitter announced a ban on "misleading" advertisements that go against "the scientific consensus on climate change". While the company did not give full guidelines, it stated that the decisions would be made with the help of "authoritative sources", including the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Technology</h2>
<h3>Implementation</h3>
<p>Twitter relies on <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software">open-source software</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-zdnet_vaughannichols_2012-280">[279]</a></sup> The Twitter Web interface uses the <a href="/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails">Ruby on Rails</a> framework,<sup><a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a></sup> deployed on a performance enhanced <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Enterprise_Edition">Ruby Enterprise Edition</a> implementation of <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)">Ruby</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a></sup><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items">needs update</a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>In the early days of Twitter, tweets were stored in <a href="/wiki/MySQL">MySQL</a> databases that were temporally <a href="/wiki/Shard_(database_architecture)">sharded</a> (large databases were split based on time of posting). After the huge volume of tweets coming in caused problems reading from and writing to these databases, the company decided that the system needed re-engineering.<sup><a href="#cite_note-raffi-51">[51]</a></sup>
</p><p>From Spring 2007 to 2008, the messages were handled by a Ruby <a href="/wiki/Persistent_data_structure">persistent</a> queue server called <a href="/wiki/Starling_(software)">Starling</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a></sup> Since 2009, implementation has been gradually replaced with software written in <a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)">Scala</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a></sup> The switch from Ruby to Scala and the <a href="/wiki/Java_Virtual_Machine">JVM</a> has given Twitter a performance boost from 200 to 300 requests per second per host to around 10,000–20,000 requests per second per host. This boost was greater than the 10x improvement that Twitter's engineers envisioned when starting the switch. The continued development of Twitter has also involved a switch from monolithic development of a single app to an architecture where different services are built independently and joined through <a href="/wiki/Remote_procedure_call">remote procedure calls</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-raffi-51">[51]</a></sup>
</p><p>As of April 6, 2011, Twitter engineers confirmed that they had switched away from their Ruby on Rails search stack to a <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)">Java</a> server they call Blender.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Twitter_coding-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>Individual tweets are registered under unique IDs called <a href="/wiki/Snowflake_ID">snowflakes</a>, and geolocation data is added using 'Rockdove'. The URL shortener <i><a href="/wiki/T.co">t.co</a></i> then checks for a <a href="/wiki/Messaging_spam">spam</a> link and shortens the URL. Next, the tweets are stored in a MySQL database using <a href="/wiki/Gizzard_(Scala_framework)">Gizzard</a>, and the user receives an acknowledgement that the tweets were sent. Tweets are then sent to search engines via the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Firehose_(software)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Firehose</a> API. The process is managed by <a href="/wiki/FlockDB">FlockDB</a> and takes an average of 350 ms.<sup><a href="#cite_note-zdnet_vaughannichols_2012-280">[279]</a></sup>
</p><p>On August 16, 2013, <a href="/wiki/Raffi_Krikorian">Raffi Krikorian</a>, Twitter's vice president of platform engineering, shared in a blog post that the company's infrastructure handled almost 143,000 tweets per second during that week, setting a new record. Krikorian explained that Twitter achieved this record by blending its homegrown and open source technologies.<sup><a href="#cite_note-raffi-51">[51]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>API and developer platform</h3>
<p>Twitter is recognized for having one of the most open and powerful developer <a href="/wiki/API">APIs</a> of any major technology company.<sup><a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a></sup> The service's API allows other <a href="/wiki/Web_service">web services</a> and applications to integrate with Twitter.<sup><a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a></sup> Developer interest in Twitter began immediately following its launch, prompting the company to release the first version of its public API in September 2006.<sup><a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a></sup> The API quickly became iconic as a reference implementation for public <a href="/wiki/REST_API">REST APIs</a> and is widely cited in programming tutorials.<sup><a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a></sup>
</p><p>From 2006 until 2010, Twitter's developer platform experienced strong growth and a highly favorable reputation. Developers built upon the public API to create the first Twitter mobile phone clients as well as the first URL shortener. Between 2010 and 2012, however, Twitter made a number of decisions that were received unfavorably by the developer community.<sup><a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a></sup> In 2010, Twitter mandated that all developers adopt <a href="/wiki/OAuth">OAuth</a> authentication with just 9 weeks of notice.<sup><a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a></sup> Later that year, Twitter launched its own URL shortener, in direct competition with some of its most well-known third-party developers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a></sup> And in 2012, Twitter introduced stricter usage limits for its API, "completely crippling" some developers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a></sup> While these moves successfully increased the stability and security of the service, they were broadly perceived as hostile to developers, causing them to lose trust in the platform.<sup><a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a></sup>
</p><p>In July 2020, Twitter released version 2.0 of the public API<sup><a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a></sup> and began showcasing Twitter apps made by third-party developers on its Twitter Toolbox section in April 2022.<sup><a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Innovators patent agreement</h3>
<p>On April 17, 2012, Twitter announced it would implement an "Innovators Patent Agreement" which would obligate Twitter to only use its patents for defensive purposes<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify">clarify</a></i>]</sup>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Open source</h3>
<p>Twitter has a history of both using and releasing <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software">open-source software</a> while overcoming technical challenges of their service.<sup><a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a></sup> A page in their developer documentation thanks dozens of open-source projects which they have used, from <a href="/wiki/Revision_control">revision control</a> software like <a href="/wiki/Git_(software)">Git</a> to programming languages such as Ruby and Scala.<sup><a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a></sup> Software released as open source by the company includes the <a href="/wiki/Gizzard_(Scala_framework)">Gizzard Scala framework</a> for creating distributed datastores, the distributed graph database <a href="/wiki/FlockDB">FlockDB</a>, the Finagle library for building asynchronous <a href="/wiki/Remote_procedure_call">RPC</a> servers and clients, the TwUI <a href="/wiki/User_interface">user interface</a> framework for <a href="/wiki/IOS">iOS</a>, and the Bower client-side package manager.<sup><a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a></sup> The popular <a href="/wiki/Bootstrap_(front-end_framework)">Bootstrap frontend framework</a> was also started at Twitter and is 10th most popular repository on <a href="/wiki/GitHub">GitHub</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Interface</h3>
<p>Twitter introduced the first major redesign of its user interface in September 2010, adopting a dual-pane layout with a navigation bar along the top of the screen, and an increased focus on the inline embedding of multimedia content. Critics considered the redesign an attempt to emulate features and experiences found in mobile apps and third-party Twitter clients.<sup><a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a></sup>
</p><p>The new layout was revised in 2011 with a focus on continuity with the web and mobile versions, introducing "Connect" (interactions with other users such as replies) and "Discover" (further information regarding trending topics and news headlines) tabs, an updated profile design, and moving all content to the right pane (leaving the left pane dedicated to functions and the trending topics list).<sup><a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a></sup> In March 2012, Twitter became available in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language">Farsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu">Urdu</a>, the first right-to-left language versions of the site.<sup><a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a></sup> As of August 2012, the site available in 33 different languages.<sup><a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a></sup>
</p><p>In September 2012, a new layout for profiles was introduced, with larger "covers" that could be customized with a custom header image, and a display of the user's recent photos posted.<sup><a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a></sup> The "Discover" tab was discontinued in April 2015,<sup><a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a></sup> and was succeeded on the mobile app by an "Explore" tab—which features trending topics and moments.<sup><a href="#cite_note-312">[311]</a></sup>
</p><p>In September 2018, Twitter began to migrate selected web users to its <a href="/wiki/Progressive_web_applications">progressive web app</a> (based on its Twitter Lite experience for mobile web), reducing the interface to two columns. Migrations to this iteration of Twitter increased in April 2019, with some users receiving it with a modified layout.<sup><a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a></sup>
</p><p>In July 2019, Twitter officially released this redesign, with no further option to opt-out while logged in. It is designed to further-unify Twitter's user experience between the web and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_application">mobile application</a> versions, adopting a three-column layout with a sidebar containing links to common areas (including "Explore" that has been merged with the search page) which previously appeared in a horizontal top bar, profile elements such as picture and header images and biography texts merged into the same column as the timeline, and features from the mobile version (such as multi-account support, and an opt-out for the "top tweets" mode on the timeline).<sup><a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-316">[315]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Security</h3>
<p>In response to early Twitter security breaches, the United States <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> (FTC) brought charges against the service; the charges were settled on June 24, 2010. This was the first time the FTC had taken action against a social network for security lapses. The settlement requires Twitter to take a number of steps to secure users' private information, including maintenance of a "comprehensive information security program" to be independently audited biannually.<sup><a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a></sup>
</p><p>After a number of high-profile hacks of official accounts, including those of the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press">Associated Press</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-318">[317]</a></sup> in April 2013, Twitter announced a two-factor login verification as an added measure against hacking.<sup><a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a></sup>
</p><p>On July 15, 2020, a <a href="/wiki/2020_Twitter_bitcoin_scam">major hack of Twitter</a> affected 130 high-profile accounts, both verified and unverified ones such as <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama">Barack Obama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates">Bill Gates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk">Elon Musk</a>; the hack allowed <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin">bitcoin</a> scammers to send tweets via the compromised accounts that asked the followers to send bitcoin to a given public address, with the promise to double their money.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Statt-320">[319]</a></sup> Within a few hours, Twitter disabled tweeting and reset passwords from all verified accounts.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Statt-320">[319]</a></sup> Analysis of the event revealed that the scammers had used <a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)">social engineering</a> to obtain credentials from Twitter employees to access an administration tool used by Twitter to view and change these accounts' personal details as to gain access as part of a "<a href="/wiki/Smash_and_grab">smash and grab</a>" attempt to make money quickly, with an estimated US$120,000 in bitcoin deposited in various accounts before Twitter intervened.<sup><a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a></sup> Several law enforcement entities including the FBI launched investigations into the attack.<sup><a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a></sup>
</p><p>On August 5, 2022, Twitter disclosed that a bug introduced in a June 2021 update to the service allowed threat actors to link email addresses and phone numbers to twitter user's accounts.<sup><a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a></sup> The bug was reported through Twitter's <a href="/wiki/Bug_bounty_program">bug bounty program</a> in January 2022 and subsequently fixed. While Twitter originally believed no one had taken advantage of the vulnerability, it was later revealed that a user on the online hacking forum Breached Forums had used the vulnerability to compile a list of over 5.4 million user profiles, which they offered to sell for $30,000.<sup><a href="#cite_note-325">[324]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a></sup> The information compiled by the hacker includes user's screen names, location and email addresses which could be utilised in <a href="/wiki/Phishing">phishing</a> attacks or used to deanonymize accounts running under pseudonyms.
</p>
<h3>Outages</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Failwhale.png"></a></p></div>
<p>During an outage, Twitter users were at one time shown the "fail whale" <a href="/wiki/Error_message">error message</a> image created by Yiying Lu,<sup><a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a></sup> illustrating eight orange birds using a net to hoist a whale from the ocean captioned "Too many tweets! Please wait a moment and try again."<sup><a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a></sup> Web designer and Twitter user <a href="/wiki/Jen_Simmons">Jen Simmons</a> was the first to coin the term "fail whale" in a September 2007 tweet.<sup><a href="#cite_note-329">[328]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a></sup> In a November 2013 <i>Wired</i> interview Chris Fry, VP of Engineering at that time, noted that the company had taken the "fail whale" out of production as the platform was now more stable.<sup><a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a></sup>
</p><p>Twitter had approximately ninety-eight percent <a href="/wiki/Uptime">uptime</a> in 2007 (or about six full days of downtime).<sup><a href="#cite_note-332">[331]</a></sup> The downtime was particularly noticeable during events popular with the technology industry such as the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Macworld_Conference_%26_Expo">Macworld Conference &amp; Expo</a> <a href="/wiki/Keynote">keynote address</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-333">[332]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-downtime4-334">[333]</a></sup>
</p><p>On January 12, 2023, several <a href="/wiki/List_of_Twitter_services_and_applications">third-party Twitter apps</a> (Tweetbot, Echofon, and Twitterrific) stopped working in various ways, leaving developers – and their many users – in the dark about the status of third-party app support.<sup><a href="#cite_note-335">[334]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-336">[335]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>User accounts</h2>
<h3>Verified accounts</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Twitter_verified_account.png"></a></p><div><p>The official Twitter profile of Twitter, Inc. The blue checkmark to the right of the profile name indicates that it is a verified account.</p></div></div>
<p>In June 2009, after being criticized by <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West">Kanye West</a> and sued by <a href="/wiki/Tony_La_Russa">Tony La Russa</a> over unauthorized accounts run by <a href="/wiki/Impersonator">impersonators</a>, the company launched their "Verified Accounts" program.<sup><a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-verifiedhistory-338">[337]</a></sup> Twitter stated that an account with a "blue tick" verification badge indicates "we've been in contact with the person or entity the account is representing and verified that it is approved".<sup><a href="#cite_note-verifiedlaunch-339">[338]</a></sup> In July 2016, Twitter announced a public application process to grant verified status to an account "if it is determined to be of public interest" and that verification "does not imply an endorsement".<sup><a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-341">[340]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a></sup> Verified status allows access to some features unavailable to other users, such as only seeing mentions from other verified accounts.<sup><a href="#cite_note-343">[342]</a></sup>
</p><p>In November 2020, Twitter announced a relaunch of its verification system in 2021. According to the new policy, Twitter verifies six different types of accounts; for three of them (companies, brands, and influential individuals like activists), the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> page will be one criterion for showing that the account has "Off Twitter Notability".<sup><a href="#cite_note-344">[343]</a></sup> Twitter states that it will re-open public verification applications at some point in "early 2021".<sup><a href="#cite_note-345">[344]</a></sup>
</p><p>In October 2022, after the takeover of Twitter by Elon Musk, it was reported that verification would instead be included in the paid Twitter Blue service, and that existing verified accounts would lose their status if they do not subscribe.<sup><a href="#cite_note-346">[345]</a></sup> On November 1, Musk confirmed that verification would be included in Blue in the future, dismissing the existing verification system as a "lords &amp; peasants system".<sup><a href="#cite_note-:9-219">[218]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:10-220">[219]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:11-221">[220]</a></sup> Following concerns over the possibility of impersonation, Twitter subsequently reimplemented a second "Official" marker, consisting of a grey tick and "Official" text displayed under the username, for high-profile accounts of "government and commercial entities".<sup><a href="#cite_note-347">[346]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Privacy</h3>
<p>Tweets are public, but users can also send private "direct messages".<sup><a href="#cite_note-Rushe-349">[348]</a></sup> Information about who has chosen to follow an account and who a user has chosen to follow is also public, though accounts can be changed to "protected" which limits this information (and all tweets) to approved followers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-350">[349]</a></sup> Twitter collects <a href="/wiki/Personally_identifiable_information">personally identifiable information</a> about its users and shares it with third parties as specified in its <a href="/wiki/Privacy_policy">privacy policy</a>. The service also reserves the right to sell this information as an asset if the company changes hands.<sup><a href="#cite_note-351">[350]</a></sup> While Twitter displays no advertising, advertisers can <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_targeting">target users</a> based on their history of tweets and may quote tweets in ads<sup><a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a></sup> directed specifically to the user.
</p><p>Twitter launched the <a href="/wiki/Beta_version#Beta">beta version</a> of their "Verified Accounts" service on June 11, 2009, allowing people with public profiles to announce their account name. The home pages of these accounts display a badge indicating their status.<sup><a href="#cite_note-353">[352]</a></sup>
</p><p>On December 14, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/Twitter_subpoena">subpoena directing Twitter</a> to provide information for accounts registered to or associated with <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-354">[353]</a></sup> Twitter decided to notify its users and said in a statement, "... it's our policy to notify users about law enforcement and governmental requests for their information, unless we are prevented by law from doing so."<sup><a href="#cite_note-Rushe-349">[348]</a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2011, a <a href="/wiki/Claimant">claimant</a> known as "CTB" in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/CTB_v_News_Group_Newspapers">CTB v Twitter Inc.</a></i> took action against Twitter at the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice">High Court of Justice of England and Wales</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-355">[354]</a></sup> requesting that the company release details of account holders. This followed gossip posted on Twitter about professional footballer <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Giggs">Ryan Giggs</a>'s private life. This led to the <a href="/wiki/2011_British_privacy_injunctions_controversy">2011 British privacy injunctions controversy</a> and the "super-injunction".<sup><a href="#cite_note-356">[355]</a></sup> Tony Wang, the head of Twitter in Europe, said that people who do "bad things" on the site would need to defend themselves under the laws of their own jurisdiction in the event of controversy and that the site would hand over information about users to the authorities when it was legally required to do so.<sup><a href="#cite_note-wang-357">[356]</a></sup> He also suggested that Twitter would accede to a UK court order to divulge names of users responsible for "illegal activity" on the site.<sup><a href="#cite_note-independent-358">[357]</a></sup>
</p><p>Twitter acquired <a href="/wiki/Dasient">Dasient</a>, a startup that offers malware protection for businesses, in January 2012. Twitter announced plans to use Dasient to help remove hateful advertisers on the website.<sup><a href="#cite_note-359">[358]</a></sup> Twitter also offered a feature which would allow tweets to be removed selectively by country, before deleted tweets used to be removed in all countries.<sup><a href="#cite_note-BBC_censor-360">[359]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-361">[360]</a></sup> The first use of the policy was to block the account of German <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazi</a> group <a href="/wiki/Besseres_Hannover">Besseres Hannover</a> on October 18, 2012.<sup><a href="#cite_note-362">[361]</a></sup> The policy was used again the following day to remove <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a> French tweets with the hashtag #unbonjuif ("a good Jew").<sup><a href="#cite_note-363">[362]</a></sup>
</p><p>Followed the sharing of images showing the killing of American journalist <a href="/wiki/James_Foley_(journalist)">James Foley</a> in 2014, Twitter said that in certain cases it would delete pictures of people who had died after requests from family members and "authorized individuals".<sup><a href="#cite_note-364">[363]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-365">[364]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2015, following updated terms of service and privacy policy, Twitter users outside the United States were legally served by the Ireland-based Twitter International Company instead of Twitter, Inc. The change made these users subject to Irish and <a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Directive">European Union data protection laws</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-irishtimes-twitterint-366">[365]</a></sup>
</p><p>On April 8, 2020, Twitter announced that users outside of the European Economic Area or United Kingdom (thus subject to GDPR) will no longer be allowed to opt out of sharing "mobile app advertising measurements" to Twitter third-party partners.<sup><a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a></sup>
</p><p>On October 9, 2020, Twitter took additional steps to counter misleading campaigns ahead of the 2020 US Election. Twitter's new temporary update encouraged users to "add their own commentary" before retweeting a tweet, by making 'quoting tweet' a mandatory feature instead of optional. The social network giant aimed at generating context and encouraging the circulation of more thoughtful content.<sup><a href="#cite_note-368">[367]</a></sup> After limited results, the company ended this experiment in December 2020.<sup><a href="#cite_note-369">[368]</a></sup>
</p><p>On May 25, 2022, Twitter was fined $150 million by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> alongside the United States Department of Justice for collecting users' phone numbers and email addresses for <a href="/wiki/Two-factor_authentication">security</a> and then using it for <a href="/wiki/Targeted_advertising">targeted advertising</a>. Twitter was also required to notify its users and is banned from profiting off of 'deceptively collected data'.<sup><a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Harassment</h3>
<p>In August 2013, Twitter announced plans to introduce a "report abuse" button for all versions of the site following uproar, including a petition with 100,000 signatures, over Tweets that included rape and death threats to historian <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)">Mary Beard</a>, feminist campaigner <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Criado-Perez">Caroline Criado-Perez</a> and the member of parliament <a href="/wiki/Stella_Creasy">Stella Creasy</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-371">[370]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-372">[371]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-373">[372]</a></sup> Twitter announced new reporting and blocking policies in December 2014,<sup><a href="#cite_note-374">[373]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-375">[374]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-376">[375]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-377">[376]</a></sup> including a blocking mechanism devised by <a href="/wiki/Randi_Harper">Randi Harper</a>, a target of <a href="/wiki/GamerGate">GamerGate</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-378">[377]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-379">[378]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-380">[379]</a></sup> In February 2015, CEO <a href="/wiki/Dick_Costolo">Dick Costolo</a> said he was 'frankly ashamed' at how poorly Twitter handled <a href="/wiki/Internet_troll">trolling</a> and abuse, and admitted Twitter had lost users as a result.<sup><a href="#cite_note-381">[380]</a></sup>
</p><p>As per a research <a href="https://itforchange.net/sites/default/files/2132/ITfC-Twitter-Report-Profitable-Provocations.pdf">study</a> conducted by <a href="https://itforchange.net/">IT for Change</a> on abuse and misogynistic trolling on Twitter directed at Indian women in public-political life, women perceived to be ideologically left-leaning, dissenters, Muslim women, political dissenters, and political commentators and women from opposition parties received a disproportionate amount of abusive and hateful messages on Twitter.
</p><p>In 2016, Twitter announced the creation of the Twitter Trust &amp; Safety Council to help "ensure that people feel safe expressing themselves on Twitter." The council's inaugural members included 50 organizations and individuals.<sup><a href="#cite_note-382">[381]</a></sup> The announcement of Twitter's "Trust &amp; Safety Council" was met with objection from parts of its userbase.<sup><a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a></sup> Critics accused the member organizations of being heavily skewed towards "the restriction of hate speech" and a <i><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)">Reason</a></i> article expressed concern that "there's not a single uncompromising anti-censorship figure or group on the list".<sup><a href="#cite_note-385">[384]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-386">[385]</a></sup>
</p><p>Twitter banned 7,000 accounts and limited 150,000 more that had ties to <a href="/wiki/QAnon">QAnon</a> on July 21, 2020. The bans and limits came after QAnon-related accounts began harassing other users through practices of swarming or brigading, coordinated attacks on these individuals through multiple accounts in the weeks prior. Those accounts limited by Twitter will not appear in searches nor be promoted in other Twitter functions. Twitter said they will continue to ban or limit accounts as necessary, with their support account stating "We will permanently suspend accounts Tweeting about these topics that we know are engaged in violations of our multi-account policy, coordinating abuse around individual victims, or are attempting to evade a previous suspension".<sup><a href="#cite_note-387">[386]</a></sup>
</p><p>In September 2021, Twitter began beta testing a feature called Safety Mode.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:2-388">[387]</a></sup> The functionality aims to limit unwelcome interactions through automated detection of negative engagements. If a user has Safety Mode enabled, authors of tweets that are identified by Twitter's technology as being harmful or exercising uninvited behavior will be temporarily unable to follow the account, send direct messages, or see tweets from the user with the enabled functionality during the temporary block period.<sup><a href="#cite_note-389">[388]</a></sup> Jarrod Doherty, senior product manager at Twitter, stated that the technology in place within Safety Mode assesses existing relationships to prevent blocking accounts that the user frequently interacts with.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:2-388">[387]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Suspect and contested accounts</h3>
<p>In January 2016, Twitter was sued by the widow of a U.S. man killed in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Amman_shooting_attack">2015 Amman shooting attack</a>, claiming that allowing the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL) to continually use the platform, including direct messages in particular,<sup><a href="#cite_note-verge-revisedisillawsuit-390">[389]</a></sup> constituted the <a href="/wiki/Providing_material_support_for_terrorism">provision of material support to a terrorist organization</a>, which is illegal under U.S. federal law. Twitter disputed the claim, stating that "violent threats and the promotion of terrorism deserve no place on Twitter and, like other social networks, our rules make that clear."<sup><a href="#cite_note-wsj-isistwitter-391">[390]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-wsj-twitterliable-392">[391]</a></sup> The lawsuit was dismissed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California">United States District Court for the Northern District of California</a>, upholding the <a href="/wiki/Section_230_of_the_Communications_Decency_Act">Section 230</a> safe harbor, which dictates that the operators of an interactive computer service are not liable for the content published by its users.<sup><a href="#cite_note-wsj-twitterliable-392">[391]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-verge-section230isis-393">[392]</a></sup> The lawsuit was revised in August 2016, providing comparisons to other telecommunications devices.<sup><a href="#cite_note-verge-revisedisillawsuit-390">[389]</a></sup>
</p><p>Twitter suspended multiple parody accounts that satirized Russian politics in May 2016, sparking protests and raising questions about where the company stands on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech">freedom of speech</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-394">[393]</a></sup> Following public outcry, Twitter restored the accounts the next day without explaining why the accounts had been suspended.<sup><a href="#cite_note-395">[394]</a></sup> The same day, Twitter, along with <a href="/wiki/Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google">Google</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, jointly agreed to a <a href="/wiki/European_Union">European Union</a> code of conduct obligating them to review "[the] majority of valid notifications for removal of illegal <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech">hate speech</a>" posted on their services within 24 hours.<sup><a href="#cite_note-guardian-euhatespeech-396">[395]</a></sup> In August 2016, Twitter stated that it had banned 235,000 accounts over the past six months, bringing the overall number of suspended accounts to 360,000 accounts in the past year, for violating policies banning use of the platform to promote extremism.<sup><a href="#cite_note-397">[396]</a></sup>
</p><p>On May 10, 2019, Twitter announced that they suspended 166,513 accounts for promoting terrorism in the July–December 2018 period, stating there was a steady decrease in terrorist groups trying to use the platform owing to its "zero-tolerance policy enforcement". According to <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Gadde">Vijaya Gadde</a>, Legal, Policy and Trust and Safety Lead at Twitter, there was a reduction of 19% terror related tweets from the previous reporting period (January–June 2018).<sup><a href="#cite_note-398">[397]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-399">[398]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-400">[399]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-401">[400]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-402">[401]</a></sup>
</p><p>As of July 30, 2020, Twitter will block URLs in tweets that point to external websites that contain malicious content (such as malware and phishing content) as well or hate speech, speech encouraging violence, terrorism, child sexual exploitation, breaches of privacy, and other similar content that is already banned as part of the content of tweets on the site. Users that frequently point to such sites may have their accounts suspended. Twitter said this was to bring their policy in line to prevent users from bypassing their tweet content restrictions by simply linking to the banned content.<sup><a href="#cite_note-403">[402]</a></sup>
</p><p>Following the onset of protests by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s supporters across the <a href="/wiki/US">US</a> in January 2021, Twitter suspended more than 70,000 accounts, stating that they shared "harmful <a href="/wiki/QAnon">QAnon</a>-associated content" at a large scale, and were "dedicated to the propagation of this conspiracy theory across the service". The rioters that broke into US <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill">Capitol Hill</a> included a large amount of QAnon followers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-404">[403]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Malicious and fake accounts</h3>
<p>Between January and late July 2017, Twitter had identified and shut down over 7,000 fake accounts created by <a href="/wiki/Iran">Iranian</a> influence operations.<sup><a href="#cite_note-405">[404]</a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2018, in response to scrutiny over the misuse of Twitter by those seeking to maliciously influence elections, Twitter announced that it would partner with the nonprofit organization <a href="/wiki/Ballotpedia">Ballotpedia</a> to add special labels verifying the authenticity of political candidates running for election in the U.S.<sup><a href="#cite_note-406">[405]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-407">[406]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2019, Twitter removed 5,929 accounts for violating their <a href="/wiki/Internet_manipulation">manipulation</a> policies. The company investigated and attributed these accounts to a single state-run information operation, which originated in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. The accounts were reported to be a part of a larger group of 88,000 accounts engaged in <a href="/wiki/Spamming">spammy behavior</a>. However, Twitter did not disclose all of them as some could possibly be legitimate accounts taken over through <a href="/wiki/Security_hacker">hacking</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-408">[407]</a></sup>
</p><p>In March 2021, Twitter suspended around 3,500 fake accounts that were running a campaign to influence the American audience, after the US intelligence officials concluded that the assassination of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post">The Washington Post</a></i> journalist, <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> was "approved" by the Saudi Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman">Mohammed bin Salman</a>. These Saudi accounts were working in two languages, English and Arabic, to influence public opinion around the issue. Many accounts commented directly on the tweets of US-based media houses, including <i>The Post</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/CNN">CNN</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News">CBS News</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times">The Los Angeles Times</a></i>. Twitter was unable to identify the source of the influence campaign.<sup><a href="#cite_note-409">[408]</a></sup>
</p><p>As of 2022, the top four countries spreading state-linked Twitter misinformation are Russia, China, Iran and Saudi Arabia.<sup><a href="#cite_note-aspi2022-410">[409]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Twitter bots</h3>
<p>A Twitter bot is a computer program that can automatically tweet, retweet, and follow other accounts. Twitter's open <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface">application programming interface</a> and the availability of cloud servers make it possible for Twitter bots to exist within the social networking site.<sup><a href="#cite_note-411">[410]</a></sup> Benign Twitter bots may generate creative content and relevant product updates whereas malicious bots can make unpopular people seem popular, push irrelevant products on users and spread misinformation, spam or slander.<sup><a href="#cite_note-412">[411]</a></sup> Bots amass significant influence and have been noted to sway elections, influence the stock market, public appeal, and attack governments.<sup><a href="#cite_note-413">[412]</a></sup> As of 2013, Twitter said there were 20 million fake accounts on Twitter, representing less than 5% of active users.<sup><a href="#cite_note-414">[413]</a></sup> A 2020 estimate put the figure at 15% of all accounts or around 48 million accounts.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Rodriguez-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Society</h2>
<h3>Usage</h3>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Twitter_Town_Hall-Dorsey_Obama.png"></a></p></div>
<h4>Protesters</h4>
<p>Twitter has been used for a variety of purposes in many industries and scenarios. For example, it has been used to organize protests, including the <a href="/wiki/April_2009_Moldovan_parliamentary_election_protests">protests over the 2009 Moldovan election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2009_student_protests_in_Austria">2009 student protests in Austria</a>, the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a>, the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Green_Movement">Iranian green revolution</a>, the 2010 <a href="/wiki/2010_G20_Toronto_summit_protests">Toronto G20 protests</a>, the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a>, the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_21">Stuttgart21 protests in Germany</a>, the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_2011">Egyptian Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_England_riots">2011 England riots</a>, the 2011 United States <a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement">Occupy movement</a>, the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Spain">anti-austerity movement in Spain</a>, the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Greece">Aganaktismenoi movements in Greece</a>, the 2011 <a href="/wiki/2011_Rome_demonstration">demonstration in Rome</a>, the 2011 <a href="/wiki/2011_Wisconsin_protests">Wisconsin labor protests</a>, the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2013_protests_in_Brazil">2013 protests in Brazil</a>, and the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests">Gezi Park protests in Turkey</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Buettner2016a-416">[415]</a></sup>
</p><p>The service is also used as a form of <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience">civil disobedience</a>: In 2010, users expressed outrage over the <a href="/wiki/Twitter_joke_trial">Twitter joke trial</a> by copying a controversial joke about bombing an airport and attaching the hashtag #IAmSpartacus, a reference to the film <i><a href="/wiki/Spartacus_(film)">Spartacus</a></i> (1960) and a sign of solidarity and support to a man controversially prosecuted after posting a tweet joking about bombing <a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Sheffield_Airport">an airport</a> if they canceled his flight. #IAmSpartacus became the number one trending topic on Twitter worldwide.<sup><a href="#cite_note-417">[416]</a></sup> Another case of civil disobedience happened in the <a href="/wiki/2011_British_privacy_injunctions_controversy">2011 British privacy injunction debate</a>, where several celebrities who had taken out anonymized injunctions were identified by thousands of users in protest to traditional journalism being censored.<sup><a href="#cite_note-418">[417]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring">Arab Spring</a> in early 2011, the number of hashtags mentioning the uprisings in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt">Egypt</a> increased.<sup><a href="#cite_note-419">[418]</a></sup> A study by the <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_School_of_Government">Dubai School of Government</a> found that only 0.26% of the Egyptian population, 0.1% of the Tunisian population and 0.04% of the Syrian population are active on Twitter.<sup><a href="#cite_note-420">[419]</a></sup>
</p><p>Posts on the service often contain far-right content, such as hate speech and conspiracy theories such as <a href="/wiki/QAnon">QAnon</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-421">[420]</a></sup> Journalists<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words">which?</a></i>]</sup> have criticized Twitter for hate speech being easy to find on the platform.<sup><a href="#cite_note-422">[421]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Governments</h4>
<p>According to documents leaked by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> and published in July 2014, the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/GCHQ">GCHQ</a> has a tool named BIRDSONG for "automated posting of Twitter updates", and a tool named BIRDSTRIKE for "Twitter monitoring and profile collection".<sup><a href="#cite_note-423">[422]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-424">[423]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests">2019–20 Hong Kong protests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests#Other_reactions">Twitter suspended a core group</a> of 1,000 "fake" accounts and an associated network of 200,000 accounts for operating a <a href="/wiki/Disinformation">disinformation</a> campaign that was linked to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_government">Chinese government</a>. In their announcement, Twitter released two data sets detailing the core group's account activity.<sup><a href="#cite_note-425">[424]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-426">[425]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-427">[426]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Geng_Shuang">Geng Shuang</a>, the spokesperson of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>, did not comment on the suspensions but suggested that the activity could be attributed to <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese">overseas Chinese</a> citizens.<sup><a href="#cite_note-428">[427]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-429">[428]</a></sup>
</p><p>On June 12, 2020, Twitter suspended over 7,000 accounts from Turkey because those accounts were fake profiles, designed to support the Turkish president and were managed by a central authority. Turkey's communication director said that the decision was illogical, biased and politically motivated.<sup><a href="#cite_note-430">[429]</a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2021, Twitter labeled one of the tweets by <a href="/wiki/Sambit_Patra">Sambit Patra</a>, a spokesman of the local ruling party <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party">BJP</a> in India, as "manipulated media", leading to Twitter's offices in <a href="/wiki/Delhi">Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gurgaon">Gurgaon</a> being raided by the local police.<sup><a href="#cite_note-DelhiRaid-431">[430]</a></sup> Twitter issued a statement, calling the police visit "a form of intimidation".<sup><a href="#cite_note-432">[431]</a></sup> Later, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India">Indian government</a> released a statement in July 2021 claiming Twitter has lost its liability protection concerning user-generated content. This was brought on by Twitter's failure to comply with the <a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_Rules,_2021">new IT rules</a> introduced in 2021 with a filing stating that the company failed to appoint executives to govern user content on the platform.<sup><a href="#cite_note-433">[432]</a></sup> Twitter stated to India's government in August 2021 that they have appointed permanent executives and staff to provide for compliance to these new IT rules.<sup><a href="#cite_note-434">[433]</a></sup>
</p><p>In September 2022, a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people">Dutch</a> town sued Twitter for spreading a conspiracy theory that the town was once home to a ring of Satan-worshipping <a href="/wiki/Paedophiles">paedophiles</a>. False reports that <a href="/wiki/Bodegraven-Reeuwijk">Bodegraven-Reeuwijk</a> was the place of the abuse and murder of children in the 1980s were first circulated by three men in 2020.<sup><a href="#cite_note-435">[434]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Pornography</h4>
<p>Twitter refers to pornography as "adult content" and permits it on the platform provided that it is marked "sensitive", and makes it visible to all after a click through.<sup><a href="#cite_note-436">[435]</a></sup> The "super-follow" feature is said to enable competition with the subscription site <a href="/wiki/OnlyFans">OnlyFans</a>, used mainly by sex workers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-437">[436]</a></sup> Content filtering services for families and schools have noted that the company makes "it really easy to find" porn, and advise blocking the entire domain.<sup><a href="#cite_note-438">[437]</a></sup>
</p><p>Twitter is one of the only mainstream sites that allows users to upload sexually explicit photos and videos, in the four years after <a href="/wiki/Tumblr#Adult_content">Tumblr banned porn</a> altogether, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Stop_Enabling_Sex_Traffickers_Act">Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act</a>. Many performers use Twitter's service to market and grow their porn businesses, attracting users to paywalled services like OnlyFans, by distributing photos and short video clips as advertisements.
</p><p>In April 2022, Twitter convened a "Red Team" for the project of ACM, "Adult Content Monetization", as it is known internally. Eventually the project was abandoned, because of the difficulty of implementing Real ID.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:4-439">[438]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Child sexual exploitation</h4>
<p>A February 2021 report from the company's Health team begins, "While the amount of CSE (child sexual exploitation) online has grown exponentially, Twitter’s investment in technologies to detect and manage the growth has not."
</p><p>Until February 2022, the only way for users to flag illegal content was to flag it as "sensitive media" — a broad category that left much of the worst material not prioritized for moderation. In a February report, employees wrote that Twitter along with other Tech Companies have "accelerated the pace of CSE content creation and distribution to a breaking point where manual detection, review, and investigations no longer scale" by allowing pornography and failing to invest in systems that could effectively monitor it. The working group made several recommendations, but they were not taken up and the group was disbanded.
</p><p>As part of its efforts to monetize porn, Twitter held an internal investigation that reported in April 2022, "Twitter cannot accurately detect child sexual exploitation and non-consensual nudity at scale."<sup><a href="#cite_note-:4-439">[438]</a></sup>
</p><p>John Doe et al vs. Twitter, a civil lawsuit filed in the 9th Circuit Court, alleges that Twitter benefited from sex trafficking and refused to remove the illegal tweets when first informed of them.<sup><a href="#cite_note-440">[439]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-441">[440]</a></sup> In an amicus brief filed in the case, the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Missing_%26_Exploited_Children">NCMEC</a> said, "The children informed the company that they were minors, that they had been 'baited, harassed, and threatened' into making the videos, that they were victims of 'sex abuse' under investigation by law enforcement" but Twitter failed to remove the videos, "allowing them to be viewed by hundreds of thousands of the platform's users."<sup><a href="#cite_note-:4-439">[438]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some major brands including Dyson, Mazda, Forbes, and PBS Kids suspended their marketing campaigns and pulled their ads from the platform, after an investigation into child porn on twitter showed that Twitter failed to suspend 70% of the accounts that shared or solicited the prohibited content. A brand president at Cole Haan said, "We're horrified ... either Twitter is going to fix this, or we'll fix it by any means we can, which includes not buying Twitter ads."<sup><a href="#cite_note-442">[441]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Impact</h3>
<h4>On communication</h4>
<p>In May 2008, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> wrote that <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service">social networking services</a> such as Twitter "elicit mixed feelings in the technology-savvy people who have been their <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_(business)">early adopters</a>. Fans say they are a good way to keep in touch with busy friends. But some users are starting to feel <i>too</i> connected, as they grapple with check-in messages at odd hours, higher <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone">cellphone</a> bills and the need to tell acquaintances to stop announcing what they're having for dinner."<sup><a href="#cite_note-443">[442]</a></sup> The following year, <a href="/wiki/John_C._Dvorak">John C. Dvorak</a> described Twitter as "the new <a href="/wiki/Citizens_band_radio">CB radio</a>".<sup><a href="#cite_note-444">[443]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Emergency use</h4>
<p>A practical use for Twitter's real-time functionality is as an effective <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto">de facto</a></i> emergency communication system for breaking news. It was neither intended nor designed for high-performance communication, but the idea that it could be used for emergency communication was not lost on the creators, who knew that the service could have wide-reaching effects early on when the company used it to communicate during earthquakes.<sup><a href="#cite_note-445">[444]</a></sup>
</p><p>Another practical use that is being studied is Twitter's ability to track epidemics and how they spread.<sup><a href="#cite_note-446">[445]</a></sup> Additionally Twitter serves as a real-time sensor for natural disasters such as bush fires and earthquakes.<sup><a href="#cite_note-447">[446]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-448">[447]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Education</h4>
<p>Twitter has been adopted as a communication and learning tool in educational and research<sup><a href="#cite_note-449">[448]</a></sup> settings mostly in colleges and universities.<sup><a href="#cite_note-450">[449]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-451">[450]</a></sup> It has been used as a <a href="/wiki/Backchannel">backchannel</a> to promote student interactions, especially in large-lecture courses.<sup><a href="#cite_note-452">[451]</a></sup> Research has found that using Twitter in college courses helps students communicate with each other and faculty, promotes informal learning, allows shy students a forum for increased participation, increases student engagement, and improves overall course grades.<sup><a href="#cite_note-453">[452]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-454">[453]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-455">[454]</a></sup>
</p><p>Twitter has been an increasingly growing in the field of education, as an effective tool that can be used to encourage learning and idea, or knowledge sharing, in and outside the classroom.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-456">[455]</a></sup> By using or creating hashtags, students and educators are able to communicate under specific categories of their choice, to enhance and promote education. A broad example of a hashtag used in education is "edchat", to communicate with other teachers, and people using that hashtag. Once teachers find someone they want to talk to, they can either direct message the person, or narrow down the hashtag to make the topic of the conversation more specific using hashtags for scichat (science), engchat (English), sschat (social studies).<sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-456">[455]</a></sup>
</p><p>In a 2011 study, researchers found that young peoples use of Twitter helped to improve relationships with teachers, encourage interactive learning, and ultimately lead to high grades.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-456">[455]</a></sup> In the same study it was found that out of a group of 158 educators, 92% agreed that the reason they use Twitter is because of how user friendly it is,<sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-456">[455]</a></sup> another 86% agreed that they started and continue using Twitter because of how easy it is to learn, and finally,<sup><a href="#cite_note-:0-456">[455]</a></sup> 93% said they use Twitter because it is free. People found that sifting through large amounts of data is challenging, however, with the simple nature of Twitter large amount of information became easily accessible.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:1-457">[456]</a></sup> Much of this simplicity comes from the use of the hashtag, and the intuitive nature of how Twitter as a microblogging site operates.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:1-457">[456]</a></sup> These features help to promote education outside the classroom in a global setting where students and educators are easily able to create, connect, and share knowledge. This ultimately promotes growth and learning among students and educators, not just in the classroom, but virtually and around the world.
</p>
<h4>Public figures</h4>
<p><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Zittrain">Jonathan Zittrain</a>, professor of Internet law at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School">Harvard Law School</a>, said that "the qualities that make Twitter seem inane and half-baked are what makes it so powerful."<sup><a href="#cite_note-458">[457]</a></sup> In that same vein, and with Sigmund Freud in mind, political communications expert Matthew Auer observed that well-crafted tweets by public figures often deliberately mix trivial and serious information so as to appeal to all three parts of the reader's personality: the id, ego, and superego.<sup><a href="#cite_note-459">[458]</a></sup>
</p><p>The poets <a href="/wiki/Mira_Gonzalez">Mira Gonzalez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tao_Lin">Tao Lin</a> published a book titled <i>Selected Tweets</i> featuring selections of their tweets over some eight years. The book was designed to look like a small bible.<sup><a href="#cite_note-460">[459]</a></sup> The novelist <a href="/wiki/Rick_Moody">Rick Moody</a> wrote a short story for Electric Literature called "Some Contemporary Characters," composed entirely of tweets.<sup><a href="#cite_note-461">[460]</a></sup>
</p><p>During a February 2009 discussion on <a href="/wiki/NPR">National Public Radio</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Weekend_Edition">Weekend Edition</a></i>, the journalist <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Schorr">Daniel Schorr</a> stated that Twitter accounts of events lacked rigorous fact-checking and other editorial improvements. In response, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Carvin">Andy Carvin</a> gave Schorr two examples of <a href="/wiki/Breaking_news">breaking news</a> stories that played out on Twitter and said users wanted first-hand accounts and sometimes debunked stories.<sup><a href="#cite_note-462">[461]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine acknowledged its growing level of influence in its 2010 <a href="/wiki/Time_100">Time 100</a>; to determine the influence of people, it used a formula based on famous social networking sites, Twitter and Facebook. The list ranges from <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama">Barack Obama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga">Lady Gaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Kutcher">Ashton Kutcher</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-463">[462]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-464">[463]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony">2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony</a>, in which he appeared at the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(London)">London Olympic Stadium</a> in person,<sup><a href="#cite_note-Friar-465">[464]</a></sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>, the founder of the World Wide Web, tweeted "This is for everyone",<sup><a href="#cite_note-466">[465]</a></sup> which was instantly spelled out in <a href="/wiki/LCD">LCD</a> lights attached to the chairs of the 80,000 people in the audience.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Friar-465">[464]</a></sup>
</p><p>Many commentators have suggested that Twitter radically changed the format of reporting due to instant, short, and frequent communication.<sup><a href="#cite_note-467">[466]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-468">[467]</a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i> writers Benjamin M. Reilly and Robinson Meyer, Twitter has an outsized impact on the public discourse and media. "Something happens on Twitter; celebrities, politicians and journalists talk about it, and it's circulated to a wider audience by Twitter's algorithms; journalists write about the dustup." This can lead to an argument on a Twitter feed looking like a "debate roiling the country... regular people are left with a confused, agitated view of our current political discourse".<sup><a href="#cite_note-469">[468]</a></sup> In a 2018 article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review">Columbia Journalism Review</a></i>, Matthew Ingram argued much the same about Twitter's "oversized role" and that it promotes immediacy over newsworthiness.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:6-470">[469]</a></sup> In some cases, inauthentic and provocative tweets were taken up as common opinion in mainstream articles. Writers in several outlets unintentionally cited the opinions of Russian <a href="/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency">Internet Research Agency</a>-affiliated accounts.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:6-470">[469]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:7-471">[470]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>World leaders</h4>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_Facebook_Twitter_post_19679418_10159419638630725_2833632475130915488.jpg"></a></p><div><p>Donald Trump's Twitter post</p></div></div>
<p>World leaders and their diplomats have taken note of Twitter's rapid expansion and have been increasingly utilizing <a href="/wiki/Twitter_diplomacy">Twitter diplomacy</a>, the use of Twitter to engage with foreign publics and their own citizens. US Ambassador to Russia, <a href="/wiki/Michael_A._McFaul">Michael A. McFaul</a> has been attributed as a pioneer of international Twitter diplomacy. He used Twitter after becoming ambassador in 2011, posting in English and Russian.<sup><a href="#cite_note-472">[471]</a></sup> On October 24, 2014, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> sent her first tweet to mark the opening of the <a href="/wiki/London_Science_Museum">London Science Museum</a>'s Information Age exhibition.<sup><a href="#cite_note-473">[472]</a></sup> A 2013 study by website Twiplomacy found that 153 of the 193 countries represented at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations">United Nations</a> had established government Twitter accounts.<sup><a href="#cite_note-twiplomacy-474">[473]</a></sup> The same study also found that those accounts amounted to 505 Twitter handles used by world leaders and their foreign ministers, with their tweets able to reach a combined audience of over 106 million followers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-twiplomacy-474">[473]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to an analysis of accounts, the heads of state of 125 countries and 139 other leading politicians have Twitter accounts that have between them sent more than 350,000 tweets and have almost 52 million followers. However, only 30 of these do their own tweeting, more than 80 do not subscribe to other politicians and many do not follow any accounts.<sup><a href="#cite_note-475">[474]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Religion</h4>
<p>As of October 2015, more than twenty <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)">Roman Catholic cardinals</a> managed active Twitter accounts,<sup><a href="#cite_note-476">[475]</a></sup> nine of whom were <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_for_the_papal_conclave,_2013">cardinal electors</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2013_Papal_conclave">2013 Papal conclave</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-477">[476]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>'s Twitter account was set up in 2012. As of April 2022, his successor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis">Pope Francis</a>, has 18.9 million followers of his Twitter account (@Pontifex).<sup><a href="#cite_note-478">[477]</a></sup><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items">needs update</a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3>Censorship and moderation</h3>
<p>Twitter is banned completely in Russia,<sup><a href="#cite_note-479">[478]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iran">Iran</a>, China and North Korea,<sup><a href="#cite_note-480">[479]</a></sup> and has been intermittently blocked in numerous countries including Egypt, Iraq, Nigeria, Turkey, Venezuela and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> on different bases.<sup><a href="#cite_note-481">[480]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-482">[481]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-guardian-4jun2021-483">[482]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-484">[483]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-485">[484]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-486">[485]</a></sup> In 2016, Twitter cooperated with the Israeli government to remove certain content originating outside Israel from tweets seen in Israel.<sup><a href="#cite_note-487">[486]</a></sup> In the 11th biannual transparency report published on September 19, 2017, Twitter said that Turkey was the first among countries where about 90 percent of removal requests came from, followed by Russia, France and Germany.<sup><a href="#cite_note-488">[487]</a></sup> Twitter stated that between July 1 and December 31, 2018, "We received legal demands relating to 27,283 accounts from 47 different countries, including Bulgaria, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, and Slovenia for the first time."<sup><a href="#cite_note-489">[488]</a></sup> As part of evidence to a US Senate Enquiry, the company admitted that their systems "detected and hid" several hundred thousand tweets relating to the <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Committee_email_leak">2016 Democratic National Committee email leak</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-490">[489]</a></sup> During the curfew in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> after <a href="/wiki/Indian_revocation_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir%27s_special_status">revocation of its autonomous status</a> on August 5, 2019, the Indian government approached Twitter to block accounts accused of spreading anti-India content;<sup><a href="#cite_note-491">[490]</a></sup> by October 25, nearly one million tweets had been removed as a result.<sup><a href="#cite_note-492">[491]</a></sup>
</p><p>In March 2022, shortly after <a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Twitter#Russia_2">Russia's censorship of Twitter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)">Tor</a> <a href="/wiki/.onion">Onion</a> service link was created by the platform to allow people to access the website, even in countries with heavy Internet censorship.<sup><a href="#cite_note-493">[492]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-494">[493]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4>Moderation of tweets</h4>
<p>Twitter removed more than 88,000 propaganda accounts linked to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-495">[494]</a></sup> Twitter removed tweets from accounts associated with the Russian <a href="/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency">Internet Research Agency</a> that had tried to influence public opinion during and after the 2016 US election.<sup><a href="#cite_note-:6-470">[469]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-:7-471">[470]</a></sup> In June 2020, Twitter also removed 175,000 propaganda accounts that were spreading biased political narratives for the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Russia">United Russia Party</a>, or Turkey's President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan">Erdogan</a>, identified based on centralized behavior.<sup><a href="#cite_note-496">[495]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-497">[496]</a></sup> Twitter also removed accounts linked to the governments of <a href="/wiki/Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran">Iran</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-498">[497]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-499">[498]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-500">[499]</a></sup> Twitter suspended Pakistani accounts tied to government officials for posting tweets about the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict">Kashmir conflict</a> between India and Pakistan.<sup><a href="#cite_note-501">[500]</a></sup> In February 2021, Twitter removed accounts in India that criticized Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi">Narendra Modi</a>'s government for its conduct during <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Indian_farmers%27_protest">Indian farmers' protests in 2020–2021</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-502">[501]</a></sup>
</p><p>At the start of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, numerous tweets reported false medical information related to the pandemic. Twitter announced a new policy in which they would label tweets containing misinformation going forward.<sup><a href="#cite_note-twitter_misinformation-86">[85]</a></sup> In April 2020, Twitter removed accounts which defended President <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a>'s response to the spread of COVID-19 in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines">Philippines</a>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-503">[502]</a></sup> 
</p><p>In November 2020, then Chief Technology Officer and future CEO of Twitter <a href="/wiki/Parag_Agrawal">Parag Agrawal</a>, when asked by <a href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review">MIT Technology Review</a> about balancing the protection of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech">free speech</a> as a core value and the endeavour to combat misinformation, said: "Our role is not to be bound by the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution">First Amendment</a>, but our role is to serve a healthy public conversation … focus less on thinking about free speech, but thinking about how the times have changed."<sup><a href="#cite_note-504">[503]</a></sup>
</p><p>In November 2022, however, Twitter stopped enforcing its policy on labeling tweets with misleading information about coronavirus. This came in the light of Elon Musk's acquisition of Twitter earlier that year.<sup><a href="#cite_note-505">[504]</a></sup>
</p>
<h5>Birdwatch</h5>
<div><p><a href="/wiki/File:Birdwatch_Logo.svg"></a></p><div><p>Logo of Birdwatch, a Twitter program</p></div></div>
<p>As part of its means to moderate misinformation, Twitter launched its crowd-sourced Birdwatch program in January 2021. Trusted users in the program will have the ability to monitor tweets and replies that may include misinformation and countermessages providing fact-checking as to have Twitter tag these messages appropriately from the Birdwatch community.<sup><a href="#cite_note-506">[505]</a></sup>
</p><p>In November 2021, Twitter announced an update to the Birdwatch moderation tool, meant to limit the visibility of contributors' identities by creating aliases for their accounts.<sup><a href="#cite_note-507">[506]</a></sup> In March 2022, Twitter expanded access to notes made by the Birdwatch moderators, giving a randomized set of US users the ability to view the notes attached to tweets and rate them.<sup><a href="#cite_note-508">[507]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-509">[508]</a></sup>
</p><p>In November 2022, at the request of new owner Elon Musk, Birdwatch was rebranded to Community Notes.<sup><a href="#cite_note-510">[509]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3>Court cases and lawsuits</h3>
<p><i><a href="/wiki/Twitter,_Inc._v._Taamneh">Twitter Inc. v. Taamneh</a></i>, alongside <i><a href="/wiki/Gonzalez_v._Google_LLC">Gonzalez v. Google</a></i>, is currently pending before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court">United States Supreme Court</a> during its 2022–2023 term. Both cases deal with Internet content providers and whether they are liable for terrorism-related information posted by their users. In the case of <i>Twitter v. Taamnah</i>, the case asks if Twitter and other social media services are liable for user-generated terrorism content under the <a href="/wiki/Antiterrorism_and_Effective_Death_Penalty_Act_of_1996">Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996</a> and are beyond their <a href="/wiki/Section_230">Section 230</a> protections.
</p><p>In 2016, Twitter shareholder Doris Shenwick filed a lawsuit against Twitter, Inc., claiming executives misled investors over the company’s growth prospects.<sup><a href="#cite_note-time.com-511">[510]</a></sup> In 2021, Twitter agreed to pay $809.5 million to settle.<sup><a href="#cite_note-time.com-511">[510]</a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2022, Twitter agreed to pay $150 million to settle a lawsuit started by the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission. The lawsuit concerned Twitter's use of email addresses and phone numbers of Twitter users to target advertisements at them. The company also agreed to third-party audits of its data privacy program.<sup><a href="#cite_note-512">[511]</a></sup>
</p><p>On November 3, 2022, on the eve of expected lay-offs, a group of Twitter employees based San Francisco and Cambridge filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court in San Francisco. Naming five current or former workers as plaintiffs, the suit accused the company of violating federal and state laws that govern notice of employment termination.<sup><a href="#cite_note-513">[512]</a></sup> The federal law in question is the Work Adjustment and Re
training Notification (WARN) Act, and the state law in question is California’s state WARN Act.<sup><a href="#cite_note-514">[513]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Television</h2>
<p>Twitter is used to make <a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_television">TV more interactive</a>, with such use growing in popularity around 2011.<sup><a href="#cite_note-515">[514]</a></sup> This effect is sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Second_screen">second screen</a>,<sup><a href="#cite_note-516">[515]</a></sup> "virtual watercooler" or <a href="/wiki/Social_television">social television</a>—the practice has been called "chatterboxing".<sup><a href="#cite_note-517">[516]</a></sup> Twitter has been successfully used to encourage people to watch live TV events, such as the <a href="/wiki/Oscars">Oscars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl">Super Bowl</a><sup><a href="#cite_note-518">[517]</a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award">MTV Video Music Awards</a>; however this strategy has proven less effective with regularly scheduled TV shows.<sup><a href="#cite_note-519">[518]</a></sup> Such direct cross-promotions have been banned from French television due to regulations against secret advertising.<sup><a href="#cite_note-520">[519]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2012, Twitter and Nielsen entered a multi-year agreement to produce social TV ratings, which are expected to be commercially available for the fall 2013 season as the Nielsen Twitter TV Rating.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Shontell-521">[520]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Advertising_Age">Advertising Age</a></i> said Twitter had become the new <i><a href="/wiki/TV_Guide">TV Guide</a></i>.<sup><a href="#cite_note-522">[521]</a></sup> Then in February 2013, Twitter acquired <a href="/wiki/Bluefin_Labs">Bluefin Labs</a> for an estimated US$50 million to $100 million. Founded in 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab">MIT Media Lab</a>, Bluefin is a <a href="/wiki/Data_mining">data miner</a> whose analysis tells which brands (e.g., TV shows and companies) are chatted about the most in social media.<sup><a href="#cite_note-Shontell-521">[520]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-523">[522]</a></sup> MIT <i><a href="/wiki/Technology_Review">Technology Review</a></i> said that Bluefin gives Twitter part of the US$72 billion <a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement">television advertising</a> market.<sup><a href="#cite_note-524">[523]</a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2013, it launched <a href="/wiki/Twitter_Amplify">Twitter Amplify</a>—an advertising product for media and consumer brands.<sup><a href="#cite_note-525">[524]</a></sup> With Amplify, Twitter runs video highlights from major live broadcasts, with advertisers' names and messages playing before the clip.<sup><a href="#cite_note-526">[525]</a></sup> In October 2013, Comcast announced that it had partnered with Twitter to implement its "See It" feature within the service, allowing posts promoting programs on selected <a href="/wiki/NBCUniversal">NBCUniversal</a> channels to contain direct links to <a href="/wiki/TV_Everywhere">TV Everywhere</a> streaming to the program. On launch, the concept was limited to NBCUniversal channels and <a href="/wiki/Xfinity">Xfinity</a> cable television subscribers.<sup><a href="#cite_note-variety-nbcseeitbutton-527">[526]</a></sup>
</p><p>In an attempt to compete with Twitter's leadership in TV, Facebook introduced a number of features in 2013 to drive conversation about TV including hashtags, verified profiles and embeddable posts. It also opened up new data visualization APIs for TV news and other media outlets, enabling them to search for a word and see a firehose of public posts that mention it as well as show how many people mentioned a word in both public and private posts during a set time frame, with a demographic breakdown of the age, gender, and location of these people.<sup><a href="#cite_note-528">[527]</a></sup> In January 2014, Facebook announced a partnership with UK-based social TV analytics company SecondSync which saw the social network make its social TV available outside the company for the first time. Facebook struck the partnership to help marketers understand how people are using the social network to talk about topics such as TV.<sup><a href="#cite_note-529">[528]</a></sup> However, Twitter responded by acquiring SecondSync and Parisian social TV firm Mesagraph three months later. These acquisitions, as well as a partnership with research company Kantar (which it had been working with to develop a suite of analytics tools for the British TV industry since August 2013) strengthened Twitter's dominance of the "second screen" – TV viewers using tablets and smartphones to share their TV experience on social media. With the additional analytic tools, Twitter was able to improve the firm's offering to advertisers, allowing them to, for instance, only promote a tweet onto the timelines of users who were watching a certain programme.<sup><a href="#cite_note-530">[529]</a></sup>
</p><p>By February 2014, all four major U.S. TV networks had signed up to the Amplify program, bringing a variety of premium TV content onto the social platform in the form of in-tweet real-time video clips.<sup><a href="#cite_note-531">[530]</a></sup> In March 2014, <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)">ITV</a> became the first major broadcaster in the UK to sign up to Twitter Amplify<sup><a href="#cite_note-532">[531]</a></sup> and Twitter introduced one-tap video playback across its mobile apps to further enhance the consumer experience.<sup><a href="#cite_note-533">[532]</a></sup>
</p><p>In June 2014, Twitter acquired its Amplify partner in the U.S., SnappyTV.<sup><a href="#cite_note-534">[533]</a></sup> In Europe, Twitter's Amplify partner is London-based <a href="/wiki/Grabyo">Grabyo</a>, which has also struck numerous deals with broadcasters and rights holders<sup><a href="#cite_note-Sawers-535">[534]</a></sup> to share video content across <a href="/wiki/Facebook">Facebook</a> and Twitter.<sup><a href="#cite_note-536">[535]</a></sup> In July 2017, Twitter announced that it would wind down SnappyTV as a separate company, and integrate its features into the Media Studio suite on Twitter.<sup><a href="#cite_note-537">[536]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>Statistics</h2>
<h3>User accounts with large follower base</h3>
<p>As of 19 November 2022, the ten Twitter accounts with the most followers were:
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Rank
</th>
<th>Change <br /> (monthly)
</th>
<th>Account name
</th>
<th>Owner
</th>
<th>Followers <br /> (millions)
</th>
<th>Activity
</th>
<th>Country
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>1
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td>@BarackObama
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama">Barack Obama</a>
</td>
<td>133
</td>
<td>44th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States">U.S. president</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="/wiki/United_States">USA</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>2
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td>@elonmusk
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk">Elon Musk</a>
</td>
<td>117
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate">Business magnate</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa">SAF</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Canada">CAN</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/United_States">USA</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>3
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td>@justinbieber
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Justin_Bieber">Justin Bieber</a>
</td>
<td>113
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Musician">Musician</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="/wiki/Canada">CAN</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>4
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td>@katyperry
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Katy_Perry">Katy Perry</a>
</td>
<td>108
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Musician">Musician</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="/wiki/United_States">USA</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>5
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td>@rihanna
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Rihanna">Rihanna</a>
</td>
<td>107
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Musician">Musician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Businessperson">businesswoman</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="/wiki/Barbados">BAR</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>6
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td>@Cristiano
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo">Cristiano Ronaldo</a>
</td>
<td>104
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Association_football">Footballer</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="/wiki/Portugal">POR</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>7
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td>@taylorswift13
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift">Taylor Swift</a>
</td>
<td>91
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Musician">Musician</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="/wiki/United_States">USA</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>8
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td>@ladygaga
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga">Lady Gaga</a>
</td>
<td>84
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Musician">Musician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actor">actress</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="/wiki/United_States">USA</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>9
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td>@narendramodi
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi">Narendra Modi</a>
</td>
<td>84
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India">Prime Minister of India</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="/wiki/India">IND</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>10
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td>@YouTube
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/YouTube">YouTube</a>
</td>
<td>77
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform">Online video platform</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="/wiki/United_States">USA</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Record tweets</h3>
<p>A <a href="/wiki/Selfie">selfie</a> orchestrated by <a href="/wiki/86th_Academy_Awards">86th Academy Awards</a> host <a href="/wiki/Ellen_DeGeneres">Ellen DeGeneres</a> during the March 2, 2014, broadcast<sup><a href="#cite_note-ertw-538">[537]</a></sup> was at the time the most retweeted image ever.<sup><a href="#cite_note-ellen_2014-539">[538]</a></sup> DeGeneres said she wanted to pay homage to <a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep">Meryl Streep</a>'s record 17 Oscar nominations by setting a new record with her, and invited other Oscar celebrities to join them. The resulting photo of twelve celebrities broke the previous retweet record within forty minutes, and was retweeted over 1.8 million times in the first hour.<sup><a href="#cite_note-bbcrt-540">[539]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-541">[540]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-latos-542">[541]</a></sup> By the end of the ceremony it had been retweeted over 2 million times.<sup><a href="#cite_note-bbcrt-540">[539]</a></sup> On May 9, 2017, Ellen's record was broken by Carter Wilkerson (@carterjwm) by collecting nearly 3.5 million retweets in a little over a month.<sup><a href="#cite_note-543">[542]</a></sup> This record was broken when <a href="/wiki/Yusaku_Maezawa">Yusaku Maezawa</a> announced a giveaway on Twitter in January 2019, accumulating 4.4 million retweets. A similar tweet he made in December 2019 was retweeted 3.8 million times.<sup><a href="#cite_note-544">[543]</a></sup>
</p><p>The most tweeted moment in the history of Twitter occurred on August 2, 2013; during a Japanese television airing of the <a href="/wiki/Studio_Ghibli">Studio Ghibli</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Castle_in_the_Sky">Castle in the Sky</a></i>, fans simultaneously tweeted the word <i>balse</i> (バルス)—the incantation for a destruction spell used during its climax, after it was uttered in the film. There was a global peak of 143,199 tweets in one second, beating the previous record of 33,388.<sup><a href="#cite_note-545">[544]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-546">[545]</a></sup>
</p><p>The most discussed event in Twitter history occurred on October 24, 2015; the hashtag ("#ALDubEBTamangPanahon") for <i><a href="/wiki/Tamang_Panahon">Tamang Panahon</a></i>, a live special episode of the Filipino variety show <i><a href="/wiki/Eat_Bulaga!">Eat Bulaga!</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Arena">Philippine Arena</a>, centering on its popular on-air couple <a href="/wiki/AlDub">AlDub</a>, attracted 41 million tweets.<sup><a href="#cite_note-547">[546]</a></sup><sup><a href="#cite_note-548">[547]</a></sup> The most-discussed sporting event in Twitter history was the <a href="/wiki/Brazil_v_Germany_(2014_FIFA_World_Cup)">2014 FIFA World Cup semi-final</a> between Brazil and Germany on July 8, 2014.<sup><a href="#cite_note-549">[548]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records">Guinness World Records</a></i>, the fastest pace to a million followers was set by actor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Downey_Jr.">Robert Downey Jr.</a> in 23 hours and 22 minutes in April 2014.<sup><a href="#cite_note-550">[549]</a></sup> This record was later broken by <a href="/wiki/Caitlyn_Jenner">Caitlyn Jenner</a>, who joined the site on June 1, 2015, and amassed a million followers in just 4 hours and 3 minutes.<sup><a href="#cite_note-551">[550]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2>See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_awareness">Ambient awareness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_microblogging_and_similar_services">Comparison of microblogging and similar services</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_social_media">Timeline of social media</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twitterature">Twitterature</a></li></ul>
<h2>Notes</h2>
<div><ol>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b> It is not documented whether the parallax scrolling effect was added with the redesign in April 2014 or subsequently.
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2>References</h2>
<div><ol>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dorsey2006_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorsey2006_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>jack [@jack] (March 21, 2006). <a href="https://twitter.com/jack/status/20">"just setting up my twttr"</a> (Tweet). Retrieved February 4, 2011 – via <a>Twitter</a>.</cite>
</li>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-498">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49683029">"Twitter suspends government-run accounts in Cuba"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. September 12, 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-499">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-twitter-accounts-idUSKBN21K1SK">"Twitter removes accounts linked to Egypt, Saudi Arabia, other countries"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. April 2, 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-500">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-twitter-content-idUSKBN2AN1WW">"Twitter removes hundreds of accounts it says are linked to Iran, Russia, Armenia"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. February 23, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-501">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1500457">"200 accounts suspended over Kashmir reported to Twitter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)">Dawn</a></i>. August 20, 2019.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-502">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/10/technology/india-twitter.html">"Twitter Blocks Accounts in India as Modi Pressures Social Media"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. February 10, 2021. Archived from <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/10/technology/india-twitter.html">the original</a> on December 28, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-503">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://technology.inquirer.net/98139/twitter-suspends-accounts-defending-dutertes-covid-19-response-report">"Twitter suspends accounts defending Duterte's COVID-19 response – report"</a>. <i>Inquirer.net</i>. April 10, 2020.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-504">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/11/18/1012066/emtech-stage-twitters-cto-on-misinformation/">"EmTech Stage: Twitter's CTO on misinformation"</a>. <i>technologyreview.com</i>. November 18, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-505">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-63796832">"Twitter ends Covid misinformation policy under Musk"</a>. BBC News. November 30, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-506">^</a></b> <cite>Lyons, Kim (January 25, 2021). <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/25/22248903/twitter-birdwatch-fact-checking-misinformation">"Twitter launches Birdwatch, a fact-checking program intended to fight misinformation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge">The Verge</a></i>. Retrieved January 25, 2021.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-507">^</a></b> <cite>Lyons, Kim (November 22, 2021). <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/11/22/22796918/twitter-moderation-birdwatch-aliases-contributors-misinformation">"Twitter introduces aliases for contributors to its Birdwatch moderation program"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. Retrieved November 22, 2021.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-508">^</a></b> <cite>Perez, Sarah (March 3, 2022). <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2022/03/03/twitter-to-show-birdwatch-community-fact-checks-to-more-users-following-criticism/">"Twitter to show 'Birdwatch' community fact-checks to more users, following criticism"</a>. <i>Tech Crunch</i>. Retrieved March 3, 2022.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-510">^</a></b> <cite>Biron, Bethany. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/musk-renames-birdwatch-community-notes-touts-improving-accuracy-2022-11">"Elon Musk said Twitter's Birdwatch feature will be renamed 'Community Notes' and is aimed at 'improving information accuracy' amid growing content-moderation concerns"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. Retrieved November 15, 2022.</cite>
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<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-time.com_511-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-time.com_511-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite><a href="https://time.com/6099976/twitter-class-action-lawsuit/">"Twitter Agrees to Pay $809.5 Million Settlement in Shareholder Growth Lawsuit"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Retrieved November 6, 2022.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-variety-nbcseeitbutton_527-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://variety.com/2013/digital/news/new-comcast-twitter-collab-has-makings-of-a-game-changer-1200807027/">"'See It' Button Should Be the Game-Changer Pay TV Desperately Needs"</a>. <i>Variety</i>. November 24, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2017.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-534">^</a></b> <cite>Bradwell, Jason (July 2, 2014). <a href="https://archive.is/20140828202420/http://www.vodprofessional.com/features/why-did-twitter-buy-snappytv-grabyo-reaction/">"Why Did Twitter Buy SnappyTV? Grabyo Reaction"</a>. <i>VOD Professional</i>. Archived from <a href="http://www.vodprofessional.com/features/why-did-twitter-buy-snappytv-grabyo-reaction/">the original</a> on August 28, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sawers_535-0">^</a></b> <cite>Sawers, Paul (June 19, 2014). <a href="https://thenextweb.com/twitter/2014/06/19/twitter-acquires-live-tv-clipping-platform-snappytv/">"Twitter's evolution as a broadcasting platform continues as it acquires live-TV clipping service SnappyTV"</a>. <i>The Next Web</i>. Retrieved August 28, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-ertw_538-0">^</a></b> <cite>DeGeneres, Ellen (March 2, 2014). <a href="https://twitter.com/TheEllenShow/statuses/440322224407314432">"If only Bradley's arm was longer. Best photo ever. #oscars"</a>. Twitter. Retrieved November 15, 2022.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-ellen_2014_539-0">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-26410106">"Selfie at Oscars breaks retweet record"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News">BBC News</a></i>. March 3, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014.</cite>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcrt_540-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcrt_540-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>BBC Trending (March 3, 2014). <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-26410106">"#BBCtrending: Selfie at Oscars breaks retweet record"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. Bbc.com. Retrieved July 28, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-541">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140303110006/http://www.theledger.com/article/20140303/ENT/140309799/1326?Title=Ellen-DeGeneres-Selfie-at-Oscars-Sets-Retweet-Record-Crashes-Twitter">"Ellen DeGeneres' Selfie at Oscars Sets Retweet Record, Crashes Twitter"</a>. <i>The Ledger</i>. Associated Press. March 3, 2014. Archived from <a href="http://www.theledger.com/article/20140303/ENT/140309799/1326?Title=Ellen-DeGeneres-Selfie-at-Oscars-Sets-Retweet-Record-Crashes-Twitter">the original</a> on March 3, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-latos_542-0">^</a></b> <cite>Hubbard, Amy (March 2, 2014). <a href="https://latimes.com/nation/shareitnow/la-sh-most-retweeted-twitter-ellen-oscar-selfie-0140302,0,6042820.story">"Oscars 2014, the year of the selfie: Ellen tweet grabs retweet record"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. Retrieved October 7, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-543">^</a></b> <cite>@Twitter (May 10, 2017). <a href="https://twitter.com/Twitter/status/862098695357046784">"@carterjwm 👆 It's official. Carter, your Tweet is the most Retweeted of all time. #NuggsForCarter"</a> (Tweet). Retrieved May 9, 2017 – via <a>Twitter</a>.</cite>
</li>
<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-544">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://www.brandwatch.com/blog/most-retweeted-tweets/">"The 20 Most-Retweeted Tweets"</a>. July 30, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2022.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-545">^</a></b> <cite>Oremus, Will (August 19, 2013). <a href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2013/08/19/balse_festival_japan_castle_in_the_sky_airing_breaks_twitter_record_for.html">"Balse Festival: Japan "Castle in the Sky" airing breaks Twitter record for tweets per second"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. Retrieved June 26, 2014.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-546">^</a></b> <cite>Ashcraft, Brian. <a href="https://kotaku.com/5868320/how-an-old-japanese-anime-broke-twitter-records/">"How an Old Japanese Anime Broke a Twitter Record"</a>. <i>Kotaku</i>. Retrieved August 31, 2018.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-547">^</a></b> <cite><a href="https://twitter.com/TwitterData/status/658724283011735552">"Fans in the Philippines &amp; around the world sent 41M Tweets mentioning #ALDubEBTamangPanahon"</a>. <i>Twitter Data Verified Account</i>. October 27, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-548">^</a></b> <cite>Mendoza, Arvin (October 25, 2015). <a href="http://entertainment.inquirer.net/181811/aldub-breaks-fifa-world-cups-twitter-record">"'AlDub' breaks FIFA World Cup's Twitter record"</a>. <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i>. Retrieved October 25, 2015.</cite>
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<li><b><a href="#cite_ref-551">^</a></b> <cite>Parkinson, Hannah Jane (June 2, 2015). <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jun/02/caitlyn-jenner-twitter-record-million-followers-vanity-fair">"Caitlyn Jenner smashes Twitter world record, reaching a million followers"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. Retrieved May 20, 2022.</cite>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2>Further reading</h2>
<ul><li><cite>Fitton, Laura; Gruen, Michael E.; Poston, Leslie; foreword by Jack Dorsey (2009). <a href="https://archive.org/details/twitterfordummie00fitt"><i>Twitter for Dummies</i></a>. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470479919"><bdi>9780470479919</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li>Tufekci, Zeynep. 2017. <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200530054535/https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300215120/twitter-and-tear-gas">Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press">Yale University Press</a>.</li></ul>
<h2>External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://twitter.com/">Official website</a> (<a href="https://mobile.twitter.com/">Mobile</a>)</li>
<li>twitter3e4tixl4xyajtrzo62zg5vztmjuricljdp2c5kshju4avyoid.onion <a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)"></a><sup><small>(<a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)#Tor_Browser">Accessing link help</a>)</small></sup></li></ul>
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 Contents

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 * (Top)
 * 1 History
 + 1.1 2006–2007: Creation and initial reaction
 + 1.2 2007–2010
 + 1.3 2010–2014
 + 1.4 2014–2020
 + 1.5 2020–2021
 + 1.6 Since 2022
 o 1.6.1 Acquisition by Elon Musk
 o 1.6.2 Whistleblower complaint
 * 2 Appearance and features
 + 2.1 Tweets
 o 2.1.1 Hashtags, usernames, retweets and replies
 o 2.1.2 Using SMS
 o 2.1.3 Character limits
 o 2.1.4 URL shortener
 o 2.1.5 Image sharing
 o 2.1.6 Polls
 + 2.2 Non-tweet content
 o 2.2.1 Streaming video
 o 2.2.2 Spaces
 o 2.2.3 Fleets
 + 2.3 Curation
 o 2.3.1 Trending topics
 o 2.3.2 Lists
 o 2.3.3 Moments
 + 2.4 Algorithm
 + 2.5 Mobile
 + 2.6 Adding and following content
 + 2.7 Twitter Blue
 o 2.7.1 Verification of paid accounts
 + 2.8 User monetization
 + 2.9 E-commerce
 * 3 Usage
 + 3.1 Demographics
 + 3.2 Content
 + 3.3 Levels of use
 * 4 Branding
 * 5 Finances
 + 5.1 Revenue sources
 + 5.2 Advertising bans
 * 6 Technology
 + 6.1 Implementation
 + 6.2 API and developer platform
 + 6.3 Innovators patent agreement
 + 6.4 Open source
 + 6.5 Interface
 + 6.6 Security
 + 6.7 Outages
 * 7 User accounts
 + 7.1 Verified accounts
 + 7.2 Privacy
 + 7.3 Harassment
 + 7.4 Suspect and contested accounts
 + 7.5 Malicious and fake accounts
 + 7.6 Twitter bots
 * 8 Society
 + 8.1 Usage
 o 8.1.1 Protesters
 o 8.1.2 Governments
 o 8.1.3 Pornography
 o 8.1.4 Child sexual exploitation
 + 8.2 Impact
 o 8.2.1 On communication
 o 8.2.2 Emergency use
 o 8.2.3 Education
 o 8.2.4 Public figures
 o 8.2.5 World leaders
 o 8.2.6 Religion
 + 8.3 Censorship and moderation
 o 8.3.1 Moderation of tweets
 - 8.3.1.1 Birdwatch
 + 8.4 Court cases and lawsuits
 * 9 Television
 * 10 Statistics
 + 10.1 User accounts with large follower base
 + 10.2 Record tweets
 * 11 See also
 * 12 Notes
 * 13 References
 * 14 Further reading
 * 15 External links
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 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 This article is about the social networking service. For the company which owns and operates it, see Twitter, Inc.
 "Tweeting" and "Tweeted" redirect here. For the animal behavior, see Bird vocalization.

 Twitter
 
 Screenshot 
 Type of site Social networking service 
 Available in Multilingual 
 Founded March 21, 2006 ; 16 years ago in San Francisco, California
 Area served Worldwide, except blocking countries 
 Owner Twitter, Inc. 
 * Jack Dorsey 
 Founder(s) * Noah Glass 
 * Biz Stone 
 * Evan Williams 
 CEO Elon Musk 
 URL twitter.com 
 Registration Required 
 Users 238 million monetizable DAU (Q2 2022) 
 Launched July 15, 2006 ; 16 years ago 
 Current status Active 
 * iOS 
 * iPadOS 
 Native client(s) on * Android 
 * Windows 
 * macOS 
 * Java 
 Written in * Ruby 
 * Scala 
 * JavaScript 
 [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
 

 Twitter is an online social media and social networking service owned and operated by American company Twitter, Inc., on which users send and respond publicly or privately 280-character-long messages, images and videos known as "tweets".[8] Registered users can tweet, like, 'retweet' tweets and direct message (DM), while unregistered users only have the ability to view public tweets. Users interact with Twitter through browser or mobile frontend software, or programmatically via its APIs.

 Twitter was created by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams in March 2006 and launched in July of that year. Twitter, Inc. is based in San Francisco, California and has more than 25 offices around the world.[9] By 2012, more than 100 million users tweeted 340 million tweets a day,[10] and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day.[11][12][13] In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has been described as "the SMS of the Internet".[14] By the start of 2019, Twitter had more than 330 million monthly active users.[15] In practice, the vast majority of tweets are tweeted by a minority of users.[16][17] In 2020, it was estimated that approximately 48 million accounts (15% of all accounts) were fake.[18]

 On October 27, 2022, business magnate Elon Musk acquired Twitter, Inc. for US$44 billion, gaining control of the platform.[19][20][21][22] On December 20, 2022, Musk announced he would step down as CEO once a replacement had been found.[23]

 History

 Main article: History of Twitter

 2006–2007: Creation and initial reaction

 A sketch, c. 2006, by Jack Dorsey, envisioning an SMS-based social network

 Twitter's origins lie in a "daylong brainstorming session" held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then an undergraduate student at New York University, introduced the idea of an individual using an SMS service to communicate with a small group.[24][25] The original project code name for the service was twttr, an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass,[26] inspired by Flickr and the five-character length of American SMS short codes. The decision was also partly due to the fact that the domain twitter.com was already in use, and it was six months after the launch of twttr that the crew purchased the domain and changed the name of the service to Twitter.[27] The developers initially considered "10958" as the service's short code for SMS text messaging, but later changed it to "40404" for "ease of use and memorability".[28] Work on the project started on March 21, 2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 12:50 p.m. PST (UTC−08:00): "just setting up my twttr".[1] Dorsey has explained the origin of the "Twitter" title:[29]

 ...we came across the word "twitter", and it was just perfect. The definition was "a short burst of inconsequential information", and "chirps from birds". And that's exactly what the product was.

 The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as an internal service for Odeo employees.[30] The full version was introduced publicly on July 15, 2006.[6] In October 2006, Biz Stone, Evan Williams, Dorsey, and other members of Odeo formed Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo, together with its assets—including Odeo.com and Twitter.com—from the investors and shareholders.[31] Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitter's startup until 2011.[32] Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007.[33] Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview:[34]

 With Twitter, it wasn't clear what it was. They called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didn't replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is. Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network.

 2007–2010

 The tipping point for Twitter's popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive (SXSWi) conference. During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000.[35] "The Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages," remarked Newsweek ' s Steven Levy. "Hundreds of conference-goers kept tabs on each other via constant twitters. Panelists and speakers mentioned the service, and the bloggers in attendance touted it."[36] Reaction at the conference was highly positive.[37] Twitter staff received the festival's Web Award prize with the remark "we'd like to thank you in 140 characters or less. And we just did!"[38]

 The company experienced rapid initial growth. It had 400,000 tweets posted per quarter in 2007. This grew to 100 million tweets posted per quarter in 2008. In February 2010, Twitter users were sending 50 million tweets per day.[39] In 2009, Twitter won the "Breakout of the Year" Webby Award.[40][41] On November 29, 2009, Twitter was named the Word of the Year by the Global Language Monitor, declaring it "a new form of social interaction".[42] By March 2010, the company recorded over 70,000 registered applications.[43] As of June 2010, about 65 million tweets were posted each day, equaling about 750 tweets sent each second, according to Twitter.[44] As of March 2011, that was about 140 million tweets posted daily.[45] As noted on Compete.com, Twitter moved up to the third-highest-ranking social networking site in January 2009 from its previous rank of twenty-second.[46]

 Jack Dorsey, co-founder and CEO of Twitter, in 2009

 Twitter's usage spikes during prominent events. For example, a record was set during the 2010 FIFA World Cup when fans wrote 2,940 tweets per second in the thirty-second period after Japan scored against Cameroon on June 14, 2010. The record was broken again when 3,085 tweets per second were posted after the Los Angeles Lakers' victory in the 2010 NBA Finals on June 17, 2010,[47] and then again at the close of Japan's victory over Denmark in the World Cup when users published 3,283 tweets per second.[48] The record was set again during the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup Final between Japan and the United States, when 7,196 tweets per second were published.[49] When American singer Michael Jackson died on June 25, 2009, Twitter servers crashed after users were updating their status to include the words "Michael Jackson" at a rate of 100,000 tweets per hour.[50] The current record as of August 3, 2013, was set in Japan, with 143,199 tweets per second during a television screening of the movie Castle in the Sky[51] (beating the previous record of 33,388, also set by Japan for the television screening of the same movie).[52]

 The first unassisted off-Earth Twitter message was posted from the International Space Station by NASA astronaut T. J. Creamer on January 22, 2010.[53] By late November 2010, an average of a dozen updates per day were posted on the astronauts' communal account, @NASA_Astronauts. NASA has also hosted over 25 "tweetups", events that provide guests with VIP access to NASA facilities and speakers with the goal of leveraging participants' social networks to further the outreach goals of NASA.

 Twitter acquired application developer Atebits on April 11, 2010. Atebits had developed the Apple Design Award-winning Twitter client Tweetie for the Mac and iPhone. The application, became the official Twitter client for the iPhone, iPad and Mac.[54]

 2010–2014

 From September through October 2010, the company began rolling out "New Twitter", an entirely revamped edition of twitter.com. Changes included the ability to see pictures and videos without leaving Twitter itself by clicking on individual tweets which contain links to images and clips from a variety of supported websites, including YouTube and Flickr, and a complete overhaul of the interface, which shifted links such as '@mentions' and 'Retweets' above the Twitter stream, while 'Messages' and 'Log Out' became accessible via a black bar at the very top of twitter.com. As of November 1, 2010, the company confirmed that the "New Twitter experience" had been rolled out to all users. In 2019, Twitter was announced to be the 10th most downloaded mobile app of the decade, from 2010 to 2019.[55]

 On April 5, 2011, Twitter tested a new homepage and phased out the "Old Twitter".[56] However, a glitch came about after the page was launched, so the previous "retro" homepage was still in use until the issues were resolved; the new homepage was reintroduced on April 20.[57][58] On December 8, 2011, Twitter overhauled its website once more to feature the "Fly" design, which the service says is easier for new users to follow and promotes advertising. In addition to the Home tab, the Connect and Discover tabs were introduced along with a redesigned profile and timeline of Tweets. The site's layout has been compared to that of Facebook.[59][60] On February 21, 2012, it was announced that Twitter and Yandex agreed to a partnership. Yandex, a Russian search engine, finds value within the partnership due to Twitter's real time news feeds. Twitter's director of business development explained that it is important to have Twitter content where Twitter users go.[61] On March 21, 2012, Twitter celebrated its sixth birthday by announcing that it had 140 million users, a 40% rise from September 2011, who were sending 340 million tweets per day.[62][63]

 On June 5, 2012, a modified logo was unveiled through the company blog, removing the text to showcase the slightly redesigned bird as the sole symbol of Twitter.[64][65] On December 18, 2012, Twitter announced it had surpassed 200 million monthly active users.

 On January 28, 2013, Twitter acquired Crashlytics in order to build out its mobile developer products.[66] On April 18, 2013, Twitter launched a music app called Twitter Music for the iPhone.[67] On August 28, 2013, Twitter acquired Trendrr,[68] followed by the acquisition of MoPub on September 9, 2013.[69] As of September 2013, the company's data showed that 200 million users sent over 400 million tweets daily, with nearly 60% of tweets sent from mobile devices.[70]

 During Super Bowl XLVII on February 3, 2013, when the power went out in the Mercedes-Benz Superdome Mondelez International, vice president Lisa Mann was asked to tweet, "You can still dunk in the dark", referring to Oreo cookies. She approved, and as she told Ad Age in 2020, "literally the world [had] changed when I woke up the next morning." This became a milestone in the development of commenting daily on culture.[71]

 2014–2020

 In April 2014, Twitter underwent a redesign that made the site resemble Facebook somewhat, with profile picture and biography in a column left to the timeline, and a full-width header image with parallax scrolling effect.[a] That layout was used as main for the desktop front end until July 2019, undergoing changes over time such as removal of shortcut buttons to jump to the previous or next tweet in early 2017, and rounded profile pictures since June 2017.[72][73][74]

 In April 2015, the Twitter.com desktop homepage changed.[75] Later in the year it became apparent that growth had slowed, according to Fortune,[76] Business Insider,[77] Marketing Land[78] and other news websites including Quartz (in 2016).[79]

 Since May 2018, tweet replies deemed by an algorithm to be detractive from conversation are initially hidden, and only loaded through actuating a "Show more replies" element at the bottom.[80]

 In 2019, Twitter released another redesign of its user interface[81] and ended support for TLS 1.0 and 1.1 connections.[82]

 2020–2021

 The two tweets on May 26, 2020, from President Trump that Twitter had marked "potentially misleading" (inserting the blue warning icon and "Get the facts..." language) that led to the executive order

 Twitter experienced considerable growth during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.[83] The platform also was increasingly used for misinformation related to the pandemic.[84] Twitter started marking tweets which contained misleading information, and adding links to fact-checks.[85] In May 2020, Twitter moderators marked two tweets from U.S. President Donald Trump as "potentially misleading" and linked to a fact-check.[86] Trump responded by signing an executive order to weaken Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, which limits social media sites' liability for content moderation decisions.[87][88][89] Twitter later banned Trump, claiming that he violated "the glorification of violence policy".[90] The ban was criticized by conservatives and some European leaders, who saw it as an interference on freedom of speech.[91]

 On June 5, 2021, the Nigerian government issued an indefinite ban on Twitter usage in the country, citing "misinformation and fake news spread through it have had real world violent consequences",[92] after the platform removed tweets made by the Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari.[93] Nigeria's ban was criticized by Amnesty International.[94]

 In 2021, Twitter began the research phase of Bluesky, an open source decentralized social media protocol where users can choose which algorithmic curation they want.[95][96] The same year, Twitter also released Twitter Spaces, a social audio feature;[97][98] "super follows", a way to subscribe to creators for exclusive content;[99] and a beta of "ticketed Spaces", which makes access to certain audio rooms paid.[100] Twitter unveiled a redesign in August 2021, with adjusted colors and a new Chirp font, which improves the left-alignment of most Western languages.[101]

 Since 2022

 In June 2022, Twitter announced a partnership with e-commerce giant Shopify, and its plans to launch a sales channel app for U.S. Shopify merchants.[102]

 Acquisition by Elon Musk

 Further information: Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk

 Business magnate Elon Musk began speaking of buying Twitter, Inc. in early 2022, stating his concerns with the company's commitment to free speech and whether Twitter's moderation policies were undermining democracy.[103] Musk reportedly planned major changes to Twitter's treatment of spambots, a more lenient content moderation policy, revamp of its offered services, and cost cuts. In the long-run, Musk expressed an intention to turn Twitter into an "everything app" like WeChat.[104]

 Initially, Musk sought a position on the Twitter, Inc. Board of Directors by buying shares of the company; the Board created a "poison pill" to prevent Musk from gaining sufficient shares. Subsequently, Musk made an unsolicited offer to buy Twitter, Inc. for $43 billion on April 14, 2022. This process went through a number of business and legal confrontations; Musk ultimately completed the acquisition on October 27, 2022, for $44 billion.[103] Musk immediately fired the top three Twitter executives.[105] About a week later, he began laying off about half of the company's approximately 7,500 employees.[106]

 A week after the takeover, Musk revamped Twitter Blue, increasing its price to $8 per month and adding new features, including the "blue checkmark" verification that had previously been reserved for high-profile confirmed users. This plan was criticized by several outlets, fearing that the potential for misinformation would increase since anyone could pay to appear to be verified through Twitter Blue. Musk opted to delay the changes to blue checkmarks until after the 2022 United States elections over these concerns, and stated that accounts that were faking identities, outside of parody accounts, would be terminated.[107] Following the takeover, various brands and companies paused advertising on the platform.[108]

 Musk undid the prior ban on Donald Trump on November 19, 2022, following a poll Musk posted in favor of lifting the ban.[109] Musk also unbanned other notable accounts that had been banned for misinformation previously, including The Babylon Bee and Jordan Peterson.[110] Musk also unbanned Kanye West; a few weeks later, he re-instituted his ban after West posted a series of tweets that Musk said were incitement to violence, including one that posted a swastika within the Jewish star.[111]

 During December 2022, Musk provided internal documentation to a number of independent journalists and writers which were then publicly disseminated through a series of posts known as the "Twitter Files". The files describe internal discussion as related to Twitter's moderation steps in events such as the breaking of the Hunter Biden laptop controversy, shadow banning of some conservative commentators' accounts, and the decision to block Trump. While some on the right saw the documents as evidence of Twitter's liberal bias and hostility to free speech, many people on the left described them as a reflection of how difficult it is for social media platforms to make tough decisions about content moderation.[112][113][114]

 The Twitter accounts of a number of journalists were permanently suspended on December 15, 2022. These journalists, including Mashable's Matt Binder, Aaron Rupar, Ryan Mac of The New York Times', and CNN's Donie O'Sullivan, have covered Twitter and recently wrote articles about Musk's takeover. Several of the reporters had recently tweeted about the controversy over Musk's banning of ElonJet and other accounts which track private jets.[115][116] In response, Twitter Head of Trust and Safety Ella Irwin told The Verge that "we will suspend any accounts that violate our privacy policies and put other users at risk."[117] Binder denied violating any of Twitter's policies, saying: "I did not share any location data, as per Twitter’s new terms. Nor did I share any links to ElonJet or other location tracking accounts."[118] CNN journalist Oliver Darcy wrote that the bannings "called into serious question Musk’s supposed commitment to free speech."[116] A group of the suspended users created a Space where they discussed the actions (a function they were still able to use); after Musk joined the space and continued to criticize the ElonJet account, Spaces was abruptly disabled site-wide, with employees citing a "legacy bug".[119]

 The Washington Post said in a statement that suspending reporter Drew Harwell "undermines Elon Musk's claim that he intends to run Twitter as a platform dedicated to free speech".[120] European Union (EU) commissioner Vera Jourova stated that the EU Digital Services Act insists on media freedom. Jourova stated: "Elon Musk should be aware of that. There are red lines. And sanctions, soon."[121] On December 17, 2022, in a u-turn, several banned journalists' accounts were reinstated.[122] Twitter also appeared to block links to Mastodon as malware or potentially harmful.[123]

 On December 18, 2022, Twitter announced that it was banning users linking to what were referred to as "prohibited platforms" including Facebook, Mastodon, Instagram and Truth Social, as well as third party link aggregators such as Linktree.[124] Six hours after his announcement, Musk tweeted: "Going forward, there will be a vote for major policy changes. My apologies. Won't happen again." It is unclear if the earlier policy will be reversed. He also tweeted a poll asking users if he should remain as head of Twitter promising to abide by its results,[125][126] in which 57.5% of the 17.5m votes were in favour of him stepping down.[127] On December 20, 2022, Musk announced he would step down as CEO once a replacement had been found, and that he would then run the software and servers teams.[23]

 Since the acquisition, Twitter's stability has been called into question, with reports that Musk had "disconnected one of the more sensitive server racks" in a datacenter used by Twitter, just before a large-scale outage of the platform occurred in December 2022.[128] In 2023, many alternative third-party Twitter clients including Tweetbot, stopped working without warning and without any apparent explanation from the company, with developers of such applications being unable to contact anyone to source an explanation for their errors, which often include a reference to authentication being unavailable or being unauthorised.[129] Later, Twitter announced it was "enforcing long-standing API rules" and retroactively changed its Developer Terms of Service afterwards to justify its unannounced banning of third-party Twitter clients.[130]

 In February, Twitter announced that it would be removing the free tier of its API within a week and replacing it with a "basic paid tier", effectively shutting down the many volunteer bots and applications that use the platform, such as StreamerBans and Video Downloader bots.[131] Two days after this announcement, The Information reported plans by Twitter that any business account wanting to keep their gold checkmark as verification of their business will have to pay a minimum of $1000 per month, plus $50 for every affiliate account they include as part of their "business", such as accounts for sub-divisions of the company or even notable employees.[132]

 Whistleblower complaint

 On August 23, 2022, the contents of a whistleblower complaint by former information security head Peiter Zatko to the United States Congress were published. Zatko had been fired by Twitter in January 2022. The complaint alleges that Twitter failed to disclose several data breaches, had negligent security measures, violated United States securities regulations, and broke the terms of a previous settlement with the Federal Trade Commission over the safeguarding of user data. The report also claims that the Indian government forced Twitter to hire one of its agents to gain direct access to user data.[133]

 Appearance and features

 Main article: List of Twitter features

 Tweets

 The Twitter account page for Wikipedia, demonstrating the account-customized timeline view which shows tweets in reverse chronological order

 Tweets are publicly visible by default, but senders can restrict message delivery to only their followers. Users can mute users they do not wish to interact with, block accounts from viewing their tweets, and remove accounts from their followers list.[134][135][136] Users can tweet via the Twitter website, compatible external applications (such as for smartphones), or by Short Message Service (SMS) available in certain countries.[137] Users may subscribe to other users' tweets—this is known as "following" and subscribers are known as "followers"[138] or "tweeps", a portmanteau of Twitter and peeps.[139] Individual tweets can be forwarded by other users to their own feed, a process known as a "retweet". In 2015, Twitter launched "quote tweet" (originally called "retweet with comment"),[140] a feature that allows users to add a comment to their retweet, nesting one tweet in the other.[141] Users can also "like" (formerly "favorite") individual tweets.[142]

 The counters for "likes", "retweets", and replies appear next to the respective buttons in timelines such as on profile pages and search results. Counters for likes and retweets exist on a tweet's standalone page too. Since September 2020, quote tweets, formerly known as "retweet with comment", have their own counter on their tweet page.[140] Until the legacy desktop front end that was discontinued in 2020, a row with miniature profile pictures of up to ten liking or retweeting users was displayed (earliest documented implementation in December 2011 overhaul), as well as a tweet reply counter next to the according button on a tweet's page.[143][144]

 Twitter allows users to update their profile via their mobile phone either by text messaging or by apps released for certain smartphones and tablets.[145] Twitter has been compared to a web-based Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client.[146] In a 2009 Time magazine essay, technology author Steven Johnson described the basic mechanics of Twitter as "remarkably simple":

 As a social network, Twitter revolves around the principle of followers. When you choose to follow another Twitter user, that user's tweets appear in reverse chronological order on your main Twitter page. If you follow 20 people, you'll see a mix of tweets scrolling down the page: breakfast-cereal updates, interesting new links, music recommendations, even musings on the future of education.[147]

 Twitter announced in a tweet on September 1, 2022, that the ability to edit a tweet was being tested for a few users. The company said the feature was being tested first to determine whether it could be abused. Editing would be allowed for 30 minutes, and previous versions of an edited post would be available. Eventually, all Twitter Blue subscribers would be able to use the feature.[148]

 Hashtags, usernames, retweets and replies

 "Twitter hashtag" redirects here. For more about hashtags, see Hashtag.
 Further information: Mention (blogging) § @ (At sign)

 Users can group posts together by topic or type by use of hashtags – words or phrases prefixed with a "#" sign. Similarly, the "@" sign followed by a username is used for mentioning or replying to other users.[149]

 In 2014, in anticipation for the FIFA World Cup, Twitter introduced hashflags, special hashtags that automatically generate a custom emoji next to them for a certain period of time, following the success of a similar campaign during the 2010 World Cup.[150] Hashflags may be generated by Twitter themselves (such as to raise awareness for social issues)[151] or be purchased by corporations (such as to promote products and events).[152]

 To repost a message from another Twitter user and share it with one's own followers, a user can click the retweet button within the Tweet. Users can reply to other accounts' replies. Since November 2019, users can hide replies to their messages. Since May 2020, users can select who can reply to each of their tweets before sending them: anyone, accounts who follow the poster, specific accounts, and none. This ability was upgraded in July 2021 to make the feature retroactively applicable to tweets after they have been sent out.[153][154]

 Using SMS

 Through SMS, users can communicate with Twitter through five gateway numbers: short codes for the United States, Canada, India, New Zealand, and an Isle of Man-based number for international use. There is also a short code in the United Kingdom which is only accessible to those on the Vodafone, O2[155] and Orange[156] networks. In India, since Twitter only supports tweets from Bharti Airtel,[157] an alternative platform called smsTweet[158] was set up by a user to work on all networks.[159] A similar platform called GladlyCast exists for mobile phone users in Singapore and Malaysia.[160]

 The tweets were set to a largely constrictive 140-character limit for compatibility with SMS messaging, introducing the shorthand notation and slang commonly used in SMS messages. The 140-character limit also increased the usage of URL shortening services such as bit.ly, goo.gl, tinyurl.com, tr.im, and other content-hosting services such as TwitPic, memozu.com and NotePub to accommodate multimedia content and text longer than 140 characters. Since June 2011, Twitter has used its own t.co domain for automatic shortening of all URLs posted on its site, making other link shorteners unnecessary for staying within Twitter's 140 character limit.[161][162]

 In April 2020, Twitter discontinued the ability to receive SMS messages containing the text of new tweets in most countries.[163][164]

 Character limits

 In 2016, Twitter announced that media such as photos, videos, and the person's handle, would not count against the already constrictive 140 character limit. A user photo post used to count for a large chunk of a Tweet, about 24 characters.[165] Attachments and links would also no longer be part of the character limit.[166]

 Since March 30, 2017, the Twitter handles are outside the tweet itself, therefore they no longer count towards the character limit.[167] Only new Twitter handles added to the conversation count towards the limit.

 In 2017, Twitter doubled its historical 140-character-limitation to 280.[168] Under the new limit, glyphs are counted as a variable number of characters, depending upon the script they are from: most European letters and punctuation forms count as one character, while each CJK glyph counts as two so that only 140 such glyphs can be used in a tweet.[168]

 URL shortener

 t.co is a URL shortening service created by Twitter.[161] It is only available for links posted to Twitter and not available for general use.[161] All links posted to Twitter use a t.co wrapper.[169] Twitter hopes that the service will be able to protect users from malicious sites,[161] and will use it to track clicks on links within tweets.[161][170]

 Having used the services of third parties TinyURL and bit.ly,[171] Twitter began experimenting with its own URL shortening service for private messages in March 2010 using the twt.tl domain,[169] before it purchased the t.co domain.[169] On June 7, 2011, Twitter announced that it was rolling out the feature.[162]

 Image sharing

 On June 1, 2011, Twitter announced its own integrated photo-sharing service that enables users to upload a photo and attach it to a Tweet right from Twitter.com.[172] Users now also have the ability to add pictures to Twitter's search by adding hashtags to the tweet.[173] Twitter also plans to provide photo galleries designed to gather and syndicate all photos that a user has uploaded on Twitter and third-party services such as TwitPic.[173]

 On March 29, 2016, Twitter introduced the ability to add a caption of up to 480 characters to each image attached to a tweet,[174][175] accessible via screen reading software or by hovering the mouse above a picture inside TweetDeck. In April 2022, Twitter made the ability to add and view captions globally available. Descriptions can be added to any uploaded image with a limit of 1000 characters. Images that have a description will feature a badge that says ALT in the bottom left corner, which will bring up the description when clicked.[176]

 Polls

 In 2015, Twitter began to roll out the ability to attach poll questions to tweets. Polls are open for up to 7 days, and voters are not personally identified.[177] Initially, polls could have only two options with a maximum of twenty characters per option. Later,[ when? ] the ability to add four options with up to 25 characters per option, was added.

 Non-tweet content

 Streaming video

 In 2016, Twitter began to place a larger focus on live streaming video programming, hosting various events including streams of the Republican and Democratic conventions during the U.S. presidential campaign as part of a partnership with CBS News,[178] Dreamhack and ESL esports events,[179] and winning a bid for non-exclusive streaming rights to ten NFL Thursday Night Football games in the 2016 season.[179][180]

 During an event in New York in May 2017, Twitter announced that it planned to construct a 24-hour streaming video channel hosted within the service, featuring content from various partners.[179][181] CEO Jack Dorsey stated that the digital video strategy was part of a goal for Twitter to be "the first place that anyone hears of anything going on that matters to them"; as of the first quarter of 2017, Twitter had over 200 content partners, who streamed over 800 hours of video over 450 events.[182]

 Twitter announced a number of new and expanded partnerships for its streaming video services at the event, including Bloomberg, BuzzFeed, Cheddar (Opening Bell and Closing Bell shows; the latter was introduced in October 2016) IMG Fashion (coverage of fashion events), Live Nation Entertainment (streaming concert events), Major League Baseball (weekly online game stream, plus a weekly program with live look-ins and coverage of trending stories), MTV and BET (red carpet coverage for their MTV Video Music Awards, MTV Movie & TV Awards, and BET Awards), NFL Network (the Monday-Thursday news program NFL Blitz Live, and Sunday Fantasy Gameday),[183][184] the PGA Tour (PGA Tour Live coverage of early tournament rounds preceding television coverage),[185] The Players' Tribune, Ben Silverman and Howard T. Owens' Propagate (daily entertainment show #WhatsHappening), The Verge (weekly technology show Circuit Breaker: The Verge's Gadget Show), Stadium (a new digital sports network being formed by Silver Chalice and Sinclair Broadcast Group)[186][187][188] and the WNBA (weekly game).[182]

 Spaces

 Twitter Spaces is a social audio feature that enables users to host or participate in a live-audio virtual environment called space for conversation. Spaces can accommodate an unlimited number of listeners. A maximum of 13 people (1 host, 2 co-hosts and 10 speakers) are allowed onstage. The feature was initially limited to users with at least 600 followers. Since October 21, 2021, any Twitter user can create a Space from the Android or iOS app.[189]

 Spaces was temporarily disabled on December 16, 2022, after it was discovered that suspended users could still participate in them.[119]

 Fleets

 In March 2020, Twitter began to test a stories feature known as "fleets" in some markets,[190][191] which officially launched on November 17, 2020.[192][193] Similarly to equivalent features, fleets can contain text and media, are only accessible for 24 hours after they are posted, and are accessed within the Twitter app via an area above the timeline.[190]

 In June 2021, Twitter announced it would start implementing advertising into fleets, integrating full-screen ads among user-created content.[194] On July 14, 2021, Twitter stated that it would remove Fleets by August 3. Twitter had intended for fleets to encourage more users to tweet regularly, rather than simply consume other folks' tweets, but instead fleets were generally used by users who already tweeted a lot. The company stated that their spot at the top of the screen would now be occupied by currently active Spaces from the user's feed.[195]

 Curation

 Trending topics

 Main article: Twitter trends
 Countries and cities with local trending topics in Twitter

 A word, phrase, or topic that is mentioned at a greater rate than others is said to be a "trending topic". Trending topics become popular either through a concerted effort by users or because of an event that prompts people to talk about a specific topic.[196] These topics help Twitter and their users to understand what is happening in the world and what people's opinions are about it.[197] The Twitter web interface displays a list of trending topics on a sidebar on the home page, along with sponsored content.

 Trending topics are sometimes the result of concerted efforts and manipulations by fans of certain celebrities or cultural phenomena, particularly musicians like Lady Gaga, Justin Bieber, Rihanna and One Direction, and novel series Twilight and Harry Potter. Twitter has altered the trend algorithm in the past to prevent manipulation of this type with limited success.[198] Twitter also censors trending hashtags that are claimed to be abusive or offensive. Twitter censored the #Thatsafrican[199] and #thingsdarkiessay hashtags after users complained that they found the hashtags offensive.[200]

 Lists

 In late 2009, the "Twitter Lists" feature was added, making it possible for users to follow ad hoc lists of users instead of individual users.[138][201]

 Moments

 In October 2015, Twitter introduced "Moments"—a feature that allows users to curate tweets from other users into a larger collection. Twitter initially intended the feature to be used by its in-house editorial team and other partners; they populated a dedicated tab in Twitter's apps, chronicling news headlines, sporting events, and other content.[202][203] In September 2016, creation of moments became available to all Twitter users.[204]

 Algorithm

 An October 21, 2021, report based on a "long-running, massive-scale randomized experiment" that analyzed "millions of tweets sent between 1 April and 15 August 2020", found that Twitter's machine learning algorithm amplified right-leaning politics on personalized user Home timelines.[205] : 1 [206] The report compared seven countries with active Twitter users where data was available—Germany, Canada, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, and Spain—and examined Tweets "from major political groups and politicians".[205] : 4 Researchers used the 2019 Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHESDATA) to position parties on political ideology within each country.[205] : 4 The "machine learning algorithms"—introduced by Twitter in 2016—personalized 99% of users' feeds by displaying Tweets—even older Tweets and Retweets from accounts the user had not directly followed—but that the algorithm had "deemed relevant" to the users' past preferences.[205] : 4 Twitter randomly chose 1% of users whose Home timelines displayed content in reverse-chronological order from users they directly followed.[205] : 2

 Mobile

 The mobile version of Twitter[207]

 Twitter has mobile apps for iPhone, iPad, and Android.[208] In April 2017, Twitter introduced Twitter Lite, a progressive web app designed for regions with unreliable and slow Internet connections, with a size of less than one megabyte, designed for devices with limited storage capacity.[209][210]

 Adding and following content

 There are numerous tools for adding content, monitoring content and conversations including Twitter's own TweetDeck, Salesforce.com, HootSuite, and Twitterfeed.com. As of 2009, fewer than half of tweets posted were posted using the web user interface with most users using third-party applications (based on an analysis of 500 million tweets by Sysomos).[211]

 Twitter Blue

 On June 3, 2021, Twitter announced a paid subscription service known as Twitter Blue, which provides additional premium features to the service,[212][213] which currently include:

 * Undo Tweet, which delays the posting of a tweet by up to one minute to allow the submitter to withdraw it before it is posted.[212][214]
 * Bookmarks, which allows users to save individual tweets into folders.[212]
 * Reader mode, which converts threads of tweets into an article-like view.[212]
 * A selection of color themes and app icons for the Twitter mobile app.[212]
 * Dedicated customer support.[212]
 * NFT profile pictures, added on January 20, 2022. They are displayed in a hexagon-shaped frame, rather than circular like other profile pictures.[215]
 * A planned edit feature for tweets was in development as of April 2022.[216]
 * Customization of the navigation bar.[217]

 Verification of paid accounts

 Main article: Twitter verification

 In November 2022, Musk announced plans to add account verification and the ability to upload longer audio and video to Twitter Blue. A previous perk offering advertising-free news articles from participating publishers was dropped, but Musk stated that Twitter did want to work with publishers on a similar "paywall bypass" perk.[218][219][220] Musk had pushed for a more expensive version of Twitter Blue following his takeover, arguing that it would be needed to offset a decline in advertising revenue.[221]

 The verification marker was included in a premium tier of Twitter Blue introduced on November 9, 2022, priced at US$7.99.[222] On November 11, 2022, after the introduction of this feature led to prominent issues involving accounts using the feature to impersonate public figures and companies, Twitter Blue with verification was temporarily suspended.[223][224] After about a month, Twitter Blue was relaunched on December 12, 2022, though for those purchasing the service through the iOS app store, the cost will be $10.99 a month as to offset the 30% revenue split that Apple takes.[225]

 User monetization

 In June 2021, the company opened applications for its premium subscription options called Super Follows. This lets eligible accounts charge $2.99, $4.99 or $9.99 per month to subscribe to the account.[226] The launch only generated about $6,000 in its first two weeks.[227]

 In May 2021, Twitter began testing a Tip Jar feature on its iOS and Android clients. The feature allows users to send monetary tips to certain accounts, providing a financial incentive for content creators on the platform. The Tip Jar is optional and users can choose whether or not to enable tips for their account.[228] On September 23, 2021, Twitter announced that it will allow users to tip users on the social network with bitcoin. The feature will be available for iOS users. Previously, users could tip with fiat currency using services such as Square's Cash App and PayPal's Venmo. Twitter will integrate the Strike bitcoin lightning wallet service. It was noted that at this current time, Twitter will not take a cut of any money sent through the tips feature.[229]

 On August 27, 2021, Twitter rolled out Ticketed Spaces, which let Twitter Spaces hosts charge between $1 and $999 for access to their rooms.[230] In April 2022, Twitter announced that it will partner with Stripe, Inc. for piloting cryptocurrency payouts for limited users in the platform. Eligible users of Ticketed Spaces and Super Follows will be able to receive their earnings in the form of USD coin, a stablecoin whose value is that of the U.S. dollar. Users can also hold their earnings in crypto wallets, and then exchange them into other cryptocurrencies.[231]

 E-commerce

 From 2014 to 2017, Twitter offered a "Buy button" feature, allowing tweets to embed products that could be purchased from within the service. Users could also add their billing and shipping information directly to their accounts. The buy button's platform partners at launch included Stripe, Gumroad, Musictoday, and The Fancy,[232]

 In July 2021, Twitter began testing a "Shop module" for iOS users in the United States, allowing accounts associated with brands to display a carousel of cards on their profiles showcasing products. Unlike the Buy button, where order fulfillment was handed from within Twitter, these cards are external links to online storefronts from which the products may be purchased.[233] In March 2022, Twitter expanded the test to allow companies to showcase up to 50 products on their profiles.[234]

 In November 2021, Twitter introduced support for "shoppable" live streams, in which brands can hold streaming events that similarly display banners and pages highlighting products that are featured in the presentation.[235]

 Usage

 Main article: Twitter usage

 Daily user estimates vary as the company does not publish statistics on active accounts. A February 2009 Compete.com blog entry ranked Twitter as the third most used social network based on their count of 6 million unique monthly visitors and 55 million monthly visits.[46] An April 2017 a statista.com blog entry ranked Twitter as the tenth most used social network based on their count of 319 million monthly visitors.[236] Its global user base in 2017 was 328 million.[237]

 Demographics

 This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( September 2019 )
 
 See also: Black Twitter
 Twitter.com Top5 Global Markets by Reach (%)[238][239]  
 Country   Fraction
 Indonesia   Jun. 2010 20.8% 
   Dec. 2010 19.0%
 Brazil   Jun. 2010 20.5% 
   Dec. 2010 21.8%
 Venezuela   Jun. 2010 19.0% 
   Dec. 2010 21.1%
 Netherlands   Jun. 2010 17.7% 
   Dec. 2010 22.3%
 Japan   Jun. 2010 16.8% 
   Dec. 2010 20.0%
 Note: Visitor age >15, home and work locations. Excludes visitation from public computers such as Internet cafes or access from mobile phones or PDAs.
 

 In 2009, Twitter was mainly used by older adults who might not have used other social sites before Twitter, said Jeremiah Owyang, an industry analyst studying social media. "Adults are just catching up to what teens have been doing for years", he said.[240] According to comScore only 11% of Twitter's users are aged 12 to 17.[240] comScore attributed this to Twitter's "early adopter period" when the social network first gained popularity in business settings and news outlets attracting primarily older users. However, comScore also stated in 2009 that Twitter had begun to "filter more into the mainstream", and "along with it came a culture of celebrity as Shaq, Britney Spears and Ashton Kutcher joined the ranks of the Twitterati".[241]

 According to a study by Sysomos in June 2009, women make up a slightly larger Twitter demographic than men—53% over 47%. It also stated that 5% of users accounted for 75% of all activity and that New York City has more Twitter users than other cities.[242]

 According to Quancast, 27 million people in the US used Twitter as of September 3, 2009; 63% of Twitter users are under 35 years old; 60% of Twitter users are Caucasian, but a higher than average (compared to other Internet properties) are African American/black (16%) and Hispanic (11%); 58% of Twitter users have a total household income of at least US$60,000.[243] The prevalence of African American Twitter usage and in many popular hashtags has been the subject of research studies.[244][245]

 On September 7, 2011, Twitter announced that it had 100 million active users logging in at least once a month and 50 million active users every day.[246] On March 31, 2014, Twitter announced that there were 255 million monthly active users (MAUs) and 198 million mobile MAUs.[247] In 2013, there were over 100 million users actively using Twitter daily and about 500 million tweets every day,[248] with about 29% of users checking Twitter multiple times a day.[249] As of Q1 2019, Twitter had more than 330 million monthly active users. The majority of Twitter users skew to the American political left.[250][251][15]

 In 2012, the country with the most active users on Twitter was the United States.[252] A 2016 Pew research poll found that Twitter is used by 24% of all online US adults. It was equally popular with men and women (24% and 25% of online Americans respectively), but more popular with younger (36% of 18–29 year olds) generations.[253]

 A 2019 survey conducted by the Pew Foundation found that Twitter users are more likely than the general public to have both a college degree and higher income than the average U.S. adult. Users are also three times as likely to be younger than 50 years old, with the median age of adult U.S. users being 40 years old. The survey found that 10% of users who are most active on Twitter are responsible for 80% of all tweets, focusing mainly on the topics of politics and women.[254]

 Content

 Content of tweets according to Pear Analytics in August 2009
 News (3.6%)
 Spam (3.8%)
 Self-promotion (5.9%)
 Pointless babble (40.1%)
 Conversational (37.6%)
 Pass-along value (8.7%)

 San Antonio-based market-research firm Pear Analytics analyzed 2,000 tweets (originating from the United States and in English) over a two-week period in August 2009 from 11:00 am to 5:00 pm (CST) and separated them into six categories.[255] Pointless babble made up 40%, with 38% being conversational. Pass-along value had 9%, self-promotion 6% with spam and news each making 4%.

 Despite Jack Dorsey's own open contention that a message on Twitter is "a short burst of inconsequential information", social networking researcher danah boyd responded to the Pear Analytics survey by arguing that what the Pear researchers labeled "pointless babble" is better characterized as "social grooming" or "peripheral awareness" (which she justifies as persons "want[ing] to know what the people around them are thinking and doing and feeling, even when co-presence isn't viable").[256] Similarly, a survey of Twitter users found that a more specific social role of passing along messages that include a hyperlink is an expectation of reciprocal linking by followers.[257]

 Levels of use

 According to research published in April 2014, around 44% of user accounts have never tweeted.[258] About 22% of Americans say they have ever used Twitter, according to a 2019 Pew Research Center survey.[259] In 2009, Nielsen Online reported that Twitter had a user-retention rate of forty percent. Many people stop using the service after a month; therefore the site may potentially reach only about ten percent of all Internet users.[260] Noting how demographics of Twitter users differ from the average Americans, commentators have cautioned against media narratives that treat Twitter as representative of the population,[261] adding that only 10% of users Tweet actively, and that 90% of Twitter users have Tweeted no more than twice. In 2016, shareholders sued Twitter, alleging it "artificially inflated its stock price by misleading them about user engagement." The company announced on September 20, 2021, that it would pay $809.5 million to settle this class-action lawsuit.[262]

 Branding

 The Twitter logo from September 14, 2010, to June 5, 2012, featuring the silhouette version of "Larry the Bird"

 Twitter has become internationally identifiable by its signature bird logo, or the Twitter Bird. The original logo, which was simply the word Twitter, was in use from its launch in March 2006. It was accompanied by an image of a bird which was later discovered to be a piece of clip art created by the British graphic designer Simon Oxley.[263] A new logo had to be redesigned by founder Biz Stone with help from designer Philip Pascuzzo, which resulted in a more cartoon-like bird in 2009. This version had been named "Larry the Bird" after Larry Bird of the NBA's Boston Celtics fame.[263][264]

 Within a year, the Larry the Bird logo underwent a redesign by Stone and Pascuzzo to eliminate the cartoon features, leaving a solid silhouette of Larry the Bird that was used from 2010 through 2012.[263] In 2012, Douglas Bowman created a further simplified version of Larry the Bird, keeping the solid silhouette but making it more similar to a mountain bluebird.[265] This new logo was called simply the "Twitter Bird" and has been used as the company's branding since.[263][266]

 Finances

 Revenue sources

 Twitter's San Francisco headquarters located at 1355 Market Street

 On April 13, 2010, Twitter announced plans to offer paid advertising for companies that would be able to purchase "promoted tweets" to appear in selective search results on the Twitter website, similar to Google Adwords' advertising model.[267][268] Users' photos can generate royalty-free revenue for Twitter, and an agreement with World Entertainment News Network (WENN) was announced in May 2011.[269] Twitter generated an estimated US$139.5 million in advertising sales during 2011.[270]

 In June 2011, Twitter announced that it would offer small businesses a self-service advertising system.[271] The self-service advertising platform was launched in March 2012 to American Express card members and merchants in the U.S. on an invite-only basis.[272] To continue their advertising campaign, Twitter announced on March 20, 2012, that promoted tweets would be introduced to mobile devices.[273] In April 2013, Twitter announced that its Twitter Ads self-service platform, consisting of promoted tweets and promoted accounts, was available to all U.S. users without an invite.[272]

 On August 3, 2016, Twitter launched Instant Unlock Card, a new feature that encourages people to tweet about a brand in order to earn rewards and utilize the social media network's conversational ads. The format itself consists of images or videos with call-to-action buttons and a customizable hashtag.[274]

 Advertising bans

 In October 2017, Twitter banned the Russian media outlets RT and Sputnik from advertising on their website following the conclusions of the U.S. national intelligence report the previous January that both Sputnik and RT had been used as vehicles for Russia's interference in the 2016 US presidential election.[275] Maria Zakharova for the Russian foreign ministry said the ban was a "gross violation" by the US of free speech.[276]

 In October 2019, Twitter announced it would stop running political ads on its ad platform effective November 22. This resulted from several spurious claims made by political ads. Company CEO Dorsey clarified that internet advertising had great power and was extremely effective for commercial advertisers, the power brings significant risks to politics where crucial decisions impact millions of lives.[277]

 In April 2022, Twitter announced a ban on "misleading" advertisements that go against "the scientific consensus on climate change". While the company did not give full guidelines, it stated that the decisions would be made with the help of "authoritative sources", including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.[278]

 Technology

 Implementation

 Twitter relies on open-source software.[279] The Twitter Web interface uses the Ruby on Rails framework,[280] deployed on a performance enhanced Ruby Enterprise Edition implementation of Ruby.[281][ needs update ]

 In the early days of Twitter, tweets were stored in MySQL databases that were temporally sharded (large databases were split based on time of posting). After the huge volume of tweets coming in caused problems reading from and writing to these databases, the company decided that the system needed re-engineering.[51]

 From Spring 2007 to 2008, the messages were handled by a Ruby persistent queue server called Starling.[282] Since 2009, implementation has been gradually replaced with software written in Scala.[283] The switch from Ruby to Scala and the JVM has given Twitter a performance boost from 200 to 300 requests per second per host to around 10,000–20,000 requests per second per host. This boost was greater than the 10x improvement that Twitter's engineers envisioned when starting the switch. The continued development of Twitter has also involved a switch from monolithic development of a single app to an architecture where different services are built independently and joined through remote procedure calls.[51]

 As of April 6, 2011, Twitter engineers confirmed that they had switched away from their Ruby on Rails search stack to a Java server they call Blender.[4]

 Individual tweets are registered under unique IDs called snowflakes, and geolocation data is added using 'Rockdove'. The URL shortener t.co then checks for a spam link and shortens the URL. Next, the tweets are stored in a MySQL database using Gizzard, and the user receives an acknowledgement that the tweets were sent. Tweets are then sent to search engines via the Firehose API. The process is managed by FlockDB and takes an average of 350 ms .[279]

 On August 16, 2013, Raffi Krikorian, Twitter's vice president of platform engineering, shared in a blog post that the company's infrastructure handled almost 143,000 tweets per second during that week, setting a new record. Krikorian explained that Twitter achieved this record by blending its homegrown and open source technologies.[51][284]

 API and developer platform

 Twitter is recognized for having one of the most open and powerful developer APIs of any major technology company.[285] The service's API allows other web services and applications to integrate with Twitter.[286] Developer interest in Twitter began immediately following its launch, prompting the company to release the first version of its public API in September 2006.[287] The API quickly became iconic as a reference implementation for public REST APIs and is widely cited in programming tutorials.[288]

 From 2006 until 2010, Twitter's developer platform experienced strong growth and a highly favorable reputation. Developers built upon the public API to create the first Twitter mobile phone clients as well as the first URL shortener. Between 2010 and 2012, however, Twitter made a number of decisions that were received unfavorably by the developer community.[289] In 2010, Twitter mandated that all developers adopt OAuth authentication with just 9 weeks of notice.[290] Later that year, Twitter launched its own URL shortener, in direct competition with some of its most well-known third-party developers.[291] And in 2012, Twitter introduced stricter usage limits for its API, "completely crippling" some developers.[292][293] While these moves successfully increased the stability and security of the service, they were broadly perceived as hostile to developers, causing them to lose trust in the platform.[294]

 In July 2020, Twitter released version 2.0 of the public API[295] and began showcasing Twitter apps made by third-party developers on its Twitter Toolbox section in April 2022.[296]

 Innovators patent agreement

 On April 17, 2012, Twitter announced it would implement an "Innovators Patent Agreement" which would obligate Twitter to only use its patents for defensive purposes [ clarify ].[297]

 Open source

 Twitter has a history of both using and releasing open-source software while overcoming technical challenges of their service.[298] A page in their developer documentation thanks dozens of open-source projects which they have used, from revision control software like Git to programming languages such as Ruby and Scala.[299] Software released as open source by the company includes the Gizzard Scala framework for creating distributed datastores, the distributed graph database FlockDB, the Finagle library for building asynchronous RPC servers and clients, the TwUI user interface framework for iOS, and the Bower client-side package manager.[300] The popular Bootstrap frontend framework was also started at Twitter and is 10th most popular repository on GitHub.[301]

 Interface

 Twitter introduced the first major redesign of its user interface in September 2010, adopting a dual-pane layout with a navigation bar along the top of the screen, and an increased focus on the inline embedding of multimedia content. Critics considered the redesign an attempt to emulate features and experiences found in mobile apps and third-party Twitter clients.[302][303][304][305]

 The new layout was revised in 2011 with a focus on continuity with the web and mobile versions, introducing "Connect" (interactions with other users such as replies) and "Discover" (further information regarding trending topics and news headlines) tabs, an updated profile design, and moving all content to the right pane (leaving the left pane dedicated to functions and the trending topics list).[306] In March 2012, Twitter became available in Arabic, Farsi, Hebrew and Urdu, the first right-to-left language versions of the site.[307] As of August 2012, the site available in 33 different languages.[308]

 In September 2012, a new layout for profiles was introduced, with larger "covers" that could be customized with a custom header image, and a display of the user's recent photos posted.[309] The "Discover" tab was discontinued in April 2015,[310] and was succeeded on the mobile app by an "Explore" tab—which features trending topics and moments.[311]

 In September 2018, Twitter began to migrate selected web users to its progressive web app (based on its Twitter Lite experience for mobile web), reducing the interface to two columns. Migrations to this iteration of Twitter increased in April 2019, with some users receiving it with a modified layout.[312][313]

 In July 2019, Twitter officially released this redesign, with no further option to opt-out while logged in. It is designed to further-unify Twitter's user experience between the web and mobile application versions, adopting a three-column layout with a sidebar containing links to common areas (including "Explore" that has been merged with the search page) which previously appeared in a horizontal top bar, profile elements such as picture and header images and biography texts merged into the same column as the timeline, and features from the mobile version (such as multi-account support, and an opt-out for the "top tweets" mode on the timeline).[314][315]

 Security

 In response to early Twitter security breaches, the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) brought charges against the service; the charges were settled on June 24, 2010. This was the first time the FTC had taken action against a social network for security lapses. The settlement requires Twitter to take a number of steps to secure users' private information, including maintenance of a "comprehensive information security program" to be independently audited biannually.[316]

 After a number of high-profile hacks of official accounts, including those of the Associated Press and The Guardian,[317] in April 2013, Twitter announced a two-factor login verification as an added measure against hacking.[318]

 On July 15, 2020, a major hack of Twitter affected 130 high-profile accounts, both verified and unverified ones such as Barack Obama, Bill Gates, and Elon Musk; the hack allowed bitcoin scammers to send tweets via the compromised accounts that asked the followers to send bitcoin to a given public address, with the promise to double their money.[319] Within a few hours, Twitter disabled tweeting and reset passwords from all verified accounts.[319] Analysis of the event revealed that the scammers had used social engineering to obtain credentials from Twitter employees to access an administration tool used by Twitter to view and change these accounts' personal details as to gain access as part of a "smash and grab" attempt to make money quickly, with an estimated US$120,000 in bitcoin deposited in various accounts before Twitter intervened.[320] Several law enforcement entities including the FBI launched investigations into the attack.[321]

 On August 5, 2022, Twitter disclosed that a bug introduced in a June 2021 update to the service allowed threat actors to link email addresses and phone numbers to twitter user's accounts.[322][323] The bug was reported through Twitter's bug bounty program in January 2022 and subsequently fixed. While Twitter originally believed no one had taken advantage of the vulnerability, it was later revealed that a user on the online hacking forum Breached Forums had used the vulnerability to compile a list of over 5.4 million user profiles, which they offered to sell for $30,000.[324][325] The information compiled by the hacker includes user's screen names, location and email addresses which could be utilised in phishing attacks or used to deanonymize accounts running under pseudonyms.

 Outages

 The Twitter fail whale error message

 During an outage, Twitter users were at one time shown the "fail whale" error message image created by Yiying Lu,[326] illustrating eight orange birds using a net to hoist a whale from the ocean captioned "Too many tweets! Please wait a moment and try again."[327] Web designer and Twitter user Jen Simmons was the first to coin the term "fail whale" in a September 2007 tweet.[328][329] In a November 2013 Wired interview Chris Fry, VP of Engineering at that time, noted that the company had taken the "fail whale" out of production as the platform was now more stable.[330]

 Twitter had approximately ninety-eight percent uptime in 2007 (or about six full days of downtime).[331] The downtime was particularly noticeable during events popular with the technology industry such as the 2008 Macworld Conference & Expo keynote address.[332][333]

 On January 12, 2023, several third-party Twitter apps (Tweetbot, Echofon, and Twitterrific) stopped working in various ways, leaving developers – and their many users – in the dark about the status of third-party app support.[334][335]

 User accounts

 Verified accounts

 Main article: Twitter verification
 The official Twitter profile of Twitter, Inc. The blue checkmark to the right of the profile name indicates that it is a verified account.

 In June 2009, after being criticized by Kanye West and sued by Tony La Russa over unauthorized accounts run by impersonators, the company launched their "Verified Accounts" program.[336][337] Twitter stated that an account with a "blue tick" verification badge indicates "we've been in contact with the person or entity the account is representing and verified that it is approved".[338] In July 2016, Twitter announced a public application process to grant verified status to an account "if it is determined to be of public interest" and that verification "does not imply an endorsement".[339][340][341] Verified status allows access to some features unavailable to other users, such as only seeing mentions from other verified accounts.[342]

 In November 2020, Twitter announced a relaunch of its verification system in 2021. According to the new policy, Twitter verifies six different types of accounts; for three of them (companies, brands, and influential individuals like activists), the existence of a Wikipedia page will be one criterion for showing that the account has "Off Twitter Notability".[343] Twitter states that it will re-open public verification applications at some point in "early 2021".[344]

 In October 2022, after the takeover of Twitter by Elon Musk, it was reported that verification would instead be included in the paid Twitter Blue service, and that existing verified accounts would lose their status if they do not subscribe.[345] On November 1, Musk confirmed that verification would be included in Blue in the future, dismissing the existing verification system as a "lords & peasants system".[218][219][220] Following concerns over the possibility of impersonation, Twitter subsequently reimplemented a second "Official" marker, consisting of a grey tick and "Official" text displayed under the username, for high-profile accounts of "government and commercial entities".[346][347]

 Privacy

 Tweets are public, but users can also send private "direct messages".[348] Information about who has chosen to follow an account and who a user has chosen to follow is also public, though accounts can be changed to "protected" which limits this information (and all tweets) to approved followers.[349] Twitter collects personally identifiable information about its users and shares it with third parties as specified in its privacy policy. The service also reserves the right to sell this information as an asset if the company changes hands.[350] While Twitter displays no advertising, advertisers can target users based on their history of tweets and may quote tweets in ads[351] directed specifically to the user.

 Twitter launched the beta version of their "Verified Accounts" service on June 11, 2009, allowing people with public profiles to announce their account name. The home pages of these accounts display a badge indicating their status.[352]

 On December 14, 2010, the United States Department of Justice issued a subpoena directing Twitter to provide information for accounts registered to or associated with WikiLeaks.[353] Twitter decided to notify its users and said in a statement, "... it's our policy to notify users about law enforcement and governmental requests for their information, unless we are prevented by law from doing so."[348]

 In May 2011, a claimant known as "CTB" in the case of CTB v Twitter Inc. took action against Twitter at the High Court of Justice of England and Wales,[354] requesting that the company release details of account holders. This followed gossip posted on Twitter about professional footballer Ryan Giggs's private life. This led to the 2011 British privacy injunctions controversy and the "super-injunction".[355] Tony Wang, the head of Twitter in Europe, said that people who do "bad things" on the site would need to defend themselves under the laws of their own jurisdiction in the event of controversy and that the site would hand over information about users to the authorities when it was legally required to do so.[356] He also suggested that Twitter would accede to a UK court order to divulge names of users responsible for "illegal activity" on the site.[357]

 Twitter acquired Dasient, a startup that offers malware protection for businesses, in January 2012. Twitter announced plans to use Dasient to help remove hateful advertisers on the website.[358] Twitter also offered a feature which would allow tweets to be removed selectively by country, before deleted tweets used to be removed in all countries.[359][360] The first use of the policy was to block the account of German neo-Nazi group Besseres Hannover on October 18, 2012.[361] The policy was used again the following day to remove anti-Semitic French tweets with the hashtag #unbonjuif ("a good Jew").[362]

 Followed the sharing of images showing the killing of American journalist James Foley in 2014, Twitter said that in certain cases it would delete pictures of people who had died after requests from family members and "authorized individuals".[363][364]

 In 2015, following updated terms of service and privacy policy, Twitter users outside the United States were legally served by the Ireland-based Twitter International Company instead of Twitter, Inc. The change made these users subject to Irish and European Union data protection laws[365]

 On April 8, 2020, Twitter announced that users outside of the European Economic Area or United Kingdom (thus subject to GDPR) will no longer be allowed to opt out of sharing "mobile app advertising measurements" to Twitter third-party partners.[366]

 On October 9, 2020, Twitter took additional steps to counter misleading campaigns ahead of the 2020 US Election. Twitter's new temporary update encouraged users to "add their own commentary" before retweeting a tweet, by making 'quoting tweet' a mandatory feature instead of optional. The social network giant aimed at generating context and encouraging the circulation of more thoughtful content.[367] After limited results, the company ended this experiment in December 2020.[368]

 On May 25, 2022, Twitter was fined $150 million by the Federal Trade Commission alongside the United States Department of Justice for collecting users' phone numbers and email addresses for security and then using it for targeted advertising. Twitter was also required to notify its users and is banned from profiting off of 'deceptively collected data'.[369]

 Harassment

 In August 2013, Twitter announced plans to introduce a "report abuse" button for all versions of the site following uproar, including a petition with 100,000 signatures, over Tweets that included rape and death threats to historian Mary Beard, feminist campaigner Caroline Criado-Perez and the member of parliament Stella Creasy.[370][371][372] Twitter announced new reporting and blocking policies in December 2014,[373][374][375][376] including a blocking mechanism devised by Randi Harper, a target of GamerGate.[377][378][379] In February 2015, CEO Dick Costolo said he was 'frankly ashamed' at how poorly Twitter handled trolling and abuse, and admitted Twitter had lost users as a result.[380]

 As per a research study conducted by IT for Change on abuse and misogynistic trolling on Twitter directed at Indian women in public-political life, women perceived to be ideologically left-leaning, dissenters, Muslim women, political dissenters, and political commentators and women from opposition parties received a disproportionate amount of abusive and hateful messages on Twitter.

 In 2016, Twitter announced the creation of the Twitter Trust & Safety Council to help "ensure that people feel safe expressing themselves on Twitter." The council's inaugural members included 50 organizations and individuals.[381] The announcement of Twitter's "Trust & Safety Council" was met with objection from parts of its userbase.[382][383] Critics accused the member organizations of being heavily skewed towards "the restriction of hate speech" and a Reason article expressed concern that "there's not a single uncompromising anti-censorship figure or group on the list".[384][385]

 Twitter banned 7,000 accounts and limited 150,000 more that had ties to QAnon on July 21, 2020. The bans and limits came after QAnon-related accounts began harassing other users through practices of swarming or brigading, coordinated attacks on these individuals through multiple accounts in the weeks prior. Those accounts limited by Twitter will not appear in searches nor be promoted in other Twitter functions. Twitter said they will continue to ban or limit accounts as necessary, with their support account stating "We will permanently suspend accounts Tweeting about these topics that we know are engaged in violations of our multi-account policy, coordinating abuse around individual victims, or are attempting to evade a previous suspension".[386]

 In September 2021, Twitter began beta testing a feature called Safety Mode.[387] The functionality aims to limit unwelcome interactions through automated detection of negative engagements. If a user has Safety Mode enabled, authors of tweets that are identified by Twitter's technology as being harmful or exercising uninvited behavior will be temporarily unable to follow the account, send direct messages, or see tweets from the user with the enabled functionality during the temporary block period.[388] Jarrod Doherty, senior product manager at Twitter, stated that the technology in place within Safety Mode assesses existing relationships to prevent blocking accounts that the user frequently interacts with.[387]

 Suspect and contested accounts

 See also: Deplatforming and Twitter suspensions

 In January 2016, Twitter was sued by the widow of a U.S. man killed in the 2015 Amman shooting attack, claiming that allowing the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) to continually use the platform, including direct messages in particular,[389] constituted the provision of material support to a terrorist organization, which is illegal under U.S. federal law. Twitter disputed the claim, stating that "violent threats and the promotion of terrorism deserve no place on Twitter and, like other social networks, our rules make that clear."[390][391] The lawsuit was dismissed by the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, upholding the Section 230 safe harbor, which dictates that the operators of an interactive computer service are not liable for the content published by its users.[391][392] The lawsuit was revised in August 2016, providing comparisons to other telecommunications devices.[389]

 Twitter suspended multiple parody accounts that satirized Russian politics in May 2016, sparking protests and raising questions about where the company stands on freedom of speech.[393] Following public outcry, Twitter restored the accounts the next day without explaining why the accounts had been suspended.[394] The same day, Twitter, along with Facebook, Google, and Microsoft, jointly agreed to a European Union code of conduct obligating them to review "[the] majority of valid notifications for removal of illegal hate speech" posted on their services within 24 hours.[395] In August 2016, Twitter stated that it had banned 235,000 accounts over the past six months, bringing the overall number of suspended accounts to 360,000 accounts in the past year, for violating policies banning use of the platform to promote extremism.[396]

 On May 10, 2019, Twitter announced that they suspended 166,513 accounts for promoting terrorism in the July–December 2018 period, stating there was a steady decrease in terrorist groups trying to use the platform owing to its "zero-tolerance policy enforcement". According to Vijaya Gadde, Legal, Policy and Trust and Safety Lead at Twitter, there was a reduction of 19% terror related tweets from the previous reporting period (January–June 2018).[397][398][399][400][401]

 As of July 30, 2020, Twitter will block URLs in tweets that point to external websites that contain malicious content (such as malware and phishing content) as well or hate speech, speech encouraging violence, terrorism, child sexual exploitation, breaches of privacy, and other similar content that is already banned as part of the content of tweets on the site. Users that frequently point to such sites may have their accounts suspended. Twitter said this was to bring their policy in line to prevent users from bypassing their tweet content restrictions by simply linking to the banned content.[402]

 Following the onset of protests by Donald Trump's supporters across the US in January 2021, Twitter suspended more than 70,000 accounts, stating that they shared "harmful QAnon-associated content" at a large scale, and were "dedicated to the propagation of this conspiracy theory across the service". The rioters that broke into US Capitol Hill included a large amount of QAnon followers.[403]

 Malicious and fake accounts

 Between January and late July 2017, Twitter had identified and shut down over 7,000 fake accounts created by Iranian influence operations.[404]

 In May 2018, in response to scrutiny over the misuse of Twitter by those seeking to maliciously influence elections, Twitter announced that it would partner with the nonprofit organization Ballotpedia to add special labels verifying the authenticity of political candidates running for election in the U.S.[405][406]

 In December 2019, Twitter removed 5,929 accounts for violating their manipulation policies. The company investigated and attributed these accounts to a single state-run information operation, which originated in Saudi Arabia. The accounts were reported to be a part of a larger group of 88,000 accounts engaged in spammy behavior. However, Twitter did not disclose all of them as some could possibly be legitimate accounts taken over through hacking.[407]

 In March 2021, Twitter suspended around 3,500 fake accounts that were running a campaign to influence the American audience, after the US intelligence officials concluded that the assassination of The Washington Post journalist, Jamal Khashoggi was "approved" by the Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. These Saudi accounts were working in two languages, English and Arabic, to influence public opinion around the issue. Many accounts commented directly on the tweets of US-based media houses, including The Post, CNN, CBS News and The Los Angeles Times. Twitter was unable to identify the source of the influence campaign.[408]

 As of 2022, the top four countries spreading state-linked Twitter misinformation are Russia, China, Iran and Saudi Arabia.[409]

 Twitter bots

 Main article: Twitter bot

 A Twitter bot is a computer program that can automatically tweet, retweet, and follow other accounts. Twitter's open application programming interface and the availability of cloud servers make it possible for Twitter bots to exist within the social networking site.[410] Benign Twitter bots may generate creative content and relevant product updates whereas malicious bots can make unpopular people seem popular, push irrelevant products on users and spread misinformation, spam or slander.[411] Bots amass significant influence and have been noted to sway elections, influence the stock market, public appeal, and attack governments.[412] As of 2013, Twitter said there were 20 million fake accounts on Twitter, representing less than 5% of active users.[413] A 2020 estimate put the figure at 15% of all accounts or around 48 million accounts.[18]

 Society

 Main article: Twitter usage
 This section may be too long and excessively detailed. Please consider summarizing the material. ( May 2022 )
 

 Usage

 Dorsey (left) said after a Twitter Town Hall with Barack Obama held in July 2011, that Twitter received over 110,000 #AskObama tweets.[414]

 Protesters

 Twitter has been used for a variety of purposes in many industries and scenarios. For example, it has been used to organize protests, including the protests over the 2009 Moldovan election, the 2009 student protests in Austria, the 2009 Gaza–Israel conflict, the 2009 Iranian green revolution, the 2010 Toronto G20 protests, the 2010 Bolivarian Revolution, the 2010 Stuttgart21 protests in Germany, the 2011 Egyptian Revolution, 2011 England riots, the 2011 United States Occupy movement, the 2011 anti-austerity movement in Spain, the 2011 Aganaktismenoi movements in Greece, the 2011 demonstration in Rome, the 2011 Wisconsin labor protests, the 2012 Gaza–Israel conflict, the 2013 protests in Brazil, and the 2013 Gezi Park protests in Turkey.[415]

 The service is also used as a form of civil disobedience: In 2010, users expressed outrage over the Twitter joke trial by copying a controversial joke about bombing an airport and attaching the hashtag #IAmSpartacus, a reference to the film Spartacus (1960) and a sign of solidarity and support to a man controversially prosecuted after posting a tweet joking about bombing an airport if they canceled his flight. #IAmSpartacus became the number one trending topic on Twitter worldwide.[416] Another case of civil disobedience happened in the 2011 British privacy injunction debate, where several celebrities who had taken out anonymized injunctions were identified by thousands of users in protest to traditional journalism being censored.[417]

 During the Arab Spring in early 2011, the number of hashtags mentioning the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt increased.[418] A study by the Dubai School of Government found that only 0.26% of the Egyptian population, 0.1% of the Tunisian population and 0.04% of the Syrian population are active on Twitter.[419]

 Posts on the service often contain far-right content, such as hate speech and conspiracy theories such as QAnon.[420] Journalists[ which? ] have criticized Twitter for hate speech being easy to find on the platform.[421]

 Governments

 According to documents leaked by Edward Snowden and published in July 2014, the United Kingdom's GCHQ has a tool named BIRDSONG for "automated posting of Twitter updates", and a tool named BIRDSTRIKE for "Twitter monitoring and profile collection".[422][423]

 During the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, Twitter suspended a core group of 1,000 "fake" accounts and an associated network of 200,000 accounts for operating a disinformation campaign that was linked to the Chinese government. In their announcement, Twitter released two data sets detailing the core group's account activity.[424][425][426] Geng Shuang, the spokesperson of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, did not comment on the suspensions but suggested that the activity could be attributed to overseas Chinese citizens.[427][428]

 On June 12, 2020, Twitter suspended over 7,000 accounts from Turkey because those accounts were fake profiles, designed to support the Turkish president and were managed by a central authority. Turkey's communication director said that the decision was illogical, biased and politically motivated.[429]

 In May 2021, Twitter labeled one of the tweets by Sambit Patra, a spokesman of the local ruling party BJP in India, as "manipulated media", leading to Twitter's offices in Delhi and Gurgaon being raided by the local police.[430] Twitter issued a statement, calling the police visit "a form of intimidation".[431] Later, the Indian government released a statement in July 2021 claiming Twitter has lost its liability protection concerning user-generated content. This was brought on by Twitter's failure to comply with the new IT rules introduced in 2021 with a filing stating that the company failed to appoint executives to govern user content on the platform.[432] Twitter stated to India's government in August 2021 that they have appointed permanent executives and staff to provide for compliance to these new IT rules.[433]

 In September 2022, a Dutch town sued Twitter for spreading a conspiracy theory that the town was once home to a ring of Satan-worshipping paedophiles. False reports that Bodegraven-Reeuwijk was the place of the abuse and murder of children in the 1980s were first circulated by three men in 2020.[434]

 Pornography

 Twitter refers to pornography as "adult content" and permits it on the platform provided that it is marked "sensitive", and makes it visible to all after a click through.[435] The "super-follow" feature is said to enable competition with the subscription site OnlyFans, used mainly by sex workers.[436] Content filtering services for families and schools have noted that the company makes "it really easy to find" porn, and advise blocking the entire domain.[437]

 Twitter is one of the only mainstream sites that allows users to upload sexually explicit photos and videos, in the four years after Tumblr banned porn altogether, in response to the Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act. Many performers use Twitter's service to market and grow their porn businesses, attracting users to paywalled services like OnlyFans, by distributing photos and short video clips as advertisements.

 In April 2022, Twitter convened a "Red Team" for the project of ACM, "Adult Content Monetization", as it is known internally. Eventually the project was abandoned, because of the difficulty of implementing Real ID.[438]

 Child sexual exploitation

 A February 2021 report from the company's Health team begins, "While the amount of CSE (child sexual exploitation) online has grown exponentially, Twitter’s investment in technologies to detect and manage the growth has not."

 Until February 2022, the only way for users to flag illegal content was to flag it as "sensitive media" — a broad category that left much of the worst material not prioritized for moderation. In a February report, employees wrote that Twitter along with other Tech Companies have "accelerated the pace of CSE content creation and distribution to a breaking point where manual detection, review, and investigations no longer scale" by allowing pornography and failing to invest in systems that could effectively monitor it. The working group made several recommendations, but they were not taken up and the group was disbanded.

 As part of its efforts to monetize porn, Twitter held an internal investigation that reported in April 2022, "Twitter cannot accurately detect child sexual exploitation and non-consensual nudity at scale."[438]

 John Doe et al vs. Twitter, a civil lawsuit filed in the 9th Circuit Court, alleges that Twitter benefited from sex trafficking and refused to remove the illegal tweets when first informed of them.[439][440] In an amicus brief filed in the case, the NCMEC said, "The children informed the company that they were minors, that they had been 'baited, harassed, and threatened' into making the videos, that they were victims of 'sex abuse' under investigation by law enforcement" but Twitter failed to remove the videos, "allowing them to be viewed by hundreds of thousands of the platform's users."[438]

 Some major brands including Dyson, Mazda, Forbes, and PBS Kids suspended their marketing campaigns and pulled their ads from the platform, after an investigation into child porn on twitter showed that Twitter failed to suspend 70% of the accounts that shared or solicited the prohibited content. A brand president at Cole Haan said, "We're horrified ... either Twitter is going to fix this, or we'll fix it by any means we can, which includes not buying Twitter ads."[441]

 Impact

 On communication

 In May 2008, The Wall Street Journal wrote that social networking services such as Twitter "elicit mixed feelings in the technology-savvy people who have been their early adopters. Fans say they are a good way to keep in touch with busy friends. But some users are starting to feel too connected, as they grapple with check-in messages at odd hours, higher cellphone bills and the need to tell acquaintances to stop announcing what they're having for dinner."[442] The following year, John C. Dvorak described Twitter as "the new CB radio".[443]

 Emergency use

 A practical use for Twitter's real-time functionality is as an effective de facto emergency communication system for breaking news. It was neither intended nor designed for high-performance communication, but the idea that it could be used for emergency communication was not lost on the creators, who knew that the service could have wide-reaching effects early on when the company used it to communicate during earthquakes.[444]

 Another practical use that is being studied is Twitter's ability to track epidemics and how they spread.[445] Additionally Twitter serves as a real-time sensor for natural disasters such as bush fires and earthquakes.[446][447]

 Education

 Twitter has been adopted as a communication and learning tool in educational and research[448] settings mostly in colleges and universities.[449][450] It has been used as a backchannel to promote student interactions, especially in large-lecture courses.[451] Research has found that using Twitter in college courses helps students communicate with each other and faculty, promotes informal learning, allows shy students a forum for increased participation, increases student engagement, and improves overall course grades.[452][453][454]

 Twitter has been an increasingly growing in the field of education, as an effective tool that can be used to encourage learning and idea, or knowledge sharing, in and outside the classroom.[455] By using or creating hashtags, students and educators are able to communicate under specific categories of their choice, to enhance and promote education. A broad example of a hashtag used in education is "edchat", to communicate with other teachers, and people using that hashtag. Once teachers find someone they want to talk to, they can either direct message the person, or narrow down the hashtag to make the topic of the conversation more specific using hashtags for scichat (science), engchat (English), sschat (social studies).[455]

 In a 2011 study, researchers found that young peoples use of Twitter helped to improve relationships with teachers, encourage interactive learning, and ultimately lead to high grades.[455] In the same study it was found that out of a group of 158 educators, 92% agreed that the reason they use Twitter is because of how user friendly it is,[455] another 86% agreed that they started and continue using Twitter because of how easy it is to learn, and finally,[455] 93% said they use Twitter because it is free. People found that sifting through large amounts of data is challenging, however, with the simple nature of Twitter large amount of information became easily accessible.[456] Much of this simplicity comes from the use of the hashtag, and the intuitive nature of how Twitter as a microblogging site operates.[456] These features help to promote education outside the classroom in a global setting where students and educators are easily able to create, connect, and share knowledge. This ultimately promotes growth and learning among students and educators, not just in the classroom, but virtually and around the world.

 Public figures

 Jonathan Zittrain, professor of Internet law at Harvard Law School, said that "the qualities that make Twitter seem inane and half-baked are what makes it so powerful."[457] In that same vein, and with Sigmund Freud in mind, political communications expert Matthew Auer observed that well-crafted tweets by public figures often deliberately mix trivial and serious information so as to appeal to all three parts of the reader's personality: the id, ego, and superego.[458]

 The poets Mira Gonzalez and Tao Lin published a book titled Selected Tweets featuring selections of their tweets over some eight years. The book was designed to look like a small bible.[459] The novelist Rick Moody wrote a short story for Electric Literature called "Some Contemporary Characters," composed entirely of tweets.[460]

 During a February 2009 discussion on National Public Radio's Weekend Edition, the journalist Daniel Schorr stated that Twitter accounts of events lacked rigorous fact-checking and other editorial improvements. In response, Andy Carvin gave Schorr two examples of breaking news stories that played out on Twitter and said users wanted first-hand accounts and sometimes debunked stories.[461] Time magazine acknowledged its growing level of influence in its 2010 Time 100; to determine the influence of people, it used a formula based on famous social networking sites, Twitter and Facebook. The list ranges from Barack Obama and Oprah Winfrey to Lady Gaga and Ashton Kutcher.[462][463]

 During the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, in which he appeared at the London Olympic Stadium in person,[464] Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the founder of the World Wide Web, tweeted "This is for everyone",[465] which was instantly spelled out in LCD lights attached to the chairs of the 80,000 people in the audience.[464]

 Many commentators have suggested that Twitter radically changed the format of reporting due to instant, short, and frequent communication.[466][467] According to The Atlantic writers Benjamin M. Reilly and Robinson Meyer, Twitter has an outsized impact on the public discourse and media. "Something happens on Twitter; celebrities, politicians and journalists talk about it, and it's circulated to a wider audience by Twitter's algorithms; journalists write about the dustup." This can lead to an argument on a Twitter feed looking like a "debate roiling the country... regular people are left with a confused, agitated view of our current political discourse".[468] In a 2018 article in the Columbia Journalism Review, Matthew Ingram argued much the same about Twitter's "oversized role" and that it promotes immediacy over newsworthiness.[469] In some cases, inauthentic and provocative tweets were taken up as common opinion in mainstream articles. Writers in several outlets unintentionally cited the opinions of Russian Internet Research Agency-affiliated accounts.[469][470]

 World leaders

 Donald Trump's Twitter post

 World leaders and their diplomats have taken note of Twitter's rapid expansion and have been increasingly utilizing Twitter diplomacy, the use of Twitter to engage with foreign publics and their own citizens. US Ambassador to Russia, Michael A. McFaul has been attributed as a pioneer of international Twitter diplomacy. He used Twitter after becoming ambassador in 2011, posting in English and Russian.[471] On October 24, 2014, Queen Elizabeth II sent her first tweet to mark the opening of the London Science Museum's Information Age exhibition.[472] A 2013 study by website Twiplomacy found that 153 of the 193 countries represented at the United Nations had established government Twitter accounts.[473] The same study also found that those accounts amounted to 505 Twitter handles used by world leaders and their foreign ministers, with their tweets able to reach a combined audience of over 106 million followers.[473]

 According to an analysis of accounts, the heads of state of 125 countries and 139 other leading politicians have Twitter accounts that have between them sent more than 350,000 tweets and have almost 52 million followers. However, only 30 of these do their own tweeting, more than 80 do not subscribe to other politicians and many do not follow any accounts.[474]

 Religion

 As of October 2015, more than twenty Roman Catholic cardinals managed active Twitter accounts,[475] nine of whom were cardinal electors for the 2013 Papal conclave.[476] Pope Benedict XVI's Twitter account was set up in 2012. As of April 2022, his successor, Pope Francis, has 18.9 million followers of his Twitter account (@Pontifex).[477][ needs update ]

 Censorship and moderation

 Main articles: Censorship of Twitter, Deplatforming, and Twitter suspensions

 Twitter is banned completely in Russia,[478] Iran, China and North Korea,[479] and has been intermittently blocked in numerous countries including Egypt, Iraq, Nigeria, Turkey, Venezuela and Turkmenistan on different bases.[480][481][482][483][484][485] In 2016, Twitter cooperated with the Israeli government to remove certain content originating outside Israel from tweets seen in Israel.[486] In the 11th biannual transparency report published on September 19, 2017, Twitter said that Turkey was the first among countries where about 90 percent of removal requests came from, followed by Russia, France and Germany.[487] Twitter stated that between July 1 and December 31, 2018, "We received legal demands relating to 27,283 accounts from 47 different countries, including Bulgaria, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, and Slovenia for the first time."[488] As part of evidence to a US Senate Enquiry, the company admitted that their systems "detected and hid" several hundred thousand tweets relating to the 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak.[489] During the curfew in Jammu and Kashmir after revocation of its autonomous status on August 5, 2019, the Indian government approached Twitter to block accounts accused of spreading anti-India content;[490] by October 25, nearly one million tweets had been removed as a result.[491]

 In March 2022, shortly after Russia's censorship of Twitter, a Tor Onion service link was created by the platform to allow people to access the website, even in countries with heavy Internet censorship.[492][493]

 Moderation of tweets

 Twitter removed more than 88,000 propaganda accounts linked to Saudi Arabia.[494] Twitter removed tweets from accounts associated with the Russian Internet Research Agency that had tried to influence public opinion during and after the 2016 US election.[469][470] In June 2020, Twitter also removed 175,000 propaganda accounts that were spreading biased political narratives for the Chinese Communist Party, the United Russia Party, or Turkey's President Erdogan, identified based on centralized behavior.[495][496] Twitter also removed accounts linked to the governments of Armenia, Egypt, Cuba, Serbia, Honduras, Indonesia and Iran.[497][498][499] Twitter suspended Pakistani accounts tied to government officials for posting tweets about the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan.[500] In February 2021, Twitter removed accounts in India that criticized Prime Minister Narendra Modi's government for its conduct during Indian farmers' protests in 2020–2021.[501]

 At the start of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, numerous tweets reported false medical information related to the pandemic. Twitter announced a new policy in which they would label tweets containing misinformation going forward.[85] In April 2020, Twitter removed accounts which defended President Rodrigo Duterte's response to the spread of COVID-19 in the Philippines.[502]

 In November 2020, then Chief Technology Officer and future CEO of Twitter Parag Agrawal, when asked by MIT Technology Review about balancing the protection of free speech as a core value and the endeavour to combat misinformation, said: "Our role is not to be bound by the First Amendment, but our role is to serve a healthy public conversation … focus less on thinking about free speech, but thinking about how the times have changed."[503]

 In November 2022, however, Twitter stopped enforcing its policy on labeling tweets with misleading information about coronavirus. This came in the light of Elon Musk's acquisition of Twitter earlier that year.[504]

 Birdwatch

 Logo of Birdwatch, a Twitter program

 As part of its means to moderate misinformation, Twitter launched its crowd-sourced Birdwatch program in January 2021. Trusted users in the program will have the ability to monitor tweets and replies that may include misinformation and countermessages providing fact-checking as to have Twitter tag these messages appropriately from the Birdwatch community.[505]

 In November 2021, Twitter announced an update to the Birdwatch moderation tool, meant to limit the visibility of contributors' identities by creating aliases for their accounts.[506] In March 2022, Twitter expanded access to notes made by the Birdwatch moderators, giving a randomized set of US users the ability to view the notes attached to tweets and rate them.[507][508]

 In November 2022, at the request of new owner Elon Musk, Birdwatch was rebranded to Community Notes.[509]

 Court cases and lawsuits

 Twitter Inc. v. Taamneh, alongside Gonzalez v. Google, is currently pending before the United States Supreme Court during its 2022–2023 term. Both cases deal with Internet content providers and whether they are liable for terrorism-related information posted by their users. In the case of Twitter v. Taamnah, the case asks if Twitter and other social media services are liable for user-generated terrorism content under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 and are beyond their Section 230 protections.

 In 2016, Twitter shareholder Doris Shenwick filed a lawsuit against Twitter, Inc., claiming executives misled investors over the company’s growth prospects.[510] In 2021, Twitter agreed to pay $809.5 million to settle.[510]

 In May 2022, Twitter agreed to pay $150 million to settle a lawsuit started by the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission. The lawsuit concerned Twitter's use of email addresses and phone numbers of Twitter users to target advertisements at them. The company also agreed to third-party audits of its data privacy program.[511]

 On November 3, 2022, on the eve of expected lay-offs, a group of Twitter employees based San Francisco and Cambridge filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court in San Francisco. Naming five current or former workers as plaintiffs, the suit accused the company of violating federal and state laws that govern notice of employment termination.[512] The federal law in question is the Work Adjustment and Re training Notification (WARN) Act, and the state law in question is California’s state WARN Act.[513]

 Television

 Twitter is used to make TV more interactive, with such use growing in popularity around 2011.[514] This effect is sometimes referred to as the second screen,[515] "virtual watercooler" or social television—the practice has been called "chatterboxing".[516] Twitter has been successfully used to encourage people to watch live TV events, such as the Oscars, the Super Bowl[517] and the MTV Video Music Awards; however this strategy has proven less effective with regularly scheduled TV shows.[518] Such direct cross-promotions have been banned from French television due to regulations against secret advertising.[519]

 In December 2012, Twitter and Nielsen entered a multi-year agreement to produce social TV ratings, which are expected to be commercially available for the fall 2013 season as the Nielsen Twitter TV Rating.[520] Advertising Age said Twitter had become the new TV Guide.[521] Then in February 2013, Twitter acquired Bluefin Labs for an estimated US$50 million to $100 million. Founded in 2008 at the MIT Media Lab, Bluefin is a data miner whose analysis tells which brands (e.g., TV shows and companies) are chatted about the most in social media.[520][522] MIT Technology Review said that Bluefin gives Twitter part of the US$72 billion television advertising market.[523]

 In May 2013, it launched Twitter Amplify—an advertising product for media and consumer brands.[524] With Amplify, Twitter runs video highlights from major live broadcasts, with advertisers' names and messages playing before the clip.[525] In October 2013, Comcast announced that it had partnered with Twitter to implement its "See It" feature within the service, allowing posts promoting programs on selected NBCUniversal channels to contain direct links to TV Everywhere streaming to the program. On launch, the concept was limited to NBCUniversal channels and Xfinity cable television subscribers.[526]

 In an attempt to compete with Twitter's leadership in TV, Facebook introduced a number of features in 2013 to drive conversation about TV including hashtags, verified profiles and embeddable posts. It also opened up new data visualization APIs for TV news and other media outlets, enabling them to search for a word and see a firehose of public posts that mention it as well as show how many people mentioned a word in both public and private posts during a set time frame, with a demographic breakdown of the age, gender, and location of these people.[527] In January 2014, Facebook announced a partnership with UK-based social TV analytics company SecondSync which saw the social network make its social TV available outside the company for the first time. Facebook struck the partnership to help marketers understand how people are using the social network to talk about topics such as TV.[528] However, Twitter responded by acquiring SecondSync and Parisian social TV firm Mesagraph three months later. These acquisitions, as well as a partnership with research company Kantar (which it had been working with to develop a suite of analytics tools for the British TV industry since August 2013) strengthened Twitter's dominance of the "second screen" – TV viewers using tablets and smartphones to share their TV experience on social media. With the additional analytic tools, Twitter was able to improve the firm's offering to advertisers, allowing them to, for instance, only promote a tweet onto the timelines of users who were watching a certain programme.[529]

 By February 2014, all four major U.S. TV networks had signed up to the Amplify program, bringing a variety of premium TV content onto the social platform in the form of in-tweet real-time video clips.[530] In March 2014, ITV became the first major broadcaster in the UK to sign up to Twitter Amplify[531] and Twitter introduced one-tap video playback across its mobile apps to further enhance the consumer experience.[532]

 In June 2014, Twitter acquired its Amplify partner in the U.S., SnappyTV.[533] In Europe, Twitter's Amplify partner is London-based Grabyo, which has also struck numerous deals with broadcasters and rights holders[534] to share video content across Facebook and Twitter.[535] In July 2017, Twitter announced that it would wind down SnappyTV as a separate company, and integrate its features into the Media Studio suite on Twitter.[536]

 Statistics

 User accounts with large follower base

 Main article: List of most-followed Twitter accounts

 As of 19 November 2022, the ten Twitter accounts with the most followers were:

 Rank Change Account name Owner Followers Activity Country
 (monthly) (millions) 
 1 @BarackObama Barack Obama 133 44th U.S. president USA 
  SAF 
 2 @elonmusk Elon Musk 117 Business magnate CAN 
  USA 
 3 @justinbieber Justin Bieber 113 Musician CAN 
 4 @katyperry Katy Perry 108 Musician USA 
 5 @rihanna Rihanna 107 Musician and businesswoman BAR 
 6 @Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 104 Footballer POR 
 7 @taylorswift13 Taylor Swift 91 Musician USA 
 8 @ladygaga Lady Gaga 84 Musician and actress USA 
 9 @narendramodi Narendra Modi 84 Prime Minister of India IND 
 10 @YouTube YouTube 77 Online video platform USA 
 

 Record tweets

 Main article: List of most-retweeted tweets

 A selfie orchestrated by 86th Academy Awards host Ellen DeGeneres during the March 2, 2014, broadcast[537] was at the time the most retweeted image ever.[538] DeGeneres said she wanted to pay homage to Meryl Streep's record 17 Oscar nominations by setting a new record with her, and invited other Oscar celebrities to join them. The resulting photo of twelve celebrities broke the previous retweet record within forty minutes, and was retweeted over 1.8 million times in the first hour.[539][540][541] By the end of the ceremony it had been retweeted over 2 million times.[539] On May 9, 2017, Ellen's record was broken by Carter Wilkerson (@carterjwm) by collecting nearly 3.5 million retweets in a little over a month.[542] This record was broken when Yusaku Maezawa announced a giveaway on Twitter in January 2019, accumulating 4.4 million retweets. A similar tweet he made in December 2019 was retweeted 3.8 million times.[543]

 The most tweeted moment in the history of Twitter occurred on August 2, 2013; during a Japanese television airing of the Studio Ghibli film Castle in the Sky, fans simultaneously tweeted the word balse ( バルス ) —the incantation for a destruction spell used during its climax, after it was uttered in the film. There was a global peak of 143,199 tweets in one second, beating the previous record of 33,388.[544][545]

 The most discussed event in Twitter history occurred on October 24, 2015; the hashtag ("#ALDubEBTamangPanahon") for Tamang Panahon, a live special episode of the Filipino variety show Eat Bulaga! at the Philippine Arena, centering on its popular on-air couple AlDub, attracted 41 million tweets.[546][547] The most-discussed sporting event in Twitter history was the 2014 FIFA World Cup semi-final between Brazil and Germany on July 8, 2014.[548]

 According to Guinness World Records, the fastest pace to a million followers was set by actor Robert Downey Jr. in 23 hours and 22 minutes in April 2014.[549] This record was later broken by Caitlyn Jenner, who joined the site on June 1, 2015, and amassed a million followers in just 4 hours and 3 minutes.[550]

 See also

 * Ambient awareness
 * Comparison of microblogging and similar services
 * Timeline of social media
 * Twitterature

 Notes

 1. ^ It is not documented whether the parallax scrolling effect was added with the redesign in April 2014 or subsequently.

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 Further reading

 * Fitton, Laura; Gruen, Michael E.; Poston, Leslie; foreword by Jack Dorsey (2009). Twitter for Dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing. ISBN 9780470479919.
 * Tufekci, Zeynep. 2017. Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest. Yale University Press.

 External links

 Twitter at Wikipedia's sister projects
 * Definitions from Wiktionary
 * Media from Commons
 * News from Wikinews
 * Quotations from Wikiquote
 * Textbooks from Wikibooks
 * Resources from Wikiversity
 * Data from Wikidata
 Scholia has a topic profile for Twitter.
 * Official website (Mobile)
 * twitter3e4tixl4xyajtrzo62zg5vztmjuricljdp2c5kshju4avyoid.onion (Accessing link help)
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 * Twitterature 
 * Twitter diplomacy 
 * Twitter bomb 
 * 2020 account hijacking 
 * Acquisition by Elon Musk 
 + Tenure of Musk as CEO 
 * Censorship 
 * Republik Twitter 
 * Mergers and acquisitions 
 + BackType 
 + Bluefin Labs 
 + Dasient 
 + Gnip 
 + Mitro 
 + Namo Media 
 + Posterous 
 + Summify 
 History + Trendrr 
 + TweetDeck 
 + Tweetie 
 + Vine 
 + Whisper Systems 
 * Periscope 
 * Suspensions 
 + December 2022 
 * Topsy Labs 
 * Twitter Files 
 * Twitter, Inc. v. Taamneh 
 * Twitter, Inc. 
 * Usage 
 + public figures 
 * WikiLeaks-related court orders 
 
 * v 
 * t 
 * e 
 Microblogging 
  * Diaspora 
  * Facebook 
  * Fanfou 
  * Gab 
  * Gettr 
  * Identi.ca 
  * LinkedIn 
  * micro.blog 
  * Myspace 
  * Parler 
 Websites * Pillowfort 
  * Plurk 
  * Qzone 
  * Sina Weibo 
  * Solaborate 
  * Truth Social 
  * Tumblr 
  * Twitter 
  * Viadeo 
  * VK 
  * XING 
  * App.net 
  * Edmodo 
  * Google Buzz 
  * Google+ 
  * Heello 
  * Jaiku 
  * Meme 
 Defunct * Me2day 
  * migme 
  * Natter 
  * Posterous 
  * Pownce 
  * Qaiku 
  * Tencent Weibo 
  * Tout 
  * Friendica 
  OStatus-compatible * GNU social
  * PeerTube 
  * Friendica 
  ActivityPub-compatible * GNU social
  * PeerTube 
 Platforms * Mastodon 
  
  * Diaspora 
  * OpenMicroBlogging 
  * pump.io 
  * Twister 
  * WebFinger 
  * Reblogging 
  * Activity stream 
 Features * Lifestreaming 
  * Hashtag 
  * Backchannel 
  * Mention/Replies 
  * Microblogging in China 
 Other topics * Microblogging novel 
  * Micropoetry 
 Comparison of microblogging services
 
 * v 
 * t 
 * e 
 Social networking services
 * 23snaps 
 * Amikumu 
 * aNobii 
 * Ask.fm 
 * Badoo 
 * BeReal 
 * Bumble 
 * Clash 
 * Clubhouse 
 * Convoz 
 * Cyworld 
 * Diaspora 
 * display! 
 * Douban 
 * Draugiem.lv 
 * Ello 
 * Facebook 
 * Foursquare City Guide 
 * Foursquare Swarm 
 * Friendica 
 * Gab 
 * Gapo 
 * Gas 
 * Gettr 
 * GNU social 
 * Hi5 
 * Hive Social 
 * Idka 
 * Instagram 
  + IGTV 
 * IRC-Galleria 
 * Kumu 
 * Letterboxd 
 * LiveJournal 
 * Likee 
 * Marco Polo 
 * Mastodon 
 * MeetMe 
 * Meetup 
 Personal * MeWe 
 * Miaopai 
 * micro.blog 
 * Minds 
 * Mixi 
 * MX TakaTak 
 * Myspace 
 * My World 
 * Nextdoor 
 * Odnoklassniki (OK.ru) 
 * Parler 
 * Peach 
 * Pinterest 
 * Pixnet 
 * Plurk 
 * Qzone 
 * Readgeek 
 * Renren 
 * ShareChat 
 * Sina Weibo 
 * Slidely 
 * Snapchat 
 * SNOW 
 * Spaces 
 * Spotify Greenroom 
 * Tagged 
 * Taringa! 
 * TikTok 
 * Tinder 
 * Triller 
 * Truth Social 
 * Tuenti 
 * TV Time 
 * Tumblr 
 * Twitter 
 * Untappd 
 * Vero 
 * VK 
 * Whisper 
 * Xiaohongshu 
 * Yik Yak 
 * Academia.edu 
 * Brainly 
 * BranchOut 
 * Google Currents 
 * HCL Connections 
 Professional * LinkedIn 
 * Moodle 
 * ResearchGate 
 * Solaborate 
 * Viadeo 
 * XING 
 * Yammer 
 * App.net 
 * AsianAve 
 * Avatars United 
 * Bebo 
 * Bolt 
 * Capazoo 
 * Cloob 
 * eConozco 
 * Edmodo 
 * Emojli 
 * eWorld 
 * Eyegroove 
 * FitFinder 
 * Formspring 
 * FriendFeed 
 * Friends Reunited 
 * Friendster 
 * Grono.net 
 * Google+ 
 * Google Buzz 
 * Hello 
 * Heello 
 * Highlight 
 * Houseparty 
 * Hyves 
 * IdeaPlane 
 * iTunes Ping 
 * iWiW 
 * Jaiku 
 * Keek 
 * Lifeknot 
 * LunarStorm 
 * Me2day 
 * Meerkat 
 * MixBit 
 * Mobli 
 Defunct * Mugshot 
 * Multiply 
 * Musical.ly 
 * Natter Social Network 
 * Netlog 
 * NK.pl 
 * Orkut 
 * Path 
 * Periscope 
 * Pheed 
 * Piczo 
 * PlanetAll 
 * Posterous 
 * Pownce 
 * Qaiku 
 * Sciencescape (Metaα) 
 * SixDegrees.com 
 * So.cl 
 * Spring.me 
 * Streetlife 
 * StudiVZ 
 * Surfbook 
 * tbh 
 * Tea Party Community 
 * Third Voice 
 * tribe.net 
 * Tout 
 * Tsū 
 * tvtag 
 * Vine 
 * Windows Live Spaces 
 * Wretch 
 * Xanga 
 * Yahoo! 360° 
 * Yahoo! Kickstart 
 * Yahoo! Mash 
 * Yahoo! Meme 
 * Yo 
 * Software comparison 
 Services * White-label 
  + Ning 
  + Wall.fm 
 * Social network analysis software 
 Tools * Diaspora (software) 
 * Web 2.0 Suicide Machine 
 * Attention inequality 
 * Cybersectarianism 
 * Fediverse 
 * 1+ million users 
 * Online identity 
 Concepts * Small-world experiment 
 * Small-world network 
 * Social network 
 * Thirst trap 
 * User profile 
 * Virtual community 
 * Hospitality exchange service 
 * Mobile 
 Applications * Online dating service (comparison) 
 * Social network advertising 
 * Social network hosting service 
 * Activity stream 
 * Brand page 
 * Groups 
 * Hashtag 
 User interface * Like button 
 * Online petitions 
 * Polling 
 * Reblogging 
 * Stories 
 * Issues relating to social networking services 
 Implications * Privacy issues 
 * Use in investigations 
 * User gender difference 
 * ActivityPub 
 * Distributed Social Networking Protocol (defunct)
 * Micropub 
 Protocols * OpenSocial (defunct) 
 * OStatus 
 * Pump.io 
 * XMPP 
 
 * v 
 * t 
 * e 
 Censorship and websites
 * Chinese censorship abroad
 * Facebook 
 * File sharing sites 
 * GitHub 
 * iTunes Store 
 * The Pirate Bay 
 * TikTok 
 Censorship of * Twitter 
 * WikiLeaks 
  + in the United States 
 * Wikipedia 
  + in Russia 
  + in Turkey 
  + in Venezuela 
 * YouTube 
  + in Germany 
 * AOL 
 * Apple 
 * Cisco in China 
 * Facebook 
 * TikTok 
 * Twitter 
 Censorship by * Yahoo 
 * Google 
  + YouTube 
 * Microsoft in China 
  + Skype in China 
 * Myspace 
  + in China 
 * Belgium 
 * Mainland China 
  + list 
 * India 
 * Russia 
  + list 
 Websites blocked in * South Korea 
  + North Korean websites
 * Syria 
 * United Kingdom 
  + Web blocking 
  o list 
 * Singapore 
  + List 
 
 * v 
 * t 
 * e 
 Elon Musk 
 * Zip2 (1995–1999) 
 * X.com (later PayPal, 1999–2000) 
 * SpaceX (2002–present) 
 * Tesla, Inc. (2004–present) 
 Companies * Tesla Energy (previously SolarCity, 2006–present) 
 * OpenAI (2015–present) 
 * Neuralink (2016–present) 
 * The Boring Company (2016–present) 
 * Twitter, Inc. (operating Twitter, 2022–present) 
 * Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future
 * "The Musk Who Fell to Earth" 
 * Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors 
 Depictions * "One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty" 
 * Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century 
 * Return to Space 
 * Statue 
 * Musk family 
 * Errol Musk (father) 
 * Maye Musk (mother) 
 * Tosca Musk (sister) 
 * Kimbal Musk (brother) 
 People * Lyndon Rive (cousin) 
 * Justine Musk (first wife) 
 * Talulah Riley (second wife) 
 * Amber Heard (partner) 
 * Grimes (partner) 
 * Shivon Zilis (partner) 
 * Hyperloop 
 * Boring Test Tunnel 
 * Acquisition of Twitter 
 + tenure as CEO 
 Related + Twitter Files 
 + December 2022 suspensions 
 * Views 
 * Awards and honors 
 * TSLAQ 
 * Category
 
 Authority control
 * VIAF 
 General + 1 
 * WorldCat (via VIAF)
 * Norway 
 * Germany 
 National libraries * Israel 
 * United States 
 * Latvia 
 * Czech Republic 
 
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This article is about the social networking service. For the company which owns and operates it, see Twitter, Inc. 
"Tweeting" and "Tweeted" redirect here. For the animal behavior, see Bird vocalization.
 Twitter           Screenshot 
          Type of site   Social networking service    Available in Multilingual   Founded March 21, 2006; 16 years ago in San Francisco, California    Area served Worldwide, except blocking countries    Owner  Twitter, Inc.     Founder(s)      Jack Dorsey   Noah Glass   Biz Stone   Evan Williams       CEO  Elon Musk    URL  twitter .com      Registration Required    Users  238 million monetizable DAU (Q2 2022)   Launched July 15, 2006; 16 years ago   Current status Active    Native client(s) on      iOS   iPadOS   Android   Windows   macOS       Written in     Java   Ruby   Scala   JavaScript         [1]   [2]   [3]   [4]   [5]   [6]   [7]     
 Twitter is an online social media and social networking service owned and operated by American company Twitter, Inc., on which users send and respond publicly or privately 280-character-long messages, images and videos known as "tweets". [8]  Registered users can tweet, like, 'retweet' tweets and direct message (DM), while unregistered users only have the ability to view public tweets. Users interact with Twitter through browser or mobile frontend software, or programmatically via its APIs. 
 Twitter was created by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams in March 2006 and launched in July of that year. Twitter, Inc. is based in San Francisco, California and has more than 25 offices around the world. [9]  By 2012, more than 100 million users tweeted 340 million tweets a day, [10]  and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day. [11]   [12]   [13]  In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has been described as "the SMS of the Internet". [14]  By the start of 2019, Twitter had more than 330 million monthly active users. [15]  In practice, the vast majority of tweets are tweeted by a minority of users. [16]   [17]  In 2020, it was estimated that approximately 48 million accounts (15% of all accounts) were fake. [18] 
 On October 27, 2022, business magnate Elon Musk acquired Twitter, Inc. for US$44 billion, gaining control of the platform. [19]   [20]   [21]   [22]  On December 20, 2022, Musk announced he would step down as CEO once a replacement had been found. [23] 
History
2006–2007: Creation and initial reaction
     
Twitter's origins lie in a "daylong brainstorming session" held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then an undergraduate student at New York University, introduced the idea of an individual using an SMS service to communicate with a small group. [24]   [25]  The original project code name for the service was twttr, an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass, [26]  inspired by Flickr and the five-character length of American SMS short codes. The decision was also partly due to the fact that the domain twitter.com was already in use, and it was six months after the launch of twttr that the crew purchased the domain and changed the name of the service to Twitter. [27]  The developers initially considered "10958" as the service's short code for SMS text messaging, but later changed it to "40404" for "ease of use and memorability". [28]  Work on the project started on March 21, 2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 12:50 p.m. PST (UTC−08:00): "just setting up my twttr". [1]  Dorsey has explained the origin of the "Twitter" title: [29] 
...we came across the word "twitter", and it was just perfect. The definition was "a short burst of inconsequential information", and "chirps from birds". And that's exactly what the product was.
The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as an internal service for Odeo employees. [30]  The full version was introduced publicly on July 15, 2006. [6]  In October 2006, Biz Stone, Evan Williams, Dorsey, and other members of Odeo formed Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo, together with its assets—including Odeo.com and Twitter.com—from the investors and shareholders. [31]  Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitter's startup until 2011. [32]  Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007. [33]  Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview: [34] 
With Twitter, it wasn't clear what it was. They called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didn't replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is. Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network.
2007–2010
The tipping point for Twitter's popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive (SXSWi) conference. During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000. [35]  "The Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages," remarked  Newsweek 's Steven Levy. "Hundreds of conference-goers kept tabs on each other via constant twitters. Panelists and speakers mentioned the service, and the bloggers in attendance touted it." [36]  Reaction at the conference was highly positive. [37]  Twitter staff received the festival's Web Award prize with the remark "we'd like to thank you in 140 characters or less. And we just did!" [38] 
 The company experienced rapid initial growth. It had 400,000 tweets posted per quarter in 2007. This grew to 100 million tweets posted per quarter in 2008. In February 2010, Twitter users were sending 50 million tweets per day. [39]  In 2009, Twitter won the "Breakout of the Year" Webby Award. [40]   [41]  On November 29, 2009, Twitter was named the Word of the Year by the Global Language Monitor, declaring it "a new form of social interaction". [42]  By March 2010, the company recorded over 70,000 registered applications. [43]  As of June 2010, about 65 million tweets were posted each day, equaling about 750 tweets sent each second, according to Twitter. [44]  As of March 2011, that was about 140 million tweets posted daily. [45]  As noted on Compete.com, Twitter moved up to the third-highest-ranking social networking site in January 2009 from its previous rank of twenty-second. [46] 
     
Twitter's usage spikes during prominent events. For example, a record was set during the 2010 FIFA World Cup when fans wrote 2,940 tweets per second in the thirty-second period after Japan scored against Cameroon on June 14, 2010. The record was broken again when 3,085 tweets per second were posted after the Los Angeles Lakers' victory in the 2010 NBA Finals on June 17, 2010, [47]  and then again at the close of Japan's victory over Denmark in the World Cup when users published 3,283 tweets per second. [48]  The record was set again during the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup Final between Japan and the United States, when 7,196 tweets per second were published. [49]  When American singer Michael Jackson died on June 25, 2009, Twitter servers crashed after users were updating their status to include the words "Michael Jackson" at a rate of 100,000 tweets per hour. [50]  The current record as of August 3, 2013, was set in Japan, with 143,199 tweets per second during a television screening of the movie  Castle in the Sky   [51]  (beating the previous record of 33,388, also set by Japan for the television screening of the same movie). [52] 
 The first unassisted off-Earth Twitter message was posted from the International Space Station by NASA astronaut T. J. Creamer on January 22, 2010. [53]  By late November 2010, an average of a dozen updates per day were posted on the astronauts' communal account, @NASA_Astronauts. NASA has also hosted over 25 "tweetups", events that provide guests with VIP access to NASA facilities and speakers with the goal of leveraging participants' social networks to further the outreach goals of NASA.
 Twitter acquired application developer Atebits on April 11, 2010. Atebits had developed the Apple Design Award-winning Twitter client Tweetie for the Mac and iPhone. The application, became the official Twitter client for the iPhone, iPad and Mac. [54] 
2010–2014
From September through October 2010, the company began rolling out "New Twitter", an entirely revamped edition of twitter.com. Changes included the ability to see pictures and videos without leaving Twitter itself by clicking on individual tweets which contain links to images and clips from a variety of supported websites, including YouTube and Flickr, and a complete overhaul of the interface, which shifted links such as '@mentions' and 'Retweets' above the Twitter stream, while 'Messages' and 'Log Out' became accessible via a black bar at the very top of twitter.com. As of November 1, 2010, the company confirmed that the "New Twitter experience" had been rolled out to all users. In 2019, Twitter was announced to be the 10th most downloaded mobile app of the decade, from 2010 to 2019. [55] 
 On April 5, 2011, Twitter tested a new homepage and phased out the "Old Twitter". [56]  However, a glitch came about after the page was launched, so the previous "retro" homepage was still in use until the issues were resolved; the new homepage was reintroduced on April 20. [57]   [58]  On December 8, 2011, Twitter overhauled its website once more to feature the "Fly" design, which the service says is easier for new users to follow and promotes advertising. In addition to the Home tab, the Connect and Discover tabs were introduced along with a redesigned profile and timeline of Tweets. The site's layout has been compared to that of Facebook. [59]   [60]  On February 21, 2012, it was announced that Twitter and Yandex agreed to a partnership. Yandex, a Russian search engine, finds value within the partnership due to Twitter's real time news feeds. Twitter's director of business development explained that it is important to have Twitter content where Twitter users go. [61]  On March 21, 2012, Twitter celebrated its sixth birthday by announcing that it had 140 million users, a 40% rise from September 2011, who were sending 340 million tweets per day. [62]   [63] 
 On June 5, 2012, a modified logo was unveiled through the company blog, removing the text to showcase the slightly redesigned bird as the sole symbol of Twitter. [64]   [65]  On December 18, 2012, Twitter announced it had surpassed 200 million monthly active users. 
 On January 28, 2013, Twitter acquired Crashlytics in order to build out its mobile developer products. [66]  On April 18, 2013, Twitter launched a music app called Twitter Music for the iPhone. [67]  On August 28, 2013, Twitter acquired Trendrr, [68]  followed by the acquisition of MoPub on September 9, 2013. [69]  As of September 2013, the company's data showed that 200 million users sent over 400 million tweets daily, with nearly 60% of tweets sent from mobile devices. [70] 
 During Super Bowl XLVII on February 3, 2013, when the power went out in the Mercedes-Benz Superdome Mondelez International, vice president Lisa Mann was asked to tweet, "You can still dunk in the dark", referring to Oreo cookies. She approved, and as she told  Ad Age  in 2020, "literally the world [had] changed when I woke up the next morning." This became a milestone in the development of commenting daily on culture. [71] 
2014–2020
In April 2014, Twitter underwent a redesign that made the site resemble Facebook somewhat, with profile picture and biography in a column left to the timeline, and a full-width header image with parallax scrolling effect. [a]  That layout was used as main for the desktop front end until July 2019, undergoing changes over time such as removal of shortcut buttons to jump to the previous or next tweet in early 2017, and rounded profile pictures since June 2017. [72]   [73]   [74] 
 In April 2015, the Twitter.com desktop homepage changed. [75]  Later in the year it became apparent that growth had slowed, according to Fortune, [76]  Business Insider, [77]  Marketing Land [78]  and other news websites including Quartz (in 2016). [79] 
 Since May 2018, tweet replies deemed by an algorithm to be detractive from conversation are initially hidden, and only loaded through actuating a "Show more replies" element at the bottom. [80] 
 In 2019, Twitter released another redesign of its user interface [81]  and ended support for TLS 1.0 and 1.1 connections. [82] 
2020–2021
      The two tweets on May 26, 2020, from President Trump that Twitter had marked "potentially misleading" (inserting the blue warning icon and "Get the facts..." language) that led to the executive order   Twitter experienced considerable growth during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. [83]  The platform also was increasingly used for misinformation related to the pandemic. [84]  Twitter started marking tweets which contained misleading information, and adding links to fact-checks. [85]  In May 2020, Twitter moderators marked two tweets from U.S. President Donald Trump as "potentially misleading" and linked to a fact-check. [86]  Trump responded by signing an executive order to weaken Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, which limits social media sites' liability for content moderation decisions. [87]   [88]   [89]  Twitter later banned Trump, claiming that he violated "the glorification of violence policy". [90]  The ban was criticized by conservatives and some European leaders, who saw it as an interference on freedom of speech. [91] 
 On June 5, 2021, the Nigerian government issued an indefinite ban on Twitter usage in the country, citing "misinformation and fake news spread through it have had real world violent consequences", [92]  after the platform removed tweets made by the Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari. [93]  Nigeria's ban was criticized by Amnesty International. [94] 
 In 2021, Twitter began the research phase of Bluesky , an open source decentralized social media protocol where users can choose which algorithmic curation they want. [95]   [96]  The same year, Twitter also released Twitter Spaces, a social audio feature; [97]   [98]  "super follows", a way to subscribe to creators for exclusive content; [99]  and a beta of "ticketed Spaces", which makes access to certain audio rooms paid. [100]  Twitter unveiled a redesign in August 2021, with adjusted colors and a new Chirp font, which improves the left-alignment of most Western languages. [101] 
Since 2022
In June 2022, Twitter announced a partnership with e-commerce giant Shopify, and its plans to launch a sales channel app for U.S. Shopify merchants. [102] 
Acquisition by Elon Musk
 Business magnate Elon Musk began speaking of buying Twitter, Inc. in early 2022, stating his concerns with the company's commitment to free speech and whether Twitter's moderation policies were undermining democracy. [103]  Musk reportedly planned major changes to Twitter's treatment of spambots, a more lenient content moderation policy, revamp of its offered services, and cost cuts. In the long-run, Musk expressed an intention to turn Twitter into an "everything app" like WeChat. [104] 
 Initially, Musk sought a position on the Twitter, Inc. Board of Directors by buying shares of the company; the Board created a "poison pill" to prevent Musk from gaining sufficient shares. Subsequently, Musk made an unsolicited offer to buy Twitter, Inc. for $43 billion on April 14, 2022. This process went through a number of business and legal confrontations; Musk ultimately completed the acquisition on October 27, 2022, for $44 billion. [103]  Musk immediately fired the top three Twitter executives. [105]  About a week later, he began laying off about half of the company's approximately 7,500 employees. [106] 
 A week after the takeover, Musk revamped Twitter Blue, increasing its price to $8 per month and adding new features, including the "blue checkmark" verification that had previously been reserved for high-profile confirmed users. This plan was criticized by several outlets, fearing that the potential for misinformation would increase since anyone could pay to appear to be verified through Twitter Blue. Musk opted to delay the changes to blue checkmarks until after the 2022 United States elections over these concerns, and stated that accounts that were faking identities, outside of parody accounts, would be terminated. [107]  Following the takeover, various brands and companies paused advertising on the platform. [108] 
 Musk undid the prior ban on Donald Trump on November 19, 2022, following a poll Musk posted in favor of lifting the ban. [109]  Musk also unbanned other notable accounts that had been banned for misinformation previously, including  The Babylon Bee  and Jordan Peterson. [110]  Musk also unbanned Kanye West; a few weeks later, he re-instituted his ban after West posted a series of tweets that Musk said were incitement to violence, including one that posted a swastika within the Jewish star. [111] 
 During December 2022, Musk provided internal documentation to a number of independent journalists and writers which were then publicly disseminated through a series of posts known as the "Twitter Files". The files describe internal discussion as related to Twitter's moderation steps in events such as the breaking of the Hunter Biden laptop controversy, shadow banning of some conservative commentators' accounts, and the decision to block Trump. While some on the right saw the documents as evidence of Twitter's liberal bias and hostility to free speech, many people on the left described them as a reflection of how difficult it is for social media platforms to make tough decisions about content moderation. [112]   [113]   [114] 
 The Twitter accounts of a number of journalists were permanently suspended on December 15, 2022. These journalists, including Mashable's Matt Binder, Aaron Rupar, Ryan Mac of  The New York Times', and CNN's Donie O'Sullivan, have covered Twitter and recently wrote articles about Musk's takeover. Several of the reporters had recently tweeted about the controversy over Musk's banning of ElonJet and other accounts which track private jets. [115]   [116]  In response, Twitter Head of Trust and Safety Ella Irwin told  The Verge  that "we will suspend any accounts that violate our privacy policies and put other users at risk." [117]  Binder denied violating any of Twitter's policies, saying: "I did not share any location data, as per Twitter’s new terms. Nor did I share any links to ElonJet or other location tracking accounts." [118]  CNN journalist Oliver Darcy wrote that the bannings "called into serious question Musk’s supposed commitment to free speech." [116]  A group of the suspended users created a Space where they discussed the actions (a function they were still able to use); after Musk joined the space and continued to criticize the ElonJet account, Spaces was abruptly disabled site-wide, with employees citing a "legacy bug". [119] 
   The Washington Post  said in a statement that suspending reporter Drew Harwell "undermines Elon Musk's claim that he intends to run Twitter as a platform dedicated to free speech". [120]  European Union (EU) commissioner Vera Jourova stated that the EU Digital Services Act insists on media freedom. Jourova stated: "Elon Musk should be aware of that. There are red lines. And sanctions, soon." [121]  On December 17, 2022, in a u-turn, several banned journalists' accounts were reinstated. [122]  Twitter also appeared to block links to Mastodon as malware or potentially harmful. [123] 
 On December 18, 2022, Twitter announced that it was banning users linking to what were referred to as "prohibited platforms" including Facebook, Mastodon, Instagram and Truth Social, as well as third party link aggregators such as Linktree. [124]  Six hours after his announcement, Musk tweeted: "Going forward, there will be a vote for major policy changes. My apologies. Won't happen again." It is unclear if the earlier policy will be reversed. He also tweeted a poll asking users if he should remain as head of Twitter promising to abide by its results, [125]   [126]  in which 57.5% of the 17.5m votes were in favour of him stepping down. [127]  On December 20, 2022, Musk announced he would step down as CEO once a replacement had been found, and that he would then run the software and servers teams. [23] 
 Since the acquisition, Twitter's stability has been called into question, with reports that Musk had "disconnected one of the more sensitive server racks" in a datacenter used by Twitter, just before a large-scale outage of the platform occurred in December 2022. [128]  In 2023, many alternative third-party Twitter clients including Tweetbot, stopped working without warning and without any apparent explanation from the company, with developers of such applications being unable to contact anyone to source an explanation for their errors, which often include a reference to authentication being unavailable or being unauthorised. [129]  Later, Twitter announced it was "enforcing long-standing API rules" and retroactively changed its Developer Terms of Service afterwards to justify its unannounced banning of third-party Twitter clients. [130] 
 In February, Twitter announced that it would be removing the free tier of its API within a week and replacing it with a "basic paid tier", effectively shutting down the many volunteer bots and applications that use the platform, such as StreamerBans and Video Downloader bots. [131]  Two days after this announcement, The Information reported plans by Twitter that any business account wanting to keep their gold checkmark as verification of their business will have to pay a minimum of $1000 per month, plus $50 for every affiliate account they include as part of their "business", such as accounts for sub-divisions of the company or even notable employees. [132] 
Whistleblower complaint
On August 23, 2022, the contents of a whistleblower complaint by former information security head Peiter Zatko to the United States Congress were published. Zatko had been fired by Twitter in January 2022. The complaint alleges that Twitter failed to disclose several data breaches, had negligent security measures, violated United States securities regulations, and broke the terms of a previous settlement with the Federal Trade Commission over the safeguarding of user data. The report also claims that the Indian government forced Twitter to hire one of its agents to gain direct access to user data. [133] 
Appearance and features
Tweets
      The Twitter account page for Wikipedia, demonstrating the account-customized timeline view which shows tweets in reverse chronological order  
Tweets are publicly visible by default, but senders can restrict message delivery to only their followers. Users can mute users they do not wish to interact with, block accounts from viewing their tweets, and remove accounts from their followers list. [134]   [135]   [136]  Users can tweet via the Twitter website, compatible external applications (such as for smartphones), or by Short Message Service (SMS) available in certain countries. [137]  Users may subscribe to other users' tweets—this is known as "following" and subscribers are known as "followers" [138]  or "tweeps", a portmanteau of Twitter and peeps. [139]  Individual tweets can be forwarded by other users to their own feed, a process known as a "retweet". In 2015, Twitter launched "quote tweet" (originally called "retweet with comment"), [140]  a feature that allows users to add a comment to their retweet, nesting one tweet in the other. [141]  Users can also "like" (formerly "favorite") individual tweets. [142] 
 The counters for "likes", "retweets", and replies appear next to the respective buttons in timelines such as on profile pages and search results. Counters for likes and retweets exist on a tweet's standalone page too. Since September 2020, quote tweets, formerly known as "retweet with comment", have their own counter on their tweet page. [140]  Until the legacy desktop front end that was discontinued in 2020, a row with miniature profile pictures of up to ten liking or retweeting users was displayed (earliest documented implementation in December 2011 overhaul), as well as a tweet reply counter next to the according button on a tweet's page. [143]   [144] 
 Twitter allows users to update their profile via their mobile phone either by text messaging or by apps released for certain smartphones and tablets. [145]  Twitter has been compared to a web-based Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client. [146]  In a 2009  Time  magazine essay, technology author Steven Johnson described the basic mechanics of Twitter as "remarkably simple":
 As a social network, Twitter revolves around the principle of followers. When you choose to follow another Twitter user, that user's tweets appear in reverse chronological order on your main Twitter page. If you follow 20 people, you'll see a mix of tweets scrolling down the page: breakfast-cereal updates, interesting new links, music recommendations, even musings on the future of education. [147]   
Twitter announced in a tweet on September 1, 2022, that the ability to edit a tweet was being tested for a few users. The company said the feature was being tested first to determine whether it could be abused. Editing would be allowed for 30 minutes, and previous versions of an edited post would be available. Eventually, all Twitter Blue subscribers would be able to use the feature. [148] 
Hashtags, usernames, retweets and replies
"Twitter hashtag" redirects here. For more about hashtags, see Hashtag.
Users can group posts together by topic or type by use of hashtags – words or phrases prefixed with a "#" sign. Similarly, the "@" sign followed by a username is used for mentioning or replying to other users. [149] 
 In 2014, in anticipation for the FIFA World Cup, Twitter introduced hashflags, special hashtags that automatically generate a custom emoji next to them for a certain period of time, following the success of a similar campaign during the 2010 World Cup. [150]  Hashflags may be generated by Twitter themselves (such as to raise awareness for social issues) [151]  or be purchased by corporations (such as to promote products and events). [152] 
 To repost a message from another Twitter user and share it with one's own followers, a user can click the retweet button within the Tweet. Users can reply to other accounts' replies. Since November 2019, users can hide replies to their messages. Since May 2020, users can select who can reply to each of their tweets before sending them: anyone, accounts who follow the poster, specific accounts, and none. This ability was upgraded in July 2021 to make the feature retroactively applicable to tweets after they have been sent out. [153]   [154] 
Using SMS
Through SMS, users can communicate with Twitter through five gateway numbers: short codes for the United States, Canada, India, New Zealand, and an Isle of Man-based number for international use. There is also a short code in the United Kingdom which is only accessible to those on the Vodafone, O2  [155]  and Orange  [156]  networks. In India, since Twitter only supports tweets from Bharti Airtel, [157]  an alternative platform called smsTweet [158]  was set up by a user to work on all networks. [159]  A similar platform called GladlyCast exists for mobile phone users in Singapore and Malaysia. [160] 
 The tweets were set to a largely constrictive 140-character limit for compatibility with SMS messaging, introducing the shorthand notation and slang commonly used in SMS messages. The 140-character limit also increased the usage of URL shortening services such as bit.ly, goo.gl, tinyurl.com, tr.im, and other content-hosting services such as TwitPic, memozu.com and NotePub to accommodate multimedia content and text longer than 140 characters. Since June 2011, Twitter has used its own t.co domain for automatic shortening of all URLs posted on its site, making other link shorteners unnecessary for staying within Twitter's 140 character limit. [161]   [162] 
 In April 2020, Twitter discontinued the ability to receive SMS messages containing the text of new tweets in most countries. [163]   [164] 
Character limits
In 2016, Twitter announced that media such as photos, videos, and the person's handle, would not count against the already constrictive 140 character limit. A user photo post used to count for a large chunk of a Tweet, about 24 characters. [165]  Attachments and links would also no longer be part of the character limit. [166] 
 Since March 30, 2017, the Twitter handles are outside the tweet itself, therefore they no longer count towards the character limit. [167]  Only new Twitter handles added to the conversation count towards the limit.
 In 2017, Twitter doubled its historical 140-character-limitation to 280. [168]  Under the new limit, glyphs are counted as a variable number of characters, depending upon the script they are from: most European letters and punctuation forms count as one character, while each CJK glyph counts as two so that only 140 such glyphs can be used in a tweet. [168] 
URL shortener
t.co is a URL shortening service created by Twitter. [161]  It is only available for links posted to Twitter and not available for general use. [161]  All links posted to Twitter use a t.co wrapper. [169]  Twitter hopes that the service will be able to protect users from malicious sites, [161]  and will use it to track clicks on links within tweets. [161]   [170] 
 Having used the services of third parties TinyURL and bit.ly, [171]  Twitter began experimenting with its own URL shortening service for private messages in March 2010 using the twt.tl domain, [169]  before it purchased the t.co domain. [169]  On June 7, 2011, Twitter announced that it was rolling out the feature. [162] 
Image sharing
On June 1, 2011, Twitter announced its own integrated photo-sharing service that enables users to upload a photo and attach it to a Tweet right from Twitter.com. [172]  Users now also have the ability to add pictures to Twitter's search by adding hashtags to the tweet. [173]  Twitter also plans to provide photo galleries designed to gather and syndicate all photos that a user has uploaded on Twitter and third-party services such as TwitPic. [173] 
 On March 29, 2016, Twitter introduced the ability to add a caption of up to 480 characters to each image attached to a tweet, [174]   [175]  accessible via screen reading software or by hovering the mouse above a picture inside TweetDeck. In April 2022, Twitter made the ability to add and view captions globally available. Descriptions can be added to any uploaded image with a limit of 1000 characters. Images that have a description will feature a badge that says ALT in the bottom left corner, which will bring up the description when clicked. [176] 
Polls
In 2015, Twitter began to roll out the ability to attach poll questions to tweets. Polls are open for up to 7 days, and voters are not personally identified. [177]  Initially, polls could have only two options with a maximum of twenty characters per option. Later,[ when? ] the ability to add four options with up to 25 characters per option, was added.
Non-tweet content
Streaming video
In 2016, Twitter began to place a larger focus on live streaming video programming, hosting various events including streams of the Republican and Democratic conventions during the U.S. presidential campaign as part of a partnership with CBS News, [178]  Dreamhack and ESL esports events, [179]  and winning a bid for non-exclusive streaming rights to ten NFL  Thursday Night Football  games in the 2016 season. [179]   [180] 
 During an event in New York in May 2017, Twitter announced that it planned to construct a 24-hour streaming video channel hosted within the service, featuring content from various partners. [179]   [181]  CEO Jack Dorsey stated that the digital video strategy was part of a goal for Twitter to be "the first place that anyone hears of anything going on that matters to them"; as of the first quarter of 2017, Twitter had over 200 content partners, who streamed over 800 hours of video over 450 events. [182] 
 Twitter announced a number of new and expanded partnerships for its streaming video services at the event, including Bloomberg, BuzzFeed, Cheddar (Opening Bell and Closing Bell shows; the latter was introduced in October 2016) IMG Fashion (coverage of fashion events), Live Nation Entertainment (streaming concert events), Major League Baseball (weekly online game stream, plus a weekly program with live look-ins and coverage of trending stories), MTV and BET (red carpet coverage for their MTV Video Music Awards, MTV Movie &amp; TV Awards, and BET Awards), NFL Network (the Monday-Thursday news program NFL Blitz Live, and Sunday Fantasy Gameday), [183]   [184]  the PGA Tour (PGA Tour Live coverage of early tournament rounds preceding television coverage), [185]   The Players' Tribune , Ben Silverman and Howard T. Owens' Propagate (daily entertainment show #WhatsHappening),  The Verge  (weekly technology show Circuit Breaker: The Verge's Gadget Show), Stadium (a new digital sports network being formed by Silver Chalice and Sinclair Broadcast Group) [186]   [187]   [188]  and the WNBA (weekly game). [182] 
Spaces
Twitter Spaces is a social audio feature that enables users to host or participate in a live-audio virtual environment called space for conversation. Spaces can accommodate an unlimited number of listeners. A maximum of 13 people (1 host, 2 co-hosts and 10 speakers) are allowed onstage. The feature was initially limited to users with at least 600 followers. Since October 21, 2021, any Twitter user can create a Space from the Android or iOS app. [189] 
 Spaces was temporarily disabled on December 16, 2022, after it was discovered that suspended users could still participate in them. [119] 
Fleets
In March 2020, Twitter began to test a stories feature known as "fleets" in some markets, [190]   [191]  which officially launched on November 17, 2020. [192]   [193]  Similarly to equivalent features, fleets can contain text and media, are only accessible for 24 hours after they are posted, and are accessed within the Twitter app via an area above the timeline. [190] 
 In June 2021, Twitter announced it would start implementing advertising into fleets, integrating full-screen ads among user-created content. [194]  On July 14, 2021, Twitter stated that it would remove Fleets by August 3. Twitter had intended for fleets to encourage more users to tweet regularly, rather than simply consume other folks' tweets, but instead fleets were generally used by users who already tweeted a lot. The company stated that their spot at the top of the screen would now be occupied by currently active Spaces from the user's feed. [195] 
Curation
Trending topics
      Countries and cities with local trending topics in Twitter  
A word, phrase, or topic that is mentioned at a greater rate than others is said to be a "trending topic". Trending topics become popular either through a concerted effort by users or because of an event that prompts people to talk about a specific topic. [196]  These topics help Twitter and their users to understand what is happening in the world and what people's opinions are about it. [197]  The Twitter web interface displays a list of trending topics on a sidebar on the home page, along with sponsored content.
 Trending topics are sometimes the result of concerted efforts and manipulations by fans of certain celebrities or cultural phenomena, particularly musicians like Lady Gaga, Justin Bieber, Rihanna and One Direction, and novel series  Twilight  and  Harry Potter . Twitter has altered the trend algorithm in the past to prevent manipulation of this type with limited success. [198]  Twitter also censors trending hashtags that are claimed to be abusive or offensive. Twitter censored the #Thatsafrican [199]  and #thingsdarkiessay hashtags after users complained that they found the hashtags offensive. [200] 
Lists
In late 2009, the "Twitter Lists" feature was added, making it possible for users to follow ad hoc lists of users instead of individual users. [138]   [201] 
Moments
In October 2015, Twitter introduced "Moments"—a feature that allows users to curate tweets from other users into a larger collection. Twitter initially intended the feature to be used by its in-house editorial team and other partners; they populated a dedicated tab in Twitter's apps, chronicling news headlines, sporting events, and other content. [202]   [203]  In September 2016, creation of moments became available to all Twitter users. [204] 
Algorithm
An October 21, 2021, report based on a "long-running, massive-scale randomized experiment" that analyzed "millions of tweets sent between 1 April and 15 August 2020", found that Twitter's machine learning algorithm amplified right-leaning politics on personalized user Home timelines. [205]  : 1   [206]  The report compared seven countries with active Twitter users where data was available—Germany, Canada, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, and Spain—and examined Tweets "from major political groups and politicians". [205]  : 4  Researchers used the 2019 Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHESDATA) to position parties on political ideology within each country. [205]  : 4  The "machine learning algorithms"—introduced by Twitter in 2016—personalized 99% of users' feeds by displaying Tweets—even older Tweets and Retweets from accounts the user had not directly followed—but that the algorithm had "deemed relevant" to the users' past preferences. [205]  : 4  Twitter randomly chose 1% of users whose Home timelines displayed content in reverse-chronological order from users they directly followed. [205]  : 2 
Mobile
     
Twitter has mobile apps for iPhone, iPad, and Android. [208]  In April 2017, Twitter introduced Twitter Lite, a progressive web app designed for regions with unreliable and slow Internet connections, with a size of less than one megabyte, designed for devices with limited storage capacity. [209]   [210] 
Adding and following content
There are numerous tools for adding content, monitoring content and conversations including Twitter's own TweetDeck, Salesforce.com, HootSuite, and Twitterfeed.com. As of 2009, fewer than half of tweets posted were posted using the web user interface with most users using third-party applications (based on an analysis of 500 million tweets by Sysomos). [211] 
Twitter Blue
On June 3, 2021, Twitter announced a paid subscription service known as Twitter Blue, which provides additional premium features to the service, [212]   [213]  which currently include:
 Undo Tweet, which delays the posting of a tweet by up to one minute to allow the submitter to withdraw it before it is posted. [212]   [214]  
Bookmarks, which allows users to save individual tweets into folders. [212]  
Reader mode, which converts threads of tweets into an article-like view. [212]  
A selection of color themes and app icons for the Twitter mobile app. [212]  
Dedicated customer support. [212]  
 NFT profile pictures, added on January 20, 2022. They are displayed in a hexagon-shaped frame, rather than circular like other profile pictures. [215]  
A planned edit feature for tweets was in development as of April 2022. [216]  
Customization of the navigation bar. [217]   
Verification of paid accounts
In November 2022, Musk announced plans to add account verification and the ability to upload longer audio and video to Twitter Blue. A previous perk offering advertising-free news articles from participating publishers was dropped, but Musk stated that Twitter did want to work with publishers on a similar "paywall bypass" perk. [218]   [219]   [220]  Musk had pushed for a more expensive version of Twitter Blue following his takeover, arguing that it would be needed to offset a decline in advertising revenue. [221] 
 The verification marker was included in a premium tier of Twitter Blue introduced on November 9, 2022, priced at US$7.99. [222]  On November 11, 2022, after the introduction of this feature led to prominent issues involving accounts using the feature to impersonate public figures and companies, Twitter Blue with verification was temporarily suspended. [223]   [224]  After about a month, Twitter Blue was relaunched on December 12, 2022, though for those purchasing the service through the iOS app store, the cost will be $10.99 a month as to offset the 30% revenue split that Apple takes. [225] 
User monetization
In June 2021, the company opened applications for its premium subscription options called Super Follows. This lets eligible accounts charge $2.99, $4.99 or $9.99 per month to subscribe to the account. [226]  The launch only generated about $6,000 in its first two weeks. [227] 
 In May 2021, Twitter began testing a Tip Jar feature on its iOS and Android clients. The feature allows users to send monetary tips to certain accounts, providing a financial incentive for content creators on the platform. The Tip Jar is optional and users can choose whether or not to enable tips for their account. [228]  On September 23, 2021, Twitter announced that it will allow users to tip users on the social network with bitcoin. The feature will be available for iOS users. Previously, users could tip with fiat currency using services such as Square's Cash App and PayPal's Venmo. Twitter will integrate the Strike bitcoin lightning wallet service. It was noted that at this current time, Twitter will not take a cut of any money sent through the tips feature. [229] 
 On August 27, 2021, Twitter rolled out Ticketed Spaces, which let Twitter Spaces hosts charge between $1 and $999 for access to their rooms. [230]  In April 2022, Twitter announced that it will partner with Stripe, Inc. for piloting cryptocurrency payouts for limited users in the platform. Eligible users of Ticketed Spaces and Super Follows will be able to receive their earnings in the form of USD coin, a stablecoin whose value is that of the U.S. dollar. Users can also hold their earnings in crypto wallets, and then exchange them into other cryptocurrencies. [231] 
E-commerce
From 2014 to 2017, Twitter offered a "Buy button" feature, allowing tweets to embed products that could be purchased from within the service. Users could also add their billing and shipping information directly to their accounts. The buy button's platform partners at launch included Stripe, Gumroad, Musictoday, and The Fancy, [232] 
 In July 2021, Twitter began testing a "Shop module" for iOS users in the United States, allowing accounts associated with brands to display a carousel of cards on their profiles showcasing products. Unlike the Buy button, where order fulfillment was handed from within Twitter, these cards are external links to online storefronts from which the products may be purchased. [233]  In March 2022, Twitter expanded the test to allow companies to showcase up to 50 products on their profiles. [234] 
 In November 2021, Twitter introduced support for "shoppable" live streams, in which brands can hold streaming events that similarly display banners and pages highlighting products that are featured in the presentation. [235] 
Usage
Daily user estimates vary as the company does not publish statistics on active accounts. A February 2009 Compete.com blog entry ranked Twitter as the third most used social network based on their count of 6 million unique monthly visitors and 55 million monthly visits. [46]  An April 2017 a statista.com blog entry ranked Twitter as the tenth most used social network based on their count of 319 million monthly visitors. [236]  Its global user base in 2017 was 328 million. [237] 
Demographics
        This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2019)     
  Twitter.com Top5 Global Markets by Reach (%) [238]   [239]   
 Country 
 
 Fraction 
Indonesia
 Jun. 2010 
 20.8% 
 
 Dec. 2010 
 19.0% 
Brazil
 Jun. 2010 
 20.5% 
 
 Dec. 2010 
 21.8% 
Venezuela
 Jun. 2010 
 19.0% 
 
 Dec. 2010 
 21.1% 
Netherlands
 Jun. 2010 
 17.7% 
 
 Dec. 2010 
 22.3% 
Japan
 Jun. 2010 
 16.8% 
 
 Dec. 2010 
 20.0% 
  Note: Visitor age &gt;15, home and work locations. Excludes visitation from public computers such as Internet cafes or access from mobile phones or PDAs.  
 
In 2009, Twitter was mainly used by older adults who might not have used other social sites before Twitter, said Jeremiah Owyang, an industry analyst studying social media. "Adults are just catching up to what teens have been doing for years", he said. [240]  According to comScore only 11% of Twitter's users are aged 12 to 17. [240]  comScore attributed this to Twitter's "early adopter period" when the social network first gained popularity in business settings and news outlets attracting primarily older users. However, comScore also stated in 2009 that Twitter had begun to "filter more into the mainstream", and "along with it came a culture of celebrity as Shaq, Britney Spears and Ashton Kutcher joined the ranks of the Twitterati". [241] 
 According to a study by Sysomos in June 2009, women make up a slightly larger Twitter demographic than men—53% over 47%. It also stated that 5% of users accounted for 75% of all activity and that New York City has more Twitter users than other cities. [242] 
 According to Quancast, 27 million people in the US used Twitter as of September 3, 2009; 63% of Twitter users are under 35 years old; 60% of Twitter users are Caucasian, but a higher than average (compared to other Internet properties) are African American/black (16%) and Hispanic (11%); 58% of Twitter users have a total household income of at least US$60,000. [243]  The prevalence of African American Twitter usage and in many popular hashtags has been the subject of research studies. [244]   [245] 
 On September 7, 2011, Twitter announced that it had 100 million active users logging in at least once a month and 50 million active users every day. [246]  On March 31, 2014, Twitter announced that there were 255 million monthly active users (MAUs) and 198 million mobile MAUs. [247]  In 2013, there were over 100 million users actively using Twitter daily and about 500 million tweets every day, [248]  with about 29% of users checking Twitter multiple times a day. [249] 
As of Q1 2019, Twitter had more than 330 million monthly active users. The majority of Twitter users skew to the American political left. [250]   [251]   [15] 
 In 2012, the country with the most active users on Twitter was the United States. [252]  A 2016 Pew research poll found that Twitter is used by 24% of all online US adults. It was equally popular with men and women (24% and 25% of online Americans respectively), but more popular with younger (36% of 18–29 year olds) generations. [253] 
 A 2019 survey conducted by the Pew Foundation found that Twitter users are more likely than the general public to have both a college degree and higher income than the average U.S. adult. Users are also three times as likely to be younger than 50 years old, with the median age of adult U.S. users being 40 years old. The survey found that 10% of users who are most active on Twitter are responsible for 80% of all tweets, focusing mainly on the topics of politics and women. [254] 
Content
      Content of tweets according to Pear Analytics in August 2009    News (3.6%)   Spam (3.8%)   Self-promotion (5.9%)   Pointless babble (40.1%)   Conversational (37.6%)   Pass-along value (8.7%)  
 San Antonio-based market-research firm Pear Analytics analyzed 2,000 tweets (originating from the United States and in English) over a two-week period in August 2009 from 11:00 am to 5:00 pm (CST) and separated them into six categories. [255]  Pointless babble made up 40%, with 38% being conversational. Pass-along value had 9%, self-promotion 6% with spam and news each making 4%.
 Despite Jack Dorsey's own open contention that a message on Twitter is "a short burst of inconsequential information", social networking researcher danah boyd responded to the Pear Analytics survey by arguing that what the Pear researchers labeled "pointless babble" is better characterized as "social grooming" or "peripheral awareness" (which she justifies as persons "want[ing] to know what the people around them are thinking and doing and feeling, even when co-presence isn't viable"). [256]  Similarly, a survey of Twitter users found that a more specific social role of passing along messages that include a hyperlink is an expectation of reciprocal linking by followers. [257] 
Levels of use
According to research published in April 2014, around 44% of user accounts have never tweeted. [258]  About 22% of Americans say they have ever used Twitter, according to a 2019 Pew Research Center survey. [259]  In 2009, Nielsen Online reported that Twitter had a user-retention rate of forty percent. Many people stop using the service after a month; therefore the site may potentially reach only about ten percent of all Internet users. [260]  Noting how demographics of Twitter users differ from the average Americans, commentators have cautioned against media narratives that treat Twitter as representative of the population, [261]  adding that only 10% of users Tweet actively, and that 90% of Twitter users have Tweeted no more than twice. In 2016, shareholders sued Twitter, alleging it "artificially inflated its stock price by misleading them about user engagement." The company announced on September 20, 2021, that it would pay $809.5 million to settle this class-action lawsuit. [262] 
Branding
      The Twitter logo from September 14, 2010, to June 5, 2012, featuring the silhouette version of "Larry the Bird"  
Twitter has become internationally identifiable by its signature bird logo, or the Twitter Bird. The original logo, which was simply the word Twitter, was in use from its launch in March 2006. It was accompanied by an image of a bird which was later discovered to be a piece of clip art created by the British graphic designer Simon Oxley. [263]  A new logo had to be redesigned by founder Biz Stone with help from designer Philip Pascuzzo, which resulted in a more cartoon-like bird in 2009. This version had been named "Larry the Bird" after Larry Bird of the NBA's Boston Celtics fame. [263]   [264] 
 Within a year, the Larry the Bird logo underwent a redesign by Stone and Pascuzzo to eliminate the cartoon features, leaving a solid silhouette of Larry the Bird that was used from 2010 through 2012. [263]  In 2012, Douglas Bowman created a further simplified version of Larry the Bird, keeping the solid silhouette but making it more similar to a mountain bluebird. [265]  This new logo was called simply the "Twitter Bird" and has been used as the company's branding since. [263]   [266] 
Finances
Revenue sources
      Twitter's San Francisco headquarters located at 1355 Market Street   On April 13, 2010, Twitter announced plans to offer paid advertising for companies that would be able to purchase "promoted tweets" to appear in selective search results on the Twitter website, similar to Google Adwords' advertising model. [267]   [268]  Users' photos can generate royalty-free revenue for Twitter, and an agreement with World Entertainment News Network (WENN) was announced in May 2011. [269]  Twitter generated an estimated US$139.5 million in advertising sales during 2011. [270] 
 In June 2011, Twitter announced that it would offer small businesses a self-service advertising system. [271]  The self-service advertising platform was launched in March 2012 to American Express card members and merchants in the U.S. on an invite-only basis. [272]  To continue their advertising campaign, Twitter announced on March 20, 2012, that promoted tweets would be introduced to mobile devices. [273]  In April 2013, Twitter announced that its Twitter Ads self-service platform, consisting of promoted tweets and promoted accounts, was available to all U.S. users without an invite. [272] 
 On August 3, 2016, Twitter launched Instant Unlock Card, a new feature that encourages people to tweet about a brand in order to earn rewards and utilize the social media network's conversational ads. The format itself consists of images or videos with call-to-action buttons and a customizable hashtag. [274] 
Advertising bans
In October 2017, Twitter banned the Russian media outlets RT and Sputnik from advertising on their website following the conclusions of the U.S. national intelligence report the previous January that both Sputnik and RT had been used as vehicles for Russia's interference in the 2016 US presidential election. [275]  Maria Zakharova for the Russian foreign ministry said the ban was a "gross violation" by the US of free speech. [276] 
 In October 2019, Twitter announced it would stop running political ads on its ad platform effective November 22. This resulted from several spurious claims made by political ads. Company CEO Dorsey clarified that internet advertising had great power and was extremely effective for commercial advertisers, the power brings significant risks to politics where crucial decisions impact millions of lives. [277] 
 In April 2022, Twitter announced a ban on "misleading" advertisements that go against "the scientific consensus on climate change". While the company did not give full guidelines, it stated that the decisions would be made with the help of "authoritative sources", including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [278] 
Technology
Implementation
Twitter relies on open-source software. [279]  The Twitter Web interface uses the Ruby on Rails framework, [280]  deployed on a performance enhanced Ruby Enterprise Edition implementation of Ruby. [281]  [ needs update ]
 In the early days of Twitter, tweets were stored in MySQL databases that were temporally sharded (large databases were split based on time of posting). After the huge volume of tweets coming in caused problems reading from and writing to these databases, the company decided that the system needed re-engineering. [51] 
 From Spring 2007 to 2008, the messages were handled by a Ruby persistent queue server called Starling. [282]  Since 2009, implementation has been gradually replaced with software written in Scala. [283]  The switch from Ruby to Scala and the JVM has given Twitter a performance boost from 200 to 300 requests per second per host to around 10,000–20,000 requests per second per host. This boost was greater than the 10x improvement that Twitter's engineers envisioned when starting the switch. The continued development of Twitter has also involved a switch from monolithic development of a single app to an architecture where different services are built independently and joined through remote procedure calls. [51] 
 As of April 6, 2011, Twitter engineers confirmed that they had switched away from their Ruby on Rails search stack to a Java server they call Blender. [4] 
 Individual tweets are registered under unique IDs called snowflakes, and geolocation data is added using 'Rockdove'. The URL shortener  t.co  then checks for a spam link and shortens the URL. Next, the tweets are stored in a MySQL database using Gizzard, and the user receives an acknowledgement that the tweets were sent. Tweets are then sent to search engines via the Firehose API. The process is managed by FlockDB and takes an average of 350 ms. [279] 
 On August 16, 2013, Raffi Krikorian, Twitter's vice president of platform engineering, shared in a blog post that the company's infrastructure handled almost 143,000 tweets per second during that week, setting a new record. Krikorian explained that Twitter achieved this record by blending its homegrown and open source technologies. [51]   [284] 
API and developer platform
Twitter is recognized for having one of the most open and powerful developer APIs of any major technology company. [285]  The service's API allows other web services and applications to integrate with Twitter. [286]  Developer interest in Twitter began immediately following its launch, prompting the company to release the first version of its public API in September 2006. [287]  The API quickly became iconic as a reference implementation for public REST APIs and is widely cited in programming tutorials. [288] 
 From 2006 until 2010, Twitter's developer platform experienced strong growth and a highly favorable reputation. Developers built upon the public API to create the first Twitter mobile phone clients as well as the first URL shortener. Between 2010 and 2012, however, Twitter made a number of decisions that were received unfavorably by the developer community. [289]  In 2010, Twitter mandated that all developers adopt OAuth authentication with just 9 weeks of notice. [290]  Later that year, Twitter launched its own URL shortener, in direct competition with some of its most well-known third-party developers. [291]  And in 2012, Twitter introduced stricter usage limits for its API, "completely crippling" some developers. [292]   [293]  While these moves successfully increased the stability and security of the service, they were broadly perceived as hostile to developers, causing them to lose trust in the platform. [294] 
 In July 2020, Twitter released version 2.0 of the public API [295]  and began showcasing Twitter apps made by third-party developers on its Twitter Toolbox section in April 2022. [296] 
Innovators patent agreement
On April 17, 2012, Twitter announced it would implement an "Innovators Patent Agreement" which would obligate Twitter to only use its patents for defensive purposes[ clarify ]. [297] 
Open source
Twitter has a history of both using and releasing open-source software while overcoming technical challenges of their service. [298]  A page in their developer documentation thanks dozens of open-source projects which they have used, from revision control software like Git to programming languages such as Ruby and Scala. [299]  Software released as open source by the company includes the Gizzard Scala framework for creating distributed datastores, the distributed graph database FlockDB, the Finagle library for building asynchronous RPC servers and clients, the TwUI user interface framework for iOS, and the Bower client-side package manager. [300]  The popular Bootstrap frontend framework was also started at Twitter and is 10th most popular repository on GitHub. [301] 
Interface
Twitter introduced the first major redesign of its user interface in September 2010, adopting a dual-pane layout with a navigation bar along the top of the screen, and an increased focus on the inline embedding of multimedia content. Critics considered the redesign an attempt to emulate features and experiences found in mobile apps and third-party Twitter clients. [302]   [303]   [304]   [305] 
 The new layout was revised in 2011 with a focus on continuity with the web and mobile versions, introducing "Connect" (interactions with other users such as replies) and "Discover" (further information regarding trending topics and news headlines) tabs, an updated profile design, and moving all content to the right pane (leaving the left pane dedicated to functions and the trending topics list). [306]  In March 2012, Twitter became available in Arabic, Farsi, Hebrew and Urdu, the first right-to-left language versions of the site. [307]  As of August 2012, the site available in 33 different languages. [308] 
 In September 2012, a new layout for profiles was introduced, with larger "covers" that could be customized with a custom header image, and a display of the user's recent photos posted. [309]  The "Discover" tab was discontinued in April 2015, [310]  and was succeeded on the mobile app by an "Explore" tab—which features trending topics and moments. [311] 
 In September 2018, Twitter began to migrate selected web users to its progressive web app (based on its Twitter Lite experience for mobile web), reducing the interface to two columns. Migrations to this iteration of Twitter increased in April 2019, with some users receiving it with a modified layout. [312]   [313] 
 In July 2019, Twitter officially released this redesign, with no further option to opt-out while logged in. It is designed to further-unify Twitter's user experience between the web and mobile application versions, adopting a three-column layout with a sidebar containing links to common areas (including "Explore" that has been merged with the search page) which previously appeared in a horizontal top bar, profile elements such as picture and header images and biography texts merged into the same column as the timeline, and features from the mobile version (such as multi-account support, and an opt-out for the "top tweets" mode on the timeline). [314]   [315] 
Security
In response to early Twitter security breaches, the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) brought charges against the service; the charges were settled on June 24, 2010. This was the first time the FTC had taken action against a social network for security lapses. The settlement requires Twitter to take a number of steps to secure users' private information, including maintenance of a "comprehensive information security program" to be independently audited biannually. [316] 
 After a number of high-profile hacks of official accounts, including those of the Associated Press and  The Guardian , [317]  in April 2013, Twitter announced a two-factor login verification as an added measure against hacking. [318] 
 On July 15, 2020, a major hack of Twitter affected 130 high-profile accounts, both verified and unverified ones such as Barack Obama, Bill Gates, and Elon Musk; the hack allowed bitcoin scammers to send tweets via the compromised accounts that asked the followers to send bitcoin to a given public address, with the promise to double their money. [319]  Within a few hours, Twitter disabled tweeting and reset passwords from all verified accounts. [319]  Analysis of the event revealed that the scammers had used social engineering to obtain credentials from Twitter employees to access an administration tool used by Twitter to view and change these accounts' personal details as to gain access as part of a "smash and grab" attempt to make money quickly, with an estimated US$120,000 in bitcoin deposited in various accounts before Twitter intervened. [320]  Several law enforcement entities including the FBI launched investigations into the attack. [321] 
 On August 5, 2022, Twitter disclosed that a bug introduced in a June 2021 update to the service allowed threat actors to link email addresses and phone numbers to twitter user's accounts. [322]   [323]  The bug was reported through Twitter's bug bounty program in January 2022 and subsequently fixed. While Twitter originally believed no one had taken advantage of the vulnerability, it was later revealed that a user on the online hacking forum Breached Forums had used the vulnerability to compile a list of over 5.4 million user profiles, which they offered to sell for $30,000. [324]   [325]  The information compiled by the hacker includes user's screen names, location and email addresses which could be utilised in phishing attacks or used to deanonymize accounts running under pseudonyms.
Outages
     
During an outage, Twitter users were at one time shown the "fail whale" error message image created by Yiying Lu, [326]  illustrating eight orange birds using a net to hoist a whale from the ocean captioned "Too many tweets! Please wait a moment and try again." [327]  Web designer and Twitter user Jen Simmons was the first to coin the term "fail whale" in a September 2007 tweet. [328]   [329]  In a November 2013 Wired interview Chris Fry, VP of Engineering at that time, noted that the company had taken the "fail whale" out of production as the platform was now more stable. [330] 
 Twitter had approximately ninety-eight percent uptime in 2007 (or about six full days of downtime). [331]  The downtime was particularly noticeable during events popular with the technology industry such as the 2008 Macworld Conference &amp; Expo keynote address. [332]   [333] 
 On January 12, 2023, several third-party Twitter apps (Tweetbot, Echofon, and Twitterrific) stopped working in various ways, leaving developers – and their many users – in the dark about the status of third-party app support. [334]   [335] 
User accounts
Verified accounts
      The official Twitter profile of Twitter, Inc. The blue checkmark to the right of the profile name indicates that it is a verified account.  
In June 2009, after being criticized by Kanye West and sued by Tony La Russa over unauthorized accounts run by impersonators, the company launched their "Verified Accounts" program. [336]   [337]  Twitter stated that an account with a "blue tick" verification badge indicates "we've been in contact with the person or entity the account is representing and verified that it is approved". [338]  In July 2016, Twitter announced a public application process to grant verified status to an account "if it is determined to be of public interest" and that verification "does not imply an endorsement". [339]   [340]   [341]  Verified status allows access to some features unavailable to other users, such as only seeing mentions from other verified accounts. [342] 
 In November 2020, Twitter announced a relaunch of its verification system in 2021. According to the new policy, Twitter verifies six different types of accounts; for three of them (companies, brands, and influential individuals like activists), the existence of a Wikipedia page will be one criterion for showing that the account has "Off Twitter Notability". [343]  Twitter states that it will re-open public verification applications at some point in "early 2021". [344] 
 In October 2022, after the takeover of Twitter by Elon Musk, it was reported that verification would instead be included in the paid Twitter Blue service, and that existing verified accounts would lose their status if they do not subscribe. [345]  On November 1, Musk confirmed that verification would be included in Blue in the future, dismissing the existing verification system as a "lords &amp; peasants system". [218]   [219]   [220]  Following concerns over the possibility of impersonation, Twitter subsequently reimplemented a second "Official" marker, consisting of a grey tick and "Official" text displayed under the username, for high-profile accounts of "government and commercial entities". [346]   [347] 
Privacy
Tweets are public, but users can also send private "direct messages". [348]  Information about who has chosen to follow an account and who a user has chosen to follow is also public, though accounts can be changed to "protected" which limits this information (and all tweets) to approved followers. [349]  Twitter collects personally identifiable information about its users and shares it with third parties as specified in its privacy policy. The service also reserves the right to sell this information as an asset if the company changes hands. [350]  While Twitter displays no advertising, advertisers can target users based on their history of tweets and may quote tweets in ads [351]  directed specifically to the user.
 Twitter launched the beta version of their "Verified Accounts" service on June 11, 2009, allowing people with public profiles to announce their account name. The home pages of these accounts display a badge indicating their status. [352] 
 On December 14, 2010, the United States Department of Justice issued a subpoena directing Twitter to provide information for accounts registered to or associated with WikiLeaks. [353]  Twitter decided to notify its users and said in a statement, "... it's our policy to notify users about law enforcement and governmental requests for their information, unless we are prevented by law from doing so." [348] 
 In May 2011, a claimant known as "CTB" in the case of  CTB v Twitter Inc.  took action against Twitter at the High Court of Justice of England and Wales, [354]  requesting that the company release details of account holders. This followed gossip posted on Twitter about professional footballer Ryan Giggs's private life. This led to the 2011 British privacy injunctions controversy and the "super-injunction". [355]  Tony Wang, the head of Twitter in Europe, said that people who do "bad things" on the site would need to defend themselves under the laws of their own jurisdiction in the event of controversy and that the site would hand over information about users to the authorities when it was legally required to do so. [356]  He also suggested that Twitter would accede to a UK court order to divulge names of users responsible for "illegal activity" on the site. [357] 
 Twitter acquired Dasient, a startup that offers malware protection for businesses, in January 2012. Twitter announced plans to use Dasient to help remove hateful advertisers on the website. [358]  Twitter also offered a feature which would allow tweets to be removed selectively by country, before deleted tweets used to be removed in all countries. [359]   [360]  The first use of the policy was to block the account of German neo-Nazi group Besseres Hannover on October 18, 2012. [361]  The policy was used again the following day to remove anti-Semitic French tweets with the hashtag #unbonjuif ("a good Jew"). [362] 
 Followed the sharing of images showing the killing of American journalist James Foley in 2014, Twitter said that in certain cases it would delete pictures of people who had died after requests from family members and "authorized individuals". [363]   [364] 
 In 2015, following updated terms of service and privacy policy, Twitter users outside the United States were legally served by the Ireland-based Twitter International Company instead of Twitter, Inc. The change made these users subject to Irish and European Union data protection laws  [365] 
 On April 8, 2020, Twitter announced that users outside of the European Economic Area or United Kingdom (thus subject to GDPR) will no longer be allowed to opt out of sharing "mobile app advertising measurements" to Twitter third-party partners. [366] 
 On October 9, 2020, Twitter took additional steps to counter misleading campaigns ahead of the 2020 US Election. Twitter's new temporary update encouraged users to "add their own commentary" before retweeting a tweet, by making 'quoting tweet' a mandatory feature instead of optional. The social network giant aimed at generating context and encouraging the circulation of more thoughtful content. [367]  After limited results, the company ended this experiment in December 2020. [368] 
 On May 25, 2022, Twitter was fined $150 million by the Federal Trade Commission alongside the United States Department of Justice for collecting users' phone numbers and email addresses for security and then using it for targeted advertising. Twitter was also required to notify its users and is banned from profiting off of 'deceptively collected data'. [369] 
Harassment
In August 2013, Twitter announced plans to introduce a "report abuse" button for all versions of the site following uproar, including a petition with 100,000 signatures, over Tweets that included rape and death threats to historian Mary Beard, feminist campaigner Caroline Criado-Perez and the member of parliament Stella Creasy. [370]   [371]   [372]  Twitter announced new reporting and blocking policies in December 2014, [373]   [374]   [375]   [376]  including a blocking mechanism devised by Randi Harper, a target of GamerGate. [377]   [378]   [379]  In February 2015, CEO Dick Costolo said he was 'frankly ashamed' at how poorly Twitter handled trolling and abuse, and admitted Twitter had lost users as a result. [380] 
 As per a research study conducted by IT for Change on abuse and misogynistic trolling on Twitter directed at Indian women in public-political life, women perceived to be ideologically left-leaning, dissenters, Muslim women, political dissenters, and political commentators and women from opposition parties received a disproportionate amount of abusive and hateful messages on Twitter.
 In 2016, Twitter announced the creation of the Twitter Trust &amp; Safety Council to help "ensure that people feel safe expressing themselves on Twitter." The council's inaugural members included 50 organizations and individuals. [381]  The announcement of Twitter's "Trust &amp; Safety Council" was met with objection from parts of its userbase. [382]   [383]  Critics accused the member organizations of being heavily skewed towards "the restriction of hate speech" and a  Reason  article expressed concern that "there's not a single uncompromising anti-censorship figure or group on the list". [384]   [385] 
 Twitter banned 7,000 accounts and limited 150,000 more that had ties to QAnon on July 21, 2020. The bans and limits came after QAnon-related accounts began harassing other users through practices of swarming or brigading, coordinated attacks on these individuals through multiple accounts in the weeks prior. Those accounts limited by Twitter will not appear in searches nor be promoted in other Twitter functions. Twitter said they will continue to ban or limit accounts as necessary, with their support account stating "We will permanently suspend accounts Tweeting about these topics that we know are engaged in violations of our multi-account policy, coordinating abuse around individual victims, or are attempting to evade a previous suspension". [386] 
 In September 2021, Twitter began beta testing a feature called Safety Mode. [387]  The functionality aims to limit unwelcome interactions through automated detection of negative engagements. If a user has Safety Mode enabled, authors of tweets that are identified by Twitter's technology as being harmful or exercising uninvited behavior will be temporarily unable to follow the account, send direct messages, or see tweets from the user with the enabled functionality during the temporary block period. [388]  Jarrod Doherty, senior product manager at Twitter, stated that the technology in place within Safety Mode assesses existing relationships to prevent blocking accounts that the user frequently interacts with. [387] 
Suspect and contested accounts
In January 2016, Twitter was sued by the widow of a U.S. man killed in the 2015 Amman shooting attack, claiming that allowing the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) to continually use the platform, including direct messages in particular, [389]  constituted the provision of material support to a terrorist organization, which is illegal under U.S. federal law. Twitter disputed the claim, stating that "violent threats and the promotion of terrorism deserve no place on Twitter and, like other social networks, our rules make that clear." [390]   [391]  The lawsuit was dismissed by the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, upholding the Section 230 safe harbor, which dictates that the operators of an interactive computer service are not liable for the content published by its users. [391]   [392]  The lawsuit was revised in August 2016, providing comparisons to other telecommunications devices. [389] 
 Twitter suspended multiple parody accounts that satirized Russian politics in May 2016, sparking protests and raising questions about where the company stands on freedom of speech. [393]  Following public outcry, Twitter restored the accounts the next day without explaining why the accounts had been suspended. [394]  The same day, Twitter, along with Facebook, Google, and Microsoft, jointly agreed to a European Union code of conduct obligating them to review "[the] majority of valid notifications for removal of illegal hate speech" posted on their services within 24 hours. [395]  In August 2016, Twitter stated that it had banned 235,000 accounts over the past six months, bringing the overall number of suspended accounts to 360,000 accounts in the past year, for violating policies banning use of the platform to promote extremism. [396] 
 On May 10, 2019, Twitter announced that they suspended 166,513 accounts for promoting terrorism in the July–December 2018 period, stating there was a steady decrease in terrorist groups trying to use the platform owing to its "zero-tolerance policy enforcement". According to Vijaya Gadde, Legal, Policy and Trust and Safety Lead at Twitter, there was a reduction of 19% terror related tweets from the previous reporting period (January–June 2018). [397]   [398]   [399]   [400]   [401] 
 As of July 30, 2020, Twitter will block URLs in tweets that point to external websites that contain malicious content (such as malware and phishing content) as well or hate speech, speech encouraging violence, terrorism, child sexual exploitation, breaches of privacy, and other similar content that is already banned as part of the content of tweets on the site. Users that frequently point to such sites may have their accounts suspended. Twitter said this was to bring their policy in line to prevent users from bypassing their tweet content restrictions by simply linking to the banned content. [402] 
 Following the onset of protests by Donald Trump's supporters across the US in January 2021, Twitter suspended more than 70,000 accounts, stating that they shared "harmful QAnon-associated content" at a large scale, and were "dedicated to the propagation of this conspiracy theory across the service". The rioters that broke into US Capitol Hill included a large amount of QAnon followers. [403] 
Malicious and fake accounts
Between January and late July 2017, Twitter had identified and shut down over 7,000 fake accounts created by Iranian influence operations. [404] 
 In May 2018, in response to scrutiny over the misuse of Twitter by those seeking to maliciously influence elections, Twitter announced that it would partner with the nonprofit organization Ballotpedia to add special labels verifying the authenticity of political candidates running for election in the U.S. [405]   [406] 
 In December 2019, Twitter removed 5,929 accounts for violating their manipulation policies. The company investigated and attributed these accounts to a single state-run information operation, which originated in Saudi Arabia. The accounts were reported to be a part of a larger group of 88,000 accounts engaged in spammy behavior. However, Twitter did not disclose all of them as some could possibly be legitimate accounts taken over through hacking. [407] 
 In March 2021, Twitter suspended around 3,500 fake accounts that were running a campaign to influence the American audience, after the US intelligence officials concluded that the assassination of  The Washington Post  journalist, Jamal Khashoggi was "approved" by the Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. These Saudi accounts were working in two languages, English and Arabic, to influence public opinion around the issue. Many accounts commented directly on the tweets of US-based media houses, including The Post,  CNN ,  CBS News  and  The Los Angeles Times . Twitter was unable to identify the source of the influence campaign. [408] 
 As of 2022, the top four countries spreading state-linked Twitter misinformation are Russia, China, Iran and Saudi Arabia. [409] 
Twitter bots
A Twitter bot is a computer program that can automatically tweet, retweet, and follow other accounts. Twitter's open application programming interface and the availability of cloud servers make it possible for Twitter bots to exist within the social networking site. [410]  Benign Twitter bots may generate creative content and relevant product updates whereas malicious bots can make unpopular people seem popular, push irrelevant products on users and spread misinformation, spam or slander. [411]  Bots amass significant influence and have been noted to sway elections, influence the stock market, public appeal, and attack governments. [412]  As of 2013, Twitter said there were 20 million fake accounts on Twitter, representing less than 5% of active users. [413]  A 2020 estimate put the figure at 15% of all accounts or around 48 million accounts. [18] 
Society
Usage
     
Protesters
Twitter has been used for a variety of purposes in many industries and scenarios. For example, it has been used to organize protests, including the protests over the 2009 Moldovan election, the 2009 student protests in Austria, the 2009 Gaza–Israel conflict, the 2009 Iranian green revolution, the 2010 Toronto G20 protests, the 2010 Bolivarian Revolution, the 2010 Stuttgart21 protests in Germany, the 2011 Egyptian Revolution, 2011 England riots, the 2011 United States Occupy movement, the 2011 anti-austerity movement in Spain, the 2011 Aganaktismenoi movements in Greece, the 2011 demonstration in Rome, the 2011 Wisconsin labor protests, the 2012 Gaza–Israel conflict, the 2013 protests in Brazil, and the 2013 Gezi Park protests in Turkey. [415] 
 The service is also used as a form of civil disobedience: In 2010, users expressed outrage over the Twitter joke trial by copying a controversial joke about bombing an airport and attaching the hashtag #IAmSpartacus, a reference to the film  Spartacus  (1960) and a sign of solidarity and support to a man controversially prosecuted after posting a tweet joking about bombing an airport if they canceled his flight. #IAmSpartacus became the number one trending topic on Twitter worldwide. [416]  Another case of civil disobedience happened in the 2011 British privacy injunction debate, where several celebrities who had taken out anonymized injunctions were identified by thousands of users in protest to traditional journalism being censored. [417] 
 During the Arab Spring in early 2011, the number of hashtags mentioning the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt increased. [418]  A study by the Dubai School of Government found that only 0.26% of the Egyptian population, 0.1% of the Tunisian population and 0.04% of the Syrian population are active on Twitter. [419] 
 Posts on the service often contain far-right content, such as hate speech and conspiracy theories such as QAnon. [420]  Journalists[ which? ] have criticized Twitter for hate speech being easy to find on the platform. [421] 
Governments
According to documents leaked by Edward Snowden and published in July 2014, the United Kingdom's GCHQ has a tool named BIRDSONG for "automated posting of Twitter updates", and a tool named BIRDSTRIKE for "Twitter monitoring and profile collection". [422]   [423] 
 During the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, Twitter suspended a core group of 1,000 "fake" accounts and an associated network of 200,000 accounts for operating a disinformation campaign that was linked to the Chinese government. In their announcement, Twitter released two data sets detailing the core group's account activity. [424]   [425]   [426]  Geng Shuang, the spokesperson of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, did not comment on the suspensions but suggested that the activity could be attributed to overseas Chinese citizens. [427]   [428] 
 On June 12, 2020, Twitter suspended over 7,000 accounts from Turkey because those accounts were fake profiles, designed to support the Turkish president and were managed by a central authority. Turkey's communication director said that the decision was illogical, biased and politically motivated. [429] 
 In May 2021, Twitter labeled one of the tweets by Sambit Patra, a spokesman of the local ruling party BJP in India, as "manipulated media", leading to Twitter's offices in Delhi and Gurgaon being raided by the local police. [430]  Twitter issued a statement, calling the police visit "a form of intimidation". [431]  Later, the Indian government released a statement in July 2021 claiming Twitter has lost its liability protection concerning user-generated content. This was brought on by Twitter's failure to comply with the new IT rules introduced in 2021 with a filing stating that the company failed to appoint executives to govern user content on the platform. [432]  Twitter stated to India's government in August 2021 that they have appointed permanent executives and staff to provide for compliance to these new IT rules. [433] 
 In September 2022, a Dutch town sued Twitter for spreading a conspiracy theory that the town was once home to a ring of Satan-worshipping paedophiles. False reports that Bodegraven-Reeuwijk was the place of the abuse and murder of children in the 1980s were first circulated by three men in 2020. [434] 
Pornography
Twitter refers to pornography as "adult content" and permits it on the platform provided that it is marked "sensitive", and makes it visible to all after a click through. [435]  The "super-follow" feature is said to enable competition with the subscription site OnlyFans, used mainly by sex workers. [436]  Content filtering services for families and schools have noted that the company makes "it really easy to find" porn, and advise blocking the entire domain. [437] 
 Twitter is one of the only mainstream sites that allows users to upload sexually explicit photos and videos, in the four years after Tumblr banned porn altogether, in response to the Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act. Many performers use Twitter's service to market and grow their porn businesses, attracting users to paywalled services like OnlyFans, by distributing photos and short video clips as advertisements.
 In April 2022, Twitter convened a "Red Team" for the project of ACM, "Adult Content Monetization", as it is known internally. Eventually the project was abandoned, because of the difficulty of implementing Real ID. [438] 
Child sexual exploitation
A February 2021 report from the company's Health team begins, "While the amount of CSE (child sexual exploitation) online has grown exponentially, Twitter’s investment in technologies to detect and manage the growth has not."
 Until February 2022, the only way for users to flag illegal content was to flag it as "sensitive media" — a broad category that left much of the worst material not prioritized for moderation. In a February report, employees wrote that Twitter along with other Tech Companies have "accelerated the pace of CSE content creation and distribution to a breaking point where manual detection, review, and investigations no longer scale" by allowing pornography and failing to invest in systems that could effectively monitor it. The working group made several recommendations, but they were not taken up and the group was disbanded.
 As part of its efforts to monetize porn, Twitter held an internal investigation that reported in April 2022, "Twitter cannot accurately detect child sexual exploitation and non-consensual nudity at scale." [438] 
 John Doe et al vs. Twitter, a civil lawsuit filed in the 9th Circuit Court, alleges that Twitter benefited from sex trafficking and refused to remove the illegal tweets when first informed of them. [439]   [440]  In an amicus brief filed in the case, the NCMEC said, "The children informed the company that they were minors, that they had been 'baited, harassed, and threatened' into making the videos, that they were victims of 'sex abuse' under investigation by law enforcement" but Twitter failed to remove the videos, "allowing them to be viewed by hundreds of thousands of the platform's users." [438] 
 Some major brands including Dyson, Mazda, Forbes, and PBS Kids suspended their marketing campaigns and pulled their ads from the platform, after an investigation into child porn on twitter showed that Twitter failed to suspend 70% of the accounts that shared or solicited the prohibited content. A brand president at Cole Haan said, "We're horrified ... either Twitter is going to fix this, or we'll fix it by any means we can, which includes not buying Twitter ads." [441] 
Impact
On communication
In May 2008,  The Wall Street Journal  wrote that social networking services such as Twitter "elicit mixed feelings in the technology-savvy people who have been their early adopters. Fans say they are a good way to keep in touch with busy friends. But some users are starting to feel too connected, as they grapple with check-in messages at odd hours, higher cellphone bills and the need to tell acquaintances to stop announcing what they're having for dinner." [442]  The following year, John C. Dvorak described Twitter as "the new CB radio". [443] 
Emergency use
A practical use for Twitter's real-time functionality is as an effective  de facto  emergency communication system for breaking news. It was neither intended nor designed for high-performance communication, but the idea that it could be used for emergency communication was not lost on the creators, who knew that the service could have wide-reaching effects early on when the company used it to communicate during earthquakes. [444] 
 Another practical use that is being studied is Twitter's ability to track epidemics and how they spread. [445]  Additionally Twitter serves as a real-time sensor for natural disasters such as bush fires and earthquakes. [446]   [447] 
Education
Twitter has been adopted as a communication and learning tool in educational and research [448]  settings mostly in colleges and universities. [449]   [450]  It has been used as a backchannel to promote student interactions, especially in large-lecture courses. [451]  Research has found that using Twitter in college courses helps students communicate with each other and faculty, promotes informal learning, allows shy students a forum for increased participation, increases student engagement, and improves overall course grades. [452]   [453]   [454] 
 Twitter has been an increasingly growing in the field of education, as an effective tool that can be used to encourage learning and idea, or knowledge sharing, in and outside the classroom. [455]  By using or creating hashtags, students and educators are able to communicate under specific categories of their choice, to enhance and promote education. A broad example of a hashtag used in education is "edchat", to communicate with other teachers, and people using that hashtag. Once teachers find someone they want to talk to, they can either direct message the person, or narrow down the hashtag to make the topic of the conversation more specific using hashtags for scichat (science), engchat (English), sschat (social studies). [455] 
 In a 2011 study, researchers found that young peoples use of Twitter helped to improve relationships with teachers, encourage interactive learning, and ultimately lead to high grades. [455]  In the same study it was found that out of a group of 158 educators, 92% agreed that the reason they use Twitter is because of how user friendly it is, [455]  another 86% agreed that they started and continue using Twitter because of how easy it is to learn, and finally, [455]  93% said they use Twitter because it is free. People found that sifting through large amounts of data is challenging, however, with the simple nature of Twitter large amount of information became easily accessible. [456]  Much of this simplicity comes from the use of the hashtag, and the intuitive nature of how Twitter as a microblogging site operates. [456]  These features help to promote education outside the classroom in a global setting where students and educators are easily able to create, connect, and share knowledge. This ultimately promotes growth and learning among students and educators, not just in the classroom, but virtually and around the world.
Public figures
 Jonathan Zittrain, professor of Internet law at Harvard Law School, said that "the qualities that make Twitter seem inane and half-baked are what makes it so powerful." [457]  In that same vein, and with Sigmund Freud in mind, political communications expert Matthew Auer observed that well-crafted tweets by public figures often deliberately mix trivial and serious information so as to appeal to all three parts of the reader's personality: the id, ego, and superego. [458] 
 The poets Mira Gonzalez and Tao Lin published a book titled Selected Tweets featuring selections of their tweets over some eight years. The book was designed to look like a small bible. [459]  The novelist Rick Moody wrote a short story for Electric Literature called "Some Contemporary Characters," composed entirely of tweets. [460] 
 During a February 2009 discussion on National Public Radio's  Weekend Edition , the journalist Daniel Schorr stated that Twitter accounts of events lacked rigorous fact-checking and other editorial improvements. In response, Andy Carvin gave Schorr two examples of breaking news stories that played out on Twitter and said users wanted first-hand accounts and sometimes debunked stories. [461]   Time  magazine acknowledged its growing level of influence in its 2010 Time 100; to determine the influence of people, it used a formula based on famous social networking sites, Twitter and Facebook. The list ranges from Barack Obama and Oprah Winfrey to Lady Gaga and Ashton Kutcher. [462]   [463] 
 During the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, in which he appeared at the London Olympic Stadium in person, [464]  Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the founder of the World Wide Web, tweeted "This is for everyone", [465]  which was instantly spelled out in LCD lights attached to the chairs of the 80,000 people in the audience. [464] 
 Many commentators have suggested that Twitter radically changed the format of reporting due to instant, short, and frequent communication. [466]   [467]  According to  The Atlantic  writers Benjamin M. Reilly and Robinson Meyer, Twitter has an outsized impact on the public discourse and media. "Something happens on Twitter; celebrities, politicians and journalists talk about it, and it's circulated to a wider audience by Twitter's algorithms; journalists write about the dustup." This can lead to an argument on a Twitter feed looking like a "debate roiling the country... regular people are left with a confused, agitated view of our current political discourse". [468]  In a 2018 article in the  Columbia Journalism Review , Matthew Ingram argued much the same about Twitter's "oversized role" and that it promotes immediacy over newsworthiness. [469]  In some cases, inauthentic and provocative tweets were taken up as common opinion in mainstream articles. Writers in several outlets unintentionally cited the opinions of Russian Internet Research Agency-affiliated accounts. [469]   [470] 
World leaders
      Donald Trump's Twitter post  
World leaders and their diplomats have taken note of Twitter's rapid expansion and have been increasingly utilizing Twitter diplomacy, the use of Twitter to engage with foreign publics and their own citizens. US Ambassador to Russia, Michael A. McFaul has been attributed as a pioneer of international Twitter diplomacy. He used Twitter after becoming ambassador in 2011, posting in English and Russian. [471]  On October 24, 2014, Queen Elizabeth II sent her first tweet to mark the opening of the London Science Museum's Information Age exhibition. [472]  A 2013 study by website Twiplomacy found that 153 of the 193 countries represented at the United Nations had established government Twitter accounts. [473]  The same study also found that those accounts amounted to 505 Twitter handles used by world leaders and their foreign ministers, with their tweets able to reach a combined audience of over 106 million followers. [473] 
 According to an analysis of accounts, the heads of state of 125 countries and 139 other leading politicians have Twitter accounts that have between them sent more than 350,000 tweets and have almost 52 million followers. However, only 30 of these do their own tweeting, more than 80 do not subscribe to other politicians and many do not follow any accounts. [474] 
Religion
As of October 2015, more than twenty Roman Catholic cardinals managed active Twitter accounts, [475]  nine of whom were cardinal electors for the 2013 Papal conclave. [476]  Pope Benedict XVI's Twitter account was set up in 2012. As of April 2022, his successor, Pope Francis, has 18.9 million followers of his Twitter account (@Pontifex). [477]  [ needs update ]
Censorship and moderation
Twitter is banned completely in Russia, [478]  Iran, China and North Korea, [479]  and has been intermittently blocked in numerous countries including Egypt, Iraq, Nigeria, Turkey, Venezuela and Turkmenistan on different bases. [480]   [481]   [482]   [483]   [484]   [485]  In 2016, Twitter cooperated with the Israeli government to remove certain content originating outside Israel from tweets seen in Israel. [486]  In the 11th biannual transparency report published on September 19, 2017, Twitter said that Turkey was the first among countries where about 90 percent of removal requests came from, followed by Russia, France and Germany. [487]  Twitter stated that between July 1 and December 31, 2018, "We received legal demands relating to 27,283 accounts from 47 different countries, including Bulgaria, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, and Slovenia for the first time." [488]  As part of evidence to a US Senate Enquiry, the company admitted that their systems "detected and hid" several hundred thousand tweets relating to the 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak. [489]  During the curfew in Jammu and Kashmir after revocation of its autonomous status on August 5, 2019, the Indian government approached Twitter to block accounts accused of spreading anti-India content; [490]  by October 25, nearly one million tweets had been removed as a result. [491] 
 In March 2022, shortly after Russia's censorship of Twitter, a Tor Onion service link was created by the platform to allow people to access the website, even in countries with heavy Internet censorship. [492]   [493] 
Moderation of tweets
Twitter removed more than 88,000 propaganda accounts linked to Saudi Arabia. [494]  Twitter removed tweets from accounts associated with the Russian Internet Research Agency that had tried to influence public opinion during and after the 2016 US election. [469]   [470]  In June 2020, Twitter also removed 175,000 propaganda accounts that were spreading biased political narratives for the Chinese Communist Party, the United Russia Party, or Turkey's President Erdogan, identified based on centralized behavior. [495]   [496]  Twitter also removed accounts linked to the governments of Armenia, Egypt, Cuba, Serbia, Honduras, Indonesia and Iran. [497]   [498]   [499]  Twitter suspended Pakistani accounts tied to government officials for posting tweets about the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan. [500]  In February 2021, Twitter removed accounts in India that criticized Prime Minister Narendra Modi's government for its conduct during Indian farmers' protests in 2020–2021. [501] 
 At the start of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, numerous tweets reported false medical information related to the pandemic. Twitter announced a new policy in which they would label tweets containing misinformation going forward. [85]  In April 2020, Twitter removed accounts which defended President Rodrigo Duterte's response to the spread of COVID-19 in the Philippines. [502]  
 In November 2020, then Chief Technology Officer and future CEO of Twitter Parag Agrawal, when asked by MIT Technology Review about balancing the protection of free speech as a core value and the endeavour to combat misinformation, said: "Our role is not to be bound by the First Amendment, but our role is to serve a healthy public conversation … focus less on thinking about free speech, but thinking about how the times have changed." [503] 
 In November 2022, however, Twitter stopped enforcing its policy on labeling tweets with misleading information about coronavirus. This came in the light of Elon Musk's acquisition of Twitter earlier that year. [504] 
Birdwatch
      Logo of Birdwatch, a Twitter program  
As part of its means to moderate misinformation, Twitter launched its crowd-sourced Birdwatch program in January 2021. Trusted users in the program will have the ability to monitor tweets and replies that may include misinformation and countermessages providing fact-checking as to have Twitter tag these messages appropriately from the Birdwatch community. [505] 
 In November 2021, Twitter announced an update to the Birdwatch moderation tool, meant to limit the visibility of contributors' identities by creating aliases for their accounts. [506]  In March 2022, Twitter expanded access to notes made by the Birdwatch moderators, giving a randomized set of US users the ability to view the notes attached to tweets and rate them. [507]   [508] 
 In November 2022, at the request of new owner Elon Musk, Birdwatch was rebranded to Community Notes. [509] 
Court cases and lawsuits
  Twitter Inc. v. Taamneh , alongside  Gonzalez v. Google , is currently pending before the United States Supreme Court during its 2022–2023 term. Both cases deal with Internet content providers and whether they are liable for terrorism-related information posted by their users. In the case of Twitter v. Taamnah, the case asks if Twitter and other social media services are liable for user-generated terrorism content under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 and are beyond their Section 230 protections.
 In 2016, Twitter shareholder Doris Shenwick filed a lawsuit against Twitter, Inc., claiming executives misled investors over the company’s growth prospects. [510]  In 2021, Twitter agreed to pay $809.5 million to settle. [510] 
 In May 2022, Twitter agreed to pay $150 million to settle a lawsuit started by the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission. The lawsuit concerned Twitter's use of email addresses and phone numbers of Twitter users to target advertisements at them. The company also agreed to third-party audits of its data privacy program. [511] 
 On November 3, 2022, on the eve of expected lay-offs, a group of Twitter employees based San Francisco and Cambridge filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court in San Francisco. Naming five current or former workers as plaintiffs, the suit accused the company of violating federal and state laws that govern notice of employment termination. [512]  The federal law in question is the Work Adjustment and Re
training Notification (WARN) Act, and the state law in question is California’s state WARN Act. [513] 
Television
Twitter is used to make TV more interactive, with such use growing in popularity around 2011. [514]  This effect is sometimes referred to as the second screen, [515]  "virtual watercooler" or social television—the practice has been called "chatterboxing". [516]  Twitter has been successfully used to encourage people to watch live TV events, such as the Oscars, the Super Bowl  [517]  and the MTV Video Music Awards; however this strategy has proven less effective with regularly scheduled TV shows. [518]  Such direct cross-promotions have been banned from French television due to regulations against secret advertising. [519] 
 In December 2012, Twitter and Nielsen entered a multi-year agreement to produce social TV ratings, which are expected to be commercially available for the fall 2013 season as the Nielsen Twitter TV Rating. [520]   Advertising Age  said Twitter had become the new  TV Guide . [521]  Then in February 2013, Twitter acquired Bluefin Labs for an estimated US$50 million to $100 million. Founded in 2008 at the MIT Media Lab, Bluefin is a data miner whose analysis tells which brands (e.g., TV shows and companies) are chatted about the most in social media. [520]   [522]  MIT  Technology Review  said that Bluefin gives Twitter part of the US$72 billion television advertising market. [523] 
 In May 2013, it launched Twitter Amplify—an advertising product for media and consumer brands. [524]  With Amplify, Twitter runs video highlights from major live broadcasts, with advertisers' names and messages playing before the clip. [525]  In October 2013, Comcast announced that it had partnered with Twitter to implement its "See It" feature within the service, allowing posts promoting programs on selected NBCUniversal channels to contain direct links to TV Everywhere streaming to the program. On launch, the concept was limited to NBCUniversal channels and Xfinity cable television subscribers. [526] 
 In an attempt to compete with Twitter's leadership in TV, Facebook introduced a number of features in 2013 to drive conversation about TV including hashtags, verified profiles and embeddable posts. It also opened up new data visualization APIs for TV news and other media outlets, enabling them to search for a word and see a firehose of public posts that mention it as well as show how many people mentioned a word in both public and private posts during a set time frame, with a demographic breakdown of the age, gender, and location of these people. [527]  In January 2014, Facebook announced a partnership with UK-based social TV analytics company SecondSync which saw the social network make its social TV available outside the company for the first time. Facebook struck the partnership to help marketers understand how people are using the social network to talk about topics such as TV. [528]  However, Twitter responded by acquiring SecondSync and Parisian social TV firm Mesagraph three months later. These acquisitions, as well as a partnership with research company Kantar (which it had been working with to develop a suite of analytics tools for the British TV industry since August 2013) strengthened Twitter's dominance of the "second screen" – TV viewers using tablets and smartphones to share their TV experience on social media. With the additional analytic tools, Twitter was able to improve the firm's offering to advertisers, allowing them to, for instance, only promote a tweet onto the timelines of users who were watching a certain programme. [529] 
 By February 2014, all four major U.S. TV networks had signed up to the Amplify program, bringing a variety of premium TV content onto the social platform in the form of in-tweet real-time video clips. [530]  In March 2014, ITV became the first major broadcaster in the UK to sign up to Twitter Amplify [531]  and Twitter introduced one-tap video playback across its mobile apps to further enhance the consumer experience. [532] 
 In June 2014, Twitter acquired its Amplify partner in the U.S., SnappyTV. [533]  In Europe, Twitter's Amplify partner is London-based Grabyo, which has also struck numerous deals with broadcasters and rights holders [534]  to share video content across Facebook and Twitter. [535]  In July 2017, Twitter announced that it would wind down SnappyTV as a separate company, and integrate its features into the Media Studio suite on Twitter. [536] 
Statistics
User accounts with large follower base
As of 19 November 2022, the ten Twitter accounts with the most followers were:
 
Rank
Change  (monthly)
Account name
Owner
Followers  (millions)
Activity
Country
 
1
@BarackObama
 Barack Obama
133
44th U.S. president
 USA
 
2
@elonmusk
 Elon Musk
117
 Business magnate
 SAF  CAN  USA
 
3
@justinbieber
 Justin Bieber
113
 Musician
 CAN
 
4
@katyperry
 Katy Perry
108
 Musician
 USA
 
5
@rihanna
 Rihanna
107
 Musician and businesswoman
 BAR
 
6
@Cristiano
 Cristiano Ronaldo
104
 Footballer
 POR
 
7
@taylorswift13
 Taylor Swift
91
 Musician
 USA
 
8
@ladygaga
 Lady Gaga
84
 Musician and actress
 USA
 
9
@narendramodi
 Narendra Modi
84
 Prime Minister of India
 IND
 
10
@YouTube
 YouTube
77
 Online video platform
 USA
   
Record tweets
A selfie orchestrated by 86th Academy Awards host Ellen DeGeneres during the March 2, 2014, broadcast [537]  was at the time the most retweeted image ever. [538]  DeGeneres said she wanted to pay homage to Meryl Streep's record 17 Oscar nominations by setting a new record with her, and invited other Oscar celebrities to join them. The resulting photo of twelve celebrities broke the previous retweet record within forty minutes, and was retweeted over 1.8 million times in the first hour. [539]   [540]   [541]  By the end of the ceremony it had been retweeted over 2 million times. [539]  On May 9, 2017, Ellen's record was broken by Carter Wilkerson (@carterjwm) by collecting nearly 3.5 million retweets in a little over a month. [542]  This record was broken when Yusaku Maezawa announced a giveaway on Twitter in January 2019, accumulating 4.4 million retweets. A similar tweet he made in December 2019 was retweeted 3.8 million times. [543] 
 The most tweeted moment in the history of Twitter occurred on August 2, 2013; during a Japanese television airing of the Studio Ghibli film  Castle in the Sky , fans simultaneously tweeted the word balse (バルス)—the incantation for a destruction spell used during its climax, after it was uttered in the film. There was a global peak of 143,199 tweets in one second, beating the previous record of 33,388. [544]   [545] 
 The most discussed event in Twitter history occurred on October 24, 2015; the hashtag ("#ALDubEBTamangPanahon") for  Tamang Panahon , a live special episode of the Filipino variety show  Eat Bulaga!  at the Philippine Arena, centering on its popular on-air couple AlDub, attracted 41 million tweets. [546]   [547]  The most-discussed sporting event in Twitter history was the 2014 FIFA World Cup semi-final between Brazil and Germany on July 8, 2014. [548] 
 According to  Guinness World Records , the fastest pace to a million followers was set by actor Robert Downey Jr. in 23 hours and 22 minutes in April 2014. [549]  This record was later broken by Caitlyn Jenner, who joined the site on June 1, 2015, and amassed a million followers in just 4 hours and 3 minutes. [550] 
See also
  Ambient awareness 
 Comparison of microblogging and similar services 
 Timeline of social media 
 Twitterature  
Notes
 
  ^  It is not documented whether the parallax scrolling effect was added with the redesign in April 2014 or subsequently.
 
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  ^  Biron, Bethany. "Elon Musk said Twitter's Birdwatch feature will be renamed 'Community Notes' and is aimed at 'improving information accuracy' amid growing content-moderation concerns". Business Insider. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
^    a       b     "Twitter Agrees to Pay $809.5 Million Settlement in Shareholder Growth Lawsuit". Time. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
  ^  Robertson, Adi (May 25, 2022). "Twitter will pay $150 million for using people's security phone numbers to target ads". The Verge. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  ^   "Twitter sued over short-notice layoffs as Elon Musk's takeover rocks company". NBC News. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
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  ^   "What Shows Are Viewers Tweeting About and What Does this Mean for Operators?". Tvgenius.net. March 31, 2011. Archived from the original on April 11, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
  ^  Hayat, Tsahi; Samuel-Azran, Tal (2017). ""You too, Second Screeners?" Second Screeners' Echo Chambers During the 2016 U.S. Elections Primaries". Journal of Broadcasting &amp; Electronic Media. 61 (2): 291–308. doi:10.1080/08838151.2017.1309417. S2CID 148973729.
  ^  "Social Web Makes TV Viewers 'Chatterboxers'", Sky News, March 15, 2012 Archived March 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  ^   "Twitter Blog: Super Data". Blog.twitter.com. February 10, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
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  ^   "France bans Facebook and Twitter promotion on TV". FRANCE 24. June 6, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
^    a       b    Shontell, Alyson (February 4, 2013). "Twitter Makes Big Acquisition, Buys Social TV Analytics Company Bluefin Labs". Business Insider. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  ^   "Twitter Has Become the New TV Guide – Now Can It Offer New TV Rating?". Advertising Age. Crain. October 23, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  ^  Stelter, Brian (February 5, 2013). "Twitter Buys Company That Mines Chatter About TV". The New York Times. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  ^  Talbot, David (February 5, 2013). "Buying Bluefin Will Give Twitter a Piece of TV's $72 Billion Ad Market". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  ^  Indvik, Lauren (May 23, 2013). "Twitter Amplify Will Bring Sponsored Video Clips to Your Feed". Mashable. Retrieved May 25, 2014.
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  ^   "'See It' Button Should Be the Game-Changer Pay TV Desperately Needs". Variety. November 24, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
  ^  Constine, Josh (May 21, 2014). "Facebook Adds Shazam-Style Audio Recognition To Help You Automatically Tag Posts With TV Shows And Songs". TechCrunch. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
  ^  Protalinski, Emil (January 30, 2014). "Facebook opens up its social TV data for the first time in partnership with UK analytics firm SecondSync". The Next Web. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
  ^  Hern, Alex (April 1, 2014). "Twitter buys UK 'social TV' firm SecondSync". The Guardian. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
  ^  Wasserman, Todd (February 27, 2014). "Twitter Snags the Last of the Major Networks, ABC, for Amplify". Mashable. Retrieved May 25, 2014.
  ^  Plunkett, John (March 31, 2014). "ITV commercial boss warns brands that 90% of content is 'crap'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
  ^  Summers, Nick (March 20, 2014). "Twitter is testing one-tap video playback across its mobile apps for Amplify partner clips". The Next Web. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
  ^  Bradwell, Jason (July 2, 2014). "Why Did Twitter Buy SnappyTV? Grabyo Reaction". VOD Professional. Archived from the original on August 28, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
  ^  Sawers, Paul (June 19, 2014). "Twitter's evolution as a broadcasting platform continues as it acquires live-TV clipping service SnappyTV". The Next Web. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
  ^  Sawyers, Paul (June 10, 2014). "Wimbledon 'near-live' highlights will be broadcast globally across Facebook, Twitter, Google+ and YouTube". TNW. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
  ^  Lunden, Ingrid (July 25, 2017). "Twitter confirms it is winding down SnappyTV, shifting features to Media Studio". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
  ^  DeGeneres, Ellen (March 2, 2014). "If only Bradley's arm was longer. Best photo ever. #oscars". Twitter. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
  ^   "Selfie at Oscars breaks retweet record".  BBC News . March 3, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
^    a       b    BBC Trending (March 3, 2014). "#BBCtrending: Selfie at Oscars breaks retweet record". BBC News. Bbc.com. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  ^   "Ellen DeGeneres' Selfie at Oscars Sets Retweet Record, Crashes Twitter". The Ledger. Associated Press. March 3, 2014. Archived from the original on March 3, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  ^  Hubbard, Amy (March 2, 2014). "Oscars 2014, the year of the selfie: Ellen tweet grabs retweet record". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  ^  @Twitter (May 10, 2017). "@carterjwm 👆 It's official. Carter, your Tweet is the most Retweeted of all time. #NuggsForCarter" (Tweet). Retrieved May 9, 2017 – via Twitter.
  ^   "The 20 Most-Retweeted Tweets". July 30, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
  ^  Oremus, Will (August 19, 2013). "Balse Festival: Japan "Castle in the Sky" airing breaks Twitter record for tweets per second". Slate. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  ^  Ashcraft, Brian. "How an Old Japanese Anime Broke a Twitter Record". Kotaku. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
  ^   "Fans in the Philippines &amp; around the world sent 41M Tweets mentioning #ALDubEBTamangPanahon". Twitter Data Verified Account. October 27, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
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  ^  Tomchak, Anne-Marie (July 9, 2014). "#BBCtrending: Brazil's World Cup thrashing breaks Twitter records". BBC Online. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
  ^   "Fastest time to reach one million followers on Twitter".  Guinness World Records . April 12, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
  ^  Parkinson, Hannah Jane (June 2, 2015). "Caitlyn Jenner smashes Twitter world record, reaching a million followers". the Guardian. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
 
Further reading
  Fitton, Laura; Gruen, Michael E.; Poston, Leslie; foreword by Jack Dorsey (2009).  Twitter for Dummies . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing. ISBN  9780470479919 . 
Tufekci, Zeynep. 2017.  Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest . Yale University Press. 
External links
  Official website (Mobile)
twitter3e4tixl4xyajtrzo62zg5vztmjuricljdp2c5kshju4avyoid.onion    (Accessing link help)
Twitter - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter
https://www.theverge.com/2021/11/24/22800151/twitter-disappearing-tweets-ios-app-update-fix
Twitter updates iOS app to stop tweets disappearing mid-read
2021-11-24
Jon Porter
<div><div><article><div><div><div><h2>Twitter updates iOS app to stop tweets disappearing mid-read</h2><p> / <h2>‘It should stay put!’</h2></p></div><div><p><time> Nov 24, 2021, 9:10 AM UTC</time>|</p><div><h2>Share this story</h2></div></div></div><div><figure><p><cite>Illustration by Alex Castro / The Verge</cite></p></figure></div></div><div><div><p>Twitter has updated its iOS app to prevent those annoying situations where tweets disappear as you’re trying to read them, the <a href="https://twitter.com/TwitterSupport/status/1463270547706585100">company has announced</a>. “Now when you pause your timeline scrolling to look at a Tweet, it should stay put!” the company tweeted.</p><p>The updates made on iOS follow similar improvements made on the <a href="/2021/11/16/22785094/twitter-auto-refresh-timeline-stop-tweets-disappear">web version of Twitter last week</a>. Twitter explained that tweets can disappear when replies are being added to an ongoing conversation, because this would push existing tweets up the timeline. “We know it’s a frustrating experience, so we’re working on changing it,” the company <a href="https://twitter.com/TwitterSupport/status/1440766157884039170">said in September</a>.</p><p>The changes have come during an unusually busy year for Twitter, where it’s been adding major new features on an almost monthly basis. Earlier this month it added a <a href="/2021/11/15/22783594/twitter-blue-nuzzel-top-articles-ios-arrivial-top-articles">new summary of popular articles</a> for subscribers of Twitter Blue, a paid service that itself <a href="/2021/6/3/22464291/twitter-blue-subscription-service-canada-australia-undo-reader-mode">only launched in June this year</a>. Other major new features to have been widely released this year include <a href="/2021/10/29/22753072/twitter-super-follows-subscription-ios">Super Follows</a>, <a href="/2021/10/21/22739249/twitter-finally-letting-everyone-create-spaces">Spaces</a>, and a <a href="/2021/10/22/22740451/twitter-revue-subscribe-newsletter-tweet">new button</a> to simplify the process of subscribing to newsletters.</p></div><div><p>Most Popular</p><ol><li><a href="/23584385/sundance-film-festival-2023-best-movies-trailers"><h2>11 great movies from the 2023 Sundance Film Festival</h2></a><hr /></li><li><a href="/2023/2/5/23586459/apple-iphone-ultra-2024-price"><h2>Apple could introduce a pricier iPhone ‘Ultra’ in 2024</h2></a><hr /></li><li><a href="/2023/2/3/23584675/microsoft-ai-bing-chatgpt-screenshots-leak"><h2>Is this Microsoft’s ChatGPT-powered Bing?</h2></a><hr /></li><li><a href="/23584507/samsung-smartthings-station-review-smart-home-hub-matter-thread"><h2>Samsung’s SmartThings Station is a smart home hub worth plugging in</h2></a><hr /></li><li><a href="/2023/2/6/23587401/dell-employees-layoffs-tech-recession-falling-pc-laptop-sales"><h2>Dell to layoff 6,650 employees as demand for PCs plummets</h2></a><hr /></li></ol></div></div></article></div>||||I|||| Skip to main content
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 Twitter updates iOS app to stop tweets disappearing mid-read

 Twitter updates iOS app to stop tweets disappearing mid-read

 /

 ‘It should stay put!’

 By Jon Porter / @JonPorty

 Nov 24, 2021, 9:10 AM UTC |

 Share this story

 * 
 * 
 * 

 Illustration by Alex Castro / The Verge

 Twitter has updated its iOS app to prevent those annoying situations where tweets disappear as you’re trying to read them, the company has announced. “Now when you pause your timeline scrolling to look at a Tweet, it should stay put!” the company tweeted.

 The updates made on iOS follow similar improvements made on the web version of Twitter last week. Twitter explained that tweets can disappear when replies are being added to an ongoing conversation, because this would push existing tweets up the timeline. “We know it’s a frustrating experience, so we’re working on changing it,” the company said in September.

 The changes have come during an unusually busy year for Twitter, where it’s been adding major new features on an almost monthly basis. Earlier this month it added a new summary of popular articles for subscribers of Twitter Blue, a paid service that itself only launched in June this year. Other major new features to have been widely released this year include Super Follows, Spaces, and a new button to simplify the process of subscribing to newsletters.





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Twitter updates iOS app to stop tweets disappearing mid-read  / ‘It should stay put!’      Nov 24, 2021, 9:10 AM UTC|  Share this story       Illustration by Alex Castro / The Verge       Twitter has updated its iOS app to prevent those annoying situations where tweets disappear as you’re trying to read them, the company has announced. “Now when you pause your timeline scrolling to look at a Tweet, it should stay put!” the company tweeted. The updates made on iOS follow similar improvements made on the web version of Twitter last week. Twitter explained that tweets can disappear when replies are being added to an ongoing conversation, because this would push existing tweets up the timeline. “We know it’s a frustrating experience, so we’re working on changing it,” the company said in September. The changes have come during an unusually busy year for Twitter, where it’s been adding major new features on an almost monthly basis. Earlier this month it added a new summary of popular articles for subscribers of Twitter Blue, a paid service that itself only launched in June this year. Other major new features to have been widely released this year include Super Follows, Spaces, and a new button to simplify the process of subscribing to newsletters.   Most Popular    11 great movies from the 2023 Sundance Film Festival      Apple could introduce a pricier iPhone ‘Ultra’ in 2024      Is this Microsoft’s ChatGPT-powered Bing?      Samsung’s SmartThings Station is a smart home hub worth plugging in      Dell to layoff 6,650 employees as demand for PCs plummets
Twitter updates iOS app to stop tweets disappearing mid-read
https://www.theverge.com/2021/11/24/22800151/twitter-disappearing-tweets-ios-app-update-fix
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 * 5800 cains court edison, wa
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 * menu changing with the seasons using local skagit produce and meats by chef david blakesley
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5800 cains court edison, wa 
  
  (360) 820-9912 
 current covid hours:
 11-3 sat/sun
 cash/check only
  
  check our instagram for weekly updates 
  
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https://nypost.com/2021/11/23/illinois-dem-fired-over-tweets-calling-wisconsin-deaths-karma/
Illinois Dem fired over ‘reprehensible’ tweets calling Waukesha Christmas parade ‘karma’
2021-11-23
Lee Brown
<div><div>
	
<p>The Illinois Democratic social media director who called the deadly Christmas parade rampage in Wisconsin “karma” for the <a href="https://nypost.com/2021/11/19/kyle-rittenhouse-acquitted-of-all-charges-in-kenosha-shooting/">acquittal of Kyle Rittenhouse</a> has been fired over her “callous and reprehensible posts.”</p>
<div><figure><a href="https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/11/front_cover-20.jpg?quality=90&amp;strip=all">
</a></figure></div>
<p>Mary Lemanski <a href="https://nypost.com/2021/11/22/illinois-dem-calls-wisconsin-christmas-rampage-karma/">sparked outrage with posts </a>suggesting the Waukesha killer drove his SUV through paraders Sunday — killing five and injuring dozens — because he “probably felt threatened” like teen gunman Rittenhouse had during the state’s riots last year in Kenosha.</p>
<p>“It was probably just self-defense,” she also tweeted on her since-deleted page, suggesting the suspect — a <a href="https://nypost.com/2021/11/22/waukesha-suspect-darrell-brooks-is-a-convicted-sex-offender/">convicted pedophile</a> with a lengthy rap sheet — “came to help people,” again like Rittenhouse testified he had done.</p>
<p>“You reap what you sow,” she wrote, saying, “I just believe in Karma and this came around quick on the citizens of Wisconsin.”</p>
<p>Lemanski later apologized to the DuPage Democratic Party on its Facebook page, admitting her tweets were “not in good taste” and saying she had resigned.</p>
<p>But the party insisted that it had in fact “<a href="https://twitter.com/kmbforDuPage/status/1462867725680881665/photo/1">immediately severed all ties” </a>with its social media director “once we became aware of her callous and reprehensible posts.” </p>
<figure><a href="https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/11/lemanski.jpg?quality=90&amp;strip=all">
</a><figcaption>Mary Lemanski later apologized to the DuPage Democratic Party on its Facebook page, admitting her tweets were “not in good taste.”</figcaption><figcaption>Twitter / @MaryLemanski</figcaption></figure>
<figure><a href="https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/11/mary-lemanski-tweets-job-01.jpg?quality=90&amp;strip=all">
</a><figcaption>Mary Lemanski initially bemoaned the fact that her tweets were drawing scorn and attention.</figcaption><figcaption>Twitter</figcaption></figure>
<figure><a href="https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/11/mary-lemanski-tweets-job-10.jpeg?quality=90&amp;strip=all">
</a><figcaption>Ken Mejia-Beal strongly denouced Lemanski’s comments.</figcaption><figcaption>KMBfor42</figcaption></figure>
<p>“She does not speak for us and we unequivocally reject her statements” about the “heinous act” in Waukesha, the party said in a statement.</p>
<p>Party chair Ken Mejia-Beal <a href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-dupage-county-democrat-mary-lemanski-twitter-waukesha-20211122-4msgxxirpnb27blxuycxzxyfny-story.html">told the Chicago Tribune</a> that Lemanski had been the social media director since 2017 or 2018 and was “let go” as soon as officials saw her tweets.</p>
<p>“We don’t applaud or celebrate tragedy,” Mejia-Beal told the paper. </p>
<figure><a href="https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/11/mary-lemanski-tweets-job-07.jpg?quality=90&amp;strip=all">
</a><figcaption>The parade attack left five people dead.</figcaption></figure>
<p>“This was a tragedy. These were folks that were out at a joyous occasion having a great time at a beautiful and festive time of the year. </p>
<p>“We, as a party, disavow Mary’s Twitter comments, the sentiment behind them. We are with the victims of this tragedy,” he told the paper.</p>
<figure><a href="https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/11/mary-lemanski-tweets-job-11.jpg?quality=90&amp;strip=all">
</a><figcaption>Suspect Darrell Brooks had a lengthy rap sheet and was a convicted pedophile before the Waukesha attack.</figcaption><figcaption>Waukesha County Sheriff Office via AP</figcaption></figure>
<p>He <a href="https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/11/22/22797371/tweet-waukesha-parade-tragedy-dupage-democrat-social-media-lemanski-rittenhouse-mejia-beal-wisconsin">told the Chicago Sun-Times</a> that he called her early Monday after seeing the messages, saying that there “really wasn’t a lot said” during the call.</p>
<p>“She really didn’t explain very much to me at all. There’s not really much to explain,” Mejia-Beal told the paper.</p>
<p>“We 100% do not agree with the words that she used and it was better for her not to be a part of this organization,” he said.</p>
<p>Darrell Brooks, 39, is <a href="https://nypost.com/2021/11/22/waukesha-suspect-darrell-brooks-bond-was-inappropriately-low/">charged with five counts of intentional homicide</a> in Sunday’s deadly attack, which killed five people injured at least 48 more. He allegedly drove his car into a Christmas parade in the city while fleeing another crime.</p>
<p>He had been set free earlier this month after making a $1,000 bail on a domestic violence charge from Nov. 2. Brooks allegedly punched the mother of his child and “ran her over” with his car in a parking lot fight.</p>
<p>The Milwaukee District Attorney’s Office <a href="https://nypost.com/2021/11/22/waukesha-suspect-darrell-brooks-bond-was-inappropriately-low/">admitted Monday</a> the bail was “inappropriately low” given his criminal history.</p>
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 Illinois Dem fired over ‘reprehensible’ tweets calling Waukesha Christmas parade ‘karma’

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 Lee Brown

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 Back to Reading
 November 23, 2021 8:07am
 Updated
 November 24, 2021 5:12am

 The Illinois Democratic social media director who called the deadly Christmas parade rampage in Wisconsin “karma” for the acquittal of Kyle Rittenhouse has been fired over her “callous and reprehensible posts.”

 Mary Lemanski sparked outrage with posts suggesting the Waukesha killer drove his SUV through paraders Sunday — killing five and injuring dozens — because he “probably felt threatened” like teen gunman Rittenhouse had during the state’s riots last year in Kenosha.

 “It was probably just self-defense,” she also tweeted on her since-deleted page, suggesting the suspect — a convicted pedophile with a lengthy rap sheet — “came to help people,” again like Rittenhouse testified he had done.

 “You reap what you sow,” she wrote, saying, “I just believe in Karma and this came around quick on the citizens of Wisconsin.”

 Lemanski later apologized to the DuPage Democratic Party on its Facebook page, admitting her tweets were “not in good taste” and saying she had resigned.

 But the party insisted that it had in fact “immediately severed all ties” with its social media director “once we became aware of her callous and reprehensible posts.”

 Mary Lemanski later apologized to the DuPage Democratic Party on its Facebook page, admitting her tweets were “not in good taste.”

 Twitter / @MaryLemanski

 Mary Lemanski initially bemoaned the fact that her tweets were drawing scorn and attention.

 Twitter

 Ken Mejia-Beal strongly denouced Lemanski’s comments.

 KMBfor42

 “She does not speak for us and we unequivocally reject her statements” about the “heinous act” in Waukesha, the party said in a statement.

 Party chair Ken Mejia-Beal told the Chicago Tribune that Lemanski had been the social media director since 2017 or 2018 and was “let go” as soon as officials saw her tweets.

 “We don’t applaud or celebrate tragedy,” Mejia-Beal told the paper.

 The parade attack left five people dead.

 “This was a tragedy. These were folks that were out at a joyous occasion having a great time at a beautiful and festive time of the year.

 “We, as a party, disavow Mary’s Twitter comments, the sentiment behind them. We are with the victims of this tragedy,” he told the paper.

 Suspect Darrell Brooks had a lengthy rap sheet and was a convicted pedophile before the Waukesha attack.

 Waukesha County Sheriff Office via AP

 He told the Chicago Sun-Times that he called her early Monday after seeing the messages, saying that there “really wasn’t a lot said” during the call.

 see also

 Faces of the victims killed in the Waukesha Christmas parade

 “She really didn’t explain very much to me at all. There’s not really much to explain,” Mejia-Beal told the paper.

 “We 100% do not agree with the words that she used and it was better for her not to be a part of this organization,” he said.

 Darrell Brooks, 39, is charged with five counts of intentional homicide in Sunday’s deadly attack, which killed five people injured at least 48 more. He allegedly drove his car into a Christmas parade in the city while fleeing another crime.

 He had been set free earlier this month after making a $1,000 bail on a domestic violence charge from Nov. 2. Brooks allegedly punched the mother of his child and “ran her over” with his car in a parking lot fight.

 The Milwaukee District Attorney’s Office admitted Monday the bail was “inappropriately low” given his criminal history.

 Filed under
 * democrats
 * kenosha shooting
 * social media
 * social media fails
 * waukesha parade attack
 * 11/23/21
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The Illinois Democratic social media director who called the deadly Christmas parade rampage in Wisconsin “karma” for the acquittal of Kyle Rittenhouse has been fired over her “callous and reprehensible posts.”
  
  
Mary Lemanski sparked outrage with posts suggesting the Waukesha killer drove his SUV through paraders Sunday — killing five and injuring dozens — because he “probably felt threatened” like teen gunman Rittenhouse had during the state’s riots last year in Kenosha.
“It was probably just self-defense,” she also tweeted on her since-deleted page, suggesting the suspect — a convicted pedophile with a lengthy rap sheet — “came to help people,” again like Rittenhouse testified he had done.
“You reap what you sow,” she wrote, saying, “I just believe in Karma and this came around quick on the citizens of Wisconsin.”
Lemanski later apologized to the DuPage Democratic Party on its Facebook page, admitting her tweets were “not in good taste” and saying she had resigned.
But the party insisted that it had in fact “immediately severed all ties” with its social media director “once we became aware of her callous and reprehensible posts.” 
 
 Mary Lemanski later apologized to the DuPage Democratic Party on its Facebook page, admitting her tweets were “not in good taste.” Twitter / @MaryLemanski 
 
 Mary Lemanski initially bemoaned the fact that her tweets were drawing scorn and attention. Twitter 
 
 Ken Mejia-Beal strongly denouced Lemanski’s comments. KMBfor42 
“She does not speak for us and we unequivocally reject her statements” about the “heinous act” in Waukesha, the party said in a statement.
Party chair Ken Mejia-Beal told the Chicago Tribune that Lemanski had been the social media director since 2017 or 2018 and was “let go” as soon as officials saw her tweets.
“We don’t applaud or celebrate tragedy,” Mejia-Beal told the paper. 
 
 The parade attack left five people dead. 
“This was a tragedy. These were folks that were out at a joyous occasion having a great time at a beautiful and festive time of the year. 
“We, as a party, disavow Mary’s Twitter comments, the sentiment behind them. We are with the victims of this tragedy,” he told the paper.
 
 Suspect Darrell Brooks had a lengthy rap sheet and was a convicted pedophile before the Waukesha attack. Waukesha County Sheriff Office via AP 
He told the Chicago Sun-Times that he called her early Monday after seeing the messages, saying that there “really wasn’t a lot said” during the call.
“She really didn’t explain very much to me at all. There’s not really much to explain,” Mejia-Beal told the paper.
“We 100% do not agree with the words that she used and it was better for her not to be a part of this organization,” he said.
Darrell Brooks, 39, is charged with five counts of intentional homicide in Sunday’s deadly attack, which killed five people injured at least 48 more. He allegedly drove his car into a Christmas parade in the city while fleeing another crime.
He had been set free earlier this month after making a $1,000 bail on a domestic violence charge from Nov. 2. Brooks allegedly punched the mother of his child and “ran her over” with his car in a parking lot fight.
The Milwaukee District Attorney’s Office admitted Monday the bail was “inappropriately low” given his criminal history.
Illinois Dem fired over ‘reprehensible’ tweets calling Waukesha Christmas parade ‘karma’
https://nypost.com/2021/11/23/illinois-dem-fired-over-tweets-calling-wisconsin-deaths-karma/