good news article
https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/01/us/michigan-oxford-high-school-shooting-wednesday/index.html
Students grabbed scissors for defense and escaped out a window in deadly Michigan shooting. The suspect has been charged with murder | CNN
2021-12-01
Jason Hanna; Amir Vera; Adrienne Broaddus; Shimon Prokupecz
<div><div>
 <p><cite>
 Oxford, Michigan
 CNN
  — 
 </cite>
</p>
 <p>
 The <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2021/12/01/us/oxford-high-school-shooting-what-we-know/index.html">terror at Michigan’s Oxford High School</a> that left four dead started with gunfire, yelling and an urgent message on a loudspeaker.
 </p>
 <p>
 Then frightened students barricaded doors, phoned for help and picked up anything they could grab in case they needed to fight back.
 </p>
 
 <p>
 Aiden Page, a senior, was in a classroom when he heard two gunshots Tuesday afternoon – part of what authorities called a sophomore’s “absolutely cold-hearted, murderous” rampage that left <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/us/michigan-oxford-high-school-incident/index.html">four students dead and seven other people injured</a> in the deadliest shooting at a US K-12 school since 2018.
 </p>
 <p>
 Just like in the active shooter drills they’d practiced, Page watched his teacher run in and lock the door, then students shoved desks against it, he told <a href="https://www.cnn.com/shows/ac-360">CNN’s Anderson Cooper</a>.
 </p>
 <p>
 “We grabbed calculators, we grabbed scissors just in case the shooter got in and we had to attack them,” he said, describing how a bullet pierced one of the desks they’d used to block the door.
 </p>
 <p>
 In a sign language class, freshman <a href="https://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2021/12/01/michigan-high-school-shooting-prokupecz-dnt-newday-vpx.cnn/video/playlists/top-news-videos/">Mark Kluska heard someone announce a lockdodwn </a>over the school’s loudspeakers. His teacher shut the door and fixed it with a metal doorstop.
 </p>
 <p>
 “I started realizing it was real when I began to hear yelling,” Kluska told CNN.
 </p>
 <p>
 Later, someone outside the room who claimed to be with the sheriff’s office told Kluska and his classmates that all was safe and they could come out, a video the freshman recorded shows. 
 </p>
 
 <p>
 “We’re not willing to take that risk right now,” the teacher replies.
 </p>
 <p>
 It’s not clear who the person at the door was. But the teacher quickly signaled students to scramble out a first-floor window into the snow, Kluska said. From there, they raced across a courtyard to another part of the building, where a law enforcement officer herded them to safety. 
 </p>
 <p>
 Oakland County Sheriff Michael Bouchard confirmed during a news conference Wednesday the suspect never knocked on any doors. 
 </p>
 <p>
 More than 100 calls to 911 were made. About two to three minutes after officers arrived, they found a 15-year-old suspect, later identified as Ethan Crumbley, and took him into custody without incident, Bouchard said.
 </p>
 <p>
 <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/01/us/michigan-deadly-shooting-terrorism-charge/index.html">Crumbley has been charged as an adult</a> with terrorism causing death and four counts of first-degree murder. He also was charged with seven counts of assault with intent to murder and 12 counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, Oakland County Prosecutor Karen D. McDonald said.
 </p>
<div>
 
 
 </div>
 <p>
 The suspect’s lawyer entered a plea of not guilty on his client’s behalf at Wednesday’s arraignment. The judge scheduled a probable cause hearing for December 13 and a preliminary examination hearing for December 20.
 </p>
 <p>
 During Crumbley’s arraignment Wednesday, Lt. Tim Willis said two separate videos were recovered from the suspected shooter’s cellphone in which he talked about shooting and killing students the next day at Oxford High School. 
 </p>
 <p>
 In addition to the cellphone, a journal was recovered from Crumbley’s backpack detailing his “desire to shoot up the school,” Willis said. 
 </p>
 
 <p>
 The four students who died <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2021/12/01/us/michigan-oxford-high-school-shooting-victims-trnd/index.html">have been identified </a>as Madisyn Baldwin, 17; Tate Myre, 16; Hana St. Juliana, 14; and Justin Shilling, 17, authorities said.
 </p>
 <p>
 Justin died Wednesday morning at a hospital; the others died Tuesday, the sheriff’s office said. Tate died in a patrol car while a deputy was taking him to a hospital, Bouchard said.
 </p>
 <p>
 <a href="https://www.facebook.com/AnitasKitchenOfficial/posts/4068799183221418">Anita’s Kitchen</a>, where Shilling worked, shared a statement on social media about him.
 </p>
 <p>
 “Justin was an exemplary employee, a devoted friend and co-worker, co-captain of his bowling team, and simply a pleasure to be around. Our thoughts are with his family and friends at this difficult time,” the statement read.
 </p>
 <p>
 Seven others – six students and a teacher – were shot, Bouchard said. 
 </p>
 <p>
 Among the wounded were a 14-year-old girl who was on a ventilator following surgery, Bouchard said Tuesday night. On Wednesday, it was announced she had been taken off the ventilator and was in stable condition. A 14-year-old boy had a gunshot wound to the jaw and head. The teacher, a 15-year-old boy and a 17-year-old boy were discharged, Bouchard said.
 </p>
<div>
 
 
 </div>
 
 <p>
 The attack was the deadliest US school shooting since eight students and two teachers were<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/18/us/texas-school-shooting-victims/index.html"> slain in May 2018 at Texas’ Santa Fe High School</a>, according to a CNN tally. There have been 48 shootings this year on K-12 campuses, 32 of them since August 1.
 </p>
 <p>
 The suspect was being held at a juvenile detention facility. Bouchard said authorities asked a judge to transfer him from the detention facility to the Oakland County Jail. The judge agreed to the request.<strong> </strong>
 </p>
 <p>
 Charges of first-degree murder require allegations of premeditation, and evidence in this case indicates the shooting was planned “well before the incident,” McDonald said.
 </p>
 <p>
 This shooting was “absolutely premeditated,” McDonald told reporters, without elaborating.
 </p>
 <p>
 McDonald’s office will consider charges against the suspect’s parents, she said.
 </p>
 <p>
 The weapon authorities said was used in the shooting, a 9mm Sig Sauer SP2022 semiautomatic pistol, was purchased by Crumbley’s<strong> </strong>father on Friday, four days before shots rang out at the school, Bouchard said. 
 </p>
 <p>
 Authorities are considering charges against both parents, with McDonald saying a decision would be made on that “swiftly.” The potential charges stem from the parents owning a gun. McDonald said that means securing it properly, ensuring ammunition is kept separate, among other legal responsibilities. 
 </p>
 <p>
 “We have to hold individuals accountable who don’t do that,” she said.
 </p>
 <p>
 CNN has pressed the prosecutor to speak on whether evidence was recovered to support potential charges and which charges are being considered. The prosecutor declined to go into detail citing the investigation, but reiterated that an announcement would be made as soon as possible regarding whether charges would be brought.
 </p>
 <p>
 CNN has attempted to reach the parents of Ethan Crumbley and are attempting to identify an attorney for them.
 </p>
 <p>
 McDonald told CNN’s Erin Burnett on Wednesday she felt it was tragic how desensitized people were to gun violence, but gun owners should be held accountable for their ownership and possession of a firearm. 
 </p>
 
 <p>
 Bouchard said the 15-year-old had not been on law enforcement radar prior to the shooting. 
 </p>
 <p>
 However, authorities did learn after the shooting that the suspect and his parents met with school officials a few hours before the shooting. Officials met with just the suspect the day before and with the suspect and parents the day of the shooting, Bouchard said.
 </p>
 <p>
 “The day before, it was a meeting with school personnel about some concerning behavior and the meeting the day of was with school personnel and parents about a different issue,” Bouchard said. 
 </p>
 <p>
 The sheriff declined to go into issues on either day.
 </p>
 <p>
 “Prior to those two meetings there was no contact or nothing in his file by either concerning behavior or discipline,” he said. 
 </p>
 <p>
 McDonald told CNN she was not able to comment on what, specifically, the gunman, parents and school officials discussed during their meeting. 
 </p>
 <p>
 “There’s an additional piece of evidence that hasn’t been released yet, but I can assure you it was troubling, it was disturbing, and unfortunately he was allowed to go back to class,” she said.
 </p>
 
 <p>
 Investigators recovered more than 30 shell casings, said the sheriff, who’d earlier said at least a dozen rounds were fired.
 </p>
 <p>
 “We believe he fired at least 30 shots,” he said.
 </p>
 <p>
 Bouchard said two 15-round magazines were recovered by investigators and a third was recovered in the overnight hours. Investigators also learned the suspect had 18 rounds left, with seven in his pocket. 
 </p>
 <p>
 “With this much ammunition still with him … the quick actions of the school and the lockdown as well as the deputies going to the danger, saved lives,” Bouchard said.
 </p>
<div>
 
 
 </div>
 <p>
 Video from the school shows the assailant was “shooting people at close range – oftentimes toward the head or chest,” Bouchard told CNN’s “New Day” earlier Wednesday.
 </p>
 <p>
 “It’s chilling. It’s absolutely cold-hearted, murderous,” Bouchard said.
 </p>
 <p>
 Prosecutors said during Crumbley’s arraignment they’ve seen video from the school surveillance cameras showing Crumbley “methodically and deliberately” walking the hallways, aiming a gun at students and firing.
 </p>
 <p>
 “What is depicted on that video, honestly judge, I don’t have the words to describe how horrific that was,” said prosecutor Marc Keast.
 </p>
 <p>
 Video showed Crumbley with a backpack, and a minute later exiting the bathroom without the backpack and with a gun in hand, authorities said. 
 </p>
 <p>
 He started firing right outside the bathroom, Keast said, but after children started running away, he continued to go down the hallway at a “methodical pace” and shot inside classrooms and at students who hadn’t had the opportunity to escape. This continued for another four or five minutes and he went to another bathroom, Keast said. 
 </p>
 <p>
 When deputies arrived, he set down the gun and surrendered.
 </p>
 <p>
 “A preliminary review of the defendant’s social media accounts, his cellphone, as well as other documented evidence recovered on scene showed that this defendant planned this shooting, he deliberately brought the handgun that day with the intent to murder as many students as he could,” Keast said.
 </p>
 <p>
 Though much of the shooting was at close range, it nevertheless appeared “random,” Bouchard told CNN, without elaborating.
 </p>
 <p>
 The assailant “tried to breach classroom doors,” the sheriff said.
 </p>
 <p>
 “He actually fired through a number of the doors that I looked at last night – through the barricaded doors. … Some of those barricades were struck by gunfire,” Bouchard said.
 </p>
 <p>
 Bouchard praised the work of his deputies and other local law enforcement agencies that responded Tuesday, saying their coordination and active shooter training proved invaluable.
 </p>
 <p>
 Deputies were dispatched to the school at 12:52 p.m., and the suspect was in custody within three minutes of their arrival, Bouchard said.
 </p>
 <p>
 As deputies made their way through the school, they encountered the suspect, who then put his hands up, Bouchard said. Deputies took the gun and placed the suspect in custody.
 </p>
 <p>
 “I believe they literally saved lives, having taken down the suspect with a loaded firearm still in the building,” the sheriff said. 
 </p>
 
 <p>
 As for the investigation into a motive: “We believe we have some writings that contain some of his thoughts,” Bouchard said, adding he didn’t immediately know whether the writings reveal intent.
 </p>
 
 <p>
 Investigators executed a search warrant at the suspect’s home and have searched the school, he said. Authorities seized a phone and are examining other seized items.
 </p>
 <p>
 Michigan law prevents police from talking to a juvenile without parental permission, and the parents have refused that permission and requested a lawyer, Bouchard said.
 </p>
 <p>
 “So, we can’t get the motive from the suspect that we have in custody, but we think we’ve got a path to get a lot of supportive information as to how and why this occurred. We’ve recovered some evidence that we’re now beginning to pore over,” Bouchard said.
 </p>
 <p>
 Authorities also are investigating pictures of a target and the weapon posted on social media by the suspect, he added.
 </p>
 
 <p>
 As hundreds of law enforcement officers swarmed the campus Tuesday, students and teachers relied on <a href="https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2021/03/us/school-shooting-lockdown-drills/">tactics they’d learned in active shooter drills</a> to protect themselves. 
 </p>
 <p>
 “This district has been very good in training their personnel and their students on active shooters,” Undersheriff Michael McCabe said.
 </p>
 <p>
 Kluska’s teacher, Moises Cortez, jumped into action after a lockdown was announced over the school’s loudspeakers, said the student who recorded video of his classmates escaping through a window.
 </p>
 <p>
 “He shut the door and put, like, a metal doorstopper so no one would be able to kick in the door.” Kluska told CNN. “After he turned off the lights, he told us to get to the corner because this might not be a drill and he wants to be safe.”
 </p>
 
 
<div>
 <div>
 
 
 </div>
 
 <div>
 <p>Watch moment students sheltered in class during shooting</p>
 <p>
 00:55
 
 - Source:
 <a href="https://www.cnn.com/">CNN</a>
 
 </p>
 </div>
</div>
 <p>
 People were injured as they rushed out of the school, Bouchard said. Most were treated and released at a nearby staging area.
 </p>
 <p>
 Zander Cumbey, a junior at the high school, told CNN’s Victor Blackwell that he started hearing screams about a minute after he sat down in his classroom. 
 </p>
 <p>
 “I heard screams come from the hallway and then the first gunshot happened, and my teacher, he walked into the classroom, he locked the door and he told us to call 911,” Zander said. “And then we heard the rest of the gunshots go off, more screams.”
 </p>
 <p>
 He said as he was on the phone with dispatchers, he didn’t really speak to them. 
 </p>
 <p>
 “I just said kind of said ‘Oxford High School, shooter’, because I couldn’t talk,” Zander said. 
 </p>
 <p>
 He texted his parents that he loved them, he said, and texted his younger brother who also attends the school to see whether he was safe. Zander told CNN one of the victims – Tate Myre – was a close friend who was on the football team with him. 
 </p>
 <p>
 Donna Sanders’ youngest grandchild was changing classes when he heard gunshots, she told CNN. He and others ran through an exit door and went to a nearby grocery store to escape, he told her.
 </p>
 <p>
 “He was able to run to safety with others while his brother was trapped inside,” Sanders said.
 </p>
 
 <p>
 Sanders’ daughter, Vontysha Pittman, said her oldest son sought safety in a classroom with a teacher and other students. He hid under a desk and called his father to tell him what was happening, she said.
 </p>
 <p>
 “They are both are safe at home, but they are broken. We need prayers and not just for us but all the families at Oxford,” Sanders said.
 </p>
 <p>
 Page’s classroom was in lockdown for an hour, the senior told CNN. The entire experience as “insane” as he contemplated whether he would live through the ordeal.
 </p>
 <p>
 “The very first thing in my head was, ‘Is this actually happening? I’m going to text my family, say I love them just in case, if I were to die.’ Then when everything calmed down for a second, I was able to catch my breath and rationalize things,” he said.
 </p>
 <p>
 CNN’s Adrienne Broaddus and Shimon Prokupecz reported from Oxford. Jason Hanna and Amir Vera wrote in Atlanta. Carolyn Sung, Taylor Romine, Laura Ly, Caroll Alvarado, Kristina Sgueglia and Patrick Cornell contributed to this report.
</p>
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 Students grabbed scissors for defense and escaped out a window in deadly Michigan shooting. The suspect has been charged with murder

 By Jason Hanna , Amir Vera , Adrienne Broaddus and Shimon Prokupecz , CNN
 Updated 4:53 AM EST, Thu December 2, 2021
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 Oxford, Michigan CNN —

 The terror at Michigan’s Oxford High School that left four dead started with gunfire, yelling and an urgent message on a loudspeaker.

 Then frightened students barricaded doors, phoned for help and picked up anything they could grab in case they needed to fight back.

 Oxford High School is shown in Oxford, Mich., Tuesday, Nov. 30, 2021, where authorities say a student opened fire at the school. (AP Photo/Paul Sancya)
 Paul Sancya/AP

 Live updates: At least 4 killed in shooting at Michigan high school

 Aiden Page, a senior, was in a classroom when he heard two gunshots Tuesday afternoon – part of what authorities called a sophomore’s “absolutely cold-hearted, murderous” rampage that left four students dead and seven other people injured in the deadliest shooting at a US K-12 school since 2018.

 Just like in the active shooter drills they’d practiced, Page watched his teacher run in and lock the door, then students shoved desks against it, he told CNN’s Anderson Cooper.

 “We grabbed calculators, we grabbed scissors just in case the shooter got in and we had to attack them,” he said, describing how a bullet pierced one of the desks they’d used to block the door.

 In a sign language class, freshman Mark Kluska heard someone announce a lockdodwn over the school’s loudspeakers. His teacher shut the door and fixed it with a metal doorstop.

 “I started realizing it was real when I began to hear yelling,” Kluska told CNN.

 Later, someone outside the room who claimed to be with the sheriff’s office told Kluska and his classmates that all was safe and they could come out, a video the freshman recorded shows.

 WDIB

 Authorities look for possible motive behind 15-year-old Michigan high school shooting suspect. Here's what we know

 “We’re not willing to take that risk right now,” the teacher replies.

 It’s not clear who the person at the door was. But the teacher quickly signaled students to scramble out a first-floor window into the snow, Kluska said. From there, they raced across a courtyard to another part of the building, where a law enforcement officer herded them to safety.

 Oakland County Sheriff Michael Bouchard confirmed during a news conference Wednesday the suspect never knocked on any doors.

 More than 100 calls to 911 were made. About two to three minutes after officers arrived, they found a 15-year-old suspect, later identified as Ethan Crumbley, and took him into custody without incident, Bouchard said.

 Crumbley has been charged as an adult with terrorism causing death and four counts of first-degree murder. He also was charged with seven counts of assault with intent to murder and 12 counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, Oakland County Prosecutor Karen D. McDonald said.

 Ethan Crumbley
 Oakland County Sheriff's Office

 The suspect’s lawyer entered a plea of not guilty on his client’s behalf at Wednesday’s arraignment. The judge scheduled a probable cause hearing for December 13 and a preliminary examination hearing for December 20.

 During Crumbley’s arraignment Wednesday, Lt. Tim Willis said two separate videos were recovered from the suspected shooter’s cellphone in which he talked about shooting and killing students the next day at Oxford High School.

 In addition to the cellphone, a journal was recovered from Crumbley’s backpack detailing his “desire to shoot up the school,” Willis said.

 One of the dead was 14 years old

 The four students who died have been identified as Madisyn Baldwin, 17; Tate Myre, 16; Hana St. Juliana, 14; and Justin Shilling, 17, authorities said.

 Justin died Wednesday morning at a hospital; the others died Tuesday, the sheriff’s office said. Tate died in a patrol car while a deputy was taking him to a hospital, Bouchard said.

 Anita’s Kitchen, where Shilling worked, shared a statement on social media about him.

 “Justin was an exemplary employee, a devoted friend and co-worker, co-captain of his bowling team, and simply a pleasure to be around. Our thoughts are with his family and friends at this difficult time,” the statement read.

 Seven others – six students and a teacher – were shot, Bouchard said.

 Among the wounded were a 14-year-old girl who was on a ventilator following surgery, Bouchard said Tuesday night. On Wednesday, it was announced she had been taken off the ventilator and was in stable condition. A 14-year-old boy had a gunshot wound to the jaw and head. The teacher, a 15-year-old boy and a 17-year-old boy were discharged, Bouchard said.

 Students in senior Aiden Page's class shoved desks against a door after the shooting started, he said.
 courtesy Aiden Page

 Parents could face charges

 The attack was the deadliest US school shooting since eight students and two teachers were slain in May 2018 at Texas’ Santa Fe High School, according to a CNN tally. There have been 48 shootings this year on K-12 campuses, 32 of them since August 1.

 The suspect was being held at a juvenile detention facility. Bouchard said authorities asked a judge to transfer him from the detention facility to the Oakland County Jail. The judge agreed to the request.

 Charges of first-degree murder require allegations of premeditation, and evidence in this case indicates the shooting was planned “well before the incident,” McDonald said.

 This shooting was “absolutely premeditated,” McDonald told reporters, without elaborating.

 McDonald’s office will consider charges against the suspect’s parents, she said.

 The weapon authorities said was used in the shooting, a 9mm Sig Sauer SP2022 semiautomatic pistol, was purchased by Crumbley’s father on Friday, four days before shots rang out at the school, Bouchard said.

 Authorities are considering charges against both parents, with McDonald saying a decision would be made on that “swiftly.” The potential charges stem from the parents owning a gun. McDonald said that means securing it properly, ensuring ammunition is kept separate, among other legal responsibilities.

 “We have to hold individuals accountable who don’t do that,” she said.

 CNN has pressed the prosecutor to speak on whether evidence was recovered to support potential charges and which charges are being considered. The prosecutor declined to go into detail citing the investigation, but reiterated that an announcement would be made as soon as possible regarding whether charges would be brought.

 CNN has attempted to reach the parents of Ethan Crumbley and are attempting to identify an attorney for them.

 McDonald told CNN’s Erin Burnett on Wednesday she felt it was tragic how desensitized people were to gun violence, but gun owners should be held accountable for their ownership and possession of a firearm.

 Suspect and his parents met with school officials hours before shooting

 Bouchard said the 15-year-old had not been on law enforcement radar prior to the shooting.

 However, authorities did learn after the shooting that the suspect and his parents met with school officials a few hours before the shooting. Officials met with just the suspect the day before and with the suspect and parents the day of the shooting, Bouchard said.

 “The day before, it was a meeting with school personnel about some concerning behavior and the meeting the day of was with school personnel and parents about a different issue,” Bouchard said.

 The sheriff declined to go into issues on either day.

 “Prior to those two meetings there was no contact or nothing in his file by either concerning behavior or discipline,” he said.

 McDonald told CNN she was not able to comment on what, specifically, the gunman, parents and school officials discussed during their meeting.

 “There’s an additional piece of evidence that hasn’t been released yet, but I can assure you it was troubling, it was disturbing, and unfortunately he was allowed to go back to class,” she said.

 Video shows assailant ‘was shooting people at close range,’ sheriff says

 Investigators recovered more than 30 shell casings, said the sheriff, who’d earlier said at least a dozen rounds were fired.

 “We believe he fired at least 30 shots,” he said.

 Bouchard said two 15-round magazines were recovered by investigators and a third was recovered in the overnight hours. Investigators also learned the suspect had 18 rounds left, with seven in his pocket.

 “With this much ammunition still with him … the quick actions of the school and the lockdown as well as the deputies going to the danger, saved lives,” Bouchard said.

 Parents walk with their children away from a grocery store parking lot, where many students gathered after the shooting.
 Eric Seals/Detroit Free Press/AP

 Video from the school shows the assailant was “shooting people at close range – oftentimes toward the head or chest,” Bouchard told CNN’s “New Day” earlier Wednesday.

 “It’s chilling. It’s absolutely cold-hearted, murderous,” Bouchard said.

 Prosecutors said during Crumbley’s arraignment they’ve seen video from the school surveillance cameras showing Crumbley “methodically and deliberately” walking the hallways, aiming a gun at students and firing.

 “What is depicted on that video, honestly judge, I don’t have the words to describe how horrific that was,” said prosecutor Marc Keast.

 Video showed Crumbley with a backpack, and a minute later exiting the bathroom without the backpack and with a gun in hand, authorities said.

 He started firing right outside the bathroom, Keast said, but after children started running away, he continued to go down the hallway at a “methodical pace” and shot inside classrooms and at students who hadn’t had the opportunity to escape. This continued for another four or five minutes and he went to another bathroom, Keast said.

 When deputies arrived, he set down the gun and surrendered.

 “A preliminary review of the defendant’s social media accounts, his cellphone, as well as other documented evidence recovered on scene showed that this defendant planned this shooting, he deliberately brought the handgun that day with the intent to murder as many students as he could,” Keast said.

 Though much of the shooting was at close range, it nevertheless appeared “random,” Bouchard told CNN, without elaborating.

 The assailant “tried to breach classroom doors,” the sheriff said.

 “He actually fired through a number of the doors that I looked at last night – through the barricaded doors. … Some of those barricades were struck by gunfire,” Bouchard said.

 Bouchard praised the work of his deputies and other local law enforcement agencies that responded Tuesday, saying their coordination and active shooter training proved invaluable.

 Deputies were dispatched to the school at 12:52 p.m., and the suspect was in custody within three minutes of their arrival, Bouchard said.

 As deputies made their way through the school, they encountered the suspect, who then put his hands up, Bouchard said. Deputies took the gun and placed the suspect in custody.

 “I believe they literally saved lives, having taken down the suspect with a loaded firearm still in the building,” the sheriff said.

 ‘We believe we have some writings that contain his thoughts’

 As for the investigation into a motive: “We believe we have some writings that contain some of his thoughts,” Bouchard said, adding he didn’t immediately know whether the writings reveal intent.

 Four of the Oxford High School shooting victims. Hana St. Juliana, 14 (top left),Justin Shilling, 17 (top right), Tate Myre, 16; (bottom left), Madisyn Baldwin, 17 (bottom right)

 A beloved football player and a senior with college scholarships among Michigan school shooting victims

 Investigators executed a search warrant at the suspect’s home and have searched the school, he said. Authorities seized a phone and are examining other seized items.

 Michigan law prevents police from talking to a juvenile without parental permission, and the parents have refused that permission and requested a lawyer, Bouchard said.

 “So, we can’t get the motive from the suspect that we have in custody, but we think we’ve got a path to get a lot of supportive information as to how and why this occurred. We’ve recovered some evidence that we’re now beginning to pore over,” Bouchard said.

 Authorities also are investigating pictures of a target and the weapon posted on social media by the suspect, he added.

 ‘I’m going to text my family, say I love them’

 As hundreds of law enforcement officers swarmed the campus Tuesday, students and teachers relied on tactics they’d learned in active shooter drills to protect themselves.

 “This district has been very good in training their personnel and their students on active shooters,” Undersheriff Michael McCabe said.

 Kluska’s teacher, Moises Cortez, jumped into action after a lockdown was announced over the school’s loudspeakers, said the student who recorded video of his classmates escaping through a window.

 “He shut the door and put, like, a metal doorstopper so no one would be able to kick in the door.” Kluska told CNN. “After he turned off the lights, he told us to get to the corner because this might not be a drill and he wants to be safe.”

 Watch moment students sheltered in class during shooting
 00:55 - Source: CNN

 People were injured as they rushed out of the school, Bouchard said. Most were treated and released at a nearby staging area.

 Zander Cumbey, a junior at the high school, told CNN’s Victor Blackwell that he started hearing screams about a minute after he sat down in his classroom.

 “I heard screams come from the hallway and then the first gunshot happened, and my teacher, he walked into the classroom, he locked the door and he told us to call 911,” Zander said. “And then we heard the rest of the gunshots go off, more screams.”

 He said as he was on the phone with dispatchers, he didn’t really speak to them.

 “I just said kind of said ‘Oxford High School, shooter’, because I couldn’t talk,” Zander said.

 He texted his parents that he loved them, he said, and texted his younger brother who also attends the school to see whether he was safe. Zander told CNN one of the victims – Tate Myre – was a close friend who was on the football team with him.

 Donna Sanders’ youngest grandchild was changing classes when he heard gunshots, she told CNN. He and others ran through an exit door and went to a nearby grocery store to escape, he told her.

 “He was able to run to safety with others while his brother was trapped inside,” Sanders said.

 high school student aiden
 CNN
 video

 Students' quick act once shooting started may have saved their lives

 Sanders’ daughter, Vontysha Pittman, said her oldest son sought safety in a classroom with a teacher and other students. He hid under a desk and called his father to tell him what was happening, she said.

 “They are both are safe at home, but they are broken. We need prayers and not just for us but all the families at Oxford,” Sanders said.

 Page’s classroom was in lockdown for an hour, the senior told CNN. The entire experience as “insane” as he contemplated whether he would live through the ordeal.

 “The very first thing in my head was, ‘Is this actually happening? I’m going to text my family, say I love them just in case, if I were to die.’ Then when everything calmed down for a second, I was able to catch my breath and rationalize things,” he said.

 CNN’s Adrienne Broaddus and Shimon Prokupecz reported from Oxford. Jason Hanna and Amir Vera wrote in Atlanta. Carolyn Sung, Taylor Romine, Laura Ly, Caroll Alvarado, Kristina Sgueglia and Patrick Cornell contributed to this report.

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 © 2023 Cable News Network. A Warner Bros. Discovery Company. All Rights Reserved.
 CNN Sans ™ & © 2016 Cable News Network.

Oxford, Michigan
 CNN
  — 
 
 
 The terror at Michigan’s Oxford High School that left four dead started with gunfire, yelling and an urgent message on a loudspeaker.
 
 
 Then frightened students barricaded doors, phoned for help and picked up anything they could grab in case they needed to fight back.
 
 
 
 Aiden Page, a senior, was in a classroom when he heard two gunshots Tuesday afternoon – part of what authorities called a sophomore’s “absolutely cold-hearted, murderous” rampage that left four students dead and seven other people injured in the deadliest shooting at a US K-12 school since 2018.
 
 
 Just like in the active shooter drills they’d practiced, Page watched his teacher run in and lock the door, then students shoved desks against it, he told CNN’s Anderson Cooper.
 
 
 “We grabbed calculators, we grabbed scissors just in case the shooter got in and we had to attack them,” he said, describing how a bullet pierced one of the desks they’d used to block the door.
 
 
 In a sign language class, freshman Mark Kluska heard someone announce a lockdodwn over the school’s loudspeakers. His teacher shut the door and fixed it with a metal doorstop.
 
 
 “I started realizing it was real when I began to hear yelling,” Kluska told CNN.
 
 
 Later, someone outside the room who claimed to be with the sheriff’s office told Kluska and his classmates that all was safe and they could come out, a video the freshman recorded shows. 
 
 
 
 “We’re not willing to take that risk right now,” the teacher replies.
 
 
 It’s not clear who the person at the door was. But the teacher quickly signaled students to scramble out a first-floor window into the snow, Kluska said. From there, they raced across a courtyard to another part of the building, where a law enforcement officer herded them to safety. 
 
 
 Oakland County Sheriff Michael Bouchard confirmed during a news conference Wednesday the suspect never knocked on any doors. 
 
 
 More than 100 calls to 911 were made. About two to three minutes after officers arrived, they found a 15-year-old suspect, later identified as Ethan Crumbley, and took him into custody without incident, Bouchard said.
 
 
 Crumbley has been charged as an adult with terrorism causing death and four counts of first-degree murder. He also was charged with seven counts of assault with intent to murder and 12 counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, Oakland County Prosecutor Karen D. McDonald said.
 
 
 
 
 
 The suspect’s lawyer entered a plea of not guilty on his client’s behalf at Wednesday’s arraignment. The judge scheduled a probable cause hearing for December 13 and a preliminary examination hearing for December 20.
 
 
 During Crumbley’s arraignment Wednesday, Lt. Tim Willis said two separate videos were recovered from the suspected shooter’s cellphone in which he talked about shooting and killing students the next day at Oxford High School. 
 
 
 In addition to the cellphone, a journal was recovered from Crumbley’s backpack detailing his “desire to shoot up the school,” Willis said. 
 
 
 
 The four students who died have been identified as Madisyn Baldwin, 17; Tate Myre, 16; Hana St. Juliana, 14; and Justin Shilling, 17, authorities said.
 
 
 Justin died Wednesday morning at a hospital; the others died Tuesday, the sheriff’s office said. Tate died in a patrol car while a deputy was taking him to a hospital, Bouchard said.
 
 
 Anita’s Kitchen, where Shilling worked, shared a statement on social media about him.
 
 
 “Justin was an exemplary employee, a devoted friend and co-worker, co-captain of his bowling team, and simply a pleasure to be around. Our thoughts are with his family and friends at this difficult time,” the statement read.
 
 
 Seven others – six students and a teacher – were shot, Bouchard said. 
 
 
 Among the wounded were a 14-year-old girl who was on a ventilator following surgery, Bouchard said Tuesday night. On Wednesday, it was announced she had been taken off the ventilator and was in stable condition. A 14-year-old boy had a gunshot wound to the jaw and head. The teacher, a 15-year-old boy and a 17-year-old boy were discharged, Bouchard said.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The attack was the deadliest US school shooting since eight students and two teachers were slain in May 2018 at Texas’ Santa Fe High School, according to a CNN tally. There have been 48 shootings this year on K-12 campuses, 32 of them since August 1.
 
 
 The suspect was being held at a juvenile detention facility. Bouchard said authorities asked a judge to transfer him from the detention facility to the Oakland County Jail. The judge agreed to the request. 
 
 
 Charges of first-degree murder require allegations of premeditation, and evidence in this case indicates the shooting was planned “well before the incident,” McDonald said.
 
 
 This shooting was “absolutely premeditated,” McDonald told reporters, without elaborating.
 
 
 McDonald’s office will consider charges against the suspect’s parents, she said.
 
 
 The weapon authorities said was used in the shooting, a 9mm Sig Sauer SP2022 semiautomatic pistol, was purchased by Crumbley’s father on Friday, four days before shots rang out at the school, Bouchard said. 
 
 
 Authorities are considering charges against both parents, with McDonald saying a decision would be made on that “swiftly.” The potential charges stem from the parents owning a gun. McDonald said that means securing it properly, ensuring ammunition is kept separate, among other legal responsibilities. 
 
 
 “We have to hold individuals accountable who don’t do that,” she said.
 
 
 CNN has pressed the prosecutor to speak on whether evidence was recovered to support potential charges and which charges are being considered. The prosecutor declined to go into detail citing the investigation, but reiterated that an announcement would be made as soon as possible regarding whether charges would be brought.
 
 
 CNN has attempted to reach the parents of Ethan Crumbley and are attempting to identify an attorney for them.
 
 
 McDonald told CNN’s Erin Burnett on Wednesday she felt it was tragic how desensitized people were to gun violence, but gun owners should be held accountable for their ownership and possession of a firearm. 
 
 
 
 Bouchard said the 15-year-old had not been on law enforcement radar prior to the shooting. 
 
 
 However, authorities did learn after the shooting that the suspect and his parents met with school officials a few hours before the shooting. Officials met with just the suspect the day before and with the suspect and parents the day of the shooting, Bouchard said.
 
 
 “The day before, it was a meeting with school personnel about some concerning behavior and the meeting the day of was with school personnel and parents about a different issue,” Bouchard said. 
 
 
 The sheriff declined to go into issues on either day.
 
 
 “Prior to those two meetings there was no contact or nothing in his file by either concerning behavior or discipline,” he said. 
 
 
 McDonald told CNN she was not able to comment on what, specifically, the gunman, parents and school officials discussed during their meeting. 
 
 
 “There’s an additional piece of evidence that hasn’t been released yet, but I can assure you it was troubling, it was disturbing, and unfortunately he was allowed to go back to class,” she said.
 
 
 
 Investigators recovered more than 30 shell casings, said the sheriff, who’d earlier said at least a dozen rounds were fired.
 
 
 “We believe he fired at least 30 shots,” he said.
 
 
 Bouchard said two 15-round magazines were recovered by investigators and a third was recovered in the overnight hours. Investigators also learned the suspect had 18 rounds left, with seven in his pocket. 
 
 
 “With this much ammunition still with him … the quick actions of the school and the lockdown as well as the deputies going to the danger, saved lives,” Bouchard said.
 
 
 
 
 
 Video from the school shows the assailant was “shooting people at close range – oftentimes toward the head or chest,” Bouchard told CNN’s “New Day” earlier Wednesday.
 
 
 “It’s chilling. It’s absolutely cold-hearted, murderous,” Bouchard said.
 
 
 Prosecutors said during Crumbley’s arraignment they’ve seen video from the school surveillance cameras showing Crumbley “methodically and deliberately” walking the hallways, aiming a gun at students and firing.
 
 
 “What is depicted on that video, honestly judge, I don’t have the words to describe how horrific that was,” said prosecutor Marc Keast.
 
 
 Video showed Crumbley with a backpack, and a minute later exiting the bathroom without the backpack and with a gun in hand, authorities said. 
 
 
 He started firing right outside the bathroom, Keast said, but after children started running away, he continued to go down the hallway at a “methodical pace” and shot inside classrooms and at students who hadn’t had the opportunity to escape. This continued for another four or five minutes and he went to another bathroom, Keast said. 
 
 
 When deputies arrived, he set down the gun and surrendered.
 
 
 “A preliminary review of the defendant’s social media accounts, his cellphone, as well as other documented evidence recovered on scene showed that this defendant planned this shooting, he deliberately brought the handgun that day with the intent to murder as many students as he could,” Keast said.
 
 
 Though much of the shooting was at close range, it nevertheless appeared “random,” Bouchard told CNN, without elaborating.
 
 
 The assailant “tried to breach classroom doors,” the sheriff said.
 
 
 “He actually fired through a number of the doors that I looked at last night – through the barricaded doors. … Some of those barricades were struck by gunfire,” Bouchard said.
 
 
 Bouchard praised the work of his deputies and other local law enforcement agencies that responded Tuesday, saying their coordination and active shooter training proved invaluable.
 
 
 Deputies were dispatched to the school at 12:52 p.m., and the suspect was in custody within three minutes of their arrival, Bouchard said.
 
 
 As deputies made their way through the school, they encountered the suspect, who then put his hands up, Bouchard said. Deputies took the gun and placed the suspect in custody.
 
 
 “I believe they literally saved lives, having taken down the suspect with a loaded firearm still in the building,” the sheriff said. 
 
 
 
 As for the investigation into a motive: “We believe we have some writings that contain some of his thoughts,” Bouchard said, adding he didn’t immediately know whether the writings reveal intent.
 
 
 
 Investigators executed a search warrant at the suspect’s home and have searched the school, he said. Authorities seized a phone and are examining other seized items.
 
 
 Michigan law prevents police from talking to a juvenile without parental permission, and the parents have refused that permission and requested a lawyer, Bouchard said.
 
 
 “So, we can’t get the motive from the suspect that we have in custody, but we think we’ve got a path to get a lot of supportive information as to how and why this occurred. We’ve recovered some evidence that we’re now beginning to pore over,” Bouchard said.
 
 
 Authorities also are investigating pictures of a target and the weapon posted on social media by the suspect, he added.
 
 
 
 As hundreds of law enforcement officers swarmed the campus Tuesday, students and teachers relied on tactics they’d learned in active shooter drills to protect themselves. 
 
 
 “This district has been very good in training their personnel and their students on active shooters,” Undersheriff Michael McCabe said.
 
 
 Kluska’s teacher, Moises Cortez, jumped into action after a lockdown was announced over the school’s loudspeakers, said the student who recorded video of his classmates escaping through a window.
 
 
 “He shut the door and put, like, a metal doorstopper so no one would be able to kick in the door.” Kluska told CNN. “After he turned off the lights, he told us to get to the corner because this might not be a drill and he wants to be safe.”
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Watch moment students sheltered in class during shooting
 
 00:55
 
 - Source:
 CNN
 
 
 
 
 People were injured as they rushed out of the school, Bouchard said. Most were treated and released at a nearby staging area.
 
 
 Zander Cumbey, a junior at the high school, told CNN’s Victor Blackwell that he started hearing screams about a minute after he sat down in his classroom. 
 
 
 “I heard screams come from the hallway and then the first gunshot happened, and my teacher, he walked into the classroom, he locked the door and he told us to call 911,” Zander said. “And then we heard the rest of the gunshots go off, more screams.”
 
 
 He said as he was on the phone with dispatchers, he didn’t really speak to them. 
 
 
 “I just said kind of said ‘Oxford High School, shooter’, because I couldn’t talk,” Zander said. 
 
 
 He texted his parents that he loved them, he said, and texted his younger brother who also attends the school to see whether he was safe. Zander told CNN one of the victims – Tate Myre – was a close friend who was on the football team with him. 
 
 
 Donna Sanders’ youngest grandchild was changing classes when he heard gunshots, she told CNN. He and others ran through an exit door and went to a nearby grocery store to escape, he told her.
 
 
 “He was able to run to safety with others while his brother was trapped inside,” Sanders said.
 
 
 
 Sanders’ daughter, Vontysha Pittman, said her oldest son sought safety in a classroom with a teacher and other students. He hid under a desk and called his father to tell him what was happening, she said.
 
 
 “They are both are safe at home, but they are broken. We need prayers and not just for us but all the families at Oxford,” Sanders said.
 
 
 Page’s classroom was in lockdown for an hour, the senior told CNN. The entire experience as “insane” as he contemplated whether he would live through the ordeal.
 
 
 “The very first thing in my head was, ‘Is this actually happening? I’m going to text my family, say I love them just in case, if I were to die.’ Then when everything calmed down for a second, I was able to catch my breath and rationalize things,” he said.
 
 
 CNN’s Adrienne Broaddus and Shimon Prokupecz reported from Oxford. Jason Hanna and Amir Vera wrote in Atlanta. Carolyn Sung, Taylor Romine, Laura Ly, Caroll Alvarado, Kristina Sgueglia and Patrick Cornell contributed to this report.
Students grabbed scissors for defense and escaped out a window in deadly Michigan shooting. The suspect has been charged with murder | CNN
https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/01/us/michigan-oxford-high-school-shooting-wednesday/index.html
https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/01/covid-who-says-south-africa-hospitalizations-rising-omicron-severity-unclear.html
WHO says South Africa Covid hospitalizations are rising but it's too soon to know severity of omicron
2021-12-01
Spencer Kimball
<div><div><div><p>Maxym Marusenko | NurPhoto | Getty Images</p></div><div><p>Hospitalizations are rising across South Africa, but it's still too early to know whether the omicron variant is driving an increase in severe <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/coronavirus/">Covid-19</a> cases, according to the World Health Organization.</p><p>Maria Van Kerkhove, Covid technical lead for the WHO, said Wednesday that some patients infected with omicron are showing mild symptoms, but there are also reports of cases in which the disease becomes more severe. Hospitalizations could be rising due to a general increase in Covid cases and not necessarily because omicron is more lethal, Van Kerkhove said.</p><p>"With regards to severity, there are studies that are underway looking at hospitalizations, looking at those individuals who are hospitalized, whether or not they have this variant or not," Van Kerkhove told reporters during an update in Geneva. "We're also getting a picture of some of the cases that are detected in other countries."</p><p><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/01/who-says-omicron-has-been-found-in-23-countries-across-the-world.html">The WHO reported Wednesday that 23 countries have identified omicron cases</a> so far, up from 18 just two days ago, and that number is expected to rise in the coming days and weeks.</p><p>U.S. health officials have <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/01/us-confirms-nations-first-case-of-omicron-covid-variant-in-california.html">confirmed the country's first case of omicron in California</a>, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said Wednesday. The individual, who was fully vaccinated, had returned from South Africa to the San Francisco area on Nov. 22 and tested positive on Nov. 29, White House chief medical advisor Dr. Anthony Fauci told reporters Wednesday.</p><p>Van Kerkhove said there are early indications that omicron is more infectious, and the WHO expects to have more information on the variant's transmissibility within days.</p></div><div><p></p></div><div><p>"It is certainly possible that one of the scenarios is that the virus, as it continues to evolve, may still have a fitness advantage, meaning that it can become more transmissible than delta, we'll have to see," she said. "But we don't know quite yet about the severity." Van Kerkhove noted there's a "surveillance bias" in reported Covid cases that may cloud the early data.</p><p>Dr. Scott Gottlieb, a board member at vaccine maker and a former commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, told CNBC on Wednesday that there was a mini-delta surge in South Africa as well as an uptick in a separate variant, C.1.2, which complicates efforts to gain clarity on omicron's transmission and virulence.</p><p>Stephane Bancel, CEO of vaccine maker , told CNBC on Monday that omicron symptoms reported in South Africa may not be a good predictor of the variant's virulence in other parts of the world, because the country has a much younger and healthier population than European nations and the United States. The elderly are typically at higher risk of developing severe Covid than younger individuals.</p></div><div><p></p></div><div><p>"The molecular profile of the kinds of mutations that you see (in omicron) would suggest that it might be more transmissible and that it might elude some of the protection of vaccines," Fauci said Wednesday. "But we don't know that now."</p><p>Van Kerkhove said Wednesday that the public health measures used to fight delta, which is currently the dominant variant worldwide, should be strengthened to combat omicron.</p><p>"That does not mean lockdown. What that means is using proven public health and social measures," Van Kerkhove said. The WHO <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/24/who-tells-fully-vaccinated-to-wear-masks-physically-distance-as-infections-surge.html">recommended last week</a> that people wear masks and socially distance regardless of their vaccination status.</p><p>WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus on Wednesday advised countries against imposing "blanket travel bans," warning that such measures do not prevent the spread of omicron and place a heavy economic burden on the nations that are targeted. The U.S., the European Union and the U.K. restricted travel from southern African nations after South Africa alerted the world about omicron. Botswana said Friday it first detected the variant on four foreign nationals who entered the country on a diplomatic mission on Nov. 7 as part of its regular Covid surveillance.</p></div><div><h2>More CNBC health coverage</h2><div><ul><li><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/03/26/viking-therapeutics-weight-loss-pill-shows-positive-study-results.html">Viking Therapeutics stock jumps more than 25% on promising weight loss pill data</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/03/24/amgen-aims-to-enter-weight-loss-drug-market-with-a-new-approach.html">Amgen wants in on the booming weight loss drug market — and it's taking a different approach</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/03/21/medicare-can-cover-weight-loss-drugs-if-used-for-added-health-benefit.html">Medicare can now cover certain weight loss drugs in a big step for patients</a></li></ul></div></div><div><p>"I thank Botswana and South Africa for detecting, sequencing and reporting this variant so rapidly," Tedros said. "It's deeply concerning to me that those countries are now being penalized by others for doing the right thing."</p><p>Van Kerkhove said placing travel restrictions on countries that report new variants to the international community could make them hesitant to share critical information in the future.</p><p>"If there is any disincentive if countries feel like they will be penalized for recording that information, that is of course a worry for us," she said "We rely on this information, quite frankly."</p><p>Fauci defended the U.S. travel restrictions on Wednesday, describing them as a temporary measure intended to buy time for health officials to better understand the virus variant.</p><p>"No one feels that a travel ban is going to prevent people who are infected from coming to the United States," Fauci said. "But we needed to buy some time to be able to prepare, understand what's going on. So we look at this as a temporary measure."</p><p>The WHO will hold a meeting on Dec. 6 to discuss how well natural and vaccine-induced immunity is holding up against Covid, including the omicron variant. Dr. Soumya Swaminathan, the organization's chief scientist, said the primary goal of the world should be to ensure that as many people as possible have received their first vaccination series, particularly those who are vulnerable.</p><p>"There are all countries that still have vulnerable populations that have not been vaccinated for one reason or another," Swaminathan said. "Of course, there are a large number of low-income countries where it hasn't happened because we haven't had the supplies."</p><p>Wealthy nations such as the United States have started rolling out booster doses to the general public as vaccine efficacy wanes over time. That has been a source of controversy internationally because many people in poorer nations have very limited access to vaccines.</p></div></div></div>||||I|||| Skip Navigation
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 Health and Science

 WHO says South Africa Covid hospitalizations are rising but it's too soon to know severity of omicron

 Published Wed, Dec 1 202112:23 PM ESTUpdated Wed, Dec 1 20216:29 PM EST
 Spencer Kimball@spencekimball
 WATCH LIVE
 Key Points
 * Maria Van Kerkhove, Covid technical lead for the WHO, said Wednesday that some patients infected with omicron are showing mild symptoms, but there are also reports of severe cases.
 * She said studies are underway looking at hospitalizations to determine the severity of omicron.
 * The U.S. confirmed its first case of omicron in California, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed on Wednesday.
 Maxym Marusenko | NurPhoto | Getty Images

 Hospitalizations are rising across South Africa, but it's still too early to know whether the omicron variant is driving an increase in severe Covid-19 cases, according to the World Health Organization.

 Maria Van Kerkhove, Covid technical lead for the WHO, said Wednesday that some patients infected with omicron are showing mild symptoms, but there are also reports of cases in which the disease becomes more severe. Hospitalizations could be rising due to a general increase in Covid cases and not necessarily because omicron is more lethal, Van Kerkhove said.

 "With regards to severity, there are studies that are underway looking at hospitalizations, looking at those individuals who are hospitalized, whether or not they have this variant or not," Van Kerkhove told reporters during an update in Geneva. "We're also getting a picture of some of the cases that are detected in other countries."

 The WHO reported Wednesday that 23 countries have identified omicron cases so far, up from 18 just two days ago, and that number is expected to rise in the coming days and weeks.

 U.S. health officials have confirmed the country's first case of omicron in California, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said Wednesday. The individual, who was fully vaccinated, had returned from South Africa to the San Francisco area on Nov. 22 and tested positive on Nov. 29, White House chief medical advisor Dr. Anthony Fauci told reporters Wednesday.

 Van Kerkhove said there are early indications that omicron is more infectious, and the WHO expects to have more information on the variant's transmissibility within days.

 watch now
 VIDEO 3:12 03:12
 Dr. Fauci: We will know more about the transmissibility in the next two weeks
 The Exchange

 "It is certainly possible that one of the scenarios is that the virus, as it continues to evolve, may still have a fitness advantage, meaning that it can become more transmissible than delta, we'll have to see," she said. "But we don't know quite yet about the severity." Van Kerkhove noted there's a "surveillance bias" in reported Covid cases that may cloud the early data.

 Dr. Scott Gottlieb, a board member at vaccine maker Pfizer and a former commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, told CNBC on Wednesday that there was a mini-delta surge in South Africa as well as an uptick in a separate variant, C.1.2, which complicates efforts to gain clarity on omicron's transmission and virulence.

 Stephane Bancel, CEO of vaccine maker Moderna, told CNBC on Monday that omicron symptoms reported in South Africa may not be a good predictor of the variant's virulence in other parts of the world, because the country has a much younger and healthier population than European nations and the United States. The elderly are typically at higher risk of developing severe Covid than younger individuals.

 watch now
 VIDEO 3:32 03:32
 Three-dose vaccine regimen is the world's path out of omicron: Singapore doctor
 Street Signs Asia

 "The molecular profile of the kinds of mutations that you see (in omicron) would suggest that it might be more transmissible and that it might elude some of the protection of vaccines," Fauci said Wednesday. "But we don't know that now."

 Van Kerkhove said Wednesday that the public health measures used to fight delta, which is currently the dominant variant worldwide, should be strengthened to combat omicron.

 "That does not mean lockdown. What that means is using proven public health and social measures," Van Kerkhove said. The WHO recommended last week that people wear masks and socially distance regardless of their vaccination status.

 WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus on Wednesday advised countries against imposing "blanket travel bans," warning that such measures do not prevent the spread of omicron and place a heavy economic burden on the nations that are targeted. The U.S., the European Union and the U.K. restricted travel from southern African nations after South Africa alerted the world about omicron. Botswana said Friday it first detected the variant on four foreign nationals who entered the country on a diplomatic mission on Nov. 7 as part of its regular Covid surveillance.

 More CNBC health coverage

 * Viking Therapeutics stock jumps more than 25% on promising weight loss pill data
 * Amgen wants in on the booming weight loss drug market — and it's taking a different approach
 * Medicare can now cover certain weight loss drugs in a big step for patients

 "I thank Botswana and South Africa for detecting, sequencing and reporting this variant so rapidly," Tedros said. "It's deeply concerning to me that those countries are now being penalized by others for doing the right thing."

 Van Kerkhove said placing travel restrictions on countries that report new variants to the international community could make them hesitant to share critical information in the future.

 "If there is any disincentive if countries feel like they will be penalized for recording that information, that is of course a worry for us," she said "We rely on this information, quite frankly."

 Fauci defended the U.S. travel restrictions on Wednesday, describing them as a temporary measure intended to buy time for health officials to better understand the virus variant.

 "No one feels that a travel ban is going to prevent people who are infected from coming to the United States," Fauci said. "But we needed to buy some time to be able to prepare, understand what's going on. So we look at this as a temporary measure."

 The WHO will hold a meeting on Dec. 6 to discuss how well natural and vaccine-induced immunity is holding up against Covid, including the omicron variant. Dr. Soumya Swaminathan, the organization's chief scientist, said the primary goal of the world should be to ensure that as many people as possible have received their first vaccination series, particularly those who are vulnerable.

 "There are all countries that still have vulnerable populations that have not been vaccinated for one reason or another," Swaminathan said. "Of course, there are a large number of low-income countries where it hasn't happened because we haven't had the supplies."

 Wealthy nations such as the United States have started rolling out booster doses to the general public as vaccine efficacy wanes over time. That has been a source of controversy internationally because many people in poorer nations have very limited access to vaccines.

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Maxym Marusenko | NurPhoto | Getty Images   Hospitalizations are rising across South Africa, but it's still too early to know whether the omicron variant is driving an increase in severe Covid-19 cases, according to the World Health Organization. Maria Van Kerkhove, Covid technical lead for the WHO, said Wednesday that some patients infected with omicron are showing mild symptoms, but there are also reports of cases in which the disease becomes more severe. Hospitalizations could be rising due to a general increase in Covid cases and not necessarily because omicron is more lethal, Van Kerkhove said. "With regards to severity, there are studies that are underway looking at hospitalizations, looking at those individuals who are hospitalized, whether or not they have this variant or not," Van Kerkhove told reporters during an update in Geneva. "We're also getting a picture of some of the cases that are detected in other countries."  The WHO reported Wednesday that 23 countries have identified omicron cases so far, up from 18 just two days ago, and that number is expected to rise in the coming days and weeks. U.S. health officials have confirmed the country's first case of omicron in California, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said Wednesday. The individual, who was fully vaccinated, had returned from South Africa to the San Francisco area on Nov. 22 and tested positive on Nov. 29, White House chief medical advisor Dr. Anthony Fauci told reporters Wednesday. Van Kerkhove said there are early indications that omicron is more infectious, and the WHO expects to have more information on the variant's transmissibility within days.       "It is certainly possible that one of the scenarios is that the virus, as it continues to evolve, may still have a fitness advantage, meaning that it can become more transmissible than delta, we'll have to see," she said. "But we don't know quite yet about the severity." Van Kerkhove noted there's a "surveillance bias" in reported Covid cases that may cloud the early data. Dr. Scott Gottlieb, a board member at vaccine maker and a former commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, told CNBC on Wednesday that there was a mini-delta surge in South Africa as well as an uptick in a separate variant, C.1.2, which complicates efforts to gain clarity on omicron's transmission and virulence. Stephane Bancel, CEO of vaccine maker , told CNBC on Monday that omicron symptoms reported in South Africa may not be a good predictor of the variant's virulence in other parts of the world, because the country has a much younger and healthier population than European nations and the United States. The elderly are typically at higher risk of developing severe Covid than younger individuals.       "The molecular profile of the kinds of mutations that you see (in omicron) would suggest that it might be more transmissible and that it might elude some of the protection of vaccines," Fauci said Wednesday. "But we don't know that now." Van Kerkhove said Wednesday that the public health measures used to fight delta, which is currently the dominant variant worldwide, should be strengthened to combat omicron. "That does not mean lockdown. What that means is using proven public health and social measures," Van Kerkhove said. The WHO recommended last week that people wear masks and socially distance regardless of their vaccination status. WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus on Wednesday advised countries against imposing "blanket travel bans," warning that such measures do not prevent the spread of omicron and place a heavy economic burden on the nations that are targeted. The U.S., the European Union and the U.K. restricted travel from southern African nations after South Africa alerted the world about omicron. Botswana said Friday it first detected the variant on four foreign nationals who entered the country on a diplomatic mission on Nov. 7 as part of its regular Covid surveillance.   More CNBC health coverage    Viking Therapeutics stock jumps more than 25% on promising weight loss pill data   Amgen wants in on the booming weight loss drug market — and it's taking a different approach   Medicare can now cover certain weight loss drugs in a big step for patients      "I thank Botswana and South Africa for detecting, sequencing and reporting this variant so rapidly," Tedros said. "It's deeply concerning to me that those countries are now being penalized by others for doing the right thing." Van Kerkhove said placing travel restrictions on countries that report new variants to the international community could make them hesitant to share critical information in the future. "If there is any disincentive if countries feel like they will be penalized for recording that information, that is of course a worry for us," she said "We rely on this information, quite frankly." Fauci defended the U.S. travel restrictions on Wednesday, describing them as a temporary measure intended to buy time for health officials to better understand the virus variant. "No one feels that a travel ban is going to prevent people who are infected from coming to the United States," Fauci said. "But we needed to buy some time to be able to prepare, understand what's going on. So we look at this as a temporary measure." The WHO will hold a meeting on Dec. 6 to discuss how well natural and vaccine-induced immunity is holding up against Covid, including the omicron variant. Dr. Soumya Swaminathan, the organization's chief scientist, said the primary goal of the world should be to ensure that as many people as possible have received their first vaccination series, particularly those who are vulnerable. "There are all countries that still have vulnerable populations that have not been vaccinated for one reason or another," Swaminathan said. "Of course, there are a large number of low-income countries where it hasn't happened because we haven't had the supplies." Wealthy nations such as the United States have started rolling out booster doses to the general public as vaccine efficacy wanes over time. That has been a source of controversy internationally because many people in poorer nations have very limited access to vaccines.
WHO says South Africa Covid hospitalizations are rising but it's too soon to know severity of omicron
https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/01/covid-who-says-south-africa-hospitalizations-rising-omicron-severity-unclear.html
https://www.politico.com/news/2021/12/01/massachusetts-charlie-baker-reelection-523597
Massachusetts Gov. Charlie Baker won't seek reelection
2021-12-01
Lisa Kashinsky Updated st; Clip-Ruleevenodd; Fillfff Link Copied
<div><div><div>
<p>
One of the most popular governors in the country, Baker was the GOP’s best hope of holding onto the governor’s office in a solidly blue state. | Steven Senne/AP Photo
</p>
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<p>BOSTON — Republican Gov. Charlie Baker, one of the nation’s most popular governors, won’t seek reelection next year, he said Wednesday in a move that blew Massachusetts’ gubernatorial contest wide open and will ripple across down-ballot races in 2022.</p>
<p>And, in perhaps an even more shocking move, Lt. Gov. Karyn Polito won’t run for governor in his place.</p>
<p>Baker and Polito said in a joint statement that a reelection bid would “be a distraction” from managing the Covid-19 pandemic. “We want to focus on recovery,” they said in a note to friends and supporters, “not on the grudge matches political campaigns can devolve into.”</p>
</div><div>
<p>A moderate Republican with enduring support among Democrats and independents, Baker was the GOP’s best hope of holding onto the governor’s office in deep-blue Massachusetts and Polito was widely seen as his heir apparent. But Baker, who eschews national politics, has been increasingly at odds with his own party as it coalesced around former President Donald Trump. Running for reelection presented plenty of obstacles, including a conservative primary challenger backed by the former president and attacks from across the political spectrum on his handling of the coronavirus pandemic.</p>
<p>“We both love the work,” Baker said while briefing reporters Wednesday afternoon, adding, “focusing on campaigning and focusing on politics and on all the things that come with that — while certainly appropriate and necessary to anybody who chooses to run in 2022 — just seemed to us like a big step away from what we should be focused on.”</p>
<p>Those close to Baker, who turned 65 last month, had recently described a two-term governor torn over whether to seek what in Massachusetts would be an unprecedented third consecutive term. He kept operatives, donors and observers guessing late into the year even as he ramped up fundraising throughout the fall after pausing those activities for most of the pandemic, holding an event at a Boston restaurant just last week. The governor was actively debating his next move heading into Thanksgiving and huddled with family over the holiday before communicating his decision to allies shortly after, according to a person familiar with his conversations.</p>
<p>Baker said his ability to win a contest wasn’t a fundamental question for him. Instead, he said, “every race I’ve ever entered, I entered because I believe I would be the best person to do the job.”</p>
<p>But the math didn’t look so good for a governor who’s claimed to be a “data guy.”</p>
<p>The stratospheric approval ratings Baker enjoyed throughout most of his seven years in office took a dip during Covid-19, and he faced some of the worst criticism of his gubernatorial career over the state’s initially rocky vaccine rollout. One recent survey showed Baker with higher job approval ratings among Democrats and independents than among members of his own party. Other recent surveys from Democrat-aligned firms showed him trailing Trump-endorsed former state Rep. Geoff Diehl in a Republican primary and suggested the incumbent had a better path forward as an independent rather than continuing with his own party — though Baker repeatedly rejected the idea of deserting his party.</p>
<p>He said he blanked his ballot for president in 2016 and 2020 so as not to vote for Trump, and emerged as a persistent critic of the president’s handling of the pandemic. Baker also supported Trump’s second impeachment and rejected the former president’s false claims that the 2020 election was rife with fraud — prompting direct attacks from Trump and the endorsement of Diehl for governor. Baker has increasingly and publicly clashed with the pro-Trump chair of his state party as well, a bitter intraparty feud that would have muddied the Republican primary waters and provided ample fodder for the Democrats next year.</p>
<p>But Baker was emphatic Wednesday that he wasn’t “shaken” by Trump’s endorsement of Diehl — as state party Chair Jim Lyons had suggested in a statement — “not at all.”</p>
<p>Baker’s decision not to seek reelection left some of his allies in Massachusetts Republican circles “scrambling” to find another candidate to step up as a moderate standard-bearer against Diehl, former Massachusetts GOP Chair Jennifer Nassour said.</p>
<p>The Republican Governors Association had wanted to keep Baker on its team. RGA officials said they hoped Baker would run again as a Republican during the group’s meeting in Phoenix last month. At the event, Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan mentioned himself and Baker as examples of effective Republican leaders in Democratic states. Baker featured prominently in the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDdFU8KBiuU">RGA’s latest video touting GOP governors</a> — right after the party’s star du jour, Virginia Gov.-elect Glenn Youngkin. And the RGA posted a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01HI2MAD-NU">local news clip of Baker supporting small businesses</a> on its YouTube page just last week.</p>
<p>RGA co-chair Gov. Doug Ducey of Arizona said he had “no doubt [Baker] would have easily been re-elected” in a statement Wednesday that also lauded Baker’s management of the pandemic and the state’s economic recovery. He made no mention of Diehl. </p>
<p>Baker’s retirement will likely rocket Massachusetts up the target board for national Democrats, who are eager to reclaim some of the governorships held by Republicans in otherwise deep-blue territory. Democrats argued that the state would be competitive well before Baker announced plans to retire — despite his generally high approval ratings — and are eager to capitalize on the opening.</p>
<p>“Not having to run against an incumbent makes it a really strong likelihood that a Democrat will win,” Massachusetts Democratic Party Chair Gus Bickford said in a phone interview. “But we have to focus on the basics and the fact that the people come first — that’s what the Democratic party stands for.”</p>
<p>All eyes quickly turned to state Attorney General Maura Healey, who’s widely considered the Democrats’ best chance to reclaim the corner office. She played coy in a television appearance and in a statement Wednesday, lauding Baker as a “valued partner” and saying her 2022 decision was for “another day.”</p>
<p>The Democratic Governors Association has spoken to Healey and the three other progressive Democrats already in the race — state Sen. Sonia Chang-Diaz, former state Sen. Ben Downing and Harvard professor Danielle Allen. </p>
<p>Healey’s decision is likely to spur movement within the state’s deep Democratic bench for down-ballot races as well, and could attract other candidates for the top of the ticket if she passes on the governor’s race. </p>
<p>Labor Secretary Marty Walsh is weighing whether to <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2021/12/01/marty-walsh-massachusetts-governor-523620">return home to run</a>, according to two sources with knowledge of his deliberations. Daniel Koh, his chief of staff, is “seriously considering” a run for lieutenant governor, according to a source familiar with his thinking, setting up the potential for a Walsh-Koh ticket.</p>
<p>Other big names were just as quickly shot down for governor: former Sen. Mo Cowan and former Rep. Joe Kennedy III, both Democrats, among them.</p>
<p>Baker’s retirement will also likely further Trump’s mission to increasingly mold the broader GOP in his own image as he has seeks to squeeze out perceived enemies in the party and install loyalists across the country. </p>
<p>One of his earliest post-presidency endorsements was backing his former press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders in the open race for the Arkansas governor, making her an eventual field-clearer and effectively governor-in-waiting in the deep-red state. </p>
<p>But he has also waded into some of the most competitive races on the map. He made an early endorsement of Kari Lake, a former news anchor who has embraced Trump’s election conspiracies, in Arizona, one of the toughest defensive states for Republicans. Ducey is term-limited, and Trump’s endorsement of Lake was in part a thump to the outgoing governor, who the former president has repeatedly clashed with over not aiding him in overturning his narrow loss in the state in 2020.</p>
<p>Trump has also targeted other incumbent governors seeking reelection. He has made an anti-endorsement of sorts of Georgia Gov. Brian Kemp, not yet backing a candidate in the primary to challenge him but repeatedly savaging Kemp for similarly not supporting his bid to install himself for a second term in the White House despite his loss. <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2021/08/18/trump-team-perdue-kemp-506194">Trump’s team is trying to goad</a> former Sen. David Perdue into challenging Kemp.</p>
<p>Trump also endorsed Idaho Lt. Gov. Janice McGeachin’s <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2021/11/09/trump-endorsement-mcgeachin-little-idaho-520544">primary challenge against incumbent</a> Idaho Gov. Brad Little. Trump’s endorsement was a shock because Little has not publicly crossed him and Trump had thanked Little at a gala just days before the endorsement. The endorsement against Little could present Republicans across the country with an existential challenge, because deference to the former president might not be enough to stop him from derailing their political futures. The RGA has said it will support its incumbents, regardless of who Trump backs. </p>
<p>Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan, another Republican who has prominently bucked Trump, is term-limited, and Trump has already endorsed a state lawmaker who comes from the MAGA wing of the party to try to replace him. Hogan has thrown his support behind Kelly Schulz, his state commerce secretary, to succeed him, but Democrats are bullish about the state despite a crowded primary.</p>
<p><i>Zach Montellaro contributed to this report.</i></p>
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 Politics

 Massachusetts Gov. Charlie Baker won't seek reelection

 Baker is one of the country's most popular governors, but he's also been at odds with former President Donald Trump.

 One of the most popular governors in the country, Baker was the GOP’s best hope of holding onto the governor’s office in a solidly blue state. | Steven Senne/AP Photo

 By Lisa Kashinsky

 12/01/2021 09:52 AM EST

 Updated: 12/01/2021 05:17 PM EST

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 BOSTON — Republican Gov. Charlie Baker, one of the nation’s most popular governors, won’t seek reelection next year, he said Wednesday in a move that blew Massachusetts’ gubernatorial contest wide open and will ripple across down-ballot races in 2022.

 And, in perhaps an even more shocking move, Lt. Gov. Karyn Polito won’t run for governor in his place.

 Baker and Polito said in a joint statement that a reelection bid would “be a distraction” from managing the Covid-19 pandemic. “We want to focus on recovery,” they said in a note to friends and supporters, “not on the grudge matches political campaigns can devolve into.”

 A moderate Republican with enduring support among Democrats and independents, Baker was the GOP’s best hope of holding onto the governor’s office in deep-blue Massachusetts and Polito was widely seen as his heir apparent. But Baker, who eschews national politics, has been increasingly at odds with his own party as it coalesced around former President Donald Trump. Running for reelection presented plenty of obstacles, including a conservative primary challenger backed by the former president and attacks from across the political spectrum on his handling of the coronavirus pandemic.

 “We both love the work,” Baker said while briefing reporters Wednesday afternoon, adding, “focusing on campaigning and focusing on politics and on all the things that come with that — while certainly appropriate and necessary to anybody who chooses to run in 2022 — just seemed to us like a big step away from what we should be focused on.”

 Those close to Baker, who turned 65 last month, had recently described a two-term governor torn over whether to seek what in Massachusetts would be an unprecedented third consecutive term. He kept operatives, donors and observers guessing late into the year even as he ramped up fundraising throughout the fall after pausing those activities for most of the pandemic, holding an event at a Boston restaurant just last week. The governor was actively debating his next move heading into Thanksgiving and huddled with family over the holiday before communicating his decision to allies shortly after, according to a person familiar with his conversations.

 Baker said his ability to win a contest wasn’t a fundamental question for him. Instead, he said, “every race I’ve ever entered, I entered because I believe I would be the best person to do the job.”

 But the math didn’t look so good for a governor who’s claimed to be a “data guy.”

 The stratospheric approval ratings Baker enjoyed throughout most of his seven years in office took a dip during Covid-19, and he faced some of the worst criticism of his gubernatorial career over the state’s initially rocky vaccine rollout. One recent survey showed Baker with higher job approval ratings among Democrats and independents than among members of his own party. Other recent surveys from Democrat-aligned firms showed him trailing Trump-endorsed former state Rep. Geoff Diehl in a Republican primary and suggested the incumbent had a better path forward as an independent rather than continuing with his own party — though Baker repeatedly rejected the idea of deserting his party.

 He said he blanked his ballot for president in 2016 and 2020 so as not to vote for Trump, and emerged as a persistent critic of the president’s handling of the pandemic. Baker also supported Trump’s second impeachment and rejected the former president’s false claims that the 2020 election was rife with fraud — prompting direct attacks from Trump and the endorsement of Diehl for governor. Baker has increasingly and publicly clashed with the pro-Trump chair of his state party as well, a bitter intraparty feud that would have muddied the Republican primary waters and provided ample fodder for the Democrats next year.

 But Baker was emphatic Wednesday that he wasn’t “shaken” by Trump’s endorsement of Diehl — as state party Chair Jim Lyons had suggested in a statement — “not at all.”

 Baker’s decision not to seek reelection left some of his allies in Massachusetts Republican circles “scrambling” to find another candidate to step up as a moderate standard-bearer against Diehl, former Massachusetts GOP Chair Jennifer Nassour said.

 The Republican Governors Association had wanted to keep Baker on its team. RGA officials said they hoped Baker would run again as a Republican during the group’s meeting in Phoenix last month. At the event, Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan mentioned himself and Baker as examples of effective Republican leaders in Democratic states. Baker featured prominently in the RGA’s latest video touting GOP governors — right after the party’s star du jour, Virginia Gov.-elect Glenn Youngkin. And the RGA posted a local news clip of Baker supporting small businesses on its YouTube page just last week.

 RGA co-chair Gov. Doug Ducey of Arizona said he had “no doubt [Baker] would have easily been re-elected” in a statement Wednesday that also lauded Baker’s management of the pandemic and the state’s economic recovery. He made no mention of Diehl.

 Baker’s retirement will likely rocket Massachusetts up the target board for national Democrats, who are eager to reclaim some of the governorships held by Republicans in otherwise deep-blue territory. Democrats argued that the state would be competitive well before Baker announced plans to retire — despite his generally high approval ratings — and are eager to capitalize on the opening.

 “Not having to run against an incumbent makes it a really strong likelihood that a Democrat will win,” Massachusetts Democratic Party Chair Gus Bickford said in a phone interview. “But we have to focus on the basics and the fact that the people come first — that’s what the Democratic party stands for.”

 All eyes quickly turned to state Attorney General Maura Healey, who’s widely considered the Democrats’ best chance to reclaim the corner office. She played coy in a television appearance and in a statement Wednesday, lauding Baker as a “valued partner” and saying her 2022 decision was for “another day.”

 The Democratic Governors Association has spoken to Healey and the three other progressive Democrats already in the race — state Sen. Sonia Chang-Diaz, former state Sen. Ben Downing and Harvard professor Danielle Allen.

 Healey’s decision is likely to spur movement within the state’s deep Democratic bench for down-ballot races as well, and could attract other candidates for the top of the ticket if she passes on the governor’s race.

 Labor Secretary Marty Walsh is weighing whether to return home to run, according to two sources with knowledge of his deliberations. Daniel Koh, his chief of staff, is “seriously considering” a run for lieutenant governor, according to a source familiar with his thinking, setting up the potential for a Walsh-Koh ticket.

 Other big names were just as quickly shot down for governor: former Sen. Mo Cowan and former Rep. Joe Kennedy III, both Democrats, among them.

 Baker’s retirement will also likely further Trump’s mission to increasingly mold the broader GOP in his own image as he has seeks to squeeze out perceived enemies in the party and install loyalists across the country.

 One of his earliest post-presidency endorsements was backing his former press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders in the open race for the Arkansas governor, making her an eventual field-clearer and effectively governor-in-waiting in the deep-red state.

 But he has also waded into some of the most competitive races on the map. He made an early endorsement of Kari Lake, a former news anchor who has embraced Trump’s election conspiracies, in Arizona, one of the toughest defensive states for Republicans. Ducey is term-limited, and Trump’s endorsement of Lake was in part a thump to the outgoing governor, who the former president has repeatedly clashed with over not aiding him in overturning his narrow loss in the state in 2020.

 Trump has also targeted other incumbent governors seeking reelection. He has made an anti-endorsement of sorts of Georgia Gov. Brian Kemp, not yet backing a candidate in the primary to challenge him but repeatedly savaging Kemp for similarly not supporting his bid to install himself for a second term in the White House despite his loss. Trump’s team is trying to goad former Sen. David Perdue into challenging Kemp.

 Trump also endorsed Idaho Lt. Gov. Janice McGeachin’s primary challenge against incumbent Idaho Gov. Brad Little. Trump’s endorsement was a shock because Little has not publicly crossed him and Trump had thanked Little at a gala just days before the endorsement. The endorsement against Little could present Republicans across the country with an existential challenge, because deference to the former president might not be enough to stop him from derailing their political futures. The RGA has said it will support its incumbents, regardless of who Trump backs.

 Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan, another Republican who has prominently bucked Trump, is term-limited, and Trump has already endorsed a state lawmaker who comes from the MAGA wing of the party to try to replace him. Hogan has thrown his support behind Kelly Schulz, his state commerce secretary, to succeed him, but Democrats are bullish about the state despite a crowded primary.

 Zach Montellaro contributed to this report.

 * Filed under:
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 * Republican Governors Association,
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 * Donald Trump 2020,
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 * Republican Primaries,
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One of the most popular governors in the country, Baker was the GOP’s best hope of holding onto the governor’s office in a solidly blue state. | Steven Senne/AP Photo
BOSTON — Republican Gov. Charlie Baker, one of the nation’s most popular governors, won’t seek reelection next year, he said Wednesday in a move that blew Massachusetts’ gubernatorial contest wide open and will ripple across down-ballot races in 2022.
And, in perhaps an even more shocking move, Lt. Gov. Karyn Polito won’t run for governor in his place.
Baker and Polito said in a joint statement that a reelection bid would “be a distraction” from managing the Covid-19 pandemic. “We want to focus on recovery,” they said in a note to friends and supporters, “not on the grudge matches political campaigns can devolve into.”
 
A moderate Republican with enduring support among Democrats and independents, Baker was the GOP’s best hope of holding onto the governor’s office in deep-blue Massachusetts and Polito was widely seen as his heir apparent. But Baker, who eschews national politics, has been increasingly at odds with his own party as it coalesced around former President Donald Trump. Running for reelection presented plenty of obstacles, including a conservative primary challenger backed by the former president and attacks from across the political spectrum on his handling of the coronavirus pandemic.
“We both love the work,” Baker said while briefing reporters Wednesday afternoon, adding, “focusing on campaigning and focusing on politics and on all the things that come with that — while certainly appropriate and necessary to anybody who chooses to run in 2022 — just seemed to us like a big step away from what we should be focused on.”
Those close to Baker, who turned 65 last month, had recently described a two-term governor torn over whether to seek what in Massachusetts would be an unprecedented third consecutive term. He kept operatives, donors and observers guessing late into the year even as he ramped up fundraising throughout the fall after pausing those activities for most of the pandemic, holding an event at a Boston restaurant just last week. The governor was actively debating his next move heading into Thanksgiving and huddled with family over the holiday before communicating his decision to allies shortly after, according to a person familiar with his conversations.
Baker said his ability to win a contest wasn’t a fundamental question for him. Instead, he said, “every race I’ve ever entered, I entered because I believe I would be the best person to do the job.”
But the math didn’t look so good for a governor who’s claimed to be a “data guy.”
The stratospheric approval ratings Baker enjoyed throughout most of his seven years in office took a dip during Covid-19, and he faced some of the worst criticism of his gubernatorial career over the state’s initially rocky vaccine rollout. One recent survey showed Baker with higher job approval ratings among Democrats and independents than among members of his own party. Other recent surveys from Democrat-aligned firms showed him trailing Trump-endorsed former state Rep. Geoff Diehl in a Republican primary and suggested the incumbent had a better path forward as an independent rather than continuing with his own party — though Baker repeatedly rejected the idea of deserting his party.
He said he blanked his ballot for president in 2016 and 2020 so as not to vote for Trump, and emerged as a persistent critic of the president’s handling of the pandemic. Baker also supported Trump’s second impeachment and rejected the former president’s false claims that the 2020 election was rife with fraud — prompting direct attacks from Trump and the endorsement of Diehl for governor. Baker has increasingly and publicly clashed with the pro-Trump chair of his state party as well, a bitter intraparty feud that would have muddied the Republican primary waters and provided ample fodder for the Democrats next year.
But Baker was emphatic Wednesday that he wasn’t “shaken” by Trump’s endorsement of Diehl — as state party Chair Jim Lyons had suggested in a statement — “not at all.”
Baker’s decision not to seek reelection left some of his allies in Massachusetts Republican circles “scrambling” to find another candidate to step up as a moderate standard-bearer against Diehl, former Massachusetts GOP Chair Jennifer Nassour said.
The Republican Governors Association had wanted to keep Baker on its team. RGA officials said they hoped Baker would run again as a Republican during the group’s meeting in Phoenix last month. At the event, Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan mentioned himself and Baker as examples of effective Republican leaders in Democratic states. Baker featured prominently in the RGA’s latest video touting GOP governors — right after the party’s star du jour, Virginia Gov.-elect Glenn Youngkin. And the RGA posted a local news clip of Baker supporting small businesses on its YouTube page just last week.
RGA co-chair Gov. Doug Ducey of Arizona said he had “no doubt [Baker] would have easily been re-elected” in a statement Wednesday that also lauded Baker’s management of the pandemic and the state’s economic recovery. He made no mention of Diehl. 
Baker’s retirement will likely rocket Massachusetts up the target board for national Democrats, who are eager to reclaim some of the governorships held by Republicans in otherwise deep-blue territory. Democrats argued that the state would be competitive well before Baker announced plans to retire — despite his generally high approval ratings — and are eager to capitalize on the opening.
“Not having to run against an incumbent makes it a really strong likelihood that a Democrat will win,” Massachusetts Democratic Party Chair Gus Bickford said in a phone interview. “But we have to focus on the basics and the fact that the people come first — that’s what the Democratic party stands for.”
All eyes quickly turned to state Attorney General Maura Healey, who’s widely considered the Democrats’ best chance to reclaim the corner office. She played coy in a television appearance and in a statement Wednesday, lauding Baker as a “valued partner” and saying her 2022 decision was for “another day.”
The Democratic Governors Association has spoken to Healey and the three other progressive Democrats already in the race — state Sen. Sonia Chang-Diaz, former state Sen. Ben Downing and Harvard professor Danielle Allen. 
Healey’s decision is likely to spur movement within the state’s deep Democratic bench for down-ballot races as well, and could attract other candidates for the top of the ticket if she passes on the governor’s race. 
Labor Secretary Marty Walsh is weighing whether to return home to run, according to two sources with knowledge of his deliberations. Daniel Koh, his chief of staff, is “seriously considering” a run for lieutenant governor, according to a source familiar with his thinking, setting up the potential for a Walsh-Koh ticket.
Other big names were just as quickly shot down for governor: former Sen. Mo Cowan and former Rep. Joe Kennedy III, both Democrats, among them.
Baker’s retirement will also likely further Trump’s mission to increasingly mold the broader GOP in his own image as he has seeks to squeeze out perceived enemies in the party and install loyalists across the country. 
One of his earliest post-presidency endorsements was backing his former press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders in the open race for the Arkansas governor, making her an eventual field-clearer and effectively governor-in-waiting in the deep-red state. 
But he has also waded into some of the most competitive races on the map. He made an early endorsement of Kari Lake, a former news anchor who has embraced Trump’s election conspiracies, in Arizona, one of the toughest defensive states for Republicans. Ducey is term-limited, and Trump’s endorsement of Lake was in part a thump to the outgoing governor, who the former president has repeatedly clashed with over not aiding him in overturning his narrow loss in the state in 2020.
Trump has also targeted other incumbent governors seeking reelection. He has made an anti-endorsement of sorts of Georgia Gov. Brian Kemp, not yet backing a candidate in the primary to challenge him but repeatedly savaging Kemp for similarly not supporting his bid to install himself for a second term in the White House despite his loss. Trump’s team is trying to goad former Sen. David Perdue into challenging Kemp.
Trump also endorsed Idaho Lt. Gov. Janice McGeachin’s primary challenge against incumbent Idaho Gov. Brad Little. Trump’s endorsement was a shock because Little has not publicly crossed him and Trump had thanked Little at a gala just days before the endorsement. The endorsement against Little could present Republicans across the country with an existential challenge, because deference to the former president might not be enough to stop him from derailing their political futures. The RGA has said it will support its incumbents, regardless of who Trump backs. 
Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan, another Republican who has prominently bucked Trump, is term-limited, and Trump has already endorsed a state lawmaker who comes from the MAGA wing of the party to try to replace him. Hogan has thrown his support behind Kelly Schulz, his state commerce secretary, to succeed him, but Democrats are bullish about the state despite a crowded primary.
 Zach Montellaro contributed to this report.
Massachusetts Gov. Charlie Baker won't seek reelection
https://www.politico.com/news/2021/12/01/massachusetts-charlie-baker-reelection-523597
https://nypost.com/2021/12/01/zucker-chris-cuomo-suspension-appropriate-course-of-action-report/
CNN's Jeff Zucker calls Chris Cuomo suspension 'appropriate course of action': report
2021-12-01
Bruce Golding
<div><div>
<p>CNN president Jeff Zucker told staffers that <a href="https://nypost.com/2021/11/30/cnn-indefinitely-suspends-chris-cuomo-after-damning-ag-report/">suspending Chris Cuomo</a> was “the appropriate course of action” Wednesday morning — amid widespread anger among employees, including anchor Jake Tapper, that he took so long to oust him, according to reports.</p>
<p>Zucker made the remark during a daily news meeting at which subordinates were not able to ask the network boss about the controversy rocking their network, according to a <a href="https://twitter.com/jeremymbarr/status/1466064447538147328">Washington Post media reporter.</a></p>
<p>“I felt it was the appropriate course of action,” Zucker reportedly said.</p>
<p>“We will keep you posted on how we deal with programming going forward.”</p>
<p>The opaque comments followed CNN’s Tuesday evening announcement that Cuomo, 51, was suspended “indefinitely” over records released by state Attorney General Letitia James that<a href="https://nypost.com/2021/11/29/chris-cuomo-tried-to-keep-alec-baldwin-out-of-andrew-scandal/"> detail his secret efforts</a> to defend older brother Andrew Cuomo from the sexual harassment allegations that <a href="https://nypost.com/2021/08/10/andrew-cuomo-resigns-as-governor-of-new-york/">forced his resignation</a> as governor in August.</p>
<figure><div><p><a href="https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/12/jeff-zucker-cuomo-suspension-03.jpg?quality=90&amp;strip=all"></a></p></div><figcaption>CNN president Jeff Zucker told employees it was “the appropriate course of action” to suspend Chris Cuomo indefinitely. </figcaption></figure>
<p>The network said the documents “raise serious questions” and that Chris Cuomo was suspended “pending further evaluation.”</p>
<div><figure><div><p><a href="https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/12/jeff-zucker-cuomo-suspension-05.jpg?quality=90&amp;strip=all"></a></p></div><figcaption>Many CNN employees were angry it took Zucker so long to remove Chris Cuomo from the air, according to reports. </figcaption></figure></div>
<p>Tapper is one of several high-profile CNN journalists who pressured Zucker to act after the material from James’ probe of Andrew Cuomo was made public this week, the <a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/cnn-indefinitely-suspends-chris-cuomo-after-docs-reveal-he-dug-for-dirt-on-andrews-accusers?ref=home">Daily Beast </a>reported.</p>
<p>Earlier this year, Tapper<a href="https://nypost.com/2021/05/30/jake-tapper-rips-into-chris-cuomo-for-advising-brother-andrew/"> publicly blasted Chris Cuomo </a>after the Washington Post reported that he<a href="https://nypost.com/2021/05/20/chris-cuomo-advised-andrew-cuomo-to-fight-sex-scandal/"> took part in strategy sessions</a> with his older brother’s aides and advisers.</p>
<p>Chris Cuomo “was surviving because it didn’t make Zucker look bad. Now it is,” a journalist who formerly worked for Zucker told the Daily Beast.</p>
<p>The benching of the “Cuomo Prime Time” star — who reportedly earns $6 million a year — also came shortly after Washington Post media critic Eric Wemple took Zucker to task in a column that blamed him for not investigating “months ago, before the damning emails and texts surfaced.”</p>
<p>“Any mid-level producer who did a comparable amount of line-crossing would have met the full wrath of the CNN News Standards and Practices Policy Guide,” Wemple wrote.</p>
<figure><div><p><a href="https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/12/jeff-zucker-cuomo-suspension-09.jpg?quality=90&amp;strip=all"></a></p></div><figcaption>Chris Cuomo took part in strategy sessions with his brother, then-Gov. Andrew Cuomo, to try to protect him from sexual harassment allegations. </figcaption></figure>
<p>Chris Cuomo’s team was preparing for his 9 p.m. show when CNN announced his suspension around 6:15 p.m. Tuesday, the network <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/30/media/chris-cuomo-suspended/index.html">reported</a>.</p>
<p>Chris Cuomo was “emotional” when he met with the staffers afterward and fellow host Anderson Cooper’s team was forced to scramble so he could fill in at the last minute, CNN said.</p>
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 CNN’s Jeff Zucker calls Chris Cuomo suspension ‘appropriate course of action’: report

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 Published Dec. 1, 2021
 Updated Dec. 1, 2021, 1:05 p.m. ET

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 CNN president Jeff Zucker told staffers that suspending Chris Cuomo was “the appropriate course of action” Wednesday morning — amid widespread anger among employees, including anchor Jake Tapper, that he took so long to oust him, according to reports.

 Zucker made the remark during a daily news meeting at which subordinates were not able to ask the network boss about the controversy rocking their network, according to a Washington Post media reporter.

 “I felt it was the appropriate course of action,” Zucker reportedly said.

 “We will keep you posted on how we deal with programming going forward.”

 The opaque comments followed CNN’s Tuesday evening announcement that Cuomo, 51, was suspended “indefinitely” over records released by state Attorney General Letitia James that detail his secret efforts to defend older brother Andrew Cuomo from the sexual harassment allegations that forced his resignation as governor in August.

 3

 CNN president Jeff Zucker told employees it was “the appropriate course of action” to suspend Chris Cuomo indefinitely. Mike Coppola/Getty Images

 The network said the documents “raise serious questions” and that Chris Cuomo was suspended “pending further evaluation.”

 3

 Many CNN employees were angry it took Zucker so long to remove Chris Cuomo from the air, according to reports. Gilbert Carrasquillo/GC Images

 Tapper is one of several high-profile CNN journalists who pressured Zucker to act after the material from James’ probe of Andrew Cuomo was made public this week, the Daily Beast reported.

 Earlier this year, Tapper publicly blasted Chris Cuomo after the Washington Post reported that he took part in strategy sessions with his older brother’s aides and advisers.

 Chris Cuomo “was surviving because it didn’t make Zucker look bad. Now it is,” a journalist who formerly worked for Zucker told the Daily Beast.

 The benching of the “Cuomo Prime Time” star — who reportedly earns $6 million a year — also came shortly after Washington Post media critic Eric Wemple took Zucker to task in a column that blamed him for not investigating “months ago, before the damning emails and texts surfaced.”

 “Any mid-level producer who did a comparable amount of line-crossing would have met the full wrath of the CNN News Standards and Practices Policy Guide,” Wemple wrote.

 3

 Chris Cuomo took part in strategy sessions with his brother, then-Gov. Andrew Cuomo, to try to protect him from sexual harassment allegations. REUTERS/Caitlin Ochs/File Photo

 Chris Cuomo’s team was preparing for his 9 p.m. show when CNN announced his suspension around 6:15 p.m. Tuesday, the network reported.

 Chris Cuomo was “emotional” when he met with the staffers afterward and fellow host Anderson Cooper’s team was forced to scramble so he could fill in at the last minute, CNN said.

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 * chris cuomo
 * cnn
 * jeff zucker
 * suspensions
 * washington post
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CNN president Jeff Zucker told staffers that suspending Chris Cuomo was “the appropriate course of action” Wednesday morning — amid widespread anger among employees, including anchor Jake Tapper, that he took so long to oust him, according to reports.
Zucker made the remark during a daily news meeting at which subordinates were not able to ask the network boss about the controversy rocking their network, according to a Washington Post media reporter. 
“I felt it was the appropriate course of action,” Zucker reportedly said.
“We will keep you posted on how we deal with programming going forward.”
The opaque comments followed CNN’s Tuesday evening announcement that Cuomo, 51, was suspended “indefinitely” over records released by state Attorney General Letitia James that detail his secret efforts to defend older brother Andrew Cuomo from the sexual harassment allegations that forced his resignation as governor in August.
       CNN president Jeff Zucker told employees it was “the appropriate course of action” to suspend Chris Cuomo indefinitely.  
The network said the documents “raise serious questions” and that Chris Cuomo was suspended “pending further evaluation.”
        Many CNN employees were angry it took Zucker so long to remove Chris Cuomo from the air, according to reports.   
Tapper is one of several high-profile CNN journalists who pressured Zucker to act after the material from James’ probe of Andrew Cuomo was made public this week, the Daily Beast reported.
Earlier this year, Tapper publicly blasted Chris Cuomo after the Washington Post reported that he took part in strategy sessions with his older brother’s aides and advisers.
Chris Cuomo “was surviving because it didn’t make Zucker look bad. Now it is,” a journalist who formerly worked for Zucker told the Daily Beast.
The benching of the “Cuomo Prime Time” star — who reportedly earns $6 million a year — also came shortly after Washington Post media critic Eric Wemple took Zucker to task in a column that blamed him for not investigating “months ago, before the damning emails and texts surfaced.”
“Any mid-level producer who did a comparable amount of line-crossing would have met the full wrath of the CNN News Standards and Practices Policy Guide,” Wemple wrote.
       Chris Cuomo took part in strategy sessions with his brother, then-Gov. Andrew Cuomo, to try to protect him from sexual harassment allegations.  
Chris Cuomo’s team was preparing for his 9 p.m. show when CNN announced his suspension around 6:15 p.m. Tuesday, the network reported.
Chris Cuomo was “emotional” when he met with the staffers afterward and fellow host Anderson Cooper’s team was forced to scramble so he could fill in at the last minute, CNN said.
CNN's Jeff Zucker calls Chris Cuomo suspension 'appropriate course of action': report
https://nypost.com/2021/12/01/zucker-chris-cuomo-suspension-appropriate-course-of-action-report/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/01/ilhan-omar-airs-death-threat-and-presses-republicans-on-anti-muslim-hatred
Ilhan Omar airs death threat and presses Republicans on ‘anti-Muslim hatred’
2021-12-01
Associated Press; Guardian staff reporter
<div><div><p>The US politician <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ilhan-omar">Ilhan Omar</a> played a harrowing death threat left recently on her voicemail, as she implored House Republican leaders to do more to tamp down “anti-Muslim hatred” in their ranks and “hold those who perpetuate it accountable”.</p><p>The Democratic Minnesota representative, one of only a handful of Muslim members of Congress, has been the subject of repeated attacks by conservative pundits and some <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/republicans">Republicans</a> in Congress, which she says have led to an increase in the number of death threats she receives.</p><p>Recently a video of the first-term Colorado representative Lauren Boebert calling Omar a <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/29/ilhan-omar-lauren-boebert-call-anti-muslim-remarks">member of the “jihad squad”</a> and likening her to a bomb-carrying terrorist went viral.</p><p>“When a sitting member of Congress calls a colleague a member of the ‘jihad squad’ and falsifies a story to suggest I will blow up the Capitol, it is not just an attack on me but on millions of American Muslims across the country,” Omar said during a news conference on Tuesday. “We cannot pretend this hate speech from leading politicians doesn’t have real consequences.”</p><p>She then played the voicemail, laden with profanity, racial epithets and a threat to “take you off the face of this fucking Earth”, which she said was among hundreds of such messages she has reported since joining Congress. Omar said the voicemail was left for her after Boebert released another video on Monday criticising her.</p><p>In the grainy recording, a man can be heard saying: “You will not be living much longer, bitch,” and that “we the people are rising up”. He calls Omar a “traitor” and says she will stand trial before a military tribunal.</p><p>Omar said: “It is time for the Republican party to actually do something to confront anti-Muslim hatred in its ranks and hold those who perpetuate it accountable.”</p><p>Boebert’s remarks were the latest example of a Republican lawmaker making a personal attack against another member of Congress, an unsettling trend that has gone largely unchecked by House Republican leaders.</p><p>A video posted to Facebook last week showed Boebert speaking at an event and describing an interaction with Omar – an interaction that Omar maintains never happened.</p><p>In the video, Boebert claims that a Capitol police officer approached her with “fret on his face” shortly before she stepped into a House elevator and the doors closed. “I look to my left and there she is, Ilhan Omar. And I said: ‘Well, she doesn’t have a backpack. We should be fine,’” Boebert says with a laugh.</p><p>Omar <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/27/ilhan-omar-lauren-boebert-bigotry-republicans-trump-pelosi-mccarthy">called on the House Speaker, Nancy Pelosi,</a> and the Republican minority leader, Kevin McCarthy, to “take appropriate action”. But so far McCarthy, who is in line to become Speaker if Republicans retake the majority next year, has been reluctant to police members of his caucus whose views often closely align with those of the party’s base.</p><p>Boebert initially took steps to ease the situation, apologising last week “to anyone in the Muslim community I offended”. But after declining to apologise directly to Omar during a <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/29/ilhan-omar-lauren-boebert-call-anti-muslim-remarks">tense phone call</a> on Monday, which Omar abruptly ended, Boebert again went on the attack.</p><p>“Rejecting an apology and hanging up on someone is part of cancel culture 101 and a pillar of the Democrat party,” Boebert said in an Instagram video.</p><p>So far, McCarthy is taking her side. When asked on Tuesday what he would do if <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/democrats">Democrats</a> tried to censure Boebert, McCarthy said: “After she apologised personally and publicly? I’d vote against it.”</p></div>||||I||||Skip to main contentSkip to navigation
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 Ilhan Omar
 This article is more than 1 year old

 Ilhan Omar airs death threat and presses Republicans on ‘anti-Muslim hatred’

 This article is more than 1 year old

 Democrat urges House Republican leaders to act after Lauren Boebert ‘jihad squad’ controversy

 03:46
 Ilhan Omar plays death threat left on voicemail during press briefing – video

 Associated Press
 Wed 1 Dec 2021 06.04 EST Last modified on Wed 1 Dec 2021 08.25 EST
 * 
 * 
 * 

 The US politician Ilhan Omar played a harrowing death threat left recently on her voicemail, as she implored House Republican leaders to do more to tamp down “anti-Muslim hatred” in their ranks and “hold those who perpetuate it accountable”.

 The Democratic Minnesota representative, one of only a handful of Muslim members of Congress, has been the subject of repeated attacks by conservative pundits and some Republicans in Congress, which she says have led to an increase in the number of death threats she receives.

 Recently a video of the first-term Colorado representative Lauren Boebert calling Omar a member of the “jihad squad” and likening her to a bomb-carrying terrorist went viral.

 “When a sitting member of Congress calls a colleague a member of the ‘jihad squad’ and falsifies a story to suggest I will blow up the Capitol, it is not just an attack on me but on millions of American Muslims across the country,” Omar said during a news conference on Tuesday. “We cannot pretend this hate speech from leading politicians doesn’t have real consequences.”

 She then played the voicemail, laden with profanity, racial epithets and a threat to “take you off the face of this fucking Earth”, which she said was among hundreds of such messages she has reported since joining Congress. Omar said the voicemail was left for her after Boebert released another video on Monday criticising her.

 In the grainy recording, a man can be heard saying: “You will not be living much longer, bitch,” and that “we the people are rising up”. He calls Omar a “traitor” and says she will stand trial before a military tribunal.

 Omar said: “It is time for the Republican party to actually do something to confront anti-Muslim hatred in its ranks and hold those who perpetuate it accountable.”

 Boebert’s remarks were the latest example of a Republican lawmaker making a personal attack against another member of Congress, an unsettling trend that has gone largely unchecked by House Republican leaders.

 A video posted to Facebook last week showed Boebert speaking at an event and describing an interaction with Omar – an interaction that Omar maintains never happened.

 In the video, Boebert claims that a Capitol police officer approached her with “fret on his face” shortly before she stepped into a House elevator and the doors closed. “I look to my left and there she is, Ilhan Omar. And I said: ‘Well, she doesn’t have a backpack. We should be fine,’” Boebert says with a laugh.

 Omar called on the House Speaker, Nancy Pelosi, and the Republican minority leader, Kevin McCarthy, to “take appropriate action”. But so far McCarthy, who is in line to become Speaker if Republicans retake the majority next year, has been reluctant to police members of his caucus whose views often closely align with those of the party’s base.

 Boebert initially took steps to ease the situation, apologising last week “to anyone in the Muslim community I offended”. But after declining to apologise directly to Omar during a tense phone call on Monday, which Omar abruptly ended, Boebert again went on the attack.

 “Rejecting an apology and hanging up on someone is part of cancel culture 101 and a pillar of the Democrat party,” Boebert said in an Instagram video.

 So far, McCarthy is taking her side. When asked on Tuesday what he would do if Democrats tried to censure Boebert, McCarthy said: “After she apologised personally and publicly? I’d vote against it.”

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The US politician Ilhan Omar played a harrowing death threat left recently on her voicemail, as she implored House Republican leaders to do more to tamp down “anti-Muslim hatred” in their ranks and “hold those who perpetuate it accountable”. The Democratic Minnesota representative, one of only a handful of Muslim members of Congress, has been the subject of repeated attacks by conservative pundits and some Republicans in Congress, which she says have led to an increase in the number of death threats she receives. Recently a video of the first-term Colorado representative Lauren Boebert calling Omar a member of the “jihad squad” and likening her to a bomb-carrying terrorist went viral. “When a sitting member of Congress calls a colleague a member of the ‘jihad squad’ and falsifies a story to suggest I will blow up the Capitol, it is not just an attack on me but on millions of American Muslims across the country,” Omar said during a news conference on Tuesday. “We cannot pretend this hate speech from leading politicians doesn’t have real consequences.” She then played the voicemail, laden with profanity, racial epithets and a threat to “take you off the face of this fucking Earth”, which she said was among hundreds of such messages she has reported since joining Congress. Omar said the voicemail was left for her after Boebert released another video on Monday criticising her. In the grainy recording, a man can be heard saying: “You will not be living much longer, bitch,” and that “we the people are rising up”. He calls Omar a “traitor” and says she will stand trial before a military tribunal. Omar said: “It is time for the Republican party to actually do something to confront anti-Muslim hatred in its ranks and hold those who perpetuate it accountable.” Boebert’s remarks were the latest example of a Republican lawmaker making a personal attack against another member of Congress, an unsettling trend that has gone largely unchecked by House Republican leaders. A video posted to Facebook last week showed Boebert speaking at an event and describing an interaction with Omar – an interaction that Omar maintains never happened. In the video, Boebert claims that a Capitol police officer approached her with “fret on his face” shortly before she stepped into a House elevator and the doors closed. “I look to my left and there she is, Ilhan Omar. And I said: ‘Well, she doesn’t have a backpack. We should be fine,’” Boebert says with a laugh. Omar called on the House Speaker, Nancy Pelosi, and the Republican minority leader, Kevin McCarthy, to “take appropriate action”. But so far McCarthy, who is in line to become Speaker if Republicans retake the majority next year, has been reluctant to police members of his caucus whose views often closely align with those of the party’s base. Boebert initially took steps to ease the situation, apologising last week “to anyone in the Muslim community I offended”. But after declining to apologise directly to Omar during a tense phone call on Monday, which Omar abruptly ended, Boebert again went on the attack. “Rejecting an apology and hanging up on someone is part of cancel culture 101 and a pillar of the Democrat party,” Boebert said in an Instagram video. So far, McCarthy is taking her side. When asked on Tuesday what he would do if Democrats tried to censure Boebert, McCarthy said: “After she apologised personally and publicly? I’d vote against it.”
Ilhan Omar airs death threat and presses Republicans on ‘anti-Muslim hatred’
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/01/ilhan-omar-airs-death-threat-and-presses-republicans-on-anti-muslim-hatred
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/30/science/nasa-spacewalk-delay-debris.html
NASA Delays Spacewalk, Citing Space Debris Threat to Astronauts (Published 2021)
2021-11-30
Joey Roulette
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NASA Delays Spacewalk, Citing Space Debris Threat to Astronauts (Published 2021)
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https://www.economist.com/1843/2021/11/17/ethiopias-civil-war-one-mans-journey-from-entrepreneur-to-militant
Ethiopia’s civil war: one man’s journey from entrepreneur to militant
2021-11-17
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<div><div><p>By Tom Gardner</p><div><p>Solomon Girmay knew that the enemy was within striking distance. As the sun rose over the mountains behind the town of Debark, streets that were once packed with tourists visiting the imperial ruins and natural spoils of the Amhara region in northern Ethiopia now bristled with soldiers, ears glued to their radios. While Solomon gulped down his breakfast coffee, restless young men armed with machetes roamed the streets.</p><p>It was early September and Ethiopia’s civil war had been raging for almost a year, pitting government troops against rebel fighters from Tigray, the region north of Amhara. In recent weeks, Tigrayan forces had been pushing southwards. Now, the mayor of Debark, who had spent the night shouting orders through a loudspeaker, urged residents to pick up any weapon they could find and rush to the battlefield.</p><p>Solomon didn’t need telling twice; he’d heard enough terrifying stories about Tigrayan fighters to make the idea of staying put seem suicidal. He stuffed bread, honey and bullets into his rucksack, grabbed his rifle and said goodbye to his wife and four children.</p><p>Things had been looking up for Solomon before civil war broke out a year ago. The tour operator he ran with an Italian friend in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’s capital, was preparing to welcome tourists back to the country after months of covid-related travel restrictions. Business had been brisk before the pandemic, particularly in tourist hotspots near Debark: the Simien mountains (the “roof of Africa”) and Gondar, the old imperial capital where the ruins of a 17th-century castle still tower over ramshackle cottages and cobbled lanes. Though the return of foreign visitors was promising, Solomon also felt a growing sense of unease: the drumbeat of war, once faint and far-off, was becoming harder to ignore.</p><p>In April 2018 Solomon had celebrated the appointment of Abiy Ahmed as prime minister. Abiy grabbed power on the back of public protests against the Tigrayan People’s Liberation Front (<small>TPLF</small>), which had dominated Ethiopia’s coalition government since 1991. Despite representing only 6% of the population, the <small>TPLF</small>’s military prowess helped it triumph over Ethiopia’s other ethnic factions. Solomon blamed the <small>TPLF</small> for decades of bitter division between Ethiopia’s more than 80 ethnic groups: the <small>TPLF</small> had made ethnicity a core part of the federal constitution, giving each group the right to form its own region or secede altogether. Abiy was an Oromo, Ethiopia’s largest ethnic group, and pledged to forge unity.</p><p><cite>Things had been looking up for Solomon before civil war broke out a year ago</cite></p><p>There had been some progress on the <small>TPLF</small>’s watch: the economy had grown at around 10% each year for the past decade and tourism was flourishing, aided by new, Chinese-built roads, power lines and a gleaming railway. But Solomon was an Amhara, Ethiopia’s second-largest ethnic group from a historically powerful region of Ethiopia, which had produced many of the country’s most renowned rulers. Solomon reckoned the <small>TPLF</small> depicted the Amhara as the face of an unpopular feudal empire and denigrated their history.</p><p>Solomon had come a long way from the remote village where he’d grown up. Yet even as his tourism business took off, he felt excluded from Ethiopia’s nascent middle-class. He thought the elite in the capital were hoarding the country’s wealth: “The rich got rich and the poor got poor.” The media were censored and even peaceful opposition was stifled. “There was no freedom,” said Solomon. “No freedom of speech or freedom of education.”</p><p>When Debark went online in the 2010s Solomon railed against the <small>TPLF</small> on Facebook and organised protests against the regime. (He had voted only once in his life, in 2005, in an election he believed was stolen by the <small>TPLF</small>.) At first, the internet felt like a safe space to campaign against the government. Then some of his friends were arrested and put in prison. Solomon went quiet.</p><p>But with Abiy in power Solomon felt energised. Abiy blamed the <small>TPLF</small> for everything that had gone wrong in Ethiopia in the past 30 years. Solomon liked Abiy’s pride in his country and admired him for attempting to make peace with neighbouring Eritrea. He applauded when Abiy removed Tigrayans from the machinery of power.</p><p>Solomon hoped Ethiopia might be inching towards democracy after decades of authoritarianism. His faith in politics renewed, he even decided to run as a representative for Debark in the next elections – not because he wanted to be a politician (he would have no chance of beating the ruling-party candidate), but to feel as though he was helping Ethiopia. “My goal was just to increase democracy...I’d like to be a diplomat, just serving my country.”</p><figure><div><p></p></div></figure><figure><div><p></p></div></figure><figure><div><p></p></div></figure><p>Yet the changing of the guard in Addis Ababa brought uncertainty as well as optimism. Despite strong talk, Abiy’s government was weak and vigilantism spread across the country. In 2018 ethnic violence forced more than 3m people from their homes, including many Amharas. The prime minister appeared untroubled by the turmoil, more concerned with showing off the new parks, museums and high-rises he was building in Addis Ababa.</p><p>On Facebook, Solomon denounced attacks against Amharas, calling them genocide. Firebrand nationalists in the region claimed the <small>TPLF</small> was behind the violence – its aim to wipe out its historical rival – and demanded a response. Why was Abiy doing nothing? In 2019 Solomon joined the National Movement of Amhara, a new political party that promised to defend Amharas and reclaim swathes of land which, it alleged, the <small>TPLF</small> had stolen. For the first time there was a party that spoke to Solomon as an Amhara first and an Ethiopian second. “Ethiopia and Amhara are two sides of the same coin,” Solomon told me. “But we in Amhara are being intentionally targeted by a small clique – the <small>TPLF</small>. So we have to defend ourselves.”</p><p>It was then that, like many Amharas, Solomon decided to invest in his first gun, a second-hand Kalashnikov.</p><p>Solomon is an unlikely militant. A former teacher who spends his evenings tutoring his children in English and geography, he prefers reason to war talk. When we met he seemed like a pillar of calm in a sea of paranoia: he chose his words carefully, pausing before difficult questions, confessing the limits of what he knew about the war on his doorstep. But after a gruelling year of horror-strewn conflict, Solomon was every inch the hardliner. So was almost everyone around him.</p><p><cite>After a year of horror-strewn conflict, Solomon was every inch the hardliner</cite></p><p>Following months of escalating tensions and military build-up on both sides, civil war erupted late last year. The <small>TPLF</small> attacked government military bases in Tigray, pleading self-defence against federal forces massing on its borders. Abiy sent in troops and fighter jets. The fighting almost immediately sparked a wider ethnic conflagration.</p><p>Paramilitaries from Amhara flooded into Tigray, annexing disputed land and murdering Tigrayan civilians. In a matter of weeks, tens of thousands of Tigrayans had fled to Sudan. Troops from Eritrea joined the fray as Abiy’s allies unleashed an orgy of destruction. Towns in Tigray were plundered, their factories stripped bare, fields burnt to ashes, shops and banks emptied and vandalised. Civilians were raped and slaughtered – many thousands are believed to have died. An American government report described it as ethnic cleansing.</p><p>Like many in Amhara, Solomon doesn’t talk much about what happened in Tigray. For him, the destruction was a terrible side-effect of a war the <small>TPLF</small> began: he can’t see how Ethiopia can be at peace while the <small>TPLF</small> exists. He is even more uncompromising about the disputed territories, rubbishing the idea that both groups have reasonable claims over the land, or could share it: “In short, it is a question of identity. Tom can’t be Solomon and Solomon can’t be Tom. It’s all about identity.” </p><p>In recent months the balance of power has shifted again. The <small>TPLF</small> pushed southwards to break a government-imposed siege that put 5m Tigrayans at risk of starvation. Reports have emerged of Tigrayan forces gang-raping Amhara women, and looting schools and hospitals. Hundreds of thousands of civilians have been forced from their homes.</p><p><cite>“Everyone is ready to go to the front line”</cite></p><p>Until September, the closest Solomon had got to the war was watching the news and speaking to paramilitaries who passed through Debark. But on that sunny morning, he finally saw it for himself.</p><p>In October, during a lull in the fighting in northern Amhara, I joined Solomon on a trip to the battlefield of Chenna where he’d travelled with his rifle and rucksack just a few weeks earlier. The village is perched on a cliff over a deep valley, a short drive up from Debark; the grass was thick and green with a smattering of yellow daisies. A group of us – journalists and locals – wandered into what remained of the village, through woods and across streams, gingerly avoiding the rotting corpses of Tigrayan fighters who lay unburied in the fields.</p><figure><div><p></p></div></figure><figure><div><p></p></div></figure><figure><div><p></p></div></figure><p>Solomon says he didn’t fire a shot when he went, but played a supporting role, carrying water and food to the troops (a mixture of federal soldiers, Amhara paramilitaries and local youth militias) and tending to the wounded. On a nearby hillside, he stood behind men with machineguns and mortars who bombarded the village where the Tigrayan fighters were stationed. “I’m a pillar in my family, a breadwinner, so they don’t let me get too close,” he said. When his wife and children phoned to check up on him, he ducked for cover to muffle the sound of close artillery.</p><p>He remembers being surrounded by Orthodox priests, who carried with them a painting of St Gabriel for good luck, and sang and prayed for the troops. He saw people die in front of him: “I won’t ever forget that, really. Never in my life.” On the fourth day of fighting, as wind and rain pounded the hillside, the Tigrayans began their retreat. What exactly happened next is murky. According to official accounts, fleeing rebels murdered scores of civilians. Some residents say their loved ones were tied up and shot; the leader of Chenna village alleges that a family of six was among the dead. Fenta Terefe, an official in Debark who has spent the past two months showing journalists the battlefield, claims that as many as 200 civilians died.</p><p>It isn’t clear whether a cold-blooded massacre of this scale really took place. The attorney-general’s office in Addis Ababa, which might usually be expected to claim a higher death toll from alleged <small>TPLF</small> atrocities, recently said that 96 civilians had been killed in northern Gondar. Human-rights researchers believe executions did take place, but don’t know how many. The blurred line between civilian and combatant makes it even harder to determine the true extent of any war crime.</p><p><cite>“If someone is going to kill me in my home I’m not just going to sit there and do nothing”</cite></p><p>For Solomon, the events in Chenna simply confirmed his worst fears about the brutality of the <small>TPLF</small>. Had Tigrayan forces captured Debark they would have massacred civilians, he had no doubt. “We can all imagine what would happen – it’s obvious,” he told me. “Retaliation.” He said he’d stop at nothing to prevent Debark falling. “I really do not want to see their faces anymore.”</p><p>A few weeks later the war heated up again. Solomon and I met between rounds of fighting. The tension was oppressive, hanging over the city of Gondar like a thick fog. As the military tide turned against Abiy, his forces were demoralised and divided: the war was beginning to slip from their grasp. The <small>TPLF</small> had claimed two strategically important towns and threatened to keep marching south. Having admitted that the army could no longer be counted on, Abiy declared a state of emergency and urged ordinary Ethiopians to prepare to fight.</p><p>In Addis Ababa Tigrayans have been rounded up and slung into makeshift detention centres. Elsewhere they are even more vulnerable. Two weeks ago a Tigrayan university lecturer in the Amhara region was murdered by security forces. In Gondar there have been calls to intern into camps the few Tigrayans who still live there.</p><p>Solomon assured me that such moves were intended simply to distinguish <small>TPLF</small> supporters from innocent Tigrayans, who would be left untouched. But he added, his voice hardening, that for those with a “<small>TPLF</small> agenda” there would be no tolerance. “If someone is going to kill me in my home I’m not just going to sit there and do nothing, am I?”</p><p>Feelings towards foreigners, particularly foreign journalists, have soured: officials routinely accuse them of backing the <small>TPLF</small>. As we ate lunch in a popular restaurant, Solomon and I were arrested. We were released after several hours, but only once the police chief recognised Solomon as a family friend.</p><p>Nobody knows what might happen if the <small>TPLF</small> and its new ally, a rebel group called the Oromo Liberation Army, launch an assault on Addis Ababa. Solomon scoffs at the idea that the <small>TPLF</small> would agree to a ceasefire. Like most Amharas he is sure the <small>TPLF</small> is fighting to enthrone itself again. “We really do not want this protracted war,” Solomon said. “But it’s a battle for survival. We really do not want to be oppressed anymore.”</p><p>At the heart of Ethiopia’s crisis is a violent rupture in the social fabric: each side utterly mistrusts the other. And the situation is getting worse. Tigrayans say that the events of the past year amount to genocide: many are demanding independence. Some of their neighbours in Amhara might not mind. “Some people say they don’t care,” Solomon said. “Others say it’s unthinkable. I mean, do they have natural resources?”</p><p>These are questions for the future. The last time I texted Solomon he sounded more resolute than ever. “Everyone is ready to go to the front line,” he said. “No choice.” This time he would do more than just support the troops. “I am ready to fight from now on.” ■</p><p><b>Tom Gardner</b> is Addis Ababa correspondent for <i>The Economist</i></p><p>PORTRAITS: <b>AMANUEL SILESHI</b></p><p><small>ADDITIONAL IMAGES: GETTY, AP</small></p></div></div>||||I|||| Skip to content
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 Ethiopia’s civil war: one man’s journey from entrepreneur to militant

 “If someone is going to kill me in my home I’m not just going to sit there and do nothing”

 Nov 17th 2021
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 By Tom Gardner

 S olomon Girmay knew that the enemy was within striking distance. As the sun rose over the mountains behind the town of Debark, streets that were once packed with tourists visiting the imperial ruins and natural spoils of the Amhara region in northern Ethiopia now bristled with soldiers, ears glued to their radios. While Solomon gulped down his breakfast coffee, restless young men armed with machetes roamed the streets.

 It was early September and Ethiopia’s civil war had been raging for almost a year, pitting government troops against rebel fighters from Tigray, the region north of Amhara. In recent weeks, Tigrayan forces had been pushing southwards. Now, the mayor of Debark, who had spent the night shouting orders through a loudspeaker, urged residents to pick up any weapon they could find and rush to the battlefield.

 Solomon didn’t need telling twice; he’d heard enough terrifying stories about Tigrayan fighters to make the idea of staying put seem suicidal. He stuffed bread, honey and bullets into his rucksack, grabbed his rifle and said goodbye to his wife and four children.

 T hings had been looking up for Solomon before civil war broke out a year ago. The tour operator he ran with an Italian friend in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’s capital, was preparing to welcome tourists back to the country after months of covid-related travel restrictions. Business had been brisk before the pandemic, particularly in tourist hotspots near Debark: the Simien mountains (the “roof of Africa”) and Gondar, the old imperial capital where the ruins of a 17th-century castle still tower over ramshackle cottages and cobbled lanes. Though the return of foreign visitors was promising, Solomon also felt a growing sense of unease: the drumbeat of war, once faint and far-off, was becoming harder to ignore.

 In April 2018 Solomon had celebrated the appointment of Abiy Ahmed as prime minister. Abiy grabbed power on the back of public protests against the Tigrayan People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), which had dominated Ethiopia’s coalition government since 1991. Despite representing only 6% of the population, the TPLF’s military prowess helped it triumph over Ethiopia’s other ethnic factions. Solomon blamed the TPLF for decades of bitter division between Ethiopia’s more than 80 ethnic groups: the TPLF had made ethnicity a core part of the federal constitution, giving each group the right to form its own region or secede altogether. Abiy was an Oromo, Ethiopia’s largest ethnic group, and pledged to forge unity.

 Things had been looking up for Solomon before civil war broke out a year ago

 There had been some progress on the TPLF’s watch: the economy had grown at around 10% each year for the past decade and tourism was flourishing, aided by new, Chinese-built roads, power lines and a gleaming railway. But Solomon was an Amhara, Ethiopia’s second-largest ethnic group from a historically powerful region of Ethiopia, which had produced many of the country’s most renowned rulers. Solomon reckoned the TPLF depicted the Amhara as the face of an unpopular feudal empire and denigrated their history.

 Solomon had come a long way from the remote village where he’d grown up. Yet even as his tourism business took off, he felt excluded from Ethiopia’s nascent middle-class. He thought the elite in the capital were hoarding the country’s wealth: “The rich got rich and the poor got poor.” The media were censored and even peaceful opposition was stifled. “There was no freedom,” said Solomon. “No freedom of speech or freedom of education.”

 When Debark went online in the 2010s Solomon railed against the TPLF on Facebook and organised protests against the regime. (He had voted only once in his life, in 2005, in an election he believed was stolen by the TPLF.) At first, the internet felt like a safe space to campaign against the government. Then some of his friends were arrested and put in prison. Solomon went quiet.

 But with Abiy in power Solomon felt energised. Abiy blamed the TPLF for everything that had gone wrong in Ethiopia in the past 30 years. Solomon liked Abiy’s pride in his country and admired him for attempting to make peace with neighbouring Eritrea. He applauded when Abiy removed Tigrayans from the machinery of power.

 Solomon hoped Ethiopia might be inching towards democracy after decades of authoritarianism. His faith in politics renewed, he even decided to run as a representative for Debark in the next elections – not because he wanted to be a politician (he would have no chance of beating the ruling-party candidate), but to feel as though he was helping Ethiopia. “My goal was just to increase democracy...I’d like to be a diplomat, just serving my country.”

 Yet the changing of the guard in Addis Ababa brought uncertainty as well as optimism. Despite strong talk, Abiy’s government was weak and vigilantism spread across the country. In 2018 ethnic violence forced more than 3m people from their homes, including many Amharas. The prime minister appeared untroubled by the turmoil, more concerned with showing off the new parks, museums and high-rises he was building in Addis Ababa.

 On Facebook, Solomon denounced attacks against Amharas, calling them genocide. Firebrand nationalists in the region claimed the TPLF was behind the violence – its aim to wipe out its historical rival – and demanded a response. Why was Abiy doing nothing? In 2019 Solomon joined the National Movement of Amhara, a new political party that promised to defend Amharas and reclaim swathes of land which, it alleged, the TPLF had stolen. For the first time there was a party that spoke to Solomon as an Amhara first and an Ethiopian second. “Ethiopia and Amhara are two sides of the same coin,” Solomon told me. “But we in Amhara are being intentionally targeted by a small clique – the TPLF. So we have to defend ourselves.”

 It was then that, like many Amharas, Solomon decided to invest in his first gun, a second-hand Kalashnikov.

 S olomon is an unlikely militant. A former teacher who spends his evenings tutoring his children in English and geography, he prefers reason to war talk. When we met he seemed like a pillar of calm in a sea of paranoia: he chose his words carefully, pausing before difficult questions, confessing the limits of what he knew about the war on his doorstep. But after a gruelling year of horror-strewn conflict, Solomon was every inch the hardliner. So was almost everyone around him.

 After a year of horror-strewn conflict, Solomon was every inch the hardliner

 Following months of escalating tensions and military build-up on both sides, civil war erupted late last year. The TPLF attacked government military bases in Tigray, pleading self-defence against federal forces massing on its borders. Abiy sent in troops and fighter jets. The fighting almost immediately sparked a wider ethnic conflagration.

 Paramilitaries from Amhara flooded into Tigray, annexing disputed land and murdering Tigrayan civilians. In a matter of weeks, tens of thousands of Tigrayans had fled to Sudan. Troops from Eritrea joined the fray as Abiy’s allies unleashed an orgy of destruction. Towns in Tigray were plundered, their factories stripped bare, fields burnt to ashes, shops and banks emptied and vandalised. Civilians were raped and slaughtered – many thousands are believed to have died. An American government report described it as ethnic cleansing.

 Like many in Amhara, Solomon doesn’t talk much about what happened in Tigray. For him, the destruction was a terrible side-effect of a war the TPLF began: he can’t see how Ethiopia can be at peace while the TPLF exists. He is even more uncompromising about the disputed territories, rubbishing the idea that both groups have reasonable claims over the land, or could share it: “In short, it is a question of identity. Tom can’t be Solomon and Solomon can’t be Tom. It’s all about identity.”

 In recent months the balance of power has shifted again. The TPLF pushed southwards to break a government-imposed siege that put 5m Tigrayans at risk of starvation. Reports have emerged of Tigrayan forces gang-raping Amhara women, and looting schools and hospitals. Hundreds of thousands of civilians have been forced from their homes.

 “Everyone is ready to go to the front line”

 Until September, the closest Solomon had got to the war was watching the news and speaking to paramilitaries who passed through Debark. But on that sunny morning, he finally saw it for himself.

 I n October, during a lull in the fighting in northern Amhara, I joined Solomon on a trip to the battlefield of Chenna where he’d travelled with his rifle and rucksack just a few weeks earlier. The village is perched on a cliff over a deep valley, a short drive up from Debark; the grass was thick and green with a smattering of yellow daisies. A group of us – journalists and locals – wandered into what remained of the village, through woods and across streams, gingerly avoiding the rotting corpses of Tigrayan fighters who lay unburied in the fields.

 Solomon says he didn’t fire a shot when he went, but played a supporting role, carrying water and food to the troops (a mixture of federal soldiers, Amhara paramilitaries and local youth militias) and tending to the wounded. On a nearby hillside, he stood behind men with machineguns and mortars who bombarded the village where the Tigrayan fighters were stationed. “I’m a pillar in my family, a breadwinner, so they don’t let me get too close,” he said. When his wife and children phoned to check up on him, he ducked for cover to muffle the sound of close artillery.

 He remembers being surrounded by Orthodox priests, who carried with them a painting of St Gabriel for good luck, and sang and prayed for the troops. He saw people die in front of him: “I won’t ever forget that, really. Never in my life.” On the fourth day of fighting, as wind and rain pounded the hillside, the Tigrayans began their retreat. What exactly happened next is murky. According to official accounts, fleeing rebels murdered scores of civilians. Some residents say their loved ones were tied up and shot; the leader of Chenna village alleges that a family of six was among the dead. Fenta Terefe, an official in Debark who has spent the past two months showing journalists the battlefield, claims that as many as 200 civilians died.

 It isn’t clear whether a cold-blooded massacre of this scale really took place. The attorney-general’s office in Addis Ababa, which might usually be expected to claim a higher death toll from alleged TPLF atrocities, recently said that 96 civilians had been killed in northern Gondar. Human-rights researchers believe executions did take place, but don’t know how many. The blurred line between civilian and combatant makes it even harder to determine the true extent of any war crime.

 “If someone is going to kill me in my home I’m not just going to sit there and do nothing”

 For Solomon, the events in Chenna simply confirmed his worst fears about the brutality of the TPLF. Had Tigrayan forces captured Debark they would have massacred civilians, he had no doubt. “We can all imagine what would happen – it’s obvious,” he told me. “Retaliation.” He said he’d stop at nothing to prevent Debark falling. “I really do not want to see their faces anymore.”

 A few weeks later the war heated up again. Solomon and I met between rounds of fighting. The tension was oppressive, hanging over the city of Gondar like a thick fog. As the military tide turned against Abiy, his forces were demoralised and divided: the war was beginning to slip from their grasp. The TPLF had claimed two strategically important towns and threatened to keep marching south. Having admitted that the army could no longer be counted on, Abiy declared a state of emergency and urged ordinary Ethiopians to prepare to fight.

 In Addis Ababa Tigrayans have been rounded up and slung into makeshift detention centres. Elsewhere they are even more vulnerable. Two weeks ago a Tigrayan university lecturer in the Amhara region was murdered by security forces. In Gondar there have been calls to intern into camps the few Tigrayans who still live there.

 Solomon assured me that such moves were intended simply to distinguish TPLF supporters from innocent Tigrayans, who would be left untouched. But he added, his voice hardening, that for those with a “TPLF agenda” there would be no tolerance. “If someone is going to kill me in my home I’m not just going to sit there and do nothing, am I?”

 Feelings towards foreigners, particularly foreign journalists, have soured: officials routinely accuse them of backing the TPLF. As we ate lunch in a popular restaurant, Solomon and I were arrested. We were released after several hours, but only once the police chief recognised Solomon as a family friend.

 Nobody knows what might happen if the TPLF and its new ally, a rebel group called the Oromo Liberation Army, launch an assault on Addis Ababa. Solomon scoffs at the idea that the TPLF would agree to a ceasefire. Like most Amharas he is sure the TPLF is fighting to enthrone itself again. “We really do not want this protracted war,” Solomon said. “But it’s a battle for survival. We really do not want to be oppressed anymore.”

 At the heart of Ethiopia’s crisis is a violent rupture in the social fabric: each side utterly mistrusts the other. And the situation is getting worse. Tigrayans say that the events of the past year amount to genocide: many are demanding independence. Some of their neighbours in Amhara might not mind. “Some people say they don’t care,” Solomon said. “Others say it’s unthinkable. I mean, do they have natural resources?”

 These are questions for the future. The last time I texted Solomon he sounded more resolute than ever. “Everyone is ready to go to the front line,” he said. “No choice.” This time he would do more than just support the troops. “I am ready to fight from now on.” ■

 Tom Gardner is Addis Ababa correspondent for The Economist

 PORTRAITS: AMANUEL SILESHI

 ADDITIONAL IMAGES: GETTY, AP

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By Tom Gardner  Solomon Girmay knew that the enemy was within striking distance. As the sun rose over the mountains behind the town of Debark, streets that were once packed with tourists visiting the imperial ruins and natural spoils of the Amhara region in northern Ethiopia now bristled with soldiers, ears glued to their radios. While Solomon gulped down his breakfast coffee, restless young men armed with machetes roamed the streets. It was early September and Ethiopia’s civil war had been raging for almost a year, pitting government troops against rebel fighters from Tigray, the region north of Amhara. In recent weeks, Tigrayan forces had been pushing southwards. Now, the mayor of Debark, who had spent the night shouting orders through a loudspeaker, urged residents to pick up any weapon they could find and rush to the battlefield. Solomon didn’t need telling twice; he’d heard enough terrifying stories about Tigrayan fighters to make the idea of staying put seem suicidal. He stuffed bread, honey and bullets into his rucksack, grabbed his rifle and said goodbye to his wife and four children. Things had been looking up for Solomon before civil war broke out a year ago. The tour operator he ran with an Italian friend in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’s capital, was preparing to welcome tourists back to the country after months of covid-related travel restrictions. Business had been brisk before the pandemic, particularly in tourist hotspots near Debark: the Simien mountains (the “roof of Africa”) and Gondar, the old imperial capital where the ruins of a 17th-century castle still tower over ramshackle cottages and cobbled lanes. Though the return of foreign visitors was promising, Solomon also felt a growing sense of unease: the drumbeat of war, once faint and far-off, was becoming harder to ignore. In April 2018 Solomon had celebrated the appointment of Abiy Ahmed as prime minister. Abiy grabbed power on the back of public protests against the Tigrayan People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), which had dominated Ethiopia’s coalition government since 1991. Despite representing only 6% of the population, the TPLF’s military prowess helped it triumph over Ethiopia’s other ethnic factions. Solomon blamed the TPLF for decades of bitter division between Ethiopia’s more than 80 ethnic groups: the TPLF had made ethnicity a core part of the federal constitution, giving each group the right to form its own region or secede altogether. Abiy was an Oromo, Ethiopia’s largest ethnic group, and pledged to forge unity.  Things had been looking up for Solomon before civil war broke out a year ago  There had been some progress on the TPLF’s watch: the economy had grown at around 10% each year for the past decade and tourism was flourishing, aided by new, Chinese-built roads, power lines and a gleaming railway. But Solomon was an Amhara, Ethiopia’s second-largest ethnic group from a historically powerful region of Ethiopia, which had produced many of the country’s most renowned rulers. Solomon reckoned the TPLF depicted the Amhara as the face of an unpopular feudal empire and denigrated their history. Solomon had come a long way from the remote village where he’d grown up. Yet even as his tourism business took off, he felt excluded from Ethiopia’s nascent middle-class. He thought the elite in the capital were hoarding the country’s wealth: “The rich got rich and the poor got poor.” The media were censored and even peaceful opposition was stifled. “There was no freedom,” said Solomon. “No freedom of speech or freedom of education.” When Debark went online in the 2010s Solomon railed against the TPLF on Facebook and organised protests against the regime. (He had voted only once in his life, in 2005, in an election he believed was stolen by the TPLF.) At first, the internet felt like a safe space to campaign against the government. Then some of his friends were arrested and put in prison. Solomon went quiet. But with Abiy in power Solomon felt energised. Abiy blamed the TPLF for everything that had gone wrong in Ethiopia in the past 30 years. Solomon liked Abiy’s pride in his country and admired him for attempting to make peace with neighbouring Eritrea. He applauded when Abiy removed Tigrayans from the machinery of power. Solomon hoped Ethiopia might be inching towards democracy after decades of authoritarianism. His faith in politics renewed, he even decided to run as a representative for Debark in the next elections – not because he wanted to be a politician (he would have no chance of beating the ruling-party candidate), but to feel as though he was helping Ethiopia. “My goal was just to increase democracy...I’d like to be a diplomat, just serving my country.”                   Yet the changing of the guard in Addis Ababa brought uncertainty as well as optimism. Despite strong talk, Abiy’s government was weak and vigilantism spread across the country. In 2018 ethnic violence forced more than 3m people from their homes, including many Amharas. The prime minister appeared untroubled by the turmoil, more concerned with showing off the new parks, museums and high-rises he was building in Addis Ababa. On Facebook, Solomon denounced attacks against Amharas, calling them genocide. Firebrand nationalists in the region claimed the TPLF was behind the violence – its aim to wipe out its historical rival – and demanded a response. Why was Abiy doing nothing? In 2019 Solomon joined the National Movement of Amhara, a new political party that promised to defend Amharas and reclaim swathes of land which, it alleged, the TPLF had stolen. For the first time there was a party that spoke to Solomon as an Amhara first and an Ethiopian second. “Ethiopia and Amhara are two sides of the same coin,” Solomon told me. “But we in Amhara are being intentionally targeted by a small clique – the TPLF. So we have to defend ourselves.” It was then that, like many Amharas, Solomon decided to invest in his first gun, a second-hand Kalashnikov. Solomon is an unlikely militant. A former teacher who spends his evenings tutoring his children in English and geography, he prefers reason to war talk. When we met he seemed like a pillar of calm in a sea of paranoia: he chose his words carefully, pausing before difficult questions, confessing the limits of what he knew about the war on his doorstep. But after a gruelling year of horror-strewn conflict, Solomon was every inch the hardliner. So was almost everyone around him.  After a year of horror-strewn conflict, Solomon was every inch the hardliner  Following months of escalating tensions and military build-up on both sides, civil war erupted late last year. The TPLF attacked government military bases in Tigray, pleading self-defence against federal forces massing on its borders. Abiy sent in troops and fighter jets. The fighting almost immediately sparked a wider ethnic conflagration. Paramilitaries from Amhara flooded into Tigray, annexing disputed land and murdering Tigrayan civilians. In a matter of weeks, tens of thousands of Tigrayans had fled to Sudan. Troops from Eritrea joined the fray as Abiy’s allies unleashed an orgy of destruction. Towns in Tigray were plundered, their factories stripped bare, fields burnt to ashes, shops and banks emptied and vandalised. Civilians were raped and slaughtered – many thousands are believed to have died. An American government report described it as ethnic cleansing. Like many in Amhara, Solomon doesn’t talk much about what happened in Tigray. For him, the destruction was a terrible side-effect of a war the TPLF began: he can’t see how Ethiopia can be at peace while the TPLF exists. He is even more uncompromising about the disputed territories, rubbishing the idea that both groups have reasonable claims over the land, or could share it: “In short, it is a question of identity. Tom can’t be Solomon and Solomon can’t be Tom. It’s all about identity.”  In recent months the balance of power has shifted again. The TPLF pushed southwards to break a government-imposed siege that put 5m Tigrayans at risk of starvation. Reports have emerged of Tigrayan forces gang-raping Amhara women, and looting schools and hospitals. Hundreds of thousands of civilians have been forced from their homes.  “Everyone is ready to go to the front line”  Until September, the closest Solomon had got to the war was watching the news and speaking to paramilitaries who passed through Debark. But on that sunny morning, he finally saw it for himself. In October, during a lull in the fighting in northern Amhara, I joined Solomon on a trip to the battlefield of Chenna where he’d travelled with his rifle and rucksack just a few weeks earlier. The village is perched on a cliff over a deep valley, a short drive up from Debark; the grass was thick and green with a smattering of yellow daisies. A group of us – journalists and locals – wandered into what remained of the village, through woods and across streams, gingerly avoiding the rotting corpses of Tigrayan fighters who lay unburied in the fields.                   Solomon says he didn’t fire a shot when he went, but played a supporting role, carrying water and food to the troops (a mixture of federal soldiers, Amhara paramilitaries and local youth militias) and tending to the wounded. On a nearby hillside, he stood behind men with machineguns and mortars who bombarded the village where the Tigrayan fighters were stationed. “I’m a pillar in my family, a breadwinner, so they don’t let me get too close,” he said. When his wife and children phoned to check up on him, he ducked for cover to muffle the sound of close artillery. He remembers being surrounded by Orthodox priests, who carried with them a painting of St Gabriel for good luck, and sang and prayed for the troops. He saw people die in front of him: “I won’t ever forget that, really. Never in my life.” On the fourth day of fighting, as wind and rain pounded the hillside, the Tigrayans began their retreat. What exactly happened next is murky. According to official accounts, fleeing rebels murdered scores of civilians. Some residents say their loved ones were tied up and shot; the leader of Chenna village alleges that a family of six was among the dead. Fenta Terefe, an official in Debark who has spent the past two months showing journalists the battlefield, claims that as many as 200 civilians died. It isn’t clear whether a cold-blooded massacre of this scale really took place. The attorney-general’s office in Addis Ababa, which might usually be expected to claim a higher death toll from alleged TPLF atrocities, recently said that 96 civilians had been killed in northern Gondar. Human-rights researchers believe executions did take place, but don’t know how many. The blurred line between civilian and combatant makes it even harder to determine the true extent of any war crime.  “If someone is going to kill me in my home I’m not just going to sit there and do nothing”  For Solomon, the events in Chenna simply confirmed his worst fears about the brutality of the TPLF. Had Tigrayan forces captured Debark they would have massacred civilians, he had no doubt. “We can all imagine what would happen – it’s obvious,” he told me. “Retaliation.” He said he’d stop at nothing to prevent Debark falling. “I really do not want to see their faces anymore.” A few weeks later the war heated up again. Solomon and I met between rounds of fighting. The tension was oppressive, hanging over the city of Gondar like a thick fog. As the military tide turned against Abiy, his forces were demoralised and divided: the war was beginning to slip from their grasp. The TPLF had claimed two strategically important towns and threatened to keep marching south. Having admitted that the army could no longer be counted on, Abiy declared a state of emergency and urged ordinary Ethiopians to prepare to fight. In Addis Ababa Tigrayans have been rounded up and slung into makeshift detention centres. Elsewhere they are even more vulnerable. Two weeks ago a Tigrayan university lecturer in the Amhara region was murdered by security forces. In Gondar there have been calls to intern into camps the few Tigrayans who still live there. Solomon assured me that such moves were intended simply to distinguish TPLF supporters from innocent Tigrayans, who would be left untouched. But he added, his voice hardening, that for those with a “TPLF agenda” there would be no tolerance. “If someone is going to kill me in my home I’m not just going to sit there and do nothing, am I?” Feelings towards foreigners, particularly foreign journalists, have soured: officials routinely accuse them of backing the TPLF. As we ate lunch in a popular restaurant, Solomon and I were arrested. We were released after several hours, but only once the police chief recognised Solomon as a family friend. Nobody knows what might happen if the TPLF and its new ally, a rebel group called the Oromo Liberation Army, launch an assault on Addis Ababa. Solomon scoffs at the idea that the TPLF would agree to a ceasefire. Like most Amharas he is sure the TPLF is fighting to enthrone itself again. “We really do not want this protracted war,” Solomon said. “But it’s a battle for survival. We really do not want to be oppressed anymore.” At the heart of Ethiopia’s crisis is a violent rupture in the social fabric: each side utterly mistrusts the other. And the situation is getting worse. Tigrayans say that the events of the past year amount to genocide: many are demanding independence. Some of their neighbours in Amhara might not mind. “Some people say they don’t care,” Solomon said. “Others say it’s unthinkable. I mean, do they have natural resources?” These are questions for the future. The last time I texted Solomon he sounded more resolute than ever. “Everyone is ready to go to the front line,” he said. “No choice.” This time he would do more than just support the troops. “I am ready to fight from now on.” ■  Tom Gardner is Addis Ababa correspondent for The Economist  PORTRAITS: AMANUEL SILESHI   ADDITIONAL IMAGES: GETTY, AP
Ethiopia’s civil war: one man’s journey from entrepreneur to militant
https://www.economist.com/1843/2021/11/17/ethiopias-civil-war-one-mans-journey-from-entrepreneur-to-militant
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/orangutan-body-size-evolution
Ancient giant orangutans evolved smaller bodies surprisingly slowly
2021-12-01
Science News Magazine; Bruce Bower
<div><article>
	<div>
	
<p>Giant orangutans that once dwelled in mainland Southeast Asian forests belonged to a single species that gradually shrank in size over nearly 2 million years, a study suggests.</p>
<p>Today, orangutans are found only on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. But their ancient, super-size kin roamed forests in what’s now southern China and northern Vietnam. Fragmentary Asian fossils of uncertain age have long indicated that these massive, now-extinct orangutans shrank over time. And biological anthropologist Terry Harrison of New York University suspected — based on a small number of fossils from widely different time periods — that the apes <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618214000226">rapidly evolved from a larger-bodied species</a> to a different, smaller-bodied species roughly 400,000 years ago as the climate cooled.</p>
<p>But an <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248421001421">analysis of 600 ancient orangutan teeth</a> unearthed in 10 caves in southern China supports a different evolutionary scenario, Harrison and colleagues report in the December <em>Journal of Human Evolution</em>.</p>
<p>From around 2 million to 111,000 years ago, the shapes of the teeth remained largely the same, suggesting all were from a single orangutan species. But tooth sizes progressively declined. Using tooth measurements, Harrison, paleoanthropologist Yingqi Zhang of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing and colleagues estimate that the ancient orangutans’ average body mass started out around 96 kilograms, close to double that of orangutans today.</p>
<p>By around 111,000 years ago, the ancient apes’ average body mass was almost 80 kilograms, which still exceeded that of modern orangutans by nearly 25 kilograms.</p>
<p>Fossils of other ancient Asian animals, including rhinos and monkeys, also show declines in body size over the same period. Cooler, drier conditions that reduced available food starting around 400,000 years ago may have spurred a trend toward smaller bodies, Harrison says.</p>
<p>It’s not clear when orangutans on mainland Asia died out. But climate change and possibly the arrival of humans in the region more than 60,000 years ago contributed to their demise, Harrison speculates.</p>
	</div>
</article>||||I|||| Skip to content

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 By Bruce Bower

 December 1, 2021 at 7:00 am

 Giant orangutans that once dwelled in mainland Southeast Asian forests belonged to a single species that gradually shrank in size over nearly 2 million years, a study suggests.

 Today, orangutans are found only on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. But their ancient, super-size kin roamed forests in what’s now southern China and northern Vietnam. Fragmentary Asian fossils of uncertain age have long indicated that these massive, now-extinct orangutans shrank over time. And biological anthropologist Terry Harrison of New York University suspected — based on a small number of fossils from widely different time periods — that the apes rapidly evolved from a larger-bodied species to a different, smaller-bodied species roughly 400,000 years ago as the climate cooled.

 But an analysis of 600 ancient orangutan teeth unearthed in 10 caves in southern China supports a different evolutionary scenario, Harrison and colleagues report in the December Journal of Human Evolution.

 From around 2 million to 111,000 years ago, the shapes of the teeth remained largely the same, suggesting all were from a single orangutan species. But tooth sizes progressively declined. Using tooth measurements, Harrison, paleoanthropologist Yingqi Zhang of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing and colleagues estimate that the ancient orangutans’ average body mass started out around 96 kilograms, close to double that of orangutans today.

 By around 111,000 years ago, the ancient apes’ average body mass was almost 80 kilograms, which still exceeded that of modern orangutans by nearly 25 kilograms.

 Fossils of other ancient Asian animals, including rhinos and monkeys, also show declines in body size over the same period. Cooler, drier conditions that reduced available food starting around 400,000 years ago may have spurred a trend toward smaller bodies, Harrison says.

 It’s not clear when orangutans on mainland Asia died out. But climate change and possibly the arrival of humans in the region more than 60,000 years ago contributed to their demise, Harrison speculates.

 Questions or comments on this article? E-mail us at feedback@sciencenews.org

 A version of this article appears in the December 18, 2021 issue of Science News.

 Citations

 T. Harrison et al. Evolutionary trend in dental size in fossil orangutans from the Pleistocene of Chongzuo, Guangxi, southern China. Journal of Human Evolution. Vol. 161, December 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103090.

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Giant orangutans that once dwelled in mainland Southeast Asian forests belonged to a single species that gradually shrank in size over nearly 2 million years, a study suggests.
Today, orangutans are found only on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. But their ancient, super-size kin roamed forests in what’s now southern China and northern Vietnam. Fragmentary Asian fossils of uncertain age have long indicated that these massive, now-extinct orangutans shrank over time. And biological anthropologist Terry Harrison of New York University suspected — based on a small number of fossils from widely different time periods — that the apes rapidly evolved from a larger-bodied species to a different, smaller-bodied species roughly 400,000 years ago as the climate cooled.
But an analysis of 600 ancient orangutan teeth unearthed in 10 caves in southern China supports a different evolutionary scenario, Harrison and colleagues report in the December Journal of Human Evolution.
From around 2 million to 111,000 years ago, the shapes of the teeth remained largely the same, suggesting all were from a single orangutan species. But tooth sizes progressively declined. Using tooth measurements, Harrison, paleoanthropologist Yingqi Zhang of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing and colleagues estimate that the ancient orangutans’ average body mass started out around 96 kilograms, close to double that of orangutans today.
By around 111,000 years ago, the ancient apes’ average body mass was almost 80 kilograms, which still exceeded that of modern orangutans by nearly 25 kilograms.
Fossils of other ancient Asian animals, including rhinos and monkeys, also show declines in body size over the same period. Cooler, drier conditions that reduced available food starting around 400,000 years ago may have spurred a trend toward smaller bodies, Harrison says.
It’s not clear when orangutans on mainland Asia died out. But climate change and possibly the arrival of humans in the region more than 60,000 years ago contributed to their demise, Harrison speculates.
Ancient giant orangutans evolved smaller bodies surprisingly slowly
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 From 1988: The opening of "Phantom of the Opera"
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 U.S. teens experiencing mental health crisis
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 Federal law enforcement officials have identified a suspect in the leaking of secret defense and intelligence documents that have circulated online for weeks.

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<div><div><td><table>
 <tbody><tr>
 <td>1.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36036997&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://buddhistuniversity.net/">The Open Buddhist University</a> (<a href="from?site=buddhistuniversity.net">buddhistuniversity.net</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 107 points by <a href="user?id=rg111">rg111</a> <a href="item?id=36036997">2 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36036997&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36036997">15 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
 <tr>
 <td>2.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36029087&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://samwho.dev/memory-allocation/">Memory Allocation</a> (<a href="from?site=samwho.dev">samwho.dev</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 986 points by <a href="user?id=thecoppinger">thecoppinger</a> <a href="item?id=36029087">14 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36029087&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36029087">138 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
 <tr>
 <td>3.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36037308&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12173">Compromising LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection</a> (<a href="from?site=arxiv.org">arxiv.org</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 16 points by <a href="user?id=greshake">greshake</a> <a href="item?id=36037308">1 hour ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36037308&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36037308">2 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
 <tr>
 <td>4.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36034726&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://www.mrdbourke.com/what-if-you-did-the-exact-opposite-like-the-rogue-bees-do/">What if you did the exact opposite, like rogue bees do (2020)</a> (<a href="from?site=mrdbourke.com">mrdbourke.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 128 points by <a href="user?id=azhenley">azhenley</a> <a href="item?id=36034726">5 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36034726&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36034726">83 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
 <tr>
 <td>5.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36034211&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq/tree/main/examples/mms">Meta AI announces Massive Multilingual Speech code, models for 1000+ languages</a> (<a href="from?site=github.com/facebookresearch">github.com/facebookresearch</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 402 points by <a href="user?id=crakenzak">crakenzak</a> <a href="item?id=36034211">6 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36034211&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36034211">145 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
 <tr>
 <td>6.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36032081&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://github.com/psychic-api/psychic">Show HN: Psychic - An open-source integration platform for unstructured data</a> (<a href="from?site=github.com/psychic-api">github.com/psychic-api</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 68 points by <a href="user?id=jasonwcfan">jasonwcfan</a> <a href="item?id=36032081">4 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36032081&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36032081">15 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
 <tr>
 <td>7.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36030958&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://nick-black.com/dankwiki/index.php/Io_uring">Io uring</a> (<a href="from?site=nick-black.com">nick-black.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 230 points by <a href="user?id=sohkamyung">sohkamyung</a> <a href="item?id=36030958">10 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36030958&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36030958">49 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
 <tr>
 <td>8.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36021741&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://www.engadget.com/blackberry-movie-review-comedy-tragedy-innovators-dilemma-140115574.html">'BlackBerry' review: The comedy and tragedy of the innovator's dilemma</a> (<a href="from?site=engadget.com">engadget.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 12 points by <a href="user?id=cf100clunk">cf100clunk</a> <a href="item?id=36021741">1 hour ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36021741&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36021741">4 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
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 <td>9.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36037419&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://www.twitch.tv/blotterstream">Show HN: Blotter – An interactive, never ending music video</a> (<a href="from?site=twitch.tv">twitch.tv</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 14 points by <a href="user?id=ck019">ck019</a> <a href="item?id=36037419">1 hour ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36037419&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36037419">2 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
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 <td>10.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36034929&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://stackoverflow.blog/2023/05/22/modern-work-requires-attention-constant-alerts-steal-it/">Modern work requires attention – constant alerts steal it</a> (<a href="from?site=stackoverflow.blog">stackoverflow.blog</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 214 points by <a href="user?id=djha-skin">djha-skin</a> <a href="item?id=36034929">5 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36034929&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36034929">99 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
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 <td>11.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36022896&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://spin.atomicobject.com/2023/05/21/nonfiction-business-books/">Building a Better Book Club: A Strategy for Efficiently Ingesting Nonfiction</a> (<a href="from?site=atomicobject.com">atomicobject.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 37 points by <a href="user?id=ingve">ingve</a> <a href="item?id=36022896">4 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36022896&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36022896">19 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
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 <td>12.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36036412&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://torrentfreak.com/more-than-600000-students-and-teachers-use-z-library-230522/">More Than 600k Students and Teachers Use Z-Library</a> (<a href="from?site=torrentfreak.com">torrentfreak.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 109 points by <a href="user?id=nickthegreek">nickthegreek</a> <a href="item?id=36036412">3 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36036412&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36036412">14 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
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 <td>13.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36022078&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://nicole.express/2023/that-blasted-rgb.html">A Review of the RGB Blaster: No Mod, No Problem</a> (<a href="from?site=nicole.express">nicole.express</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 19 points by <a href="user?id=zdw">zdw</a> <a href="item?id=36022078">2 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36022078&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36022078">discuss</a> 
 </td></tr>
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 <td>14.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36030959&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://phys.org/news/2023-05-black-holes-defects-spacetime.html">Black holes might be defects in spacetime</a> (<a href="from?site=phys.org">phys.org</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 185 points by <a href="user?id=wglb">wglb</a> <a href="item?id=36030959">10 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36030959&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36030959">214 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
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 <td>15.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36035641&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://www.wired.com/story/europe-break-encryption-leaked-document-csa-law/">Leaked government document shows Spain wants to ban end-to-end encryption</a> (<a href="from?site=wired.com">wired.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 336 points by <a href="user?id=arkadiyt">arkadiyt</a> <a href="item?id=36035641">4 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36035641&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36035641">182 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
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 <td>16.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36023558&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://riskmusings.substack.com/p/success-to-the-successful">Success to the successful</a> (<a href="from?site=riskmusings.substack.com">riskmusings.substack.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 73 points by <a href="user?id=vitabenes">vitabenes</a> <a href="item?id=36023558">7 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36023558&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36023558">47 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
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 <td>17.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36029032&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://brr.fyi/posts/polar-night">Polar Night</a> (<a href="from?site=brr.fyi">brr.fyi</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 178 points by <a href="user?id=alexcason">alexcason</a> <a href="item?id=36029032">14 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36029032&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36029032">16 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
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 <td>18.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36031446&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/some-neural-networks-learn-language-like-humans-20230522/">Parallels in the ways that humans and ML models acquire language skills</a> (<a href="from?site=quantamagazine.org">quantamagazine.org</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 72 points by <a href="user?id=theafh">theafh</a> <a href="item?id=36031446">9 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36031446&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36031446">21 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
 <tr>
 <td>19.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36029221&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://hakibenita.com/the-many-faces-of-distinct-in-postgre-sql">The many faces of DISTINCT in Postgres (2017)</a> (<a href="from?site=hakibenita.com">hakibenita.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 158 points by <a href="user?id=rsecora">rsecora</a> <a href="item?id=36029221">13 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36029221&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36029221">59 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
 <tr>
 <td>20.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36034718&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-01604-x">Talks That Attendees See in Person More Likely to Be Cited</a> (<a href="from?site=nature.com">nature.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 20 points by <a href="user?id=belter">belter</a> <a href="item?id=36034718">5 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36034718&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36034718">12 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
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 <td>21.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36030866&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://jsonjoy.com/blog/list-crdt-benchmarks">CRDT Benchmarks</a> (<a href="from?site=jsonjoy.com">jsonjoy.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 129 points by <a href="user?id=streamich">streamich</a> <a href="item?id=36030866">10 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36030866&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36030866">35 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
 <tr>
 <td>22.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36036321&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://www.dw.com/en/how-a-temperature-rise-of-2-degrees-celsius-impacts-billions/a-65695800">A temperature rise of 2 degrees Celsius impacts billions</a> (<a href="from?site=dw.com">dw.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 58 points by <a href="user?id=rntn">rntn</a> <a href="item?id=36036321">3 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36036321&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36036321">20 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
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 <td>23.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36020520&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://medium.com/tebs-lab/deep-neural-networks-as-computational-graphs-867fcaa56c9">Deep neural networks as computational graphs (2018)</a> (<a href="from?site=medium.com/tebs-lab">medium.com/tebs-lab</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 86 points by <a href="user?id=softwaredoug">softwaredoug</a> <a href="item?id=36020520">11 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36020520&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36020520">35 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
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 <td>24.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36028845&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/meta-fined-1-3-billion-over-data-transfers-to-u-s-b53dbb04">Meta fined $1.3B over data transfers to U.S.</a> (<a href="from?site=wsj.com">wsj.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 597 points by <a href="user?id=jaredwiener">jaredwiener</a> <a href="item?id=36028845">14 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36028845&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36028845">433 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
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 <td>25.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36029115&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2023-05-22/News_and_notes">Severance payments at Wikimedia Foundation</a> (<a href="from?site=wikipedia.org">wikipedia.org</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 354 points by <a href="user?id=akolbe">akolbe</a> <a href="item?id=36029115">14 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36029115&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36029115">307 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
 <tr>
 <td>26.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36021933&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202301627">Clinical validation of a blood-pressure sensor for continuous health monitoring</a> (<a href="from?site=wiley.com">wiley.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 73 points by <a href="user?id=bookofjoe">bookofjoe</a> <a href="item?id=36021933">10 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36021933&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36021933">15 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
 <tr>
 <td>27.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36029915&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://blog.mikrotik.com/security/cve-2023-32154.html">RCE on MikroTik routers with IPv6 RA enabled</a> (<a href="from?site=mikrotik.com">mikrotik.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 89 points by <a href="user?id=dgroshev">dgroshev</a> <a href="item?id=36029915">12 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36029915&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36029915">43 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
 <tr>
 <td>28.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36022598&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.14889">Perfectly secure steganography using minimum entropy coupling</a> (<a href="from?site=arxiv.org">arxiv.org</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 53 points by <a href="user?id=Topolomancer">Topolomancer</a> <a href="item?id=36022598">9 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36022598&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36022598">14 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
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 <td>29.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36023306&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="https://bartwullems.blogspot.com/2023/05/lehmans-laws-of-software-evolution.html">Lehman’s Laws of Software Evolution</a> (<a href="from?site=bartwullems.blogspot.com">bartwullems.blogspot.com</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 37 points by <a href="user?id=kiyanwang">kiyanwang</a> <a href="item?id=36023306">8 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36023306&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36023306">9 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
 <tr>
 <td>30.</td> <td><a href="vote?id=36032224&amp;how=up&amp;goto=news"></a></td><td><a href="item?id=36032224">Ask HN: Is anyone hosting their own Jitsi server?</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>
 175 points by <a href="user?id=asim">asim</a> <a href="item?id=36032224">8 hours ago</a> | <a href="hide?id=36032224&amp;goto=news">hide</a> | <a href="item?id=36032224">75 comments</a> 
 </td></tr>
 <tr></tr>
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 <td><a href="?p=2">More</a></td> </tr>
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 1.  The Open Buddhist University ( buddhistuniversity.net ) 
 107 points by rg111 2 hours ago | hide | 15 comments  
   
 2.  Memory Allocation ( samwho.dev )  
 986 points by thecoppinger 14 hours ago | hide | 138 comments  
   
 3.  Compromising LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection ( arxiv.org ) 
 16 points by greshake 1 hour ago | hide | 2 comments  
   
 4.  What if you did the exact opposite, like rogue bees do (2020) ( mrdbourke.com ) 
 128 points by azhenley 5 hours ago | hide | 83 comments  
   
 5.  Meta AI announces Massive Multilingual Speech code, models for 1000+ languages ( github.com/facebookresearch )
 402 points by crakenzak 6 hours ago | hide | 145 comments  
   
 6.  Show HN: Psychic - An open-source integration platform for unstructured data ( github.com/psychic-api ) 
 68 points by jasonwcfan 4 hours ago | hide | 15 comments  
   
 7.  Io uring ( nick-black.com )  
 230 points by sohkamyung 10 hours ago | hide | 49 comments  
   
 8.  'BlackBerry' review: The comedy and tragedy of the innovator's dilemma ( engadget.com ) 
 12 points by cf100clunk 1 hour ago | hide | 4 comments  
   
 9.  Show HN: Blotter – An interactive, never ending music video ( twitch.tv ) 
 14 points by ck019 1 hour ago | hide | 2 comments  
   
10.  Modern work requires attention – constant alerts steal it ( stackoverflow.blog ) 
 214 points by djha-skin 5 hours ago | hide | 99 comments  
   
11.  Building a Better Book Club: A Strategy for Efficiently Ingesting Nonfiction ( atomicobject.com ) 
 37 points by ingve 4 hours ago | hide | 19 comments  
   
12.  More Than 600k Students and Teachers Use Z-Library ( torrentfreak.com ) 
 109 points by nickthegreek 3 hours ago | hide | 14 comments  
   
13.  A Review of the RGB Blaster: No Mod, No Problem ( nicole.express ) 
 19 points by zdw 2 hours ago | hide | discuss  
   
14.  Black holes might be defects in spacetime ( phys.org ) 
 185 points by wglb 10 hours ago | hide | 214 comments  
   
15.  Leaked government document shows Spain wants to ban end-to-end encryption ( wired.com ) 
 336 points by arkadiyt 4 hours ago | hide | 182 comments  
   
16.  Success to the successful ( riskmusings.substack.com ) 
 73 points by vitabenes 7 hours ago | hide | 47 comments  
   
17.  Polar Night ( brr.fyi )  
 178 points by alexcason 14 hours ago | hide | 16 comments  
   
18.  Parallels in the ways that humans and ML models acquire language skills ( quantamagazine.org ) 
 72 points by theafh 9 hours ago | hide | 21 comments  
   
19.  The many faces of DISTINCT in Postgres (2017) ( hakibenita.com ) 
 158 points by rsecora 13 hours ago | hide | 59 comments  
   
20.  Talks That Attendees See in Person More Likely to Be Cited ( nature.com ) 
 20 points by belter 5 hours ago | hide | 12 comments  
   
21.  CRDT Benchmarks ( jsonjoy.com )  
 129 points by streamich 10 hours ago | hide | 35 comments  
   
22.  A temperature rise of 2 degrees Celsius impacts billions ( dw.com ) 
 58 points by rntn 3 hours ago | hide | 20 comments  
   
23.  Deep neural networks as computational graphs (2018) ( medium.com/tebs-lab ) 
 86 points by softwaredoug 11 hours ago | hide | 35 comments  
   
24.  Meta fined $1.3B over data transfers to U.S. ( wsj.com ) 
 597 points by jaredwiener 14 hours ago | hide | 433 comments  
   
25.  Severance payments at Wikimedia Foundation ( wikipedia.org ) 
 354 points by akolbe 14 hours ago | hide | 307 comments  
   
26.  Clinical validation of a blood-pressure sensor for continuous health monitoring ( wiley.com ) 
 73 points by bookofjoe 10 hours ago | hide | 15 comments  
   
27.  RCE on MikroTik routers with IPv6 RA enabled ( mikrotik.com ) 
 89 points by dgroshev 12 hours ago | hide | 43 comments  
   
28.  Perfectly secure steganography using minimum entropy coupling ( arxiv.org ) 
 53 points by Topolomancer 9 hours ago | hide | 14 comments  
   
29.  Lehman’s Laws of Software Evolution ( bartwullems.blogspot.com ) 
 37 points by kiyanwang 8 hours ago | hide | 9 comments  
   
30.  Ask HN: Is anyone hosting their own Jitsi server? 
 175 points by asim 8 hours ago | hide | 75 comments  
   
   
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1.      The Open Buddhist University (buddhistuniversity.net)     
 107 points by rg111 2 hours ago | hide | 15 comments 
  
  
 
 2.      Memory Allocation (samwho.dev)     
 986 points by thecoppinger 14 hours ago | hide | 138 comments 
  
  
 
 3.      Compromising LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection (arxiv.org)     
 16 points by greshake 1 hour ago | hide | 2 comments 
  
  
 
 4.      What if you did the exact opposite, like rogue bees do (2020) (mrdbourke.com)     
 128 points by azhenley 5 hours ago | hide | 83 comments 
  
  
 
 5.      Meta AI announces Massive Multilingual Speech code, models for 1000+ languages (github.com/facebookresearch)     
 402 points by crakenzak 6 hours ago | hide | 145 comments 
  
  
 
 6.      Show HN: Psychic - An open-source integration platform for unstructured data (github.com/psychic-api)     
 68 points by jasonwcfan 4 hours ago | hide | 15 comments 
  
  
 
 7.      Io uring (nick-black.com)     
 230 points by sohkamyung 10 hours ago | hide | 49 comments 
  
  
 
 8.      'BlackBerry' review: The comedy and tragedy of the innovator's dilemma (engadget.com)     
 12 points by cf100clunk 1 hour ago | hide | 4 comments 
  
  
 
 9.      Show HN: Blotter – An interactive, never ending music video (twitch.tv)     
 14 points by ck019 1 hour ago | hide | 2 comments 
  
  
 
 10.      Modern work requires attention – constant alerts steal it (stackoverflow.blog)     
 214 points by djha-skin 5 hours ago | hide | 99 comments 
  
  
 
 11.      Building a Better Book Club: A Strategy for Efficiently Ingesting Nonfiction (atomicobject.com)     
 37 points by ingve 4 hours ago | hide | 19 comments 
  
  
 
 12.      More Than 600k Students and Teachers Use Z-Library (torrentfreak.com)     
 109 points by nickthegreek 3 hours ago | hide | 14 comments 
  
  
 
 13.      A Review of the RGB Blaster: No Mod, No Problem (nicole.express)     
 19 points by zdw 2 hours ago | hide | discuss 
  
  
 
 14.      Black holes might be defects in spacetime (phys.org)     
 185 points by wglb 10 hours ago | hide | 214 comments 
  
  
 
 15.      Leaked government document shows Spain wants to ban end-to-end encryption (wired.com)     
 336 points by arkadiyt 4 hours ago | hide | 182 comments 
  
  
 
 16.      Success to the successful (riskmusings.substack.com)     
 73 points by vitabenes 7 hours ago | hide | 47 comments 
  
  
 
 17.      Polar Night (brr.fyi)     
 178 points by alexcason 14 hours ago | hide | 16 comments 
  
  
 
 18.      Parallels in the ways that humans and ML models acquire language skills (quantamagazine.org)     
 72 points by theafh 9 hours ago | hide | 21 comments 
  
  
 
 19.      The many faces of DISTINCT in Postgres (2017) (hakibenita.com)     
 158 points by rsecora 13 hours ago | hide | 59 comments 
  
  
 
 20.      Talks That Attendees See in Person More Likely to Be Cited (nature.com)     
 20 points by belter 5 hours ago | hide | 12 comments 
  
  
 
 21.      CRDT Benchmarks (jsonjoy.com)     
 129 points by streamich 10 hours ago | hide | 35 comments 
  
  
 
 22.      A temperature rise of 2 degrees Celsius impacts billions (dw.com)     
 58 points by rntn 3 hours ago | hide | 20 comments 
  
  
 
 23.      Deep neural networks as computational graphs (2018) (medium.com/tebs-lab)     
 86 points by softwaredoug 11 hours ago | hide | 35 comments 
  
  
 
 24.      Meta fined $1.3B over data transfers to U.S. (wsj.com)     
 597 points by jaredwiener 14 hours ago | hide | 433 comments 
  
  
 
 25.      Severance payments at Wikimedia Foundation (wikipedia.org)     
 354 points by akolbe 14 hours ago | hide | 307 comments 
  
  
 
 26.      Clinical validation of a blood-pressure sensor for continuous health monitoring (wiley.com)     
 73 points by bookofjoe 10 hours ago | hide | 15 comments 
  
  
 
 27.      RCE on MikroTik routers with IPv6 RA enabled (mikrotik.com)     
 89 points by dgroshev 12 hours ago | hide | 43 comments 
  
  
 
 28.      Perfectly secure steganography using minimum entropy coupling (arxiv.org)     
 53 points by Topolomancer 9 hours ago | hide | 14 comments 
  
  
 
 29.      Lehman’s Laws of Software Evolution (bartwullems.blogspot.com)     
 37 points by kiyanwang 8 hours ago | hide | 9 comments 
  
  
 
 30.      Ask HN: Is anyone hosting their own Jitsi server?      
 175 points by asim 8 hours ago | hide | 75 comments 
  
  
     
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2023-05-22
Naomi Nix; Annabelle Timsit; Cat Zakrzewski
<div><div><p></p><h2><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/05/22/meta-fined-eu-facebook-data-privacy/">E.U.’s record $1.3 billion fine for Meta could have broad effects on U.S. businesses</a></h2><p></p><p>Facebook’s parent company was found to have broken the E.U.’s sweeping set of privacy laws by transferring user data from Europe to the United States. Critics say the ruling puts U.S. companies in limbo, threatening a common practice.</p><div><p>By <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/naomi-nix/">Naomi Nix</a>, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/annabelle-timsit/">Annabelle Timsit</a> and <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/cat-zakrzewski/">Cat Zakrzewski</a></p></div></div></div>||||I|||| Accessibility statementSkip to main content
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 E.U.’s record $1.3 billion fine for Meta could have broad effects on U.S. businesses

 Facebook’s parent company was found to have broken the E.U.’s sweeping set of privacy laws by transferring user data from Europe to the United States. Critics say the ruling puts U.S. companies in limbo, threatening a common practice.
 By Naomi Nix, Annabelle Timsit and Cat Zakrzewski

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 Before-and-after images show why Zelensky compared Bakhmut’s destruction to Hiroshima

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E.U.’s record $1.3 billion fine for Meta could have broad effects on U.S. businesses    Facebook’s parent company was found to have broken the E.U.’s sweeping set of privacy laws by transferring user data from Europe to the United States. Critics say the ruling puts U.S. companies in limbo, threatening a common practice.  By Naomi Nix, Annabelle Timsit and Cat Zakrzewski
The Washington Post - Breaking news and latest headlines, U.S. news, world news, and video - The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/
https://www.usatoday.com/
USA TODAY - Breaking News and Latest News Today
2023-04-12
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Reports: Daniel Snyder to sell Washington Commanders for $6 billion   Arrest made in fatal stabbing of Cash App founder Bob Lee in San Francisco   'Once in every 1,000-2,000 years': Storm swamps Fort Lauderdale with 25 inches of rain. Live updates     Air National Guardsman draws scrutiny in Pentagon leak investigation  Latest Ukraine news      Trump, afraid of losing, begs DeSantis not to run for president Ingrid Jacques        Drake Bell is safe, according to police       'The Phantom of the Opera' is closing on Broadway. What the show taught me     Featured Videos  For You Which topics matter most to you? Add your favorites and you’ll see more of these stories in the For You section. View For You  More Top Stories   Southeast US has seen rapid sea level rise since 2010…  As a doctor, I see what an AR-15 does to the body. It's…  After 'Becky' email fail, US Soccer needs to look at…  Most US Latinos used to identify as Catholic. Not…  Treat yourself to 10 deals that are worth the splurge  Donald Trump testifies in lawsuit filed by New York AG…  Explosion, fire leave 18,000 cows dead on a single farm…  Self-proclaimed 'Bayou Barbie' is more than…  'Doesn't make sense.' Old National Bank goes from crime…  Meet Sarge, the service dog that has Diamond status on…  After Trump's indictment, feds owe these two people an…  A meteorite fell in New England. You could earn $25,000…  Discover   First-class stamp expected to cost more         New podcast investigates suspicious vanishing         Man's best friend meets shoppers' worst enemy          California student accused of using AI to cheat acts as cautionary tale     Treat yourself to 10 deals that are worth the…  Kate Spade purses are an extra 20% off ahead of… Under a water advisory? Here’s how to navigate… Here are five places to shop for Eid outfits in…  More in Reviewed    She reported domestic abuse again and again…  MLB rookie and softball star wife are… Okudah's quick exit from Lions reminder of how… Rivers and railroads: When trains derail, water…  More in For Subscribers    Reports: Daniel Snyder to sell Washington…  NFL draft rankings: Two QBs in top five, but… So much is at stake on NHL's second-to-last day… MLB rookie and softball star wife are…  More in Sports    OnPolitics: The biggest takeaways on leaked…  Biden will ask Supreme Court to intervene on… Air National Guardsman draws scrutiny in Pentagon… Who leaked secret documents on Ukraine? Biden…  More in Politics    Expect long waits when student debt repayments…  More wives are breadwinners. So why are they… HBO Max and Discovery+ are now one 'Max' Biden proposal could lead to huge boom in…  More in Money    Dehydration and blood pressure: What you need to…  The force is strong with this one: Get to know… How many justices are on the Supreme Court? A… 'NCT Dream is the future': Get to know the rising…  More in Just Curious    As a doctor, I see what an AR-15 does to the body…  MAGA Republicans are destroying our schools… Trump, afraid of losing, begs DeSantis not to run… After Trump's indictment, feds owe these two…  More in Opinion    Dehydration and blood pressure: What you need to…  What Netflix's new show teaches us about rage in… Flirting is not just for single people: What kind… Alex Murdaugh trial and Stephen Smith's GoFundMe…  More in Wellness    Drake Bell is safe, according to police   'World of Barbie' opens its dream house doors  'The Phantom of the Opera' is closing on Broadway… The force is strong with this one: Get to know…  More in Entertainment    Meet Sarge, the service dog that has Diamond…  Why opening of the largest standing wave pool… Want to sail to the North Pole? Try this new… Advocacy groups issue travel advisory over…  More in Travel    After alleged rape by Michigan athlete, a mom…  Noxious piping fix is making people sick. It's… Kids are three times as likely to be shot at home… How hard police look for missing children depends…  More in Investigations    Arrest made in fatal stabbing of Cash App founder…  Use Siri to find Airpods, call mom, quickly… How to send crystal clear videos between iOS… How to create custom, automatic shortcuts on your…  More in Tech    Today’s CD rate roundup: Top rates pay 5.25% or…  Today’s savings account rate roundup: Take home 4… Today’s money market account rate roundup: Top… Best gas credit cards of April 2023  More in Blueprint
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Science News Magazine
2023-05-11
Science News Magazine
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 7. Planetary Science

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Climate	 
	
	
	There’s good and bad news with California’s electric vehicle program	
	
	
	The electric vehicle program is reducing carbon dioxide emissions but also shifting the pollution burden to the state’s most disadvantaged communities. 	
	 
	By Carolyn Gramling 3 hours ago	 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	 
	Space	 
	
	
	50 years ago, cosmic rays may have caused Apollo astronauts to see lights	
	
	 
	By Helen Thompson 6 hours ago	 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	 
	Life	 
	
	
	In one lake deep under Antarctica’s ice, microbes feast on ancient carbon	
	
	 
	By Freda Kreier 8 hours ago	 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	 
	Animals	 
	
	
	Why some hammerhead sharks seem to ‘hold their breath’ during dives	
	
	 
	By Freda Kreier May 11, 2023	 
	
	
	
	 
	Astronomy	 
	
	
	A reappearing supernova offers a new measure of the universe’s expansion	
	
	 
	By James R. Riordon May 11, 2023	 
	
	
	
	 
	Paleontology	 
	
	
	‘Thunder beast’ fossils show how some mammals might have gotten big	
	
	 
	By Elise Cutts May 11, 2023	 
	
	
	
	 
	Physics	 
	
	
	Science explains why shouting into the wind seems futile	
	
	 
	By Emily Conover May 11, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	Trending Stories	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	 
	Paleontology	 
	
	
	‘Thunder beast’ fossils show how some mammals might have gotten big	
	
	 
	By Elise Cutts May 11, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	 
	Astronomy	 
	
	
	A reappearing supernova offers a new measure of the universe’s expansion	
	
	 
	By James R. Riordon May 11, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	 
	Life	 
	
	
	Ancient giant eruptions may have seeded nitrogen needed for life	
	
	 
	By Bas den Hond May 10, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	 
	Space	 
	
	
	50 years ago, cosmic rays may have caused Apollo astronauts to see lights	
	
	 
	By Helen Thompson 6 hours ago	 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	 
	Life	 
	
	
	In one lake deep under Antarctica’s ice, microbes feast on ancient carbon	
	
	 
	By Freda Kreier 8 hours ago	 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	 
	Animals	 
	
	
	Why some hammerhead sharks seem to ‘hold their breath’ during dives	
	
	 
	By Freda Kreier May 11, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	 
	Planetary Science	 
	
	
	Why you shouldn’t use magnets when looking for meteorites	
	
	 
	By Katherine Kornei May 9, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	 
	Life	 
	
	
	The new human pangenome could help unveil the biology of everyone	
	
	 
	By Tina Hesman Saey May 10, 2023	 
	
	
	More Stories
	
	
	Century of Science	
	from ScienceNews
	
	Explore major advances across the sciences that have transformed our understanding of the world and our universe, and our lives.
	
	
	 
	Explore Century of Science	
	 
	
	
	Themes
	
	
	Connections
	
	
	Milestones
	
	
	Spotlights
	
	
 
	Special Report: Precious Metals
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	Rare earth mining may be key to our renewable energy future. But at what cost?	
	
	
	We take you inside Mountain Pass, the only rare earth mine in the United States.	
	 
	By Carolyn Gramling January 11, 2023	 
	
	
	
	 
	
	How rare earth elements’ hidden properties make modern technology possible	
	
	 
	
	
	 
	
	Recycling rare earth elements is hard. Science is trying to make it easier	
	
	 
	
	
	
	
	From the Archives	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	Jupiter’s Lopsided (?) Magnetic Field	
	
	
	
	May 19, 1973	
	Vol. 103	
	No. #20	
	
	
	
	
	
	Science News Magazine	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	May 6, 2023	
	Vol. 203	
	No. 9	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	New discoveries are bringing the world of pterosaurs to life	
	
	 
	By Sid Perkins	 
	 
	
	
	
	 
	
	Thawing permafrost may unleash industrial pollution across the Arctic	
	
	 
 
	
	
	
	 
	
	Invasive yellow crazy ants create male ‘chimeras’ to reproduce	
	
	 
 
	
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	Featured Media	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	Play the video
	
	
	
	
	
	How ghostly neutrinos could explain the universe’s matter mystery	
	
	
	If neutrinos behave differently from their antimatter counterparts, it could help explain why our cosmos is full of stuff. 	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	 
	
	Static electricity helps parasitic nematodes glom onto victims	
	
	 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	 
	
	These transparent fish turn rainbow with white light. Now, we know why	
	
	 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	 
	
	Scientists have mapped an insect brain in greater detail than ever before	
	
	 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	 
	
	How do scientists calculate the age of a star?	
	
	 
	
	
	 
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	Life	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	The new human pangenome could help unveil the biology of everyone	
	
	 
	By Tina Hesman Saey May 10, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	Ancient giant eruptions may have seeded nitrogen needed for life	
	
	 
	By Bas den Hond May 10, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	Swarming locusts can deploy a chemical to avoid being cannibalized	
	
	 
	By Richard Kemeny May 4, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	Humans	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	‘Period’ wants to change how you think about menstruation	
	
	 
	By Aimee Cunningham April 14, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	A new biomaterial heals heart attack damage in animals. Humans could be next	
	
	 
	By Allison Gasparini February 24, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	50 years ago, scientists debated when humans first set foot in North America	
	
	 
	By Maria Temming February 3, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	Climate	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	Thawing permafrost may unleash industrial pollution across the Arctic	
	
	 
	By Nikk Ogasa April 26, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	Methane may not warm the Earth quite as much as previously thought	
	
	 
	By Douglas Fox April 18, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	The summer of 2021 was the Pacific Northwest’s hottest in a millennium	
	
	 
	By Sid Perkins April 14, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	Astronomy	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	The James Webb telescope revealed surprise asteroids in the Fomalhaut star system	
	
	 
	By James R. Riordon May 8, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	A streak of light may not be a black hole fleeing its galaxy after all	
	
	 
	By Liz Kruesi May 5, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	For the first time, astrophysicists have caught a star eating a planet	
	
	 
	By James R. Riordon May 3, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	Physics	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	Black holes resolve paradoxes by destroying quantum states	
	
	 
	By Lisa Grossman April 28, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	These worms can escape tangled blobs in an instant. Here’s how	
	
	 
	By Emily Conover April 27, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	Videos of gold nanoparticles snapping together show how some crystals grow	
	
	 
	By James R. Riordon April 12, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	Health &amp; Medicine	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	San Francisco airport will monitor plane waste for COVID-19 variants	
	
	 
	By Betsy Ladyzhets May 9, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	50 years ago, enzyme injections showed promise for treating a rare disease	
	
	 
	By Maria Temming May 8, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	WHO declares an end to the global COVID-19 public health emergency	
	
	 
	By McKenzie Prillaman May 5, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	Earth	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	A massive cavern beneath a West Antarctic glacier is teeming with life	
	
	 
	By Douglas Fox April 21, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	The Great Salt Lake is shrinking. What can we do to stop it?	
	
	 
	By Brianna Randall April 17, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	Earth’s inner core may be more complex than researchers thought	
	
	 
	By Carolyn Gramling March 16, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	Science &amp; Society	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	The Smithsonian’s ‘Lights Out’ inspires visitors to save the fading night sky	
	
	 
	By McKenzie Prillaman April 11, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	Here are the Top 10 threats to the survival of civilization	
	
	 
	By Tom Siegfried April 4, 2023	 
	
	
	
	
	
	Lots of people feel burned out. But what is burnout exactly?	
	
	 
	By Sujata Gupta February 21, 2023
Science News Magazine
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The New York Times - Breaking News, US News, World News and Videos
2023-05-22
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Why aren’t more women offered it?</h3><p></p><p>28 min read</p></div></a></section></div><div><figure></figure></div></div><section><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/22/technology/tiktok-montana-ban-lawsuit.html"><div><div><p></p><h3>TikTok Sues Montana, Calling State Ban Unconstitutional</h3><p></p><p>The Chinese-owned video app filed the lawsuit days after Montana’s governor signed the ban, which takes effect on Jan. 1, into law.</p><p>4 min read</p></div><div><figure></figure></div></div></a></section><section><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/22/world/europe/andrew-tate-arrest-romania.html"><div><div><p></p><h3>Andrew Tate Thought He Was Above the Law. Romania Proved Him Wrong.</h3><p></p><p>The online influencer is facing charges of human trafficking and rape, after seeking out a place where “corruption is accessible to everybody.”</p><p>6 min read</p></div><div><figure></figure></div></div></a></section><section><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/22/books/review/martin-amis.html"><div><div><p></p><h3>Good Night, Sweet Prince</h3><p></p><p>Critic’s appraisal: Martin Amis described himself as “the only hereditary novelist in the Anglophone literary corpus.” Which is not to say he was modest.</p><p>6 min read</p></div><div><figure></figure></div></div></a></section></div><div><div><section><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/22/well/mind/art-mental-health.html"><figure><div></div></figure><div><p></p><h3>How the Arts Can Benefit Your Mental Health (No Talent Required)</h3><p></p><p>Drawing, music and writing can elevate your mood. Here are some ways to welcome them into your life.</p><p>4 min read</p></div></a></section><div><div><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/21/books/review-the-late-americans-brandon-taylor.html"><section><figure><div></div></figure><div><p></p><h3>“The Late Americans,” a novel by Brandon Taylor, is full of bad sex, our critic writes.</h3><p></p><p>4 min read</p></div></section></a></div><div><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/16/well/live/tongue-scraping-benefits.html"><section><figure><div></div></figure><div><p></p><h3>Is scraping your tongue beneficial?</h3><p></p><p>3 min read</p></div></section></a></div></div></div><div><div><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/opinion"><p>Opinion</p></a></div><section><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/22/opinion/tim-keller-death.html"><div><div><h3>David Brooks</h3><h3>Tim Keller Was a Guide to a Wonder-Filled Life</h3></div><p>4 min read</p></div></a></section><section><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/22/opinion/work-from-home-commuiting-gdp.html"><div><figure></figure></div><p></p><h3>Paul Krugman</h3><h3>Working From Home and Realizing What Matters</h3><p></p><p>4 min read</p></a></section><section><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/22/opinion/abortion-law-texas-lawsuit.html"><div><div><h3>Michelle Goldberg</h3><h3>Texas Is Torturing Women Whose Pregnancies Fail</h3></div><p>4 min read</p></div></a></section><section><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/22/opinion/welfare-debate-debt-republicans.html"><div><div><h3>Peter Coy</h3><h3>The Welfare Debate Stalling the Debt Talks</h3></div><p>5 min read</p></div></a></section><section><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/22/opinion/stem-women-gender-disparity.html"><div><figure></figure></div><p></p><h3>Sapna Cheryan and Therese Anne Mortejo</h3><h3>The Most Common Graduation Advice Tends to Backfire</h3><p></p><p>4 min read</p></a></section><section><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/22/opinion/biden-scott-desantis-trump-haley.html"><div><p></p><h3>Gail Collins and Bret Stephens</h3><h3>The Republican Presidential Plot Is Thickening</h3><p></p><p>6 min read</p></div></a></section><section><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/22/opinion/ron-desantis-new-college.html"><div><p></p><h3>Michelle Goldberg</h3><h3>Ron DeSantis’s Takeover of a Progressive College</h3><p></p></div></a></section><section><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/22/opinion/birth-control-over-the-counter-fda.html"><div><p></p><h3>Eric Reinhart</h3><h3>The F.D.A.’s Birth Control Decision and Breaking the Medical Monopoly Over Health</h3><p></p><p>5 min read</p></div></a></section><section><div><div><section><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/22/opinion/letters/eric-adams-migrants-new-york-city.html"><div><p></p><h3>Letters From Our Readers</h3><h3>Eric Adams and the Migrants in New York</h3><p></p><p>4 min read</p></div></a></section><section><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/21/opinion/21french-ukraine-f16-fighters.html"><div><p></p><h3>David French</h3><h3>Ukraine Needs Those F-16s</h3><p></p><p>5 min read</p></div></a></section></div><div><section><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/21/opinion/biden-mccarthy-debt-ceiling.html"><div><p></p><h3>Ezra Klein</h3><h3>Biden’s Emergency Debt Ceiling Plan Wouldn’t Work</h3><p></p><p>4 min read</p></div></a></section><section><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/21/opinion/wyoming-republicans-christian-nationalism.html"><div><p></p><h3>Susan Stubson</h3><h3>What Christian Nationalism Has Done to My State and My Faith Is a Sin</h3><p></p><p>7 min read</p></div></a></section></div><div><section><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/20/opinion/succession-wealth-striving.html"><div><p></p><h3>Elizabeth Spiers</h3><h3>How ‘Succession’ Busts One of America’s Most Cherished Myths</h3><p></p><p>5 min read</p></div></a></section><section><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/21/opinion/technology-teenagers-religion.html"><div><p></p><h3>Tish Harrison Warren</h3><h3>We Should Be More ‘Amish’ About Technology</h3><p></p><p>6 min read</p></div></a></section></div><section><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/21/opinion/the-next-pandemic-blame.html"><div><p></p><h3>Daniela J. 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It could be years until a verdict is reached.</p></div></a></section><section><a href="https://theathletic.com/4540187/2023/05/22/brooks-koepka-pga-championship-win/"><div><p></p><h3>Brooks Koepka’s P.G.A. 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Warning: Contains spoilers!</p></div><div><figure></figure></div></div></a></div><div><a href="https://nytimes.com/games/digits"><div><div><p></p><h3>Digits | Beta</h3><p></p><p>Challenge yourself with a daily numbers puzzle.</p></div><div><figure></figure></div></div></a></div></div><div><div><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/puzzles/spelling-bee"><div><div><p></p><h3>Spelling Bee</h3><p></p><p>How many words can you make with 7 letters?</p></div><div><figure></figure></div></div></a></div><div><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/crosswords"><div><div><p></p><h3>The Crossword</h3><p></p><p>Get clued in with wordplay, every day.</p></div><div><figure></figure></div></div></a></div><div><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/puzzles/letter-boxed"><div><div><p></p><h3>Letter Boxed</h3><p></p><p>Create words using letters around the square.</p></div><div><figure></figure></div></div></a></div></div></div></div><div><h3>Advertisement</h3><p><a href="#after-dfp-ad-bottom">Continue reading the main story</a></p></div></div></div></div>||||I|||| Skip to content
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 LIVE
 May 22, 2023, 7:25 p.m. ET

 Differences Remain After Latest Debt Limit Talks

 Speaker Kevin McCarthy said his meeting with President Biden was “productive.” The Treasury secretary warned again of a potential default next week.

 Debt Limit Negotiators Debate Spending Caps to Break Standoff

 The strategy, which was used in 2011, could allow both sides to save face but would most likely do little to chip away at the national debt.

 4 min read

 Doug Mills/The New York Times

 A Breakthrough Deal to Keep the Colorado River From Going Dry, for Now

 The agreement on cuts, aided by a wet winter and $1.2 billion in federal payments, expires at the end of 2026.

 6 min read

 The Colorado River is shrinking. See what’s using all the water.

 The New York Times

 Bakhmut Is Gone

 Drone footage taken by The New York Times captured the scorched buildings, destroyed schools and cratered parks that now define the city in eastern Ukraine.

 Tyler Hicks/The New York Times

 Russia Claims Bakhmut, but Some See a ‘Pyrrhic Victory’

 It cost the lives of thousands of soldiers to capture the Ukrainian city. Now it is fair to question the value of what Russian forces have gained.

 6 min read

 With Bakhmut in Ruins, Ukraine Shifts Focus to City’s Outskirts

 Ukraine’s top military commander conceded that only a small contingent of troops was still defending Bakhmut, the site of the war’s deadliest battle.

 These maps show how Russia advanced on Bakhmut in its monthslong assault on the city.

 1 min read

 Daniel Berehulak/The New York Times

 E. Jean Carroll Seeks New Damages From Trump for Comments on CNN

 Former President Trump’s repeated denials that he sexually abused Ms. Carroll “show the depth of his malice” and merit heavy damages, her lawyer wrote.

 4 min read

 Prosecutors Sought Records on Trump’s Foreign Business Deals Since 2017

 The special counsel scrutinizing former President Trump’s handling of classified documents issued a subpoena seeking records related to seven countries.

 4 min read

 Anna Watts for The New York Times

 The Great Read

 He Freed an Innocent Man From Prison. It Ruined His Life.

 Jay Salpeter cracked a high-profile case to help exonerate Martin Tankleff. It was a blessing and a curse — for both of them.

 10 min read

 Mary Inhea Kang for The New York Times

 A Movement to Make Workplaces ‘Menopause Friendly’

 Some U.S. companies are beginning to adopt menopause-friendly practices that are already spreading in Britain.

 6 min read

 From The Times Magazine: There’s a treatment for some of menopause’s worst symptoms. Why aren’t more women offered it?

 28 min read

 Women at a networking club in Manhattan gathered to screen a documentary and talk about menopause last month. Yana Paskova for The New York Times

 TikTok Sues Montana, Calling State Ban Unconstitutional

 The Chinese-owned video app filed the lawsuit days after Montana’s governor signed the ban, which takes effect on Jan. 1, into law.

 4 min read

 Janie Osborne for The New York Times

 Andrew Tate Thought He Was Above the Law. Romania Proved Him Wrong.

 The online influencer is facing charges of human trafficking and rape, after seeking out a place where “corruption is accessible to everybody.”

 6 min read

 Andrew Tate, left, and his younger brother, Tristan. Inquam Photos, via Reuters

 Good Night, Sweet Prince

 Critic’s appraisal: Martin Amis described himself as “the only hereditary novelist in the Anglophone literary corpus.” Which is not to say he was modest.

 6 min read

 David Levenson/Getty Images

 Keith Negley

 How the Arts Can Benefit Your Mental Health (No Talent Required)

 Drawing, music and writing can elevate your mood. Here are some ways to welcome them into your life.

 4 min read

 “The Late Americans,” a novel by Brandon Taylor, is full of bad sex, our critic writes.

 4 min read

 Is scraping your tongue beneficial?

 3 min read

 Opinion

 David Brooks

 Tim Keller Was a Guide to a Wonder-Filled Life

 4 min read

 Paul Krugman

 Working From Home and Realizing What Matters

 4 min read

 Michelle Goldberg

 Texas Is Torturing Women Whose Pregnancies Fail

 4 min read

 Peter Coy

 The Welfare Debate Stalling the Debt Talks

 5 min read

 Sapna Cheryan and Therese Anne Mortejo

 The Most Common Graduation Advice Tends to Backfire

 4 min read

 Gail Collins and Bret Stephens

 The Republican Presidential Plot Is Thickening

 6 min read

 Michelle Goldberg

 Ron DeSantis’s Takeover of a Progressive College

 Eric Reinhart

 The F.D.A.’s Birth Control Decision and Breaking the Medical Monopoly Over Health

 5 min read

 Letters From Our Readers

 Eric Adams and the Migrants in New York

 4 min read

 David French

 Ukraine Needs Those F-16s

 5 min read

 Ezra Klein

 Biden’s Emergency Debt Ceiling Plan Wouldn’t Work

 4 min read

 Susan Stubson

 What Christian Nationalism Has Done to My State and My Faith Is a Sin

 7 min read

 Elizabeth Spiers

 How ‘Succession’ Busts One of America’s Most Cherished Myths

 5 min read

 Tish Harrison Warren

 We Should Be More ‘Amish’ About Technology

 6 min read

 Daniela J. Lamas

 Not Every Pandemic Needs Someone to Blame

 4 min read

 Read The Evening

 Ukraine’s military shifts its focus to Bakhmut’s outskirts, Western U.S. states agree to preserve the Colorado River and more.

 5 min read

 In Case You Missed It Top picks from The Times, recommended for you

 Advertisement

 Continue reading the main story
 More News

 Biden Sees ‘Thaw’ With China, Even as He Rallies Allies Against Beijing

 During the G7 summit, President Biden forged a consensus approach toward China despite tensions between the two nations.

 6 min read

 Judge Enters Not-Guilty Plea for Idaho Murder Suspect

 Bryan Kohberger, who is accused of killing four college students, declined to enter a plea in court Monday after being indicted on murder charges.

 4 min read

 M.T.A. Proposes Raising New York City Bus and Subway Fares to $2.90

 The increase would be the first in the base fare since 2015 and would raise the price of a seven-day MetroCard by a dollar.

 2 min read

 Shane Keyser/The Kansas City Star, via Getty Images

 Book Removals May Have Violated Students’ Rights, Education Dept. Says

 The Department of Education settled with a Georgia school district after launching an inquiry into whether removing books created a hostile environment.

 3 min read

 Well

 Advertisement

 Continue reading the main story
 Culture and Lifestyle

 Magali Paulin

 To Find Europe’s Best Bike Routes, a Cycling Writer Asked the Crowd

 The longtime journalist Claude Droussent discusses his new guidebook to cycling in Europe, and the growing role bicycles play in worldwide travel.

 5 min read

 Welcome to Flamingo Estate

 In this California house, the bees are famous, and the goats wear cashmere.

 7 min read

 Some Locals in the Hamptons Are Being Priced Out

 The market is too high for some people to live in their hometowns.

 5 min read

 Review: A Novel’s Mystery Endures

 A new translation of “Dom Casmurro” shows the obscurity of Machado de Assis.

 5 min read

 2 Detectives on a Murder Case

 In the “The Lock-Up,” investigators from other John Banville novels join forces.

 4 min read

 The Athletic In-depth sports coverage of your favorite teams and leagues.

 The Premier League and Its Champions Are in an Uncomfortable Predicament

 Manchester City has been charged with 115 alleged breaches of league rules between 2009 and 2018. It could be years until a verdict is reached.

 Brooks Koepka’s P.G.A. Championship Win Is Confirmation That He’s Back

 Sunday’s performance was an emphatic stop on the golfer’s road back from near-oblivion.

 Michael Regan/Getty Images

 After Celtics Lay Down in Miami, It May Be Time For the Wrecking Ball

 In the long term, Boston will need to decide if it’s worth the many millions it’ll take to keep this core group together, our columnist writes.

 To Slow Down Base-Stealing, Infielders Might Be Using a Dangerous Maneuver

 After a Controversial Hire, Michigan Athletics Continues Its Series of Missteps

 The Player on Every N.F.L. Team With the Most to Prove This Offseason

 New York Times Cooking Recipes, advice and inspiration for any occasion.

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 Continue reading the main story
 Recommendations From Wirecutter Independent reviews for thousands of products.

 New York Times Games Daily word and visual games, plus more.

 Wordle

 Guess the 5-letter word with 6 chances.

 Today’s Wordle Review

 Our columnist reviews the day’s puzzle. Warning: Contains spoilers!

 Digits | Beta

 Challenge yourself with a daily numbers puzzle.

 Spelling Bee

 How many words can you make with 7 letters?

 The Crossword

 Get clued in with wordplay, every day.

 Letter Boxed

 Create words using letters around the square.

 Advertisement

 Continue reading the main story

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LIVE Differences Remain After Latest Debt Limit Talks  Speaker Kevin McCarthy said his meeting with President Biden was “productive.” The Treasury secretary warned again of a potential default next week.         Debt Limit Negotiators Debate Spending Caps to Break Standoff   The strategy, which was used in 2011, could allow both sides to save face but would most likely do little to chip away at the national debt. 4 min read                 A Breakthrough Deal to Keep the Colorado River From Going Dry, for Now   The agreement on cuts, aided by a wet winter and $1.2 billion in federal payments, expires at the end of 2026. 6 min read         The Colorado River is shrinking. See what’s using all the water.                   Bakhmut Is Gone Drone footage taken by The New York Times captured the scorched buildings, destroyed schools and cratered parks that now define the city in eastern Ukraine.            Russia Claims Bakhmut, but Some See a ‘Pyrrhic Victory’   It cost the lives of thousands of soldiers to capture the Ukrainian city. Now it is fair to question the value of what Russian forces have gained. 6 min read         With Bakhmut in Ruins, Ukraine Shifts Focus to City’s Outskirts   Ukraine’s top military commander conceded that only a small contingent of troops was still defending Bakhmut, the site of the war’s deadliest battle.         These maps show how Russia advanced on Bakhmut in its monthslong assault on the city.   1 min read                  E. 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<div><section><section><section><h3><a href="/us-market-movers/">Market MOVERS</a></h3></section><section><section><h4>TOP</h4><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/quotes/TECH">TECH </a></td><td><div><p><a href="/quotes/TECH">Bio-Techne Corp</a></p></div></td><td>4.396%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/quotes/FTV">FTV </a></td><td><div><p><a href="/quotes/FTV">Fortive Corp</a></p></div></td><td>2.736%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/quotes/TT">TT </a></td><td><div><p><a href="/quotes/TT">Trane Technologies PLC</a></p></div></td><td>2.257%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/quotes/EL">EL </a></td><td><div><p><a href="/quotes/EL">Estee Lauder Companies Inc</a></p></div></td><td>2.192%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/quotes/ETN">ETN </a></td><td><div><p><a href="/quotes/ETN">Eaton Corporation PLC</a></p></div></td><td>2.154%</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></section><section><h4>BOTTOM</h4><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/quotes/DISH">DISH </a></td><td><div><p><a href="/quotes/DISH">DISH Network Corp</a></p></div></td><td>9.417%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/quotes/AAL">AAL </a></td><td><div><p><a href="/quotes/AAL">American Airlines Group Inc</a></p></div></td><td>9.218%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/quotes/UAL">UAL </a></td><td><div><p><a href="/quotes/UAL">United Airlines Holdings Inc</a></p></div></td><td>6.498%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/quotes/NCLH">NCLH </a></td><td><div><p><a href="/quotes/NCLH">Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings Ltd</a></p></div></td><td>5.982%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/quotes/WBD">WBD </a></td><td><div><p><a href="/quotes/WBD">Warner Bros Discovery Inc</a></p></div></td><td>5.827%</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></section></section></section><section><section><div><section><h3>Most Active</h3></section><div><table><thead><tr><th>NAME </th><th>PRICE </th><th>CHG </th><th>%CHG </th><th>VOL </th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><div><p><a href="//www.cnbc.com/quotes/NCMI">NCMI</a></p></div></td><td>0.442</td><td>+0.236</td><td>+114.605</td><td>371,803,526</td></tr><tr><td><div><p><a href="//www.cnbc.com/quotes/TSLA">TSLA</a></p></div></td><td>180.54</td><td>-6.25</td><td>-3.346</td><td>150,256,278</td></tr><tr><td><div><p><a href="//www.cnbc.com/quotes/BBBY">BBBY</a></p></div></td><td>0.28</td><td>-0.034</td><td>-10.739</td><td>125,545,757</td></tr><tr><td><div><p><a href="//www.cnbc.com/quotes/AAL">AAL</a></p></div></td><td>13</td><td>-1.32</td><td>-9.218</td><td>96,958,824</td></tr><tr><td><div><p><a href="//www.cnbc.com/quotes/SPY">SPY</a></p></div></td><td>408.05</td><td>-1.67</td><td>-0.408</td><td>86,420,379</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><section><h3>Unusual Volume</h3></section><div><table><thead><tr><th>NAME </th><th>PRICE </th><th>CHG </th><th>%CHG </th><th>X10 DAY VOL </th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><div><p><a href="//www.cnbc.com/quotes/CO">CO</a></p></div></td><td>2.988</td><td>+0.768</td><td>+34.577</td><td>115.247</td></tr><tr><td><div><p><a href="//www.cnbc.com/quotes/TRTN">TRTN</a></p></div></td><td>83.34</td><td>+20.33</td><td>+32.265</td><td>37.388</td></tr><tr><td><div><p><a href="//www.cnbc.com/quotes/BYN">BYN</a></p></div></td><td>10.41</td><td>-0.005</td><td>-0.048</td><td>32.553</td></tr><tr><td><div><p><a href="//www.cnbc.com/quotes/NATI">NATI</a></p></div></td><td>57.68</td><td>+5.1</td><td>+9.7</td><td>26.875</td></tr><tr><td><div><p><a href="//www.cnbc.com/quotes/NCMI">NCMI</a></p></div></td><td>0.442</td><td>+0.236</td><td>+114.605</td><td>20.4</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></section><section><h3><a href="/stocks/">Latest Market News</a></h3></section></section></section></div>||||I|||| Skip Navigation
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 TECH Bio-Techne Corp 4.396% 
 FTV Fortive Corp 2.736% 
 TT Trane Technologies PLC 2.257% 
 EL Estee Lauder Companies Inc 2.192% 
 ETN Eaton Corporation PLC 2.154% 
 

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 DISH DISH Network Corp 9.417% 
 AAL American Airlines Group Inc 9.218% 
 UAL United Airlines Holdings Inc 6.498% 
 NCLH Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings Ltd 5.982% 
 WBD Warner Bros Discovery Inc 5.827% 
 

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 NAME PRICE CHG %CHG VOL 
 NCMI 0.442 +0.236 +114.605 371,803,526
 TSLA 180.54 -6.25 -3.346 150,256,278
 BBBY 0.28 -0.034 -10.739 125,545,757
 AAL 13 -1.32 -9.218 96,958,824 
 SPY 408.05 -1.67 -0.408 86,420,379 
 


 Unusual Volume

 NAME PRICE CHG %CHG X10 DAY VOL
 CO 2.988 +0.768 +34.577 115.247 
 TRTN 83.34 +20.33 +32.265 37.388 
 BYN 10.41 -0.005 -0.048 32.553 
 NATI 57.68 +5.1 +9.7 26.875 
 NCMI 0.442 +0.236 +114.605 20.4 
 


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https://www.cs.ubc.ca/~nando/540-2013/lectures.html
Lectures
2013-01-01
None
<div><div>
	<h4>Videos</h4>
<p>
After each lecture, you can download the videos
<a href="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/dmp110/cpsc540/">here</a>
or watch them in youtube:
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLE6Wd9FR--EdyJ5lbFl8UuGjecvVw66F6&amp;feature=view_all">machine learning</a>.
</p><p>
The lectures for 340, the undergrad version of this course, are in youtube: 
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLE6Wd9FR--Ecf_5nCbnSQMHqORpiChfJf&amp;feature=view_all">undergraduate machine learning</a>. I recommend you watch these prior to the 540 class.
	</p>
	<h4>Schedule</h4>
<p><strong>Tue Jan 8</strong>. Introduction to machine learning.
<a href="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~nando/540-2013/lectures/l1.pdf"></a>
</p>
<p><strong>Th Jan 10</strong>. Linear prediction.
<a href="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~nando/540-2013/lectures/l2.pdf"></a>
</p>
<p><strong>Tue Jan 15</strong>. Maximum likelihood and linear prediction.
<a href="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~nando/540-2013/lectures/l3.pdf"></a>
</p>
<p><strong>Th Jan 17</strong>. Ridge, nonlinear regression with basis functions and Cross-validation.
</p>
<p><strong>Tue Jan 22</strong>. Ridge, nonlinear regression with basis functions and Cross-validation (continued).
<a href="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~nando/540-2013/lectures/l4.pdf"></a>
</p>
<p><strong>Th Jan 24</strong>. Bayesian learning (part I).
</p>
<p><strong>Tue Jan 29</strong>. Bayesian learning (part II).
<a href="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~nando/540-2013/lectures/l5.pdf"></a>
</p>
<p><strong>Th Jan 31</strong>. Gaussian processes for nonlinear regression (part I).
</p>
<p><strong>Tue Feb 5</strong>. Gaussian processes for nonlinear regression (part II).
<a href="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~nando/540-2013/lectures/l6.pdf"></a>
<a href="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~nando/540-2013/lectures/gp.py">Python demo code for GP regression</a>. 
</p>
<p><strong>Th Feb 7</strong>. Bayesian optimization, Thompson sampling and bandits.
<a href="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~nando/540-2013/lectures/l7.pdf"></a>
</p>
<p><strong>Tue Feb 12</strong>. Decision trees.
<a href="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~nando/540-2013/lectures/l8.pdf"></a>
</p>
<p><strong>Th Feb 14</strong>. Random forests.
<a href="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~nando/540-2013/lectures/l9.pdf"></a>
</p>
<p><strong>Tue Feb 19</strong>. Spring break.
</p>
<p><strong>Th Feb 21</strong>. Spring break.
</p>
<p><strong>Tue Feb 26</strong>. Random forests applications: Object detection and Kinect.
</p>
<p><strong>Th Feb 28</strong>. Unconstrained optimization: Gradient descent and Newton's method.
<a href="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~nando/540-2013/lectures/l10.pdf"></a>
</p>
<p><strong>Tue Mar 5</strong>. Logistic regression, IRLS and importance sampling.
<a href="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~nando/540-2013/lectures/l11.pdf"></a>
</p>
<p><strong>Th Mar 7</strong>. Neural networks.
<a href="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~nando/540-2013/lectures/l12.pdf"></a>
</p>
<p><strong>Tue Mar 12</strong>. Deep learning with autoencoders.
<a href="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~nando/540-2013/lectures/l13.pdf"></a>
</p>
<p><strong>Th Mar 14</strong>. Deep learning with autoencoders II.
</p>
<p><strong>Tue Mar 19</strong>. Importance sampling and MCMC.
</p>
<p><strong>Th Mar 21</strong>. Importance sampling and MCMC.
</p>
<p><strong>Tue Mar 26</strong>. Importance sampling and MCMC.<a href="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~nando/540-2013/lectures/l14.pdf"></a>
</p>
<p><strong>Th Mar 28</strong>. Constrained optimization: Lagrangians and duality. Application to penalized maximum likelihood and Lasso. (notes from 2011 course - the lecture will actually be used to ask project questions.)
<a href="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~nando/540-2011/lectures/l7.pdf"></a>
</p>
<p><strong>Tue Apr 2</strong>. Exam Revision.
</p>
<p><strong>Th Apr 4</strong>. Exam.
</p>
<p><strong>Tue Apr 16</strong>. Project due.
</p>
<p><strong>Tue Apr 23</strong>. Reviews due.
</p>
 
	</div>||||I|||| Machine Learning
 * Lectures
 * Assignments
 * Project
 * Python


 Lectures

 Videos

 After each lecture, you can download the videos here or watch them in youtube: machine learning.

 The lectures for 340, the undergrad version of this course, are in youtube: undergraduate machine learning. I recommend you watch these prior to the 540 class.

 Schedule

 Tue Jan 8. Introduction to machine learning.

 Th Jan 10. Linear prediction.

 Tue Jan 15. Maximum likelihood and linear prediction.

 Th Jan 17. Ridge, nonlinear regression with basis functions and Cross-validation.

 Tue Jan 22. Ridge, nonlinear regression with basis functions and Cross-validation (continued).

 Th Jan 24. Bayesian learning (part I).

 Tue Jan 29. Bayesian learning (part II).

 Th Jan 31. Gaussian processes for nonlinear regression (part I).

 Tue Feb 5. Gaussian processes for nonlinear regression (part II). Python demo code for GP regression.

 Th Feb 7. Bayesian optimization, Thompson sampling and bandits.

 Tue Feb 12. Decision trees.

 Th Feb 14. Random forests.

 Tue Feb 19. Spring break.

 Th Feb 21. Spring break.

 Tue Feb 26. Random forests applications: Object detection and Kinect.

 Th Feb 28. Unconstrained optimization: Gradient descent and Newton's method.

 Tue Mar 5. Logistic regression, IRLS and importance sampling.

 Th Mar 7. Neural networks.

 Tue Mar 12. Deep learning with autoencoders.

 Th Mar 14. Deep learning with autoencoders II.

 Tue Mar 19. Importance sampling and MCMC.

 Th Mar 21. Importance sampling and MCMC.

 Tue Mar 26. Importance sampling and MCMC.

 Th Mar 28. Constrained optimization: Lagrangians and duality. Application to penalized maximum likelihood and Lasso. (notes from 2011 course - the lecture will actually be used to ask project questions.)

 Tue Apr 2. Exam Revision.

 Th Apr 4. Exam.

 Tue Apr 16. Project due.

 Tue Apr 23. Reviews due.

Videos
After each lecture, you can download the videos
here
or watch them in youtube:
machine learning.
 
The lectures for 340, the undergrad version of this course, are in youtube: 
undergraduate machine learning. I recommend you watch these prior to the 540 class.
	
	Schedule
 Tue Jan 8. Introduction to machine learning.
 
 Th Jan 10. Linear prediction.
 
 Tue Jan 15. Maximum likelihood and linear prediction.
 
 Th Jan 17. Ridge, nonlinear regression with basis functions and Cross-validation.
 Tue Jan 22. Ridge, nonlinear regression with basis functions and Cross-validation (continued).
 
 Th Jan 24. Bayesian learning (part I).
 Tue Jan 29. Bayesian learning (part II).
 
 Th Jan 31. Gaussian processes for nonlinear regression (part I).
 Tue Feb 5. Gaussian processes for nonlinear regression (part II).
 
Python demo code for GP regression. 
 Th Feb 7. Bayesian optimization, Thompson sampling and bandits.
 
 Tue Feb 12. Decision trees.
 
 Th Feb 14. Random forests.
 
 Tue Feb 19. Spring break.
 Th Feb 21. Spring break.
 Tue Feb 26. Random forests applications: Object detection and Kinect.
 Th Feb 28. Unconstrained optimization: Gradient descent and Newton's method.
 
 Tue Mar 5. Logistic regression, IRLS and importance sampling.
 
 Th Mar 7. Neural networks.
 
 Tue Mar 12. Deep learning with autoencoders.
 
 Th Mar 14. Deep learning with autoencoders II.
 Tue Mar 19. Importance sampling and MCMC.
 Th Mar 21. Importance sampling and MCMC.
 Tue Mar 26. Importance sampling and MCMC. 
 Th Mar 28. Constrained optimization: Lagrangians and duality. Application to penalized maximum likelihood and Lasso. (notes from 2011 course - the lecture will actually be used to ask project questions.)
 
 Tue Apr 2. Exam Revision.
 Th Apr 4. Exam.
 Tue Apr 16. Project due.
 Tue Apr 23. Reviews due.
Lectures
https://www.cs.ubc.ca/~nando/540-2013/lectures.html
https://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/people/nando.defreitas/machinelearning/
Our Students
2014-01-01
Nando de Freitas
<div><div><h2>Machine Learning: 2014-2015</h2><h2>Course materials</h2>
 <h2> <a></a>Lectures</h2> <p>
This course is taught by <a href="http://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/people/nando.defreitas/">Nando de Freitas</a>.
</p><p>
 <b>Lecture 1</b>: Introduction 
<a href="lecture1.pdf">slides</a> 
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PlhFWT7vAEw">Video</a> 
<br />
 <b>Lecture 2</b>: Linear prediction 
<a href="lecture2.pdf">slides</a> 
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DHspIG64CVM">Video</a> 
<br />
 <b>Lecture 3</b>: Maximum likelihood 
<a href="lecture3.pdf">slides.pdf</a> 
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kPrHqQzCkg0">Video</a> 
<br />
 <b>Lectures 4 &amp; 5</b>: Regularizers, basis functions and cross-validation 
<a href="lecture4.pdf">slides.pdf</a> 
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VR0W_PNwLGw">Video 1</a> 
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qz9bKfOqd0Y">Video 2</a> 
<br />
 <b>Lecture 6</b>: Optimisation 
<a href="lecture5.pdf">slides.pdf</a> 
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qUAb94CpOw">Video</a> 
<br />
 <b>Lecture 7</b>: Logistic regression 
<a href="lecture6.pdf">slides.pdf</a> 
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYgsztDxSvE">Video</a> 
<br />
 <b>Lecture 8</b>: Back-propagation and layer-wise design of neural nets 
<a href="lecture7.pdf">slides.pdf</a> 
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YRB0eFxeQA">Video</a> 
<br />
 <b>Lecture 9</b>: Neural networks and deep learning with Torch 
<a href="lecture8.pdf">slides.pdf</a> 
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUKp0c4xb8w">Video</a> 
<br />
 <b>Lecture 10</b>: Convolutional neural networks 
<a href="lecture9.pdf">slides.pdf</a> 
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEUX_56Lojc">Video</a> 
<br />
 <b>Lecture 11</b>: Max-margin learning and siamese networks 
<a href="lecture10.pdf">slides.pdf</a> 
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCGplSKrl2Y">Video</a> 
<br />
 <b>Lecture 12</b>: Recurrent neural networks and LSTMs 
<a href="lecture11.pdf">slides.pdf</a> 
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=56TYLaQN4N8">Video</a> 
<br />
 <b>Lecture 13</b>: Hand-writing with recurrent neural networks (Guest speaker: Alex Graves from Google Deepmind)
</p>
 <p><b>Lecture 14</b>: Variational autoencoders and image generation (Guest speaker: Karol Gregor from Google Deepmind)
</p>
 <p><b>Lecture 15</b>: Reinforcement learning with direct policy search 
<a href="lecture12.pdf">slides.pdf</a> 
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kUiR0RLmGCo">Video</a> 
<br />
 <b>Lecture 16</b>: Reinforcement learning with action-value functions 
<a href="lecture12.pdf">slides.pdf</a>
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dV80NAlEins">Video</a></p> <h2> <a></a>Practicals</h2> 
<p>
Please click on Timetables on the right hand side of this page for time and location of the practicals. The instructors are <a href="https://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/people/brendan.shillingford/">Brendan Shillingford</a> and Marcin Moczulsky.
</p>
<p>
Practicals will use <a href="https://github.com/torch/torch7/wiki/Cheatsheet">Torch</a>, a powerful programming framework for deep learning that is very popular at Google and Facebook research. 
</p>
 <p><b>Practical on week 2</b>: (1) Learning Lua and the tensor library. <a href="practicals/practical1.pdf">pdf</a> <br />
 <b>Practical on week 3</b>: (2) Online and batch linear regression. <a href="practicals/practical2.pdf">pdf</a> <br />
 <b>Practical on week 4</b>: (3) Logistic regression and optimization. <a href="practicals/practical3.pdf">pdf</a> <br />
 <b>Practical on week 5</b>: continued previous practical. <br />
 <b>Practical on week 6</b>: (4) Feedforward neural networks, and implementing your own layer. <a href="practicals/practical4.pdf">pdf</a> <br />
 <b>Practical on week 7</b>: (5) Intro to nngraph for graph-shaped modules. <a href="practicals/practical5.pdf">pdf</a><br />
 <b>Practical on week 8</b>: (6) Training a LSTM language model. <a href="practicals/practical6.pdf">pdf</a><br />
See the <a href="https://github.com/oxford-cs-ml-2015/">Github repository list</a> for the practicals' code and technical instructions.
</p> <h2> <a></a>Classes</h2> 
<p>
Please click on Timetables on the right hand side of this page for time and location of the classes. The exercises appear below and are due Thursdays at 1pm on the specified week.
</p>
 <p><b>Class on Week 3</b>: <a href="class1.pdf">Problem set</a>. Due 1pm Thursday of Week 2.<br />
 <b>Class on Week 5</b>: <a href="class2.pdf">Problem set</a>. Due 1pm Thursday of Week 4.<br />
 <b>Class on Week 7</b>: <a href="class3.pdf">Problem set</a>. Due 1pm Thursday of Week 6.<br />
 <b>Class on Week 8</b>: <a href="class4.pdf">Problem set</a>. Due 1pm Thursday of Week 7.</p> 
<h3> <a></a></h3>
<ul>
</ul>
<address> </address>
</div></div>||||I||||Skip to main content
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 1. Home
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 3. Courses
 4. Machine Learning

 Machine Learning: 2014-2015

 Course materials

 Lectures

 This course is taught by Nando de Freitas.

 Lecture 1: Introduction slides Video
 Lecture 2: Linear prediction slides Video
 Lecture 3: Maximum likelihood slides.pdf Video
 Lectures 4 & 5: Regularizers, basis functions and cross-validation slides.pdf Video 1 Video 2
 Lecture 6: Optimisation slides.pdf Video
 Lecture 7: Logistic regression slides.pdf Video
 Lecture 8: Back-propagation and layer-wise design of neural nets slides.pdf Video
 Lecture 9: Neural networks and deep learning with Torch slides.pdf Video
 Lecture 10: Convolutional neural networks slides.pdf Video
 Lecture 11: Max-margin learning and siamese networks slides.pdf Video
 Lecture 12: Recurrent neural networks and LSTMs slides.pdf Video
 Lecture 13: Hand-writing with recurrent neural networks (Guest speaker: Alex Graves from Google Deepmind)
 Lecture 14: Variational autoencoders and image generation (Guest speaker: Karol Gregor from Google Deepmind)
 Lecture 15: Reinforcement learning with direct policy search slides.pdf Video
 Lecture 16: Reinforcement learning with action-value functions slides.pdf Video



 Practicals

 Please click on Timetables on the right hand side of this page for time and location of the practicals. The instructors are Brendan Shillingford and Marcin Moczulsky.

 Practicals will use Torch, a powerful programming framework for deep learning that is very popular at Google and Facebook research.

 Practical on week 2: (1) Learning Lua and the tensor library. pdf
 Practical on week 3: (2) Online and batch linear regression. pdf
 Practical on week 4: (3) Logistic regression and optimization. pdf
 Practical on week 5: continued previous practical.
 Practical on week 6: (4) Feedforward neural networks, and implementing your own layer. pdf
 Practical on week 7: (5) Intro to nngraph for graph-shaped modules. pdf
 Practical on week 8: (6) Training a LSTM language model. pdf
 See the Github repository list for the practicals' code and technical instructions.


 Classes

 Please click on Timetables on the right hand side of this page for time and location of the classes. The exercises appear below and are due Thursdays at 1pm on the specified week.

 Class on Week 3: Problem set. Due 1pm Thursday of Week 2.
 Class on Week 5: Problem set. Due 1pm Thursday of Week 4.
 Class on Week 7: Problem set. Due 1pm Thursday of Week 6.
 Class on Week 8: Problem set. Due 1pm Thursday of Week 7.




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 © University of Oxford

 /people/nando.defreitas/machinelearning/index.html

Machine Learning: 2014-2015 Course materials
   Lectures 
This course is taught by Nando de Freitas.
 
 Lecture 1: Introduction 
slides 
Video 
 Lecture 2: Linear prediction 
slides 
Video 
 Lecture 3: Maximum likelihood 
slides.pdf 
Video 
 Lectures 4 &amp; 5: Regularizers, basis functions and cross-validation 
slides.pdf 
Video 1 
Video 2 
 Lecture 6: Optimisation 
slides.pdf 
Video 
 Lecture 7: Logistic regression 
slides.pdf 
Video 
 Lecture 8: Back-propagation and layer-wise design of neural nets 
slides.pdf 
Video 
 Lecture 9: Neural networks and deep learning with Torch 
slides.pdf 
Video 
 Lecture 10: Convolutional neural networks 
slides.pdf 
Video 
 Lecture 11: Max-margin learning and siamese networks 
slides.pdf 
Video 
 Lecture 12: Recurrent neural networks and LSTMs 
slides.pdf 
Video 
 Lecture 13: Hand-writing with recurrent neural networks (Guest speaker: Alex Graves from Google Deepmind)
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Is there a tension between creativity and accuracy?
2017-04-09
Siva
<div><div>
	<p>On Twitter, I’ve been chatting with my friend <a href="https://juliagalef.com/">Julia Galef</a> about tensions between thinking creatively and thinking in a way that reduces error.</p>
<p>Of course, all other things being equal, I’m in favour of reducing error in our thinking!</p>
<p>However, all other things are not always equal.</p>
<p>In particular, I <a href="https://twitter.com/michael_nielsen/status/849871072178561024">believe</a> “there’s a tension, too, between behaviours which maximize accuracy &amp; which maximize creativity… A lot of important truths come from v. irrational ppl.”</p>
<p>Julia has summarized some of her thinking in a <a href="https://juliagalef.com/2017/04/07/does-irrationality-fuel-innovation/">blog post</a>, where she disagrees, writing: “I totally agree that we need more experimentation with â€œcrazy ideasâ€! Iâ€™m just skeptical that rationality is, on the margin, in tension with that goal.”</p>
<p>Before getting to Julia’s arguments, I want to flesh out the idea of a tension between maximizing creativity and maximizing accuracy.</p>
<p>Consider the following statement of Feynman’s, on the need to fool himself into believing that he had a creative edge in his work. He’s talking about his early ideas on how to develop a theory of electrons and light (which became, after many years, quantum electrodynamics). The statement is a little jarring to modern sensibilities, but please look past that to the idea he’s trying to convey:</p>
<blockquote><p> I told myself [of his competitors]: “They’re on the wrong track: I’ve got the track!” Now, in the end, I had to give up those ideas and go over to their ideas of retarded action and so on – my original idea of electrons not acting on themselves disappeared, but because I had been working so hard I found something. So, as long as I can drive myself one way or the other, it’s okay. Even if it’s an illusion, it still makes me go, and this is the kind of thing that keeps me going through the depths.</p>
<p>It’s like the African savages who are going into battle – first they have to gather around and beat drums and jump up and down to build up their energy to fight. I feel the same way, building up my energy by talking to myself and telling myself, “They are trying to do it this way, I’m going to do it that way” and then I get excited and I can go back to work again.
</p></blockquote>
<p>Many of the most creative scientists I know are extremely determined people, willing to explore unusual positions for years. Sometimes, those positions are well grounded. And sometimes, even well after the fact, it’s obvious they were fooling themselves, but somehow their early errors helped them find their way to the truth. They were, to use the mathematician Goro Shimura’s phrase “gifted with the special capability of making many mistakes, mostly in the right direction”.</p>
<p>An extreme example is the physicist Joseph Weber, who pioneered gravitational wave astronomy. The verdict of both his contemporaries and of history is that he was fooling himself: his systems simply didn’t work the way he thought. On the other hand, even though he fooled himself for decades, the principals on the (successful!) LIGO project have repeatedly acknowledged that his work was a major stimulus for them to work on finding gravitational waves. In retrospect, it’s difficult to be anything other than glad that Weber clung so tenaciously to his erroneous beliefs.</p>
<p>For me, what matters here is that: (a) much of Weber’s work was based on an unreasonable belief; and (b) on net, it helped speed up important discoveries.</p>
<p>Weber demonstrates my point in an extreme form. He was <em>outright</em> wrong, and remained so, and yet his erroneous example still served a useful purpose, helping inspire others to pursue ideas that eventually worked. In some sense, this is a collective (rather than individual) version of my point. More common is the case – like Feynman – of a person who may cling to mistaken beliefs for a long period, but ultimately uses that as a bridge to new discovery.</p>
<p>Turning to Julia’s post, she responds to my argument with: “In general, I think overconfidence stifles experimentation”, and argues that the great majority of people in society reject “crazy” ideas – say, seasteading – because they’re overconfident in conventional wisdom.</p>
<p>I agree that people often mistakenly reject unusual ideas because they’re overconfident in the conventional wisdom.</p>
<p>However, I don’t think it’s relevant to my argument. Being overconfident in beliefs that most people hold is not at all the same as being overconfident in beliefs that few people hold.</p>
<p>You may wonder if the underlying cognitive mechanisms are the same, and perhaps there’s some kind of broad disposition to overconfidence?</p>
<p>But if that was the case then you’d expect that someone overconfident in their own unusual ideas would, in other areas, also be overconfident in the conventional wisdom.</p>
<p>However, my anecdotal experience is that a colleague willing to pursue unusual ideas of their own is often particularly sympathetic to unusual ideas from other people in other areas. This suggests that being overconfident in your own crazy ideas isn’t likely to stifle other experimentation.</p>
<p>Julia also suggests several variants on the “strategy of temporarily suspending your disbelief and throwing yourself headlong into something for a while, allowing your emotional state to be <em>as<br />
if</em> you were 100% confident.”</p>
<p>In a sense, Feynman and Weber were practicing an extreme version of this strategy. I don’t know Weber’s work well, but it’s notable that in the details of Feynman’s work he was good at ferreting out error, and not fooling himself. He wasn’t always rigorous – mathematicians have, for instance, spent decades trying to make the path integral rigorous – but there was usually a strong core argument. Indeed, Feynman delivered a very stimulating <a href="http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/51/2/CargoCult.htm">speech</a> on the value of careful thought in scientific work.</p>
<p>How can this careful approach to the details of argument be reconciled with his remarks about the need to fool yourself in creative work?</p>
<p>I never met Feynman, and can’t say how he reconciled the two points of view. But my own approach in creative work, and I believe many others also take this approach, is to carve out a sort of creative cocoon around nascent ideas.</p>
<p>Consider Apple designer Jony Ive’s remarks at a memorial after Steve Jobs’ death:</p>
<blockquote><p> Steve used to say to me — and he used to say this a lot — “Hey Jony, here’s a dopey idea.”</p>
<p>And sometimes they were. Really dopey. Sometimes they were truly dreadful. But sometimes they took the air from the room and they left us both completely silent. Bold, crazy, magnificent ideas. Or quiet simple ones, which in their subtlety, their detail, they were utterly profound. And just as Steve loved ideas, and loved making stuff, he treated the process of creativity with a rare and a wonderful reverence. You see, I think he better than anyone understood that while ideas ultimately can be so powerful, they begin as fragile, barely formed thoughts, so easily missed, so easily compromised, so easily just squished.
</p></blockquote>
<p>To be creative, you need to recognize those barely formed thoughts, thoughts which are usually wrong and poorly formed in many ways, but which have some kernel of originality and importance and<br />
truth. And if they seem important enough to be worth pursuing, you construct a creative cocoon around them, a set of stories you tell yourself to protect the idea not just from others, but from your own self doubts. The purpose of those stories isn’t to be an air tight defence. It’s to give you the confidence to nurture the idea, possibly for years, to find out if there’s something really there. </p>
<p>And so, even someone who has extremely high standards for the final details of their work, may have an important component to their thinking which relies on rather woolly arguments. And they may well need to cling to that cocoon. Perhaps other approaches are possible. But my own experience is that this is often the case.</p>
<h2>Postscript</h2>
<p>Julia finishes her post with:</p>
<blockquote><p> One last point: Even if it turned out to be true that irrationality is necessary for innovators, thatâ€™s only a weak defense of your original claim, which was that Iâ€™m significantly overrating the value of rationality in general. Remember, â€œcoming up with brilliant new ideasâ€ is just one domain in which we could evaluate the potential value-add of increased rationality. There are lots of other domains to consider, such as designing policy, allocating philanthropic funds, military strategy, etc. We could certainly talk about those separately; for now, Iâ€™m just noting that you made this original claim about the dubious value of rationality in general, but then your argument focused on this one particular domain, innovation.
</p></blockquote>
<p>To clarify, I didn’t intend my claim to be in general: the tension I see is between creativity and accuracy.</p>
<p>That said, this tension does leak into other areas. </p>
<p>If you’re a funder, say, trying to determine what to fund in AI research, you go and talk to AI experts. And many of those people are likely to have cultivated their own creative cocoons, which will inform their remarks. How a funder should deal with that is a separate essay. My point here is simply that this process of creative cocooning isn’t easily untangled from things like evaluation of work.</p>
	</div>||||I|||| Skip to content
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 Is there a tension between creativity and accuracy?

 by Michael Nielsen on April 9, 2017

 On Twitter, I’ve been chatting with my friend Julia Galef about tensions between thinking creatively and thinking in a way that reduces error.

 Of course, all other things being equal, I’m in favour of reducing error in our thinking!

 However, all other things are not always equal.

 In particular, I believe “there’s a tension, too, between behaviours which maximize accuracy & which maximize creativity… A lot of important truths come from v. irrational ppl.”

 Julia has summarized some of her thinking in a blog post, where she disagrees, writing: “I totally agree that we need more experimentation with â€œcrazy ideasâ€! Iâ€™m just skeptical that rationality is, on the margin, in tension with that goal.”

 Before getting to Julia’s arguments, I want to flesh out the idea of a tension between maximizing creativity and maximizing accuracy.

 Consider the following statement of Feynman’s, on the need to fool himself into believing that he had a creative edge in his work. He’s talking about his early ideas on how to develop a theory of electrons and light (which became, after many years, quantum electrodynamics). The statement is a little jarring to modern sensibilities, but please look past that to the idea he’s trying to convey:

 I told myself [of his competitors]: “They’re on the wrong track: I’ve got the track!” Now, in the end, I had to give up those ideas and go over to their ideas of retarded action and so on – my original idea of electrons not acting on themselves disappeared, but because I had been working so hard I found something. So, as long as I can drive myself one way or the other, it’s okay. Even if it’s an illusion, it still makes me go, and this is the kind of thing that keeps me going through the depths.

 It’s like the African savages who are going into battle – first they have to gather around and beat drums and jump up and down to build up their energy to fight. I feel the same way, building up my energy by talking to myself and telling myself, “They are trying to do it this way, I’m going to do it that way” and then I get excited and I can go back to work again.

 Many of the most creative scientists I know are extremely determined people, willing to explore unusual positions for years. Sometimes, those positions are well grounded. And sometimes, even well after the fact, it’s obvious they were fooling themselves, but somehow their early errors helped them find their way to the truth. They were, to use the mathematician Goro Shimura’s phrase “gifted with the special capability of making many mistakes, mostly in the right direction”.

 An extreme example is the physicist Joseph Weber, who pioneered gravitational wave astronomy. The verdict of both his contemporaries and of history is that he was fooling himself: his systems simply didn’t work the way he thought. On the other hand, even though he fooled himself for decades, the principals on the (successful!) LIGO project have repeatedly acknowledged that his work was a major stimulus for them to work on finding gravitational waves. In retrospect, it’s difficult to be anything other than glad that Weber clung so tenaciously to his erroneous beliefs.

 For me, what matters here is that: (a) much of Weber’s work was based on an unreasonable belief; and (b) on net, it helped speed up important discoveries.

 Weber demonstrates my point in an extreme form. He was outright wrong, and remained so, and yet his erroneous example still served a useful purpose, helping inspire others to pursue ideas that eventually worked. In some sense, this is a collective (rather than individual) version of my point. More common is the case – like Feynman – of a person who may cling to mistaken beliefs for a long period, but ultimately uses that as a bridge to new discovery.

 Turning to Julia’s post, she responds to my argument with: “In general, I think overconfidence stifles experimentation”, and argues that the great majority of people in society reject “crazy” ideas – say, seasteading – because they’re overconfident in conventional wisdom.

 I agree that people often mistakenly reject unusual ideas because they’re overconfident in the conventional wisdom.

 However, I don’t think it’s relevant to my argument. Being overconfident in beliefs that most people hold is not at all the same as being overconfident in beliefs that few people hold.

 You may wonder if the underlying cognitive mechanisms are the same, and perhaps there’s some kind of broad disposition to overconfidence?

 But if that was the case then you’d expect that someone overconfident in their own unusual ideas would, in other areas, also be overconfident in the conventional wisdom.

 However, my anecdotal experience is that a colleague willing to pursue unusual ideas of their own is often particularly sympathetic to unusual ideas from other people in other areas. This suggests that being overconfident in your own crazy ideas isn’t likely to stifle other experimentation.

 Julia also suggests several variants on the “strategy of temporarily suspending your disbelief and throwing yourself headlong into something for a while, allowing your emotional state to be as
 if you were 100% confident.”

 In a sense, Feynman and Weber were practicing an extreme version of this strategy. I don’t know Weber’s work well, but it’s notable that in the details of Feynman’s work he was good at ferreting out error, and not fooling himself. He wasn’t always rigorous – mathematicians have, for instance, spent decades trying to make the path integral rigorous – but there was usually a strong core argument. Indeed, Feynman delivered a very stimulating speech on the value of careful thought in scientific work.

 How can this careful approach to the details of argument be reconciled with his remarks about the need to fool yourself in creative work?

 I never met Feynman, and can’t say how he reconciled the two points of view. But my own approach in creative work, and I believe many others also take this approach, is to carve out a sort of creative cocoon around nascent ideas.

 Consider Apple designer Jony Ive’s remarks at a memorial after Steve Jobs’ death:

 Steve used to say to me — and he used to say this a lot — “Hey Jony, here’s a dopey idea.”

 And sometimes they were. Really dopey. Sometimes they were truly dreadful. But sometimes they took the air from the room and they left us both completely silent. Bold, crazy, magnificent ideas. Or quiet simple ones, which in their subtlety, their detail, they were utterly profound. And just as Steve loved ideas, and loved making stuff, he treated the process of creativity with a rare and a wonderful reverence. You see, I think he better than anyone understood that while ideas ultimately can be so powerful, they begin as fragile, barely formed thoughts, so easily missed, so easily compromised, so easily just squished.

 To be creative, you need to recognize those barely formed thoughts, thoughts which are usually wrong and poorly formed in many ways, but which have some kernel of originality and importance and
 truth. And if they seem important enough to be worth pursuing, you construct a creative cocoon around them, a set of stories you tell yourself to protect the idea not just from others, but from your own self doubts. The purpose of those stories isn’t to be an air tight defence. It’s to give you the confidence to nurture the idea, possibly for years, to find out if there’s something really there.

 And so, even someone who has extremely high standards for the final details of their work, may have an important component to their thinking which relies on rather woolly arguments. And they may well need to cling to that cocoon. Perhaps other approaches are possible. But my own experience is that this is often the case.

 Postscript

 Julia finishes her post with:

 One last point: Even if it turned out to be true that irrationality is necessary for innovators, thatâ€™s only a weak defense of your original claim, which was that Iâ€™m significantly overrating the value of rationality in general. Remember, â€œcoming up with brilliant new ideasâ€ is just one domain in which we could evaluate the potential value-add of increased rationality. There are lots of other domains to consider, such as designing policy, allocating philanthropic funds, military strategy, etc. We could certainly talk about those separately; for now, Iâ€™m just noting that you made this original claim about the dubious value of rationality in general, but then your argument focused on this one particular domain, innovation.

 To clarify, I didn’t intend my claim to be in general: the tension I see is between creativity and accuracy.

 That said, this tension does leak into other areas.

 If you’re a funder, say, trying to determine what to fund in AI research, you go and talk to AI experts. And many of those people are likely to have cultivated their own creative cocoons, which will inform their remarks. How a funder should deal with that is a separate essay. My point here is simply that this process of creative cocooning isn’t easily untangled from things like evaluation of work.

 From → Uncategorized

 10 Comments
 1. Izabella Laba permalink

 I think that this is why we’re often more creative in collaboration than when we work on our own. When we collaborate, we can role-play so that one person is doing the “creative daydreaming” and the other is doing the rigorous cross-checks. When we work on our own, we have to do two opposing things at the same time.

 2. Visa permalink

 ^ absolutely agreed with Izabella. Also, when we’re working on our own, we operate in a familiar territory of our own assumptions and perspectives. Sometimes just explaining something to somebody else, or watching somebody else do something we were already thinking, etc â€“ triggers all sorts of new thoughts and conceptual collisions.

 3. Michael Nielsen permalink *

 Very interesting idea! Instinctively, I’m inclined to agree.

 4. heng permalink

 Thanks for writing this

 5. Romeo Stevens permalink

 I think the argument got caught up in a slightly deceptive frame early on. Rational vs irrational makes it seem like the conflict is over how epistemically rigorous to be overall whereas I think the conflict is properly framed over strictness of individual steps. You allude to this but I think worth outlining explicitly:

 Consider traversal of a knowledge graph with ideas at vertices and inferences as edges. You can imagine people following different rules for exploring the graph and experiencing conflict when they encounter someone who claims their traversal strategy is closer to a global optimum. In this frame some people are more concerned that if the rigor of an individual edge is too low that you could wind up somewhere crazy. Other people think its fine to wind up in weird places because you can always try to confirm that there is a valid path to that location later if it is worthwhile to do so. These two groups have likely had very different experiences that told them how dangerous/valuable these sorts of actions are (along with innate differences in risk preference).

 6. Florian Seidl-Schulz permalink

 Creativity is a near related to some forms of schizophrenia, a conspiracy theory of ideas or concepts. A conspiracy theory usually collapses under rigorous tests. It can then be defended by detailing or given up.

 We live in guilded age, every thought is imagined to be allready thought, every idea already invented. Suggesting otherwise is viewed as either beeing a dreamer, fool or delusional.

 Not beeing able to argue instantly with refined logic for every point is then concluded to be a victory over a new idea. Add to that, that creative people usually are not the convincing sales-man type of person- and you have the base for the scientific slowdown we are currently in.

 7. Siname permalink

 “Modern sensibilities” is a rather strange way to put it; such sensibilities are “modern” only in the West. (And: modern, but still not internalized, apparently–as opposed to similar sensibilities about, say, slurs against Jewish people)

 8. kBite permalink

 Lateral thinking and thus creative thinking correlates with loose associations and thus inaccuracy. Creativity is somehow a result of errors; just like metaphors. You won’t understand a metaphor by looking at the words dictionary entries. Metaphors are contextually counter determined. Ever thought about a deaf mouth? No? Because there is nothing deaf in mouth’s (common) scope of meaning. But now you try to correlate them. If you succeed it’s like mental short-circuiting. You can’t come up with good metaphors by logically deducing them. They just happen. Creativity just happens the same way. You can’t force creativity but you can maximize lateral thinking and thus lower your idea’s resistance to short with totally unrelated ideas.

 But how are you supposed to logically reason if your mind is down the rabbit hole? The way our brain works you can’t have both: creativity is irrational.

 9. Siva permalink

 I like to phrase it a little more provocatively: it’s about smelling the fragrance in one’s own BS.

 Humans have probably evolved to not waste cognitive resources. The simplest way to maximize accuracy (and not “waste” resources) is to never try anything risky. Just about every radically new idea (almost tautologically) has gone through a phase where it was criticized by conventional wisdom, and needed ardent defenders willing to stick it out while there were many hanging questions. In the face of the fact that most new ideas fail, it’s difficult to invest the effort to pursue something original unless one is “irrationally” invested in it.

 As a corollary, I conjecture that the need for irrational faith will be higher when trying to be original in more resource-intensive endeavors. As a flipside, the tension between creativity and correctness should dissolve when it’s cheaper to check whether something works. This must be part of why programming (especially interactively) helps unleash creativity — it is very easy to unload the emotional burden of checking for correctness! In the same spirit, I think Izabella makes a great point regarding collaboration helping creativity; that comment has certainly helped me better understand my inclinations.

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On Twitter, I’ve been chatting with my friend Julia Galef about tensions between thinking creatively and thinking in a way that reduces error.
Of course, all other things being equal, I’m in favour of reducing error in our thinking!
However, all other things are not always equal.
In particular, I believe “there’s a tension, too, between behaviours which maximize accuracy &amp; which maximize creativity… A lot of important truths come from v. irrational ppl.”
Julia has summarized some of her thinking in a blog post, where she disagrees, writing: “I totally agree that we need more experimentation with â€œcrazy ideasâ€! Iâ€™m just skeptical that rationality is, on the margin, in tension with that goal.”
Before getting to Julia’s arguments, I want to flesh out the idea of a tension between maximizing creativity and maximizing accuracy.
Consider the following statement of Feynman’s, on the need to fool himself into believing that he had a creative edge in his work. He’s talking about his early ideas on how to develop a theory of electrons and light (which became, after many years, quantum electrodynamics). The statement is a little jarring to modern sensibilities, but please look past that to the idea he’s trying to convey:
  I told myself [of his competitors]: “They’re on the wrong track: I’ve got the track!” Now, in the end, I had to give up those ideas and go over to their ideas of retarded action and so on – my original idea of electrons not acting on themselves disappeared, but because I had been working so hard I found something. So, as long as I can drive myself one way or the other, it’s okay. Even if it’s an illusion, it still makes me go, and this is the kind of thing that keeps me going through the depths.
It’s like the African savages who are going into battle – first they have to gather around and beat drums and jump up and down to build up their energy to fight. I feel the same way, building up my energy by talking to myself and telling myself, “They are trying to do it this way, I’m going to do it that way” and then I get excited and I can go back to work again.
 
Many of the most creative scientists I know are extremely determined people, willing to explore unusual positions for years. Sometimes, those positions are well grounded. And sometimes, even well after the fact, it’s obvious they were fooling themselves, but somehow their early errors helped them find their way to the truth. They were, to use the mathematician Goro Shimura’s phrase “gifted with the special capability of making many mistakes, mostly in the right direction”.
An extreme example is the physicist Joseph Weber, who pioneered gravitational wave astronomy. The verdict of both his contemporaries and of history is that he was fooling himself: his systems simply didn’t work the way he thought. On the other hand, even though he fooled himself for decades, the principals on the (successful!) LIGO project have repeatedly acknowledged that his work was a major stimulus for them to work on finding gravitational waves. In retrospect, it’s difficult to be anything other than glad that Weber clung so tenaciously to his erroneous beliefs.
For me, what matters here is that: (a) much of Weber’s work was based on an unreasonable belief; and (b) on net, it helped speed up important discoveries.
Weber demonstrates my point in an extreme form. He was outright wrong, and remained so, and yet his erroneous example still served a useful purpose, helping inspire others to pursue ideas that eventually worked. In some sense, this is a collective (rather than individual) version of my point. More common is the case – like Feynman – of a person who may cling to mistaken beliefs for a long period, but ultimately uses that as a bridge to new discovery.
Turning to Julia’s post, she responds to my argument with: “In general, I think overconfidence stifles experimentation”, and argues that the great majority of people in society reject “crazy” ideas – say, seasteading – because they’re overconfident in conventional wisdom.
I agree that people often mistakenly reject unusual ideas because they’re overconfident in the conventional wisdom.
However, I don’t think it’s relevant to my argument. Being overconfident in beliefs that most people hold is not at all the same as being overconfident in beliefs that few people hold.
You may wonder if the underlying cognitive mechanisms are the same, and perhaps there’s some kind of broad disposition to overconfidence?
But if that was the case then you’d expect that someone overconfident in their own unusual ideas would, in other areas, also be overconfident in the conventional wisdom.
However, my anecdotal experience is that a colleague willing to pursue unusual ideas of their own is often particularly sympathetic to unusual ideas from other people in other areas. This suggests that being overconfident in your own crazy ideas isn’t likely to stifle other experimentation.
Julia also suggests several variants on the “strategy of temporarily suspending your disbelief and throwing yourself headlong into something for a while, allowing your emotional state to be as
if you were 100% confident.”
In a sense, Feynman and Weber were practicing an extreme version of this strategy. I don’t know Weber’s work well, but it’s notable that in the details of Feynman’s work he was good at ferreting out error, and not fooling himself. He wasn’t always rigorous – mathematicians have, for instance, spent decades trying to make the path integral rigorous – but there was usually a strong core argument. Indeed, Feynman delivered a very stimulating speech on the value of careful thought in scientific work.
How can this careful approach to the details of argument be reconciled with his remarks about the need to fool yourself in creative work?
I never met Feynman, and can’t say how he reconciled the two points of view. But my own approach in creative work, and I believe many others also take this approach, is to carve out a sort of creative cocoon around nascent ideas.
Consider Apple designer Jony Ive’s remarks at a memorial after Steve Jobs’ death:
  Steve used to say to me — and he used to say this a lot — “Hey Jony, here’s a dopey idea.”
And sometimes they were. Really dopey. Sometimes they were truly dreadful. But sometimes they took the air from the room and they left us both completely silent. Bold, crazy, magnificent ideas. Or quiet simple ones, which in their subtlety, their detail, they were utterly profound. And just as Steve loved ideas, and loved making stuff, he treated the process of creativity with a rare and a wonderful reverence. You see, I think he better than anyone understood that while ideas ultimately can be so powerful, they begin as fragile, barely formed thoughts, so easily missed, so easily compromised, so easily just squished.
 
To be creative, you need to recognize those barely formed thoughts, thoughts which are usually wrong and poorly formed in many ways, but which have some kernel of originality and importance and
truth. And if they seem important enough to be worth pursuing, you construct a creative cocoon around them, a set of stories you tell yourself to protect the idea not just from others, but from your own self doubts. The purpose of those stories isn’t to be an air tight defence. It’s to give you the confidence to nurture the idea, possibly for years, to find out if there’s something really there. 
And so, even someone who has extremely high standards for the final details of their work, may have an important component to their thinking which relies on rather woolly arguments. And they may well need to cling to that cocoon. Perhaps other approaches are possible. But my own experience is that this is often the case.
Postscript
Julia finishes her post with:
  One last point: Even if it turned out to be true that irrationality is necessary for innovators, thatâ€™s only a weak defense of your original claim, which was that Iâ€™m significantly overrating the value of rationality in general. Remember, â€œcoming up with brilliant new ideasâ€ is just one domain in which we could evaluate the potential value-add of increased rationality. There are lots of other domains to consider, such as designing policy, allocating philanthropic funds, military strategy, etc. We could certainly talk about those separately; for now, Iâ€™m just noting that you made this original claim about the dubious value of rationality in general, but then your argument focused on this one particular domain, innovation.
 
To clarify, I didn’t intend my claim to be in general: the tension I see is between creativity and accuracy.
That said, this tension does leak into other areas. 
If you’re a funder, say, trying to determine what to fund in AI research, you go and talk to AI experts. And many of those people are likely to have cultivated their own creative cocoons, which will inform their remarks. How a funder should deal with that is a separate essay. My point here is simply that this process of creative cocooning isn’t easily untangled from things like evaluation of work.
Is there a tension between creativity and accuracy?
https://michaelnielsen.org/blog/is-there-a-tension-between-creativity-and-accuracy/
http://psychsciencenotes.blogspot.com/2021/11/is-indirect-perception-plausible.html
Is Indirect Perception Plausible?
2021-11-18
Andrew
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 Thursday 18 November 2021

 Is Indirect Perception Plausible?

 There are two basic ways perception might work to let us experience the world in behaviourally relevant ways. Direct perception is the idea that perception only requires two components; the environment and the organism. Indirect perception is the idea that perception requires at least three components; the environment, the organism, and at least one other component that mediates between the organism and the environment. Over the last few posts, I've been working through the specifics of the ecological approach to making direct perception plausible, because this is a question I often get (usually in the form of 'I don't see how this could work in this case'). Regardless of whether or not it's correct, we can show that we have all the pieces needed to make direct perception work in principle, and the empirical programme is about seeing if it works in practice. What about indirect perception?

 I asked this question on Twitter , and one interesting thing I noticed was just how little sense the question seems to make to people these days. Responses fell into roughly two categories: 'I don't see how we can do with it in this case', and 'brains do stuff, so...', neither of which answer the question. Even if some form of indirect perception is required in those cases (which is, of course, still up for grabs) we're still owed an account of how this might work, at least in principle and then later in practice.

 People used to know this. The most recent indirect perception hypothesis is that the key mediator is a mental representation, understood as a computational, information processing system implementing some form of inference that combines sensory data and information stored in memory to create a model of the world that represents the system's best guess about what is out there and how to behave successfully with respect to what's out there. This hypothesis didn't come out of nowhere; the development of the computer and the theory of information that allows them to work turned out to provide the pieces required to create a formal account of representations that stood a chance of living up to the challenge of explaining perception. Cognitive scientists therefore leaned heavily into the details of these pieces as they worked very hard, from the late 1950s on, to make indirect perception implemented this way plausible.

 The exact details of the process have, of course, changed and evolved with empirical data and developments in computational theory. For example, while all the accounts have to do inference that combine sources of information into a best guess, there are a variety of ways of doing inference, some better than others. Probably the best way to do inference is via Bayesian methods, and so most modern theories propose that indirect perception combines sources of information this way so as to be optimal.

 Before these inferential methods can even be brought into play, however, there remain two related and big unanswered challenges that need to be addressed. The first one is the grounding problem; how do representations get the content they need so as to combine sources of information in a way that works? It's all very well describing the inferential process of the fully formed system, but how do you build one in the first place? The second is the 'which representation?' problem; of all the different sources of information the system has to combine, how does it know which information to bring together for a given task? These reflect a circular problem indirect theories create for themselves. If perception is not good enough to be direct, and thus requires representational support, where do those representations come from? In order for a theory of indirect perception to be plausible, these must be addressed (analogous to how in order for a theory of direct perception to be plausible, questions like 'can the physical world present itself in behaviourally relevant ways?' had to be addressed).

 I am not going to address these challenges to indirect theories, because it isn't my job. But they are legitimate questions that people have mostly stopped asking. Debates about the form and content of representations were prominent and explicit right up until the end of the 1990s, and then it all just seemed to stop. Interface theory, for all it's problems, at least got back into the fight and tackled the grounding problem ( unsuccessfully, I've argued , but it was a solid swing and at least Hoffman recognised he owed us an account). Mark Bickhard's work is probably the only currently active research programme explicitly working out the details, but I don't know many scientists who even know who he is, and a lot of his work is about mapping out the rules of living up to the challenge, versus actually solving the problem.

 Until these foundational issues are addressed and answered, whether indirect perception is plausible remains unclear, and no matter how sophisticated your inferential machinery is (looking at you, free energy principle) it can't help until you explain how it came to be organised that way in the first place. Even if the ecological theory of direct perception doesn't hold up, representational theories of indirect perception are not viable options if they cannot be shown to be plausible.

 Posted by Andrew at 14:33
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 Labels: Bickhard , indirect perception , inference , interface theory , is it plausible , representation , symbol grounding problem

 2 comments:

 1. Dominik Lukeš22 November 2021 at 23:50

 I agree, I don't think you can tell a plausible story about perception mediated by computational symbolic representation. But I think you make your life too easy by limiting representation to a "computational, information processing system".

 There are theories of mental representation that make that assumption. Lakoff's Idealized Cognitive Models are constructs I find incredibly useful but Goffman's frames/footing could also be used. Arguably, people feel like the only way to make them make sense of this in the moment of use is computational or try to postulate some sort of neural correlate that does the same thing. But that's not necessary for the theory of mental representation itself.

 Surely, lots of perception tasks involve some kind of representation. It may not be processed in any sense computationally (and I don't think it is). But it only makes sense if some representation exists. Just try to describe the process of writing the blog post (full of perception tasks) without some notion of mental imagery.

 Or to think of a contrived perception task. You have baseball pitcher who has to pick up balls from a bucket to pitch. All the balls have pictures of people but the pitcher can only throw the ones with a US president on them. Even though that's as close to a computational task of memory retrieval and pattern matching, I don't think that that's what's happening. But representation of some sort is at least adjacent to the task.

 You can make it more difficult by saying to the pitcher that they must put a spin on any odd numbered president. Completing this sort of task would require some external look up source for most people - almost perfectly computational. What is happening there? What sort of training would be required to achieve any level of fluency? Would this even be an achievable task for a batter?

 And I would argue that most direct perception is motivated by or at least adjacent to some sort of representation that is experienced by people who try to turn introspective attention to it as vaguely computational. Which is why indirect perception makes better intuitive sense to most people than direct perception. We can guess at the nature of those representations from the demands of the tasks. But that does not mean we have to postulate them as abstract symbols presented for computation.

 People with aphantasia are an interesting case. They literally cannot form a mental image of a face but they can still recognise people. So, the representations cannot rely on actual mental images. But we still act as if we had some - that's the only way we can make sense of them.

 The symbolic computational account is not plausible. But neither is denying that something like representations is somehow involved. What is the alternative ecological psychology has to offer here?

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 2. Thomas14 December 2022 at 04:27

 Do dreams can be classified as the indirect perception of our reality?

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Notes from Two Scientific Psychologists
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 Thursday 18 November 2021
 Is Indirect Perception Plausible?
 There are two basic ways perception might work to let us experience the world in behaviourally relevant ways. Direct perception is the idea that perception only requires two components; the environment and the organism. Indirect perception is the idea that perception requires at least three components; the environment, the organism, and at least one other component that mediates between the organism and the environment. Over the last few posts, I've been working through the specifics of the ecological approach to making direct perception plausible, because this is a question I often get (usually in the form of 'I don't see how this could work in this case'). Regardless of whether or not it's correct, we can show that we have all the pieces needed to make direct perception work in principle, and the empirical programme is about seeing if it works in practice. What about indirect perception?
 I asked this question on Twitter , and one interesting thing I noticed was just how little sense the question seems to make to people these days. Responses fell into roughly two categories: 'I don't see how we can do with it in this case', and 'brains do stuff, so...', neither of which answer the question. Even if some form of indirect perception is required in those cases (which is, of course, still up for grabs) we're still owed an account of how this might work, at least in principle and then later in practice.
 People used to know this. The most recent indirect perception hypothesis is that the key mediator is a mental representation, understood as a computational, information processing system implementing some form of inference that combines sensory data and information stored in memory to create a model of the world that represents the system's best guess about what is out there and how to behave successfully with respect to what's out there. This hypothesis didn't come out of nowhere; the development of the computer and the theory of information that allows them to work turned out to provide the pieces required to create a formal account of representations that stood a chance of living up to the challenge of explaining perception. Cognitive scientists therefore leaned heavily into the details of these pieces as they worked very hard, from the late 1950s on, to make indirect perception implemented this way plausible.
 The exact details of the process have, of course, changed and evolved with empirical data and developments in computational theory. For example, while all the accounts have to do inference that combine sources of information into a best guess, there are a variety of ways of doing inference, some better than others. Probably the best way to do inference is via Bayesian methods, and so most modern theories propose that indirect perception combines sources of information this way so as to be optimal.
 Before these inferential methods can even be brought into play, however, there remain two related and big unanswered challenges that need to be addressed. The first one is the grounding problem; how do representations get the content they need so as to combine sources of information in a way that works? It's all very well describing the inferential process of the fully formed system, but how do you build one in the first place? The second is the 'which representation?' problem; of all the different sources of information the system has to combine, how does it know which information to bring together for a given task? These reflect a circular problem indirect theories create for themselves. If perception is not good enough to be direct, and thus requires representational support, where do those representations come from? In order for a theory of indirect perception to be plausible, these must be addressed (analogous to how in order for a theory of direct perception to be plausible, questions like 'can the physical world present itself in behaviourally relevant ways?' had to be addressed).
 I am not going to address these challenges to indirect theories, because it isn't my job. But they are legitimate questions that people have mostly stopped asking. Debates about the form and content of representations were prominent and explicit right up until the end of the 1990s, and then it all just seemed to stop. Interface theory, for all it's problems, at least got back into the fight and tackled the grounding problem ( unsuccessfully, I've argued , but it was a solid swing and at least Hoffman recognised he owed us an account). Mark Bickhard's work is probably the only currently active research programme explicitly working out the details, but I don't know many scientists who even know who he is, and a lot of his work is about mapping out the rules of living up to the challenge, versus actually solving the problem.
 Until these foundational issues are addressed and answered, whether indirect perception is plausible remains unclear, and no matter how sophisticated your inferential machinery is (looking at you, free energy principle) it can't help until you explain how it came to be organised that way in the first place. Even if the ecological theory of direct perception doesn't hold up, representational theories of indirect perception are not viable options if they cannot be shown to be plausible.
 Posted by Andrew at 14:33
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 Labels: Bickhard , indirect perception , inference , interface theory , is it plausible , representation , symbol grounding problem
 2 comments:
 1. Dominik Lukeš22 November 2021 at 23:50
 I agree, I don't think you can tell a plausible story about perception mediated by computational symbolic representation. But I think you make your life too easy by limiting representation to a "computational, information processing system".
 There are theories of mental representation that make that assumption. Lakoff's Idealized Cognitive Models are constructs I find incredibly useful but Goffman's frames/footing could also be used. Arguably, people feel like the only way to make them make sense of this in the moment of use is computational or try to postulate some sort of neural correlate that does the same thing. But that's not necessary for the theory of mental representation itself.
 Surely, lots of perception tasks involve some kind of representation. It may not be processed in any sense computationally (and I don't think it is). But it only makes sense if some representation exists. Just try to describe the process of writing the blog post (full of perception tasks) without some notion of mental imagery.
 Or to think of a contrived perception task. You have baseball pitcher who has to pick up balls from a bucket to pitch. All the balls have pictures of people but the pitcher can only throw the ones with a US president on them. Even though that's as close to a computational task of memory retrieval and pattern matching, I don't think that that's what's happening. But representation of some sort is at least adjacent to the task.
 You can make it more difficult by saying to the pitcher that they must put a spin on any odd numbered president. Completing this sort of task would require some external look up source for most people - almost perfectly computational. What is happening there? What sort of training would be required to achieve any level of fluency? Would this even be an achievable task for a batter?
 And I would argue that most direct perception is motivated by or at least adjacent to some sort of representation that is experienced by people who try to turn introspective attention to it as vaguely computational. Which is why indirect perception makes better intuitive sense to most people than direct perception. We can guess at the nature of those representations from the demands of the tasks. But that does not mean we have to postulate them as abstract symbols presented for computation.
 People with aphantasia are an interesting case. They literally cannot form a mental image of a face but they can still recognise people. So, the representations cannot rely on actual mental images. But we still act as if we had some - that's the only way we can make sense of them.
 The symbolic computational account is not plausible. But neither is denying that something like representations is somehow involved. What is the alternative ecological psychology has to offer here?
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 2. Thomas14 December 2022 at 04:27
 Do dreams can be classified as the indirect perception of our reality?
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Is Indirect Perception Plausible?
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http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/45378
The Year in History Blog History – The History Blog
2016-12-31
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<p>This year The History Blog <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/42526">celebrated its 10th anniverary</a>. The Six Million Dollar Man didn’t make an appearance at this party like he did at the Six Millionth View party last year, but we made up for it with a really great comment thread. I love when readers who rarely (or never!) comment mingle with the regular commenters to say nice things about the blog. It’s downright invigorating. (No, that is not a prompt for more of same in the comments on this post. Okay it kind of is. Not that you need prompting.)</p>
<p><a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Flagstones-from-Joe-the-Quilters-cottage.jpg"></a>It’s the on-topic posts that capture people’s attention on the larger web. The article about the <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/41653">17th century silk gown</a> found on the Texel shipwreck was the runaway most visited of the year with 11,555 views. The story of the <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/40204">murder of Joe the Quilter</a> and the discovery of the remains of his cottage was the second most popular of the year with 6,276 views. It was also one of my favorites. The tragic story, Joe’s outstanding artisanship, the rare survival of a labourer’s cottage from the 1820s and my first encounter with the <a href="http://www.beamish.org.uk/">Beamish Museum</a> all captivated my attention. Then the modern Joe the Quilter topped it all off by commenting.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Deep-peri-mortem-gash-on-cranium.-Michael-Westaway..jpg"></a>That wasn’t the only murderous story of the year. I was particularly interested in the story of <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/40777">Martha Brown</a>, the woman who killed her abusive husband and was hanged for it. Among the thousands of people who attended her execution was a 16-year-old Thomas Hardy. Years later he would write <em>Tess of the d’Urbervilles</em> about a woman who kills her abuser and is hanged for murder. The <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/40748">century-old cold case</a> of the Fontaubert bones only has the legend of a gloriously lurid murder behind it, but maybe the new forensic investigation will turn up something if not equally interesting, at least mildly so. Then there was the <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/44492">first known boomerang victim</a>, killed in the 13th century by a fighting boomerang, a heavy, sharp-edged wood weapon that cut through his bone like metal. I’m still keeping my fingers crossed that the remains of the victim of <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/44444">a huge 17th century royal sex scandal</a> have been found, but the odds are slim.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/The-Westbury-quilt-c.-1900–03.jpg"></a>I allowed myself some shameless photographic indulgences this year. The <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/43391">Australian quilts</a> were probably my richest haul in a single post, but in sheer size and beauty, the <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/45359">Dream Garden Tiffany mosaic</a> gets very high ranking in the end of the year summary even though I only just posted it a couple of days ago. Another December entry gave me my greatest source of photographic gluttony, however. It’s the <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/45284">boxwood miniatures</a>. When the Art Gallery of Ontario gave me access to their folder of high resolution photographs, I seriously got a rush. It’s because the carving is so, so small. Having gigantic pictures where the details could be seen in extreme close-up totally made my year.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Skara-Brae-Buddo-front.jpg"></a>Along similar lines, I love how high resolution 3D scans of artifacts and remains are becoming more common. This year alone we saw 3D scans of <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/41278">Chinese oracle bones</a>, the <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/41588">Dandaleith Pictish stone</a>, a <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/44617">Pictish cross slab</a>, an <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/43158">Anglo-Saxon name stone found at Lindisfarne</a>, <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/43987">bones and objects from the Tudor flagship <em>Mary Rose</em></a>, the first church where <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/44977">Norway’s Viking saint king Olaf II was buried</a> and the irrepressible charm of the <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/42744">Skara Brae “Buddo” figurine</a>.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Partially-cleaned-stele.jpg"></a>Some of my favorite finds of the year were inscriptions. There was the <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/41401">Etruscan stele</a> found in the foundations of an ancient temple in Tuscany, later found to include the <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/43864">name of the goddess Uni</a>. Newly discovered Etruscan inscriptions are always cause for celebration, and this one is very long and very old. I also loved the two from modern-day Turkey, the <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/41987">2,000-year-old horse racing rules</a> and the amazing <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/44303">2,200-year-old lease contract</a>. It’s a contract! Literally carved in stone! And thus metaphor becomes literal.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Amphorae-and-bagged-coins-AFP.jpg"></a>With no particular thread connecting them other than my personal interest, I got a big kick out of discoveries from all over the world. There was that group of <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/41102">small ceremonial iron weapons</a> found in Oman, the <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/42019">small fragment of 13th century pottery</a> from Teruel, Spain, decorated with a unique depiction of a Jewish man, the <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/44531">Tuscan villa of Vettius Agorius Praetextatus</a>, a 4th century senator and one of the last politically prominent adherents of traditional Roman religion to fight for its preservation, that <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/45033">freaking huge gold torc</a> found in Cambridgeshire and the unbearable cuteness of the <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/45006">Canaanite “Thinker” figurine</a>.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/spectral-imaging-by-the-early-manuscripts-electronic-library.-processed-image-by-david-kelbe.-©-project-fwf-p24523-g19.jpg"></a>In the ephemera category, the <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/42533">only copy of Utrecht’s first newspaper</a>, published in 1623, was found in a hand-bound anthology in the City Archives and Athenaeum Library in Deventer, the Netherlands. The news wasn’t fresh (even our Dutch-speaking readers struggled to follow it), but the history of newspapers was entirely unknown to me before I researched the find. Fascinating subject. The account of <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/41391">another battle of Thermopylae</a>, this one between invading Goths and a combined Roman-Greek force during the 3rd century Gothic wars, discovered in a palimpsest in Vienna is a stand-out of the year. It’s a previously unknown passage in the <em>Scythica</em>, a history of the wars written by Athenian historian P. Herennius Dexippus who lived through them. Only a few fragments from this history survived quoted in later books. The palimpsest gave us by far the longest surviving passage, and a riveting one at that.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Bishop-poop.-Photo-by-Rogvi-S.-Johansen-Moesgaard-Museum.jpg"></a>Denmark may win the award this year for most exciting finds in one country. There was the wee <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/41184">gold pendant</a> found by a metal detectorist that is the earliest figure of Christ found in Denmark, the lead <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/41785">amulet invoking elves and the Christian Trinity</a>, the rediscovery of the <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/41691">long-lost Ydby Runestone</a>, the stabby beauty of the <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/41616">Viking treasure hoard</a> found in Lille Karleby, the<br/>
<a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/42800">two pounds of Viking gold bangles</a>, <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/44813">the Viking toolbox</a> unearthed at Borgring, and that amazingly smooth <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/41892">giant Neolithic flint axe</a>. But of all the great and wondrous treasures Denmark has brought us this year, the greatest of them all was the <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/44950">17th century bishop’s turd</a>. The title alone made me laugh for a solid two days.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Cooking-pot-filled-with-lamps-and-coins.-Aargau-Canton-archeology-department-Bela-Polyvas.jpg"></a>The hoards of the Danes had sturdy competition this year from Spain and Switzerland. The sheer quantity, <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/41899">1,300 pounds of Roman coins</a>, found in Tomares outside Seville, Spain, would have been impressive enough on its own, but they came in custom matching amphorae of a type never seen before. Researchers are still going through the tens of thousands of coins from the late 3rd, early 4th century. It’s not cash or pounds of gold, but the <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/44908">Roman lamp hoard</a> found in Switzerland stands next to these glories with its head held high, just because it’s so pristine and unique.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Section-showing-the-length-of-the-vertical-chute-connecting-to-the-dump-chute-in-the-cellar-body-dangling-from-the-rope.-Drawing-in-The-Cincinnati-Enquirer-Friday-May-31st-1878.jpg"></a>I think the highlight of the year, maybe the highlight of the first decade of The History Blog history, was the chilling Halloween three-parter about the Harrison Horror (<a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/29198">part I</a>, <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/44644">part II</a>, <a href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/44691">part III</a>). I’d been thinking about writing a serial for years, and a long-form treatment of the body-snatching of John Scott Harrison and Augustus Devin for at least two years. I finally did it and it was so, so worth it. I’m warning you, though, there is no way I’m even trying to top it next year, not for Halloween anyway. Maybe some other theme will inspire me, or maybe it’ll just be something that I randomly stumble across. Stay tuned to find out!</p>
<p>I wish you all the very best of New Years, full of prosperity, peace and nerdery. I will continue to do my utmost to contribute to the last of those.</p>
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 Home » Ex Cathedra » The Year in History Blog History

 The Year in History Blog History

 December 31, 2016 Ex Cathedra

 This year The History Blog celebrated its 10th anniverary. The Six Million Dollar Man didn’t make an appearance at this party like he did at the Six Millionth View party last year, but we made up for it with a really great comment thread. I love when readers who rarely (or never!) comment mingle with the regular commenters to say nice things about the blog. It’s downright invigorating. (No, that is not a prompt for more of same in the comments on this post. Okay it kind of is. Not that you need prompting.)

 It’s the on-topic posts that capture people’s attention on the larger web. The article about the 17th century silk gown found on the Texel shipwreck was the runaway most visited of the year with 11,555 views. The story of the murder of Joe the Quilter and the discovery of the remains of his cottage was the second most popular of the year with 6,276 views. It was also one of my favorites. The tragic story, Joe’s outstanding artisanship, the rare survival of a labourer’s cottage from the 1820s and my first encounter with the Beamish Museum all captivated my attention. Then the modern Joe the Quilter topped it all off by commenting.

 That wasn’t the only murderous story of the year. I was particularly interested in the story of Martha Brown, the woman who killed her abusive husband and was hanged for it. Among the thousands of people who attended her execution was a 16-year-old Thomas Hardy. Years later he would write Tess of the d’Urbervilles about a woman who kills her abuser and is hanged for murder. The century-old cold case of the Fontaubert bones only has the legend of a gloriously lurid murder behind it, but maybe the new forensic investigation will turn up something if not equally interesting, at least mildly so. Then there was the first known boomerang victim, killed in the 13th century by a fighting boomerang, a heavy, sharp-edged wood weapon that cut through his bone like metal. I’m still keeping my fingers crossed that the remains of the victim of a huge 17th century royal sex scandal have been found, but the odds are slim.

 I allowed myself some shameless photographic indulgences this year. The Australian quilts were probably my richest haul in a single post, but in sheer size and beauty, the Dream Garden Tiffany mosaic gets very high ranking in the end of the year summary even though I only just posted it a couple of days ago. Another December entry gave me my greatest source of photographic gluttony, however. It’s the boxwood miniatures. When the Art Gallery of Ontario gave me access to their folder of high resolution photographs, I seriously got a rush. It’s because the carving is so, so small. Having gigantic pictures where the details could be seen in extreme close-up totally made my year.

 Along similar lines, I love how high resolution 3D scans of artifacts and remains are becoming more common. This year alone we saw 3D scans of Chinese oracle bones, the Dandaleith Pictish stone, a Pictish cross slab, an Anglo-Saxon name stone found at Lindisfarne, bones and objects from the Tudor flagship Mary Rose, the first church where Norway’s Viking saint king Olaf II was buried and the irrepressible charm of the Skara Brae “Buddo” figurine.

 Some of my favorite finds of the year were inscriptions. There was the Etruscan stele found in the foundations of an ancient temple in Tuscany, later found to include the name of the goddess Uni. Newly discovered Etruscan inscriptions are always cause for celebration, and this one is very long and very old. I also loved the two from modern-day Turkey, the 2,000-year-old horse racing rules and the amazing 2,200-year-old lease contract. It’s a contract! Literally carved in stone! And thus metaphor becomes literal.

 With no particular thread connecting them other than my personal interest, I got a big kick out of discoveries from all over the world. There was that group of small ceremonial iron weapons found in Oman, the small fragment of 13th century pottery from Teruel, Spain, decorated with a unique depiction of a Jewish man, the Tuscan villa of Vettius Agorius Praetextatus, a 4th century senator and one of the last politically prominent adherents of traditional Roman religion to fight for its preservation, that freaking huge gold torc found in Cambridgeshire and the unbearable cuteness of the Canaanite “Thinker” figurine.

 In the ephemera category, the only copy of Utrecht’s first newspaper, published in 1623, was found in a hand-bound anthology in the City Archives and Athenaeum Library in Deventer, the Netherlands. The news wasn’t fresh (even our Dutch-speaking readers struggled to follow it), but the history of newspapers was entirely unknown to me before I researched the find. Fascinating subject. The account of another battle of Thermopylae, this one between invading Goths and a combined Roman-Greek force during the 3rd century Gothic wars, discovered in a palimpsest in Vienna is a stand-out of the year. It’s a previously unknown passage in the Scythica, a history of the wars written by Athenian historian P. Herennius Dexippus who lived through them. Only a few fragments from this history survived quoted in later books. The palimpsest gave us by far the longest surviving passage, and a riveting one at that.

 Denmark may win the award this year for most exciting finds in one country. There was the wee gold pendant found by a metal detectorist that is the earliest figure of Christ found in Denmark, the lead amulet invoking elves and the Christian Trinity, the rediscovery of the long-lost Ydby Runestone, the stabby beauty of the Viking treasure hoard found in Lille Karleby, the
 two pounds of Viking gold bangles, the Viking toolbox unearthed at Borgring, and that amazingly smooth giant Neolithic flint axe. But of all the great and wondrous treasures Denmark has brought us this year, the greatest of them all was the 17th century bishop’s turd. The title alone made me laugh for a solid two days.

 The hoards of the Danes had sturdy competition this year from Spain and Switzerland. The sheer quantity, 1,300 pounds of Roman coins, found in Tomares outside Seville, Spain, would have been impressive enough on its own, but they came in custom matching amphorae of a type never seen before. Researchers are still going through the tens of thousands of coins from the late 3rd, early 4th century. It’s not cash or pounds of gold, but the Roman lamp hoard found in Switzerland stands next to these glories with its head held high, just because it’s so pristine and unique.

 I think the highlight of the year, maybe the highlight of the first decade of The History Blog history, was the chilling Halloween three-parter about the Harrison Horror (part I, part II, part III). I’d been thinking about writing a serial for years, and a long-form treatment of the body-snatching of John Scott Harrison and Augustus Devin for at least two years. I finally did it and it was so, so worth it. I’m warning you, though, there is no way I’m even trying to top it next year, not for Halloween anyway. Maybe some other theme will inspire me, or maybe it’ll just be something that I randomly stumble across. Stay tuned to find out!

 I wish you all the very best of New Years, full of prosperity, peace and nerdery. I will continue to do my utmost to contribute to the last of those.

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 34 thoughts on “ The Year in History Blog History ”

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 1. Albertus Minimus says:
 January 3, 2017 at 10:37 AM

 Well-deserved maximum congratulations; as a former blogger, I have a little understanding about the effort required to keep up a good blog, never mind an excellent one like yours. May you and The History Blog live long and prosper.

 Reply
 2. Mike Benz says:
 January 3, 2017 at 11:46 AM

 I am a lawyer in Chicago. This is my #1 favorite daily internet stop. Thank you so much for the work you put into this blog.

 Reply
 3. Clay says:
 January 3, 2017 at 12:11 PM

 Happy New Year Livius. and thanks for all the incredible stories in 2016!

 I read The History Blog every day (well, except for weekends, but that’s okay because it means I get to read 3 stories on Monday).

 The little boy in me has to admit that stories of treasure troves of coins and other valuables that keep showing up in Europe are my favorites.

 Reply
 4. Chloe says:
 January 3, 2017 at 2:16 PM

 Ditto, ditto, ditto! Thank you for all your hard work. Your blog postings are like sunshine through the clouds on many of my days.

 Reply

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This year The History Blog celebrated its 10th anniverary. The Six Million Dollar Man didn’t make an appearance at this party like he did at the Six Millionth View party last year, but we made up for it with a really great comment thread. I love when readers who rarely (or never!) comment mingle with the regular commenters to say nice things about the blog. It’s downright invigorating. (No, that is not a prompt for more of same in the comments on this post. Okay it kind of is. Not that you need prompting.)
  It’s the on-topic posts that capture people’s attention on the larger web. The article about the 17th century silk gown found on the Texel shipwreck was the runaway most visited of the year with 11,555 views. The story of the murder of Joe the Quilter and the discovery of the remains of his cottage was the second most popular of the year with 6,276 views. It was also one of my favorites. The tragic story, Joe’s outstanding artisanship, the rare survival of a labourer’s cottage from the 1820s and my first encounter with the Beamish Museum all captivated my attention. Then the modern Joe the Quilter topped it all off by commenting.
  That wasn’t the only murderous story of the year. I was particularly interested in the story of Martha Brown, the woman who killed her abusive husband and was hanged for it. Among the thousands of people who attended her execution was a 16-year-old Thomas Hardy. Years later he would write Tess of the d’Urbervilles about a woman who kills her abuser and is hanged for murder. The century-old cold case of the Fontaubert bones only has the legend of a gloriously lurid murder behind it, but maybe the new forensic investigation will turn up something if not equally interesting, at least mildly so. Then there was the first known boomerang victim, killed in the 13th century by a fighting boomerang, a heavy, sharp-edged wood weapon that cut through his bone like metal. I’m still keeping my fingers crossed that the remains of the victim of a huge 17th century royal sex scandal have been found, but the odds are slim.
  I allowed myself some shameless photographic indulgences this year. The Australian quilts were probably my richest haul in a single post, but in sheer size and beauty, the Dream Garden Tiffany mosaic gets very high ranking in the end of the year summary even though I only just posted it a couple of days ago. Another December entry gave me my greatest source of photographic gluttony, however. It’s the boxwood miniatures. When the Art Gallery of Ontario gave me access to their folder of high resolution photographs, I seriously got a rush. It’s because the carving is so, so small. Having gigantic pictures where the details could be seen in extreme close-up totally made my year.
  Along similar lines, I love how high resolution 3D scans of artifacts and remains are becoming more common. This year alone we saw 3D scans of Chinese oracle bones, the Dandaleith Pictish stone, a Pictish cross slab, an Anglo-Saxon name stone found at Lindisfarne, bones and objects from the Tudor flagship Mary Rose , the first church where Norway’s Viking saint king Olaf II was buried and the irrepressible charm of the Skara Brae “Buddo” figurine.
  Some of my favorite finds of the year were inscriptions. There was the Etruscan stele found in the foundations of an ancient temple in Tuscany, later found to include the name of the goddess Uni. Newly discovered Etruscan inscriptions are always cause for celebration, and this one is very long and very old. I also loved the two from modern-day Turkey, the 2,000-year-old horse racing rules and the amazing 2,200-year-old lease contract. It’s a contract! Literally carved in stone! And thus metaphor becomes literal.
  With no particular thread connecting them other than my personal interest, I got a big kick out of discoveries from all over the world. There was that group of small ceremonial iron weapons found in Oman, the small fragment of 13th century pottery from Teruel, Spain, decorated with a unique depiction of a Jewish man, the Tuscan villa of Vettius Agorius Praetextatus, a 4th century senator and one of the last politically prominent adherents of traditional Roman religion to fight for its preservation, that freaking huge gold torc found in Cambridgeshire and the unbearable cuteness of the Canaanite “Thinker” figurine.
  In the ephemera category, the only copy of Utrecht’s first newspaper, published in 1623, was found in a hand-bound anthology in the City Archives and Athenaeum Library in Deventer, the Netherlands. The news wasn’t fresh (even our Dutch-speaking readers struggled to follow it), but the history of newspapers was entirely unknown to me before I researched the find. Fascinating subject. The account of another battle of Thermopylae, this one between invading Goths and a combined Roman-Greek force during the 3rd century Gothic wars, discovered in a palimpsest in Vienna is a stand-out of the year. It’s a previously unknown passage in the Scythica, a history of the wars written by Athenian historian P. Herennius Dexippus who lived through them. Only a few fragments from this history survived quoted in later books. The palimpsest gave us by far the longest surviving passage, and a riveting one at that.
  Denmark may win the award this year for most exciting finds in one country. There was the wee gold pendant found by a metal detectorist that is the earliest figure of Christ found in Denmark, the lead amulet invoking elves and the Christian Trinity, the rediscovery of the long-lost Ydby Runestone, the stabby beauty of the Viking treasure hoard found in Lille Karleby, the
two pounds of Viking gold bangles, the Viking toolbox unearthed at Borgring, and that amazingly smooth giant Neolithic flint axe. But of all the great and wondrous treasures Denmark has brought us this year, the greatest of them all was the 17th century bishop’s turd. The title alone made me laugh for a solid two days.
  The hoards of the Danes had sturdy competition this year from Spain and Switzerland. The sheer quantity, 1,300 pounds of Roman coins, found in Tomares outside Seville, Spain, would have been impressive enough on its own, but they came in custom matching amphorae of a type never seen before. Researchers are still going through the tens of thousands of coins from the late 3rd, early 4th century. It’s not cash or pounds of gold, but the Roman lamp hoard found in Switzerland stands next to these glories with its head held high, just because it’s so pristine and unique.
  I think the highlight of the year, maybe the highlight of the first decade of The History Blog history, was the chilling Halloween three-parter about the Harrison Horror (part I, part II, part III). I’d been thinking about writing a serial for years, and a long-form treatment of the body-snatching of John Scott Harrison and Augustus Devin for at least two years. I finally did it and it was so, so worth it. I’m warning you, though, there is no way I’m even trying to top it next year, not for Halloween anyway. Maybe some other theme will inspire me, or maybe it’ll just be something that I randomly stumble across. Stay tuned to find out!
I wish you all the very best of New Years, full of prosperity, peace and nerdery. I will continue to do my utmost to contribute to the last of those.
The Year in History Blog History – The History Blog
http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/45378
https://waitbutwhy.com/2016/01/horizontal-history.html
Horizontal History — Wait But Why
2016-01-13
Tim Urban
<div><article>
	<div><p>Most of us have a pretty terrible understanding of history. Our knowledge is spotty, with large gaps all over the place, and the parts of history we do end up knowing a lot about usually depend on the particular teachers, parents, books, articles, and movies we happen to come across in our lives. Without a foundational, tree-trunk understanding of all parts of history, we often forget the things we do learn, leaving even our favorite parts of history a bit hazy in our heads. Raise your hand if you’d like to go on stage and debate a history buff on the nuances of a historical time period of your choosing. That’s what I thought.</p>
<p>The reason history is so hard is that it’s so <em>soft</em>. To truly, fully understand a time period, an event, a movement, or an important historical figure, you’d have to be there, and many times over. You’d have to be in the homes of the public living at the time to hear what they’re saying; you’d have to be a fly on the wall in dozens of secret, closed-door meetings and conversations; you’d need to be inside the minds of the key players to know their innermost thoughts and motivations. Even then, you’d be lacking context. To really have the complete truth, you’d need background—the cultural nuances and national psyches of the time, the way each of the key players was raised during childhood and the subtle social dynamics between those players, the impact of what was going on in other parts of the world, and an equally-thorough understanding of the many past centuries that all of these things grew out of.</p>
<p>That’s why not only can’t even the most perfect history buff fully understand history, but the key people involved <em>at the time</em> can’t ever know the full story. History is a giant collective tangle of thousands of interwoven stories involving millions of characters, countless chapters, and many, many narrators.</p>
<p>And you know humans—that’s not how they like things. The human brain really, really likes to <em>simplify </em>things. History provides the context of our world and our lives, because each of us is a character in this grand story—and the last thing we want to believe is that the story is too complicated and mysterious for us to understand.</p>
<p>Fairy tales are satisfying, because the plot is crystal clear—there are good guys and there are bad guys and there’s only one side of the story. Children identify with the good guys—the <em>us </em>guys—and they detest the bad guys—the <em>them</em> guys<em>—</em>and everyone’s happy. Stories written for adults aren’t that different—you loved <em>Shawshank </em>and <em>Braveheart</em> and <em>Star Wars</em>, right?</p>
<p>So when it comes to the story we’re all a <em>part </em>of, we most certainly want to feel the same way. We want history to be simple and clear, with good guys and bad guys, and we’d like to make sure that our ancestors, our ethnic group, our nation, and all the other tribes we belong to are Aladdin in the story—not Jafar.</p>
<p>The problem with this is that not everyone can be Aladdin. <em>Someone </em>has to be Jafar, right? Well, no. Not if there are many different story-tellers. Since no one is ever telling anything close to the full, real, <em>complete </em>story, in all its complexity—as we said, no one even <em>knows </em>the full story—each historian, each ruler, and each society creates their own fairy tale version of what went down in the past. When things are unsatisfyingly multi-faceted, we pick the facet we like best. When there are knowledge gaps, we make things up. When there are questions of motive, we pick one that fits nicely into the narrative.</p>
<p>This leaves us with plenty of tools to leave every story with a proper Aladdin and a proper Jafar and allows us to make sure that Aladdin is exactly who we want him to be.</p>
<p>The US is a good example. A huge number of people in today’s world have been told a story of the US in which the US is Aladdin, and a huge other number of people have heard the same story with the US as Jafar. Some people will claim to have a more nuanced view, but deep in their heart, when they see an American flag, they see either a good guy flag or a bad guy flag. (One of the major political divides in the US stems from liberals thinking conservatives over-Aladdinize the US and conservatives thinking liberals over-Jafarify the US while Aladdinizing the other side.)</p>
<p>This is the same phenomenon behind the stark opinion divide around Israel and Palestine. Hordes of people on both sides of what is an <em>insanely</em> complicated story are red in the face with ire at the other side, completely positive that their side is Aladdin and incensed that anyone could ever call the other side Aladdin and their side Jafar. Only with the stark clarity of a fairy tale could people ever feel so unshakingly sure.</p>
<p>Of course, it’s not that there are no good guys or bad guys in history. History is a pretty ugly story—what else would you expect from a species of primitive biological animals—and accountability for that ugliness isn’t spread out evenly amongst all people. To an extent, the definition of words like good and bad, right and wrong, and hero and villain lie in the eye of the beholder—but there’s also plenty of human behavior that qualifies as objectively good or bad.</p>
<p>So it’s not that there are never objective Aladdins and there are never objective Jafars—it’s that almost none of us has any idea what the fuck we’re talking about. Point to a historical event and tell me that there was a true Aladdin and Jafar going on, and I’ll acknowledge that that might be true. Tell me that you know who was who, and in most cases I’ll shake my head.</p>
<p>Which brings me to me. Blogging about history is asking for trouble. Portray nearly any story or person as an Aladdin or a Jafar and you’ll feel the wrath of both the people who believe the opposite situation and the people who think you’ve oversimplified the situation. Portray something in a nuanced and balanced way and you’ll get yelled at by people who believe <em>both</em> of the one-sided views. Nothing brings people’s tribal fires to the table like history. I’ve learned this <a href="https://waitbutwhy.com/2014/09/muhammad-isis-iraqs-full-story.html">from</a> <a href="https://waitbutwhy.com/2014/05/absurdly-famous-people-probably-dont-know-enough.html">experience</a>.</p>
<p>This doesn’t make me any less excited to write about history—but it makes me want to research the shit out of a part of history before I write about it. Only by reading a bunch of varying accounts and opinions can you start to form a clear picture of what we know and don’t know.</p>
<p>So that’s why for this post, I’m not gonna tell you shit. Rather than dive into the weeds of what happened when, and why, I’m going to focus on one of the rare elements of history that’s indisputably black-and-white—<em>who </em>happened when.</p>
<p>Because before we can responsibly start arguing with each other about Aladdins and Jafars, we need to get the basic timeline and characters of the story clear.</p>
<p>But I’m going to lay things out a little differently than you’re probably used to.</p>
<p>Normally, we learn about history’s storylines in isolation. We might have a strong sense of the history of physics breakthroughs or the progression of western philosophical thought or the succession of French rulers—but we’re not as clear on how each of these storylines relate to each <em>other</em>. If you think of history like a tangle of vines growing upwards through time, studying one type of history at a time is like following the path of one particular vine while ignoring the other vines around it. It’s understanding history in a <em>vertical </em>sense.</p>
<p>And while vertical history has its merits, it doesn’t leave you with an especially <em>complete</em> picture of any one time. An econ buff in the year 2500 might know all about the Great Depression that happened in the early 20th century and the major recession that happened about 80 years later, but that same person might mistake the two world wars for happening in the 1800s or the 2200s if they’re a little hazy on the history of wars. So while an econ buff, that person would have a pretty poor understanding of what our modern times are all <em>about. </em></p>
<p>Likewise, I might know that Copernicus began writing his seminal work <i>On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres </i>in Poland in the early 1510s, but by learning that right around that same time in Italy, Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, I get a better picture of the <em>times</em>. By learning that it was right while both of these things were happening that Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon in England, the 1510s suddenly begins to take on a distinct <em>personality</em>. These three facts, when put together, allow me to see a more three-dimensional picture of the 1510s—it allows me to see the 1510s <em>horizontally</em>, like cutting out a complete segment of the vine tangle and examining it all together.</p>
<p>A blog post is limited in its ability to examine all of history horizontally. But I’ve taken two separate cracks below that I think can work together nicely to help us take a horizontal view of different times. Both involve a lot of names.</p>
<p>Which leads me to the inevitable disclaimer about <em>who </em>I chose to include. I tried to remove my own biases by gathering the names from a handful of lists by publications like <em>Time</em>. I searched the internet for things like “most influential people in history” and “most important people in the Middle Ages” and “most famous people of the 19th century” and “most powerful Chinese emperors” and ended up with a big pile of names, some of whom I’m familiar with, others I’m not. That said, between the fact that the lists I used were by publications targeting English-speaking people and that I inevitably leaned more towards people I had heard of, the group of names will skew America- and Euro-centric, with places like Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia probably underrepresented. This isn’t entirely by accident, though—this post is only useful if you’ve heard of the people, and I intentionally chose names I thought a large portion of Wait But Why readers would know. In other words, merit wasn’t the only criteria—household fame mattered too. And yes, I missed a lot of people—with limited space on the screen, the names had to be a sampling, not an exhaustive list.</p>
<p><strong>Horizontal History—First Crack:</strong></p>
<p>For my first crack, I present to you a big pile of famous names, organized by birth decade—kind of a “2,600 Under 2,600” list. The purpose is to help orient ourselves on when people lived, especially <em>in relation to each other</em>.</p>
<p>Having a clear picture of generations is very easy when you think about currently-living people. For example, I know that Mark Zuckerberg is around my age while Vladimir Putin is about the age of my parents and George H.W. Bush is about the age of my grandparents. On the other side of things, Prince George—the one world-famous baby—is the age of my kids if I had kids. I know this without having to think about it:</p>
<p><a href="https://waitbutwhy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/My-generations.png"></a></p>
<p>If I list people by birth decade instead of generation, it still makes sense. People born in the 70s and 60s feel older than me but not as old as my parents, and people born in the 30s and 40s feel older than my parents but younger than my grandparents:</p>
<p><a href="https://waitbutwhy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/My-generations-decades.png"></a></p>
<p>But this is much harder for generations that aren’t currently alive, and it gets less and less clear the farther back you go. Quick! Name the oldest member and youngest member of this group: Nietzsche, Darwin, Freud, Marx, Gandhi, Tolstoy, Twain. Not that easy, right? And that’s only going back 200 years. But by laying them out by birth decade, you can get oriented:</p>
<p><a href="https://waitbutwhy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Older-decades.png"></a></p>
<p>Since a generation is typically about 30 years, you can move three or six lines down from a name to see who they viewed as their parents’ or grandparents’ ages during their lifetimes, and you can go the same distance up to see who they viewed as their kids’ or grandkids’ age. So Darwin would have seen Twain as some young kid and he would have shaken his old man fist at Gandhi from the rocking chair on his porch. Meanwhile, Nietzsche would have seen Marx as a guy his dad’s age and Freud as a contemporary, though a bit younger.</p>
<p>Two people more than seven or eight lines away from each other on the list probably were not ever alive at the same time, which means they were likely not that clear about each others’ generation, in the way I’m not really clear on whether Hemingway was in my great-grandparents’ generation, my great-great-grandparents’ generation, or some other age.</p>
<p>Using this decade list tool, let’s look at a whole group of famous historical figures to see who was the same age as whom, who shook their old man fist at whom, and who was and wasn’t alive at the same time. The decade colors are in a three-way cycle, so you can jump to rows of the same color above and below to quickly go up and down by generations (i.e. if you take a name on a green line, one green line down is their parents’ age, three green lines up is their great-grandchildren’s age, etc.). For people alive today and in the past century, I couldn’t come close to including every famous person, so I just picked a sampling.</p>
<p><a href="https://waitbutwhy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Horizontal-History-Generations-4.jpg"></a></p>
<p>Okay how did that go? Fun? Icky? I can’t quite tell. In any case, let’s move on.</p>
<p><strong>Horizontal History—Second Crack:</strong></p>
<p>For my second crack at depicting history horizontally, I present to you A Psychotic Jumble of Colorful Vertical Bars That Might Be Awesome or Maybe Not I Can’t Tell Here Either But I Think It Might Be Fun.</p>
<p>This time, I got more specific than birth decade and actually identified the exact birth year <em>and </em>the death year of each name, using a bar to depict their lifespan. While the above chart simplifies who lived when, the diagram below allows you to follow a single horizontal path along any year and see who was and wasn’t alive at that time.</p>
<p>As I made the diagram, I ran into a big problem, which is that it looked like an upside-down L with <em>way </em>more names at the top than the bottom (because there are a lot more household names who were alive in the last 200 years than in previous centuries). Crunching all those recent names into blog width made the font tiny—so I solved the problem by cutting out about half of the recent names. <em>But</em>, before I did, I broke the complete list of 1800–2016 names into two groups by category and here they are below:</p>
<p><a href="https://waitbutwhy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Horizontal-History-Lifespans-Recent-1-2.jpg"></a></p>
<p><a href="https://waitbutwhy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Horizontal-History-Lifespans-Recent-2-2.jpg"></a></p>
<p>Okay now that that’s out of the way, here’s the big list (with only half of the total 1800–2016 names included). It goes back to 1450. Trace a horizontal line across to get a feel for what was going on during that particular time.</p>
<p><a href="https://waitbutwhy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Horizontal-History-Lifespans-4.jpg"></a></p><p>
[<strong>Note: </strong>A number of people have requested a sideways version of this diagram. <a href="https://waitbutwhy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Horizontal-History-Lifespans-Sideways.jpg">Here it is.</a>]
</p><p>Some overall thoughts:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Lifespans are unfair.</strong> Looking at people’s lives visually really makes it clear when two people are born around the same time but then one of them randomly dies 30 years before the other.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><strong>Murder is dickish.</strong> Another thing this diagram highlights. How not okay is it to cut someone <em>else’s </em>bar short? JFK might have been on his way to a nice 85-year bar when this other guy just took a scissors and <em>snipped </em>his bar.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><b>On the other hand, short lives were appreciated during the making of this diagram. </b>This was a nightmare of a puzzle, especially at the top, and while trying to fit a lot of bars into a small space, there were times I found myself saying, out loud, “Oh nice,” when I’d look up someone’s life dates and realize that they were murdered at a young age. Likewise, one factor that led to a number of the recent people being cut from the big diagram was living too long. Frank Lloyd Wright’s a cool dude, but not 2.5 inches of diagram cool.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><strong>Some people aren’t easily categorized<em>. </em></strong>I tried my best. You try putting Ben Franklin into a category.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><strong>Yeah, yeah, I said the whole “Aladdin and Jafar are in the eye of the beholder” thing and then I created a category for people who I deemed dicks.<em> </em></strong>I know. But it was fun to label certain people as dicks. Ya know?</li>
</ul>
<p>Each little part of this diagram tells a story. Let’s go through a few examples:</p>
<p>I mentioned in a box in the first chart that Mozart wrote his <em>Requiem</em> the same year the US forefathers were writing the Bill of Rights and that Beethoven had a love-hate relationship with Napoleon—but using the lifespan diagram, you can see both of these stories visually.</p>
<p><a href="https://waitbutwhy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/1780.jpg"></a></p>
<p>I also mentioned the major Shakespeare, Galileo, Tokugawa, and John Smith events that all happened right around the year 1610.</p>
<p><a href="https://waitbutwhy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/1610.png"></a></p>
<p>And in the intro, I referenced Copernicus’s seminal work happening right when Michelangelo was painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling and Henry VIII was marrying Catherine of Aragon.</p>
<p><a href="https://waitbutwhy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/1510.png"></a></p>
<p>But if you look at the other stuff the diagram shows going on around that same time, it tells a bigger story:</p>
<p><a href="https://waitbutwhy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Renaissance-2.jpg"></a></p>
<p>While Copernicus, Michelangelo, and Henry VIII were happening, it was also the golden age of European exploration—look at all those light purple explorers!—and the precursor age to the oncoming Age of Imperialism. Simultaneously, you can see the Protestant Reformation brewing with the presence of all those dark blue religious figures. The one dark blue exception is Guru Nanak, who was over in Asia being the founding prophet of Sikhism (today’s 5th biggest religion). Meanwhile, Michelangelo was part of something larger, as the other pink bars—and Machiavelli—remind us that the Italian Renaissance was in full swing.</p>
<p>Every time I look at the lifespan diagram, a new interesting horizontal pops out to me. Here’s one more: People in the US associate the 1860s with Lincoln and the Civil War. But what we overlook is that the 1860s was one of history’s greatest literary decades. In the ten years between 1859 and 1869, Darwin published his world-changing <em>On the Origin of Species </em>(1859), Dickens published <em>A Tale of Two Cities </em>(1859) and <em>Great Expectations </em>(1861), Lewis Carroll published <em>Alice in Wonderland </em>(1865), Dostoyevsky published <em>Crime and Punishment</em> (1866), and Tolstoy capped things off with <em>War and Peace</em> (1869). These guys were all in their primes <em>at the same time</em>. So was Lincoln, before some cock snipped his bar off at the worst time possible.</p>
<p><a href="https://waitbutwhy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/1860s-2.jpg"></a></p>
<p>So there’s some horizontal history for you. Now go brush up so we can all be oriented the next time we yell at each other about fairy tales.</p>
<p>___________</p>
<p>If you’re into Wait But Why, sign up for the <strong><a href="http://eepurl.com/Ffj9D">Wait But Why email list</a></strong> and we’ll send you the new posts right when they come out. Better than having to check the site and wonder!</p>
<p>If you’d like to support Wait But Why, <strong><a href="https://www.patreon.com/waitbutwhy">here’s our Patreon</a></strong>.</p>
<p>___________</p>
<p><strong>More Wait But Why history posts:</strong></p>
<p><strong><a href="https://waitbutwhy.com/2014/09/muhammad-isis-iraqs-full-story.html">From Muhammad to ISIS: Iraq’s Full Story</a></strong> – written after my visit to Kurdish Iraq</p>
<p><a href="https://waitbutwhy.com/2013/08/putting-time-in-perspective.html"><strong>Putting Time in Perspective</strong></a> – a diagram to help visualize everything that happened between the Big Bang and now</p>
<p><a href="https://waitbutwhy.com/2013/08/the-death-toll-comparison-breakdown.html"><strong>The Death Toll Comparison Breakdown</strong></a> – a diagram to put famous death tolls in perspective</p>
<p><strong><a href="https://waitbutwhy.com/2014/02/american-presidents-washington-lincoln.html">The American Presidents series</a></strong></p>
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 Horizontal History

 January 13, 2016 By Tim Urban


 Most of us have a pretty terrible understanding of history. Our knowledge is spotty, with large gaps all over the place, and the parts of history we do end up knowing a lot about usually depend on the particular teachers, parents, books, articles, and movies we happen to come across in our lives. Without a foundational, tree-trunk understanding of all parts of history, we often forget the things we do learn, leaving even our favorite parts of history a bit hazy in our heads. Raise your hand if you’d like to go on stage and debate a history buff on the nuances of a historical time period of your choosing. That’s what I thought.

 The reason history is so hard is that it’s so soft. To truly, fully understand a time period, an event, a movement, or an important historical figure, you’d have to be there, and many times over. You’d have to be in the homes of the public living at the time to hear what they’re saying; you’d have to be a fly on the wall in dozens of secret, closed-door meetings and conversations; you’d need to be inside the minds of the key players to know their innermost thoughts and motivations. Even then, you’d be lacking context. To really have the complete truth, you’d need background—the cultural nuances and national psyches of the time, the way each of the key players was raised during childhood and the subtle social dynamics between those players, the impact of what was going on in other parts of the world, and an equally-thorough understanding of the many past centuries that all of these things grew out of.

 That’s why not only can’t even the most perfect history buff fully understand history, but the key people involved at the time can’t ever know the full story. History is a giant collective tangle of thousands of interwoven stories involving millions of characters, countless chapters, and many, many narrators.

 And you know humans—that’s not how they like things. The human brain really, really likes to simplify things. History provides the context of our world and our lives, because each of us is a character in this grand story—and the last thing we want to believe is that the story is too complicated and mysterious for us to understand.

 Fairy tales are satisfying, because the plot is crystal clear—there are good guys and there are bad guys and there’s only one side of the story. Children identify with the good guys—the us guys—and they detest the bad guys—the them guys—and everyone’s happy. Stories written for adults aren’t that different—you loved Shawshank and Braveheart and Star Wars, right?

 So when it comes to the story we’re all a part of, we most certainly want to feel the same way. We want history to be simple and clear, with good guys and bad guys, and we’d like to make sure that our ancestors, our ethnic group, our nation, and all the other tribes we belong to are Aladdin in the story—not Jafar.

 The problem with this is that not everyone can be Aladdin. Someone has to be Jafar, right? Well, no. Not if there are many different story-tellers. Since no one is ever telling anything close to the full, real, complete story, in all its complexity—as we said, no one even knows the full story—each historian, each ruler, and each society creates their own fairy tale version of what went down in the past. When things are unsatisfyingly multi-faceted, we pick the facet we like best. When there are knowledge gaps, we make things up. When there are questions of motive, we pick one that fits nicely into the narrative.

 This leaves us with plenty of tools to leave every story with a proper Aladdin and a proper Jafar and allows us to make sure that Aladdin is exactly who we want him to be.

 The US is a good example. A huge number of people in today’s world have been told a story of the US in which the US is Aladdin, and a huge other number of people have heard the same story with the US as Jafar. Some people will claim to have a more nuanced view, but deep in their heart, when they see an American flag, they see either a good guy flag or a bad guy flag. (One of the major political divides in the US stems from liberals thinking conservatives over-Aladdinize the US and conservatives thinking liberals over-Jafarify the US while Aladdinizing the other side.)

 This is the same phenomenon behind the stark opinion divide around Israel and Palestine. Hordes of people on both sides of what is an insanely complicated story are red in the face with ire at the other side, completely positive that their side is Aladdin and incensed that anyone could ever call the other side Aladdin and their side Jafar. Only with the stark clarity of a fairy tale could people ever feel so unshakingly sure.

 Of course, it’s not that there are no good guys or bad guys in history. History is a pretty ugly story—what else would you expect from a species of primitive biological animals—and accountability for that ugliness isn’t spread out evenly amongst all people. To an extent, the definition of words like good and bad, right and wrong, and hero and villain lie in the eye of the beholder—but there’s also plenty of human behavior that qualifies as objectively good or bad.

 So it’s not that there are never objective Aladdins and there are never objective Jafars—it’s that almost none of us has any idea what the fuck we’re talking about. Point to a historical event and tell me that there was a true Aladdin and Jafar going on, and I’ll acknowledge that that might be true. Tell me that you know who was who, and in most cases I’ll shake my head.

 Which brings me to me. Blogging about history is asking for trouble. Portray nearly any story or person as an Aladdin or a Jafar and you’ll feel the wrath of both the people who believe the opposite situation and the people who think you’ve oversimplified the situation. Portray something in a nuanced and balanced way and you’ll get yelled at by people who believe both of the one-sided views. Nothing brings people’s tribal fires to the table like history. I’ve learned this from experience.

 This doesn’t make me any less excited to write about history—but it makes me want to research the shit out of a part of history before I write about it. Only by reading a bunch of varying accounts and opinions can you start to form a clear picture of what we know and don’t know.

 So that’s why for this post, I’m not gonna tell you shit. Rather than dive into the weeds of what happened when, and why, I’m going to focus on one of the rare elements of history that’s indisputably black-and-white—who happened when.

 Because before we can responsibly start arguing with each other about Aladdins and Jafars, we need to get the basic timeline and characters of the story clear.

 But I’m going to lay things out a little differently than you’re probably used to.

 Normally, we learn about history’s storylines in isolation. We might have a strong sense of the history of physics breakthroughs or the progression of western philosophical thought or the succession of French rulers—but we’re not as clear on how each of these storylines relate to each other. If you think of history like a tangle of vines growing upwards through time, studying one type of history at a time is like following the path of one particular vine while ignoring the other vines around it. It’s understanding history in a vertical sense.

 And while vertical history has its merits, it doesn’t leave you with an especially complete picture of any one time. An econ buff in the year 2500 might know all about the Great Depression that happened in the early 20th century and the major recession that happened about 80 years later, but that same person might mistake the two world wars for happening in the 1800s or the 2200s if they’re a little hazy on the history of wars. So while an econ buff, that person would have a pretty poor understanding of what our modern times are all about.

 Likewise, I might know that Copernicus began writing his seminal work On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres in Poland in the early 1510s, but by learning that right around that same time in Italy, Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, I get a better picture of the times. By learning that it was right while both of these things were happening that Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon in England, the 1510s suddenly begins to take on a distinct personality. These three facts, when put together, allow me to see a more three-dimensional picture of the 1510s—it allows me to see the 1510s horizontally, like cutting out a complete segment of the vine tangle and examining it all together.

 A blog post is limited in its ability to examine all of history horizontally. But I’ve taken two separate cracks below that I think can work together nicely to help us take a horizontal view of different times. Both involve a lot of names.

 Which leads me to the inevitable disclaimer about who I chose to include. I tried to remove my own biases by gathering the names from a handful of lists by publications like Time. I searched the internet for things like “most influential people in history” and “most important people in the Middle Ages” and “most famous people of the 19th century” and “most powerful Chinese emperors” and ended up with a big pile of names, some of whom I’m familiar with, others I’m not. That said, between the fact that the lists I used were by publications targeting English-speaking people and that I inevitably leaned more towards people I had heard of, the group of names will skew America- and Euro-centric, with places like Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia probably underrepresented. This isn’t entirely by accident, though—this post is only useful if you’ve heard of the people, and I intentionally chose names I thought a large portion of Wait But Why readers would know. In other words, merit wasn’t the only criteria—household fame mattered too. And yes, I missed a lot of people—with limited space on the screen, the names had to be a sampling, not an exhaustive list.

 Horizontal History—First Crack:

 For my first crack, I present to you a big pile of famous names, organized by birth decade—kind of a “2,600 Under 2,600” list. The purpose is to help orient ourselves on when people lived, especially in relation to each other.

 Having a clear picture of generations is very easy when you think about currently-living people. For example, I know that Mark Zuckerberg is around my age while Vladimir Putin is about the age of my parents and George H.W. Bush is about the age of my grandparents. On the other side of things, Prince George—the one world-famous baby—is the age of my kids if I had kids. I know this without having to think about it:

 If I list people by birth decade instead of generation, it still makes sense. People born in the 70s and 60s feel older than me but not as old as my parents, and people born in the 30s and 40s feel older than my parents but younger than my grandparents:

 But this is much harder for generations that aren’t currently alive, and it gets less and less clear the farther back you go. Quick! Name the oldest member and youngest member of this group: Nietzsche, Darwin, Freud, Marx, Gandhi, Tolstoy, Twain. Not that easy, right? And that’s only going back 200 years. But by laying them out by birth decade, you can get oriented:

 Since a generation is typically about 30 years, you can move three or six lines down from a name to see who they viewed as their parents’ or grandparents’ ages during their lifetimes, and you can go the same distance up to see who they viewed as their kids’ or grandkids’ age. So Darwin would have seen Twain as some young kid and he would have shaken his old man fist at Gandhi from the rocking chair on his porch. Meanwhile, Nietzsche would have seen Marx as a guy his dad’s age and Freud as a contemporary, though a bit younger.

 Two people more than seven or eight lines away from each other on the list probably were not ever alive at the same time, which means they were likely not that clear about each others’ generation, in the way I’m not really clear on whether Hemingway was in my great-grandparents’ generation, my great-great-grandparents’ generation, or some other age.

 Using this decade list tool, let’s look at a whole group of famous historical figures to see who was the same age as whom, who shook their old man fist at whom, and who was and wasn’t alive at the same time. The decade colors are in a three-way cycle, so you can jump to rows of the same color above and below to quickly go up and down by generations (i.e. if you take a name on a green line, one green line down is their parents’ age, three green lines up is their great-grandchildren’s age, etc.). For people alive today and in the past century, I couldn’t come close to including every famous person, so I just picked a sampling.

 Okay how did that go? Fun? Icky? I can’t quite tell. In any case, let’s move on.

 Horizontal History—Second Crack:

 For my second crack at depicting history horizontally, I present to you A Psychotic Jumble of Colorful Vertical Bars That Might Be Awesome or Maybe Not I Can’t Tell Here Either But I Think It Might Be Fun.

 This time, I got more specific than birth decade and actually identified the exact birth year and the death year of each name, using a bar to depict their lifespan. While the above chart simplifies who lived when, the diagram below allows you to follow a single horizontal path along any year and see who was and wasn’t alive at that time.

 As I made the diagram, I ran into a big problem, which is that it looked like an upside-down L with way more names at the top than the bottom (because there are a lot more household names who were alive in the last 200 years than in previous centuries). Crunching all those recent names into blog width made the font tiny—so I solved the problem by cutting out about half of the recent names. But, before I did, I broke the complete list of 1800–2016 names into two groups by category and here they are below:

 Okay now that that’s out of the way, here’s the big list (with only half of the total 1800–2016 names included). It goes back to 1450. Trace a horizontal line across to get a feel for what was going on during that particular time.

 [Note: A number of people have requested a sideways version of this diagram. Here it is.]

 Some overall thoughts:

 * Lifespans are unfair. Looking at people’s lives visually really makes it clear when two people are born around the same time but then one of them randomly dies 30 years before the other.
 * Murder is dickish. Another thing this diagram highlights. How not okay is it to cut someone else’s bar short? JFK might have been on his way to a nice 85-year bar when this other guy just took a scissors and snipped his bar.
 * On the other hand, short lives were appreciated during the making of this diagram. This was a nightmare of a puzzle, especially at the top, and while trying to fit a lot of bars into a small space, there were times I found myself saying, out loud, “Oh nice,” when I’d look up someone’s life dates and realize that they were murdered at a young age. Likewise, one factor that led to a number of the recent people being cut from the big diagram was living too long. Frank Lloyd Wright’s a cool dude, but not 2.5 inches of diagram cool.
 * Some people aren’t easily categorized. I tried my best. You try putting Ben Franklin into a category.
 * Yeah, yeah, I said the whole “Aladdin and Jafar are in the eye of the beholder” thing and then I created a category for people who I deemed dicks. I know. But it was fun to label certain people as dicks. Ya know?

 Each little part of this diagram tells a story. Let’s go through a few examples:

 I mentioned in a box in the first chart that Mozart wrote his Requiem the same year the US forefathers were writing the Bill of Rights and that Beethoven had a love-hate relationship with Napoleon—but using the lifespan diagram, you can see both of these stories visually.

 I also mentioned the major Shakespeare, Galileo, Tokugawa, and John Smith events that all happened right around the year 1610.

 And in the intro, I referenced Copernicus’s seminal work happening right when Michelangelo was painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling and Henry VIII was marrying Catherine of Aragon.

 But if you look at the other stuff the diagram shows going on around that same time, it tells a bigger story:

 While Copernicus, Michelangelo, and Henry VIII were happening, it was also the golden age of European exploration—look at all those light purple explorers!—and the precursor age to the oncoming Age of Imperialism. Simultaneously, you can see the Protestant Reformation brewing with the presence of all those dark blue religious figures. The one dark blue exception is Guru Nanak, who was over in Asia being the founding prophet of Sikhism (today’s 5th biggest religion). Meanwhile, Michelangelo was part of something larger, as the other pink bars—and Machiavelli—remind us that the Italian Renaissance was in full swing.

 Every time I look at the lifespan diagram, a new interesting horizontal pops out to me. Here’s one more: People in the US associate the 1860s with Lincoln and the Civil War. But what we overlook is that the 1860s was one of history’s greatest literary decades. In the ten years between 1859 and 1869, Darwin published his world-changing On the Origin of Species (1859), Dickens published A Tale of Two Cities (1859) and Great Expectations (1861), Lewis Carroll published Alice in Wonderland (1865), Dostoyevsky published Crime and Punishment (1866), and Tolstoy capped things off with War and Peace (1869). These guys were all in their primes at the same time. So was Lincoln, before some cock snipped his bar off at the worst time possible.

 So there’s some horizontal history for you. Now go brush up so we can all be oriented the next time we yell at each other about fairy tales.

 ___________

 If you’re into Wait But Why, sign up for the Wait But Why email list and we’ll send you the new posts right when they come out. Better than having to check the site and wonder!

 If you’d like to support Wait But Why, here’s our Patreon.

 ___________

 More Wait But Why history posts:

 From Muhammad to ISIS: Iraq’s Full Story – written after my visit to Kurdish Iraq

 Putting Time in Perspective – a diagram to help visualize everything that happened between the Big Bang and now

 The Death Toll Comparison Breakdown – a diagram to put famous death tolls in perspective

 The American Presidents series

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Most of us have a pretty terrible understanding of history. Our knowledge is spotty, with large gaps all over the place, and the parts of history we do end up knowing a lot about usually depend on the particular teachers, parents, books, articles, and movies we happen to come across in our lives. Without a foundational, tree-trunk understanding of all parts of history, we often forget the things we do learn, leaving even our favorite parts of history a bit hazy in our heads. Raise your hand if you’d like to go on stage and debate a history buff on the nuances of a historical time period of your choosing. That’s what I thought.
The reason history is so hard is that it’s so soft. To truly, fully understand a time period, an event, a movement, or an important historical figure, you’d have to be there, and many times over. You’d have to be in the homes of the public living at the time to hear what they’re saying; you’d have to be a fly on the wall in dozens of secret, closed-door meetings and conversations; you’d need to be inside the minds of the key players to know their innermost thoughts and motivations. Even then, you’d be lacking context. To really have the complete truth, you’d need background—the cultural nuances and national psyches of the time, the way each of the key players was raised during childhood and the subtle social dynamics between those players, the impact of what was going on in other parts of the world, and an equally-thorough understanding of the many past centuries that all of these things grew out of.
That’s why not only can’t even the most perfect history buff fully understand history, but the key people involved at the time can’t ever know the full story. History is a giant collective tangle of thousands of interwoven stories involving millions of characters, countless chapters, and many, many narrators.
And you know humans—that’s not how they like things. The human brain really, really likes to simplify things. History provides the context of our world and our lives, because each of us is a character in this grand story—and the last thing we want to believe is that the story is too complicated and mysterious for us to understand.
Fairy tales are satisfying, because the plot is crystal clear—there are good guys and there are bad guys and there’s only one side of the story. Children identify with the good guys—the us guys—and they detest the bad guys—the them guys—and everyone’s happy. Stories written for adults aren’t that different—you loved Shawshank and Braveheart and Star Wars, right?
So when it comes to the story we’re all a part of, we most certainly want to feel the same way. We want history to be simple and clear, with good guys and bad guys, and we’d like to make sure that our ancestors, our ethnic group, our nation, and all the other tribes we belong to are Aladdin in the story—not Jafar.
The problem with this is that not everyone can be Aladdin. Someone has to be Jafar, right? Well, no. Not if there are many different story-tellers. Since no one is ever telling anything close to the full, real, complete story, in all its complexity—as we said, no one even knows the full story—each historian, each ruler, and each society creates their own fairy tale version of what went down in the past. When things are unsatisfyingly multi-faceted, we pick the facet we like best. When there are knowledge gaps, we make things up. When there are questions of motive, we pick one that fits nicely into the narrative.
This leaves us with plenty of tools to leave every story with a proper Aladdin and a proper Jafar and allows us to make sure that Aladdin is exactly who we want him to be.
The US is a good example. A huge number of people in today’s world have been told a story of the US in which the US is Aladdin, and a huge other number of people have heard the same story with the US as Jafar. Some people will claim to have a more nuanced view, but deep in their heart, when they see an American flag, they see either a good guy flag or a bad guy flag. (One of the major political divides in the US stems from liberals thinking conservatives over-Aladdinize the US and conservatives thinking liberals over-Jafarify the US while Aladdinizing the other side.)
This is the same phenomenon behind the stark opinion divide around Israel and Palestine. Hordes of people on both sides of what is an insanely complicated story are red in the face with ire at the other side, completely positive that their side is Aladdin and incensed that anyone could ever call the other side Aladdin and their side Jafar. Only with the stark clarity of a fairy tale could people ever feel so unshakingly sure.
Of course, it’s not that there are no good guys or bad guys in history. History is a pretty ugly story—what else would you expect from a species of primitive biological animals—and accountability for that ugliness isn’t spread out evenly amongst all people. To an extent, the definition of words like good and bad, right and wrong, and hero and villain lie in the eye of the beholder—but there’s also plenty of human behavior that qualifies as objectively good or bad.
So it’s not that there are never objective Aladdins and there are never objective Jafars—it’s that almost none of us has any idea what the fuck we’re talking about. Point to a historical event and tell me that there was a true Aladdin and Jafar going on, and I’ll acknowledge that that might be true. Tell me that you know who was who, and in most cases I’ll shake my head.
Which brings me to me. Blogging about history is asking for trouble. Portray nearly any story or person as an Aladdin or a Jafar and you’ll feel the wrath of both the people who believe the opposite situation and the people who think you’ve oversimplified the situation. Portray something in a nuanced and balanced way and you’ll get yelled at by people who believe both of the one-sided views. Nothing brings people’s tribal fires to the table like history. I’ve learned this from experience.
This doesn’t make me any less excited to write about history—but it makes me want to research the shit out of a part of history before I write about it. Only by reading a bunch of varying accounts and opinions can you start to form a clear picture of what we know and don’t know.
So that’s why for this post, I’m not gonna tell you shit. Rather than dive into the weeds of what happened when, and why, I’m going to focus on one of the rare elements of history that’s indisputably black-and-white—who happened when.
Because before we can responsibly start arguing with each other about Aladdins and Jafars, we need to get the basic timeline and characters of the story clear.
But I’m going to lay things out a little differently than you’re probably used to.
Normally, we learn about history’s storylines in isolation. We might have a strong sense of the history of physics breakthroughs or the progression of western philosophical thought or the succession of French rulers—but we’re not as clear on how each of these storylines relate to each other. If you think of history like a tangle of vines growing upwards through time, studying one type of history at a time is like following the path of one particular vine while ignoring the other vines around it. It’s understanding history in a vertical sense.
And while vertical history has its merits, it doesn’t leave you with an especially complete picture of any one time. An econ buff in the year 2500 might know all about the Great Depression that happened in the early 20th century and the major recession that happened about 80 years later, but that same person might mistake the two world wars for happening in the 1800s or the 2200s if they’re a little hazy on the history of wars. So while an econ buff, that person would have a pretty poor understanding of what our modern times are all about.  
Likewise, I might know that Copernicus began writing his seminal work On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres in Poland in the early 1510s, but by learning that right around that same time in Italy, Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, I get a better picture of the times. By learning that it was right while both of these things were happening that Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon in England, the 1510s suddenly begins to take on a distinct personality. These three facts, when put together, allow me to see a more three-dimensional picture of the 1510s—it allows me to see the 1510s horizontally, like cutting out a complete segment of the vine tangle and examining it all together.
A blog post is limited in its ability to examine all of history horizontally. But I’ve taken two separate cracks below that I think can work together nicely to help us take a horizontal view of different times. Both involve a lot of names.
Which leads me to the inevitable disclaimer about who I chose to include. I tried to remove my own biases by gathering the names from a handful of lists by publications like Time. I searched the internet for things like “most influential people in history” and “most important people in the Middle Ages” and “most famous people of the 19th century” and “most powerful Chinese emperors” and ended up with a big pile of names, some of whom I’m familiar with, others I’m not. That said, between the fact that the lists I used were by publications targeting English-speaking people and that I inevitably leaned more towards people I had heard of, the group of names will skew America- and Euro-centric, with places like Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia probably underrepresented. This isn’t entirely by accident, though—this post is only useful if you’ve heard of the people, and I intentionally chose names I thought a large portion of Wait But Why readers would know. In other words, merit wasn’t the only criteria—household fame mattered too. And yes, I missed a lot of people—with limited space on the screen, the names had to be a sampling, not an exhaustive list.
 Horizontal History—First Crack: 
For my first crack, I present to you a big pile of famous names, organized by birth decade—kind of a “2,600 Under 2,600” list. The purpose is to help orient ourselves on when people lived, especially in relation to each other.
Having a clear picture of generations is very easy when you think about currently-living people. For example, I know that Mark Zuckerberg is around my age while Vladimir Putin is about the age of my parents and George H.W. Bush is about the age of my grandparents. On the other side of things, Prince George—the one world-famous baby—is the age of my kids if I had kids. I know this without having to think about it:
   
If I list people by birth decade instead of generation, it still makes sense. People born in the 70s and 60s feel older than me but not as old as my parents, and people born in the 30s and 40s feel older than my parents but younger than my grandparents:
   
But this is much harder for generations that aren’t currently alive, and it gets less and less clear the farther back you go. Quick! Name the oldest member and youngest member of this group: Nietzsche, Darwin, Freud, Marx, Gandhi, Tolstoy, Twain. Not that easy, right? And that’s only going back 200 years. But by laying them out by birth decade, you can get oriented:
   
Since a generation is typically about 30 years, you can move three or six lines down from a name to see who they viewed as their parents’ or grandparents’ ages during their lifetimes, and you can go the same distance up to see who they viewed as their kids’ or grandkids’ age. So Darwin would have seen Twain as some young kid and he would have shaken his old man fist at Gandhi from the rocking chair on his porch. Meanwhile, Nietzsche would have seen Marx as a guy his dad’s age and Freud as a contemporary, though a bit younger.
Two people more than seven or eight lines away from each other on the list probably were not ever alive at the same time, which means they were likely not that clear about each others’ generation, in the way I’m not really clear on whether Hemingway was in my great-grandparents’ generation, my great-great-grandparents’ generation, or some other age.
Using this decade list tool, let’s look at a whole group of famous historical figures to see who was the same age as whom, who shook their old man fist at whom, and who was and wasn’t alive at the same time. The decade colors are in a three-way cycle, so you can jump to rows of the same color above and below to quickly go up and down by generations (i.e. if you take a name on a green line, one green line down is their parents’ age, three green lines up is their great-grandchildren’s age, etc.). For people alive today and in the past century, I couldn’t come close to including every famous person, so I just picked a sampling.
   
Okay how did that go? Fun? Icky? I can’t quite tell. In any case, let’s move on.
 Horizontal History—Second Crack: 
For my second crack at depicting history horizontally, I present to you A Psychotic Jumble of Colorful Vertical Bars That Might Be Awesome or Maybe Not I Can’t Tell Here Either But I Think It Might Be Fun.
This time, I got more specific than birth decade and actually identified the exact birth year and the death year of each name, using a bar to depict their lifespan. While the above chart simplifies who lived when, the diagram below allows you to follow a single horizontal path along any year and see who was and wasn’t alive at that time.
As I made the diagram, I ran into a big problem, which is that it looked like an upside-down L with way more names at the top than the bottom (because there are a lot more household names who were alive in the last 200 years than in previous centuries). Crunching all those recent names into blog width made the font tiny—so I solved the problem by cutting out about half of the recent names. But, before I did, I broke the complete list of 1800–2016 names into two groups by category and here they are below:
   
   
Okay now that that’s out of the way, here’s the big list (with only half of the total 1800–2016 names included). It goes back to 1450. Trace a horizontal line across to get a feel for what was going on during that particular time.
    
[Note: A number of people have requested a sideways version of this diagram. Here it is.]
 Some overall thoughts:
 Lifespans are unfair. Looking at people’s lives visually really makes it clear when two people are born around the same time but then one of them randomly dies 30 years before the other.
 Murder is dickish. Another thing this diagram highlights. How not okay is it to cut someone else’s bar short? JFK might have been on his way to a nice 85-year bar when this other guy just took a scissors and snipped his bar.
 On the other hand, short lives were appreciated during the making of this diagram. This was a nightmare of a puzzle, especially at the top, and while trying to fit a lot of bars into a small space, there were times I found myself saying, out loud, “Oh nice,” when I’d look up someone’s life dates and realize that they were murdered at a young age. Likewise, one factor that led to a number of the recent people being cut from the big diagram was living too long. Frank Lloyd Wright’s a cool dude, but not 2.5 inches of diagram cool.
 Some people aren’t easily categorized.  I tried my best. You try putting Ben Franklin into a category.
 Yeah, yeah, I said the whole “Aladdin and Jafar are in the eye of the beholder” thing and then I created a category for people who I deemed dicks.  I know. But it was fun to label certain people as dicks. Ya know?
Each little part of this diagram tells a story. Let’s go through a few examples:
I mentioned in a box in the first chart that Mozart wrote his Requiem the same year the US forefathers were writing the Bill of Rights and that Beethoven had a love-hate relationship with Napoleon—but using the lifespan diagram, you can see both of these stories visually.
   
I also mentioned the major Shakespeare, Galileo, Tokugawa, and John Smith events that all happened right around the year 1610.
   
And in the intro, I referenced Copernicus’s seminal work happening right when Michelangelo was painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling and Henry VIII was marrying Catherine of Aragon.
   
But if you look at the other stuff the diagram shows going on around that same time, it tells a bigger story:
   
While Copernicus, Michelangelo, and Henry VIII were happening, it was also the golden age of European exploration—look at all those light purple explorers!—and the precursor age to the oncoming Age of Imperialism. Simultaneously, you can see the Protestant Reformation brewing with the presence of all those dark blue religious figures. The one dark blue exception is Guru Nanak, who was over in Asia being the founding prophet of Sikhism (today’s 5th biggest religion). Meanwhile, Michelangelo was part of something larger, as the other pink bars—and Machiavelli—remind us that the Italian Renaissance was in full swing.
Every time I look at the lifespan diagram, a new interesting horizontal pops out to me. Here’s one more: People in the US associate the 1860s with Lincoln and the Civil War. But what we overlook is that the 1860s was one of history’s greatest literary decades. In the ten years between 1859 and 1869, Darwin published his world-changing On the Origin of Species (1859), Dickens published A Tale of Two Cities (1859) and Great Expectations (1861), Lewis Carroll published Alice in Wonderland (1865), Dostoyevsky published Crime and Punishment (1866), and Tolstoy capped things off with War and Peace (1869). These guys were all in their primes at the same time. So was Lincoln, before some cock snipped his bar off at the worst time possible.
   
So there’s some horizontal history for you. Now go brush up so we can all be oriented the next time we yell at each other about fairy tales.
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 More Wait But Why history posts: 
  From Muhammad to ISIS: Iraq’s Full Story  – written after my visit to Kurdish Iraq
  Putting Time in Perspective  – a diagram to help visualize everything that happened between the Big Bang and now
  The Death Toll Comparison Breakdown  – a diagram to put famous death tolls in perspective
  The American Presidents series
Horizontal History — Wait But Why
https://waitbutwhy.com/2016/01/horizontal-history.html