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99,901 | mannersandcusto20wilkgoog_3 | English-PD | Public Domain | The formula of the imprecation was probably very similar with the Jews and Egyptians, Herodotus says the latter pray the gods, * that if any misfortune was about to happen to those who offered, or to the other inhabitants of Egypt, it might fall upon that head : ' and with the former it was customary for the priest to take two goats and cast lots upon them, * one lot for the Lord and the other lot for the scapegoat/ which was presented alive ' to make atonement ' for the people. The priest was then required to ' lay both his hands upon the head of the live goat, and confess over him all the iniquities of the children of Israel, and all their transgressions in all their sins, putting them upon the head of the goat, and send him away by the hand of a fit man into the wilderness.' l The remark of Herodotus should then be confined to the head, on which their imprecation was pronounced, and, being looked upon by every Egyptian as an abomination, it may have been taken to the market and sold to foreigners, or if no foreigners happened to be there, it may have been given' to the cro- codiles.3 The same mode of slaughtering, and of preparing the joints, extended to all the large animals ; but geese4 and other wild and tame fowl were served up entire, or, at least, only deprived of their feet and pinion joints : fish Were also brought to table An ox and a Wmplaoad entire on the altar. whole, whether boiled or fried, the 0,2W' tails and fins being removed. For the service of religion, they were generally prepared in the same manner as for private feasts ; sometimes, however, an ox was brought entire to the altar, and 1 Levit. xvi. 8, 21. * Herodotus's words are, 'thrown into the river.' This could only have been in places where crocodiles abounded : it would otherwise have polluted the stream they so highly esteemed. Plutarch says, 'A solemn curse having been pronounced upon the head, it was thrown into the river ; this was in former times, but now it is sold to foreigners.' (De Isid. s. 31.) • iElian observes, 'that the Ombites do not eat the head of any animal they have offered in sacrifices ; they throw it to the crocodiles.' (De Nat. Anim. lib. z. c 21.) 4 They were sometimes decapitated, but are often, as above represented, entire, the whole animal being offered in sacrifice. — S.B. Digiti zed by G00gk 30 THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS. [Chap. VIL birds were often placed among the offerings without even haying the feathers taken off. The favourite meats were beef and goose : l the ibex, gazelle, and oryx were also in great request ; but we are surprised, in a country where mutton is unquestionably lighter and more whole- some, that they should prefer the first two, and even exclude this last from the table.1 In Abyssinia it is a sin to eat geese or ducks ; and modern experience teaches that, in Egypt and similar climates, beef and goose are not eligible food, except in the depth of winter. In Lower Egypt, or, as Herodotus styles it, the corn country, they were in the habit of drying and salting birds of various kinds, as quails, ducks, and others, a process to which I believe the sculptures themselves refer ;• and fish were prepared by them in the same manner both in Upper and Lower Egypt4 Some joints were boiled, others roasted : two modes of dressing their food to which Herodotus appears to confine the Egyptians, at least in the lower country ; but, though there is no positive evi- dence from the sculptures that they adopted a very artificial kind of cookery, it is highly probable they had made some advances in this as in the other habits of a civilised, I may say luxurious, people, and had at a very remote period passed that state when men are contented with simplicity and primitive habits.* And we shall at least feel disposed to allow the Egyptians as much skill in the culinary art as was displayed by Rebekah in the savoury meats she prepared for Isaac, where the disguise was sufficient to prevent his distinguishing the meat of kids from the promised venison.6 ^ ># It is true, that in the infancy of society the diet is exceedingly plain and simple, consisting principally, if not entirely, of roast meats : and as Athenaeus observes, the heroes of Homer seldom ' boil their meat, or dress it with sauces ;' the few instances, even of the former, which occur in the Iliad,T plainly showing how unusual the custom was at the period he describes. That the Egyptians were in early times immoderately fond of delicate living, or indeed at any period committed those excesses of which the Romans are known to have been guilty, is highly 1 Conf. Herodot. ii. 37. « Woodcut No. 99. * Id one of the lists of the 4th Dynasty, * Herodot. ii 77, and the sculptures, the a6, either ' the kid ' or ' lamb,' is men- * Bocchoris complained that Menes had tioned (Lepsius, Denkm. ii. 21). In Coptic taught the Egyptians a luxurious mode of ab is * the lamb,' not ' the kid ;' so that if living, even in regard to diet, this is the lamb, mutton was occasionally * Gen. xzvii. 3, 9. eaten.— S. B. 7 Iliad ♦, 362. Digiti zed by G00gk Chap. YIL] DIET AND OOOKEBY. 31 improbable, especially as the example of the priesthood, who con- stituted a very great portion of the higher classes, tended so much to induce moderation; but even before the close of the 16th Dynasty, or about 1600 B.O., they had already begun to indulge in nearly the same habits as in the later Fharaonic ages ; and it appears from Diodorus and Plutarch that their original simplicity gave place to luxury, as early as the reign of their first king Menes.1 Excesses they no doubt committed, especially in the use of wine, both on private1 and public occasions,3 which is not con- cealed in the sculptures of Thebes : and in later times, after the conquest of Egypt by the Persians, and the accession of Jhe Ptolemies, habits of intemperance increased to such an extent, and luxury became so general among all ranks of society, that writers who mention the Egyptians at that period,4 describe them as a profligate and luxurious people, given to an immoderate love of the table, and. addicted to every excess in drinking. They even used excitants for this purpose, and hors-tfoeuvres were pro- vided to stimulate the appetite; crude cabbage provoking the desire for wine, and promoting the continuation of excess.6 Beyond the usual joints which are seen on the altars and in the hands of the servants, it is impossible to ascertain in what form the meat appeared upon table,6 or what made dishes and arti- ficial viands the skill of their cooks succeeded in devising ; but as a portion of the kitchen is occasionally represented in the tombs, and some details of Egyptian cookery are there given, I shall avail myself of whatever has been preserved, and introduce the most interesting part of those sculptures in the accompanying woodcuts. The first process, as previously described, was slaughtering the ox, and cutting up the joints, the blood being sometimes caught in a vase, for the purpose of cookery ;7 and joints selected for the purpose were boiled in a large caldron, placed over the fixe on a metal stand or tripod. One servant regulated the heat of the fire, raising it with a poker or blowing it with bellows, worked by the feet ; 8 another superintended the cooking of the 1 DtaL L 45. Pint, de laid. a. S. • Broad and cakes had several fancy * Athencus quotes Dion on this subject, forma, aa the pyramid, ring, circular (Deipaos. lib. L 25.) biscuit. A cake in the British Museum, * Herodoi. ii. 60. No. 5362, is in shape of the head of a 4 Josephui says the Egyptians (in his crocodile. — S. B. time) were abandoned to pleasures. (Antiq. 7 Woodcut No. 300, fig. 2. ii. 9.) • I shall have occasion to notice these * Atheo. Deipnoa. lib. i. 25. hereafter. Digiti zed by G00gk 32 THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS. [Chap. VIL H * i j i h ? i 1 ■< ei <• *- ao ^-.r • Digiti zed by G00gk Chap. VH.] DIET AND COOKERY. 33 meat, skimming the water with a spoon, or stirring it with a large fork,1 while a third pounded salt, pepper, or other ingredients in a large mortar, which were added from time to time during this process. Liquids of various kinds also stood ready for use. They were sometimes drawn off by means of siphons,3 and these appear to be represented upon a rope,8, supporting the tray which contained the things they wished to raise beyond the reach of rats or other intruders, and which answered the purposes of a safe. Other servants took charge of the pastry, which the bakers or confectioners had made for the dinner table; and this depart- ment, which may be considered as attached to the kitchen, appears even more varied than that of the cook. Some sifted and mixed the flour,4 others kneaded the paste with their hands,5 and formed it into rolls, which were then prepared for baking, and, being placed on a long tray or board, were carried on a man's head* to the oven.7 Certain seeds were previously sprinkled upon the upper surface of each roll,8 and judging from those still used in Egypt for the same purpose, they were chiefly the Nigdla tativa, or kanwon aswed,ihe simsim,9 and the caraway. Sometimes they kneaded the paste with their feet,10 having placed it in a large wooden bowl upon the ground ; it was then in a more. liquid state than when mixed by the hand, and was carried in vases to the pastrycook, who formed it into a sort of macaroni, upon a flattened metal pan over the fire. Two persoAB were engaged in this process; one stirred it with a wooden spatula, and the other taking it off when cooked with two pointed sticks,11 arranged it in a proper place, where the rest of the pastry was kept. This last was of various kinds, apparently made up with fruit, or other ingredients, with which the dough, spread out with the hand, was sometimes mixed, and it assumed the 1 Woodcut No. 300, jigs. 4 and 5. Brituh Museum, No. 2281, represents a man 1 This part of the picture is very much kneeling, carrying a basket on his head, damaged, but sufficient remains to show in which are four circular loaves of bread them using the siphons, which occur again, quite exposed to the air. — S. B. perfectly preserved, in a tomb at Thebes. 7 Woodcut No. 301 > figs. 19 and x. They are introduced among the inventions * IbidM figs. 11 and *, called oVt by the of the Egyptians. Egyptians. * At A and/. * Sesamum orientate, Linn. (There 4 Woodcut No. 301, figs. 13 and 14. were many varieties of bread, which was * Ibid^ fig. 15. usually made of barley ; a circular biscuit, * As at the present day. Conf. Pharaoh's pant, with the impression of four fingers chief baker, with ' three white baskets on on one side ; another kind, pes ; the loaf, hit head ' (Gen. xL 16) ; and Herodot ii. 35, Up ; to, bread in general.— S. B.] • Men carry loads on their beads, women 1# Conf. Herodot. ii. 36, and woodcut on their shoulders.' But it was not the No. 301, figs. 1 and 2. general custom. A bronze figure in the " Woodcut No. 301, figs. 6 and 7, and /. vol. n. v Digiti zed by G00gk 34 THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS. [Chap. VII. S M ° s * 3 1 a til *sxf 8« 4 5 Digiti zed by G00gk Chap.YTL] COOK& 35 shape of a three-cornered cake, a recumbent ox, or other form,1 according to the fancy of the confectioner. That his department was connected with the kitchen 2 is again shown, by the presence of a man in the corner of the picture engaged in cooking lentils for a soup or porridge ;3 his companion 4 brings a bundle of fagots for the fire, and the lentils themselves are seen standing near him in wicker baskets.6 The caldrons containing the joints of boiled meat, which were often of very great size, stood over a fire upon the hearth, sup- ported on stones,6 having been taken from the dresser,7 where 3 e No. 302. Cooking geese and different Joints of meat Tomb near the Pyramid*. Pig*, a a. Joints in caldrons, on the dresser, o. c. A table. * 1. Preparing a goose for the cook (2\ who puts them into the boiler, d. 3. Roasting a goose over a fire («) of peculiar construction. 4. Cutting np the meat. I. Joints on a table. g. Stewed meat over a pan of fire, or wkagoor, they were placed for the convenience of putting in the joints ; some of smaller dimensions, probably containing the stewed meat, stood over a pan 8 containing charcoal, precisely similar to ihemagoor, used in modern Egypt;9 and geese, or joints of meat, were roasted over a fire of a peculiar construction, intended solely for this purpose;10 the cook passing over them a fan11 which served for bellows. In heating water, or boiling meat, fagots 1 Woodeut No. 301, figs. d,f, g, ft, i, k. f sad g Appear to have the fruit apart from the pastry. I found some cakes of the form of/ in a tomb at Thebes, but without any fruit or other addition. Many of different shapes have been found there. * The chief haker of Pharaoh carried in the uppermost basket 'all manner of beke- meats,' not only ' bread,' bnt ' all kind of food.' (Gen. xl. 17.) Anciently, the cook and baker were the same, with the Romans. • Fig. 9. * Fig. 10. »At/>. • Woodcut No. 302, at d. 1 At b. •Ate. 9Mg. "At*. nAt/. D 2 Digiti zed by G00gk 36 THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS. [Chap. VIL of wood were principally employed, but for the roast meat char- coal, as in the modern kitchens of Cairo ; and the sculptures represent servants bringing this last in mats of the same form as those of the present day. They sometimes used round balls for cooking, probably a composition of charcoal and other ingre- dients, which a servant is represented taking out of a basket and putting on the stove, while another blows the fire with a fan.1 At an Egyptian party the men and women were frequently entertained separately, in a different part of the same room, at the upper end of which the master and mistress of the house sat close together on two chairs, or on a large fauteuil ; each guest, as he arrived, presented himself to receive their congratulatory welcome,2 and the musicians and dancers, hired for the occasion, did obeisance before them, previous to the performance of their part. To the leg of the fauteuil a favourite monkey, a dog, gazelle, or some other pet animal * was tied, and a young child was permitted to sit on the ground at the side of its mother, or on its father's knee. In some instances we find men and women sitting together, both strangers,4 as well as members of the same family ; 5 a privilege not conceded to females among the Greeks, except with their relations : and this not only argues a very great advancement in civilisation, especially in an Eastern nation, but proves, like many other Egyptian customs, how far this people excelled the Greeks in the habits of social life. * Ibid. The cat and cynocephalic apes are 4 They may be married couples, sometimes represented ; the monkey, with its 4 Woodcut No. 303. name qaf, is as old as the 4th Dynasty, and * Cornel. Nepos, Praefat. in Vit. Imperav- its name, found in the Latin oso-us, shows torum, ad fin. that the appellation found in the account 7 Answering to the har&m of the East. Digiti zed by G00gk Chap. VIL] SLAVES OFFERING WINK 37 Wine, as I have already observed, was presented both to matrons and maidens at an Egyptian feast ; and they were waited upon by handmaids and female slaves, as the men were attended by footmen and men slaves. An upper maid-servant, or a white slave, had the office of handing the wine, or whatever refresh- ment was offered them, and a black woman followed her, in an inferior capacity, to receive an empty cup when the wine had been poured from it into the goblet, or to bring and take away what it was the privilege of the other to present. The same Digiti zed by G00gk 38 THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS. [Chap. VII. black slaves brought the dishes as they were sent from the kitchen ; and the peculiar mode of holding a plate with the hand reversed, so generally adopted by women from the interior of Africa, is characteristically portrayed in the paintings of a tomb at Theoes, given in the accompanying woodcut. To each person, No. 304. 1 a s ▲ black and a white elave watting upon a lady at a partj. TkAe*. after drinking, a napkin was presented for wiping the mouth, answering to the mdhrama of the modern Egyptians and other Eastern people ; and the servant who held it on his arm while the person was drinking, probably uttered a complimentary wish as he proffered it, and received the goblet i1 for the custom of saying, ' May it benefit you,' or some similar phrase, being so general throughout the East, we cannot but suppose that it was adopted by the ancient Egyptians, and that the mode of welcom- ing a stranger with salt, the emblem of hospitality, was common to them, as to the Romans and other people of antiquity. That dinner was served up at mid-day may be inferred from .the invitation given by Joseph to his brethren,2 but it is pro- bable that, like the Romans, they also ate supper in the evening, as is still the custom in the East The table was very similar to that of the present day in Egypt, which is a small stool, support- ing a round tray on which the dishes are placed, and it only differed from this in being raised upon a single leg, like many of those used for bearing offerings in the sacred festivals of their temples. In early times the Greeks as well as Romans had similar 1 Woodcut No. 805, )ty. 12. 'Geo. zliii. 16: 'Bring theae men home, and slay, and make ready ; for these men shall dine with me at' noon.* The Hebrew expression 'slay,9 TQB 1120, is the same as the Arabic edbah dab$ik> « kill a killing.' Digiti zed by G00gk Chap, m] A PABTY OF GUESTS. 39 round tables,1 in imitation, as some imagine, of the spherical shape of the world;2 and, occasionally, each guest had a table to him- i } '4 * X £ * Z 1 * Sis 1 1 I SJJ ftaa i 4 self :3 but from the mention of persons sitting in rows, according to rank, it has been supposed that they were of a long figure, 1 Whence called orbes by the Romans. * Myrleanus in Athen. lib. xL c. 12. (Jot. Set. i 137. Plin. xiii. 15.) » Athen. i. 8. Digiti zed by G00gk 40 THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS. [Chap. VH which may sometimes have been the case in Egypt, even daring the Pharaonic ages, since the brethren of Joseph 'sat before him, the firstborn according to his birthright, and the youngest according to his youth/1 Joseph himself eating alone at another table.3 It is not, however, certain that the table in this instance was long, or in any way different from their usual round table, since persons might, even then, be seated according to their rank, and the modern Egyptian table is not without its post of honour, and a fixed gradation of place. No tray was used on the Egyptian table, nor was it covered by any linen;3 like that of the Greeks, it was probably wiped with a sponge4 or napkin after the dishes were removed, and polished by the servants5 when the company had retired. There has long been a question respecting the custom of re- clining at meals, and its first introduction among the Greeks and Romans. Some have supposed that it came directly to Greece from Asia, and to Borne after the conquest of Carthage and Asia Minor ; but it appears rather to have been gradually introduced, than borrowed at any particular time from a foreign people. With great reason, however, we may believe that the custom originated in Asia ;• and the only notice of it among the Greeks in early times is found in sacred subjects, where the deities are represented reclining on couches,7 evidently with a view to distinguish their habits from those of ordinary mortals. But when luxury increased, and men, * inflated/ as Aristotle observes, * with the pride of victory, laid aside their previous discrimination/ new modes of indulgence were devised, their former simplicity was abandoned, and customs were introduced which their ancestors considered suited to the gods alone. That they derived their ideas respecting lie use of couches from a positive custom is certain, since all notions about the habits of the deities could only be borrowed from human ana- logies ; we may therefore safely ascribe to it a foreign origin, though not introduced at once, or merely adopted in imitation of an Eastern custom. The principal person at a festival is often described as having reclined, while the others sat on chairs or on 1 Gen. xliii. 33. * Whether of stone or wood. Polished * Gen. xliii. 32 : * And they set on for wood is frequently found in the tombs of him by himself.' Thebes. * Table-cloths were unknown in Rome • jEneas and the Trojans reclined. (Virg. until the time of the Emperors (Mart. zii. JSn. i. 700.) », 12). < Homer, Od. A, 112. ' The Uctittcrnia of the Romans. Digiti zed by G00gk Ceap. VIL] THE USE OP WHEATEN BEE AD. 41 the ground. At the Roman fete of the Eptdum Jovis, Jupiter reposed on a conch, while the other deities were seated ; and, in Macedonia, no one could recline at meals till he had killed a boar without the help of nets. It was therefore, originally, a mark of honour and distinction, and sometimes confined to men ; but in process of time it became general, and was afterwards adopted by all ranks. For we have evidence from many ancient authorities, that in early times neither the Greeks nor Romans reclined at meals. Homer's heroes1 sat on the ground, or on chairs; Virgil,3 Tacitus, Ovid,3 Philo, and others mention the same primeval custom ; and Suetonius4 says that even the grand- children of Augustus ' always sat at the end of the couch when they supped with him/ 5 The ordinary Egyptian round table was similar to the mono- podium of the Romans,9 and, instead of the movable tray used by the modern Egyptians, its circular summit was fixed to the leg on which it stood ; which, as I have before observed, frequently presented the figure of a man, generally a captive, who supported the slab upon his head, the whole being either of stone or some hard wood. On this the dishes were placed, together with loaves of bread,7 some of which were apparently not unlike those of the present day, flat and round,8 as our crumpets, and others in the form of rolls or cakes, sprinkled with the seeds before noticed. In the houses of the rich, bread was made of wheat, the poorer classes being contented with barley and flour of the sorghum ;• for Herodotus, as I have had occasion to observe in a former work,10 has been guilty of an error in stating11 that it was con- sidered among the Egyptians ' the greatest disgrace ' to live on wheat and barley, and that 'they therefore made their bread of 1 Homer, Od. A, 108, &c Asia Minor.— S. B. * Virg. £n. i. 176 : ' SoMi patres con- • Jut. Sat. xi. 122. r ' To set on bread ' was the expression * Ovid. Fast. tL 305. used, as at present, in Egypt, for bringing 4 Suet. Aug. c 64: <Neque canarit dinner (Gen. xliii. 31). It is singular that uui, Did in imo lecto admdtrent* lahm should signify, in Hebrew, * bread ;' * The married woman amongst the and, in Arabic, * meat.' Assyrians and Greeks sat on a chair at • These retain the form of the old the loot of the couch on which the husband * cakes ' baked * upon the hearth ' (Gen. reclined, era in the late period of the xriii. 6), which are so generally used at Roman Empire, it being immodest to lie this day by the Arabs of the desert, a couch with a man, although the without leaven. The bread of Upper i ladies did so, as alluded to by Ovid. Egypt is more like the ancient Egyptian The Egyptians are never represented re- cake, posing on couches, and the Greek custom • JTolcus torghvm, Linn. was probably derived from some of the >• * Egypt and Thebes,' p. 213. other nations, perhaps Semitic, and of " Herod, it 36. Digiti zed by G00gk 42 THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS. [Chap. VII. the olyra,1 which some call zea.'2 It is doubtful whether the historian had in view the Tritieum zea, which is now no longer grown in Egypt, or the sorghum,3 the doura of the present day ; but it is probable that he gives the name of olyra to this last : and that it was grown in ancient times in Upper and Lower Egypt, particularly about the Thebaid, is evident from the sculp- tures, though not in the same quantity as wheat So far, however, were the Egyptians from holding wheat and barley in abhorrence, that they cultivated them abundantly throughout the whole valley of the Nile,4 offered them to the gods, and derived from them a great part of their sustenance, in common with whatever other corn the soil produced ; and I fear that this, and his asser- No. 806. Drinking-cups. Fig. 1. An alabaster beaker, inverted, iu the Museum of Alnwick Castle. 2. A saucer or cap of blue glased pottery, in the Berlin Collection. 8. Side view of the same. tion respecting the exclusive use of brazen drinking-cups,1 prove Herodotus not to have lived in the best society during his stay in Egypt6 1 Pliny (xviii. 7) says, « Far in ASgypto ex olyra conficitur;* but not to the exclusion of any other grain ; and we find in the same author, 'jfigyptus • . . e tritico suo.' He also observes, that the olyra had been supposed the same as rice, 'olyram et oryzam eandem ease existi- mant ;' and afterwards (c 8) distinguishes it from the zea, with which Herodotus has confounded it. Homer feeds horses on the olyra, as well as wheat and barley ; which last is now given them in the East. (Homer, II. E, 196.) * Bearing no relation to the Zea mays, or Indian corn. * The Assyrian wheat and barley, he affirms, had 'leaves four fingers in breadth,* from which it has been con- jectured that he there (lib. i. 193) alludes to the sorghum ; but the ex- pression ' wheat and barley ' renders this very questionable. 4 Witness the sculptures, and Exod. ix. 31, 32: *The barley was smitten .... the wheat and the rye were not smitten ; for they were not grown up.' Wheat in Egypt is about a month later than barley. • Herodot. ii. 37. * If Herodotus had travelled, a few years ago, in the north of our island, he might, perhaps, have made a similar remark about the English and oat cakes. Digiti zed by G00gk Chap. VII.] TABLES AND DISHES. 43 The drinking-cups of the Egyptians, as I have already ob- served, were of gold, silver, glass, porcelain, alabaster, bronze, and earthenware. They varied greatly in their forms: some were plain and nnornamented ; others, though of small dimensions, were made after the models of larger vases ; many were like our own cups without handles ; and others may come under the denomination of beakers and saucers. Of these the former were frequently made of alabaster, with a round base, so that they could not 1 2 No. 307. The UMe brought to with the dlshetf upon it Tmbt near the Pyramids. stand when filled, and were held in the hand, or, when empty, were turned downwards upon their rim: and the latter, which were of glazed pottery, had sometimes lotus or fish represented on their con- cave surface, which, when water was poured into the cups, appeared to float in their native element.1 The tables, as at a Roman repast, I were occasionally brought in and re- moved2 with the dishes on them ; a sometimes each joint was served up separately, and the fruit, deposited in a plate or trencher, succeeded the meat at the close of dinner; and in less °' found- «t ■Sebe* pJuoto **&£*> fashionable circles, particularly of the ,tooe* olden time, it was brought in baskets which stood beside the table. The dishes consisted of fish; meat boiled, roasted, and dressed in various ways ; game, poultry, and a profusion of vege- 1 Woodcut No. 306, fig. 2. Vide also * Woodcut No. 307. Confc Virg. Mn. i. the ipoon in woodcut No. 285. 723. Digiti zed by G00gk 44 THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS. [Chap. VII. tables and fruit, particularly figs and grapes, during the season ; and a soup, or pottage of lentils,1 as with the modern Egyptians, was not an unusual dish. Of figs and grapes they were par- ticularly fond, which is shown by their constant introduction ■i 3 even among the choice offerings presented to the gods ; and figs of the sycamore must have been highly esteemed, since they were selected as the heavenly fruit, given by the goddess Netpe* to those who were judged worthy of admission to the regions of 1 Gen. xxr. 34: « Jacob gare Esau * Or Nut, the goddess of the ether or bread and pottage of lentilea,' firmament.— S. B. Digiti zed by G00gk Chap.YIL] MODE OF EATING. 45 eternal happiness. Fresh dates during the season, and in a dried state at other periods of the year, were also brought to table, as well as a preserve of the fruit, still so common in the country,1 some of which I have found in a tomb at Thebes, made into a ca^e of the same form as the tamarinds now brought from the interior of Africa, and sold in the Cairo market. The guests sat on the ground, or on stools and chairs ; and having neither knives and forks, nor any substitute for them No. 311. Of wood. Brititk Museum. Fig. 1. Ivory spoon, about 4 inches long. In the Berlin Museum, found with the vase* of woodcut No. 206. 8. Bronse spoon, 8 inches in length. 3, 4. Bronse apoona found by Burton at Thebes. Xo.SU. answering to the chopsticks of the Chinese, they ate with their fingers, as the modern Asiatics, and invariably with the right hand.3 Spoons were introduced at table when soup or other liquids required their use, and, perhaps, even a knife3 was 1 The ia neta, « bread of dates,' of the fata.— S.B. 1 And also the Romans and Jews, and most nations of antiquity. The fork, litpda, was introduced late under the Roman Empire ; it had only two prongs. ^Several silver ones have been lately found in Rome, and a bronse one at Eouynnjik. — S. B. * Knives were used by tbe Romans at table (Juv. Sat. zi. 133); though they ate with their fingers, whence * man us unctas * (Hor. Ep. i. 16, 23). Digiti zed by G00gk 46 THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS. [Chap. VII. employed on some occasions, to facilitate the carving of a large joint, which is sometimes done in the East at the present day. The Egyptian spoons were of various forms and sizes, accord- ing to the purposes for which they were intended. They were principally of ivory, bone, wood, or bronze, and other metals; No. 312. Fiffi. l, 2. Front and back of a wooden apoon. 8. lvoiy apoon. BrilUk and in some the handle terminated in a hook, by which, if re- quired, they were suspended to a nail.1 Many were ornamented with the lotus flower ; the handles of others were made to repre- sent an animal or a human figure ; some were of a very arbitrary shape ; and a smaller kind of a round form, probably intended for taking ointment out of a vase and transferring it to a shell or cup for immediate use, are occasionally discovered in the tombs of Thebes. One in the Museum of Alnwick Castle is a perfect No. 313. Alabaster shell and spoon. Mutnm qf Alnwick CatUc specimen of these spoons, and is rendered more interesting from having been found with the shell, its companion at the toilet table.3 Simpula or ladles were also common, and many have been found at Thebes. They were of bronze, frequently gilt, and the curved summit of the handle, terminating in a goose's head, a favourite Egyptian ornament, served to suspend them at the side 1 Woodcut No. 310, fig. 2. ' Woodcut No. 313. Digiti zed by G00gk Chap. VH] SPOONS AND LADLES. 47 of a vessel after haying been used for taking a liquid from it ; and, judging from a painting on a vase in the Naples Museum, where a priest is represented pouring a libation from a vase with the simpulum, we may conclude this to have been the principal purpose to which they were applied. The gilding may either have been purely ornamental, or intended to prevent the noxious effect of wine, or other acid liquid, after being left in contact with it1 The length of the one in my possession is eighteen Fig*. 1, s. Bronse rimpula, in tbe Berlin Museum. 3. Of hard wood, in the same Museum. 4. Bronse sUnpalum, 1 foot 6 Inches long. It has been gilt No. 314. inches, and the lower part or ladle nearly three inches deep, and two and a half in diameter : but many were much smaller, and some were perhaps of a larger size. Some simpula were made with a joint or hinge in the centre of the handle, so that the upper half either folded over the other,3 or slid down behind it ;3 the extremity of each being furnished with a bar which held them together, at the same time that it allowed the upper one to pass freely up and down. Two of these are preserved in the Berlin Museum, where they have also a ladle of hard wood 4 found with the case of bottles, which, as I have elsewhere observed, either belonged to a doctor, or to a lady's toilet table. It is very small ; the lower part, which may be properly called the handle, being barely more than five inches long, of very delicate workmanship ; and the sliding rod, which rises and falls in a groove extending down the centre of the handle, is about the thickness of a needle. 1 They are the Greek hiathos, and were down. — S. B. dipped into the krater. Their age is * Woodcut No. 314, fig. 1. doubtful, aa they are not represented at * Ibid. fig. 2. a later period. The handle slid up and 4 Ibid. fig. 3. Digiti zed by G00gk 48 THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN& [Chap. VEL Small strainers or colanders of bronze have also been found at Thebes, but seldom more than five inches in diameter, one of which is in the British Museum, with several other utensils.1 That they washed after as well as before dinner, we may be allowed to conclude from the invariable adoption of this custom throughout the East, and among most nations of antiquity, as the Greeks,2 Komans,8 Hebrews,4 and others : nor can we for a moment suppose that a people peculiarly prepossessed in favour of repeated ablutions, would have neglected so important an act of cleanliness and comfort ; and Herodotus 5 speaks of a golden basin, belonging to Amasis, which was used by the Egyptian monarch, and * the guests who were in the habit of eating at his table.'6 The heat of a climate like that of Egypt naturally pointed out the necessity of frequent ablutions, and inclined them \f> consider the use of water an agreeable indulgence: and vfe frequently find many of the modern natives, who are not obliged by a religious prejudice to observe the custom of washing at meals, as particular in this respect as the Moslems themselves.7 The Greeks, at a remote period of their history, were not so scrupulous in these matters, and were contented to wipe their fingers, after meals, on pieces of bread-crumb (apomagdaliai), which they threw to the dogs;8 but it is probable that the refreshing habits of cleanliness always existed in Egypt, even when society was in its earliest stage. In later times the Greeks used an absorbent to scour the hands, for which purpose nitre and hyssop • were employed ; and though we have no evidence of its prevailing among the Egyptians, we may infer they had a 1 It is a mere model or toy of a table, to a royal scribe named Tahuti for his No. 5315, with rations shaped rases, all services, in the Museum of the Louvre, models or toys, and of small proportions. — has been published in * M&noiree de la S. B. Societe* des Antiquaires de France,' t. xzir. * Xenophon, Symposium, : ' After they 8ro. Paris, 1858.— S. B. had done washing and anointing, as was 7I allude to the Copts of Cairo: I the custom before meals.* Horn. (Od. A, cannot, howerer, say that the monks of r. 52) mentions the use of water before their convents are always so scrupulous meals ; and Aristophanes, in the * Wasps,* or so cleanly, mistaken zeal leading them speaks of the custom, after eating. to construe the censure pronounced by * Virg. ./En. L 701, and Georg. ir. 377. Christ against the Pharisees, into a pro- 4 The Pharisee * marvelled that he had hibition. not first washed before dinner.' (Luke • Whence they were called icvrks by the xi. 38.) Lacedsemonians. • Herod, ii. 172. He calls it a foot- • Conf. Psalm li. 7. The Jews only used basin, woZavtrrtip. it as a sprinkler (Numb. six. 18). • A gold patera giren by Thothmes III. Digiti zed by G00gk Chap. VII.] GBACE BEFORE MEALS. 49 similar custom, and, from lupins having been so long adopted in the country for the same purpose, that the doqdq1 of modern Egypt is an old invention, handed down to and imitated by the present inhabitants. Soap was not unknown to the ancients, and a small quantity has even been found at Pompeii. Pliny a mentions it as an invention of the Gauls, and says it was made of fat and ashes ; and Areteus, the physician of Cappadocia, tells us, that the Greeks borrowed their knowledge of its medicinal properties from the Romans. But there is no evidence of soap having been used by the Egyptians ; and if accident had discovered something of the kind, while they were engaged with mixtures of natron or potash and other ingredients, it is probable that it was only an absorbent, without oil or grease, and on a par with steatite or the argilla- ceous earths, with which, no doubt, they were long acquainted. We know that this scrupulously religious people were never remiss in evincing their gratitude for the blessings they enjoyed, and in returning thanks to the gods for that peculiar protection they were thought to extend to them and to their country, above all the nations of the earth. It cannot, therefore, be supposed that they would have omitted a similar acknowledgment pre- vious to and after meals ; 8 and even if the impulse of their own feelings had not dictated its propriety, the assiduous zeal of their spiritual pastors, who omitted nothing which could inspire the people with due respect for the Deity, would not have failed to impose upon them so important a duty. But on this point there is no need of conjecture : Josephus expressly states that the custom of saying grace before meals was practised by the Egyptians; and when the seventy-two elders were invited by Ptolemy Philadelphus to sup at the palace, Nicanor requested Eleazar to say grace for his countrymen, instead of those Egyp- tians to whom that duty was committed on other occasions.4 The Greeks, and other nations of antiquity, offered a part of what they were about to eat as primitue, or first fruits,5 to the 1 Pounded lupins, purposely prepared merciful God.' On rising from table, for washing the hands after eating. each repeats the ' £1 hamdoolillah,' Ttrmc* is the name of the lupin in Arabic, * Praised be God.' From this use of the and the ancient Egyptian, or Coptic, word word besmillah, they say, « Besraillah m&na,' is tippet. * Will you in the name of God (i.e. eat) • Pliny, xxriii 12. with us ? ' * The Moslems, before eating, say 4 Joseph. Antiq. zii. 2, 12. 'Besmillah,' or 'Beam Allah 4'rahman * Horn. 11. K, 219 ; Odysa. I, 231. Athen. fraheem,' « In the name of the kind and It. 27. TOL. IL E Digiti zed by G00gk 52 THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS. [Chap. VH. poetry1 were summoned to assist in its recommendation, and every lover of excess welcomed and adopted it, with sentiments evincing the same spirit as the exhortation of Trimalchio ; which is thus given by Petronius Arbiter : * To us, who were drinking and admiring the splendour of the entertainment, a silver model of a man was brought by a servant, so contrived that its joints and movable vertebra could be bent in any direction. After it had been produced upon the table two or three times, and had been made, by means of springs, to assume different attitudes, Trimal- chio exclaimed, " Alas, unhappy lot, how truly man is nought ! Similar to this shall we all be, when death has carried us away : therefore while we are allowed to live, let us live well." 'a The same sentiments were used by the Jews in the time of Solomon, and * the ungodly ' of his time thus expressed them- selves : * Our life is short and tedious, and in the death of a man there is no remedy : neither was there any man known to have returned from the grave. For we are born at all adventure, and we shall be hereafter as though we had never been,. come on, therefore, let us enjoy the good things that are present, ... let us fill ourselves with costly wine and ointments ; and let no flower of the spring pass by us : let us crown ourselves with rosebuds, before they be withered; let none of us go without his part of our voluptuousness ; let us leave tokens of our joyfulness in every place.' 3 The intent, however, of this custom, with the Egyptians, was widely different ; and even if from long habit, and the increase of luxurious manners, the good warning it was intended to convey was disregarded, or failed in its effect, still the original intention was good, and cannot, injustice, be condemmed as tending to immorality: and though Herodotus, who merely says that the guests were requested to * observe that man, whom they would all resemble after death,' and were exhorted * to drink and enjoy themselves,' omits to inform us if it was designed to inculcate a 1 Anacreon, Od. 4. Hor. Od. ii. 3, 13. sepulchres of Athens. | 0.302674 | -0.472254 | 1,065 | 4,307 | 237 | -1 | Literary Profiles | false |
99,902 | r_G_SPS_NARE174_1 | WTO | Various open data | G/SPS/N/ARE/174, G/SPS/N/BHR/198
G/SPS/N/ KWT/49, G/SPS/N/OMN/95
G/SPS/N/QAT/99, G/SPS/N/SAU/389
G/SPS/N/YEM/40
8 février 2019
(19-0739) Page: 1/2
Comité des mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires Original: anglais
NOTIFICATION
1. Membre notifiant : ÉMIRATS ARABES UNIS, ROYAUME DE BAHREÏN, ÉTAT DU KOWEÏT,
OMAN, QATAR, ROYAUME D'ARABIE SAOUDITE, YÉMEN
Le cas échéant, pouvoirs publics locaux concernés:
2. Organisme responsable : Saudi Food and Drug Authority (Autorité saoudienne des
produits alimentaires et pharmaceutiques)
3. Produits visés (Prière d'indiquer le(s) numéro(s) du tarif figurant dans les listes
nationales déposées à l'OMC . Les numéros de l'ICS devraient aussi être indiqués,
le cas échéant) : Boissons (ICS 67.160)
4. Régions ou pays susceptibles d'être concernés, si cela est pertinent ou faisable :
[X] Tous les partenaires commerciaux
[ ] Régions ou pays spécifiques:
5. Intitulé du texte notifié : The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia/The Cooperation Council for the
Arab States of the Gulf draft Technical Regulation for "Energy Drinks" (Projet de règlement
technique du Royaume d'Arabie saoudite/du Conseil de coopération des États ar abes du
Golfe concernant les boissons énergisantes) . Langue(s) : arabe. Nombre de pages : 10.
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2019/SPS/SAU/19_0760_00_x.PDF
6. Teneur : Le projet de règlement technique notifié établit les conditions que doivent
remplir les boissons non alcooliques contenant des stimulants tels que la caféine . Il ne
couvre pas les boissons pour sportifs.
7. Objectif et raison d'être : [X] innocuité des produits alimentaires, [ ] santé des
animaux, [ ] préservation des végétaux, [ ] protection des personnes contre les
maladies ou les parasites des animaux/des plantes, [ ] protec tion du territoire
contre d'autres dommages attribuables à des parasites.
8. Existe -t-il une norme internationale pertinente ? Dans l'affirmative, indiquer
laquelle:
[ ] Commission du Codex Alimentarius (par exemple, intitulé ou numéro de
série de la norme du Codex ou du texte apparenté) :
[ ] Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE) (par exemple, numéro
de chapitre du Code sanitaire pour les animaux terrestres ou du Code
sanitaire pour les animaux aquatiques) :
[ ] Convention international pour la protection des végétaux (par exemple,
numéro de la NIMP) :
[X] Néant
La réglementation projetée est -elle conforme à la norme internationale
pertinente? G/SPS/N/ARE/174 • G/SPS/N/BHR/198 • G/SPS/N/KWT/49 • G/SPS/N/OMN/95 • G/SPS/N/QAT/99
• G/SPS/N/SAU/389 • G/SPS/N/YEM/40
- 2 -
[ ] Oui [ ] Non
Dans la négative, indiquer, chaque fois que cela sera po ssible, en quoi et
pourquoi elle diffère de la norme internationale:
9. Autres documents pertinents et langue(s) dans laquelle (lesquelles) ils sont
disponibles:
− Australia Standard 2.6.4 "Formulated Caffeinated Beverages"
− Santé Canada (2012) Document d'orientation particulier à une catégorie -
Autorisation de mise en marché temporaire - Boissons énergisantes contenant de la
caféine : h ttp://www.hc -sc.gc.ca/fn -an/alt_formats/pdf/legislation/guide -
ld/guidance -.caf-drink-boiss-tma-amt-eng.pdf
− (EU) n° 1169 Règlement concernant l'information des consommateurs sur les denrées
alimentaires
10. Date projetée pour l'adoption (jj/mm/aa) : à déterminer.
Date projetée pour la publication ( jj/mm/aa ): à déterminer.
11. Date projetée pour l'entrée en vigueur : [X] Six mois à compter de la date de
publication, et/ou ( jj/mm/aa ):
[ ] Mesure de facilitation du commerce
12. Date limite pour la présentation des observations : [X] Soixante jours à compter
de la date de distribut ion de la notification et/ou ( jj/mm/aa ): 9 avril 2 019
Organisme ou autorité désigné pour traiter les observations : [X] autorité
nationale responsable des notifications, [X] point d'information national.
Adresse, numéro de fax et adresse électronique (s'il y a lieu) d'un autre
organisme:
Saudi Food and Drug Authority
SFDA - 3292 North Ring road Al Nafel Area Unt (1) - Riyadh 13312 - 6288
Téléphone : +(966 11) 275 9222, int. 3331.
Fax: +(966 11) 210 9825
Courrier électronique : [email protected]
Site Web: http://www.sfda.gov.sa/
13. Texte(s) disponible(s) auprès de : [X] autorité nationale responsable des
notifications, [X] point d'information nationa l. Adresse, numéro de fax et
adresse électronique (s'il y a lieu) d'un autre organisme:
Saudi Food and Drug Authority
SFDA - 3292 North Ring road Al Nafel Area Unt (1) - Riyadh 13312 - 6288
Téléphone : +(966 11) 275 9222, int. 3331.
Fax: +(966 11) 210 9825
Courrier électronique : [email protected]
Site Web: http://www.sfda.gov.sa/.
| 0.114105 | -0.664132 | 675 | 2,759 | 51 | 51 | World Trade Agreements | false |
99,903 | github_open_source_100_2_8320 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import Image from "next/image";
import styled from "styled-components";
const HeaderLogo = () => {
return (
<StyledContainer>
<Image
src="/images/logo.svg"
height={40}
width={40}
objectFit="contain"
alt="logo"
/>
</StyledContainer>
);
};
export default HeaderLogo;
const StyledContainer = styled.div`
margin-right: 0.75rem;
`;
| 0.105674 | 0.711709 | 3,491 | 14,022 | 70 | 70 | React Components & Styling | false |
99,904 | US-201514700925-A_2 | USPTO | Public Domain | FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating another method 800 according to an exemplary embodiment. As shown, method 800 involves determining how much heat would vaporize an interfacial layer of ice (step 802). Method 800 further includes using a first pulsed heating technique to melt the interfacial layer (step 804). Method 800 further includes using a second pulsed heating technique to vaporize the melted layer (step 806).
FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating another method 900 according to an exemplary embodiment. As shown, method 900 involves determining ice thickness at several locations on a surface (step 902). Method 900 further includes determining which portions of the interfacial layer to vaporize, based on the ice thickness (step 904). Method 900 further includes determining the amount of pulsed heating to be applied, based on the ice thickness (step 906). Method 900 further includes applying the determined amount of pulsed heating to determined portions of the interfacial layer (step 908).
FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating another method 1000 according to an exemplary embodiment. As shown, method 1000 involves determining temperature at several locations on a surface (step 1002). Method 1000 further includes determining which portions of the interfacial layer to vaporize, based on the temperature (step 1004). Method 1000 further includes determining the amount of pulsed heating to be applied, based on the temperature (step 1006). Method 1000 further includes applying the determined amount of pulsed heating to determined portions of the interfacial layer (step 1008).
FIGS. 11A and 11B are a flowchart steps illustrating other exemplary steps that may be done in addition to the steps of method 700 according to an exemplary embodiment. As shown in FIG. 11A, method 1100 includes applying a mechanical vibration to the surface (step 1102). As shown in FIG. 11B, method 1110 includes applying gas pressure to the interfacial layer (step 1112).
Although FIGS. 7-11B show particular steps and particular step orderings, exemplary methods may include additional steps, omit shown steps, or reorder the steps in a variety of ways. In the following sections, aspects of each illustrated method, along with other exemplary procedures, are discussed with reference to the systems illustrated in FIGS. 1-4 and the example methods of FIGS. 7-11B.
A. Determining Ice Characteristics
Deicer 200 may use various sensors and systems (generalized in some cases as ice detection system 204) to determine properties of ice 102. For example, deicer 200 may use sensors to detect the thickness of the ice at various positions across surface 204. As another example, deicer 200 may use other sensors to determine the temperature of the ice. Further still, deicer 200 may determine the chemical/material profile for ice 102. Other examples are possible.
Deicer 200 may detect the thickness of ice at various positions on surface 104. The thickness at other locations may be determined by interpolation or extrapolation of the measured thickness at specific sites. Example detection devices and techniques are discussed in more detail in a previous section with respect to ice detection system 204. In some cases, deicer 200 may detect a numerical value of thickness for each portion of the ice. In other cases, deicer 200 may detect several discrete levels of thickness (e.g., very thin, thinner, thin, normal, thick, etc.) to characterize ice thickness. In still other cases, deicer 200 may use only a single threshold level of thickness. For example, the single threshold level may be a thickness that is indicated as undesirable by a user or computing control entity. As another example, the threshold thickness may be set below the undesirable thickness to help prevent ice from attaining the undesirable thickness while deicer 200 is attempting to remove it. As still another example, a single threshold thickness may be set at a very small ice thickness, so the thickness sensors simply detect the presence of ice on a portion of surface 104. In this arrangement, ice detection system 204 may function as an ice detector, sensing areas of ice accumulation rather than ice thickness.
In some embodiments, deicer 200 may detect temperature at or above surface 104. The temperature at some locations along the surface may be determined by interpolation or extrapolation of the measured temperature at specific sites. As with thickness, ice temperature may be treated as a numerical value, as a qualitative grouping value, or as a two-state value. A two-state value of temperature may be related to a physical threshold value (e.g., temperature of fusion for the material in ice 102, temperature of ice formation for water-based ice) or related to an indicated threshold temperature (e.g., a temperature that is indicated by user-input or control signaling from control circuitry 208).
In some cases, determination of ice characteristics may involve receiving indications of the ice characteristics from external sensors, control circuitry 208, or communication interfaces 316. Ice detection system 204 may then use the indicated values as the determined ice characteristics. In other cases, ice detection system 204 may generate characteristics data.
In some cases, deicer 200 may detect ice characteristics occasionally to facilitate monitoring of current ice properties. For example, ice detection system 204 may detect ice characteristics periodically. As another example, ice detection system 204 may detect ice characteristics in response to a signal from control circuitry 208 or communication interfaces 214. As still another example, one subsystem in ice detection system 204 may signal another subsystem to initiate detection of ice characteristics by the second subsystem. For instance, when ice-temperature sensors detect a threshold cold temperature, the temperature system may send control signaling to elements related to determination of ice thickness, instructing the ice-thickness subsystem to determine ice thickness. The opposite situation, with ice-thickness sensors signaling the ice-temperature subsystem, is also possible.
In practice, ice detection system 204 may change the frequency with which it checks characteristics in response to different stimuli. For example, ice detection system 204 may check the ice characteristics very rarely when little ice has been detected and increase the frequency in accordance with increasing quantities of detected ice. As another example, ice detection system 204 may detect ice characteristics very frequently when heating system 202 is in use, to provide feedback to heating system 202.
B. Determining Amount of Heating to Apply
Control circuitry 208 may include processing elements configured to determine how much heat to apply to each portion of surface 104 in order to efficiently remove ice 102. In some cases, the system may determine the amount of heat necessary to substantially vaporize a portion of interfacial layer 106. In other cases, the system may determine how much heat is necessary to prevent an already vaporized portion of interfacial layer 106 from refreezing to surface 104. In an embodiment that melts interfacial layer 106 and then vaporizes the melted layer, as in method 800 of FIG. 8, the system may determine the heat needed to perform each step of this two-step vaporization process.
The amount of heat may be, for instance, heat fluence (how much heat transfers across interface 108 into interfacial layer 106), heat flux (vector representation of heat transferred per unit of time), heat flux density (vector representation of heat flux per unit of surface area), heat flow rate (scalar representation of heat flux), or heat flow density (scalar representation of heat flux density), among other possibilities. In some cases, the amount of heat may be represented with a heat component and a temporal or spatial component as well. For example, the determined amount of heat may be reported as a heat flow rate and a time to particularly specify how heat should be applied.
The amount of heat necessary to vaporize interfacial layer 106 may depend on the temperature, thickness, material properties, and water concentration of interfacial layer 106. The necessary heat is dependent on starting ice-temperature because, in order to reliably vaporize the ice, it may be necessary to heat the ice, liquid, or vapor to a temperature above the ice material's natural boiling point. Therefore, if the initial temperature of interfacial layer 106 is colder, then the system may determine that more heat would be necessary to substantially vaporize interfacial layer 106. The thickness of interfacial layer 106 (as differentiated from the thickness of ice 102) influences the amount of heat needed for vaporization because, for example, the thickness of this layer may determine the amount of ice that is needed to be vaporized. The material properties of interfacial layer 106 may influence the amount of heat needed for vaporization because, for example, properties like density and crystallinity may determine how much material is contained in a volume of ice and how easily heat is transferred through interfacial layer 106. The water concentration of interfacial layer 106 may also influence the amount of heat needed for vaporization because, for example, the concentration of impurities in water may influences the boiling and vaporizing temperatures of interfacial layer 106. Other factors may also be taken into consideration.
In some embodiments, testing may be done to determine the relationship between the applied heat and the amount of vaporization. For example, the system may apply pulsed heating to one portion of interfacial layer 106 and then use ice detection system 204 to determine how much vaporization the heating caused. In other embodiments, the system may determine the necessary amount of heat from phase-change analysis, or some other analysis technique, without testing the system. For example, deicer 200 may store formulas and values for determining how much heat to apply to interfacial layer 106. Hence, deicer 200 may automatically determine the amount of heating to be applied to vaporize interfacial layer 106, without requiring testing or external input.
As a particular example of stored information, it is known that to sublimate one gram of water-based ice at 0° C., a system must, in some cases, apply at least 2,591 Joules of energy. Other heats of sublimation may be used for non-water-based ice and for determined concentrations of constituents in the ice. By inputting the mass of interfacial layer 106 and the starting temperature, such a formula may be used to determine how much heating is necessary to vaporize interfacial layer 106. The mass of the interfacial layer may be determined, for example, by determining the density of interfacial layer 106 and then estimating the thickness of interfacial layer 106 based on the frequency of the pulsed heating. In practice, heating system 202 may need to apply more energy to compensate for losses of heat throughout the system. In one arrangement, control circuitry 208 processes characteristic values received by input or detected by sensors before any heating is applied. In this way, the system may determine the amount of heat necessary to substantially vaporize interfacial layer 106 before applying this heat to interfacial layer 106. In some embodiments, results of the applied heat may then be used to determine effectiveness.
In addition to determining the amount of heat to apply for vaporization, deicer 200 may determine where to apply this heat. In some cases, an example deicer may determine that heat should be applied across the entirety of interface 108, resulting in vaporizing the interfacial layer at all points across surface 204. In other cases, deicer 200 may vaporize particular portions of interfacial layer 106, while not vaporizing other portions. Additionally, deicer 200 may melt some or all of the non-vaporized areas of interfacial layer 106.
By logically selecting particular portions of interfacial layer 106 to vaporize, deicer 200 may help to remove ice 102 without expending the resources necessary to vaporize the entirety of interfacial layer 106 or ice 102. For example, when deicer 200 vaporizes a portion of interfacial layer 106, the expanding vapor may exert a pressure on the surrounding ice. This pressure may produce strain in the portion of ice 102 that overlays the vaporized layer and in the surrounding interfacial layer. If sufficient strain is produced in surrounding portion of interfacial layer 106, then these portions may be pull away from surface 104 without needing to be vaporized. Alternatively, if sufficient strain is produced in the overlaying ice, then the overlaying ice may crack, weakening ice 102's structure to facilitate removal.
Deicer 200 may select portions of interfacial layer 106 to vaporize in one of several ways. In some cases, the separation between the selected portions may be chosen based on the thickness of the ice layer. In some cases, deicer 200 may vaporize connected portions of interfacial layer 106 to form lines and other patterns of weakened or broken ice. For example, deicer 200 may vaporize portions of interfacial layer 106 that form one or more lines across surface 104. Using such a technique, deicer 200 may create a fault lines in ice 102 that weaken the overall strength of ice 102. As another example, deicer 200 may vaporize a border enclosing an area of ice. The isolated areas of ice may then be more easily removed.
In some cases, deicer 200 may determine when to apply heat to each portion of interfacial layer 106. For example, once deicer 200 has vaporized a line of interfacial layer 106, it may then be beneficial to vaporize the portions of interfacial layer 106 that are immediately adjacent to the original vaporized line. Because each vaporized portion of ice can exert pressure on its surrounding ice, such a sequence of vaporization may require less heat to separate ice 102 from surface 104. As another example, after deicer 200 vaporizes interfacial layer 106 on a border around an area of ice 102, the system may determine that it should apply heat to a concentric area inside of the border, decreasing the size of the enclosed ice. At some point, the enclosed area of ice may break off from surface 104. Such a technique may preserve power resources, since deicer 200 may not need to apply heat to any portion of interfacial layer 106 that breaks off rather than being vaporized. As a further example, deicer 200 may determine that a certain amount of heat should be applied to vaporize interfacial layer 106 and then a lower amount of heat should be applied to keep interfacial layer 106 from reforming.
In some cases, ice thickness and ice temperature measurements may be used in determining which portions of interfacial layer 106 to vaporize. For example, if ice-thickness measurements indicate that significantly thick ice is present only in several separated areas, then deicer 200 may vaporize the interfacial layer 106 under only those portions of ice. As another example, if ice temperature measurements indicate that certain portions of interfacial layer 106 are warmer than others, then deicer 200 may select the warmer pockets of interfacial layer 106 to vaporize. As still another example, if no sufficiently thick ice is detected in an area, then deicer 200 may refrain from applying heat to that area.
In some embodiments, deicer 200 may also be programmed to determine where to apply heating based in part on the location and characteristics of topographical features. For example, some embodiments may involve vaporizing only the portions of interfacial layer 106 that are adjacent to topographical features. The vapor pressure produced by such a technique may be more likely to break ice 102, since it occurs near a point of weakness. In FIG. 4, such a technique may involve applying pulsed heating at heating locations 412A and 412F, so that breaking may likely occur at the portions of ice 402 above features 408 and 410. As another example, heating may be applied a preset distance away from topographical features (e.g., heat applied at heating locations 412C and 412D). As described previously, some ice near topographical features 408 and 410 may be weaker than other portions of ice 402. Therefore, if heat is applied at heating locations 412C and 412D, vapor pressure produced at these heating locations may break free the ice around features 408 and 410. For this reason, deicer 200 may be configured to vaporize interfacial layer 406 at heating locations that are a certain distance away from topographical features, such as features 408 and 410.
As heating is applied, control elements in deicer 200 may continue to determine how much heat to apply to each heating location across surface 104. Such a technique may involve receiving updates from ice detection system 204, communication interfaces 214, and other components. For example, if heat is being applied at a particular heating location, and ice detection system 204 detects that there is no ice at that heating location, then deicer 200 may stop applying heat at the location.
In some embodiments, deicer 200 may take ambient forces and conditions into consideration when determining how heat should be applied to vaporize interfacial layer 106. Ambient conditions can include, for example, air temperature, air pressure, wind speed, humidity. direction of gravity, and external forces, among other possibilities. For example, in response to detecting a consistent external wind force, deicer 200 may determine a portion of ice 102 that receives the maximum effect from the wind force and determine that heating should be applied to this area. Once the portion of interfacial layer 106 that is in the area of maximum effect is vaporized, the wind force may aid in the removal of that portion of ice 102. In some cases, the area of maximum effect may be received by deicer 200 via communication interfaces 214, rather than calculated dynamically. For example, if surface 104 is part of an airplane wing, the prevailing direction of the air flow over this surface may be known and preloaded into control circuitry 208, along with a heating sequence that starts near the area of maximum effect. In practice, the area of maximum effect may be determined based on how easily it could be removed by wind force and based on an estimation of how much surrounding ice will be taken with it. For this reason, an area of maximum effect may be close to the front end of a moving body (e.g., car windshield, plane wing, turbine blade, etc.). Other ambient forces, such as gravity or air pressure, may also be used in determining where and when to apply heating.
C. Vaporizing an Interfacial Layer
Once the appropriate amount of heating is determined, heating system 202 may output the determined amount of heat in order to vaporize interfacial layer 106. Heating may be applied in any of the various ways described above with respect to heating system 202. In some cases, heating system 202 may contain control elements to control the particular heating elements. In such an implementation, heating system 202 may receive signaling from control circuitry 208, or other control elements, that indicates the amount of heat to be applied at each area of surface 104. In other cases, deicer may receive signaling that controls the heating elements directly. In this case, heating system 202 is a passive element, acting on behalf of another device or system.
In order to keep the applied heat from spreading throughout ice 102, deicer 200 may apply pulsed heating (i.e., heating that is not continuous in amplitude). In some pulsed heating techniques, the heating may be applied for a first duration and then not applied for a second duration. In other embodiments, heating may be reduced, but not eliminated, during the second duration. In order to better control heat transfer, other embodiments may include more complicated sequences of reducing heat, increasing heat, and turning heat off. In order to ensure that the applied heat does not spread throughout ice 102, the duration of the heating pulses may be on the order of milliseconds or more preferably on the order of microseconds. The duration may also be selected based on thermal diffusion across the interfacial layer 106. Some implementations of pulsed heating may repeatedly alternate between high and low output temperatures, producing a successive (e.g., periodic) sequence of heating pulses.
In some embodiments, a control system or device may select the amplitude and timing of heating pulses may be controlled to achieve the desired vaporization of interfacial layer 106 and the removal of ice 102. For example, if one portion of interfacial layer 106 is not as cold as an adjacent portion of interfacial layer 106, then deicer 200 may shorten the timing of the pulses at the warmer portion. In this way, the deicer may increase the chances that both portions of interfacial layer 106 are vaporized simultaneously.
In some cases, deicer 200 may vaporize interfacial layer 106 by applying the necessary heat to sublimate (turn directly from solid to gas) the ice at interface 108. In practice, some of interfacial layer 106 may melt before vaporizing, instead of sublimating. In other cases, deicer 200 may apply the appropriate amount of heat to melt interfacial layer 106 first and, then, apply the heat necessary to vaporize the melted interfacial layer 106. In such a procedure, the heat to melt the interfacial layer and the heat to vaporize the melted liquid may be applied by separate heating device or systems.
D. Applying Vibrations and Gas Pressure
As shown by steps 1102 and 1112 of methods 1100 and 1110, some embodiments may involve applying additional forces to aid in removal of ice 102. In particular, an example deicer may apply mechanical vibrations to interfacial layer 106 to break up the connection between ice 102 and surface 104. Additionally or alternatively, gas pressure may be applied at interfacial layer 106.
Mechanical vibrations may be applied in various ways as described previously. In some cases, mechanical vibrations may be applied periodically to break up any ice has been weakened by deicer 200. In other cases, mechanical vibrations may be produced in response to receiving control signaling instructing vibration system 206 to produce vibrations. In still other cases, vibration system 206 may produce vibrations in response to receiving signaling that indicates the presence of ice, without receiving instruction signals. In other cases, mechanical vibrations may be applied at all times that deicer 200 is on.
In some embodiments, vibration system 206 may function as a single system to apply, or not apply, vibrations across the all of surface 104. In other cases, vibration sources may be independently addressed so that particular portions of surface 104 receive vibrations. In this way, certain portions of interfacial layer 106 may be broken at one time, without disturbing other ice portions.
When vibration system 206 is controlled by control circuitry 208, vibrations may be sent in response to determining that interfacial layer 106 is in a certain situation. For example, vibrations may be applied if heating has recently been applied to vaporize areas at or near portions of interfacial layer 106 and ice is still detected in the area. As another example, if heating is currently being applied to an area, vibrations may also be applied. As a further example, vibrations may be applied to ice-covered areas that are adjacent to areas where ice recently was removed. Other examples are possible.
In applying vibrations to a surface that has topographical features, vibration system 206 may specifically apply vibrations to areas around the topographical features. Additionally, vibrations may be applied in a direction that increases the effect of topographical features in vibration transfer. For example, if surface 104 has linear ridges projecting outward from its surface, then mechanical vibrations may be applied with a displacement direction perpendicular to the linear ridge and parallel to interface 108. In this way, the ridge may apply a majority of the vibration force directly into interfacial layer 106. As another example, if pointed topographical features are disposed on a surface, like knife edges 408 and 410, then vibrations may be applied with a displacement direction that is perpendicular to the plane of surface 104.
Gas may be provided for several reasons. For example, gas may be applied to increase the gas pressure at pockets of vaporized material. In this way, the vaporized portions of interfacial layer 106 may be used to for breaking up ice 102 and surrounding portions of the interfacial layer. As another example, heated gas may be applied to help in the melting and vaporization process or to help prevent refreezing by warming the area. As a further example, conditioned gas may be applied to replace vaporized gas being vented away from the interface. Such a technique may also help to prevent refreezing by removing vapor particles that are likely to refreeze. Other examples are possible.
In some embodiments, gas may be applied to certain areas in response to detecting a situation where gas may be beneficial. In other embodiments, gas may be applied at all gas outlet locations at a certain pressure. In such an implementation, gas would only be released at locations where the certain pressure is sufficient to push gas into interfacial layer 106 at that location. For example, gas would be released where interfacial layer 106 had already been vaporized or broken.
III. CONCLUSION
The construction and arrangement of the elements of the systems and methods as shown in the exemplary embodiments are illustrative only. Although only a few embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in detail, those skilled in the art who review this disclosure will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible (e.g., variations in sizes, dimensions, structures, shapes and proportions of the various elements, values of parameters, mounting arrangements, use of materials, colors, orientations, etc.) without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of the subject matter recited.
Additionally, in the subject description, the word “exemplary” is used to mean serving as an example, instance or illustration. Any embodiment or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or designs. Rather, use of the word exemplary is intended to present concepts in a concrete manner. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure. The order or sequence of any process or method steps may be varied or re-sequenced according to alternative embodiments. Any means-plus-function clause is intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents but also equivalent structures. Other substitutions, modifications, changes, and omissions may be made in the design, operating conditions, and arrangement of the preferred and other exemplary embodiments without departing from scope of the present disclosure or from the scope of the appended claims.
Although the figures show a specific order of method steps, the order of the steps may differ from what is depicted. Also, two or more steps may be performed concurrently or with partial concurrence. Such variation will depend on the software and hardware systems chosen and on designer choice. All such variations are within the scope of the disclosure. Likewise, software implementations could be accomplished with standard programming techniques with rule based logic and other logic to accomplish the various connection steps, processing steps, comparison steps and decision steps.
What is claimed is:
1. A control system for controlling the removal of a layer of ice from a solid surface, the apparatus comprising: control circuitry operable to determine a necessary quantity of heat to substantially vaporize an interfacial layer between the solid surface and the layer of ice; and a heating system interface communicatively coupling the control circuitry to a heating system that is configured to apply pulsed heating at the interfacial layer, wherein the control circuitry is configured to instruct the heating system to apply the pulsed heating with the determined necessary quantity of heat to substantially vaporize the interfacial layer.
2. The control system of claim 1, wherein the control circuitry is configured to instruct the heating system to apply pulsed heating to several separated areas of the interfacial layer.
3. The control system of claim 2, wherein the control circuitry is configured to: determine a thickness of the layer of ice; and determine a distance between the several separated areas, based on the determined thickness of the layer of ice.
4. The control system of claim 2, wherein the pulsed heating is applied to a first area of the several separated areas before the pulsed heating is applied to a second area of the several separated areas.
5. The control system of claim 1, wherein the control circuitry is configured to control an electromagnetic radiation source of the heating system.
6. The control system of claim 5, wherein the electromagnetic radiation is emitted from the solid surface into the interfacial layer, wherein a main frequency of the electromagnetic radiation is strongly absorbable in ice.
7. The control system of claim 1, wherein the control circuitry is configured to: instruct a first heating subsystem to melt the layer of ice at the interfacial layer to produce a liquid; and instruct a second heating subsystem operable to vaporize the liquid water.
8. The control system of claim 1, wherein the control circuitry is configured to determine a necessary quantity of heat to sublimate a portion of the interfacial layer.
9. The control system of claim 1, wherein the control circuitry is configured to instruct an ice detection system to determine the thickness of the ice using electrical techniques.
10. The control system of claim 1, wherein the control circuitry is configured to determine, based on received indications, locations where the thickness of the layer of ice is thinner than a threshold thickness, and wherein the control circuitry is configured to instruct the heating system to apply pulsed heating to the detected locations.
11. The control system of claim 1, further comprising an ice detector interface, communicatively connecting the control circuitry to an ice detection system, wherein the control circuitry is configured to: (i) receive, via ice detector interface, indications of a thickness of the layer of ice at each of one or more locations on the interfacial layer, and (ii) vary, based on the indicated thickness of the layer of ice any of the one or more locations, an amount of the pulsed heating that is applied to the interfacial layer at the one or more locations.
12. The control system of claim 1, further comprising a thermometer interface, communicatively connecting the control circuitry to a temperature detection system, wherein the control circuitry is configured to: (i) receive, via thermometer interface, indications of a temperature at each of one or more locations on the interfacial layer, and (ii) based on the indicated temperature at a location, determine whether to apply the pulsed heating to each of the one or more locations.
13. A deicing method comprising: detecting a layer of ice on a solid surface; and using pulsed heating to vaporize an interfacial layer between the solid surface and the layer of ice.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the pulsed heating is applied to several separated areas of the interfacial layer
15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: determining a thickness of the layer of ice; and determining a distance between the several separated areas, based on the determined thickness of the layer of ice.
16. The method of claim 13, wherein the pulsed heating is applied using electromagnetic induction.
17. The method of claim 13, wherein applying the pulsed heating is performed by applying electromagnetic radiation to the interfacial layer.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the electromagnetic radiation is produced by a laser source.
19. The method of claim 17, wherein the electromagnetic radiation is emitted from the solid surface into the interfacial layer, and wherein a main frequency of the electromagnetic radiation is strongly absorbable in the ice.
20. The method of claim 13, wherein using pulsed heating to vaporize a majority of the interfacial layer comprises: initially using a first heating technique to melt the interfacial layer, producing a liquid; and subsequently using a second heating technique, different than the first heating technique, to substantially vaporize the liquid.
21. The method of claim 13, further comprising: determining a thickness of the layer of ice at each of one or more locations on the interfacial layer; and determining which portions of the interfacial layer to vaporize, based on the determined thicknesses.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein determining where to apply the pulsed heat comprises: detecting, on the interfacial layer, locations where the thickness of the layer of ice is thinner than a predefined threshold thickness; and refraining from vaporizing the interfacial layer at the detected locations.
23. The method of claim 21, wherein determining which portions of the interfacial layer to vaporize comprises: detecting, on the interfacial layer, locations where the thickness of the layer of ice is at least a predefined threshold thickness; and vaporizing the interfacial layer at the detected locations.
24. The method of claim 13, further comprising: sensing a temperature of the interfacial layer at each of one or more locations; and using each temperature to determine whether to vaporize the interfacial layer at each of the one or more locations.
25. The method of claim 24, further comprising: using at least one of the sensed temperatures to determine a temperature at an additional location on the interfacial layer; and using the determined temperature at the additional location to determine whether to vaporize the interfacial layer at the additional location.
26. A deicing method comprising: detecting a layer of ice on a solid surface using a sensor; determining a necessary quantity of heat to substantially vaporize an interfacial layer between the solid surface and the layer of ice; and causing pulsed heating to be applied at the interfacial layer, wherein the pulsed heating is applied with the determined necessary quantity of heat to substantially vaporize the interfacial layer.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein the pulsed heating is applied to several separated areas of the interfacial layer
28. The method of claim 27, further comprising: determining a thickness of the layer of ice; and determining a distance between the several separated areas, based on the determined thickness of the layer of ice.
29. The method of claim 27, wherein the pulsed heating is applied to a second area of the several separated areas after the pulsed heating is applied to a first area of the several separated areas.
30. The method of claim 26, wherein applying the pulsed heating is performed by applying electromagnetic radiation to the interfacial layer.
31. The method of claim 30, wherein the electromagnetic radiation is emitted from the solid surface into the interfacial layer, wherein a main frequency of the electromagnetic radiation is strongly absorbable in the ice.
32. The method of claim 26, wherein causing the pulsed heating to be applied comprises: initially causing a first heating technique to apply the pulsed heating to solid ice at the interfacial layer, producing liquid water; and subsequently causing a second heating technique, different than the first heating technique, to apply the pulsed heating to the liquid water in order to substantially vaporize the liquid water.
33. The method of claim 26, further comprising: receiving indications of a thickness of the layer of ice at each of one or more locations on the interfacial layer; and determining where to apply the pulsed heating based on the indicated thicknesses.
34. The method of claim 33, wherein determining where to apply the pulsed heat comprises: determining, based on the received indications, locations where the thickness of the layer of ice is thinner than a predefined threshold thickness; and in response to determining that the thickness of the ice layer is thinner than a predefined thickness threshold, refraining from causing the pulsed heating to be applied.
35. The method of claim 33, wherein determining where to apply the pulsed heat comprises: determining, based on the received indications, locations where the thickness of the layer of ice is at least a predefined threshold thickness; and causing the pulsed heat to be applied to the detected locations on the interfacial layer..
| 0.718595 | -0.092019 | 1,910 | 7,533 | 88 | -1 | Nanomaterials Tech | false |
99,905 | 592992_2 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | Section 4 of the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. § 15, provides:
Any person who shall be injured in his business or property by reason of anything forbidden in the antitrust laws may sue therefor in any district court of the United States in the district in which the defendant resides or is found or has an agent, without respect to the amount in controversy, and shall recover threefold the damages by him sustained, and the cost of suit, including a reasonable attorney's fee.
As in the case of common-law torts, the right to antitrust damages is limited to those plaintiffs who can demonstrate a causal relationship between the defendants' unlawful conduct and their economic injury. See Perkins v. Standard Oil Co. of California, 395 U.S. 642, 648-49, 89 S.Ct. 1871, 1874-1875, 23 L.Ed.2d 599 (1969).
Section 16 of the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. § 26, provides in pertinent part:
Any person, firm, corporation, or association shall be entitled to sue for and have injunctive relief, in any court of the United States having jurisdiction over the parties, against threatened loss or damage by a violation of the antitrust laws . when and under the same conditions and principles as injunctive relief against threatened conduct that will cause loss or damage is granted by courts of equity____
In contrast to section 4, section 16 contains no requirement that a plaintiff prove actual injury to his business or property caused by the antitrust violation. Instead, section 16 authorizes injunctive relief for any person who demonstrates "threatened loss or damage by a violation of the antitrust laws." Thus it is generally said that section 16 imposes a lower threshold "standing" requirement on a plaintiff than does section 4. See, e.g., Bogus v. American Speech & Hearing Ass 'n, 582 F.2d 277, 288 (3d Cir.1978); L. Sullivan, Handbook of the Law of Antitrust § 247, at 772 (1977). The courts have applied section 16 "more expansively, both because its language is less restrictive than that of section 4, . and because the injunctive remedy is a more flexible and adaptable tool for enforcing the antitrust laws than the damage remedy." Bogus, 582 F.2d at 288-89; see Hawaii v. Standard Oil Co. of Calif, 405 U.S. 251, 261-62, 92 S.Ct. 885, 890-891, 31 L.Ed.2d 184 (1972); Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc., 395 U.S. 100, 131, 89 S.Ct. 1562, 1580, 23 L.Ed.2d 129 (1969).
In Zenith Radio Corp., 395 U.S. at 130, 89 S.Ct. at 1580, the Supreme Court reversed a court of appeals decision setting aside the district court's grant of injunctive relief stating:
The evident premise for striking [the injunctive relief] was that Zenith's failure to prove the fact of injury barred injunctive relief as well as treble damages. This was unsound, for § 16 of the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. § 26, which was enacted by the Congress to make available equitable remedies previously denied private parties, invokes traditional principles of equity and authorizes in-junctive relief upon the demonstration of "threatened" injury. That remedy is characteristically available even though the plaintiff has not yet suffered actual injury;. he need only demonstrate a significant threat of injury from an impending violation of the antitrust laws or from a contemporary violation likely to continue or recur____
Moreover, the purpose of giving private parties treble-damage and injunctive remedies was not merely to provide private relief, but was to serve as well the high purpose of enforcing the antitrust laws _ Section 16 should be construed and applied with this purpose in mind, and with the knowledge that the remedy it affords, like other equitable remedies, is flexible and capable of nice "adjustment and reconciliation between the public interest and private needs as well as between competing private claims.". Its availability should be "conditioned by the necessities of the public interest which Congress has sought to protect."
Zenith, 395 U.S. at 130-131, 89 S.Ct. at 1580 (footnote omitted). See also Mid-West Paper Products Co. v. Continental Group, Inc., 596 F.2d 573, 589-94 (3d Cir. 1979) (court held that the Illinois Brick direct purchaser rule did not preclude an indirect purchaser from obtaining injunc-tive relief against price fixing under section 16 of the Clayton Act.)
In view of the differences between sections 4 and 16, especially as explicated in Zenith, we conclude that the question whether a defendant has violated sections 1 and/or 2 of the Sherman Act is independent of the question whether each class member must have made a "demand" for staff privileges in order to obtain an injunction and/or treble damages; and that the putative demand requirement is only relevant (if at all) to a plaintiffs right to claim treble damages once a violation has been established. We therefore hold that where the plaintiff class is a (b)(2) class — i.e., one that seeks primarily injunctive relief — a demand by each member of the class is not a prerequisite to injunctive relief, at least where the plaintiffs have established that the denial of a physician's application for staff privileges is injurious to the physician's professional reputation.
2. The Requirements of Fed.R.Civ.P. 23
As we noted above, the district court, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 23, certified Weiss as the representative of the class of all osteopathic physicians in the York MSA. The defendants challenge that certification on two grounds: first that the plaintiff and plaintiff class do not satisfy the four threshold requirements for class action certification contained in Rule 23(a), and second that the district court improperly certified the plaintiff class as (b)(2) class. We address these contentions in turn.
a. Rule 23(a)
Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a) contains the threshold requirements for the maintenance of any type of class action. The Rule provides:
(a) Prerequisites to a Class Action. One or more members of a class may sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf of all only if (1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable, (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class, (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class, and (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.
For the reasons that follow, we conclude that the plaintiff class in this case satisfied the four requirements of Rule 23(a).
(i) Numerosity
The first requirement is that the class must be so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable. The defendants argue that because there are approximately 92 members in the class, all class members live and work in the York MSA, and all class members can be identified with "minimal effort" and joined in this action with "minimal inconvenience," the numerosity requirement has not been satisfied. The district court gave two reasons for reaching the contrary conclusion. First, the court noted that the primary relief sought by plaintiffs was injunctive, and stated that in such cases a "strict application (requiring the class to consist of hundreds or more persons) of the numerosity requirement is unwarranted." Weiss v. York County Hospital, Civ. No. 80-0134, at 9-10 & 19 (M.D.Pa. filed 3/28/81) [App. at 1513a-1514a, 1523a], citing Horn v. Associated Wholesale Grocers, Inc., 555 F.2d 270, 276 (10th Cir.1977) (class of 46 employees of defendant satisfies numerosity requirement where primary relief sought is injunctive) and Jones v. Diamond, 519 F.2d 1090, 1100 (5th Cir.1975) (class of 48 prisoners seeking injunctive relief upheld). Second, the district court concluded that the "individual interest in controlling this litigation is minimal." We agree with the district court that the numerosity requirement is satisfied in this case.
In most cases where a plaintiff seeks injunctive relief against discriminatory practices by a defendant, the defendant will not be prejudiced if the plaintiff proceeds on a class action basis, as opposed to an individual basis, because the requested relief generally will benefit not only the claimant but all other persons subject to the practice under attack. 7 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 1771, at 663-64 (1972). A judicial determination that a particular practice infringes upon protected rights and is therefore invalid will prevent its application by the defendant against many persons not before the court. Thus rigorous application of the numerosity requirement would not, as the district court noted, appear to be warranted. Also supporting this view is the fact that, as this case demonstrates, and as the district court observed, generally speaking, individual interest in pursuing litigation where the relief sought is primarily injunc-tive will be minimal. Id. Weiss demonstrated an obvious commitment vigorously to pursue the antitrust claim against the defendants. This commitment apparently did not escape the other D.O.s in the York MSA because no D.O. sought to intervene in the lawsuit or otherwise challenge Weiss' leadership.
Given our conclusion that the interests of the plaintiff class and the interests of the defendants will not be affected significantly by permitting Weiss to maintain this class action, we agree with the district court that a strict application of the numerosity requirement is not required here. Consequently, the district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that the class of 92 D.O.s who work in the York MSA was sufficiently numerous to satisfy the requirements of Rule 23(a)(1). Of course, 92 class members might be enough in any event.
(ii) Commonality
Rule 23(a)(2) requires that there be questions of law or fact common to the class, although not all questions of law or fact raised need be in common. 7 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 1763, at 603 (1972). The district court concluded that all class members were in a "substantially identical factual situation" and that the "questions of law raised by the plaintiff are applicable to each [class] member." While we concede that some questions have been raised with respect to Dr. Weiss that might not be raised with respect to other members of the class, i.e. the allegations of lack of professional competence and conduct, common questions by far predominate especially with respect to the claim for injunctive relief, hence we conclude that the second requirement of Rule 23(a) has been met. This case will have to be remanded for trial of the competence and conduct defenses of such damage claims as Weiss and members of the class may assert. There is no inconsistency between class certification, particularly (b)(2) class certification, and the individual trial of damage claims which may present disparate issues. See Halderman v. Pennhurst State School & Hospital, 612 F.2d 84 (3d Cir.1979).
(iii) Typicality
Defendants also argue that Weiss' claims are not typical of the class. Rule 23(a)(3) requires that the claims or defenses of the representative parties be typical of the claims or defenses of the class. The meaning of this requirement has historically been somewhat elusive. However, Weiss' claims are plainly "typical" of the claims of the class whichever of the several approaches to the meaning of this term is used. The essential legal claim of all the plaintiffs, including Weiss, is that they are osteopathic physicians who can not obtain staff privileges at York because of a scheme by the M.D.s who control admissions at York to exclude them in violation of the antitrust laws. In addition the factual matrix that suggests this legal claim is the same for all the plaintiffs, again including Weiss.
Defendants argue that General Telephone Co. of the Southwest v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 102 S.Ct. 2364, 72 L.Ed.2d 740 (1982) requires the conclusion that plaintiffs' claims are atypical of the class' claims:
There are obviously two disparate groups subsumed in the class certified below: the osteopathic physicians who have not applied for staff privileges, allegedly dissuaded by fear, and the one applicant who applied and was rejected. . [under Falcon ], Weiss could not be the class representative for the former group, and the two groups could not be encompassed in the same class.
Defendants' Brief at 26. This argument fails for two reasons. First, the Supreme Court in Falcon did not hold that the plaintiff could not represent the class; the Court merely held that the requirements of Rule 23(a) are not waivable in a Title VII case, and therefore that the plaintiff had to make the required presentation demonstrating that he satisfied the requirements of that rule. Weiss made the required presentation in this case and the district court found that the class was sufficiently numerous, that there was a commonality of issues, that the plaintiff's claims were typical of the class' claims, and that the plaintiff would adequately represent the class' interests. Therefore, Falcon is inapposite. Second, defendant's dichotomy between those who have applied and been rejected and those who are afraid to apply is not enough to carry the day, for, in essence, there is only one class advanced in this case — the osteopathic physicians in the York MSA who are the intended victims of York's discriminatory admissions policy. Thus, as we have stated, the typicality requirement is met in this case.
(iv) Adequacy of Representation
The fourth and final part of the Rule 23(a) test requires that the plaintiff must adequately represent the interests of the class.
Adequate representation depends on two factors: (a) the plaintiff's attorney must be qualified, experienced, and generally able to conduct the proposed litigation, and (b) the plaintiff must not have interests antagonistic to those of the class.
Wetzel v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co., 508 F.2d 239, 247 (3d Cir.), cert, denied, 421 U.S. 1011, 95 S.Ct. 2415, 44 L.Ed.2d 679 (1975). The quality and experience of plaintiff's counsel is conceded by the defendants. In addition, Weiss testified before the district court that he was willing and able (both financially and otherwise) to pursue this litigation, and that he could perceive no conflict of interest between himself and any class member. The district court concluded that Weiss would fairly and adequately represent the class. We agree and therefore conclude that the requirements of subsection (a)(4) have also been satisfied.
b. Rule 23(b)(2)
The defendants also challenge the propriety of the district court's certification of a (b)(2) plaintiff class; however, their objections are based on the failure of class members to have made a demand for staff privileges at York and on their contention that the requirements of Rule 23(a) have not been met. Since we have already decided both these contentions adversely to the defendants, we simply note that the class in this case is a classic (b)(2) class in that the defendants have "acted or refused to act on grounds generally applicable to the class" and the primary relief sought is an injunction against future discrimination. When a suit seeks to define the relationship between the defendant(s) and the world at large, as in this case, (b)(2) certification is appropriate. Thus we affirm the district court's class certification decision.
D. The Vicinage Requirement Of 28 U.S.C. § 1393(a)
The final preliminary issue is the defendants' contention that the district court erred in holding the trial in this case at the Lewisburg/Williamsport courthouse rather than the Harrisburg courthouse. The defendants contend that they had a statutory right pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1393(a) to be tried in Harrisburg. Section 1393(a) provides:
(a) Except as otherwise provided, any civil action, not of a local nature, against a single defendant in a district containing more than one division must be brought in the division where he resides.
Unlike numerous districts, the Middle District of Pennsylvania has not been subdivided by Congress into divisions. The Middle District has, however, been divided into a number of subdivisions by local court rule. All the defendants in this case reside in the Harrisburg subdivision, and they contend that section 1393(a) gives them the right to be tried there, and that the district court erred when it held the trial of this action in the Lewisburg/Williamsport division over their objection.
Section 1393(a) does provide that a defendant must be tried in the division of the district court wherein he resides; however, the statute only applies where the "divisions" have been created by legislative action. See Jenner v. Murray, 32 F.2d 625 (5th Cir.1929) (construing predecessor statute to present section 1393); Patrick Jobbing Co. v. Globe & Rutgers Fire Ins. Co., 21 F.2d 106 (W.D.Va.1927) (same). The Harrisburg division involved in this case was created by court rule not by legislative action. A federal rule of civil procedure promulgated by the Supreme Court cannot and does not affect venue. 1 J. Moore, Moore's Federal Practice H 0.143[3], at 1464 (2d ed. 1984). A fortiori a local district court rule is similarly limited. See id. Because the Middle District of Pennsylvania has no legislatively created divisions, see 28 U.S.C. § 118, section 1393's venue provisions are irrelevant to trials conducted there, and the defendants' vicinage claim must be rejected.
IV. THE SHERMAN ACT CLAIMS
We now turn to the substantive-law questions presented by this appeal. In part A of this section, we deal with the appeal from the district court's conclusion that the medical staff is liable to the class under section 1 of the Sherman Act; in part B, we discuss the hospital's appeal from the finding of liability against it under section 2 of the Sherman Act; and in part C, we review the propriety of the injunction issued against both the medical staff and the hospital.
A. Section 1 of the Sherman Act
In order to establish a violation of section 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1 (1982), a plaintiff must establish three elements: (1) a contract, combination, or conspiracy; (2) restraint of trade; and (3) an effect on interstate commerce. Each of these three elements has been the subject of extensive analysis by the courts, and we now turn to a discussion of that caselaw and its application to the facts of this case, taking the elements up in turn.
1. Proof of an Agreement: Is There a Sufficient Number of Conspirators?
In order to establish a violation of section 1, a plaintiff must prove that two or more distinct entities agreed to take action against the plaintiff. Before the district court, Weiss contended that the hospital and its medical staff were legally distinct entities and therefore capable of conspiring in violation of section 1. He also asserted that the doctors who joined together to form the medical staff were separate economic entities who competed against each other so that, as a matter of law, the medical staff was a "combination" of doctors within the meaning of section 1. Finally, Weiss argued that even if the individual doctors who made up York's medical staff were deemed by the court to be the equivalent of "officers or employees" of the hospital and therefore ordinarily not capable of conspiring with the hospital, nevertheless the doctors were acting for their own benefit in discriminating against osteopaths, and therefore fell within an exception to the ordinary rule that "officers or employees of the same firm do not provide the plurality of actors imperative for a § 1 conspiracy." Copperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp., — U.S. —, 104 S.Ct. 2731, 2741, 81 L.Ed.2d 628 (1984).
The defendants countered that York and its medical staff were legally one entity and therefore incapable of conspiring. In addition the defendants asserted that the individual doctors who made up the medical staff were the equivalent of "employees or officers" of the hospital and hence legally incapable of conspiring with the hospital. Finally the defendants asserted that they had not discriminated against osteopaths and therefore that the putative exception to the general rule did not apply in this case.
The district court concluded, and instructed the jury, that the medical staff was an "unincorporated division" of the hospital, and as such the two were legally a "single entity" incapable of conspiring. In addition, the court instructed the jury that the hospital, as a corporation, could act only through its "officers and agents," and that in proving that York had so acted, the plaintiffs had not shown the existence of a "contract, combination . or conspiracy." The court also instructed the jury, however, that if they found that some or all of the individual defendants took action against the plaintiffs "in whole or in part in their individual capacities and motivated in whole or part by independent personal economic interests, then such individual-named defendants are, under the law, independent economic entities . [and therefore are] legally capable of conspiring with York Hospital or its Medical and Dental Staff." App. at 5686a.
In response to these instructions, the jury answered the following special verdict question in the affirmative:
11. Did any of the Defendants conspire with any other person or persons, entity or entities, whether or not a De fendant, to deny or impede reasonable, fair, equal or full access to staff privileges at York Hospital by osteopathic physicians other than Plaintiff Weiss?
App. at 6247a. However, when requested by special verdict question number 13 to check the names of the defendants who so conspired, the jury checked only the single name: "York Hospital Medical and Dental Staff." On the basis of these answers, the district court held the defendant medical staff liable to the plaintiff class under section 1. On the question who conspired with the medical staff, the court stated only:
The York Hospital Medical and Dental Staff conspired with another person or entity to deny or impede reasonable, fair, equal, and full access to staff privileges at York Hospital by osteopathic physicians other than Plaintiff Weiss.
Weiss, 548 F.Supp. at 1051 (finding of fact No. 8).
The defendants appeal the district court's finding that there was a "conspiracy." They note that all the individual defendants and the hospital itself were exonerated from liability under section 1, and that because "there is no evidence in the record identifying any possible 'co-conspirator' " other than the individual defendants and the hospital, the finding that the medical staff engaged in a "conspiracy" is erroneous. The plaintiffs cross-appeal arguing that the district court's jury instruction concerning the capacity of the medical staff to conspire with itself and with York Hospital was erroneous.
We agree with the plaintiffs that, as a matter of law, the medical staff is a combination of individual doctors and therefore that any action taken by the medical staff satisfies the "contract, combination, or conspiracy" requirement of section 1. Any error created by the district court's jury charge on the requirements for a "conspiracy," however, was harmless because the jury found that a conspiracy did exist. In addition, because the medical staff itself is a combination as a matter of law, we conclude that the absence of evidence of any other co-conspirator(s) is irrelevant. We do, however, agree with the district court that the hospital cannot legally conspire with its medical staff.
Antitrust policy requires the courts to seek the economic substance of an arrangement, not merely its form. Copperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp., — U.S.—, 104 S.Ct. 2731, 2738, 2739-40, 2744, 81 L.Ed.2d 628 (1984); United States v. Sealy, Inc., 388 U.S. 350, 353, 87 S.Ct. 1847, 1850, 18 L.Ed.2d 1238 (1967); United States v. Yellow Cab Co., 332 U.S. 218, 227-228, 67 S.Ct. 1560, 1565-1566, 91 L.Ed. 2010 (1947); Appalachian Coals, Inc. v. United States, 288 U.S. 344, 360-61, 376-77, 53 S.Ct. 471, 474-475, 480, 77 L.Ed. 825 (1933). The "substance" of an arrangement often depends on the economic incentive of the parties. The York medical staff is a group of doctors, all of whom practice medicine in their individual capacities, and each of whom is an independent economic entity in competition with other doctors in the York medical community. Each staff member, therefore, has an economic interest separate from and in many cases in competition with the interests of other medical staff members. Under these circumstances, the medical staff cannot be considered a single economic entity for purposes of antitrust analysis.
In the past, the Supreme Court has had occasion to address the problems created by cooperative ventures among otherwise competing entities in a single market. See Silver v. New York Stock Exchange, 373 U.S. 341, 83 S.Ct. 1246, 10 L.Ed.2d 389 (1963); Associated Press v. United States, 326 U.S. 1, 65 S.Ct. 1416, 89 L.Ed. 2013 (1945). Both the AP and NYSE are organizations which serve an economically useful purpose: the AP allows smaller newspapers to combine their resources for the purpose of collecting, assembling, and distributing news; NYSE provides an organized market for the purchase and sale of securities. Yet in both cases, the fact that the defendant organization was a combination of otherwise competing entities was deemed sufficient to satisfy the "contract, combination, . or conspiracy" requirement of section l.
Two recent Supreme Court cases reaffirm that a single entity made up of independent, competing economic entities satisfies the joint action requirement of Sherman Act section 1. In Arizona v. Maricopa County Medical Society, 457 U.S. 332, 102 S.Ct. 2466, 73 L.Ed.2d 48 (1982), the defendants, the Maricopa Foundation for Medical Care and the Pima Foundation for Medical Care, were non-profit Arizona corporations composed of licensed doctors of medicine, osteopathy, and podiatry engaged in private practice. The Foundations were "organized for the purpose of promoting fee-for-service medicine and to provide the community with a competitive alternative to existing health insurance plans." Id. at 339, 102 S.Ct. at 2470. The Court simply assumed without discussion that the actions of each foundation satisfied the "contract combination . or conspiracy" element of section 1. Similarly, in National Society of Professional Engineers v. United States, 435 U.S. 679, 98 S.Ct. 1355, 55 L.Ed.2d 637 (1978), the defendant, an association of professional engineers organized to deal with "the nontechnical aspects of engineering practice," id. at 682, 98 S.Ct. at 1360, had adopted an ethics canon prohibiting competitive bidding. Once again the Court simply assumed, without discussion, that the defendant was a combination of its members. See also Virginia Academy of Clinical Psychologists v. Blue Shield of Va., 624 F.2d 476, 479-481 (4th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 916, 101 S.Ct. 1360, 67 L.Ed.2d 342 (1981) (Blue Shield of Virginia deemed an agent under the direction and control of its member physicians, and therefore its actions were that of a "combination" for section 1 purposes).
On the basis of these cases, we believe that the actions of the York medical staff are the actions of a combination of the individual doctors who make it up. In substance, the medical staff is a group of individual doctors in competition with each other and with other physicians in the York MSA, who have organized to regulate the provision of medical care at York hospital. Where such associations exist, their actions are subject to scrutiny under section 1 of the Sherman Act in order to insure that their members do not abuse otherwise legitimate organizations to secure an unfair advantage over their competitors.
The foregoing summary does not, however, end our discussion on this point, for we must consider whether errors in the district court's charge harmed any of the parties. The district court instructed the jury that "York Hospital and the Medical and Dental Staff of York Hospital must be regarded by you as a matter of law as a single entity which cannot conspire with itself." App. at 5685a. To the extent that this instruction indicates that the medical staff must be considered a single entity for antitrust purposes, it is at variance with our holding that the medical staff is a combination of the individual doctors who make it up. The plaintiffs, however, were not harmed by this error. In answer to the special verdict questions propounded by the trial judge the jury found that a conspiracy did exist, but that the medical staff was the only defendant that participated. See supra note 45 and accompanying text. Since the legal result of this finding is identical to that of our conclusion that the medical staff is a "combination," the district court's error was harmless.
Finally, we deal with the plaintiff's assertion that the district court erred in charging the jury that the hospital could not conspire with its medical staff. The district court found that the medical staff was an unincorporated division of the hospital, and as such the court determined that the two could not conspire. Although we do not necessarily agree with the district court's characterization of the medical staff as an unincorporated division of the hospital, we agree with its basic conclusion that, with respect to the issues in this case, the hospital could not, as a matter of law, conspire with the medical staff. The medical staff was empowered to make staff privilege decisions on behalf of the hospital. As such, with regard to these decisions, the medical staff operated as an officer of a corporation would in relation to the corporation. Although the members of the medical staff had independent economic interests in competition with each other, the staff as an entity had no interest in competition with the hospital. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court correctly charged the jury that there could not be a conspiracy between the hospital and the medical staff. But see Antitrust and Hospital Privileges, supra note 4, at 639-40.
2. Proof of Restraint of Trade
a. Introduction
Read literally, Section 1 prohibits every agreement "in restraint of trade." In United States v. Joint Traffic Ass'n, 171 U.S. 505, 19 S.Ct. 25, 43 L.Ed. 259 (1898), the Supreme Court recognized that Congress could not have intended a literal interpretation of the word "every," and since Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, 221 U.S. 1, 31 S.Ct. 502, 55 L.Ed. 619 (1911), courts have analyzed most restraints under the so-called "rule of reason." As its name suggests, the rule of reason requires the factfinder to decide whether, under all the circumstances of the case, the restrictive practice imposes an unreasonable restraint on competition.
The courts have also, however, applied a rule of per se illegality to certain types of business practices. The development of per se rules has resulted from a recognition that the case-by-case approach inherent in the rule of reason has significant costs, and that certain types of business practices almost always have anticompeti-tive effects without offsetting pro-competitive effects. In applying the per se rules, a court eschews the ordinary evaluation of the effect of the challenged practice, and concentrates instead on the question whether the practice falls within one of the categories of practices condemned by the per se rule. In this case, the plaintiffs argued that the actions of the defendants were the equivalent of a boycott, or as it is sometimes called, a concerted refusal to deal, and thus illegal per se. We now turn to that inquiry.
The true test of legality is whether the restraint imposed is such as merely regulates and perhaps thereby promotes competition or whether it is such as may suppress or even destroy competition. To determine that question the court must ordinarily consider the facts peculiar to the business to which the restraint is applied; its condition before and after the restraint was imposed: the nature of the restraint and its effect, actual or probable. The history of the restraint, the evil believed to exist, the reason for adopting the particular remedy, the purpose or end sought to be attained, are all relevant facts. This is not because a good intention will save an otherwise objectionable regulation or the reverse; but because knowledge of intent may help the court to interpret facts and to predict consequences.
b. Is Defendants' Exclusionary Conduct the Equivalent of a Concerted Refusal to Deal ("Boycott")?
The jury found that the defendants had engaged in a policy of discrimination against Dr. Weiss and the other D.O.s in the York MSA by applying unfair, unequal, and unreasonable procedures in reviewing their applications. Weiss, 548 F.Supp. at 1051 (findings of fact Nos. 5-8). In addition, the district court concluded that this unfair, unreasonable, and unequal treatment "could reasonably be anticipated [by the defendants] to cause osteopathic physicians to refrain from applying for staff privileges at the York Hospital." Weiss, 548 F.Supp. at 1053 (finding of fact No. 31). The question before us is whether these actions should properly be characterized as a "group boycott" or "concerted refusal to deal," in which case they are illegal per se under section 1. See United States v. General Motors Corp., 384 U.S. 127, 86 S.Ct. 1321, 16 L.Ed.2d 415 (1966); Silver v. New York Stock Exchange, 373 U.S. 341, 83 S.Ct. 1246, 10 L.Ed.2d 389 (1963); Radiant Burners, Inc. v. Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co., 364 U.S. 656, 81 S.Ct. 365, 5 L.Ed.2d 358 (1961); Klor's, Inc. v. Broadway-Hale Stores, Inc., 359 U.S. 207, 79 S.Ct. 705, 3 L.Ed.2d 741 (1959); Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC, 312 U.S. 457, 61 S.Ct. 703, 85 L.Ed. 949 (1941); Eastern States Retail Lumber Dealers' Ass'n v. United States, 234 U.S. 600, 34 S.Ct. 951, 58 L.Ed. 1490 (1914). If the defendants' actions cannot be so characterized, the rule of reason analysis would apply and the outcome of the case could be different. But see infra note 61. We conclude that the defendants' actions, as found in the district court, are the equivalent of a concerted refusal to deal.
The classic example of a concerted refusal to deal is the situation in which businesses at one level of production or distribution, e.g., retailers, use the threat of a boycott to induce businesses at another level, e.g., manufacturers, not to deal with competitors of the retailers. As Professor Sullivan has observed, "The boycotting group members, in effect, say to their suppliers or to their customers, 'If you don't stop dealing with non-group members, we will stop dealing with you.' If continued trade with group members is more important to a supplier or customer than is trading with non-group members, this threat will be effective." L. Sullivan, Handbook of the Law of Antitrust § 83, at 230 (1977).
In this ease York is a provider of hospital services; for the purpose of our analysis, the equivalent of the manufacturer in the example of a classical boycott. Similarly, the M.D.s are the equivalent of the retailers in the example, in the sense that physicians require access to a hospital in order to effectively treat patients. The difficulty with this analogy, at first blush, is that there is no evidence that the M.D.s have used coercion for the purpose of inducing York to exclude their competitors, the D.O.s. Upon closer analysis, however, the absence of coercion is irrelevant. A boycott is not illegal under the antitrust laws because of opposition to the use of coercion, but because it involves the use by businesses of an existing relationship with a supplier to exclude competition. In the paradigm case, coercion is necessary to induce the supplier not to deal with the competitors. In this case, because of the M.D.s' control over York's admission decisions, no coercion is necessary. The underlying antitrust violation is the same: a group of firms at one level of distribution, i.e., the doctors' level, have used their existing relationship with a supplier to exclude their competitors from dealing with the supplier.
We recognize that the facts of this case do not precisely fit into the mold of the classical refusal to deal. The refusal to deal is less than total insofar as York admitted Dr. Zittle and a number of other osteopaths. See supra note 13 and infra note 76. Arguably then, what is at issue is not a boycott but mere discrimination, which sounds less like a per se antitrust violation. However, given the evidence of the different standards applied to osteopaths and M.D.s and the second class citizenship afforded D.O.s upon admission to staff privileges at York, and in view of the adverse impact of these factors upon D.O. applications for York staff privileges, we are satisfied that the restrictive policy is, in purpose and effect, sufficiently close to the traditional boycott, that the characterization is appropriate.
The Medical Staff is, however, entitled to exclude individual doctors, including osteopaths, on the basis of their lack of professional competence or unprofessional conduct. See infra note 60. If York's policy toward D.O.'s could be viewed as a form of industry self-regulation of this type, the rule of reason, rather than a per se rule, would be applicable. See generally L. Sullivan, Handbook of the Law of Antitrust § 86-88 (1977). We recognize, therefore, that in many cases involving exclusion from staff privilege, courts will, more or less openly, have to utilize a rule of reason balancing approach. This case is different, however, because York has not contended that osteopaths as a group are less qualified than M.D.s. See supra note 4. In the absence of such a contention, or another legitimate explanation for the discrimination, we conclude that a per se rule should be applied, since the effect of the practice is identical to that of the traditional boycott, and plainly anticompetitive.
Congruent with the foregoing discussion, the Supreme Court has adopted an exception to application of the per se rule of illegality where the case involves a learned profession and where the restriction is justified on "public service or ethical norm" grounds. Thus unlike most cases where characterization of some activity as a classical boycott ends the inquiry, here, because the medical profession is involved, the rule of reason analysis may still control, as a "built-in" exception. We now turn to a discussion of this potential "escape hatch" to see if it can extricate the defendants from the "cut" of the per se rule.
c. The "Learned Profession" Exception
In Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 421 U.S. 773, 788 n. 17, 95 S.Ct. 2004, 2013 n. 17, 44 L.Ed.2d 572 (1975), in which the Supreme Court made clear that the medical profession is not exempt from the antitrust laws, the Court stated that the "public service aspect, and other features of the professions, may require that a particular practice, which could properly be viewed as a violation of the Sherman Act in another context, be treated differently." See also National Society of Professional Engineers v. United States, 435 U.S. 679, 696, 98 S.Ct. 1355, 1367, 55 L.Ed.2d 637 (1978). In Arizona v. Maricopa County Medical Society, 457 U.S. 332, 348-49, 102 S.Ct. 2466, 2475-2476, 73 L.Ed.2d 48 (1982), the Court partially explained this exception by stating that conduct which is normally subject to per se condemnation under section 1 will instead be subject to rule of reason analysis where the challenged conduct is "premised on public service or ethical norms." Id. In Maricopa, because the defendants did not attempt to justify their price fixing arrangements on either of these grounds, but instead attempted to argue that the maximum price levels were pro-competitive, the Court held that the per se rule controlled and consequently found that the defendants' conduct violated section 1.
In this case the defendants have offered no "public service or ethical norm" rationale for their discriminatory treatment of D.O.s. Indeed, their defense at trial was that they did not discriminate against D.O.s. Since the jury believed otherwise, we conclude that the per se rule governs this case, except to the extent that the defendants may defend as to the damage claims of Weiss or any class member on grounds of lack of professional capacity or unprofessional conduct.
d. The District Court's Charge and the Sherman Act Section 1 Verdict as to Weiss
As we have explained, the case was submitted to the jury on special interrogatories, and, based thereon, the district court made certain findings and granted injunc-tive relief. Because of our rulings on ap-pealability, see supra Part III B, we ultimately review here, in terms of the plaintiffs' section 1 claims, only the injunctive order. We conclude that a per se analysis, coupled with the district court's findings, provide the substantive basis for the issuance of an injunction under section 1 of the Sherman Act in favor of the class and that, as a matter of law, there is no grounds for distinguishing Weiss and the class under section 1 for purposes of in-junctive relief The district court entered an injunction in favor of both Weiss and the class, but held that Weiss was entitled to relief under section two. Although we reverse that holding, see infra part IV.B., we conclude that Weiss was entitled to injunctive relief under section 1.
The question of whether Weiss or any class member is entitled to damages, however, is in no way settled by our conclusion. In the trial on the question of damages, the defendants may raise the defenses relating to individual osteopaths, including the demand requirement defense as to members of the class, see supra notes 30, 32, and the defense of lack of professional competence or character as to both Weiss and the class. This is so even though, as we have explained, no such defense has been interposed as to osteopaths generally, thus facilitating our disposition of the injunctive relief claim under section 16. See supra at Part III C 1.
We must also address the question whether the professional competence and character issue has already been resolved by the jury's verdict with regard to Weiss. This requires a consideration of the relevant portion of the district court's charge. The court charged that a combination rule-of-reasonIper-se analysis applied to defendants' conduct:
Among the practices which the courts have deemed to be unlawful in and of themselves—that is the per se quality— are group boycotts or concerted refusals to deal.
In this case it is alleged that the York Hospital and members of its Medical Staff have conspired to exclude osteopathic physicians from the staff of the hospital or obtaining access to the staff. This would be a refusal to deal, per se and unreasonable restraint of trade.
If you find that the Defendants while acting in concert acted to exclude osteopathic physicians from the medical staff of York Hospital or treated osteopathic physicians in a way different from allo-pathic physicians, or acted unreasonably with the purpose or effect of excluding osteopathic physicians from the staff of York Hospital, I then instruct you that such conduct would be an unreasonable restraint of trade as a matter of law.
In determining whether or not a per se unreasonable conspiracy existed among any of the defendants as co-conspirators to refuse to deal with the Plaintiff Weiss, or the Plaintiff class, you may consider the validity of the reasons which such parties have given for any refusal to deal with the Plaintiff or the Plaintiff class.
Even if you do not find the defendants' behavior to be per se an unreasonable restraint of trade, you may still find that under all the circumstances the defendants' conduct was an unreasonable restraint of trade.
| 0.33091 | -0.850164 | 298 | 1,237 | 36 | 36 | Court Cases | false |
99,906 | github_open_source_100_2_8321 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #! /bin/bash
base64 /dev/urandom | head -c 5000192 > file.txt
| 0.3851 | 0.613062 | 3,308 | 13,272 | 293 | 293 | AWS EC2 & Route53 | false |
99,907 | github_open_source_100_2_8322 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Bafford\ElasticaExtraBundle\Provider;
use Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerAwareInterface;
use Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerAwareTrait;
class ElasticSearchProvider implements ContainerAwareInterface
{
use ContainerAwareTrait;
public function basicSearchTerms(array $queries = [], array $filters = [])
{
if(!$queries) {
$queries = [['match_all' => (object)null]];
} else {
$queries = array_values($queries);
}
if($filters)
{
$filters = array_values($filters);
if(count($filters) == 1) {
$filter = $filters[0];
} else {
$filter = $filters;
}
$filters = $filter;
}
if(count($queries) > 1) {
$queries = ['bool' => ['must' => $queries]];
} else {
$queries = $queries[0];
}
if(!$filters) {
return ['query' => $queries];
} else {
return [
'query' => [
'bool' => [
'must' => $queries,
'filter' => $filters,
],
],
];
}
}
protected function makeResultMap($terms) : \Closure
{
$resultType = 'source';
if(!empty($terms['fields'])) {
$hasID = (array_search('_id', $terms['fields']) !== false);
if(count($terms['fields']) == 1) {
$field = array_values($terms['fields'])[0];
$resultType = ($hasID ? 'id' : 'field');
} else {
$resultType = ($hasID ? 'fields+id' : 'fields');
}
}
switch($resultType) {
case 'id':
return function($v) { return $v->getId(); };
break;
case 'source':
return function($v) { return array_merge(['_id' => $v->getId()], $v->getSource()); };
break;
case 'fields':
return function($v) { return $v->getFields(); };
break;
case 'fields+id':
return function($v) { return array_merge(['_id' => $v->getId()], $v->getFields()); };
break;
case 'field':
return function($v) use($field) { return $v->getFields()[$field]; };
default:
throw new \InvalidArgumentException("Unknown resultType '$resultType'");
}
}
public function doSearch(string $index, string $type, array $terms, array $options = [])
{
$query = new \Elastica\Query($terms);
$itemType = $this->container->get("fos_elastica.index.$index.$type");
return $itemType->search($query, $options);
}
public function searchWithScroll(string $index, string $type, array $terms, array $options = []) : ElasticScrollSearch
{
$resultMapFn = $this->makeResultMap($terms);
$options = array_merge([
'scroll' => '1m',
], $options);
$query = new \Elastica\Query($terms);
$itemType = $this->container->get("fos_elastica.index.$index.$type");
$results = $itemType->search($query, ['search_type' => 'scan', 'scroll' => $options['scroll']]);
$scrollID = $results->getResponse()->getScrollId();
return new ElasticScrollSearch($itemType, $scrollID, $resultMapFn, $options);
}
public function searchPaginated(string $index, string $type, array $terms)
{
$query = new \Elastica\Query($terms);
$finder = $this->container->get("fos_elastica.finder.$index.$type");
return $finder->createPaginatorAdapter($query);
}
public function search(string $index, string $type, array $terms, array $options = []) : array
{
$resultMapFn = $this->makeResultMap($terms);
$results = $this->doSearch($index, $type, $terms, $options);
$arr = array_map($resultMapFn, $results->getResults());
return [
'total' => $results->getTotalHits(),
'results' => $arr,
];
}
}
| 0.50562 | 0.793338 | 3,696 | 14,688 | 293 | 293 | AWS EC2 & Route53 | false |
99,908 | https://persist.lu/ark:70795/b2z6nr/articles/DTL39_1 | BNL Newspapers | Public Domain | bchier:t:, te 0 nmars 15oo. Honsieur le Kédacleur, Nous venons de faire une perle sous tous les rapports bien affligeante pour noire commune. Mademoiselle Joséphine de Blochausen, après quinze années de souffrances continuelles, .supportées avec une résignation digne d'une sainte, vient de rendre son âme angélique à son Créateur. La consternation générale que la nouvelle de sa mort a produite, les larmes abondantes qu'elle a déjà l'ait couler, sont un panégyrique bien plus éloquent que iout ce que je pourrais vous dire à sou éloge. Douée de toules les qualilés les pins précieuses do l'esprit et du cœur, Mademoiselle de Blochausen était depuis de longues années, la mère de nos orphelins, l'ange lulélaire de nos familles indigentes. Non contente d'avoir toujours les îniiins ouvertes puur tous les malheureux qui avaient recours à sa charité, elle se luisait un plaisir d'aller elle-même à la recherche de la misère cachée. Malade ellemême elle ne dédaignait point d'aller voir, secourir et consoler les malades indigents jusque dans leurs chaumières; aussi dans tonte lu commune de Schieren il n'y a point de cabane si dégoûtante qui n'ait été visitée par cet ange de la charité. Je n'ai pas la prétention de fai/e l'éloge de toutes les vertus de Mademoisll: de Blochausen je ne finirais point Ceux qui ont eu le bonheur de la connaitre, ne l’eublieront amais, les pauvres la leureront e! ne esseronl de benir sa nmuin:ire. Ame d'élite, elle a porlé !a croix pondant quinze années consécutives, sans que j;.m;iis aucune plainle, aucune parole d'iiiipaliYnce soit sortie de sa bouche. C'est donc bien ici le lieu de dire : Bienheureux les morts qui meurent dans le Seigneur, car leurs bonne« œuvres les suivront.. | 0.40689 | -0.498186 | 1,069 | 4,186 | 240 | 240 | royalty biographies | false |
99,909 | 4158950_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Тяжёлая атлетика в Казахстане начала развиваться с 1935 года.
История тяжёлой атлетики Казахской ССР
Первый чемпионат республики состоялся в 1937 году. Начиная с 1954, штангисты Казахстана постоянно устанавливали мировые и всесоюзные рекорды, завоевывали высокие титулы на крупнейших соревнованиях. Степан Ульянов дважды (1958 и 1960) завоевывал титул чемпиона СССР, устанавливал мировые рекорды. А. Колодков, П. Ким, В. Дрекслер, А. Храпатый и С. Филимонов неоднократно устанавливали мировые и всесоюзные рекорды. Василий Мажейков (Алма-Ата) в 1975 году стал серебряным призёром чемпионата мира, Анатолий Храпатый — победитель Олимпийских игр (Сеул, 1988), неоднократный чемпионы мира, Европы, СССР, Спартакиады народов СССР, Юрий Зайцев стал победителем Олимпиады в Монреале (Канада, 1976), а Виктор Мазин победил на Московской Олимпиаде (1980). Сергей Копытов чемпион СССР и IX Спартакиады народов СССР (1986), а Евгений Сыпко — победитель IX Спартакиады народов СССР (1986), серебряный призёр чемпионата Европы (1987).
История тяжёлой атлетики Республики Казахстан
После распада Советского Союза именно А. Храпатый принес уже независимому Казахстану первую медаль чемпионата мира по тяжёлой атлетике.
С. Филимонов стал серебряным призёром Олимпийских игр в Афинах. А спустя год состоялся успех 17-летнего Кызылординского Ильи Ильина, который на чемпионате мира в Дохе (Катар) сенсационно победил в весе до 85 кг. Ещё через год он, перейдя в категорию до 94 кг, стал двукратным чемпионом мира, а в 2008-м — олимпийским чемпионом Пекина (Китай). В 2009 году на чемпионате мира по в Гойанг-Сити (Южная Корея) — 4 золотых медалей и второе общекомандное место. Среди них 16-летняя Зульфия Чиншанло (попавшая в книгу рекордов Гиннесса как самая молодая чемпионка мира) и Светлана Подобедова, выигравшие «золото».
На Олимпиаде-2012 в Лондоне казахстанские тяжелоатлеты выиграли 4 золотые медали: Илья Ильин, Светлана Подобедова, Майя Манеза и Зульфия Чиншанло. Но затем все четверо были дисквалифицированы Международным Олимпийским комитетом за применение допинга.
Федерация тяжёлой атлетики
Федерация тяжёлой атлетики РК была образована в 1992 году для развития в Казахстане этого вида спорта, входящего в программу летних Олимпийских игр. Федерация входит в Международную федерацию тяжёлой атлетики и Азиатскую федерацию тяжёлой атлетики.
Президент Федерации — Тусупбеков Жанат Рашидович.
Примечания
Ссылки
http://wfrk.kz/
https://web.archive.org/web/20130520222441/http://sk-sport.kz/fund/federation/6
https://web.archive.org/web/20161026081138/http://power-athletic.com/
Дополнительная литература
Спортивный Казахстан. Энциклопедический сборник.
Тяжёлая атлетика в Казахстане
Тяжёлая атлетика.
| 0.461587 | -0.423127 | 1,198 | 4,701 | 191 | 191 | Calendar History | false |
99,910 | 45050551_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Hermann Flade (22 May 1932 – 15 May 1980) was a German political scientist.
Flade was born in Würzburg. When aged 18 he was the victim of a show trial in Dresden in 1951 at which he was sentenced to death after he had been caught distributing sheets/pamphlets objecting to the undemocratic nature of the 1950 general election in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The show trial and the court verdict resonated well beyond the borders of the GDR, attracting a level of publicity that ensured Flade a permanent place in the history of the regime. Flade's death sentence was later reduced to 15 years in prison.
Life
Growing up
Hermann Flade was born in 1932 in Lower Franconia in the north-western part of Bavaria. In 1936 he moved with his mother and stepfather to a small industrial town called Olbernhau in the mining region of Saxony, near the border with Bohemia. He started his schooling there before the family moved some 80 km (50 miles) away to Dresden in 1942. Flade's parents instilled in him a strong commitment to Roman Catholicism.
In the year that Flade moved to Dreden, he joined the German Youth section of the Hitler Youth movement. Two years later, he resigned from the movement, which in the context of the times was a bold and unusual step for a twelve-year-old. In 1944 Flade progressed to secondary school. After February 1945, when Dresden was fire bombed, he and his mother returned to Olbernhau.
In October 1949, at his own instigation, he took a year out from school in order to work in the Soviet-controlled uranium mines nearby. This gave him first-hand experience with the appalling conditions in the mines and enabled him to provide financial support for his family. A year later, wishing to return to school in October 1950, he found himself enrolled in the Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ / Free German Youth), which was in effect the youth wing of the country's ruling Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED / Socialist Unity Party of Germany). During this time Flade also became friendly with the priest Arthur Lange, a refugee from Silesia who would come to exercise significant influence over him.
Leafleting
The German Democratic Republic was a young country, officially established only in October 1949, even though by that time the basis for its one-party political structure had in effect already been created more than three years earlier, when the region was under a more direct form of Soviet administration, with the creation, in April 1946, of the ruling SED (party). On 15 October 1950 the young country held its first general election for membership of the Volkskammer (People's Chamber), which was to be the national legislature under the country's constitutional arrangements. Simultaneous elections were also held for the Landtagen (Regional assemblies) and local government bodies. In conventional psephological terms the elections were not free. Also they were also not free in terms of the country's constitution which had been proclaimed on 7 October 1949 (and which would be extensively modified only after the 1950 general election). There was a single list of candidates and voters simply took the ballot paper and dropped it into the ballot box to vote for the candidate. Any voter prepared to vote against the candidate simply took the ballot paper and dropped it into a different box, without any secrecy. According to official figures, the ruling party's "National Front" list received the approval of 99.6% of voters, with turnout reported at 98.5%.
Flade was not supportive of this undemocratic election process. Using a toy printing set the 18-year-old produced 186 flysheets protesting against the election. One version denounced the "election fraud" while another, titled "The Goose", was a satirical composition concerning the massive reparations having to be delivered to the Soviet Union and the dire condition of the German Democratic Republic: "The goose waddles like [President] Pieck, croaks like [Prime Minister] Grotewohl and is plucked like the German people" Between 10 and 14 October 1950, Hermann Fade pasted his flysheets on houses, walls and lampposts. During the evening of 14 October he was surprised by a plain clothes policeman. Flade fled after resisting arrest using a pocket knife with which he cut the upper arm and the back of the plainclothes man, who was thereby lightly injured. Following an extensive search, on 16 October 1950, Fade was arrested and taken into investigative custody.
Trial
The hearing
Frade's trial opened before the Dresden regional court on 8 January 1951. The trial was organised and choreographed as a political show trial by the ruling SED (party). It was held not in a court room but in the "Tivoli Restaurant" in Olbernhau, the defendant's home town. The unconventional trial venue was able to accommodate more people than any other in the town. The "court room" was full, the organisers having obliged approximately, 1,200 party workers and members to attend. The trial proceedings were transmitted on the local radio station. Flade was accused of attempted murder. Sources agree that he attempted to resist arrest and, in a scuffle, cut the plain clothes policeman who surprised him on 14 October with a pocket knife. The court was told he had attempted to murder the policeman with a cutlass-style hunting knife.
One person whose responses had not been choreographed by the trial organisers was the defendant. To the evident chagrin of the court, he did not deny the facts, but justified his behaviour: "I said to myself, in an election you need [the chance to hear] more than one voice. Since I was not able provide that myself openly, because I would have been thrown out of school if I had, I had to do it at night in secret." ("Ich sagte mir, bei einer Wahl müsste auch eine andere Stimme gehört werde. Da ich das nicht offen machen konnte, weil ich sonst von der Schule fliegen würde, musste ich das nachts im Geheimen tun.") Nor was there anything choreographed or staged about Flade's hysterical cry, "I love freedom!" ("Ich liebe die Freiheit") which those present along with the radio listeners heard as the hearing reached its climax. Olbernhau was a town of some 10,000 people and the mining industry fostered close relationships between the families involved in it. Flade won the sympathy of many listeners because he had not been afraid to denounce the conditions in the uranium mines when he worked in them during his year taken out from school. His protests against the anti-democratic conduct of the 1950 election, already widely known locally, gained wider publicity because of the coverage given to the trial.
Sentencing
After a hearing that lasted for two days, on 10 January 1951, the court pronounced sentence. Hermann Flade was sentenced to death for
"Campaigning for the boycott of democratic institutions and coordinating with propagandists for militarism, attempted murder and resisting arresting officers".
("... Boykotthetze gegen demokratische Einrichtungen und Organisationen in Tateinheit mit Betreibens militaristischer Propaganda, versuchten Mordes und Widerstand gegen Vollstreckungsbeamte“)
The death sentence was greeted with widespread horror. In the town of Olbernhau one radio listener recalled later how her mother broke down, shaking and sobbing that the death sentence was too much. The families of the listener and of Flade were not close, but they would have greeted each other in the street, and the show trial had been massively publicised.
Internationally protests came from the CDU veteran, Ernst Lemmer and the major of West Berlin, Ernst Reuter, along with the recently elected West German chancellor, Konrad Adenauer, who charactised the court decision as an "act of terrorism" ("terroristische Handlung"). Within the German Democratic Republic there was a proliferation of slogans on walls. Highschool students at Werdau staged a particularly well remembered protest and were rewarded later in the year with their own show trial, culminating with lengthy prison sentences.
Sentencing rethink
In view of the reactions provoked, The Party now pushed for a rethink on the sentence. A date for an appeal hearing at the Dresden district court had already been set, although Flade's defence counsel was not permitted to submit the grounds for the appeal until less than 24 hours before the hearing, which took place on 29 January 1951. The Dresden court upheld the guilty verdict of the lower court and they rejected Flade's annulment application. But they commuted the sentence to a fifteen year jail term.
Prison
Hermann Flade remained in prison till 1960, being held in solitary confinement till 18 May 1954. He was held successively in the prisons at Bautzen, Torgau and Waldheim: it was in Torgau that he contracted Tuberculosis.
His parents had fled to the west immediately following his trial and conviction. Flade turned down an offer from the Stasi that he might be released if he could persuade his parents to return to the German Democratic Republic. After his solitary confinement was relaxed he made contact with a fellow prisoner who was a Mathematics professor, with whom Flade began to work on his own mathematical skills.
On 5 February 1958 Flade agreed to become an Informal collaborator (IM) for the Stasi, thinking that he might receive his freedom in return, but the Stasi mistrusted his motives and cancelled his IM status. It was only at the start of November 1960 that Flade was released, following an Amnesty.
Life after release from prison
Directly after his release Flade moved to Greiz, but just a few weeks later, before the end of 1960, he had managed to cross into West Germany to join his parents in Traunstein. He was greeted on his arrival at the main station at Hof (on the West German side of the inner German border), only to be removed to an undisclosed location by a reporter from the Hamburg based Magazine Stern. As a rival publication noted, he was then kept in "quarantine" by Stern until he had given his exclusive story to their reporter, also known as the novelist Eva Müthel (1932-1980), herself a former inmate of East German jails. In return, however, the magazine provided much needed financial support for the postponed conclusion of his schooling and further studies. Hermann Flade was 28 by the time he was able to complete his schooling, and he lost little time in passing his final school exams, some ten years later than would have been anticipated before the trial.
Published output
Deutsche gegen Deutsche – Erlebnisbericht aus dem sowjetzonalen Zuchthaus, Edition: Herder Freiburg, 1963. Taschenbuch (pocketbook/paperback) 284 pages
In 1963 he published a memoir of his time in prison entitled "Germans against Germans - A report of experience from the Soviet-zone prison" ("Deutsche gegen Deutsche – Erlebnisbericht aus dem sowjetzonalen Zuchthaus") News of the book's publication reached the inmates and the guards at the Waldheim prison back in the German Democratic Republic. A former inmate later recalled that the prison guards were outraged, but the prisoners reacted with deep satisfaction to the knowledge that conditions in the East German prisons had been described from personal experience to a western readership.
On finishing school, he studied political Science and philosophy at Munich and Mainz, gaining his doctorate in 1967 with a dissertation on political theory. He tried to obtain a job with the "inner leadership" of the West German army, but his application was rejected in case he might constitute a security risk. On 1 April 1968 he took a job as a research assistant with the "Association for German Reunification", and in 1969 he joined the deutsches Institut (Whole Germany Institute) in Bonn.
He was in Bonn when he died suddenly, a few days before his 48th birthday. Sources attribute his early death to the torture inflicted on him and the tuberculosis he acquired during his ten years in East German prisons.
References
1932 births
1980 deaths
Victims of human rights abuses
People from Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt
East German dissidents
Hitler Youth members
German prisoners sentenced to death
People from Würzburg
People from Erzgebirgskreis
Prisoners sentenced to death by East Germany
East German defectors
East German emigrants to West Germany
German political scientists
German autobiographers.
| 0.37428 | -0.439582 | 1,131 | 4,567 | 240 | 240 | royalty biographies | false |
99,911 | github_open_source_100_2_8323 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // Something you should know is I'm not proficient in nodejs so this is horrible but it works
const axios = require("axios");
const http = require("http");
const base64 = require("base-64");
const fastify = require("fastify")({
logger: false
});
function token(cookie, handle) {
var config = {
method: "POST",
url: "https://auth.roblox.com/v2/logout",
headers: {
"Content-Length": 0,
"X-CSRF-TOKEN": null,
Cookie: ".ROBLOSECURITY=" + cookie
}
};
axios(config)
.then(function(response) {})
.catch(function(error) {
if (error.response) {
if (error.response.status == 403) {
handle(error.response.headers["x-csrf-token"]);
} else {
handle();
}
}
});
}
function run(error) {}
function handle(config, callback) {
axios(config)
.then(function(response) {
callback(response);
})
.catch(function(error) {
callback(error, error.response.status);
});
}
var count = 0;
function apiRequest(url, request, reply) {
var method = request.query.method;
var config = {
method: method,
url: url,
headers: request.body || {}
};
if (config.headers.body) {
config.body = config.headers.body;
delete config.headers["body"];
}
if (config.headers.urlExtension !== undefined) {
config.url = config.url + config.headers.urlExtension;
delete config.headers.urlExtension;
}
if (config.headers.External) {
for (var k in config.headers.External) {
config[k] = config.headers.External[k];
delete config.headers.External[k];
}
delete config.headers.External;
}
var doYield = false;
if (config.headers.authenticate == "true") {
doYield = true;
token(config.headers.authentication, function(token) {
if (token !== undefined) {
config.headers["X-CSRF-TOKEN"] = token;
config.headers["Cookie"] =
".ROBLOSECURITY=" + config.headers.authentication;
delete config.headers["authentication"];
delete config.headers["authenticate"];
handle(config, function(re, isErr) {
var code = isErr || re.status || 400;
reply.code(code).send(re.data);
});
} else {
reply.code(400).send({
failed: true
});
}
});
}
if (doYield == false) {
handle(config, function(re) {
reply.code(re.status || 400).send(re.data);
});
}
}
function decode(encoded) {
return base64.decode(encoded);
}
// im not even good at js how in the hell did I write this and have it work
const delay = ms => new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms)); // may have stolen this from stackoverflow hehe
const last = [];
const pending = [];
const full = [];
const getShout = async function(groupId,res,rej) { // bad caching system LOL
// this makes it so you could make a large amnt of getShout requests and if one hasn't finished before you send the next it'll cache together
if(pending[groupId] !== false && pending[groupId] !== undefined) {
return pending[groupId][2];
}
const groupShoutPromise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {res = resolve;rej = reject;});
pending[groupId] = [res,rej,groupShoutPromise];
var errored = false;
var url = "https://groups.roblox.com/v1/groups/" + groupId + "/";
var handle = function(err) {errored = true};
var response = await axios.get(url).catch(handle);
pending[groupId] = false;
if(errored == false) {
res(response.data["shout"]);
return response.data["shout"];
} else {
res(null);
return null;
}
}
fastify.get("/shoutchanged/:groupId", function(request, reply) { // longpolling thing with somewhat caching
var groupId = request.params.groupId;
var run = async function(gid) {
var doBreak = false;
for (var i = 0; i < 22; i++) {
if(doBreak) {
break;
}
getShout(gid).then(function(resp){
if(last[gid] == undefined && resp !== null){
last[gid] = resp["body"];
}
if(resp !== null) {
full[gid] = resp;
if(resp["body"] !== last[gid]) {
doBreak = true;
reply.code(200).send({"currentshout":resp["body"],"success":true,"fullshout":resp});
}
last[gid] = resp["body"];
}
})
await delay(1000);
}
if(doBreak == false) {
reply.code(400).send({"body":null,"error":"timeout","success":false,"fullshout":full[gid],"currentshout":last[gid]});
}
}
run(groupId);
});
fastify.post("/request", function(request, reply) {
if (request.query.method == undefined) {
reply.code(400).send({ error: "no method provided" });
} else {
if (request.query.url !== undefined) {
apiRequest("https://" + decode(request.query.url), request, reply);
} else {
reply.code(400).send({ error: "no url provided" });
}
}
});
fastify.get("/", function(req, rep) {
rep.send("ping recieved");
});
fastify.listen(process.env.PORT, function(err, address) {
if (err) {
fastify.log.error(err);
process.exit(1);
}
console.log(`Your app is listening on ${address}`);
fastify.log.info(`server listening on ${address}`);
});
var projectName = process.env.PROJECT_DOMAIN;
if (projectName !== undefined) {
var url = "https://" + projectName + ".glitch.me/";
setInterval(() => {
axios.get(url);
}, 250000);
} | 0.327613 | 0.800314 | 3,690 | 14,804 | 267 | -1 | API Development | false |
99,912 | 1822286_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court for King County, No. 80-7-01020-2, James J. Dore, J., entered March 20, 1981. Affirmed by unpublished opinion per Andersen, C.J., concurred in by Durham and Corbett, JJ..
| 0.301677 | -0.892745 | 233 | 851 | 36 | 36 | Court Cases | false |
99,913 | 00271027-2024_1 | TEDEUTenders | Various open data | Marché public de services pour la conception et l'exploitation par un prestataire d'un Club 2024 - site de célébration des jeux olympiques et paralympiques de Paris 2024 - pour le compte de la Ville de Vincennes, dans l'enceinte du Château de Vincennes
Installation d'une FanZone pour les JO 2024
services
79950000
LOT-0001
Lot unique
Marché public de services pour la conception et l'exploitation par un prestataire d'un Club 2024 - site de célébration des jeux olympiques et paralympiques de Paris 2024 - pour le compte de la Ville de Vincennes, dans l'enceinte du Château de Vincennes
Installation d'une FanZone pour les JO 2024
services
1439947
79950000.
| 0.109212 | -0.571795 | 867 | 3,526 | 41 | 41 | Public Works Contracts | false |
99,914 | github_open_source_100_2_8324 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package uk.gov.hmcts.reform.wataskmanagementapi.auth.restrict;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import uk.gov.hmcts.reform.authorisation.validators.ServiceAuthTokenValidator;
import uk.gov.hmcts.reform.wataskmanagementapi.auth.access.entities.AccessControlResponse;
import uk.gov.hmcts.reform.wataskmanagementapi.config.LaunchDarklyFeatureFlagProvider;
import uk.gov.hmcts.reform.wataskmanagementapi.config.features.FeatureFlag;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Objects;
@Slf4j
@Service
public class ClientAccessControlService {
private final LaunchDarklyFeatureFlagProvider launchDarklyFeatureFlagProvider;
private final ServiceAuthTokenValidator serviceAuthTokenValidator;
private final List<String> privilegedAccessClients;
private final List<String> exclusiveAccessClients;
@Autowired
public ClientAccessControlService(ServiceAuthTokenValidator serviceAuthTokenValidator,
LaunchDarklyFeatureFlagProvider launchDarklyFeatureFlagProvider,
@Value("${config.privilegedAccessClients}") List<String> privilegedAccessClients,
@Value("${config.exclusiveAccessClients}") List<String> exclusiveAccessClients) {
this.serviceAuthTokenValidator = serviceAuthTokenValidator;
this.launchDarklyFeatureFlagProvider = launchDarklyFeatureFlagProvider;
this.privilegedAccessClients = privilegedAccessClients;
this.exclusiveAccessClients = exclusiveAccessClients;
}
/**
* Extracts client id from service authorization token and returns if client is whitelisted as privilegedServices.
* Note: This feature is sitting behind feature flag.
*
* @param serviceAuthToken the service authorization token.
* @param accessControlResponse the access control response containing userId.
* @return whether a client has been whitelisted in config.privilegedAccessClients property.
*/
@SuppressWarnings("PMD.DataflowAnomalyAnalysis")
public boolean hasPrivilegedAccess(String serviceAuthToken, AccessControlResponse accessControlResponse) {
Objects.requireNonNull(serviceAuthToken, "ServiceAuthorization must not be null");
Objects.requireNonNull(accessControlResponse.getUserInfo().getUid(), "UserId must not be null");
boolean isPrivilegedClient = false;
boolean isFeatureEnabled = launchDarklyFeatureFlagProvider.getBooleanValue(
FeatureFlag.PRIVILEGED_ACCESS_FEATURE,
accessControlResponse.getUserInfo().getUid(),
accessControlResponse.getUserInfo().getEmail()
);
if (isFeatureEnabled) {
String serviceName = serviceAuthTokenValidator.getServiceName(serviceAuthToken);
isPrivilegedClient = privilegedAccessClients.contains(serviceName);
}
return isPrivilegedClient;
}
/**
* Extracts client id from service authorization token and returns if client is whitelisted as exclusiveClient.
*
* @param serviceAuthToken the service authorization token.
* @return whether a client has been whitelisted in config.exclusiveAccessClients property.
*/
public boolean hasExclusiveAccess(String serviceAuthToken) {
Objects.requireNonNull(serviceAuthToken, "ServiceAuthorization must not be null");
String serviceName = serviceAuthTokenValidator.getServiceName(serviceAuthToken);
return exclusiveAccessClients.contains(serviceName);
}
}
| 0.537354 | 0.846011 | 3,825 | 15,202 | 242 | 242 | Service Implementation Examples | false |
99,915 | MMUBWA05:165171006:mpeg21_1 | Dutch-PD | Public Domain | 75 No. 5 Engelsche boerenkaas 70/- tot 80/-. Ganadeesche (50/- „ 64/-. Nieuw-Zeelandsche 51/6 „ 57/-. Nederlandsche Edammers 40+ 45/- „ 56/-. „ „ 30+ 42/- „ 44/-. 20+ 36/- „ 38/-. Nederlandsche Goudsche 45+ 65/- „ „ 40+ 49/- „ 57/-. „ „ 30+ 47/- „ „ 20+ 40/- „ 42/-. (H. Pyttersen.) Manchester, 23 Januari 1936. Bij het huidige lage prijspeil worden de continentale boters vlot geruimd. Voor de koloniale soorten wijst niets nog op eenige prijsverbetering. De prijzen liepen zelfs in de berichts- periode nog eenigszins terug, terwijl de aan voeren groot blijven. Heden bedroegen de prijzen voor: Deensche 115/- tot 116/- bruto Manchester. Finsche 111/- „ 112/- „ „ Zweedsche 110/- „ 112/- „ „ Nieuw-Zeelandsche 92/- „ 93/- „ „ Australische 91/- „ 92/- „ „ (L. Letter Ltd.) De invoer van boter en kaas in Engeland. Week van 9 t/m 15 Januari 1936. Boteraanvoer. V^|e Kaaaaanvoer. | | Vw°”fe cwts. cwts. cwts. cwts. Totaal. .201.652 168.575 Totaal. .49 957 6.568 w.v. uit: w.v. uit: Denemarken. 28.190 32.380 Nederland. • 2.741 2.626 Nederland. 6.205 6.975 Br. Koloniën’). • 45.267 2.956 Iersche Vrijstaat ■ 708 338 Zwitserland-. 377 194 De Oostzeelanden') 8.035 7.311 HetZuid.Halfrond’) 156.466 118.260 ’) M.n. Finland, Estland. Letland, Litauen, Rusland, Polen, Noorwegen, Zweden. *) M.n. Australië, Nieuw-Zeeland, Zuid-Afrika en Argentinië. *) M.n. Australië, Canada, Iersche Vrijstaat, Nieuw-Zeeland en Zuid- Afrika. Aanvoeren uit Australië, Nieuw-Zeeland en Argentinië: In de week Boter (kisten) Kaas (kratten) eindigend: 1936 1935 1936 1935 2 Jan. 208.960 248.530 6.080 32.100 9 Jan. 166.860 69.790 21.460 7.300 16 Jan. 345.530 380.880 13.480 43.950 23 Jan. 220.080 208.850 62.820 61.640 Worden verwacht gedurende de 7 dagen eindigend: 30 Jan. 316.000 270.370 40.150 30.670 6 Febr. 227.920 214.880 28.240 36.070 Waren zeilende: Boter (kisten). Kaas (kratten), op 23 Jan. 1936 1.223.430 195.130 een week geleden 1.158.160 205.000 een maand geleden 1.149.330 147.030 een jaar geleden 1.338.320 239.220 (Imperial Economie Committee.') DUITSCHLAND. Berlijn, 25 Januari 1936. Het heeft er in Berlijn helaas den schijn van dat boter weer uiterst schaarsch wordt. In ieder geval zijn slechts zeer weinig groothandelaren bij machte, hun afnemers volkomen te bevre digen. De aanvoeren uit de westelijke provincies worden steeds geringer en hoewel de productie in midden-Duitschland en Silezië aan het toenemen is, blijft deze toch achter bij die van Januari 1935. Het handelsverdrag met Denemarken is nog steeds niet afgesloten, doch men verwacht dat dit tegen Woensdag toch wel het geval zal zijn. Ook reuzel is thans uiterst schaarsch en wordt klaarblijkelijk opzettelijk achter- gehouden om het teveel aan margarine eerst aan de huisvrouw te kunnen slijten. FRANKRIJK. Parijs, 25 Januari 1936. Gedurende de berichtsweek had de markt een kalm verloop, terwijl de prijzen met 30 a 50 frs. per 100 kg terugliepen. Het weer blijft zeer zacht, waardoor de productie iets toege nomen is. Doordat bovendien — zooals gewoonlijk in de 2e helft van Januari — de vraag in den kleinhandel tamelijk gering is, worden de aanvoeren met moeite geruimd. Indien het weer niet spoedig verandert, moet men voor de komende week wel op een belangrijke prijsdaling rekenen. Vanaf Zaterdag 18 Januari bedroegen de prijzen van Normandische fabrieksboter resp. frs. 17.80, 17.80, 17.80,17.60,17.40,17.40; van die uit Charente frs. 18.50, 18.50, 18.50, 18.30, 18.—, 18.—. (A. Barthélemy S. A.) DENEMARKEN. Kopenhagen, 23 Januari 1936. Ondanks de aanzienlijke prijsdaling van de beide vooraf gaande weken, waardoor de Kopenhaagsche noteering lager kwam te liggen dan op het overeenkomstige tijdstip in 1935, viel tot nu toe slechts een langzame verbetering te bespeuren. Het verbruik blijft groot, doch de lage prijzen van het over- zeesche product gedurende de laatste weken hebben den verkoop van Deensche boter eenigermate dwars gezeten. Nu de klein handelsprijs echter algemeen verlaagd is, staan zoowel de handel als de verbruiker er beter voor. Reeds Woensdag was het duidelijk merkbaar dat de grootste belangstelling weer voor de Deensche boter was. Dientengevolge werden de aan voeren gemakkelijk geruimd en waren deze zelfs, in verhouding tot de steeds toenemende vraag, eerder iets te klein. Onder deze omstandigheden mag men wel aannemen dat we het laagste punt achter den rug hebben. De handel met Duitschland staat steeds nog in het teeken van verwachtingen. Van Deensche zijde beschikt men nog slechts over geringe resten van het oude contingent, terwijl de onderhandelingen nog steeds niet geëindigd zijn. In bepaalde kringen wordt op een voorloopige verlenging van het oude verdrag gerekend. Het is merkwaardig dat de lage Deensche noteering geen grootere kooplust in België en Frankrijk heeft kunnen teweeg N.V. NATIONALE BORG-MAATSCHAPPIJ OPGERICHT A°. 1893 AMSTERDAM Keizersgracht 163 'I' Zekerheidsstellingen voor Beheerders van Coöperatieve Zuivelfabrieken Borgverzekeringen Ban k-Garan t ies ♦ Sluit Uw verzekeringen bij een Nederlandse Maatschappij Een en Dertigste Jaargang Woensdag 29 Januari 1936 No. 5 OFFICI€€L ORGflfln von Den |flLG£m€€n€n-n€D£RLflnDSCu£n-zuiv€LBoriDl VERANTWOORDELIJK REDACTEUR: DE SECRETARIS VAN DEN F. N. Z. INHOUD: Blz. Officieel Gedeelte 61 Agenda 61 Concentratie (G.) 61 Benoemingen, enz 62 De aangesloten Bonden in 1935: Bond Van Coöp. Zuivelfabrieken in Drenthe 63 Van de Bonden: Bijeenkomsten van den Brab. Zuivelbond ... 64 Zilveren jubileum W. J. Veeningen (K.) 64 De Engelsche kaasmarkt gedurende het jaar 1935 65 Crisis-Zuivelaangelegenheden 65 De uitvoer van zuivelproducten in 1935 66 Werktijdregeling voor chauffeurs 67 Uit Vroeger dagen (LVI) (V. R. IJ. C.) 68 De kreatineproef Voor de bepaling Van de hoeveelheid acetylmethyl- carbinol en diacetyl (Dr. J. W. Pette) — Octrooi-Nieuws (N. G.) 69 Ondermelk voor kalveren met of zonder meeltoevoeging?. ... 70 Snelheidsproeven met auto’s bij het bedienen van klanten. ... 70 Technische Wenken — Afzetbelangen — Uit het Buitenland ... 71 Mededeelingen — Wisselkoersen — Marktberichten .... 73/74 Officieel Gedeelte. Samenstelling Bestuur F. N. Z. 1936. Als bestuursleden van den F. N. Z. zijn door de aange sloten Bonden voor 1936 aangewezen de heeren: W. v. d. Hengel, Achterveld, J. A. S. Krot, Enschede, door den Geld.-Overijsselschen Bond van Coöp. Zuivelfabrieken. H. Th. Oostenbrug, Rijperkerk, A. Dijkstra, Balk, door den Bond van Coöp. Zuivelfabrieken in Friesland. J. G. van Beek, Deurne, Jac. Remmen, St. Anthonis, door den Zuid-Nederlandschen Zuivelbond. Joh. M. Vos, Roosendaal, Y. Th. Terwisscha van Scheltinga, Etten, door den Brabantschen Zuivelbond. L. Dekker, Pesse bij Hoogeveen, G. J. v. d. Meulen, Ruinerwold. door den Bond van Goöp. Zuivelfabrieken in Drenthe. H. K. Koster, Wieringerwaard, J. Veldstra, Opmeer, door den Bond van op coöperatieven grondslag werkende Zuivelfabrieken in Noord-Holland. H. ten Have, Ezinge, R. Visser, Onderdendam. door den Bond van Zuivelfabrieken in de provincie Groningen. A. van Houweling, Peursum, door den Zuid-Hollandschen Zuivelbond. Gekozen uit de buitengewone leden hebben zitting de heeren : L. F. Britzel, Usquert, Prof. B. van der Burg, Wageningen. Adviseerende leden zijn de heeren : U. Kooistra, Leeuwarden ; Ir. R. G. Jonkman, Zutphen; H. Greemers, Roermond; Tj. \V. Booyenga, Assen; G. J. Janse, Breda; G. Nobel, Lutjewinkel; Ir. W. Pasma, Groningen en B. Schreuder, Arkel. Behalve de heer B. Schreuder (Z. H. Z.) zijn alle adviseerende leden tevens plaatsvervangend lid; voor den genoemden bond is plaatsvervanger de heer J. Snoek te Almkerk. AGENDA. Woensdag 29 Jan. Centrale Commissie van Aankoop. Crisis-Zuivel-Bureau. Donderdag 30 Jan. Prijzencommissies. Commissie-van Loon. Vrijdag 31 Jan. Bestuur Nat. Comité v/d I. Z. Propagandacommissie C. Z. B. Dinsdag 4 Febr. Dag. Bestuur N. Z. C. Concentratie. In het afgeloopen jaar is men in Friesland in een viertal gevallen tot combinatie van coöperatieve zuivelfabrieken ge komen, waardoor telkens een bedrijf kon worden opgeheven. Ongetwijfeld heeft deze concentratie van bedrijven in dezen tijd, waarin in de allereerste plaats naar verlaging der pro ductiekosten gestreefd moet worden, groote beteekenis. Ook in de andere provincies zijn voor en na dergelijke combinaties voorgekomen, doch dan meestal door de samensmelting van een aantal kleine bedrijven tot één groot, zooals in Noord- Holland en in den Zuid-Nederlandschen Zuivelbond, waar dit reeds vele jaren een schakel in de ontwikkeling der coöperatieve zuivelbereiding heeft gevormd, of zooals in Groningen waar men destijds een sterke centralisatie heeft zien plaats vinden, toen door de oprichting der groote coöperatieve fabriek van melkproducten te Bedum, als voort zetting van de eertijds bestaan hebbende melkproductenfabriek te Middelstum, een groot aantal kleine fabriekjes in dit ééne bedrijf werden op gelost. In het algemeen is deze ontwikkelingsgang van het fabriek matige zuivelbedrijf toe te juichen. De tijd, dat elk dorp a.h.w. zijn eigen zuivelfabriek moest hebben, is voorbij. Dat dit aanvankelijk zoo gegaan is, achten wij intusschen zeer verklaarbaar en begrijpelijk. In de 90-er jaren was de zuivel- coöperatie voor ons land nieuw. De meeste boeren verwerkten hun melk nog zelf op de boerderij tot boter en/of kaas. Vooral voor de boerinnen was het een heele stap om van dit oeroude bedrijf afstand te doen. In sommige gevallen werd de melk eerst naar een particuliere zuivelfabriek geleverd. Bij de stichting van een coöperatief bedrijf lag het voor de hand, dat men hierover het eerst met zijn dorpsgenooten tot overeenstemming kwam. Men kende elkaar en wist wat men aan elkaar had. Soms werd samenwerking met omliggende dorpen verkregen, doch in elk geval bleef het een buurtfabriek, zoodat de leden vrij goed van eikaars doen en laten op de hoogte waren. De coöperatie was — en is nog — een zaak van onderling ver trouwen. Dit bracht mee, dat men — vooral in den beginne — zijn werkgebied niet te ver kon uitstrekken. Daar kwam bij, dat de vervoergelegenheid der melk een heel andere was dan tegenwoordig veelal het geval is. De melk moest meestal met paard en wagen worden vervoerd en in sommige gevallen deden de boeren dit bij onderlinge regeling zelf. Het groote voordeel van een en ander was, dat de boeren sterk het gevoel behielden, dat de fabriek hun zaak was 62 No. 5 Vooral in streken waar het zuivelbedrijf zóó van de boerderij naar de coöperatieve zuivelfabriek werd overgebracht, behield men het gevoel, dat men weliswaar gezamenlijk deed wat vroeger elk voor zich deed, maar dat het toch het gemeen schappelijk bedrijf bleef, waarvan ieder lid met den gang van zaken op de hoogte bleef en mede de directe verant woordelijkheid daarvoor bleef gevoelen. In vele streken is dit nog wel zoo, maar elders is dit in de latere jaren toch sterk veranderd, vooral daar waar aan vankelijk aan een particuliere fabriek werd geleverd en ook bij het grooter en ingewikkelder worden der bedrijven, heeft het gevoel van het eigen gemeenschappelijk bedrijf ingeboet en is de verhouding van het lid tot de fabriek — hoewel reglementair in den regel nog wel dezelfde — voor het gevoel toch een andere geworden. Vooral daar waar veel en veraf wonende leden zijn, kan het ook niet anders, terwijl het saamhoorigheidsgevoel in de coöperatieve zuivelfabriek in het eene deel van het land ook sterker ontwikkeld is dan in het andere. Naast deze nadeelen, die meer van ideëelen aard zijn, staan echter ten aanzien der grootere fabriek voordeelen van materieelen aard en bieden de tegenwoordige omstandigheden mogelijkheden, die vooral in dezen tijd van doorslaggevende beteekenis kunnen zijn. Door het vervoer per vrachtauto en de betere wegen, levert het vraagstuk van het melkvervoer over groote afstanden lang niet meer die onoverkomelijke moeilijkheden op van vroeger. De bereidingsmethoden in de zuivelfabrieken zijn meer en meer gemechaniseerd en ver beterd, waardoor grootere hoeveelheden melk in korten tijd kunnen worden verwerkt. De kosten van verwerking der melk zijn gedurende en na den oorlog sterk verhoogd, waar door als vanzelf de drang naar zoo rationeel mogelijk werken ontstond, de onderlinge concurrentie der bedrijven deed de rest om steeds naar de verwerking van meer melk te streven en zoodoende het onkosteneijfer per eenheid zooveel mogelijk te drukken. Er zal steeds meer gestreefd moeten worden naar rationa lisatie en verlaging der productiekosten. Als vanzelfsprekend komt daaruit de overweging tot combinatie van coöperatieve zuivelfabrieken te voorschijn. In vele gevallen achten wij dat mogelijk en in het voordeel der coöperanten. Enkele oude vooroordeelen zullen uit den weg geruimd moeten worden en zeker zullen ook ideëele waarden daaraan opgeofferd moeten worden. Dit laatste erkennen wij gaarne, maar onze tijd is op dit punt meedoogenloos en wie zich niet weet aan te passen, zal vroeg of laat daarvan de nadeelige gevolgen ondervinden. Behalve de overweging der boven opgesomde en nog meer voor- en nadeelen, zullen bij overleg tot combinatie van bedrijven vele moeilijkheden zijn op te lossen. Wij noemen daarvan alleen de personeelskwestie en de regeling van den schuldenlast die nog op de bedrijven rust. Als regel zijn dit de moeilijkste problemen. Toch is op dat punt de huidige tijd niet de moeilijkste, omdat vele coöperatieve fabrieken thans tusschen de 30 en 40 jaar en sommige reeds ouder zijn. Indien men een gezond financieel beheer heeft gevoerd en goed voor zijn personeel heeft gezorgd, zullen de moeilijkheden, om tot combinatie met een zustervereeniging te komen, gemakkelijker zijn op te lossen, dan bij kort bestaan hebbende bedrijven met jong personeel en wij beschouwen het dan ook vooral met het oog op de toekomst onzer zuivel-coöperatie en in het belang van het veehoudersbedrijf als een zaak van wijs beleid dat de leiders der fabrieken, die hierbij belang kunnen hebben, hun gedachten eens over dit vraagstuk laten gaan om te zien of hierin ook voor hunne bedrijven een mogelijkheid tot voordeeliger exploitatie kan zijn gelegen. In dit verband willen wij nog op een bijzondere om standigheid wijzen die misschien aanleiding kan geven tot een andere wijze van combinatie dan die wij boven bedoelden. Wij hebben hierbij de fabrieken van gecondenseerde melk op het oog. Het is bekend, dat het er met den export van gecondenseerde melk naar Engeland niet te best voorstaat, daar dit land de neiging vertoont den import van dit product ten bate zijner eigen industrie steeds meer te belemmeren. Wij hopen dat onze regeering zich zoo krachtig mogelijk tegen een verdere inperking in dit opzicht zal verzetten en wij vertrouwen dat de betrokken bedrijven zich met de meeste energie door deze moeilijkheden zullen trachten heen te slaan. Maar het zou struisvogelpolitiek zijn om nu maar te doen alsof er geen vuiltje aan de lucht was, nu een land, dat tot voor kort 90 % van onze gecondenseerde magere melk importeerde, steeds verder tracht tot zelfvoorziening van dit artikel te komen. De bereiding van gecondenseerde melk heeft zich na den oorlog in de coöperatieve zuivelfabrieken nogal sterk uit gebreid. Wij gaan thans niet na, wat daarvan de oorzaak was, doch constateeren alleen het feit, dat dit product thans in 16 onzer aangesloten fabrieken — deels naar verhouding kleinere bedrijven — wordt bereid. Door de belemmering van den export naar Engeland, zal de condensafdeeling dezer bedrijven steeds verder moeten worden ingekrompen. Het gevolg hiervan is op deze afdeeling een verhooging van on kosten per eenheid geproduceerd product, daar gebouwen en machines te groot en personeel overcompleet wordt. Het zou naar onze opvatting van belang zijn, indien de betreffende bedrijven eens nagingen of ook hier geen concentratie mogelijk en de gelegenheid open is, om in een omgeving, waar thans b.v. nog twee of drie coöperatieve condensfabrieken werken, er een of twee stop te zetten, althans dit deel van het bedrijf stil te leggen en de melk voor dit product samen te brengen aan de fabriek die er het best voor gelegen en ingericht is. Met het tegenwoordige vrachtautovervoer kan het transport dezer melk geen te groot bezwaar opleveren en de onkosten, op de condensbereiding vallende, zouden hiermede op den duur zeker te drukken zijn, al erkennen wij gaarne dat ook bij een dergelijke combinatie vele moeilijkheden zullen te overwinnen zijn en dat zeker de stopzetting van bepaalde bedrijven aanvankelijk ook groote finantieele bezwaren met zich zal brengen. Wanneer men dit vraagstuk gaat bestu- deeren zal men echter ontdekken, dat aan een concentratie tot grootere bedrijven juist in deze industrie vele goede kanten zitten, vooral ook met het oog op den afzet naar veraf gelegen markten, waarop toch alleen een groot bedrijf zich goed kan instellen. Meer dan een aanwijzing in deze richting wil het bovenstaande niet zijn. Gezien de bezwaren die zich ten aanzien van den export van gecondenseerde melk voordoen en rekening houdende met den aard van het bedrijf, achten wij het vraagstuk echter ten volle de moeite waard om nader G. bekeken te worden. Benoemingen, enz. Benoemd tot le machinist aan de Coöperatieve Zuivel fabriek te Birdaard de heer J. Kuit te Zwaagwesteinde, thans als 2e machinist werkzaam aan de Goöp. Zuivelfabriek te Oudwoude. Mede op het tweetal kwam voor de heer W. Douma te Bied. Raadpleeg, wanneer U machines of werktuigen wenscht aan te schaffen, de -Ad verte ntië n in Uw Bondsorgaan 63 No. 5 De aangesloten Bonden in 1935. Bond van Coöp. Zuivelfabrieken in Drenthe. Leden. Per 1 Januari 1936 bedroeg het aantal gewone leden 37, totaal verwerkende ruim 177 mill. kg melk. Het bedrijf te Frederiksoord liquideerde. De melk van deze vereehiging wordt thans verwerkt door do coöp. zuivelfabriek te Steenwijkerwold. Het aantal buitengewone leden bedroeg 30. Bestuur. Tn de voorjaarsvergadering werden de statuten in dien zin gewijzigd dat de voorzitter voortaan zal worden ge kozen door de ledenvergadering. Aan de beurt van aftreding waren de heeren L. Dekker te Pesse en B. J. Kooistra te Beilen, terwijl de heer G. van Leusen te Frederiksoord wegens opheffing van het bedrijf be dankte als bestuurslid. Verkozen werden in bun plaats de heeren H. Hiddingh te Westerbork, H. Vrieling te Hoogersmilde en H. Dekker te Nijeveen. De ledenvergadering verkoos tot voorzitter den heer L. Dek ker te Pesse. Het Dag. Bestuur bestaat uit de heeren L. Dekker te Pesse, voorzitter; W. Stapel Gzn. te Haalweido en G. J. van der Meuten te Ruinerwold. In het F. N. Z.-bestuur wordt onze bond vertegenwoordigd door de heeren L. Dekker en C. J. van der Meulen. plaats vervangend en adviseerend lid de heer Tj. W. Booijenga. Commissies. In de Commissie voor de Boterkeuringen werd gekozen de heer K. Veenstra te Dalen. (Aftredend de heer T. Huizinga te Eelde.) In de Commissie voor Onderwijs werd gekozen de lieer P. van Veen te Hooghalen. ( Aftredend de heer P. Vries te Peize.) Voor de benoeming van een lid in de Commissie voor de jaarcontröle werd aangewezen het bedrijf te Havelte. Vergaderingen. Gehouden werden 2 ledenvergaderingen, n.1. op 1 Juni en 14 December 1935. 1 J u n i. De balans en exploitatierekening worden vastge steld. eveneens het jaarverslag. De statuten worden gewijzigd, waardoor in het vervolg de voorzitter door de ledenvergade ring wordt benoemd en steeds herkiesbaar is. De heer De Vries, oud-landbouwleeraar, houdt, een lezing over de propaganda voor het meerder gebruik van zuivelproducten. 14 December. De begrooting wordt vastgesteld met een omslag van 10 cent per 1000 kg melk. De secretaris doet uit voerige mededeelingen. De gebruikelijke verkiezingen vinden plaats. Ir. W. Bakker, Rijksveeteeltconsulent, houdt een lezing over , Stalvoedercontröle". Het Bestuur vergaderde 5 maal, het Dag. Bestuur 12 maal. Ter bespreking van de crisismaatregelen werden in de zes kringen vergaderingen gehouden, waar door den secretaris een inleiding werd, gehouden. Bovendien werd in twee kringen een buitengewone verga dering gehouden. Een 4-tal Samenkomsten van Directeuren \onden plaats. Boterkeuring. In 1935 behaalden 25 fabrieken een di ploma, n.1.: Gemiddeld. Afwijkingen. 1. Gieten  72.83 1 2. Dunne  72.38 1 3. Peize 71.58 1 4. Borger 71.21 1 5. Eelde 71.17 (i. Norg 70.96 8 7. Sleen 70.38 3 8. Noord-Barge  70.12 3 9. Zuidlaren 70.12 1 10. Hoogersmilde 69.92 10 11. Exloo 69.90 5 Gein idd eld. Afwijkingen. 12. Dalen  69.88 1 13. Wapserveen 69.79 10 14. Ruinerwold  69.42 1 15. Beilen  69.23 3 16. Westerbork 68.60 6 17. Havelte 68.60 12 18. Grolloo  68.56 8 19. Rogat  68.50 3 20. Roden  68.46 10 21. Koekange 68.23 11 22. Kolderveen 68.15 3 23. Assen  68.10 6 24. Hoogeveen  67.58 11 25. Eext  67.37 8 Het gemiddelde van al onze fabrieken bedroeg 68.01 (vorig jaar 67.72). Een Eere-diploma, als bewijs dat 10 keer een diploma werd behaald, werd uitgereikt aan vijf bedrijven, n.1. Norg. Sleen, Wapserveen, Havelte en Kolderveen. Een openbare keuring werd gehouden in De Wijk ten tijde van de groote landbouwtentoonstelling aldaar. 320 personen (bestuursleden en directeuren) waren aanwezig. Eveneens werd een openbare boterkeuring gehouden te Assen voor assistenten en botermakers. Ook hier was een behoorlijke belangstelling. De voorwaarden voor 1936 werden gewijzigd in dien zin dat het maximum aantal afwijkingen voor het diploma van 12 op 10 werd teruggebracht. Eens per maand vond weer een duurzaamheidskeuring plaats. Kaaskeuringen. 3 kaaskeuringen werden gehouden. Het aantal inzendingen was niet zoo groot als we dat gewend zijn. De productiebeperking zal hieraan niet vreemd' zijn. De boter- en kaaskeuringen vinden samen met den Gro ninger Bond plaats. Onderwijs. Voor de cursussen bestaat weinig belangstelling. Slechts enkele cursussen met weinig leerlingen konden worden gehouden. Controle. De administratieve controle vindt plaats aan 27, de technische controle aan 29 fabrieken. De administratieve controle vindt plaats per kwartaal, be halve aan 1 bedrijf, hetwelk maandelijks wordt gecontroleerd. De technische controle vond 8 maal plaats. Verschillende keeren werd door de controleurs technische hulp verleend aan de bedrijven. Gezondheidsdienst voor vee in Drenthe. Deze dienst omvatte 2016 veestapels. Bij het eerste onderzoek werden 1272 direct reactievrij bevonden. Door levering van vele reageerders aan de Centrale vermeerderde dit aantal belangrijk. Totaal werden onderzocht 12.541 dieren boven 2 jaar en 8.129 beneden 2 jaar. Van de eerste groep reageerden 1.458 dieren of pl.m. 11.6 %, van de tweede groep reageerden 124 of pl.m. 1.54%. De bestrijding vond plaats met rijkssteun Het is te betreuren dat vanuit Den Haag uitbreiding verboden was. Vooral onze jonge dienst werd hierdoor getroffen. Wel werd in het najaar de gelegenheid gegeven om toe te treden. Deze nieuwe leden kregen echter geen subsidie. Ondanks dit nadeel konden we toch bijna 4000 dieren inboeken. Wel een teeken dat ook in Drenthe veel belangstelling bestaat voor de bestrijding van de t.b.c. onder het rundvee. Verbetering van de melkwinning. Vele melkers en melksters volgden weer de cursussen in het melken. Aan de meesten kon een diploma worden uitgereikt. In het laboratorium van den Bond werden voor de leden 32.967 monsters onderzocht op aanwezigheid van strepto- coccen. In 172 monsters of ± 0.50 % kon de aanwezigheid worden aangetoond. 64 No. 5 Propaganda. In het voorjaar werd zeer veel tijd besteed aan de propaganda. Het resultaat was dat in vele gemeenten het melkbroodgebruik sterk toenam. Een ingestelde enquête gaf interessante gegevens hieromtrent. Het botergebruik op het platteland is, dank zij een krachtige propaganda, ook van de fabrieken, sterk toegenomen. Er zijn zelfs meerdere plaatsen waar geen margarine meer wordt verkocht. In den loop van het jaar werden door het Grisis-Zuivel- bureau provinciale propagandakernen ingesteld. Hieraan zijn z.g.n. vaste medewerkers toegevoegd, die zich geheel aan de propaganda kunnen wijden. Meerdere propaganda-avonden en zuiveldagen/weken zijn georganiseerd. Crisismaatregelen. De Secretaris hield meerdere lezingen voor zuivelfabrieken, landbouwvereenigingen, vereenigingen van jonge boeren, ter bespreking van de crisismaatregelen. De opkomst was steeds goed. Het contact tusschen organisaties en leden wordt er ten zeerste door versterkt. Diversen. Vanzelfsprekend zijn heel wat werkzaamheden en besprekingen noodig geweest met betrekking tot de melksteun- beperking. Vele conferenties waren hiervoor noodig. Voor de fabrieken werden weer meerdere kwesties behandeld, o.a. statutenwijzigingen, belastingkwesties, aanschaffingen, ver nieuwingen of verbouwingen enz. Van de Bonden. Bijeenkomsten van den Brab. Zuivelbond. Het Bestuur van den Brabantschen Zuivelbond acht het gewenscht, in zes plaatsen van het werkgebied van tijd tot tijd bijeenkomsten te organiseeren, waar na een inleiding verschillende voor de Zuivelcoöperatie belangrijke onder werpen besproken worden. Omtrent de eerstvolgende bijeen komsten kan het volgende worden medegedeeld. 1. Vrijdag 7 Februari ’smiddags half drie te ’s Hertogenbosch in Hotel „Noord-Brabant”, Markt, voor de fabrieken: Gapelle, Den Dungen, Drunen, Helvoirt, Herpt, ’s Hertogen bosch, Lith, Megen, Oss, Vlijmen. Voorzitter : de heer G. v. Uden, Vught. 2. Vrijdag 21 Februari ’s middags twee uur te Middelburg, in Café Rest. „De Eendracht”, Markt 3, voor de fabrieken te Aardenburg, Kloosterzande, Middelburg, Wemeldinge en IJzendijke. Voorzitter: de heer G. Zwagerman te Middelburg. 3. Vrijdag 28 Februari ’smiddags half drie te Roosendaal in Hotel Rest. „Neerlandia”, Stationstraat 49, voor de fabrieken te Etten, Hoeven, Huybergen, Roosendaal, Sprun- del, Wouw, Zevenbergschen Hoek. Voorzitter: de heer Joh. M. Vos te Roosendaal. 4. Vrijdag 6 Maart ’s middags half drie te Breda in Café Restaurant „De Beurs”, Markt (ingang St. Janstraat), voor de fabrieken te Bavel, Beek bij Breda, Ghaam, Dongen, Dorst, Made, Oosterhout,Princenhage, Rijsbergen,Teteringen, Ulvenhout, Wagenberg. Voorzitter: de heer H. P. de Jong te Dongen. 5. Vrijdag IS Maart ’smiddags half drie te Tilburg in Gafé Rest. „Modern”, Heuvel, Tilburg, voor de fabrieken te Baarle-Nassau, Gastelré, Gilze, Oosteind, Raamsdonk, Riel, Rijen, Tilburg en Ulicoten. Voorzitter: de heer G. J. van Poppel te Gilze. 6. Vrijdag 20 Maart ’smiddags half drie te Boxtel in Hotel „Riche”, voor de fabrieken te Beek en Donk, Bergeijk, Boxtel, Erp, Gemonde, Haaren, Mill en Oisterwijk. Voorzitter: de heer P. J. G. Aarts te Bergeijk. Op al deze bijeenkomsten zal de heer G. J. Janse, Secretaris van den Brabantschen Zuivelbond te Breda, spreken over: „De Taak der Zuivelcoöperatie in de komende tijden”; na een korte pauze zal de heer Ir. W. A. van As, Secretaris van de Coöperatieve Zuivel-Export-Vereeniging te Breda be handelen : „De export van boter”, daarna zal over beide onderwerpen van gedachten gewisseld kunnen worden. De bijeenkomsten kunnen worden bijgewoond door de be stuursleden, commissarissen, adviseurs en directeuren der aangesloten fabrieken, alsmede door de buitengewone leden van den Brabantschen Zuivelbond. Ook andere personen hebben toegang, mits ze door den voorzitter of den directeur van een aangesloten fabriek worden geïntroduceerd en de namen tevoren mondeling of schriftelijk aan den voorzitter der bijeenkomst of aan den Brabantschen Zuivelbond zijn medegedeeld. Is iemand op den voor hem bepaalden dag verhinderd, dan kan hij desgewenscht in een andere plaats de bijeen komst bijwonen. Het zijn besloten bijeenkomsten, zoodat ver tegenwoordigers van de pers niet kunnen worden toegelaten. Zilveren jubileum W. J. Veeningen. Donderdag 30 Januari zal het 25 jaar geleden zijn, dat de heer W. J. Veeningen in functie trad als directeur van de Coöp. Zuivelfabriek te Golmschate. Hoewel de heer Veeningen niet iemand is, die op den voorgrond treedt, doch liefst bescheiden zijn weg gaat, weten we toch dat hij zich in die 25 jaar vele waarachtige vrienden onder zijn collega’s heeft verworven. Zijn kalm en bezadigd optreden, maar meer nog zijn edel karakter zullen daar zeer zeker veel toe hebben bijgedragen. Een kijkje in de fabriek te Golmschate zegt ons verder direct, dat daar iemand aan het hoofd staat, die zijn taak zeer serieus opneemt. Geen wonder dan ook dat bij bij bestuur en leden zeer hoog staat aangeschreven. Hoewel de gezondheid van den heer Veeningen misschien een overstelpende drukte niet toelaat, vertrouwen wij toch dat het den geachten jubilaris dien dag aan belangstelling niet zal ontbreken. K. H. SPECIALE FABRIEK van BORSTELWERK voor de Zuivelindustrie PRAGTISCHE MODELLEN - KWALITEITEN ’t HOOGST j PR IJ ZEN HET LAAGST DE BOER’s BORSTELFABRIEK WESTERPLANTAGE - LEEUWARDEN - Telef. 4279 65 No. 5 De Engelsche kaasmarkt gedurende het jaar 1935. De internationale handel in kaas vertoont sedert enkele jaren een neiging tot inkrimping. In 1934 bedroeg de achter uitgang, bij 1933 vergeleken, 5%; volgens de voorloopige cijfers moet de wereld-kaashandel thans weer met ongeveer hetzelfde percentage teruggeloopen zijn. De import van kaas in Engeland was gedurende het berichtsjaar 9% geringer dan in het voorafgaande jaar en wel het geringste kwantum hetwelk sedert 1922 ingevoerd werd. Sedert de instelling van de „Milk Marketing Schemes” is in de Engelsche kaasproductie een opmerkelijke verande ring ingetreden. Het feit heeft zich namelijk voorgedaan dat de productie van fabriekskaas aanmerkelijk is uitgebreid, terwijl die van boerenkaas is geslonken. De totale kaas productie in Groot-Brittannië heeft in 1935 57.404.000 kg bedragen, tegen 51.562.000 kg in 1934. De kleinere aan voeren uit de Empirelanden (afname 12 u/o) waren oorzaak van den teruggang van het totale import- cijfer. Ook het aandeel van de dominions in den import liep terug en wel van 92 % tot 88 %. De aanvoeren uit de niet- Empirelanden namen echter in de berichtsperiode met 25 % toe. Nieuw-Zeeland bleef gedurende 1935 verreweg het voor naamste leveranciersland, doch de verschepingen hiervandaan waren 16 °/o geringer. Het aandeel van Nieuw-Zeeland in de totale kaasimport bedroeg 65 %, tegen 70 % in het vooraf gaande jaar. De aanvoeren uit Canada namen wederom af en wel met 10%; diens aandeel in de totaalimport bleef echter onveranderd 17 %. De import uit Australië nam met 17% toe, die uit Zuid-Afrika breidde zich ongeveer 8 maal uit, terwijl ook de kaashandel met Ierland een opleving toonde. Van de niet-Empirelanden was Nederland het voornaamste leveranciersland met aanvoeren, welke 56 % lagen boven die van 1934. De verschepingen uit Italië namen met 15 % af, die uit Denemarken toonden een aanmerkelijke toename van 79 %. Uit Zwitserland en Frankrijk werd iets meer ingevoerd. De invoer van kaas in Engeland. 1935 1934 1933 kg kg kg Totaal kaasimport. 137.837.000 151.818.000 154.404.000 waarvan uit: de Empirelanden • 121.771.000 138.918.000 142.002.000 de niet-Empirelanden 16.066.000 12.900.000 12.402.000 Nieuw-Zeeland • • 89.565.000 106.276.000 104.617.000 Canada .... 23.842-000 26.427.000 31.978.000 Nederland. • • - 10.120.000 6.486.000 6.207.000 Australië .... 6.820.000 5.815.000 4.698.000 Italië 4.059.000 4.759.000 4.588.000 Z.-Afrik. Unie - • 1.096.000 133.000 669.000 Zwitserland. • • 747.000 719.000 701.000 Denemarken • ■ • 516.000 288.000 300.000 Ierland .... 446.000 264.000 38.000 Frankrijk .... 410.000 370.000 357.000 Wat het prijsverloop op de Engelsche kaasmarkt betreft, de prijzen voor Nieuw-Zeelandsche kaas (fijnste soort witte) lagen gemiddeld gedurende 1935 ongeveer 5 % hooger dan in 1934 (49/- en 46/9 per cwt.). De gemiddelde prijzen van Canadeesche kaas (fijnste sooort witte) stegen in de ver- gelijkingsperiodes van 54/6 tot 60/3 per cwt., dus met 11%. (Ontleend aan de Weekly Dairy Produce Notes.) Houdt Contact met de Zuivelindustrie Adverteert in het Officiéél Orgaan Crisis-Zuivelaangelegenheden. College van Regeeringscommissarissen. Bij Min. besch. van 25 Jan. j.1. is benoemd tot lid van het College van Regeeringscommissarissen Mr. L. A. Ries, thesaurier-generaal bij het Departement van Financiën, te ’s-Gravenhage. Prijsregeling consumptiemelk. Volgens mededeeling van de C. Z. C. geldt voor de periode van 26 Jan. t/m 1 Febr. ’36 de volgende prijsregeling voor con sumptiemelk : prijs voor het taxe-gedeelte van consumptiemelk, gekocht op regeeringscontract, 6% cent per liter, af boerderij, eventueel verhoogd met premie of verminderd met de afdracht voor de kwaliteit. De afdracht voor andere in consumptie gebrachte melk is vastgesteld op 2’/z cent per liter. Productiecijfers van boter, kaas en margarine in kg. 1935 1936 1936  .... Week van Week van Week van Omschrijving 13 f/m 5 t/m 12 t/m 19 Jan. 11 Jan. 18 Jan. Verwerkte melk en room 39.048.681 41.461,297 39.417.619 Fabrieksboter. Productie 1.195.705 1.323.850 1.231.368 Invoer 3.048 Uitslag uit koelhuizen •. 94.210 333.780 183.330 Totaal 1.292.963 1.657.630 1.414.698 üitvoer 441.622 763.694 628.658 Opgeslagen in koelhuizen —■ — — Overschot voor binnenl. verbruik. •. 851.341 893.936 786.040 In koelhuizen (buiten de koelhuisregeling): Opgeslagen — 250 Uitgeslagen 11.053 1.800 1.300 Gegevens van boterfabrie- ken 785 808 787 Fabriekskaas. Productie volvet (27 %) ■ 120.802 107.816 112.475 , 40+ (23%) • 685.905 685.740 566.185 , 30+ (16%) • 65.917 76.187 78.449 , 20+ (10%) • 249.223 228.238 212.285 , mager .... 9.836 3.073 3.944 Totaal berekend melkvet in deze kaas aanwezig. 225.844 221.844 194.371 Gegevens van kaasfabrie- ken 270 270 262 Condensmelk, melkpoeder, enz. Volle condens .... 701.667 862.616 529.056 Magere 709.797 574.224 345.220 Volle melkpoeder. 54.588 141.026 128.292 Magere „ 71.485 58.624 41.115 Ged. ontr. „ 1.910 Blokmelk 737 7.544 6.952 Caseïne . 17.059 3.070 3.543 Gegevens van fabrieken. 52 58 Margarine, vermengd, afgeleverd in het binnen land  697.000 931.000 859.000 66 No. 5 De uitvoer van zuivelproducten in 1935. De uitvoer*) van melkproducten in 1935 (verg, met 1934 en 1933). Volle gesuikerde Magere gesuikerde Volle ongesuikerde Melkpoeder Gesteriliseerde melk gecondenseerde melk gecondenseerde melk gecondenseerde melk in tonnen bruto in tonnen bruto in tonnen bruto in tonnen bruto ln tonnen bruto 1935 1934 1933 1935 1934 | 1933 1935 | 1934 1933 1935 1934 1933 1935 1934 | 1933 Totaal 40.694 37.149 28.995 93.006 105.453 121.542 21.628 17.456 17.755 12.802 13.345 14.850 1.779 1.210 2.923 Duitschland 188 315 420 4 9 21 194 331 241 1.022 2.099 3.200 — — 12 België en Luxemburg. 392 237 161 941 170 208 86 621 374 4.801 3.612 3.729 2 5 1.737 Gr.-Brittannië en Noord-Ierland 4.047 5.659 5.959 80.003 92.596 110.509 6.776 7.247 8.391 3.421 4.749 5.085 1 1 Frankrijk 398 704 963 231 293 222 402 491 470 409 1.122 1.239 59 24 3 Tsjecho-Slowakije 19 17 23 — — — 9 Zweden 7 8 32 — — — 56 67 60 82 26 113 Polen en Dantzig 3 12 5 — — — 72 17 31 — 8 14 Gibraltar 1.241 1.011 687 246 173 159 698 446 276 23 16 11 93 97 4 4 5 2 — — — 12121 Zuid-Slavië — — 1 — — — 1 1 1 11 — 1 Spanje  1 7 15 23 19 4 2 1 5 223 1 1 Algiers 27 14 55 55. 32 20. 1 — — — ■ Tunis 521 256 36 37 234 90 — 1 5 Fr. Marokko en Tanger. 826 741 731 15 11 ( 277' 56 82 i 101 17. 9 12 150 139 133 Sp. Marokko 585 405 89 109 I 3 4 1 Br. West-Afrika 39 28 45 13 12 11 202 137 110 — — — 14 11 9 Belgisch Congo .... 25 16 4 26 25 16 30 43 5 — — — 299 228 94 Port. Bez. in Z.-Afrika ... 199 405 190 165 183 86 — 2 1 ____ 1 Egypte 76 48 45 119 91 85 11.2 100 104 163 86 40 5 1 Madagaskar 64 43 38 218 166 104 2 1 — 21 94 — 3 Fransch Equat. Afrika. 112 94 60 93 64 49 126 36 20 1 — — 266 151 127 Rhodesia — 1 5 — — — 4 — 28 Liberia 1 — — 42 30 20 7 2 1    2 2 2 1 Ethiopië 14 6 5 3 5 2 7 26 6 1 3 1 1 Irak 2 4 7 — — — 2 3 3 Britsch Malakka. ... 8.732 7.323 4.365 352 296 296 267 413 566 — — — 28 8 19 Ceylon 680 524 410 — — — 7 6 3     ö China 861 930 368 333 248 289 1.105 1.187 1.166 39 29 36 Syrië 4 3 1 57 40 16 16 27 66 3 — 6 1 5 1 Palestina en Cyprus .... 39 72 30 115 107 59 659 273 101 321 149 35 1 2 Fr. bez. in V en A. Indie. 1 T 02l 634 593 1.223 1.316 1.016 42 15 16 1 1  54 9 89 Port. bez. in Azië> Hongkong 1.834 2;482 1.450 502 523 681 1.124 833 673 14 5 5 1 Japan 2 191 295 — — — 120 186 290 2 —4 Britsch-Indië 835 634 631 3.346 4.111 3.548 1.861 1.275 1.030 16 21 18 2 — 4 Perzië en Afghanistan ... 8 Philippijnen 2.054 919 691 — — — 3.323 3 1 — — ■ •— 22 10 38 Siam 3.633 3.692 2.473  6 — 363 80 200    1  1 Ned. Oost-Indië 3.293 2,686 2.047 4.294 3.579 2.755 1.260 1.191 1.162 39 28 29 410 287 325 N. a. g. Britsche bez. in Azië. 19 29 Mandsjoekwo 31 •— — 34 — — 43 Canada 1 1 9 11 — — 10 3 12 8 8 Costarica 29 24 13 — — — 1 — 2 — ■— — — •— 2 Cuba 1.682 750 1.577 — — — 14 187 250 San Domingo 21 18 6 — — — 14 10 7 Ecuador — —■ — — ■— — 4 2 — — 4 New-Foundland 19 11 9 — — — 8 4 30 14 — 4 N.a.g. Br. en Fr. bez. in Z.-Amer. 239 348 182 57 35 17 2 2' Haïti 7 7 3 — — — 1 Honduras en Panama ... 464 308 357 — 12 ■— 320 372 326 7 2 8 Mexico 34 170 131 — 31 — 68 199 185 23 64 60 — I Curatjao 9 1 4 4 9 7 403 262 304 1 — 1 101 91 138 Argentinië — 83 81 — 57 22 12 8 6 3 2 15 67 No. 5 Volle gesuikerde Magere gesuikerde Volle ongesuikerde Melkpoeder 1934 | 1933 1935 i' 1934 | 1933 1935 j 1934 | 1933 1935 | 1934 1933 1935 | 1934 1933 Br. Fr., Am. eil. in M.-Amerika 3.290 3.307 2.250 13 23 15 188 109 115 4 — — Brazilië • - 21 - > 1 - - J ] 3 ü - Z Z PerugUay ........ HO 72 111 118 46 9 798 751 710 85 8 1 —- Suriname 4 2 — 63 59 25 1 — g "g Z Z Z Ver.6 Staten van Amerika '. i 249 39 332 34 139 230 124 38 79 1.407 19 64 Bolivia 1 3 4 1 — 10 Guatemala 2 4 9 — — 3 4 o Oceanië 13 13 23 6 3 7 De uitvoer*) van boter en kaas in 1935 (verg. m. 1934 en 1933). Boter Kaas in tonnen bruto in tonnen bruto 1935 | 1934 | 1933 1935 | 1934 ; 1933 Totaal 46.787 36.886 28.373 61.052 61.186 63.912 Duitschland 11 821 14.615 13.035 16.904 23.845 25.143 België en Luxemburg. 3.498 2.673 3.939 19.663 17.366 17.315 Gr.-Brittannië en N.-Ierl. 25.713 17.297 8.158 10.940 7.086 6.716 Frankrijk 494 906 2.275 4.235 4.739 6.992 Tsjecho-Slowakije ... — — — 101 87 7< Sovjet-Rusland- ... — — — 28 573 Noorwegen 4 — — 26 10 12 Zweden 6 — — 515 38 38 Polen en Dantzig ... — j — — 2 3 Gibraltar enz 5 — 1 119 81 67 Penemarken .... — Griekenland 83 22 10 116 101 147 Portugal. Azuren, Madeira 17 — — 241 269 287 — 2 3 Zwitserland 14 23 25 54 46 54 Algiers — — \ 204 263 \ Tunis 8 3 / 161 145 / Fr. Marokko en Tanger. 26 4 / 15 376 337 > 929 Sp. Marokko .... 1 1 \ 216 135 \ Libye — — ' 6 10 ' Br. Oost-Afrika ... — — — 3 3 3 Br. West-Afrika ... 1 1 2 36 30 53 Belgisch Congo ... 37 9 4 68 59 56 Port. Bez. in Z.-Afrika. — — — 80 5/ 59 Egypte 3 — — 91 95 87 Madagaskar .... 1 1 — 105 93 63 Fransch Equat. Afrika 3 2 1 53 41 38 Liberia 2 1 1 1 Ethiopië 3 1 — 2 1 Portug. Guinea. ... — — — 3 3 4 Sp. West-Afrika ... 1 — — 471 290 298 Unie v. Z.-Afrika ... — ■— — 16 19 10 Eng. Eg. Soedan ... — — — 6 6 5 Arabië — — — 3 2 1 Irak — — — 8 7 7 Britsch Malakka. 2 2 1 40 32 33 Ceylon — — — 91 82 76 China — — - 23 25 39 Syrië. — 4 — 56 71 81 Palestina en Cyprus. 20 2 2 253 214 79 Fr. bez. V. en A. Indië, Port. bez. in Azië. — — — 41 35 27 Hongkong — — — 17 20 17 Japan — ■—■ — 24 27 23 Britsch-Indië .... — — 1 454 445 402 Perzië en Afghanistan. — — —• 5 2 2 Philippijnen .... — — — 200 149 193 Siam ....... — — — 3 4 4 Ned. Oost-Indië. • 1.220 \ 913 583 983 875 • 897 Mandsjoekwo .... — I — I — 1 Boter Kaas in tonnen bruto in tonnen bruto 1935 1934 1933 1935 | 1934 1933 Canada ...... — — — 32 31 29 Columbia — — — 1 5 Costarica — — — 10 “ Cuba — — — 126 88 54 San Domingo .... — — — 8 12 6 New-Foundland — 4 1 1 N.a.g. Br. en Fr. bez. in Zuid-Amerika ... — — — 28 27 Haïti - - - 11 10 12 Honduras en Panama Mexico — — — 200 159 121 Curaqao 128 99 83 284 219 185 Argentinië — — — 4 4 „ Br. Fr. en Am. eil. in M. Am. 4 1 — 450 350 452 Brazilië — — — 4 1° Peru — — — 34 14 !’ Salvador — — 1 * “ 3.373 — — 963 544 735 Guatemala — — — 1 2 1 Australië — — — 1 | Oceanië — — — 1 *) De gegevens zijn ontleend aan de ons ter beschikking staande maande- lijksche opgaven van het Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Jaaruitvoeren van minder dan 500 kg zijn in deze tabellen verwaarloosd. Werktijdregeling voor chauffeurs. Voorloopig verslag der Tweede Kamer. Aan het voorloopig verslag der Tweede Kamer over het wetsontwerp, houdende bepalingen, betreffende het tegengaan van oververmoeidheid van bestuurders van motorrijtuigen, ontleenen wij het navolgende: De indiening van dit wetsontwerp vond bij het afdeelings- onderzoek algemeene instemming. Men erkende, dat de voor gestelde maatregelen de verkeersveiligheid kunnen bevorderen en bestuurders van motorrijtuigen tegen overmatige arbeids tijden kunnen beschermen. Het een zoowel als het ander achtte men noodzakelijk. Eenige leden betoogden, dat het wenschelijk is, naast den werkgever ook den arbeider bij overtreding uitdrukkelijk strafbaar te stellen, teneinde hem daardoor een prikkel te verschaffen om zelf aan de handhaving der wet mede te werken. Sommigen drongen er bij de Regeering op aan, over de uit te vaardigen algemeene maatregelen van bestuur het advies in te winnen van de organisaties der belanghebbende werk gevers en werknemers. Eenige leden hadden geen zeer hooge verwachtingen van de resultaten van het ontwerp, omdat men wel bepaalde rusttijden kan voorschrijven, doch men niet kan waarborgen, dat die rusttijden inderdaad voor het nemen van rust gebezigd worden. 68 No. 5 Uit vroeger dagen. LVI. De overbrenging van de melkverwerking van de boerderij naar afzonderlijk daarvoor ingerichte localiteiten (grootere en kleinere zuivelfabrieken) geschiedde in den loop van het laatste vierde gedeelte van de vorige eeuw vrijwel overal in den lande (met uitzondering voornamelijk van de provincie Zuid-Holland). Alleen, dat — betrekkelijk snel — opkomen van de fabriek matige zuivelbereiding was iets, dat niet overal plaats had onder den drang van dezelfde factoren. Voor een gedeelte van het land, daar waar de melkverwer king van oudsher geen vooraanstaande plaats in het boeren bedrijf had ingenomen, kreeg, door de gewijzigde economische verhoudingen, de melkveehouderij en daarmede de boter- bereiding een veel grootere beteekenis dan voorheen. Daardoor werden allerlei verbeteringen in het bestaande bedrijf heel erg noodig en het vrijwel ter zelfder tijd in gebruik komen van de centrifugale ontrooming bood de gelegenheid om door het oprichten van boterfabrieken en -fabriekjes een goeden stap te doen in de door de omstandigheden gewenschte richting. Met andere woorden, er kwam iets geheel nieuws. Maar zoo lagen de zaken niet in „het aloude zuivelgebied”, waar men sedert lang een overwegend belang had gehad bij de zuivelbereiding en waar men, door niet met zijn tijd mede te gaan, op den achtergrond was geraakt en een product was gaan maken, dat niet meer bij was, zoowel ten aanzien van de hoedanigheid en de uniformiteit als wat betreft den kostprijs. Daar gold het dus verbetering te brengen in het bestaande. Niet overal in „het aloude zuivelgebied” werd daarbij dezelfde weg bewandeld. Maar het is niet mijne bedoeling het daarover thans te hebben, doch over de groote veranderingen, die met het oprich ten van zuivelfabrieken gepaard gingen in het meer intieme leven op de Friesche greidebedrijven. Daarmede werd het zwaartepunt van het bedrijf voor een aanzienlijk deel van de schouders van de boerin weggenomen en al moge dat in de kringen van de belanghebbenden algemeen bekend zijn en niet zonder veel strijd geschied zijn, toch komt het mij niet ongewenscht voor op deze zijde van het vraagstuk nog eens in het bijzonder de aandacht te vestigen en ook op de beteeke nis daarvan voor het maatschappelijk leven in het Friesche boerengezin. Eeuwenlang had de boterbereiding op de boerderij daar een onderdeel van de dagelijksche bezigheden van de boerin uitgemaakt (In de bouwstreken behoorde daar ook nog de zorg voor de kaasmakerij ten volle bij.) De ontvangsten daaruit waren de voornaamste bron van inkomsten en de betere of minder goede uitkomst van de boter en kaasbereiding bepaalde het al of niet welslagen van het landbouwbedrijf. De hoedanigheid van de gemaakte waar en de hoegrootheid van den prijs, die men er voor bedingen kon, waren zoodoende zaken van het allergrootste gewicht. En om dat zij van zoo groote beteekenis waren, werden zü ook vaak tot waardemeter, niet alleen voor de practische bekwaamheden van hen, die met de betreffende werkzaamheden belast waren, maar ook in zekeren zin om een oordeel te vellen over die personen in het algemeen. Het werd in het oog van de groote massa als een eer be schouwd om in dat opzicht uit te blinken, maar ook als een schande om daarbij minder goede resultaten te bereiken]. Bekend is het, dat veelal, wanneer de hoogste markt voor het gemaakte product (meer in het bijzonder de boter) niet behaald kon worden, afspraken met boterkoopers e.d. gemaakt werden om in dezen althans den schijn te redden. Zoo was de taak van de Friesche boerin in de greidestreek en daar, waar de zuivelbereiding op den voorgrond trad, een zeer verantwoordelijke. En bovendien] was die taak ook allesbehalve licht. In de Med. en Ber. van de Friesche Mij. van Landbouw van 15 Jan. 1886 komt een verslag voor van een inleiding, welke door J. van de Wal Kzn. te Witmarsum in de 12de afdeeling gehouden wierd over de vraag: Is het ook aan te bevelen de melk voor gezamenlijke rekening te verwerken? en1 daarin komt o.m. het volgende voor: „wat zoude het op vele plaatsen eene omkeering geven voor de vrouw, die laat het ons bekennen, op drukke zuivel boerderijen eene slavin van haar beroep is; voortge sproten uit de alom verspreide valsche meening: „de man in den' iester, de vrouw in den kelder”. Neen mannen! de vrouw niet alleen in den kelder. Wij mannen, het zwaarste eind van de balk. ’s Morgens om 4 uur moet de vrouw ’t bed uit, om dan een uur lang, in kromgebogen houding staan te roomen Is dit ge daan, dan spoedig naar de straat om de aden schoon te maken, maar vlug en handig, want als de melk komt, moeten ze weer in den kelder zijn. Intusschen is de karn gedaan en nu water naar de karn sleepen en de boter afnemen, kneden, zouten), enz. Zoo is het zeven uur geworden. Kon ze nu eens een uurtje rusten! Maar neen, de kinderen moeten gekleed worden, alweer drukte! Is dat gedaan, dan wacht haar al weer iets anders, en zoo gaat het van ’s morgens 4 tot ’s avonds 7 uur. En moede legt zij zich te rusten, in het zalig vooruitzicht morgen weer zoo een dag te zullen krijgen!.” En een zoodanige beschrijving houdt niets overdrevens in; ik heb het menigmaal door ooggetuigen aldus hooren vertellen en duizenden van de thans nog levenden zouden uit eigen ervaring kunnen getuigen, dat het eenmaal zoo geweest is. Een aardige illustratie van de groote drukte van de boerin nen in de greidestreek in den tijd, dat de koeien volop in de melk waren, is het volgende, dat mij van meer dan eene zijde verteld werd. De jonge kinderen werden dan, na uit bed gehaald en geholpen te zijn, bij goed weder buiten met een lang touw aan een boom gebonden om zich aldus in de vrije buitenlucht, zonder gevaar van in een sloot vallen, te kunnen vermeien. K. J. van den Akker, vertelt in zijn buitengewoon waarde volle werk Van den mond der oude middelzee van een nog ouder hulpmiddel, „de Spanjer”, om bij haar drukke werk zaamheden de boerin-botermaakster te ontlasten van de zorg bij het gaan loopen van de jonge kinderen. Tn den tijd toen de prijzen van de Friesche boter begonnen te dalen! en toen het product van andere landen een hoógere noteering op de Londensche markt kreeg, kwamen er allerlei verhalen in omloop over de mindere zorg, die door de Friesche boerinnen aan de boterbereiding besteed werd en over haar mededoen aan het vervalschen van de boter. Natuurlijk zullen er wel gevallen geweest zijn, waarbij men door den voorspoed van heel veel voorafgaande jaren minder zorgvuldig en oplettend geworden was; wellicht zullen de boerinnen zich in sommige gevallen, door de groote vraag naar Friesche boter en de minder scherpe beoordeeling van het geleverde, wel eens hebben laten verleiden tot minder zorg en ook tot minder geoorloofde handelingen (vermenging met te groote hoeveelheden zout of met minderwaardige boter, enz.); natuurlijk kwamen er in de kringen van de Friesche boerinnen (evenals dat het geval is bij andere groepen van de bevolking) minder hoogstaande of minder betrouwbare voorbeelden! voor, maar als regel kan getuigd worden, dat de boerin uit de Friesche greidestreken in het laatst van de vorige eeuw haar taak als boterbereidster niet te licht, maar ernstig opvatte en dat door haar niet medegedaan werd aan de veelvuldig gesignaleerde boterknoeierijen. De getuigenis van vele bevoegde beoordeelaars uit dien tijd staat daarvoor borg. En in het bijzonder wil ik hier den nadruk leggen op bevoegde beoordeelaars, omdat er zich des tijds zoo heel velen als tot oordeelen bevoegd opwierpen op grond van wat zij meenden, dat wel het geval zou zijn, maar niet in verband met hun bekendheid met de werkelijke toe standen. De liefde van de boerin voor haar verantwoordelijke taak als verzorgster van het belangrijkste deel van de boerderij en haar neiging om in dat opzicht vooral niet ten achter te staan, maakte zelfs, dat zij, opkomende voor het behoud van de melk verwerking op de greideboerderijen, meer dan eens de oprich ting van zuivelfabrieken tegenhield. 69 No. 5 Toetreden bij een boterfabriek werd menigmaal opgevat als een erkenning, dat men zelf niet in staat was prima boter te maken. Met de melklevering naar een fabriek ging het wezenlijke van het boerenbedrijf verloren, aldus was vrij algemeen de opvatting en nog heel lang waren1 het vooral de boerinnen, die zich tegen het toetreden bij een fabriek verzetten of dat met leede oogen aanzagen. Temand uit de buurt van Wommels liet zich in een brief aan mij en sprekende over, het jaar 1906 nog als volgt uit: „Levendig herinner ik mij dien morgen, dat de melkwagen van de Coöperatieve Zuivelfabriek „Harich” de melk ophaalde; schreiende zag mijn Moeder de wagen na.” Door de vlucht, die de fabriekmatige melk verwerking aller wegen genomen heeft, is op de Friesche greideboerderij in het algemeen een jgeheele verandering ingetreden in het huis gezin, waarbij de huisvrouw ook meer de handen vrij heeft gekregen voor haar eigenlijke taak, de verzorging van het huisgezin en de zorg voor de nog jonge kinderen. Dit is een voordeel, -waarvan de beteekenis moeilijk in geld is uit te drukken en dat door menigeen maar al te licht over het hoofd wordt gezien, maar dat toch wel degelijk de moeite waard is om te worden medegeteld. Aan het onmenschwaardige slavenleven — in een gedeelte van het jaar — is een einde gekomen en voor het vele goede, dat de vrouw, volgens de hedendaagsche inzichten, in de huishouding kan bewerkstelligen, heeft zij tijd gekregen. In den huiselijken kring kan zij de haar toekomende plaats als vrouw des huizes en opvoedster in eerste instantie van haar kinderen weer innemen en niemand zal kunnen ontkennen, dat de in het huisgezin gelegde grondslagen van overwegende en blij vende waarde kunnen zijn voor de toekomstige ontwikkeling van individu en maatschappij. Er is destijds ook wel van bepaalde zijde twijfel geopperd of het goed was de boerin en haar dochters van zóóveel werk te , ontlasten, waarbij de vrees geuit werd, dat de vrijkomende tijd met allerlei kostbare en! nuttelooze beuzelingen zou worden gevuld. Het waren alweer voornamelijk buitenstaanders, die, de werkelijkheid niet van nabij kennende, zich een oordeel aan matigden. Er zijn natuurlijk alweer uitzonderingen, waarbij de boerin den tijd, die zij vrij kreeg, doordat zij niet meer had te zorgen voor de zuivelbereiding, niet wel wist te besteden!. Maar regel was dit allerminst. „Door verplaatsing van het zuivelbedrijf naar de fabriek is de positie der boerin verbeterd. Er blijft echter voor haar nog genoeg werk over om haar tijd nuttig te besteden. Nadee- lige gevolgen voor de boerin door deze overbrenging zijn niet bekend.” Aldus laat een deskundige als J. P. Wiersma zich in zijn schets van de ontwikkeling van het landbouwbedrijf op de zeekleigronden der provincie Friesland uit. De tegenwerking van de boerin in de Friesche greidestreken bij het oprichten van boterfabrieken in de jareni, onmiddellijk volgende op de crisis uit het laatst van de vorige eeuw, is een niet te ontkennen, maar volkomen begrijpelijk verschijnsel, waartegenover haar een eere-saluut gebracht behoort te worden, want zij vooral is het geweest, die met onvermoeide inspanning en opoffering de reputatie en roem van Friesland’s boter gedurende een lange reeks van jaren heeft hoog gehouden. V. R. IJ. C. ■ ■ Vooraanstaande Firma’s pr efe ree re n een advertentie in het hOfficieel Orgaan De kreatineproef voor de bepaling van de hoeveelheid acetylmethylcarbinol en diacetyl. Voor de bepaling van de som der hoeveelheid acetylmethyl- carbinol en diacetyl in zuursels, welke, zooals bekend, van belang is voor de aromavorming, wordt meestal gebruik ge maakt van de methode Lemoigne—Van Niel. Hierbij wordt het acetylmethylcarbinol met behulp van ferrichloride eveneens tot diacetyl geoxydeerd en na overdestilleeren opgevangen in een mengsel van nikkelchloride, zoutzure hydroxylamine en natriumacetaat. Er vormen zich dan rosé naaldjes van nikkeldimethylglyoxim. Deze reactie is ongetwijfeld zeer ge voelig, vooral als men de uitvoering zóó kiest, dat de over- destilleerende vloeistof voorzichtig op het reactief wordt op gevangen, waarna de naalden zich op het grensvlak vormen. Een nadeel is echter de omslachtigheid. Zelfs al heeft men een vaste opstelling, dan kan men toch voor iedere bepaling wel een half uur rekenen. In vele gevallen en vooral bij het doen van proefnemingen, bij het samenstellen van combi naties, enz. zou men zeer gediend zijn met een snellere melhode om zich te oriënteeren. Daarom vestig ik hier de aandacht op een mededeeling van Hammer in Journal of Dairy Science (Vol. XVIII, 1935, pg. 579). Hierin beschrijft hij een methode, welke in enkele minuten een oordeel toelaat. Deze werkwijze, welke ontleend is aan een door 0’Meara aangegeven methode ter versnelling der Voges-Proskauer- reactie, berust hierop, dat het zuursel met een weinig kreatine en 40 % natronloog krachtig geschud wordt. De uitvoering is als volgt: Aan 2'l2 cc zuursel wordt in een reageerbuis een mespunt kreatine toegevoegd (+ 10 mg) en vervolgens 2’/2 cc 40% natronloog, waarna krachtig geschud wordt. Bij aanwezigheid van veel acetylmethylcarbinol + diacetyl ziet men binnen weinige minuten een rose-roode verkleuring optreden. Bij afwezigheid treedt zelfs binnen eenige uren deze verkleuring niet op. Bij aanwezigheid van een geringe hoeveelheid der genoemde stoffen treedt een zwakke ver kleuring op, zoodat men na eenige oefening de hoeveelheid tamelijk wel schatten kan. Hammer spreekt van het optreden van roode zones. Naar onze ervaring trekt de kleur bij krachtig schudden snel door de geheele vloeistof. Doch overigens kunnen wij de bevin dingen van Hammer volkomen bevestigen, zoodat wij hiermede een snel en zeer gemakkelijk uitvoerbare methode bij de hand hebben om over de in een zuursel aanwezige hoeveelheid acetylmethylcarbinol en diacetyl een indruk te krijgen, hetgeen een aanwijzing voor de activiteit der aromabacteriën vormt. Een goed zuursel of een goed geslaagde combinatie van melkzuurbacteriën en aromabacteriën moet een sterk posi tieve reactie geven. Is dit niet het geval, dan zijn de aroma bacteriën niet aangeslagen of althans in hun groei sterk geremd. De prijs van kreatine is ongeveer f 0.25 per g. waarmede men dus 100 bepalingen kan uitvoeren. Rijkslandbouwproefstation Hoorn, Januari 1936. Dr. J. W. PETTE. Octrooi-Nieuws. Octrooiaanvragen, openbaar gemaakt in „De Industrieele Eigendom” van 15 Januari 1936. Eventueele bezwaarschriften kunnen worden ingediend tot 15 April 1936. KI. 42 c. 27. No. 71189 Ned. Aktiebolaget J. G. Ljungman, te Malmö, „Inrichting voor het bepalen van de hoeveelheid vloeistof in een vat”. Het kenmerk van de uitvinding is, dat aan het vat op bekende wijze een hiermede communiceerende peilbuis is aan gebracht, waarin van lucht bevrijde vloeistof door bekende inrichtingen op de bepaalde temperatuur constant wordt gehouden. 70 No. 5 KI. 42 e. 21. No. 65446 Ned. Compagnie francaise de manutention des liquides, te Parijs, „Toestel tot het afleveren van vloeistof, in het bijzonder melk, in vooraf bepaalde hoeveel heden, voorzien van een glazen klokvormig meetvat en een daarmede concentrische draaischuif aan den bodem daarvan, welke schuif onder tusschenvoeging van een vaststaande af- dichtingsschijf draaibaar op een grondplaat is bevestigd door middel van een centrale schroef met een veer voor het aan drukken der dichtingsvlakken.” Volgens de uitvinding is de klok vast op de draaibare schuif bevestigd door middel van gemakkelijk losneembare haken en zijn eveneens gemakkelijk losneembare haken aan de grondplaat aan gebracht waarmede het toestel op de toevoer- leiding kan worden bevestigd. KI. 53 h. 2. No. 66140 Ned. Aage Gerstenberg, te Frede- riksberg, Denemarken, „Werkwijze voor het kneden van margarine onder afzuiging van de lucht.” De margarine wordt door een gesloten, continu werkende kneedmachine gevoerd, waarin op één of meer plaatsen een vacuum wordt onderhouden, waarbij de margarine zelf aan beide zijden van de afzuigopening(en) den doortocht in de machine afsluit, zoodanig, dat zij aan een tegendruk is onderworpen. N.G. ’s-Gravenhage, 23 Januari 1936. Ondermelk voor kalveren met of zonder meel- toevoeging? Op de Proefboerderij te Rijperkerk is den afgeloopen zomer een voederproef genomen met kalveren, ten einde na te gaan of de toevoeging van meel aan ondermelk en volle melk ook verschil oplevert. Volgens het „Fr. Landb. blad” werden twee groepen ge vormd, elk van vijf dieren. De „ondermelkgroep” kreeg alleen volle melk en ondermelk, de andere groep volle melk en onder melk en meel, dat bestond uit 4 deelen gerstemeel en één deel geplet lijnzaad. De dieren liepen in dezelfde goede weide. 11 Mei werden zij gewogen. De overgang van volle melk naar onder melk vond zeer geleidelijk plaats; tot en met de eerste week van Juli kregen alle dieren nog 'l2 1. volle melk per dag. De ondermelk werd gezuurd gegeven. Onderstaande tabel geeft weer de gewichten van de kalveren bij het begin en aan het einde der proef en de gewichts- vermeerdering. Voorts de door elk kalf opgenomen hoeveel heden volle melk, ondermelk en meel (dit laatste alleen voor de meelgroep), de kosten der voedermiddelen afzonderlijk, alsmede de prijs per kg gewichtsvermeerdering. Prijs Ge- Ge- On- Totale prijs p kg wicht wicht ^oe“ volle (jer_ Meel gew. 11 18 name melk melk | Mei Oct. kg I 1. vo e ouuel meei meer- kg kg | melk | melk dering I I I • I J Meelgroep. 46.5 173.5 127 103.5 1144 82.25 f 3.98 f 8.35 f 5.64 14.2 48.5 168 119 111 1118 82.25 -4.27- 7.76- 5.64 14.8 56.5 200.5 144 102.5 1257 82.25 -3.94-10.56- 5.64 14 61 200 139 103 1242 82.25 -3.96- 8.75-5.64 13.2 63.5 208 144.5 86 1242.5 82.25 -3.31- 8.60- 5.64 12.5 Ondermelkgroep. 47 5 172 124.5 131 933 f 5.04 f 6.76 9.5. 53.5 189 135.5 103.5 1147 - 3.98-7.94 8.8 55 173 118 111 H1O.5 -4.27- 7.64 10.1 62 222.5 159.5 86 1226 - 3.31 - 8.54 j 7.4 ’ 72 239 167 64 1427 -2.46-9.71 7.3 De gewichtstoename was bij beide groepen dus practisch gelijk. Ze bedroeg bij de meelgroep 674 kg, d.i. 244 pet. van het begingewicht, bij de ondermelkgroep 704.5 kg, d.i. 243 pet. van het begingewicht. Gemiddeld bedroeg de prijs van 1 kg gewichtsvermeerdering bij de ondermelkgroep 8.6 cent; bij de meelgroep 13.7 cent. Bij de meelgroep bleek per kg gewichtsvermeerdering gemiddeld noodig te zijn 0.75 1. volle melk, 8.9 1. ondermelk en 0.6 kg. meel. Bij de ondermelkgroep 0.84 ’l. volle melk en 8.3 1. ondermelk. Bij een goede weide, bleken de kalveren het dus met volle melk en ondermelk goed te kunnen doen, terwijl bij prijs verhoudingen, zooals we die dezen zomer hebben gekend, deze manier van voeren beduidend goedkooper was, dan met toe voeging van meel. Snelheidsproeven met auto's bij het bedienen van klanten. Eenigen tijd geleden heeft men in Berlijn snelheidsproeven met electrische en andere bestelauto’s genomen, waarvan het resultaat niet alleen interessant, doch eveneens economisch bezien van zeer groot belang moet worden geacht, aldus een bericht van Ir. Köhlmann in de Milchw. Ztg. Daar deze proeven op practischen grondslag zijn uitgevoerd, zijn zij voor de praktijk van direct belang. Wanneer men een machine voor zijn bedrijf koopen wil, bekommert men zich in den regel minder om de resultaten van laboratoriumproeven, dan om de resultaten die in het dagelijksch bedrijf daarmede verkregen worden. Daarom werden de proefwagens niet op de groote verkeerswegen, doch zoo goed als vol belast in het gewoel van het groote stadsverkeer gebracht met de opdracht, aan ca. 50 vast gestelde adressen een levering te doen. De proeven werden met een electrische auto en een met een verbrandingsmotor genomen. Algemeen had men verwacht, dat de electrische auto iets langzamer zou zijn dan de benzinewagen. Er werden proeven met geheel verschillende stopplaatsafstanden gehouden. De eerste keer werd huis aan huis geleverd. Daarna werden afstanden van 50 meter afgelegd, vervolgens afstanden van 100, 200 en 300 meter. Het bleek, dat bij het huis-aan-huis bezorgen de electrische auto reeds bij de volgende klant was wanneer de gewone auto pas op gang kwam. Ook bij de afstanden van 50 meter gelukte het de benzineauto dikwijls nog niet op een hoogere versnelling over te schakelen. De electrische wagen had voor de klantenleverin gen met afstanden van 50 meter, d.w.z. voor aanzetten, rijtijd, remmen en stil houden, 15 seconden noodig, terwijl de benzineauto 19 seconden noodig had. Bij afstanden van 100 meter waren de tijden voor den electrischen wagen 28 seconden, voor den anderen wagen 30.8 seconden. Zelfs bij 300 meter afstanden was de electrische auto nog iets in het voordeel. Bovendien werd een proef genomen in Groot-Berlyn over grooten afstand. Een 22 km. lange weg, welke gedeeltelijk zeer druk, gedeeltelijk kalmer was, moest, zonder dat stop plaatsen waren vastgesteld, worden afgelegd. De benzineauto gebruikte hiervoor 66 minuten, de electrische 64 minuten, wat, daar de benzineauto sneller loopt dan de electrische (deze kan max. 30 km. rijden), door toevallige omstandigheden kan zijn beïnvloed. De lange rijtijd wordt veroorzaakt door de intensiteit van het groote stadsverkeer, waardoor slechts zelden eenige honderden meters zonder remmen kan worden doorgereden. Voortdurend moet geremd worden, meermalen moet men geheel stil staan, enz. Het gemiddelde tempo van een vrachtauto wordt daardoor tot ca. 20 km. per uur ge reduceerd. Voor het groote stadsverkeer heeft dus een hoog op voerbare snelheid van een bedrijfsauto weinig doel. Het komt meer aan op snel starten, goede versnellingen, en om binnen den kortst mogelijken tijd op snelheid te komen. Hierin liggen juist de voordeelen van den electrischen wagen. Met twee handgrepen start de elecrische auto in drie seconden en bereikt vlug de snelheid die het stadsverkeer gedurende langeren tijd toelaat. 71 No. 5 Hoe grooter het aantal afzonderlijke klanten dat bediend moet worden, des te meer treden deze voordeelen op den voorgrond. Bij aankoop of beoordeeling van een stadsbestel auto komt het derhalve minder aan op de sterkte van den motor, of hoeveel km. de wagen per uur kan loopen, dan wel binnen welken tijd de bestellingen practisch kunnen worden uitgevoerd. Technische Wenken. Het vullen van de zwavelzuurpermanent. Het vullen van de thans vrijwel algemeen gebruikte zwavel- zuurpermanents voor het melkonderzoek is een minder aan gename bezigheid, welke niet zonder gevaren is, omdat de vulflesschen en voorraadflesschen mede in verband met het hooge soortelijke gewicht van het zwavelzuur zich niet zoo gemakkelijk laten hanteeren. Een inrichting volgens bijgaande teekening, ontleend aan de „D. M. Z.”, kan hierin verbetering brengen. De „installatie” kan zonder veel kosten zelf gemaakt worden. De bemande zwavelzuurflesch wordt onder de werktafel geplaatst. De doorboorde kurk draagt een looden pijp, welke door een gat in de tafel daarboven uit komt. Het uiteinde is zoodanig omgebogen, dat de zwavelzuurpermanent gemakkelijk gevuld kan worden, zoo noodig met gebruik van een trechter. Met behulp van een flinke pomp, b.v. voor autobanden, wordt het zwavelzuur gemakkelijk omhoog gedrukt, zoodat het lastige kippen van deze zware flesschen vervalt. Een kleine manometer, welke men kan aanbrengen, geeft tevens eenige aanwijzing hoever de flesch nog gevuld is. Afzetbelangen. Uitvoervergunningen voor zuivelproducten. In de week eindigend 18 Januari 1936 zijn, blijkens de opgaven van het C. Z. B., voor de volgende hoeveelheden vergunningen afgegeven voor den uitvoer van: boter n. Duitschland 167.880 kg netto (vor. week 160.350) „ België 222.560 „ „ ( „ „ 211.330) „ Engeland 240.110 „ „ ( „ „ 266.400) „ Frankrijk 41.550 „ „ ( „ „ 62.950) „ V.S.v.Amerika — „ „ ( „ „ —) „ andere landen 46.400 „ „ ( „ „ 20.160) k-aas n. Duitschland 268.470 kg netto (vor. week 341.080) „ Frankrijk 136.500 „ bruto ( „ „ 69.310) melkpoeder n. Duitschland 3.460 kg netto (vor. week 15.820) „ Engeland 18.190 „ „ ( „ „ 5.000) „ Frankrijk 9.060 „ „ ( „ „ 18.710) gecond. melk m/s n. Frankrijk 22.140 kg netto (vor. week 13.640) » » „ n Duitschland — ,, — ) » » z/s „ Frankrijk 3.980 „ „ ( „ „ 7.200) gecond. volle melk „ Engeland 37.000 „ „ ( „ „ 50.380) »mag- » „ „ 783.090 „ „ ( „ „ 569.930) ro°m n. Engeland 900 kg netto (vor. week 900) Nederlandsch-Duitsche Clearing. Stand op 23 Jan. 1936. Volgens opgave van het Nederlandsch Glearinginstituut was de stand der Nederlandsch-Duitsche clearing per 23 Jan. j.1. in vergelijking met dien per 15 Jan. j.1. als volgt: 23 .Jan. ’36 15 Jan. ’36 1. Stortingen in Nederland. f 13.822.300 f 7.657.100 waarvan bestemd voor: a. achterstallige vorderingen. f 1.883.400 f 1.058.800 b. rentedienst Dawes- en Young- leening en Stillhalte; rente transferf 682.000 f 682.000 c. vrije rekening Reichsbank. f 539.000 f 313.400 d. nieuwe onder de clearing val lende vorderingen. f 10.717.900 f 5.602.900 2. Stortingen in Duitschland (nieuwe onder de clearing vallende vor deringen) (inclusief saldo 1935 ad. f 35.655.500)f 46.829.400 f 42.529.600 3. | 0.55616 | -0.542985 | 945 | 3,811 | 233 | 233 | Mining & Industry | false |
99,916 | github_open_source_100_2_8325 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <template>
<div class="home">
<el-radio-group v-model="$p" @change="platformChangeEventHandler">
<el-radio v-for="plat in platformOptions" :key="plat" :label="plat">{{plat}}</el-radio>
</el-radio-group>
<el-radio-group v-model="$db" @change="databaseChangeEventHandler">
<el-radio v-for="db in databaseOptions" :key="db" :label="db">{{db || 'default'}}</el-radio>
</el-radio-group>
</div>
</template>
<script lang="ts">
import { Component, Vue, Prop, Emit } from 'vue-property-decorator';
import { platform } from '@/types/workspace';
@Component({
components: {
},
})
export default class DatabaseSelecter extends Vue {
@Prop()
platform:platform;
get $p(){
return this.platform
}
set $p($val){
this.platform = $val
}
@Prop()
platformOptions:platform[];
@Prop()
database:string;
get $db(){
return this.database
}
set $db($val){
this.database = $val
}
@Prop()
databaseOptions:string[];
platformChangeEventHandler($val:platform){
this.$emit("onPlatformChange",$val)
}
databaseChangeEventHandler($val:string){
this.$emit("onDatabaseChange",$val)
}
@Emit('onDatabaseChange')
onDatabaseChange(database:string){
}
@Emit('onPlatformChange')
onPlatformChange(platform:platform){
}
}
</script>
| 0.043885 | 0.812897 | 3,745 | 14,914 | 31 | 31 | HTML Components | false |
99,917 | github_open_source_100_2_8326 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package eventlp_test
import (
"testing"
"github.com/depscloud/depscloud/internal/eventlp"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
)
func TestLinkedList_Queue(t *testing.T) {
// ensures the linked list can behave like a queue
queue := &eventlp.LinkedList{}
queue.PushBack("a")
queue.PushBack("b")
queue.PushBack("c")
require.Equal(t, 3, queue.Size())
require.Equal(t, "a", queue.PopFront())
require.Equal(t, "b", queue.PopFront())
require.Equal(t, "c", queue.PopFront())
require.Nil(t, queue.PopFront())
require.Equal(t, 0, queue.Size())
}
func TestLinkedList_Stack(t *testing.T) {
// ensures the linked list can behave like a stack
stack := &eventlp.LinkedList{}
stack.PushBack("a")
stack.PushBack("b")
stack.PushBack("c")
require.Equal(t, 3, stack.Size())
require.Equal(t, "c", stack.PopBack())
require.Equal(t, "b", stack.PopBack())
require.Equal(t, "a", stack.PopBack())
require.Nil(t, stack.PopBack())
require.Equal(t, 0, stack.Size())
}
| 0.56821 | 0.650446 | 3,378 | 13,540 | 253 | -1 | Code Project Testing | false |
99,918 | github_open_source_100_2_8327 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package envelope
import (
"bytes"
"encoding/base64"
"io"
"io/ioutil"
"reflect"
"strings"
"github.com/ansel1/merry"
"github.com/mikesimons/traverser"
)
// DecryptStructured will parse the input as format and use the encryption prefix to automatically identify and decrypt encrypted values
func (s *Envelope) DecryptStructured(input io.Reader, format string) ([]byte, error) {
codec, err := codecForFormat(format)
if err != nil {
return nil, merry.Wrap(err).WithUserMessage("unrecognized format").WithValue("format", format)
}
inputData, err := s.DecryptStructuredAsMap(input, format)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
decrypted, err := codec.Marshal(&inputData)
if err != nil {
return []byte(""), merry.Wrap(err).WithUserMessage("error marshalling output")
}
return decrypted, nil
}
func (s *Envelope) DecryptStructuredAsMap(input io.Reader, format string) (interface{}, error) {
codec, err := codecForFormat(format)
if err != nil {
return nil, merry.Wrap(err).WithUserMessage("unrecognized format").WithValue("format", format)
}
var inputData interface{}
inputBytes, err := ioutil.ReadAll(input)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
err = codec.Unmarshal(inputBytes, &inputData)
if err != nil {
return nil, merry.Wrap(err).WithUserMessage("could not decode input").WithValue("format", format)
}
t := &traverser.Traverser{
Node: func(keys []string, val reflect.Value) (traverser.Op, error) {
data := val.Interface()
str, ok := data.(string)
if ok && strings.HasPrefix(str, s.Prefix) {
v := str[len(s.Prefix):]
bytesReader := bytes.NewReader([]byte(v))
inputReader := base64.NewDecoder(base64.StdEncoding, bytesReader)
decrypted, err := s.Decrypt(inputReader)
if err != nil {
return s.StructuredErrorBehaviour(merry.Wrap(err).WithValue("key", strings.Join(keys, ".")))
}
return traverser.Set(reflect.ValueOf(string(decrypted)))
}
return traverser.Noop()
},
}
err = t.Traverse(reflect.ValueOf(inputData))
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return inputData, nil
}
| 0.468735 | 0.67023 | 3,438 | 13,661 | 292 | -1 | Code Snippets & Parsing | false |
99,919 | 2621021_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Sakura Quest diarahkan oleh Soichi Masui dan diproduksi oleh P.A.Works. Ini berjalan selama 25 episode dan ditayangkan di Jepang dari 5 April hingga 20 September 2017 di Tokyo MX, dengan siaran lebih lanjut di ABC, AT-X, BS11, dan Tulip TV. Alexandre S. D. Celibidache dikreditkan dengan karya asli, dan naskahnya ditulis oleh Masahiro Yokotani. Kanami Sekiguchi berdasarkan desain karakter yang digunakan dalam anime pada desain asli Bunbun. Musik ini diproduksi oleh band (K)NoW_NAME, yang juga melakukan lagu pembukaan dan penutup. Lagu pembukaan pertama adalah "Morning Glory" dan lagu penutup pertama adalah "Freesia". Lagu pembukaan kedua adalah "Lupinus" dan lagu penutup kedua adalah "Baby's Breath". Anime ini dilisensikan oleh Funimation di Amerika Utara dengan dubbing bahasa Inggris, dan serial ini dialirkan oleh Crunchyroll dengan subtitle bahasa Inggris.
Daftar episode
Catatan
Referensi
Sakura Quest.
| 0.448508 | -0.380026 | 1,262 | 5,084 | 146 | -1 | Tohoku/EPisodes and Real Estate | false |
99,920 | github_open_source_100_2_8328 | Github OpenSource | Various open source |
all: extract.exe
extract.exe: main.o objset.o zap.o zio.o dnode.o dump.o lz4.o
gcc -g -std=c++14 $^ $(ADDLIB) -lstdc++ -o $@
%.o: %.cpp
@-mkdir -p $(dir $@)
gcc -g -std=c++14 -I$(CURDIR)/include -I$(CURDIR)/include_libspl/include -c $< -o $@
clean:
rm -f *.o *.exe
test:
./extract.exe -c ../disk0.bin:../disk1.bin:../disk2.bin 0:5a000:2000 test.bin
| 0.380159 | 0.603463 | 3,308 | 13,144 | 293 | 293 | AWS EC2 & Route53 | false |
99,921 | arnefisherlassie00bjoriala_10 | US-PD-Books | Public Domain | The mother sat in silence for a long time, and then she said : " And have you done me no wrong ? Where was I all this time that you never told me a word about it? " " O, mother, mother, help me ! Don't be hard on me ; I feel that I shall have to suffer for this as long as I live, so I will pray to God to let me die soon ! Dear, good God," she began straightway, and she folded her hands towards Him — "Dear, good God, listen to my prayer. I have utterly ruined my life ; there is nothing more for me now. I am not fit to live ; I don't understand life ; let me die, then, O dear God ! " There was such a grim intensity in her prayer, that Gunlaug, who had harsh words ready for her, swallowed them down, and laid her hand on her daughter's arm to stop her from praying thus. "Control yourself, child; don't tempt the Lord. You tmist live, even though life's bitter." She got up, and never set foot in Petra's attic again. Oedegaard had fallen sick, and was in a perilous state. His old father moved upstairs to him, and made his work- room by his side ; to all who begged him to spare himself he made answer that it was his work to watch over his son PETRA'S LOVERS MEET. 63 whenever that son lost any of those whom he loved more dearly than his father. Such being the state of things, Gunnar suddenly came home ! He almost frightened his mother's life out of her by appearing so long before the ship he went out with ; she thought it was his double, and his acquaintances were not much wiser than she. To all their wondering questions he returned no reasonable answer; but the matter soon became clearer to them, for the very day he came back he was driven out of Gunlaug's inn, and that by Gunlaug herself. From the steps she cried out to him, in a voice that echoed down Hollow Street : " Don't you come here again ; we've had quite enough of your sort ! " Before he had gone far, a girl came after him with a packet. The girl had another one besides ; she gave him the wrong one, and Gunnar found in it a massive gold chain : he stood weighing it in his hands and staring at it. To begin with, he had not understood the reason of G-un- laug's mad wrath, but still less did he see why she should have sent him a gold chain. He shouted to the girl to come back. She must have made a mistake, she said, and she gave him the other packet, asking if that was his. It turned out to contain his presents to Petra. Yes, that was his, right enough ; but whom was the gold chain for ? That was for Merchant Void, the girl answered, and went her way. G-unnar stood still, and gave himself up to thought. " Merchant Void ! does he give her presents ? It must be he, then, who has stolen her from me — Yngve Void — Oh, its you, is it? Very well, then — His excitement and anger needed some vent ; he must have something to knock to pieces. " Very well, then, Yngve Void!" For the second time that day the luckless merchant was 64 THE FISHER LASSIE. attacked unawares, and this time on his own doorstep. He tore away from the madman into his office, with G-unnar after him. All the clerks fell upon the riotous intruder, who hit away and lashed out in all directions. Chairs, desks, and tables were overturned ; letters, dockets, and invoices flew about like smoke. At length auxiliaries came from Yngve's wharf, and, after a mighty struggle, Gunnar was thrown out into the street. But now the thing began to grow really serious. There happened to be two ships lying at the quay — one a foreigner, the other a Norseman; and as it was just dinner-time the sailors were all free to join in the fun. They joined battle at once, crew against crew, foreigners against natives ; other crews were sent for, and came dashing up at full speed ; the labourers, the old women, and the boys lent their aid, and at last there was nobody who knew either why or with whom he was fight- ing. It was no good for the skippers to come and swear at the men ; it was no good for the respectable citizens to givetheir ordersfor thetown'sonly policeman to be fetched — he happened to be out on the fjord fishing. They ran to the mayor, who was also postmaster, but he was shut up with the post-bag that had just arrived, and answered .through the window that he could not come, his post-clerk was at a funeral, so they must wait. But as they would not stop killing one another till the letters were sorted, many people — especially old women — shouted out that Arne the smith ought to be fetched. This met with the respectable citizens' approval, and Arne's wife went to get him, " for the police- man was not at home," she said. He came, much to the joy of the school-boys. Striking a few blows among the crowd, he got hold of one rash Spaniard, and used him as a club to belabour the others with at random. When all was over, the mayor came along, walking with a stick. He found some old women and children talking PETRA'S LOVERS MEET. together on the field of battle. He bade them, with se- verity, go home to their dinners, and straightway did the same himself. But the day after he held an inquiry, which occupied some time, as no one seemed to have the least idea as to who had been engaged in the fight : only all were agreed that Arne the smith had been in the thick of it, for they had seen him striking others with a Spaniard. For this Arne had to pay a fine of a dollar, and his wife, who had led him into it, got a beating from him on the eleventh Sunday after Trinity, as she had good cause to remember. These were the only judicial results of the fray. But other results there were. The little town was no longer a quiet little town: the "Fisher Lassie" had turned it topsy- turvy. The strangest stories were about, arising from a feeling of jealous anger against her for having been able to attract to her the cleverest man in the town and the two richest bachelors, to say nothing of " several " besides ; for Gunnar gradually grew to be " several young men." Soon there was a universal storm of moral indignation. The disgrace of being the cause of a great street riot, and of having brought sorrow into three of the best families of the town, hung over the head of a young girl who had only been confirmed some six months before : three sweethearts at a time, and one of them her teacher, her benefactor ! nay, indignation at this could not be held in. Had she not been the plague of the town even in her childhood ? had they not, despite that, shown her by their gifts what they hoped of her, when Oedegaard took her up ? and had she not now put them all to shame, crushed Oedegaard' s life, and, following the bent of her nature, thrown herself, with- out restraint, into courses that must make her an outcast from society, and hand her over in old age to the House of Correction ? Her mother must have been her accomplice, and the child must have learned her wicked ways in the p 66 THE FISHER LASSIE. Seaman's Inn. The yoke that G-unlaug had laid upon the town must no longer be tolerated : neither she nor her daughter could be suffered to remain any longer amongst them : let everyone unite to drive them away. That evening a crowd, made up of seamen who owed Gunlaug money; of tippling workmen, for whom she would not get work ; and of youths, to whom she refused to give credit, led on by people of the better sort, assembled on the hill. They whistled, they hooted ; they yelled out for the " Fisher Lassie " and for " Fish-Grunlaug." Presently a stone was hurled at the door, and then another through the attic window. Not till midnight did the noise die away. Behind the windows all had remained dark and noiseless. Next day not a single person came to the inn, not so much as a child went by the house on the hill. But in the evening there was the same riotous mob as before, save that now all joined in, without distinction. The flowers were trampled down, the windows all broken in, the garden hedge torn up, and the young fruit-trees rooted out. Then they began to sing : " ' Mother, I've hooked a sailor fine.' ' Well done, my lass!' ' Mother, I've made a merchant mine.' ' Well done, my lass ! ' ' Mother, a parson's on my line.' ' Then pull in, my lass ! Men come and go, And we older grow; And what's the good if the big fish bite When you can't pull 'em into your boat so tight ? ' " ' Mother, he's gone, that sailor fine.' ' Has he, my lass?' ' Mother, he's gone, that merchant mine.' ' Has he, my lass ? ' ' And the par*on'll soon be off my line.' ' Then pull in, my lass ! PETRA'S LOVERS MEET. 67 For men come and go, And we older grow ; And what's the good if the big fish bite When you can't pull 'em into your boat so tight ? '" Then the crowd began to yell loudly for Gunlaug, for they wanted to hear her burst forth in her matchless wrath. But Gunlaug, though she heard every word, sat silent within the house ; for, for one's child's sake, a woman must Ve able to bear much. CHAPTEE VI. PETEA'S FLIGHT. 1T)ETRA was in her room on the first evening when the J_ whistling, shouting, and hooting began. She sprung up, as if the house were on fire around her, or were falling to pieces above her head ; she dashed about her room as if beaten by burning rods ; there was a singing and burn- ing in her breast ; her thoughts were straining for an outlet, but down to her mother she dared not go, and before her only window stood the mob ! A stone came flying through it, and fell on her bed ; she gave a scream, and flew into one corner and hid behind a curtain among her old clothes. There she sat, crouched up, burning with shame, trembling with fear. Visions of unknown terrors floated in upon her : the air was filled with faces — gaping, grinning faces — that came close up to her own, while all around rained fire ; — oho ! not fire, but eyes ; it was raining, pouring down eyes, — great glowing eyes, small twinkling eyes, eyes that stood still, eyes that ran to and fro. "O, Lord Jesus, help, help ! " Ah ! what a relief it was when the last shout died away in the night, and all was black and still once more. She stole forth and threw herself on her bed, hiding her face in the pillows ; but she could no* hide herself from her thoughts. First and foremost in them stood the figure of her mother, PETRA'S FLIGHT. (jg mighty and threatening as the thunder-clouds that gather round the mountains. Ah ! what must not the mother be suffering for her sake ! On her eyes fell not a wink of sleep, on her soul no peace ; and day came, and brought no balm. She got up and walked to and fro, round and round, her only thought how she could make her escape; but she dared not meet her mother, and she dared not go out so long as it was daylight, and with the evening they would come again ! But wait she must ; for before midnight it was still more perilous to attempt to fly. And where was she to fly to ? She had no money ; she knew of no place to go to ; but surely, she thought, there must be merciful, kindly folk somewhere, just as there was a merciful, kind God. He knew that however much she might have erred, it was not deliberately ; He knew her remorse, and He too knew her helplessness. She listened for her mother's move- ments down below, but she heard none ; she trembled at the thought of hearing her foot-step on the stairs, but she did not come. The girl who came to work there had doubtless fled, for no one brought Petra anything to eat. The broken window-pane let the cold air in in the morning, and now that evening was coming on it was still worse. She had made up a small bundle of her clothes and dressed herself completely, so as to be ready. But she must wait for the raging mob again, and bear whatever they might do. There they were again! Whistling, hooting, throwing stones — worse, far worse, than last night ! She crept into her corner, folded her hands, and never ceased to pray. If only her mother would not go out to them ! If only they would not break in ! Then they began to sing a coarse libellous ditty, and though every word cut her like a knife, yet she must sit and listen to it ; but when she heard her mother's name mixed up with it, and knew that they had had the shameful injustice to make out G-unlaug guilty as herself, she sprang up and dashed forward, determined to 70 THE FISHER LASSIE. speak to tlie cowardly crew or throw herself down among them ; — but a stone, and then another, and then a whole storm of stones flew through the windows, splinters of the broken glass whizzed about, and stones kept whirling round the room. She crept back again to her refuge. She was perspiring, as if the hottest rays of the sun were upon her, but she no longer wept, and her fear had left her. Little by little the noise began to ebb ; she ventured forth, and, as soon as nothing was to be heard, tried to get to the window ; but she kept treading on crackling splin- ters of glass : she stepped back again, walking softly on the stones so as not to be heard ; for now was the time for her to creep away. After waiting for more than half an hour, she took off her shoes, picked up her bundle, and softly opened the door. She waited another five minutes, and then walked gingerly down-stairs. It pained her deeply to have to leave her mother without farewell, after all the trouble she had brought upon her ; but fear urged her on. " Good-bye, dear mother ! Good-bye, dear mother ! " she whispered to herself as she went down each step. " Good- bye, mother dear ! " — and now she stood on the last step, and drew several long breaths, and then was at the door. Just then her arm was grasped from behind ; she gave a faint scream, turned, and was face to face with her mother ! Gunlaug, who had heard the door open, knew at once what Petra meant to do, and stood waiting for her. Petra felt that she would not get by without a struggle. Explana- tion would be of no avail; whatever she might say, she would not be believed. Well, let there be a struggle then ! nothing in the world could be worse than the worst, and this she had lived through. " Where are you going ? " asked the mother in a low tone. In equally low tones, but with a beating heart, answered Petra : PETRA'S FLIGHT. " I must go." " Where will you go to ? " " That I don't know — but I must get away from here ! " She grasped her bundle tight and began to move again. But her mother held her arm, and said : " Come, follow me — I have seen to this." Straightway Petra gave herself up, as one might give up a burden far too heavy for one's strength ; she drew long breaths, as if after a tough struggle, and resigned herself to her mother. The latter went into a little closet at the back of the kitchen, where there was no window, but in which a candle was burning ; it was here she had sat in hiding, during the tumult without. The closet was so small, there was scarce room to move in it ; the mother drew forth a bundle somewhat smaller than Petra' s, opened it, and took out a seaman's dress. " Put these on," she whispered. Petra saw at once why she was to do so, but it touched her that her mother said never a word about it. She un- dressed, and put the other things on, her mother helping her, and as she did so, and the light fell upon her, Petra looked at her face, and saw for the first time that G-uulaug was old. Had she become so during these last two days, or had Petra never noticed it before? The child's tears rolled down upon the mother, but Grunlaug never looked up at her, so that Petra spoke no word. A sou'-wester was the last thing she had to put on ; and when that was done the mother took her bundle from her, blew out the light, and whispered : " Now come." They went out into the passage, but not through the street door : Grunlaug opened the gate into the yard, and locked it again. They walked through the trampled garden, over uprooted trees, and past the broken hedge. 72 THE FISHER LASSIE. " You'd best look round you well now," said the mother; "you'll never come here again." The other shuddered, but did not look round. They took the upper road, along the wood in which she had spent half her life — where she had been that evening with Gunnar, that evening with Tngve Void, and that last one with Oedegaard. They were walking through the withered leaves that had now begun to fall. The night was icy cold, and Petra shivered in her unwonted clothes. The mother turned aside towards a garden, and Petra recognized it at once, though she had never been on that side of it since the day when, as a child, she had led the attack on it— for it was Pedro Ohlsen's orchard. The mother had a key, and opened the gate. It had cost G-unlaug much to go to him that morning, and it cost her much more to come to him. now with the luckless daughter whom she could no longer shelter. She rapped at the garden door, and almost at once steps were heard and a light was seen. A moment after the door was opened by Pedro, who stood inside, pale and scared, dressed in travelling clothes, and wearing travelling boots. He held a tallow candle in his hand, and he sighed as his eyes fell on Petra' s face, all swollen with weeping. She looked up at him ; but as he did not dare to recognize her, she did not venture to recognize him. " This man has promised to help you to get away," said the mother, without looking at either of them, as she went a few steps up the passage, and the others followed her into Pedro's room on the opposite side. The room was small and low : the close, confined air smote upon them as they came in, and made Petra feel sick, for more than a day and night she had neither slept nor eaten. In the middle of the room there hung a cage with a canary in it, and they had to go round it to avoid striking it. The heavy old chairs and the solid table, the two great countrified presses PETRA'S FLIGHT. 73 which almost touched the ceiling, dwarfed everything else, and seemed to make the room even more confined than it was. On the table lay music and a flute. Pedro Ohlsen slouched about in his great boots as if he were busily doing something. A faint voice from the room behind was heard, saying, " Who is that ? who is in there ? " which caused him to shuffle about still quicker, as he mumbled out, "Oh, it's — er, er, it's — er, er — ," and finally went off to where the voice came from. G/unlaug sat by the window with both elbows on her knees and her head on her hands. She looked fixedly down at the sand, with which the floor was strewn, but she said not a word, only at intervals she heaved deep sighs. Petra stood by the door, her legs knocking together, and her hands pressed against her breast, for she was beginning to feel sick. An old-fashioned clock was tick- ing out the seconds ; the tallow candle stood on the table with a long, guttering wick. Presently the mother tried to give a reason for their presence there. " I used to know that man once," she said. Not many words, and no answer. Pedro kept away. The light guttered melancholily, and the clock kept up its ticking. Petra was feeling more and more sick, and through it all her mother's " I used to know that man once," kept whistling in her ears. The clock took it up, and began to tick out, "I — used — to know — that — man — once." Whenever, in her subsequent life, Petra encountered close, faint air, that room straightway stood before her with the memories of her sickness and the clock's "I — used — to know — that — man — once." Whenever she went on a steamer, the smell of the oil, the bilge-water under the cabin, or the vapour of cooking meat, always made her feel sea-sick at once, and constantly through her sickness that room stood day and night before her eyes, and in her 74 THE FISHER LASSIE. ears was the sound of the clock ticking out its " I — used — to know — that — man — once." When Pedro came in again he had put on a woollen cap and a clumsy, old-fashioned coat, which went up to his ears. " I am ready," he said, and began to pull on his thick mittens, as if he were going out in the depths of winter. " But we mustn't forget " (he turned round) " the cloak for — for — ;" and he looked at Petra, and from her to Q-unlaug, who now took up a blue cloak which was hanging over the back of a chair, and helped Petra to put it on ; but when she had the full odour of the place thus imme- diately beneath her nose, it was so overpowering that she begged for fresh air. Gunlaug saw she was not well, opened the door, and quickly led her out into the garden. Petra drank in long, full draughts of the fresh autumnal air in the cool night. "Where am I going ?" she asked, when she had begun to feel a little better. " To Bergen," answered the mother, helping her to fasten her cloak ; " it is a big town, where nobody knows you." When she had finished she took her stand by the garden gate, and said : " You will have 100 dollars to take with you ; so that if you don't get on you'll then have something to fall back upon. This man here is going to lend it you." " Give — give it ! " whispered Pedro, as he passed them and went out into the road. " Lend it you," repeated the mother, as if he had not spoken: " I shall pay him back again." She took a handkerchief from her neck, tied it round Petra' s, and said : " You are to write to me as soon as you're getting on all right, but not before." PETRA'S FLIGHT. 75 " Mother ! " " And this man will row you on board the ship that lies out there on the fjord." " Oh, mother ! Good God ! dear mother " "And now there's nothing more. I shall go with you no further." "Mother! mother!" " God be with you. Farewell ! " " Mother, dear mother, forgive me ! " " And don't catch cold on the water." She had gently pushed Petra outside the garden gate, and now she shut it from within. Petra stood without the closed gate, and felt about as desolate and lonely as it is possible for mortal to feel; but just then, from out of the midst of her tears, her woes and her feeling of exile, there sprung up within her, as if by inspiration, a sudden confidence : like a tongue of fire that has been kindled and then quenched, it blazed high into the air and sunk down again, extinguished indeed, but, for one moment, gloriously bright. She opened her eyes, and stood once more in thick darkness. In silence, through the deserted streets of the little town, by the close-shut, leafless gardens, past the houses, locked and lightless, she slowly followed the slouching form in the great boots and the long cloak that left him no head. They came out upon the avenues, and trod once more through the withered leaves, where the sere green branches stretched out long spectral arms to seize them. They climbed their way down across the hill to the yellow boat-house, where their skiff lay, and the man at once began busily to bale it. He rowed her out from the land, which now lay a black mass beneath the heavy skies. Fields, houses, forests, mountains, were all blotted out : nothing more could she now see of the things which till yesterday she had seen every day of her life. Like the town, like mankind, they 76 THE FISHER LASSIE. had locked themselves into the darkness of night; and she was cast out, and no voice bade her farewell. A man was pacing up and down on the deck of the ship, as it lay at anchor waiting for the morning wind ; as soon as he saw them under the ship's side, he lowered a rope- ladder, helped them on board, and told the captain of their arrival, who immediately came up on deck. She knew him, and he her ; but without a question, or a word of sympathy, he told her, as if her being there was a matter of course, all that she needed to know — namely, where her berth was, and what she was to do if she wanted anything or felt sick. The latter she did almost as soon as she went down, and so directly she had changed her clothes she came up on deck again, where a fragrant odour met her. It was the smell of chocolate, and straightway a mighty feeling of hunger fell upon her, and seemed to tear and rend her breast ; and just then up came the same man who had received them on board with a bowl-full of it and a lot of cakes from the cook-room ; her mother had sent them, he said ; and while she was eating, he went on to tell her that she had also sent on board a chest with her best clothes, her linen and woollen garments, as well as food and other useful things. A vivid image of her mother same into her mind at that moment — a magnificent figure, such as she had never pictured her before, but never ceased to do all the rest of her life. And with it she made a vow, with confident yet humble prayer, that some time she would be able to give her mother some great joy in return for the sorrow that she caused her now. Pedro Ohlsen sat beside her when she sat, and walked by her when she walked, trying hard not to be in her way, and consequently being always in the way on the deck, crowded as it was with goods. Of his face she could see nothing but the great nose and the eyes, nor could she see PETRA'S FLIGHT. 77 these distinctly ; yet he gave her the impression of being burdened with something he wanted to say, but could not. He sighed, sat down, got up, walked about round her, sat down again ; but no word came from his lips, and she did not speak. At length he felt he must give it up. He drew drearily out of his pocket a huge leather pocket-book, and whis- pered that the hundred dollars were in it, and a little more besides. She gave him her hand as she thanked him, and as she did so, his face was so near her that she could see his eyes dwelling upon her with a tearful glance, for with her the last remnant of life that had preserved his decaying existence was leaving him. What he wanted was to say something to her which should make her think lovingly of him when he, before long, should be no more ; but he had been forbidden to do so ; and though, spite of that, he would have done it, yet he could not manage it, for she gave him no help ! The truth was, Petra was exceedingly tired, and the recollection that he had been the cause of her first sin against her mother would not leave her. She could not bear to have him with her, and the longer he sat there the worse it grew, for when one is tired, one is apt to be peevish. The poor^wretch felt this. It was time for him to be going, he said, and drew his withered hand out from beneath his mittens, and bade her a whispered farewell. She laid her warm hand in his, and both got up. " Thanks," she said, " and take my greeting." He gave a sigh, or rather a groan, then another one or two let go her hand, turned, and walked backwards, and in silence, down the ship's ladder. She went to the bulwarks ; he looked up, waved a farewell to her, took his seat in the boat, and rowed slowly off. She stood till he was a black spot in the blackness around, went below, for she could scarcely stand, so tired was she; 78 THE FISHER LASSIE. and though she felt sick the moment she came down, she had scarcely laid her head on the pillow, and said the first two or three lines of the Lord's Prayer, before she was asleep. Meanwhile her mother sat by the yellow boat-house : she had slowly followed them the whole way, and sat there by the boat-house while they were putting off from the land. From the same spot, in days gone by, Pedro Ohlsen had put off with her from the land. That was long, long ago ; but it must perforce come into her mind now, when he was rowing her daughter away. As soon as she saw him coming back alone, she got up and went ; for she knew by that that her daughter was safe on board. She did not take the road homewards, but finding in the darkness the path that led over the moun- tains, made her way along it. Her house in the town stood ruined and desolate for more than a month ; she did not mean to go back till she had received good news from her daughter. Meanwhile, the feeling against her was put to the proof. Meaner natures ever feel a secret joy in banding together to persecute a stronger one, but that only so long as the latter is able to make resistance ; when they see that the other quietly puts up with ill-treatment, a feeling of shame comes upon them, and they hiss at anyone who now would cast a stone. The mob had rejoiced in the thought of hearing G-unlaug's mighty voice echoing down Hollow Street; they had in imagination seen her calling on the seamen for help, and stirring up a street-row. As she refused to show herself, the people were well- nigh uncontrollable on the third night : they would break in after her ; they would pitch the two women into the street; they would drive them, hunt them, out of the town. The windows had not been mended since the night before, and it was amidst tremendous cheering that two PETRA'S FLIGHT. 79 men climbed through them to open the door ; and then in stormed the whole crew ! They looked into every room, upstairs and downstairs ; they burst the doors open ; they broke into atoms aU that stood in their way ; they searched every corner, not exclud- ing the cellar, but neither mother, nor daughter, nor any living thing could they find. A sudden silence fell upon them all the moment the real state of things was made plain ; those inside the house came out, one by one, and drew back behind the others. Presently the house was empty. Before long, there were some in the town who said that it was a shameful thing to have acted thus towards two defenceless women. They went on discussing the matter, until at last all were agreed that whatever wrong the Fisher Lassie might have done, it was certainly not G-unlaug's fault, and there- fore she had been very unjustly treated. She was sorely missed in the town. Quarrels and disturbances arising from drink began to be the order of the day, for the town had lost its police. Folks missed her commanding figure in her doorway as they went by ; and more than anyone else did the sailors miss her. No place was like hers had been, they said, for with her every man was treated accord- ing to his merits, and had his place in her confidence and her help whatever happened. Neither seamen nor skippers, neither employers nor housewives, had understood her real value till now that she had disappeared. Therefore, an unanimous feeling of gladness ran through the town when it was said that someone had seen her in her dwelling, cooking and roasting as usual. Every one felt he must go and make certain for himself that the window- panes were replaced, the door mended, and the smoke curling out of the chimney. Yes, it was all true ; there she was again ! They crept 80 THE FISHER LASSIE. up on the other side of Hollow Street to get a better view of her ; she was sitting in front of the oven, and looking neither up nor down as her eye followed her hand, and her hand was "busily working, for she had come back to earn again what she had lost, and first and foremost the hun- dred dollars that she owed to Pedro Ohlsen. At first people were content with looking in on her — their evil conscience kept them from entering the house ; but by degrees they began to come in. First came the housewives, the kind-hearted, friendly creatures ; but they got no chance to talk anything but business with her, foi Grunlaug gave no heed to anything else. Then came the fisher-folk, then shippers and skippers to hire sailors ; and, last of all, on the first Sunday after her return, came the seamen. There must have been an agreement between them all to come that evening, for all of a sudden the house was so packed that not only were both the rooms fully occupied, but even the tables and chairs, which stood in the garden in summer-time, had to be brought in and put in the passage, in the kitchen, and in the back-parlour. 'No one looking at this assembly would have guessed with what feelings those people sat there ; for Gunlaug had resumed her silent sway over them again the moment they crossed her threshold, and the calm dignity with which she waited on each one turned aside all questions and all words of welcome. She was the same as ever, save that her hair was no longer black, and her bearing was somewhat quieter. But when the seamen began to grow merry they could no longer restrain themselves ; and now, each time the servant left the room, they called upon Knud the boatswain, who had always been a favourite of hers, to drink her health when she came in again. He could not pluck up courage for it until he was somewhat warmer in the head ; and then at last, when she came in and was putting together the empty bottles and glasses, PETRA'S FLIGHT. gl he rose and said : " It was a very good thing she was back again. For it was quite certain that — it was a very good thing she was back again." This seemed to them a very neat speech, so they stood up and shouted : " Hear ! Hear ! a very good thing ! " And those in the passage, and those in the kitchen, and those in the other room, got up and joined in accord •, and the boatswain gave her a glass and shouted " Hurrah ! " and then they hurrahed all together, as if they were trying to raise the roof to the skies. Presently somebody said that they had done her shameful injustice, another took his oath they had, and soon they were all declaring and swear- ing that they had done her most shameful injustice. When at last there was quiet again, as they wanted a word from Grunlaug, she said that she thanked them very much ; " but," she added, as she went on gathering the empty glasses and bottles into a pile, " so long as I say nothing about it, you don't need to either." She went out with as large a pile of glasses as she could carry, and came back again for the others ; but ever after that her power was absolute. CHAPTER VII. " THE GREATEST CALLING ON EARTH." IN the evening and in darkness the ship cast anchor in Bergen harbour. Half dazed with sea-sickness, Petra was taken in the captain's boat through a number of ships, great and small ; then through the crowd of ferry- men on the quays ; then through the shoal of peasants and street-boys in the narrow streets through which their way ran. They stopped before a pretty little house, where an old woman, at the captain's introduction, gave Petra a kindly welcome. She needed food and sleep, and both her cravings were soon satisfied. Fresh and bright did she feel when she awoke at mid-day, next day, to new sounds and new voices around her, and — when the curtain was drawn aside — to new scenery, new people, and a new town. She was herself a new person, it seemed to her, as she stopped before the glass ; her face was not as of old. She could not see what exactly it was that made this difference, for she did not know that at her age sorrow and anguish make the face more delicate and spiritual ; but as she saw her- self in the glass, she could not keep her thoughts from the past few nights, and as she thought of them, she trembled. So she made haste to get ready to come down- stairs to the new world awaiting her there. She found her hostess and " THE GREATEST CALLING ON EARTH." 83 several otber ladies, who first looked her up and down from top to toe, and then promised to look after her ; as a beginning they proposed showing her round the town. There were several things that she wanted to buy, so she ran up-stairs for her pocket-book, but not caring to bring the great clumsy book down with her, she opened it in her room and took out the money. She found not 100 dollars, but 300 ! So Pedro Ohlsen had given her money again without her mother's knowledge or consent ! So little did she know the value of it, that the greatness of the sum did not surprise her : therefore it never occurred to her to guess at the possible reasons for such great liberality. Instead of a letter beaming with gratitude, with perhaps a question or two of surmise, Pedro Ohlsen got a letter from Grunlaug that her daughter had written her, in which, with scarce concealed anger against him, she betrayed her benefactor and asked what she was to do with the money he had smuggled in. | 0.383258 | -0.465972 | 1,132 | 4,440 | 240 | 240 | royalty biographies | false |
99,922 | github_open_source_100_2_8329 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /**Puntos a tener en cuenta:
* Recuerda invitar al bot con el scope: Application.commands
* ClientID = El ID de tu bot.
* GuildID = El ID del servidor.
*/
const Discord = require('discord.js);//Necesitas la librería de Discord, (v12.5.3).
const client = new Discord.Client();
client.slash = new Discord.Collection();//Aquí almacenaremos los comandos en barra.
client.on('ready', () => {
console.log('Slash commands example ready.');
});
const slashFolders = fs.readdirSync('./slashCmds');//Debes crear un directorio en dónde se encontraran los comandos en barra.
//Hacemos dos for loop para tomar las carpetas y de esas carpetas los archivos que contienen el código del comando.
for (const slashFolder of slashFolders) {
const slashFiles = fs.readdirSync(`./slashCmds/${slashFolder}`).filter((file) => file.endsWith(".js"));
for (const slashFile of slashFiles) {
let slashCommand = require(__dirname + '/slashCmds/' + slashFolder + `/${slashFile}`);//Acá obtenemos las propiedades de el archivo del código tomado.
let dat = { name: slashCommand.name, description: slashCommand.description };//Este será el dato por defecto.
if (slashCommand.options) dat = { name: slashCommand.name, description: slashCommand.description, options: slashCommand.options };//Si hay argumentos de opciones, agregaremos esa propiedad.
client.slash.set(slashCommand.name, slashCommand);//Agregamos el slash a la colección del Discord.
client.api.applications("ClientID").commands.post({ data: dat });//Crearemos el comando (De manera global en este ejemplo, también puedes hacerlo por servidores).
/**
* En caso de que quieras agregarlo con servidores, reemplaza la linea anterior por esta:
client.api.applications("ClientID").guilds("GuildID").commands.post({ data: data });
*/
};
};
//Crearemos una función flecha o como gustes, en este caso con los parámetros de la interacción que recibimos del evento y el contenido del mensaje.
const createAPIMessage = async (interaction, content) => {
const { data, files } = await Discord.APIMessage.create(
client.channels.resolve(interaction.channel_id),
content).resolveData().resolveFiles()
return { ...data, files }
};
//Creo otra función flecha para responder a la interacción del Slash.
const reply = async (interaction, response) => {
let data = {
content: response,
};
//Si el contenido del mensaje es un object, con esto chequearemos que es un embed y crearemos el mensaje desde la Api de Discord como si fuera un mensaje con la función que hicimos anteriormente.
if (typeof response === 'object') {
data = await createAPIMessage(interaction, response);
};
client.api.interactions(interaction.id, interaction.token).callback.post({
data: {
type: 4,
data,
},
})//Y con esto respondemos a la interacción.
};
//Ahora creamos un evento
client.ws.on('INTERACTION_CREATE', async (interaction) => {
if (interaction.type != 2) return;//Haremos una condición para chequear si la interacción no es igual a un comando en barra para retornar nada.
const { name, options } = interaction.data;//Obtenemos esas dos propiedades que ocuparemos de la propiedad de la interacción creada.
const args = {};
if (options) {
for (const option of options) {
const { name, value } = option
args[name] = value
}
}//Chequeamos si la interacción del evento tiene opciones y agregamos los argumentos que trae la interacción.
const command = client.slash.get(name);//Obtenemos el comando de la interacción creada.
if(!command) return;//Si no está en la colección del Discord, retornamos nada.
try {
command.run(client, interaction, reply, args);//Intentamos correr el comando con los parámetros.
} catch (error) {
console.error(error);//Si no se pudo correr, mandará un error.
};
});
client.login('token')
| 0.31814 | 0.762605 | 3,626 | 14,420 | 293 | 293 | AWS EC2 & Route53 | false |
99,923 | 427585_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Marijina cerkev (Frauenkirche) v Esslingenu je ena od cerkev jugozahodne nemške pozne gotike in ena najstarejših dvoranskih cerkev v Švabski.
Marijina cerkev je bila prva gotska cerkev v jugozahodni Nemčiji. Skoraj 200 let so potrebovali za njeno dokončanje. S sodelovanjem priznanih arhitektov in družin Ensinger in Böblinger je bila končana do leta 1516 in ima 72 m visok stolp. Omembe vredna sta zunanji plastični okras Poslednje sodbe in Marijinega življenja v timpanonu na južni strani.
Zgodovina
Esslingen je imel leta 1300 več cerkev in kapelic, ki so bile v lasti samostanov. Meščani svobodnega cesarskega mesta niso mogli zgraditi še ene cerkve.
Mestni svet je 26. maja in 1. junija 1321 zahteval, da meščani sodelujejo pri gradnji Marijine cerkve. Triladijska stavba je torej mestna cerkev meščanov. Pravi razlog za gradnjo cerkve pa je bil, da je najstarejša cerkev v Esslingenu, Mestna cerkev svetega Dionizija, pripadla stolnemu kapitlju Speyer.
Dela so se začela leta 1325 s korom, hitro zatem je bil postavljen Marijin oltar.
Gradnja kora in vzhodnih dveh obokov z Marijinim portalom kot triladijska cerkev je trajala do leta 1330. Nato je bila gradnja prekinjena. Drugo fazo od tretjega oboka dalje so zgradili v letih 1340–1365.
Veličastne portalne skulpture je izdelal neznan mojster.
Od leta 1400 do 1440 je Ulrich von Ensingen nadaljeval gradnjo cerkve. Končal je ladjo in zgradil dva portala, pa tudi osnovo stolpov.
Od leta 1440 do 1505 je družina gradbenega mojstra Böblinger zgradila stolp z zvonikom, strešnega jezdeca, pa tudi strešno galerijo in streho.
Marijina cerkev je bila med letoma 1994 in 2016 deležna obsežne zunanje prenove. Vsi trije izvirni zvonovi iz let 1350, 1496 in 1587 so bili nadomeščeni in dopolnjeni s tremi drugimi iz 20. stoletja.
Oprema
Srednjeveška stekla (vitraji) treh srednjih kornih oken so bila vgrajena okoli 1330. Prikazujejo prizore iz Kristusovega in Marijinega življenja in tudi življenja svetnikov in mučenikov.
Osrednje okno, ki se imenuje tudi Svetopisemsko okno, prikazuje na levem in desnem pasu prizore iz Stare zaveze, v srednjem pa prizore iz Nove zaveze.
V desnem oknu so stekla iz kapele Katharinenspital, ki je stala na današnjem Marktplatzu in se je podrla v 19. stoletju.
V cerkveni ladji so sodobna okna, ki jih je izdelal umetnik Hans Gottfried von Stockhausen v 20. stoletju: jugovzhodno okno je Pasijon, severovzhodno pa je Žensko okno.
Veličastne stropne poslikave v koru Marijine cerkve so okrašene z modro in zlato barvo in segajo v 19. stoletje. Sklepniki spominjajo na umetnost cistercijanov.
Prvotni gradbeni material za Marijino cerkev je bil lokalni peščenjak, ki je hitro preperel, še posebej v današnjem agresivnem zraku. Stalno so morali imeti na zalogi dele za zamenjavo. Včasih so uporabili Oberkirchnerjev peščenjak, apnenec in školjčni apnenec.
Sklici in viri
Marijina cerkev
Zunanje povezave
Cerkve v Nemčiji
Gotska arhitektura v Nemčiji
Verske zgradbe v Nemčiji.
| 0.350323 | -0.412622 | 1,195 | 4,822 | 221 | -1 | Biographies and historical data | false |
99,924 | abcdf901c6b742c0047bf853f84ecdd2_1 | French Open Data | Various open data | PIOMBINI
Josiane
RCS non inscrit
infirmière
22
rue
Cronstadt
06000
Nice
Avis de dépôt
Autre avis de dépôt
2021-09-28
Avis de dépôt de la liste des créances, article L624-1 du Code de commerce déposée au tribunal judiciaire de Nice où tout intéressé peut contester cette liste devant le juge commissaire dans un délai d’un mois à compter de la publication - N° RG : 16/13.
| 0.980688 | -0.82701 | 383 | 1,534 | 4 | 4 | JUDICIAL REDRESSMINT RECOVERY | false |
99,925 | 31256_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Mirador é um município brasileiro do estado do Paraná. Sua população de acordo com o censo do IBGE de 2010 é de 2.327 habitantes.
Municípios do Paraná
Fundações no Paraná em 1961.
| 0.354199 | -0.316284 | 1,387 | 5,590 | 222 | 222 | People Profiles | false |
99,926 | 2013/92013E005049/92013E005049_PT.txt_12 | Eurlex | CC-By | Does the Vice-President/High Representative condemn the unlawful intervention of the Israeli army in Syria? Can she provide details of how the European Union is trying to ensure that Israel complies with international law? What impact does she believe Israel’s unilateral and unpunished intervention in Syria will have on the conflict and on the region?
Answer given by High Representative/Vice-President Ashton on behalf of the Commission
(1 July 2013)
Although aware of media reports about alleged Israeli air strikes in Syria, these have not been confirmed officially and thus shall not be commented on by the EU. Generally, the HR/VP is of the view that foreign interventions into the ongoing Syrian conflict do not contribute to its solution but instead put the wider region, including Israel, at high risk of the violence escalation. Thus, the EU's diplomatic efforts now focus on coordination with all key regional and international players with an aim to find a political solution and avoid further warfare and loss of life.
The EU's commitment to a peaceful settlement of the Syrian conflict in full respect of the international law and in support of the efforts of the UN and the League of Arab States is reflected in the EU's humanitarian aid and other support already in place; its current political and security outlook has been interpreted during the latest EU FAC on 27 May 2013.
The HR/VP has repeatedly expressed in her public statements, e.g. 16 November 2012 in relation to Israeli military operation ‘Pillar of Defence’, as well as in the course of her constant diplomatic efforts vis-à-vis countries of the Middle East region that Israel has the right to protect its population from rocket attacks by extremist factions but at the same time urged Israel to ensure that its response is proportionate and does not violate international law. Continued deployment of the UNDOF and Unifil misions has been particularly appreciated.
(Wersja polska)
Pytanie wymagające odpowiedzi pisemnej E-004969/13
do Komisji
Lidia Joanna Geringer de Oedenberg (S&D)
(6 maja 2013 r.)
Przedmiot: Podstawa prawna dla procedury ustawodawczej w zakresie zmiany dyrektywy 87/2003/WE
Zważając, iż forsowany przez Komisję harmonogram aukcji emisji gazów w propozycji zmiany dyrektywy 87/2003/WE ustanawiającej system handlu przydziałami emisji gazów cieplarnianych we Wspólnocie nie dotyczy wyłącznie środowiska, ale wiąże się z wpływem na dywersyfikację struktury energetycznej państw członkowskich, zwracam się z pytaniem do Komisji, dlaczego została wybrana podstawa prawna z art. 192 ust.1 TFUE ustanawiająca zwykłą procedurę ustawodawczą w tym przypadku?
Taki wybór pomija rolę państw członkowskich w procesie decyzyjnym, który w tym przypadku wyraźnie podlega procedurze zawartej w art. 192 ust. 2 lit. c) TFUE. Jest to szczególnie ważne dla takich krajów jak Polska, których gospodarka jest wyjątkowo uzależniona od wysokoemisyjnego węgla i która pozbawiona możliwości sprzeciwu zagwarantowanego przez art. 192 ust. 2 lit. c) poniesie wyższe koszty dostosowań do proponowanych w dyrektywie regulacji niż średni koszt dla UE.
Artykuł 192 (dawny artykuł 175 TWE):
„
2. Na zasadzie odstępstwa od procedury decyzyjnej przewidzianej w ustępie 1 i bez uszczerbku dla artykułu 114, Rada, stanowiąc jednomyślnie zgodnie ze specjalną procedurą prawodawczą i po konsultacji z Parlamentem Europejskim, Komitetem Ekonomiczno-Społecznym i Komitetem Regionów, uchwala:
środki wpływające znacząco na wybór Państwa Członkowskiego między różnymi źródłami energii i ogólną strukturę jego zaopatrzenia w energię.
”
Odpowiedź udzielona przez komisarz Connie Hedegaard w imieniu Komisji
(14 czerwca 2013 r.)
Podstawą prawną dyrektywy 2003/87/WE (225) jest art. 175 ust. 1 Traktatu WE zastąpiony art. 192 ust. 1 TFUE (226). Ten sam artykuł stanowi również właściwą podstawę prawną wniosku w sprawie zmiany dyrektywy 2003/87/WE w celu doprecyzowania uprawnień Komisji w odniesieniu do harmonogramu aukcji.
Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, wybór podstawy prawnej musi opierać się na czynnikach obiektywnych, obejmujących w szczególności cel i treść wniosku. Oczywiście podstawowym celem dyrektywy 2003/87/WE jest zmniejszenie emisji gazów cieplarnianych w celu zwalczania zmian klimatu spowodowanych działalnością człowieka, o których mowa w art. 191 TFUE, a nie polityka energetyczna. Artykuł 192 ust. 1 TFUE stanowi podstawę prawną aktów przyjętych przez Radę i Parlament Europejski w celu osiągnięcia celów określonych w art. 191 TFUE. Celem wniosku w sprawie zmiany dyrektywy 2003/87/WE jest doprecyzowanie zakresu uprawnień Komisji na podstawie dyrektywy 2003/87/WE i dlatego ma on tę samą podstawę prawną.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-004969/13
to the Commission
Lidia Joanna Geringer de Oedenberg (S&D)
(6 May 2013)
Subject: Legal basis for the legislative procedure to be followed when amending Directive 87/2003/EC
In view of the fact that the timetable for the auctioning of emission allowances pushed through by the Commission in the proposed amendments to Directive 87/2003/EC establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community not only has environmental implications, but will also affect the diversification of the Member States’ energy structures, I should like to ask the Commission why Article 192(1) TFEU, which provides for use of the ordinary legislative procedure, has been chosen as a legal basis in this instance.
This choice disregards the role that should be played by the Member States in the decision-making process, which in this instance should clearly follow the procedure set out in Article 192(2)(c) TFEU. This is of particular significance for countries such as Poland whose economies are extremely dependent on CO2-intensive coal, and which will therefore incur costs for adapting to the rules proposed under the directive that are higher than the EU average because they are unable to make use of the veto provided for in Article 192(2)(c).
Article 192 (ex Article 175 TEC):
‘2. By way of derogation from the decision-making procedure provided for in paragraph 1 and without prejudice to Article 114, the Council acting unanimously in accordance with a special legislative procedure and after consulting the European Parliament, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, shall adopt:
measures significantly affecting a Member State’s choice between different energy sources and the general structure of its energy supply.’
Answer given by Ms Hedegaard on behalf of the Commission
(14 June 2013)
The legal basis of Directive 2003/87/EC (227) is Article 175(1) of the EC Treaty replaced by Article 192(1) TFEU (228). The same Article also constitutes the appropriate legal basis for the proposal to amend Directive 2003/87/EC so as to clarify the powers of the Commission with regard to the auction time profile.
In general, the choice of the legal basis must rest on objective factors, which include in particular the aim and the content of proposal. Obviously, the primary purpose of Directive 2003/87/EC is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change as referred to in Article 191 TFEU, not energy policy, and Article 192(1) TFEU constitutes the legal basis of acts adopted by the Council and the European Parliament in order to attain the objectives referred to in Article 191 TFEU. The aim of the proposal amending Directive 2003/87/EC is to clarify the scope of the Commission’s powers under Directive 2003/87/EC and it therefore shares the same legal basis.
(Suomenkielinen versio)
Kirjallisesti vastattava kysymys E-004972/13
komissiolle
Mitro Repo (S&D)
(7. toukokuuta 2013)
Aihe: Pohjoisten alueiden erityisolosuhteiden huomioiminen rautatiesektorilla
Komission ehdotus neljännestä rautatiepaketista uudistaa rautatiesektoria lainsäädännön kautta. Erityisolosuhteita ei kuitenkaan ole otettu huomioon Suomen kaltaisissa harvaanasutuissa ja talviolosuhteiltaan hankalasti liikennöitävissä maissa.
Komissio keskittyy neljättä rautatiepakettia koskevassa ehdotuksessaan kilpailun avaamiseen Keski‐ ja Länsi-Euroopan tiheän rataverkon näkökulmasta. Rajat ylittävä junaliikenne tuo merkittäviä etuja Keski-Euroopan maille. Samaan aikaan komissio näyttää sulkevan pois kokonaan perifeeriset alueet, kuten Suomen. Näissä harvaan asutuissa maissa liiketoimintaympäristö, rataverkon luonne (mm. muista EU-maista poikkeava raideleveys) ja tekniset vaatimukset eroavat merkittävästi tiheään asuttujen ja ilmastollisesti suotuisimpien Keski‐ ja Länsi-Euroopan maista.
Suomen kannalta uudistuksessa vaarana on, että vähän liikennöidyt alueet jäisivät kokonaan ilman kilpailua, kun aiemmin näiden syrjäseutujen liikenne on varmistettu valtio-omisteisen yhtiön kannattavilla yhteyksillä tekemällä voitolla. Maantieteellisistä syistä ja rataverkon erilaisuudesta johtuen uusien toimijoiden tulo markkinoille on todennäköisesti rajallinen eikä Suomi hyödy kansainvälisen liikenteen synergiaeduista. Suomessa on ylläpidettävä myös jatkossa laajaa rataverkkoa palveluiden varmistamiseksi koko maassa.
1.
Millaisia vaikutuksia ehdotetuilla uudistuksilla on Suomen kaltaisille perifeerisille jäsenvaltioille? Miten komissio aikoo varmistaa, että vaikutukset eivät ole haitallisia hallinnollisen taakan, liiketoimintamahdollisuuksien tai teknisten vaatimusten suhteen?
2.
Miten komissio aikoo varmistaa kolmansiin maihin suuntautuvien junayhteyksien (kuten Suomen ja Venäjän välisen liikenteen) ylläpidon ja näistä maista tulevan epäterveen kilpailun estämisen?
Siim Kallasin komission puolesta antama vastaus
(25. kesäkuuta 2013)
1.
Komission vaikutustenarvioinnissa otetaan huomioon kokemus, joka on saatu markkinoiden avaamisesta jäsenvaltioissa ja rautatieverkoista, syrjäisten jäsenvaltioiden harvemmat rataverkot mukaan luettuina. Sitä seurannut ehdotus rautateiden kotimaan henkilöliikenteen markkinoiden avaamisesta
1.
Komission vaikutustenarvioinnissa otetaan huomioon kokemus, joka on saatu markkinoiden avaamisesta jäsenvaltioissa ja rautatieverkoista, syrjäisten jäsenvaltioiden harvemmat rataverkot mukaan luettuina. Sitä seurannut ehdotus rautateiden kotimaan henkilöliikenteen markkinoiden avaamisesta
(229)
Ehdotuksessa turvataan jäsenvaltioiden oikeus tehdä julkisia palveluhankintoja koskevia sopimuksia aina kun ne ovat julkisen palvelun suunnitelmien mukaisesti perusteltuja. Tämä kattaa erityisesti reitit ilmasto-olosuhteiltaan äärimmäisille harvaan asutuille alueille. Vaikka komissio katsoo, että uudet tulokkaat ja käyttöoikeuksien vapaaseen saatavuuteen (open access) perustuva suora kilpailu (ainakin tiheästi liikennöidyillä suurten nopeuksien reiteillä) lisää tehokkuutta ja innovointia, jäsenvaltiot voivat rajoittaa tätä kilpailua turvatakseen julkisia palveluhankintoja koskevien sopimusten taloudellisen tasapainon. Kilpailuun perustuvien tarjouspyyntöjen ansiosta Suomen viranomaiset voivat säästää jopa 20 prosenttia julkisia palveluhankintoja koskeviin sopimuksiin kuluvista menoista, mikä tarjoaa mahdollisuuden investoida matkustusolosuhteiden parantamiseen joko paremman liikennetarjonnan tai alempien hintojen kautta.
2.
Komission esityksessä ei ole mitään, mikä estäisi rautatieliikenteen jatkumisen Suomen ja kolmansien maiden välillä.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-004972/13
to the Commission
Mitro Repo (S&D)
(7 May 2013)
Subject: Taking account of special circumstances in northern regions in the rail sector
The Commission proposal on the Fourth Railway Package reforms the rail sector by means of legislation. However, it fails to take into account special circumstances in countries such as Finland which are sparsely populated and difficult to travel in when the weather is wintry.
In its proposal on the Fourth Railway Package, the Commission concentrates on opening up railways to competition, taking as its model the dense rail networks in Central and Western Europe. Cross-border rail transport brings substantial benefits to Central European countries. At the same time, the Commission seems to completely disregard peripheral areas such as Finland. In these sparsely populated countries, the business environment, the nature of the rail network (inter alia the fact that the track gauge differs from that in other EU Member States) and technical requirements differ considerably from those in densely populated countries in Central and Western Europe where the climate is more favourable.
From Finland’s point of view there is a danger associated with the reform that regions where the volume of transport is low will see no competition whatsoever, whereas previously transport in these peripheral areas was provided by drawing on the profit made by a state-owned company on financially viable lines. For geographical reasons and because of the difference of the rail network, the emergence of any new market operators is likely to be marginal, and Finland cannot derive any benefit from international transport synergies. In Finland, an extensive rail network needs to be maintained in future as well, in order to provide services throughout the country.
1.
What impact will the proposed reforms have on peripheral Member States such as Finland? How will the Commission ensure that the impact is not damaging in terms of administrative burden, opportunities for business activity or technical requirements?
2.
How will the Commission ensure the continuation of rail services providing links to third countries (such as between Finland and Russia) and prevent unhealthy competition from such countries?
Answer given by Mr Kallas on behalf of the Commission
(25 June 2013)
1.
The Commission's impact assessment takes account of experiences made with market opening in Member States (MS) and rail networks, including less dense networks in peripheral MS. The ensuing proposal concerning the opening of the market for domestic passenger transport services by rail
1.
The Commission's impact assessment takes account of experiences made with market opening in Member States (MS) and rail networks, including less dense networks in peripheral MS. The ensuing proposal concerning the opening of the market for domestic passenger transport services by rail
(230)
The proposal safeguards the right of MS to provide for public service contracts wherever these are justified by their public service plans. This would in particular include routes into sparsely populated areas suffering extreme climatic conditions. Although the Commission considers that new entrants and direct ‘open access’ competition (at least on densely trafficked high speed routes) will bring efficiency and innovation, MS are able to limit such competition in order to safeguard the economic equilibrium of public service contracts. Thanks to competitive tenders, Finnish competent authorities may expect to save up to 20% of their current public spending on public service contracts, providing the possibility for investing in improving conditions for its passengersin terms of a better transport offer or lower prices.
2.
There is nothing in the Commission’s proposal which would prevent the continuation of rail services between Finland and third countries.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-004973/13
to the Commission
James Nicholson (ECR)
(7 May 2013)
Subject: European Disability Strategy 2010-2020: assessing national efforts
The European Disability Strategy 2010-2020 was adopted on 15 November 2010. Will the Commission provide an update regarding the progress made by Member States and regions to align their strategies to the European Disability Strategy 2010-2020?
Will the Commission also outline what safeguards are in place to ensure that Member States and regions work towards achieving the various objectives as contained within the eight priority areas?
Answer given by Mrs Reding on behalf of the Commission
(26 June 2013)
As announced in the European Disability Strategy 2010-2020, by the end of 2013 the Commission will report on progress achieved so far through this Strategy and the implementation of its actions. This will provide a basis for updating the list of actions linked to the strategy. A further report is scheduled for 2016.
A study is currently being carried out to support the Commission in gathering data and information to prepare this report (231). The study will also look at the impact and broader effects of the European Disability Strategy on the Member States disability policies and their practical implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD).
Since 2008 the Commission and the Disability High-Level Group have published an annual joint report on the implementation of the UNCRPD (232). The HLG reports include information on progress made by the EU and the Member States in developing and implementing national strategies and actions to effectively put in practice the Convention as well as in establishing the necessary institutional arrangements provided for by the UNCRPD.
The relationship between the EU Strategy and the actions of the Member States is of a mutually supportive nature.
(Svensk version)
Frågor för skriftligt besvarande E-004974/13
till kommissionen
Amelia Andersdotter (Verts/ALE)
(7 maj 2013)
Angående: Ipred-direktivets bidrag till harmoniseringen av den inre marknaden
I sitt svar på skriftlig fråga E-000564/2013 (233) besvarar inte kommissionen den fråga som ställts. Det har redan fastställts att direktiv 2004/48/EG om säkerställande av skyddet för immateriella rättigheter (Ipred) upprättades inom ramen för artikel 114 i EUF-fördraget, vilken handlar om harmonisering av den inre marknaden. Den specifika fråga som ställdes handlade om huruvida Ipred-direktivet hade uppnått detta mål med tanke på att många medlemsstater väljer att frångå målsättningarna i direktivet efter påtryckningar från tredje parter eller interna grupper.
Därför frågar jag återigen: Anser kommissionen att Ipred-direktivet uppfyller sitt syfte, dvs. att främja en harmonisering av den inre marknaden?
Svar från Michel Barnier på kommissionens vägnar
(3 juli 2013)
Som tidigare förklarats för parlamentsledamoten har Ipred lett till en viss harmonisering av den civilrättsliga verkställigheten av skyddet för immateriella rättigheter på den inre marknaden. I enlighet med fördragen är den nuvarande harmoniseringsnivån, som kan ändras med tiden, resultatet av EU:s beslutsprocess och har sin grund i medlagstiftarnas beslut som fattades utifrån kommissionens förslag. I detta avseende kan man inte säga att Ipred har misslyckats med att uppfylla sitt inremarknadsmål. Medlemsländerna är skyldiga att utforma system för den civilrättsliga verkställigheten av skyddet för immateriella rättigheter i enlighet med detta regelverk. Om de inte uppfyller sin skyldighet kan de anses bryta mot EU-lagstiftningen.
Kommissionen har för närvarande ingen kännedom om något sådant fall. Om vi får det skulle kommissionen i egenskap av fördragens väktare överväga att inleda ett överträdelseförfarande mot medlemslandet i fråga.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-004974/13
to the Commission
Amelia Andersdotter (Verts/ALE)
(7 May 2013)
Subject: IPRED's contribution to the harmonisation of the internal market
In its reply to Written Question E-000564/2013 (234), the Commission does not answer the question posed. It has already been established that directive 2004/48/EC on the enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPRED) was created under Article 114 TFEU, which calls for harmonisation of the internal market. The specific question asked was whether or not IPRED fulfils this goal, given that many Member States choose to deviate from the objectives in the directive after pressure from third parties or internal groups.
Therefore, I ask the Commission again: does it find that IPRED fulfils the purpose of furthering the harmonisation of the internal market?
Answer given by Mr Barnier on behalf of the Commission
(3 July 2013)
As explained to the Honourable Member, IPRED has established a certain level of harmonisation in terms of the civil enforcement of IPR within the internal market. In line with the treaties, this current degree of harmonisation, which is not meant to be intangible over time, is the result of the European Union’s decisional process and stems form the decision of the co-legislators, which was taken on the basis of a Commission’s proposal. In that respect IPRED cannot be considered as failing to fulfil its Internal Market objective. Member States are under an obligation to design their civil enforcement IP systems in line with this acquis. Should that not be the case they could be considered to be in breach of EC law.
The Commission is not currently aware of any such cases, but if such cases did arise it would, as the guardian of the Treaties, consider launching infringement procedures against the Member State in question.
(Versione italiana)
Interrogazione con richiesta di risposta scritta E-004975/13
alla Commissione
Giovanni La Via (PPE)
(7 maggio 2013)
Oggetto: Limiti di ammissibilità del «pastazzo di agrumi» quale componente dei mangimi per uso animale
Il «pastazzo di agrumi» è un sottoprodotto ottenuto per pressione degli agrumi Citrus ssp. durante la produzione del succo di agrumi. Esso viene utilizzato nelle miscele di concentrati utilizzate nell'alimentazione dei bovini. Il regolamento (CE) n. 767/2009 istituisce un catalogo comunitario delle materie prime per mangimi, anche al fine di migliorare l'etichettatura delle materie prime per mangimi e dei mangimi composti. Tale catalogo, non esaustivo e dall'uso volontario, facilita lo scambio di informazioni sulle caratteristiche delle materie prime per mangimi ed è in costante aggiornamento su iniziativa dei rappresentanti del settore europeo dei mangimi (associazioni di categoria). La versione più recente è quella contenuta nel regolamento (UE) n. 575/2011 della Commissione, del 16 giugno 2011.
Considerato, infine, che il prodotto «pastazzo di agrumi» non rientra nella lista negativa di materie prime non ammesse in assoluto nell'alimentazione animale contenute nell'allegato III del regolamento (CE) n. 767/09, può la Commissione rispondere ai seguenti quesiti:
—
quali sono le percentuali massime ammesse del prodotto «pastazzo di agrumi» in un mangime, oltre le quali è lecito parlare di frode industriale?
—
Quali sono le prescrizioni da riportare in etichetta al fine di fornire una corretta informazione al consumatore ed evitare che il produttore incorra in sanzioni penali?
Risposta di Tonio Borg a nome della Commissione
(20 giugno 2013)
Il catalogo aggiornato dell'UE delle materie prime per mangimi (regolamento 68/2013 (235)) cita il pastazzo di agrumi al punto 5.13.1 con la seguente descrizione: Prodotto ottenuto per pressione da agrumi Citrus (L.) ssp. durante la produzione di succo di agrumi. Può essere depectinizzato.
Nell'UE tutti i mangimi devono essere conformi ai limiti delle sostanze indesiderabili stabiliti nella direttiva 2002/32/CE (236), indipendentemente dal fatto che essi siano incorporati in mangimi composti o somministrati direttamente agli animali.
La legislazione dell'UE non disciplina i tassi massimi delle diverse materie prime per mangimi contenute nei mangimi composti poiché ciò non sarebbe giustificabile sul piano tecnico e rappresenterebbe quindi un onere amministrativo sproporzionato sia per l'industria, che sarebbe tenuta a rispettarli, che per le amministrazioni pubbliche incaricate di controllarli.
Al di là dei requisiti generali in tema di etichettatura stabiliti nel regolamento 767/2009 (237), l'unico requisito specifico obbligatorio in tema di etichettatura applicabile al pastazzo di agrumi è il tenore di fibra greggia.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-004975/13
to the Commission
Giovanni La Via (PPE)
(7 May 2013)
Subject: Permissible limits for citrus pulp in animal feed
Citrus pulp is a by-product obtained by pressing Citrus spp. citrus fruits during the production of citrus juice. It is used in concentrate mixtures used in cattle feed. Regulation (EC) No 767/2009 established a Community Catalogue of feed materials, partly in order to improve the labelling of feed materials and compound feed. The Catalogue, which is non-exhaustive and intended for use on a voluntary basis, facilitates the exchange of information on the characteristics of feed materials and is regularly updated on the initiative of the representatives of the European feed sector (trade associations). The most up-to-date version is that contained in Commission Regulation (EU) No 575/2011 of 16 June 2011.
Bearing in mind, finally, that citrus pulp does not appear on the negative list of prohibited animal feed materials contained in Annex III to Regulation (EC) No 767/2009, can the Commission answer the following:
—
What are the maximum percentages of citrus pulp that are permitted in a feedingstuff, beyond which it may be argued that industrial fraud has been committed?
—
What specifications should appear on labels in order to provide consumers with correct information and to stop producers facing criminal penalties?
Answer given by Mr Borg on behalf of the Commission
(20 June 2013)
The updated EU-Catalogue of feed materials (Regulation 68/2013 (238)) contains citrus pulp as entry 5.13.1 with the following description: Product obtained by pressing citrus fruits ‘Citrus (L.) spp.’or during the production of citrus juice. It may have been depectinised.
All feed materials in the EU must be in compliance with the limits for undesirable substances as laid down in Directive 2002/32/EC (239) irrespective whether they are incorporated into compound feed or directly fed to animals.
EU legislation does not regulate maximum rates of the different feed materials in compound feed as it would not be technically justifiable and would therefore be a disproportionate administrative burden for the industry to respect and for the public administration to control.
Apart from the general labelling requirements laid down in Regulation 767/2009 (240), the only specific mandatory labelling requirement for citrus pulp is its crude fibre content.
(Deutsche Fassung)
Anfrage zur schriftlichen Beantwortung E-004977/13
an die Kommission
Franz Obermayr (NI)
(7. Mai 2013)
Betrifft: Fazilität des finanziellen Beistandes für „Nicht-Euro“-Länder
Der Vorschlag der Kommission zur Einführung der Fazilität des finanziellen Beistandes für EU-Mitgliedsländer, die nicht den Euro als Währung haben, wurde vom BUDG-Ausschuss des EP im Wesentlichen als nicht weitgehend genug angesehen. Insbesondere wurde von der Berichterstatterin die Möglichkeit der finanziellen Aufstockung des Deckungsbetrages und die Inklusion der Banken dieser Länder in die Zugriffsmöglichkeiten der Bankenunion — und gegebenenfalls auch auf den ESM — gefordert. Die Schaufensterwirkung des ESM-Geldtopfes scheint eine magische Anziehung auf Staaten und Banken zu haben.
Kann die Kommission dazu folgende Fragen beantworten:
Warum wurde der Vorschlag der Kommission derart gestaltet, dass die maximale Kreditmenge, welche ein einzelnes Land in Anspruch nehmen kann, stets 50 Mrd. Euro beträgt — unabhängig von seinem BIP und dem damit gegebenenfalls verbundenen Geldbedarf bei einem Zahlungsbilanzproblem?
Hat die Kommission die Möglichkeit der Rekapitalisierung der Banken von Nicht-Euro-Ländern absichtlich nicht in den Vorschlag aufgenommen? Wenn ja, was war der konkrete Zweck?
Teilt die Kommission die leider nicht weiter begründete „These“ der Berichterstatterin: „Eine zentralisierte Überwachung wird nur von geringem Mehrwert sein, wenn die Kosten für die Abwicklung von Banken letztlich auf nationaler Ebene beglichen werden müssen“?
Teilt die Kommission die Befürchtung, dass eine Inklusion der Banken in die geplanten Refinanzierungs‐ und Abwicklungsmöglichkeiten der Bankenunion nur ein mittelbarer Versuch ist, die Banken dieser Länder in eine vorteilhafte Situation zu lancieren, welche ihnen sodann argumentativ den Zugriff auf den ESM mit der politischen Begründung des faktisch Notwendigen („sonst pleite“) ermöglicht?
Gedenkt die Kommission in diesem Punkt standhaft zu bleiben, da eine Schieflage von Banken des Nicht-Euro-Raumes im Normalfall keinen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Stabilität des Wirtschaftsraumes der Euroländer haben sollte und laut kommunizierter politischer Aussage genau zu diesem Zweck die Möglichkeit der Rekapitalisierung von Euro-Raum-Banken über den ESM in der Bankenunion geschaffen wurde?
Antwort von Herrn Rehn im Namen der Kommission
(7. Juni 2013)
1.
Bei der letzten Überarbeitung der Verordnung hat die Kommission vorgeschlagen, die Mittelausstattung dieser Fazilität auf dem Niveau des Jahres 2009 zu belassen. Die Entscheidung über die Mittelausstattung muss unter Berücksichtigung der Spielräume erfolgen, die bis zu der im Eigenmittelbeschluss festgelegten Obergrenze verbleiben, sowie des Mittelbedarfs für den anderen großen Finanzstabilisierungsmechanismus der EU (EFSM).
2.
Würden im Rahmen dieser Fazilität direkte Rekapitalisierungsmaßnahmen durchgeführt, so würde die Europäische Union Anteilseignerin der betreffenden Banken. Dies würde komplexe juristische und wirtschaftliche Fragen aufwerfen.
3.
Die Kommission vertritt die Auffassung, dass die Schaffung eines einheitlichen Aufsichtsmechanismus mit der Einrichtung eines für dieselben Länder zuständigen einheitlichen Abwicklungsmechanismus einhergehen sollte. Sie wird entsprechende Vorschläge vorlegen.
4./5. Die Möglichkeit, Banken künftig im Rahmen des ESM zu rekapitalisieren, ist kein horizontaler Rettungsschirm. Sie wird den Banken des Euro-Währungsgebiets unter strengen Auflagen offenstehen.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-004977/13
to the Commission
Franz Obermayr (NI)
(7 May 2013)
Subject: Financial assistance facility for ‘non-euro area’ Member States
The Commission proposal to introduce the facility for providing financial assistance for Member States whose currency is not the euro was viewed by Parliament’s Committee on Budgets as essentially not going far enough. In particular, the rapporteur called for the possibility of increasing the financial cover and for access for the banks of these Member States to the banking union — and where appropriate also to the European Stability Mechanism (ESM). The shop window effect of the ESM money pot seems to have a magical attraction for states and banks.
1.
Why was the Commission’s proposal formulated in such a way that the maximum amount of credit that an individual country can access is always EUR 50 billion, irrespective of its GDP and the potential need for money associated with this in the event of a balance of payments problem?
2.
Did the Commission intentionally not include the possibility of recapitalising the banks of non-euro area countries in the proposal? If so, what was the exact purpose of this?
3.
Does it agree with the following
‘argument’ put forward by the rapporteur, which, unfortunately, is not substantiated further: ‘Centralised supervision will have little value added if bank resolution costs are ultimately borne at the national level’?
4.
Does it share the concern that inclusion of the banks in the planned refinancing and resolution options provided by the banking union is merely an indirect attempt to launch the banks of these countries into an advantageous position, which, it could be argued, will then give them access to the ESM with the political justification of actual necessity (
‘otherwise bankrupt’)?
5.
Does the Commission intend to stand firm on this point, since a deterioration in the situation of non-euro area banks should not normally have any significant impact on the stability of the economic region of the euro area countries and, according to political statements that I have been made aware of, the possibility of recapitalisation of euro area banks via the ESM in the banking union was established for precisely this purpose?
Answer given by Mr Rehn on behalf of the Commission
(7 June 2013)
1.
The Commission has proposed to maintain the envelope available under this facility to the level set in 2009 at the occasion of the last revision of the regulation. The decision on the size of the envelope has to take into account the margins available under the ceiling set by the own resources decision and the needs under the other large EU financial assistance mechanism (the EFSM).
2.
Direct recapitalisations under this facility would imply that the European Union would become shareholder of banks. This would raise complicated legal and economic questions.
3.
The Commission is of the view that the establishment of a single supervisory mechanism should be accompanied by the creation of a single resolution mechanism, covering the same countries and will table proposals to this effect.
4/5. The future ESM instrument for recapitalizing banks is not a horizontal backstop. It will be accessible to banks in euro area countries, under strict eligibility criteria.
(Deutsche Fassung)
Anfrage zur schriftlichen Beantwortung E-004978/13
an die Kommission
Franz Obermayr (NI)
(7. Mai 2013)
Betrifft: Starker Anstieg der Asylanträge aus Serbien und Mazedonien
Die Zahl der Asylanträge serbischer und mazedonischer Staatsbürger ist in Österreich und Deutschland in diesem Jahr massiv angestiegen. Mit verantwortlich ist dafür neben der nicht vorhandenen Visapflicht für Bürger dieser Nationen auch das Urteil des deutschen Bundesverfassungsgericht, dass die Leistungen für Asylbewerber zu niedrig seien und diese in Deutschland angehoben werden müssen. Nun strömen Asylbewerber en masse gen Mitteleuropa. In Deutschland liegen Statistiken vor, dass die Zahl der Anträge um mehr als 50 % gestiegen sei.
Kann die Kommission dazu folgende Fragen beantworten:
Sieht die Kommission Argumente, welche binnen der letzten zwei Jahre für eine rapide politische Verschlechterung in diesen Ländern (Serbien/Mazedonien) sprechen würden, in deren Folge sich sodann die Anzahl der politischen Flüchtlinge zwangsmäßig so stark erhöhen musste?
Falls nicht, sieht die Kommission diese Personen als Wirtschaftsflüchtlinge an?
Ist die Kommission der Auffassung, dass das Recht auf politisches Asyl implizit auch die Flucht vor wirtschaftlich ungünstigeren Situationen beinhaltet?
Welchen Zweck haben aus Sicht der Kommission die Visabefreiungen für Staaten mit einem so deutlich niedrigeren Wirtschaftsaufkommen, zum Beispiel gemessen am BIP/Kopf, mitten in einer Wirtschaftskrise? Die einzige denkbare Erklärung wäre der mittelbare Versuch, die wirtschaftliche Konvergenz unter den Mitgliedstaaten der EU zu forcieren. Kann die Kommission in diesem Punkt Aufklärung verschaffen?
Welche Erkenntnisse zieht die Kommission aus dieser Entwicklung auch im Hinblick auf die Einführung weiterer Visabefreiungen für Nationen deren wirtschaftlicher Standard deutlich unter dem Durchschnitt der EU liegt, beispielsweise Moldawien?
Welche Erkenntnisse zieht die Kommission aus diesen Entwicklungen im Hinblick auf Dublin II und die deutlich unterschiedliche Ausgestaltung der Leistungen für Asylbewerber sowie der Sozialleistungen unter den EU-Mitgliedstaaten?
Antwort von Frau Malmström im Namen der Kommission
(4. Juli 2013)
Seit 2010 verfolgt die Kommission aufmerksam, wie das System des visumfreien Reisens funktioniert. Im vierten Bericht über die Überwachung für die Zeit nach der Visaliberalisierung wird für jeden der westlichen Balkanstaaten ausführlich dargelegt, welche Maßnahmen getroffen wurden, um das Problem unbegründeter Asylanträge anzugehen.
Die politische Lage in jedem von der Visumpflicht befreiten Staat wird in den Fortschrittsberichten der Kommission zur Erweiterung bewertet. Die sehr niedrige Anerkennungsquote lässt darauf schließen, dass die meisten Asylbewerber aus dieser Region keinen Anspruch auf internationalen Schutz in der EU haben.
Die Voraussetzungen für die Zuerkennung des internationalen Schutzstatus sind in den Asylvorschriften der EU (241) festgelegt. Wirtschaftliche Gründe oder der Begriff „Wirtschaftsflüchtling“ werden darin nicht aufgeführt.
Die Visaliberalisierung soll dazu beitragen, persönliche Kontakte zwischen den Bürgern zu fördern und den kulturellen Austausch zu stärken sowie Drittstaatsangehörigen die Möglichkeit bieten, die EU besser kennenzulernen. Da es sich bei der überwiegenden Mehrheit der Reisenden aus den westlichen Balkanstaaten um Bona-fide-Reisende handelt, vertritt die Kommission die Auffassung, dass die Visumfreiheit ihren Zweck erfüllt.
Bevor die Kommission die Aufhebung der Visumpflicht für die Bürger eines Drittstaates vorschlägt, wird jeweils eine gründliche Bewertung des betreffenden Landes vorgenommen. Wenn die Republik Moldau alle Zielvorgaben des Fahrplans für die Visaliberalisierung erfüllt, wird die Kommission prüfen, ob die Aufhebung der Visumpflicht für moldauische Bürger vorgeschlagen werden soll.
Die Kommission verweist darauf, dass die vor kurzen erlassene neue Richtlinie über Aufnahmebedingungen zu einer weiteren Angleichung der Aufnahmebedingungen für Asylbewerber in der EU führen wird.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-004978/13
to the Commission
Franz Obermayr (NI)
(7 May 2013)
Subject: Sharp rise in applications for asylum from Serbia and Macedonia
The number of applications for asylum from Serbian and Macedonian citizens has risen dramatically in Austria and Germany this year. Along with the non-existent visa obligation for citizens of these countries, another of the reasons for this is the judgment of the German Federal Constitutional Court that the benefits received by asylum-seekers are too low and should be increased in Germany. Hoards of asylum-seekers are now streaming into Central Europe. In Germany, statistics show that the number of applications has risen by more than 50%.
1.
Does the Commission consider there to be arguments which would point towards a rapid political deterioration in these countries (Serbia/Macedonia) within the last two years, which subsequently forced the number of political refugees to increase to such an extent?
2.
If not, does it view these people as economic refugees?
3.
Does it believe that the right to political asylum also implicitly encompasses fleeing from less favourable economic situations?
4.
What purpose is served, in the Commission’s opinion, by lifting the visa requirements for states with such a blatantly low economic performance, measured by GDP per capita for example, in the middle of an economic crisis? The only conceivable explanation would be an indirect attempt to accelerate economic convergence among the Member States of the EU. Can the Commission provide an explanation in this regard?
5.
What conclusions does it draw from this development with regard to the introduction of further visa exemptions for countries whose economic standard is well below the average for the EU, like Moldova, for example?
6.
What conclusions does it draw from these developments with regard to Dublin II and the clear differences in the provision of benefits for asylum-seekers and social security benefits among EU Member States?
Answer given by Ms Malmström on behalf of the Commission
(4 July 2013)
The Commission has monitored the operation of the EU visa-free regime since 2010. The 4th post-visa liberalisation monitoring report will set out in detail the measures that each Western Balkan state has taken to address the issue of unfounded asylum applications.
The political situation in each visa-free state is evaluated in the Commission’s enlargement progress reports. The very low asylum recognition rate suggests that most asylum-seekers from this region do not qualify for international protection in the EU.
EU asylum law (242) sets out the grounds for granting international protection. These do not include economic reasons or a concept of ‘economic refugee’.
Visa liberalisation serves the purpose of increasing people-to-people contacts, cultural exchanges and enabling third-country nationals to get to know the EU better. As the overwhelming majority of travellers from the western Balkans remain bona fide travellers, the Commission believes that the visa-free regime has fulfilled its purpose.
Each third country is assessed on its merits before the Commission proposes lifting the visa obligation for that country’s citizens. If Moldova will meet all the benchmarks set out in its visa liberalisation action plan, the Commission will consider whether to propose lifting the visa obligation for Moldovan citizens.
The Commission notes that the recently adopted new Reception Conditions Directive will lead to further harmonisation of reception conditions for asylum-seekers in the EU.
(Nederlandse versie)
Vraag met verzoek om schriftelijk antwoord P-004979/13
aan de Commissie (Vicevoorzitter / Hoge Vertegenwoordiger)
Marietje Schaake (ALDE)
(7 mei 2013)
Betreft: VP/HR — Volledige uitvoering van het mandaat van UNIFIL en EU-steun aan de Libanese strijdkrachten
De aanhoudende burgeroorlog in Syrië heeft in toenemende mate gevolgen voor de buurlanden. De toestroom van Syrische burgers die de oorlog en het geweld ontvluchten, brengt deze landen aan de rand van hun mogelijkheden. In Libanon is momenteel een op de vijf inwoners van Syrische afkomst. Tot nu toe heeft de Libanese bevolking voldoende vindingrijkheid aan de dag gelegd om de vluchtelingen van onderdak te voorzien. De situatie is echter onhoudbaar geworden. Tal van collega's en ikzelf hebben u in een brief (243) ertoe opgeroepen dat de EU meer steun zou verlenen. De oorlog in Syrië heeft ook een politieke impact op Libanon. De Hezbollah heeft publiekelijk toegegeven (244) te strijden aan de zijde van de regering-Assad tegen het verzet en het vrije Syrische leger. Op zondag 5 mei heeft Israël een aanval uitgevoerd op een wapenarsenaal in Syrië (245) dat vermoedelijk door Iran was geleverd en bestemd was voor de Hezbollah in Libanon.
Inmiddels worden de Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) ingezet (246) in het noordelijke deel van de Libanees-Syrische grens om te zorgen voor vrede en stabiliteit in dat deel van het land.
De overplaatsing van de LAF-strijdkrachten heeft de spanning (247) tussen UNIFIL en de Hezbollah opgevoerd. Het huidige mandaat van UNIFIL is vastgelegd in VN-resolutie 1701 van 11 augustus 2006 (248), waarin is bepaald dat de vredesmacht moet samen en aan de zijde van de LAF moet opereren. Door de LAF in het noorden in te zetten dreigt in het zuiden van Libanon een veiligheidsvacuüm te ontstaan, dat ernstige gevolgen kan hebben voor de situatie zowel in het land zelf als in de buurlanden, ondanks het feit dat UNIFIL als hoofddoel heeft te zorgen voor veiligheid.
In het licht van wat voorafgaat, wilde ik de VV/HV het volgende vragen:
Is de VV/HV het erover eens dat het mandaat van de 15 000 UNIFIL-troepen — momenteel zijn 10 807 ervan effectief gedeployeerd (249) — zo spoedig mogelijk door de internationale gemeenschap volledig moet worden uitgevoerd, zodat de effectiviteit geoptimaliseerd kan worden en de doelstellingen kunnen worden bereikt? Zo niet, waarom niet?
Is de VV/HV bereid de voltooiing van het UNIFIL-mandaat ter sprake te brengen op de volgende bijeenkomst van de EU-Raad Buitenlandse Zaken van 27 mei 2013 in Brussel? Zo niet, waarom niet?
Kan de VV/HV de verzekering geven dat zij er, samen met de lidstaten die in de VN‐Veiligheidsraad vertegenwoordigd zijn, voor zal zorgen dat er een nieuw mandaat voor UNIFIL komt wanneer het huidige op 30 augustus 2013 afloopt? Zo niet, waarom niet?
Is de VV/HV het erover eens dat de EU de mogelijkheid moet onderzoeken om de LAF zodanig te ondersteunen dat deze strijdmacht kan blijven opereren als de belangrijkste partner in Libanon? Zo niet, waarom niet?
Kan de VV/HV toelichten hoe de EU, zowel in het kader van het GBVB als van het GVDB, de LAF kan ondersteunen?
Antwoord van hoge vertegenwoordiger/vicevoorzitter Ashton namens de Commissie
(10 juli 2013)
De hoge vertegenwoordiger/vicevoorzitter onderschrijft de beoordeling van de situatie in Libanon. Libanon wordt inderdaad het zwaarst getroffen door het conflict in Syrië. De EU heeft herhaaldelijk benadrukt hoe belangrijk het is om de veiligheid, stabiliteit en onafhankelijkheid van Libanon te bewaren.
De hoge vertegenwoordiger/vicevoorzitter is het ermee eens dat het volledige mandaat van de 15 000 UNIFIL-troepen door de internationale gemeenschap moet worden uitgevoerd om ervoor te zorgen dat de doelstellingen worden bereikt. Derhalve is de hoge vertegenwoordiger/vicevoorzitter samen met de EU-lidstaten in de VN-Veiligheidsraad voornemens het UNIFIL-mandaat te verlengen wanneer het huidige mandaat op 30 augustus 2013 afloopt.
De hoge vertegenwoordiger/vicevoorzitter is het er eveneens mee eens dat ondersteuning van de Libanese strijdkrachten (LAF) cruciaal is om stabiliteit te brengen in Libanon en in de regio. De Libanese strijdkrachten zijn inderdaad een cruciale pijler van het Libanese veiligheidsapparaat en de belangrijkste partner van UNIFIL in Libanon. Hoewel de strijdkrachten momenteel zijn opgezet als een conventioneel leger, zijn ze in de eerste plaats vooral verantwoordelijk voor de binnenlandse veiligheid. Bovendien genieten de strijdkrachten respect en zijn ze multiconfessioneel van structuur. Om deze redenen worden zij reeds door individuele EU-lidstaten gesteund en onderzoekt de EU hoe zij de capaciteit van de strijdkrachten (infrastructuur, logistiek en opleiding) kan uitbouwen.
(English version)
Question for written answer P-004979/13
to the Commission (Vice-President/High Representative)
Marietje Schaake (ALDE)
(7 May 2013)
Subject: VP/HR — Fulfilling full Unifil mandate in Lebanon and EU assistance to Lebanese Armed Forces
The ongoing civil war in Syria is having an increasing effect on its neighbouring countries. The influx of Syrian citizens seeking refuge from the war and the violence is placing a particular strain on its neighbours’ resources. Currently, one in five people in Lebanon is Syrian. So far, the Lebanese population has showed resourcefulness in giving families somewhere to stay. However, this situation is unsustainable. Many colleagues and I wrote to you (250) calling for the EU to provide more assistance. The war in Syria is also having a political impact on Lebanon. Hezbollah has publicly acknowledged (251) that it is fighting alongside the Assad government against the opposition and Free Syrian Army. On Sunday, 5 May, Israel attacked weapons in Syria (252) that were allegedly provided by Iran and en route to Hezbollah in Lebanon. In the meantime, Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) are being deployed (253) to the northern Lebanese-Syrian border to ensure security and stability in that part of the country. The relocation of LAF forces has led to increased tensions (254) between the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (Unifil) and Hezbollah. The current Unifil mandate was authorised by UN Security Council Resolution 1701 of 11 August 2006 (255), which stipulates that peacekeeping forces must cooperate with and work alongside the LAF. The deployment of the LAF to the north threatens to create a security vacuum in the south of Lebanon which could have serious consequences for both the domestic situation as well as Lebanon’s neighbours, despite UNIFL’s primary objective to ensure security.
With this in mind:
Does the VP/HR agree that the full mandate of 15 000 Unifil troops — 10 807 troops are currently deployed (256) — should be fulfilled by the international community as soon as possible, so as to optimise its effectiveness and ensure that its objectives are met? If not, why not?
Is the VP/HR willing to discuss the fulfilment of the Unifil mandate during the upcoming EU Foreign Affairs Council in Brussels on 27 May 2013? If not, why not?
Is the VP/HR committed to ensuring, along with EU Member States in the UNSC, a new authorisation of Unifil when the current mandate expires on 30 August 2012? If not, why not?
Does the VP/HR agree that the EU should seek ways to support the LAF to ensure that it can remain Unifil’s key partner in Lebanon? If not, why not?
Can the VP/HR explain how the EU, under both the CFSP and the CSDP, is able to directly support the LAF?
Answer given by High Representative/Vice-President Ashton on behalf of the Commission
(10 July 2013)
The HR/VP agrees with the assessment of the situation in Lebanon. Indeed Lebanon is the country most affected by the conflict in Syria. The EU has reiterated on several occasions the importance of preserving Lebanon's security, stability and independence.
The HR/VP agrees that full mandate of 15.000 Unifil troops should be fulfilled by the international community so as to ensure that its objectives are met. In this spirit, the HR/VP together with EU Member States in the UN Security Council is committed to renew the mandate for Unifil when the current mandate expires on 30 August 2013.
| 0.059985 | -0.69932 | 609 | 2,499 | 34 | 34 | EU Commission Questions | false |
99,927 | github_open_source_100_2_8330 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import Axios from 'axios';
import React, { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
import { Statement } from '../../contracts';
import { Table } from '../Shared/Table';
import toastr from 'toastr';
import { useHistory, useRouteMatch } from 'react-router-dom';
import { exceptMany } from '../../helpers';
import dayjs from 'dayjs';
export function List() {
const [statements, setStatements] = useState<Array<Statement>>([]);
const [processing, setProcessing] = useState(false);
const match = useRouteMatch();
const history = useHistory();
const path = (path: string) => `${match.path}${path}`;
const fetchStatements = async () => {
setProcessing(true);
try {
const { data } = await Axios.get<Array<Statement>>('/statements');
setStatements(data);
} catch (error) {
console.log(error.toJSON());
toastr.error('Unable to fetch statements.');
} finally {
setProcessing(false);
}
};
const deleteStatement = async (id: number) => {
setProcessing(true);
try {
await Axios.delete(`/statements/${id}`);
toastr.success('Statement deleted successfully.');
await fetchStatements();
} catch (error) {
console.log(error.toJSON());
toastr.error('Unable to delete statement.');
setProcessing(false);
}
};
useEffect(() => {
fetchStatements();
}, []);
return (
<Table
title='Statements'
data={exceptMany(statements, ['rows']).map((statement) => ({
...statement,
date: dayjs(statement.dateOne).format('MMMM DD, YYYY'),
dateOne: dayjs(statement.dateOne).format('MMMM DD, YYYY'),
dateTwo: dayjs(statement.dateTwo).format('MMMM DD, YYYY'),
}))}
processing={processing}
onAddClick={() => history.push(path('add'))}
onViewClick={({ id }) => {
history.push(path(`${id}`));
}}
onEditClick={({ id }) => {
history.push(path(`${id}/edit`));
}}
onDeleteConfirm={({ id }) => {
deleteStatement(id);
}}
onRefreshClick={fetchStatements}
withAction={true}
pagination={true}
/>
);
}
| 0.134115 | 0.686679 | 3,428 | 13,768 | 70 | 70 | React Components & Styling | false |
99,928 | bub_gb_EC9wy8JmnckC_13 | Latin-PD | Public Domain | 140 IN VERREM ACTIO SECUNDA aut ablatum a quopiam dicitur? Nonne aut in tabulis aut in testibus omnis exspectatio iudicum est? Dixi prima actione me planum esse facturum, C. Verrem IIS quadringenties contra leges abstulisse. Quid? hoc planius egissem, si ita narrassem: Dio quidam fuit Halesinus, 5 qui, cum eius lilio praetore Sacerdote hereditas a propinquo permagna venisset, nihil babuit tum neque negotii neque controversiae. Verres simulae, tetigit provinciam, statiin Messana litteras dedit, Dionem evo- cavit, calumniatores ex sinu suo apposuit, qui illam hereditatem Veneri Erycinae commissam esse dicerent, llac de re ostendit se ipsum cogni- to turum. 28. Possum deinceps totam rem explicare, deinde ad extremum, id quod accidit, dicere, Dionem HS decies centena milia numerasse, ut causam certissimam oblineret; praeterea greges equarum eius istum abigendos curasse, argenti vestisque stragulae quod fuerit, curasse au- ferendum. Haec neque cum ego dicerent neque cum tu negares, magni t5 momenti nostra esset oratio. Quo tempore igitur aures iudex erigeret animumque attenderet? Cura Dio ipse prodiret, cum ceteri, qui tum in Sicilia negotiis Dionis interfuissent; cum per eos ipsos dies, per quos rausam Dio diceret, reperiretur pecunias sumpsisse mutuas, nomina sua exegisse, praedia vendidisse; cum tabulae virorum bonorum proferren- iO tur; cum, qui pecuniam Dioni dederunt, dicerent se iam tum audisse eos nummos sumi, ut Verri darentur; cum amici, hospites, patroni Dionis, homines honestissimi, haec eadem se audisse dicerent: 29. opi- nor, cura haec fierent, tum vos audiretis, sicut audistis; tum rausa agi vere videretur. Sic a me sunt acta omnia priore actione, ut in crimi- S5 nibus omnibus nullum esset, in quo quisquam vestrum perpetuam accu- sationem requireret. Nego esse quidquain a testibus dictum, quod aut vestrum cuipiam esset obscurum aut cuiusquam oratoris eloquentiam quaereret. XI. Etenim sic me ipsum egisse memoria tenetis, ut in testibus interrogandis omnia crimina proponerem et explicarem, ut, cum 90 rem totam in medio posuissem, tum denique testem interrogarem. Ita- que non modo vos, quibus est indicandum, nostra crimina tenetis, sed etiam populus Romanus totam accusationem causamque cognovit. Ta- metsi ita de meo facto loquor, quasi ego illud mea voluntate potius quam vestra iniuria adductus fecerim. 30. Interposuistis accusatorem, 35 qui, cum ego mihi c et x dies solos in Siciliam postulassem, c et vm sibi in Achaiam postularet. Messana firmare tradit Laii. cf. II. §. t9. — 43. vestis G4 2g. «Asyndeton apium cele- ritati narrationis. ■ Madv. I. p. 340. At vulgatam tuetur li. jt. 20. — 45. esset nostra G4. — 49. bonorum virorum G2. — 24. eos G4 2 A g : eo I.g. 29. ai. O. — 22. hominis G4 H; om. G2. — 23, tum cor] cum vos G2. — 24. vere Gl tgX I.g. 29. ni.: om. O. — 25. omnibus om. G3g. — 27. cuiquasn coni. Ilcindorf ad N. D. p. 290. Bake ad l.egg. p. 668. [Sic utique flagitat iam ratio rhetorica.) — 30. ponorsem G4 2 s l-g- 29 : propo- suissem dtt. O. — 35. C et XXli dies Gl ; C et X - - postulassem om. U2. — 38. tu) Ium Gl 2f ; tum tu L. — 39. post om. G2 Ld. Digitized by Googl Lib. L Cap. XI— xm. §§. 28—3*. 1*1 ad praetorem alium iudioesque alios veniremus. 31. Hoc si ego non vidissem, si me non omnes noti ignotique monuissent id agi, id cogi- tari, in eo elaborari, ut res in illud tempus rejiceretur: credo, si meis horis in accusando uti voluissem, vererer, ne mihi crimina non suppe- terent, ne oratio deesset, ne vox viresque deficerent, ne, quem nemos prima actione defendere ausus esset, eum ego bis accusare non possem. Ego meum consilium cum judicibus, tum populo Romano probavi; nemo est, qui alia ratione istorum iniuriac atque impudentiae potuisse obsisti arbitretur. Etenim qua stultitia fuissem, si, quam diem qui istum eri- piendum redemerunt in cautione viderunt, cum itu caverent, o si post 40 Kalendas Ian. in consilium iretur», in eam diem ego, cum potuissem vitare, incidissem! 32. Nunc mihi temporis eius, quod mihi ad dicen- dum datur, quoniam in animo est causam omnem exponere, habenda ratio est diligenter. XII. Itaque primum illum actum istius vitae tur- pissimum et flagitiosissimum praetermittam. Nihil a me de pueritiae 45 suae flagitiis audiet, nihil ex illa impura adolescentia sua; quae qualis fuerit, aut meministis aut ex eo, quem sui simillimum produxit, reco- gnoscere potestis. Omnia praeteribo , quae mihi turpia dictu ridebuntur, neque solum quid istum audire, verum etiam quid me deceat dicere, considerabo. Vos, quaeso, date hoc et concedite pudori meo, ut ali-so quam partem de istius impudentia reticere possim. 33. Omne illud tem- pus, quod fuit, antequam iste ad magistratus remque publicam accessit, habeat per me solutum ac liberum. Sileatur de nocturhis eius baccha- tionibus ac vigiliis; lenonum, aleatorum, perductorum nulla mentio fiat; damna, dedecora, quae res patris eius, aetas ipsius pertulit, praeterean- *> tur; lucretur indicia veteris infamiae; patiatur eius vita reliqua me hanc tantam iacturam criminum facere. 3*. Quaestor Cn. Papirio consuli fuisti abhinc annos quattuordecim. Ex ea die ad hanc diem quae feci- sti, in iudicium voco. Hora nulla vacua a furto, scelere, crudelitate, flagitio reperietur. Hi sunt anni consumpti in quaestura et legatione 30 Asiatica et praetura urbana et praetura Siciliensi. Quare haec eadem erit quadripartita distributio lotius accusationis meae. XIII. Quaestor ex senatus consulto provinciam sortitus es : obtigit tibi consularis, ut cum consule Cn. Carbone esses eamque provinciam obtineres. Erat tum dissensio civium; de qua nihil sum dicturus, quid 35 sentire debueris: unum hoc diro, in eiusraodi tempore ac sorte statuere te debuisse, utrum malles sentire atque defendere. Carbo graviter fere- bat sibi quaestorem obtigisse hominem singulari luxuria atque inertia ; verum tamen ornabat eum beueficiis ofliciisque omnibus. Ne diutius te- 4. haec $i dtt. nonn. — 3. in eo elaborari G3f : in eo laborari dtl. 0. (id laborari Lg. 42. ; id elaborari Lg. 29. At cf. §. 2. Divinat. g. 39.) — 5. ne me vox L. At cf. p. Quinct. §. 4. — 6. priore actione A. — 7. cum iud. G2 g: iudicifcu* G4 dtt. 0. — 9. gui] isti, qui A. — 46. flagitiis G3f : flagitiis peccatisque dtt. 0. «Est hoc unum ex infinitis exemplis interpretamenti per particulam adiuncti ; nimis enim lenis est haec vox ct vulgaris post grave et proprium flagitiorum nomen.» Madv. de Asc. App. p. 33. — 47. ex isto A. — 24. perditorum Ld Lg42. ; productorum L. — 26. patietur coni. Schuetz, patitur Oreliius. — 27. consuli G2 al. : consule Gl. Utrumque memorat A. Cos. St. — 32. quadripertita g. — 33. est G2. — 39. ornabat) honorabat Gt 2. — officiisque om. dtt. 0. — vos teneam coni. Lambinus sino causa ; cf. or. p. Rose. Am. g. 20. ibique Buecb- nerura. H2 IN VERREM ACTIO SECUNDA neam, pecunia attributa, numerata est; profectus est quaestor in pro- vinciam ; venit exspectatus in Galliam ad exercitum consularem cum pecunia; simulae primum ei occasio visa est (cognoscite hominis prin- cipium magistratuum gerendorum et rei publicae administrandae), aversa 5 pecunia publica quaestor consulem, exercitum, sortem provinciamque deseruit. 35. Video quid egerim: erigit se; sperat sibi auram posse aliquaiu afflari in hoc crimine voluntatis [dissensionisque] eorum , qui- bus Cn. Carbonis mortui nomen odio sit, quibus illam relictionem pro- ditionemque consulis sui gratam sperat fore. Quasi vero id cupiditate <0 defendendae nobilitatis aut studio partium fecerit, ac non apertissime consulem, exercitum provinciamque compilarit et propter impudenlissi- mum furtum aufugerit. Est enim obscurum et eiusmodi factum eius, ut possit aliquis suspicari C. Verrem, quod ferre novos homines non potuerit, ad nobilitatem, hoc est, ad suos transisse, nihil fecisse pro- ispter pecuniam. 3G. Videamus rationes quemadmodum rettulerit. Iam ipse ostendet, quamobrem Cn. Carbonem reliquerit: iam se ipse indica- bit. XIV. Primum brevitatem cognoscite. Accepi, inquit, HS vicies DVCENTA TRIGINTA QVINQVE MILIA QVADRINGENTOS XVII NVMMOS. Dfclll STI- PENDIO, FHVMENTO , LEGATIS, PRO QVAESTORE , COHORTI PRAETORIAE IIS »0 MILLE SEXCENTA TRIGINTA QVINQVE MILIA QVADRINGENTOS XVII NVMMOS. Reliqvi Arimini HS sexcenta milia. Hoc est rationes referre ? hoc modo aut ego aut tu. Hortensi, aut quisquam omnium rettulit? Quid hoc est? quae impudentia? quae audacia? quod exemplum ex tot ho- minum rationibus relatis buiuscemodi est? Illa tamen HS sexcenta mi- as lia, quae ne falso quidem potuit quibus data essent describere, quae se Arimini scribit reliquisse, quae ipsa HS sexcenta milia reliqua facta sunt, neque Carbo attigit neque Sulla vidit neque in aerarium relata sunt. Oppidum sibi elegit Ariminum, quod tum, cum iste rationes re- ferebat, oppressum direptumque erat. Non suspicabatur id quod nunc 30 sentiet, satis multos ex illa calamitate Ariminensium testes nobis in hanc rem reliquos esse. 37. Recita denuo. P. Lentvlo L. Triario qvaesto- R1BVS YRBAXIS RES RAT10NVM HELATAHVM. Recita. Ex SENATVS CONSVLTO. Ut hoc pacto rationem referre liceret, eo Sullanus repente factus est, non ut honos et dignitas nobilitati restitueretur. Quod si illinc inanis 38 profugisses , tamen ista tua fuga nefaria proditio consulis lui conscele- rata judicaretur. — Malus civis, improbus consul, seditiosus homo Cn. 2. in G. exsp. dlt. 0. — 7. afflare coni. Zumpt. probabiliter; cf. tamen Klolx. Lex. s. v. — dissensionisque codd. noti: assensionisque edd. nonn. Asconii, O; om. edit, prine. Asc. linque uncis inclusit Klotz; neque enim dissensio It. 1. babel, quo referatur, inter- pretamentique speciem refert ex eo genere , quod supra §, 32. commemoravimus. 4'o- luntatis enim auram ex dissensione riviurn (g. 34.), quae fuerat inter Sullanos et Marianos, profectam esse significare voluit interpres. — 8. mortui om. (12. At cf. g. 39. — reie- clionem codd. noti et edd. ante Viclor. — 15. nam G2 et sic infra. — 17. vicias- - num- mos A. Codices h. 1, in numeris varie turbant. — i 9 pro quaestore A; pro quaestoribus codd. noti. — 22. quispiam G2 Ld. — omnium codd. noli, etiam £ : Aominum 0. — 24. huiuscemodi Qi 2f : huiusmodi dtt. O. — 25. neque falso G3 Lagg. omnes, alii dlt. — perscribere cod. Ors. : potuit tlescr. quibus d. essent dtt. — 27. neque Carbo sqq. Victorin. p. 90. — 29. nunc] non GI2, in quibus non, nunc, num saepissimo confunduntur. — 31. Q, Triario Gt 2. — 33. Sullanus ] vel consul Silianus Gi. — 35. conscelerata G3 A g Lg29. cf. g. 90 : scelerata dlt. O. Li». L Cap. XIV — XV. §§. 35—41. 443 Carbo fuit — Fuerit aliis: tibi quando esse coepit? Posteaquam tibi pecuniam, rem frumentariam, rationes omnes suas exercitumque com- misit. Nam si tibi antea displicuisset, idem fecisses, quod anno post M. Piso. Quaestor cum L. Scipioni consuli obtigisset, non attigit pecu- niam, non ad exercitum profectus est: quod de re publica sensit, ita 5 sensit, ut nec fidem suam nec morem maiorum nec necessitudinem sortis laederet. XV. 38. Etenim si baec perturbare omnia ac permiscere vo- lumus, totam vitam periculosam, insidiosam infestamque reddemus, si nullam religionem sors habebit, nullam societatem coniunctio secundae dubiaeque fortunae, nullam auctoritatem mores atque instituta maiorum. to Omnium est communis inimicus, qui fuit hostis suorum. Nemo umquam sapiens proditori credendum putavit. Ipse Sulla, cui adventus istius gratissimus esse debuit, ab se hominem atque ab exercitu suo removit: Beneventi esse iussit apud eos, quos suis partibus amicissimos esse in- telligcbat, ubi iste summae rei causaeque nocere nihil posset. Ei postea <3 praemia tamen liberaliler tribuit, bona quaedam proscriptorum in agro Beneventano diripienda concessit, habuit honorem ut proditori, non ut amico fidem. 39. Nunc quamvis sint homines, qui mortuum Cn. Car- bonem oderint, tamen bi debent non, quid illi accidere voluerint, sed quid ipsis in tali re metuendum sit, cogitare. Commune est hoc ma-xo Ium, communis metus, commune periculum. Nullae sunt occultiores insidiae, quam eae, quae latent in simulatione oflicii aut in aliquo ne- cessitudinis nomine. Nara eum, qui palam est adversarius, facile cavendo vitare possis; hoc vero occultum, intestinum ac domesticum malum non modo exsistit, verum etiam opprimit, antequam prospicere atque ex-ss plorare potueris. 40. Ilane vero? Tu cum quaestor ad exercitum missus sis, custos non solum pecuniae, sed etiam consulis, particeps omnium rerum consiliorumque fueris, habitus sis in liberum loco, sicut mos maiorum ferebat, repente relinquas, deseras, ad adversarios transeas? 0 scelus I o portentum in ultimas terras exportandum I Non enim potest 30 ea natura, quae tantum facinus commiserit, hoc uno scelere esse con- tenta: necesse est semper aliquid ciusmodi moliatur, necesse est in si- mili audacia perfidiaque versetur. 41. Itaque idem iste, quem Cn. Do- labella postea C. Malleolo occiso pro quaestore habuit (haud scio an X. suas omnes — 3. fecisses] legisses G3 g , sic turbatum §. 60. — 4. consuit om. 01 X. — 6. nec - - nec - - nec) Ld. bis, fii ter neque. — 7. ac GXf : at Gt ; et dtl. 0. — 8. insidiosum coni. l.omh.: invidiosam codd.; om. Mon. — 9. societatem codd.: sanctitatem coni. J. Fr. Gronov. • Sed ex Romanorum quidem sentiendi cogitandique ratione in coniunctiono secundae et adversae fortunae societas fida nimirum et honesta potest in- esse, ncutiquam vero sanctitas.» Oa. I. — ft. neque umquam Gi. Vulgatam tuetur etiam Serv. ad Aen. 11. 157. — 19. accedere 01 gLgX9. cf. ad g. 4. — XO. ipsis] temporis G4 t.d. — XX. hae, quae G1 , Aug. CiV. I). 19. g; haec, quae GX. — dissimulatione Gl. « Sulla est occultior res insidiis, quae latent in simulatione officii.» Schol. ad luvenal. IV. 75., quae Garat. II. sic emendat: nullae (st) sunt occultiores insidiae iis , quae sqq. — X3. nam qui Lg. X9; nam cum (om. qui) GX; nam eum qui Augustin. 1. I., sed in codice Barbe- rino Augustini nam cum quis legi testatur Garat. II., qui id eleganter dictum arbitratur. — X4. non modo exsistit A. Garat. II. (ex August. 1. I., ubi non solum legitur) Madv. I. p. 3X6. ScytT. Epist. erit, ad Car. tlalm. p. 19. coli. Italm. in lohn. Annali. 1850. Vol. 55. p. 38 sqq. : non modo non exsistit codd. 0. — XO. Ium, cum Gl f ; tum om. GX Ld. — 30. deportandum coni. Ern. Vulgatam praeter codd. tuetur Kubniunus 1 , 15. 444 IN VERREM ACTIO SECUNDA maior etiam haec necessitudo fuerit quam illa Carbonis, ac plus iudi- cium voluntatis valere quam sortis debeat), idem in Cn. Dolabellam qui in Cn. Carbonem fuit. Nam quae in ipsum valebant crimina contulit in illum causamque illius omnem ad inimicos aceusatoresque detulit: 6 ipse in eum, cui legatus, cui pro quaestore fuerat, inimicissimum atque improbissimum testimonium dixit. Ille miser cum esset cum proditione istius nefaria tum improbo ac falso eiusdem testimonio, tum multo ex maxima parte istius furtorum ac flagiliorum invidia conflagravit XVI. 42. Quid' hoc homine faciatis aut ad quam spem tam periidiosum, tam <o importunum animal reservetis I qui in Cn. Carbone sortem , in Cn. Dola- bella voluntatem neglexerit ac violarii eosquc ambo non modo deserue- rit, sed etiam prodiderit atque oppugnarit. Nolite, quaeso, indices, brevitate orationis meae potius quam rerum ipsarum magnitudine cri- mina ponderare. Mihi enim properandum necessario est, ut omnia vo- rabis, quae mihi constituta sunt, possim exponere. 43. Quamobrem quae- stura istius demonstrata priinique magistratus et furto et scelere per- specto reliqua attendite. In quibus illud tempus Sullanarum proscri- ptionum ac rapinarum praetermittam; neque ego istum sibi ex communi calamitate defensionem ullam sinam sumere: suis eum certis propriisque 20 criminibus accusabo. Quamobrem hoc omni tempore Sullano ex accu- satione circumscripto legationem eius praeclaram cognoscite. 44. Posteaquain Cn. Dolabellae provincia Cilicia constituta est, o di immortales! quanta iste cupiditate, quibus allegationibus illam sibi legationem expugnavit 1 id quod Cn. Dolabellae principium maximae ca- 2$lamita(is fuit. Nam ut est profectus, quacumque iter fecit, eiusmodi fuit, non ul legatus populi Romani, sed ut quaedam calamitas pervadere videretur. XVII. In Achaia — praetermittam minora omnia, quorum si- mile forsitan alius quoque aliquid aliquando fecerit: nihil dicam nisi singulare, nisi id, quod si in alium reum diceretur, incredibile vide- 3oretur — , magistratum Sicyonium nummos poposcit. Ne sil hoc crimen in Verrem: fecerunt alii. Cum ille non daret, animadvertit. Improbum, sed non inauditum. 45. Genus animadversionis videte: quaeretis, ex * quo genere hominem istum judicetis. Ignem ex lignis viridibus atque humidis in loco angusto fieri iussit. Ibi hominem ingenuum, domi no- 35 bilem, populi Romani socium atque amicum, fumo excruciatum semi- vivum reliquit. Iam quae iste signa, quas tabulas pictas ex Achaia su- stulerit, non dicam hoc loco: est mihi alius locus ad hanc eius cupi- 2. qui in) sui ante Gt. — 3. in ipsum codd. noti, etiam g. cf. g. 125 : in ipso Asc. edd. vett. cf. Uniter. — 0. mirer cum esset Cn. Dolabella omnes codd.: sed Kauger. et plcrique post eum editores recte deleverunt Cn. Dolabetia prob. Madv. I. p. 343 : Sleph. in Corrig. cum esset Cn. Dolabelia delet, in quam conjecturam item Incidit Gorat. II. multisque eam verbis defendit. Klotzius ille uncis inclusit, Cn. Dolabella retinuit. — cum proditione Gt g cod. Kerrclti np. Garat. 11.: tum prod. G2 dtt. O. — 7. cum improbo Gl 2. — oc Gt 2g I,g29 : et dtt. O. — tum ] cum Gt. — mullo etiam ex dtt. nonn. O. — 9. de hoc homine Lg29. — 10. Carbone -- Dolabella Manutius: Carbonem -- Dolabellam codd. Similiter alibi peccatum est ; cf. ad IV, g. 53. — 41. ambo Gl g Lgi9 C: ambos Gt Ld. — non modo G4 2g Lg29 : non solum dtt. O. — 49. ullam ante sibi collocant dtt. — 45. ul est prof. G2 g X I,g29 : ut isto prof. Gt 2 dtt.; ut iste profectus est O. — 29. nisi id PT : nui ctt. — 30. poscit G4 f ; possit G2. — 33. Aominum coni. Ilot. O. — 35. so- cium pop. fl. Aras. M. p. 228. — 37. est mihi alius PT A : est alius miAi ctt. O. — eius PT G3 g codd. Lbl: istius dtt. O. Lib. I. Cap. XVI— XIX. §§. 42—49. 445 dilatem demonstrandam separatus. Athenis audistis ex aede Minervae grande auri pondus ablatum : dictum est hoc in Cn. Dolabellae iudicio. Dictum? etiam aestimatum. Huius consilii non participem C. Verrem, sed principem fuisse reperietis. 40. Delum venit. Ibi ex fano Apolli- nis religiosissimo noctu clam sustulit signa pulcherrima atque antiquis- s sima eaque in onerariam navem suam coniicienda curavit. Postridie cum fanum spoliatum viderent ii, qui Delum incolebant, graviter fere- bant. Est enim tanta apud eos eius fani religio atque antiquitas, ut in eo loco ipsum Apollinem natum esse arbitrentur. Verbum tamen facere non audebant, ne forte ea res ad Dolabellam ipsum pertineret. XVIII. u Tum subito tempestates coortae sunt maximae, iudices, ut non modo proficisci cum cuperet Dolabella non posset, sed vix in oppido consi- steret : ita magni fluctus ejiciebantur. Hic navis illa praedonis istius, onusta signis religiosis, expulsa atque eiecta fluctu frangitur. In litore signa illa Apollinis reperiuntur : iussu Dolabellae reponuntur : tempestas 45 sedatur: Dolabella Delo proficiscitur. 47. Non dubito quin, tametsi nullus in te sensus humanitatis, nulla ratio umquam fuit religionis , nunc tamen in metu periculoque tuo tuorum tibi scelerum veniat in mentem. Potestne tibi ulla spes salutis commoda ostendi, cum recordaris, in deos immortales quam impius, quam sceleratus, quam nefarius fueris ? Apol-to linemne tu Delium spoliare ausus es? illine tu templo tam antiquo, tam sancio, tam religioso manus impias ac sacrilegas afferre conatus es ? Si in puerilia non iis artibus ac disciplinis institutus eras, ut ea, quae litteris mandata suut, disceres atque cognosceres: ne postea quidem, cum in ea ipsa loca venisti, potuisti accipere id, quod est proditum % memoria ac litteris ? 48. Latonam ex longo errore et fuga gravidam et iam ad pariendum temporibus exactis confugisse Delum atque ibi Apollinem Dianamque peperisse, qua ex opinione hominum illa insula eorum deorum sacra putatur; tantaque eius auctoritas religionis et est et semper fuit, ut ne Persae quidem, cum bellum toti Graeciae, dis 30 hominibusque indixissent et mille numero navium classem ad Delum appulissent , quidquam conarentur aut violare aut attingere. Hoc tu fa- num depopulari, bomo improbissime atque amentissime, audebas? fuit ulla cupiditas tanta , quae tantam exstingueret religionem ? et si tura haec non cogitabas, ne nunc quidem recordaris nullum esse tantum ma-3s lum, quod non tibi pro sceleribus tuis iam diu debeatur ? XIX. 49. In Asiam vero postquam venit, quid ego adventus istius, prandia, cenas, equos muneraque commemorem? Nihil cum Verre de quotidianis cri- 4 . separatus G3 g PT, 3 codd. Lbi. : senatus dtt. 0. — S. est hoc PT. : hoc est ctt. 0. — dictum est hoc - - aestimatum ora. G3. — 3. non part. PT. : non modo part. ctt. 0. — 48. tuorum ] horum Gt. — 24. ilii G4 i. — 23. iij L : his 0. — ac G4 i; Lg29 : et dU. 0. — 86. memoria G2 Lg29,: memoriae Gl dtt. 0. — 47. ad pariendum Gt 2 c I.g29 C : ad pariendum vicinam dtt. [cicinam] 0. — 31. hominibusque G4 A. Serv. ad Aon. 111. 84.: hominibus G2f. Apud Serv. 1. 1. In ed. Nivclliana a. 4600. haec leguntur testo Garat. II.: tantaque eij huius religionis et t et s. (., ut ne P. q., q. b. lotae Asiae d. hominibusque in d. et mille naeium cl. D. ap., q. c. a. c. a. attingere ; sed desunt in edit. Virg. Lugd. 4527. et in cod. Barberino Servii. — 33. depopulare G4 2; depecttlari L. cf. Act. I. g. 44. — 34. ulla G4 Lg42 Pal. sec., cod. Hot.: illa G2 Lg29. — 36. Iam diu G3g. — 37. ode. istius, prandia. Sic distinxit Madv. App. p. 39.: adv. istius prandia, cocnas 0. — 38. mu- nera Asc. edd. velt. CtcnoT.II. 40 U6 IN VERREM ACTIO SECUNDA minibus acturus sum. Chio per vim signa pulcherrima dico abstulisse, item Erythris et Halicarnasso. Tenedo (praetereo pecuniam, quam eri- puit) Tenem ipsum, qui apud Tenedios sanctissimus deus habetur, qui urbem illam dicitur condidisse, cuius ex nomine Tenedus nominatur, shunc ipsum, inquam, Tenem pulcherrime factum, quem quondam in comitio vidistis, abstulit magno cum gemitu civitatis. 30. Illa vero ex- pugnatio fani antiquissimi et nobilissimi Iunouis Samiae quam luctuosa Samiis fuitl quam acerba toti Asiae I quain clara apud omnes I quam nemini vestrum inaudita 1 de qua expugnatione cum legati ad C. Nero- <9 nem in Asiam Samo venissent, responsum tulerunt, eiusmodi querimonias, quae ad legatum populi Romani pertinerent, non ad praetorem, sed Romam deferri oportere. — Quas iste tabulas illinc, quae signa sustulit! quae cognovi egemet apud istum in aedibus nuper, cum obsignandi gratia venissem. 51. Quae signa nunc, Verres, ubi sunt? illa quaero, ttquae apud te nuper ad omnes columnas, omnibus etiam intercolumniis, in silva denique disposita sub divo vidimus. Cur ea, quam diu alium praetorem cum iis iudicibus, quos in horum locum sortitus esses , de te in consilium iturum putasti, tam diu domi fuerunt? posteaquam nostris testibus nos quam horis [tuis] uti malle vidisti , nullum signum domi 30 reliquisti praeter duo, quae in mediis aedibus sunt, quae ipsa Samo sublata sunt? non putasti me tuis familiarissimis in hanc rem testimonia denuntiaturum, qui tuae domi semper fuissent, ex quibus quaererem, signa scirentne fuisse, quae non essent? XX. 52. Quid tum hos de te iudicaturos arbitratus es, cum viderent te iam non contra accusatorem 25 tuum sed contra quaestorem sectoremque pugnare ? — Qua de re Cha-. ridemum Chium testimonium priore actione dicere audistis: sese, cum esset trierarchus et Verrem ex Asia decedentem prosequeretur, iussu Dolabellae fuisse una cum isto Sami seseque tum scire spoliatum esse fanum Iuuonis et oppidum Samum; posteaque se causam apud Chios, 30 cives suos , Samiis accusantibus publice dixisse eoque se esse absolu- tum, quod planum fecisset ea, quae legati Samiorum dicerent, ad Ver- rem, non ad se pertinere. — 53. Aspendum vetus oppidum et nobile in Pamphylia scitis esse, plenissimum signorum optimorum. Non dicam illinc hoc signum ablatum esse et illud: hoc dico, nullum te Aspendi 33 signum, Verres, reliquisse; omnia ex fanis, ex locis publicis, palam, spectantibus omnibus plostris erecta exportataque esse. Atque etiam ilium Aspendium citharistam , de quo saepe audistis id , quod est Graecis 2. et om. Gt. — 3. Tenem S, al. Serv. ad Aen. II. 2t. Isidor. Orig. XIV. 6, 23. p. 434. (sed cod. Benedictob. saec. IX. Tenen , cod. Fris. saec. IX. pr. m. Tenem, sec. m. Tennen) : Tennem c; tenuem G2 I.d.: Thcnuem G4. — 44. ad legatos G4 2. — 42. istinc r; istinc illinc Gt 2. cf. §. 53.— 45. Fort, etiam in intere. Hu.u. — 46. in siico] cf. Schol. Cruq. ad Hor. Ep. I. 40, 22. — sub divo codd. et Sch. Cruq. I. 1.: sub dio A. — 47. tort. esita Zumptius: sortitus es G2f: loco dem sortitus es G4; subsortitus es Ld dtt.; subsortiturus eras coni. Hot. — 49. tuis om. A. cod. Grs. prob. Rau I. p. 480. — 24. familiaribus G4. — 22. semper G4 2 g : saepe dtt. 0.— 25. quaesitorem A , qui tamen vulgatam quoque commemo- rat; sectorem quaestoremque S. Verba qua de re -- perlinere do Ern. coni. (prob. Wyt- tonb.) Beck. et Schiitz. transponunt post superiora §. 50. Homam deferri oportere. Male, ct. Orellium et Zampt. ad h. I. — 26. Chium oni. G4 ; cum incert. auct. frugm. do verbo ap. Macrob. ed. lau. Vol. I. p. 293. — 36. plostris S G2 dtt. : plaustris G4 Lgi2. — avecta S. — exportataque G2 Ld e LgiD : explorataque G4 ; asportalaqve dtt. O. Digilized by Google Lib. I. Cap. XX— XXI. §§. 50—57. U7 hominibus in proverbio, quem omnia intus eanere dicebant, sustulit et in intimis suis aedibus posuit, ut etiam illum ipsum suo artificio supe- rasse videatur. 54. Pergae fanum antiquissimum et sanctissimum Dianae scimus esse. Id quoque a te nudatum ac spoliatum esse, ex ipsa Diana quod habebat auri detractum atque ablatum esse dico. Quae, malum Is 'est ista tanta audacia atque amentia? quas enim sociorum atque ami- corum urbes adisti legationis iure et nomine, si in eas vi cum exercitu imperioque invasisses, tamen, opinor, quae signa atque ornamenta ex iis urbibus sustulisses, baec non in luam domum neque in suburbana amicorum , sed Romam in publicum deportasses. XXI. 55. Quid ego io de M. Marcello loquar, qui Syracusas, urbem ornatissimam, cepit? quid de L. Scipione, qui bellum in Asia gessit Antiochumque, regem poten- tissimum, vicit? quid de Flaminino, qui regem Philippum et Macedo- niam subegit? quid de L. Paullo, qui regem Persen vi ac virtute supe- ravit? quid de L. Mummio, qui urbem pulcherrimam atque ornatissi-45 mam, Corinthum, plenissimam rerum omnium, sustulit urbesque Achaiae Boeotiaeque multas sub imperium populi Romani dilionemque subiun- xit? quorum domus cum honore ac virtute fiorerent, signis et tabulis pictis erant vacuae. At vero urbem totam templaque deorum omnesque Italiae partes illorum donis ac monumentis exornatas videmus. 56. Ve- so reor ne haec forte cuipiam nimis antiqua et iam obsoleta videantur: ita enim tum aequabiliter omnes erant eiusmodi, ut haec laus eximiae virtutis et innocentiae non solum hominum, verum etiam temporum illorum esse videatur. P. Servilius, vir clarissimus, maximis rebus ge- stis adest de te sententiam laturus: Olympum vi, copiis, consilio, vir- is tute cepit, urbem antiquam et omnibus rebus auctam et ornatam. Re- cens exemplum fortissimi viri profero. Nam postea Servilius imperator populi Romani Olympum, urbem hostium, cepit, quam tu in isdem illis locis legatus quaestorius oppida pacata sociorum atque amicorum diripienda ac vexanda curasti. 57. Tu quae ex fanis religiosissimis per so scelus et latrocinium abstulisti , ea nos videre nisi in tuis amicorumque tuorum tectis non possumus : P. Servilius , quae signa atque ornamenta ex urbe hostium vi et virtute capta belli lege atque imperatorio iure sustulit, ea populo Romano apportavit, per triumphum vexit, in tabulas publicas ad aerarium perscribenda curavit. Cognoscite ex litteris publicis 35 hominis amplissimi diligentiam. Recita. Rationes relatae P. Servilii. Non solum numerum signorum, sed etiam unius cuiusque magnitudinem, figuram, statum litteris deGniri vides. Certe maior est virtutis victoriae- 4. nominibus G3{. — quem - - dicebant Serv. ad Aen. V. 203. — i. intimis] vicinis Gt. — suo artif. Gl 2ff: ori. suo dtt. 0.; suo om. A. — 7. si in eosj quin eas Gl 2r; quam eas Ld. ; cum in eas Kl. — 8. atque ] ei quae G2g; et Gl. At cf. g. 57. — ex iis coni. ZumpL : ex islis Gi ; ex his dtt. 0. — 9. haec - - deportasses Arus. M. p. 225, — 43. de Flaminio mulli codd. — 44. Paulo G4 2 Lg29 si. — 47. sub imp. -- subiunxit Arus. M. p. 263. — 48. ac viri. G4 2fLg29 : et viri. dii. 0. coli. g. 57. — 49. templaque G4 2 Lg29 : templa dtt. 0. — 24 . forte om. G4 . — cuipiam G4 f Lgg. omnes. S. Prisc. I. p. 468 : cupiam G2 ; cuiquam ai. — 22. aequaliter Gl. — eiusmodi G4 gLg42 A. : vel Au* iusmodi G2 ; vel eiusmodi Ld ; huiusmodi dtt. 0. — 25. laturus G3 c 2 codd. Lbi : laturus est dtt. 0. — Olympum Manutius ex Asc. : Olynthum codd. — 29. illis om. G2 Lb. 4584. — 34. elper latroc. dtt. 0. — 33. vi om. G4 2. cf. g. 55. — 34. i» tabulis publicis C. — 36. reciia -- Servilii om. G3; seclusit Zumpt. 148 IN VERREM ACTIO SECUNDA que iucunditas quam ista voluptas, quae percipitur ex libidine et cupi- ditate. Multo diligentius habere dico Servilium praedam populi Romani quam te tua furta notata atque perscripta. XXII. 58. Dices tua quoque signa et tabulas pictas ornamento urbi foroque populi Romani fuisse, a Memini: vidi simul cum populo Romano forum romitiumque adornatum ad speciem magnifico ornatu, ad sensum cogitationemque acerbo et lu- gubri; vidi collucere omnia furtis tuis, praeda provinciarum, spoliis sociorum atque amicorum. Quo quidem tempore, iudices, iste spem maximam reliquorum quoque peccatorum nactus est. Vidit enim eos, t« qui se iudiciorum dominos dici volebant, harum cupiditatum esse ser- vos. 59. Socii vero nationesque exterae spem omnium tum primum abiecenmt rerum ac fortunarum suarum, propterea quod rasu legati ex Asia atque Achaia plurimi Romae tunc fuerunt, qui deorum simulacra ex suis fanis sublata in foro venerabautur; itemque cetera signa el or- ta namenla cum cognoscerent, alia alio in loco lacrimantes intuebantur. Quorum omnium hunc sermonem tum esse audiebamus: a Nihil esse, quod quisquam dubitaret de exitio sociorum atque amicorum , cum qui- dem viderent in foro populi Romani , quo in loco antea , qui sociis in- iurias fecerant, accusari et condemnari solebant, ibi esse palam posita ao ea, quae ab sociis per scelus ablata ereptaque essent.» 60. Hic ego non arbitror illum negaturum signa se plurima, tabulas pictas innume- rabiles habere; sed, ut opinor, solet haec, quae rapuit et furatus est, nonnumquam dicere se emisse, quoniam quidem in Achaiam, Asiam, Pamphyliam sumptu publico et legationis nomine mercator signorum 35 tahularumqne pictarum missus est. XXIII. Habeo et istius et patris eius [accepti] tabulas omnes, quas diligentissime legi atque digessi, patris, quoad vixit, tuas, quoad ais te confecisse. Nam in isto, iudices, hoc novum reperictis. Audimus aliquem tabulas nuniquam confecisse, quae est opinio hominum de M. Antonio falsa; nam fecit diligentissime: ve- 30 rum sit hoc genus aliquod minime probandum. Audimus alium non ab initio fecisse, sed ex tempore aliquo confecisse: est aliqua etiam huiusce rei ratio. Hoc vero novum et ridiculum est, quod hic nobis 3. perscripta Gl 2 f 2 eodd. Lbl : descripta dlt. 0. — 4. ornamenta dtl. 0. — 5. ador- natum delendum eensuit L; at cf. Vitruv. X. 22., quem locum indicavit Gurat. II. — 40. se iud. dom. dici A. S: iud. se dom. dici G1 2 Lg29 ; iud. se dici dom. C ; iud. dom. se dici dtt. O. — 42. abiecerunl Gl 2 2g: abiecere dtt. — 44. fanis suis Lg29. — item qui G3. — 24. se Gl 2fl.g29: sese dtt. 0. — 23. quidem om. G4. — 24. nomine cum impe- rio et securibus mercator I,. ex Asc. At cf. Madv. de Asc. p. 100. — 25. habeo A, qui tamen ab aliis legi ab eo et deinde accepi (pro accepti) commemorat : habeo om. codd. Cic. praeter Lg 6, qui habet ab eo. — iUius G4. — 211. accepi G3 Lgg. omnes. H. y Mein. (om. habeo). In codd. Asc. et Ciceronis iam antiquitus turbatum esso apparet, cf. Bai- ter. ad Asc. Madv. I. I. p. 99. Hau I. p. 481. Sed sine dubio accepti h. 1. ineptum est. Nam res sic sese habet: Asconius duplicem commemorat scripturam habeo et accepi; allero haec , a glossatore orta , in verborum ordinem a librario recepta est ; quae cum ineptam sententiam vel plane nullam efficeret , iu accepti mutata est , ut aliquis certe sensus subesset. Sed nemo umquam has tabulas s. rationes domesticas accepti tabulas dixit (nam Orat. §. 458. accepti tabulae alteram tantum rationum domesticarum partem significant eapensi tabulis exclusis), sed nut simpliciter tabulas ut h. 1. , aut accepti et e.rpensi tabulas, cf. p. Bosc. Com. §. 4 —9. Itaque hoc glossema uncis inclusimus. — 28. audivimus G2. — 29. M. Antonio A. Zumpt.: Antonio codd. O. — fecit) legit c i legis G4 2. cf. ad g. 37. — verum) «irum Gl 2. — 30. audivimus G2Lg42. — 32. eiusce G2g; eiusmodi G4. Vulgatam tuetur Asc. cf. nos ad Caocin. p. 290. Lib. 1. Cap. XXII— XXV. §§. 58—64. 149 respondit, cnm ab eo tabulas postularemus, usque ad M. Terentium [et] C. Cassium consules confecisse, postea destitisse. 61. Alio loco hoc cuiusmodi sit, considerabimus: nunc nihil ad me attinet; horum enim temporum, in quibus nunc versor, habeo tabulas et tuas et patris. Plurima signa pulcherrima, plurimas tabulas optimas deportasse te ne- s gare non potes : atque utinam neges I Unum ostende in tabulis aut tuis aut patris tui emptum esse: vicisti. Ne haec quidem duo signa pul- cherrima, quae nunc ad impluvium tuum stant, quae multos annos ante valvas Iunonis Samiae steterunt, habes quomodo emeris ; haec, inquam, duo, quae in aedibus luis sola iam sunt, quae sectorem exspectant, to relicta ac destituta a ceteris signis. XXIV. 62. At, credo, in hisce solis rebus indomitas cupiditates atque effrenatas habebat : ceterae libidines eius ratione aliqua aut modo continebantur. Quam multis istum inge- nuis, quam multis matribus familias in illa taetra atque impura legatione vim attulisse existimatis? ecquo in oppido pedem posuit, ubi non plura ts stuprorum flagitiorumque suorum quam adventus sui vestigia reliquerit? Sed ego omnia, quae negari poterunt, praetermittam: etiam haec, quae certissima sunt et clarissima, relinquam: unum aliquod de nefariis istius factis eligam, quo facilius ad Siciliam possim aliquando, quae mihi hoc oneris negotiique imposuit, pervenire. 63. Oppidum est in Hellesponto *o Lampsacum, iudiccs, in primis Asiae provinciae clarum et nobile: ho- mines autem ipsi Lampsaceni cum stunme in omnes cives Romanos officiosi, tum praeterea maxime sedati et quieti, prope praeter ceteros ad summum Graecorum otium potius quam ad ullam vim aut tumultum accommodati. Accidit, cum iste a Un. Dolabella efflagitasse! , ut se ad® regem Nicomedem regemque Sadalam mitteret, cumque iter hoc sibi magis ad quaestum suum quam ad rei publicae tempus accommodatum depoposcisset, ut illo itinere veniret Lampsacum cum magna calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis. Deducitur iste ad Ianitorem quendam hospi- tem comitesque cius item apud ceteros hospites collocantur. Ut mos 30 erat istius atque ut eum suae libidines flagitiosae facere admonebant, statim negotium dat illis suis comitibus, nequissimis turpissimisque ho- minibus, uti videant et investigent, ecqua virgo sit aut mulier digna, quamobrem ipse Lampsaci diutius commoraretur. XXV. 64. Erat comes eius Rubrius quidam, homo factus ad istius libidines, qui miro artificio, 35 quocumque venerat, haec investigare omnia solebat, is ad eum rem istam defert: Philodamum esse quendam, genere, honore, copiis, exi- stimatione facile principem Lampsacenorum ; eius esse filiam , quae cum patre habitaret, proplerea quod virum non haberet, mulierem eximia t. et om. A. — 5. optimas om. G2 dtt. — 8. pluvium G2 g ; p/anium vel pluvium Gt. — ante Gt 2AjrI.g29 p. m.: ad dlt. 0. — 9. habes dicere quum. I,. — tt. a celeris signis glossam esse suspicatur Rau II. p. 141. — 13. pueris ingemas !. [Atv. Holmli Anal. Tui). 1. p. 34. n. 6.) Verba seqq. habet Aras. M. p. 231. — 46. quam om. G3g. — 47. possunt Gt ; possent seu poterunt Lg42. — 48. ego relinquam I,g29. — 22. cum Gt 2f Lg29 : tum dtt. 0. — 26. hoc Ucr G4. — 30. apud certos cod. Crs. I.g42. — 34. flagitiosae dtt. nonn. prob. Madv. App. p. 40. coli. II. §. 434. : flagitioso Gt 2, 2 codd. Parr. I,all. al. O. In G4 2 etiam antea sue pro suor, et saepissime in his codd. c pro ae scribitur. — admonebant Gt Ag : commc/ccbant G2 (non commonebant , ut tradit Zumpt.) U. ; admonuerant dtt. — 33. uti Gt '2 ). c at.: ut l,gg. omnes, ai. — ecquacg; si quo G2 ; qua Gt. — 34. ipse G12g Lg29: iste dtt.— commoretur coni. Ern. — 37. rem istam} v. Madv. de Fin. p.237.— refert Gt. 150 IN VERREM ACTIO SECUNDA pulchritudine, sed eam summa integritate pudicitiaque existimari. Homo ut haec audivit, sic exarsit ad id, quod non modo ipse numquam vide- rat, sed ne audierat quidem ah eo, qui ipse vidisset, ut statim ad Phi- lodamum migrare se diceret velle. Hospes lanitor, qui nihil suspicare- stur, veritus ne quid in ipso se offenderetur, hominem summa vi reti- nere coepit. Iste, qui hospitis relinquendi causam reperire non posset, alia sibi ratione viam munire ad stuprum coepit: Rubrium, delicias suas, in omnibus eiusmodi rebus adiutorem suum et conscium, parum laute deversari dicit; ad Philodamum deduci iubet 05. Quod ubi est 40 Philodamo nuntiatum , tametsi erat ignarus , quantum sibi ac liberis suis iam tum mali constitueretur, tamen ad istum venit; ostendit munus illud suum non esse : se , cum suae partes essent hospitum recipiendorum, tum ipsos tamen praetores et consules, non legatorum asseclas , recipere solere. Iste, qui una cupiditate raperetur, totum illius postulatum cau- 45 samque neglexit : per vim ad eum , qui recipere non debebat , Rubrium deduci imperavit. XXVI. Hic Philodemus, posteaquam ius suum obti- nere non potuit, ut humanitatem consuetudinemque suam retineret, la- borabat. Homo, qui semper hospitalissimus amicissimusque nostrorum hominum existimatus esset, noluit videri ipsum illum Rubrium invitus so domum suam recepisse: magnilire et ornate, ut erat in primis inter suos copiosus, convivium comparat; rogat Rubrium, ut, quos ei commodum sit, invitet, locum sibi soli, si videatur, relinquat; etiani lilium suum, lectissimum adolescentem, foras ad propinquum suum quendam mittit ad cenam. t>6. Rubrius istius comites invitat: eos omnes Verres cer- Mtinres facit, quid opus esset. Mature veniunt: discumbitur. Fit sermo inter eos et invitatio, ut Graeco more biberetur. Hortatur hospes: po- scunt maioribus poculis; celebratur omnium sermone laetitiaque convi- vium. Eosteaquam satis calere res Rubrio visa est: «Quaeso, inquit, Pbilodame, cur ad nos tiliam tuam non intro vocari iubes?» Homo, 3oqui et summa gravitate et iam id aetatis et parens esset, obstupuit ho- minis improbi dicto. Instare Rubrius. Tum, ut aliquid responderet, ne- gavit moris esse Graecorum, ut in convivio virorum accumberent mulieres. Hic tum alius ex alia parte: «Enim vero ferendum hoc quidem non est: vocetur mulieri» et simul servis suis Rubrius, ut ianuam clauderent et 35 ipsi ad fores assisterent, imperat. 07. Quod ubi ille intellexit id agi atque id parari, ut liliae suae vis afferretur, servos suos ad se vocat: his imperat, ut se ipsum negligant, filiam defendant; excurrat aliquis, qui hoc tantum domestici mali filio nuntiet. Clamor interea lit tota domo, pugna inter servos Rubrii atque hospitis: iactatur domi suae vir 3. in ipso se offenderetur G4 2g C. Pal. pr., ab : in ipso se offenderit al. — 40. erat ignarus 3 Lpg. dii. Non. p. 273.: erat non ign. Mein. ; non erat ign. G4 2 al. — 44. mati oro. G3 ff. cf. g. 67. ; mati iam tum L ; tantum mati 11 ; iam tum dei. de Era. coni. Schtz. prob. Rau. II. p. 62. «Sed egregium vulgata sensum pruebet: quanta malorum series ex ipso illo iam temporis puncto, quo Itubrius ad se adductus esset, sibi in posterum praepararetur. Hoc librarii cum non intcltigcrcnt, varie turbarunt.» Oa. (Ego malim: mati tum. Hami.) — munus suum ittud G4 ; ili. m. s. G2. — 20. domum G3f Lg29 C. cf. p. Arcbia §. 5.: in domum dtt. 0.— 22. siet Non. p. 321. ed. Mere.; aliae edd. sit. — 30. obstipuit 2. — 31. tum ut G4 2 2 p : tum ille ut dtt. O. — 33. hoc quidem G4 2fLg29C: quidem om. dtt. Donat, ad Ter. Andr. i. 3, 4. — 38. /Uio G4 2 g l.gg. omnes: /Uio suo al. O. — 39. domo, pugna ilutin. de figg. 1. 36.: domo: pugnatur coni. Hau II. p. 63.; pugna om. omnes codd. Lib. I. Gap. XXVI— XXVn. §§. 65 — 70. 151 primus et honestissimus : pro se quisque manus affert : aqua denique ferventi a Rubrio ipso Philodamus perfunditur. Ilaec ubi filio nuntiata sunt, statim exanimatus ad aedes contendit, ut et vitae patris et pudi- citiae sororis succurreret. Omnes eodem animo Lampsaceni, simul ut boc audierunt, quod eos cum Philodami dignitas, tum iniuriae magni- S tudo movebat, ad aedes noctu convenerunt. Hic lictor istius Cornelius, qui cum eius servis erat a Rubrio quasi in praesidio ad auferendam mulierem collocatus, occiditur, servi nonnulli vulnerantur, ipse Rubrius in turba sauciatur. Iste, qui sua cupiditate tantos tumultus concitatos videret, cupere aliqua evolare , si posset. XXVII. 68. Postridie homines io mane in contionem conveniunt: quaerunt, quid optimum factu sit; pro se quisque, ut in quoque erat auctoritatis plurimum, ad populum lo- quebatur; inventus est nemo, cuius non haec et sententia esset et ora- tio : « Non esse metuendum , si istius nefarium scelus Lampsaceni ulti vi manuque essent, ne senatus populusque Romanus in eam civitatem 43 animadvertendum putaret. Quod si hoc iure legati populi Romani in socios nationesque exteras uterentur, ut pudicitiam liberorum servare ab eorum libidine tutam non liceret, quidvis esse perpeti satius quam in tanta vi atque acerbitate versari.» 69. Haec cum omnes sentirent et cum in eam rationem pro suo quisque sensu ac dolore loqueretur,») omnes ad eam domum, in qua iste deversabatur, profecti sunt : caedere ianuam saxis, instare ferro, ligna et sarmenta circumdare ignemque sub- iicere coeperunt. Tum cives Romani, qui Lampsaci negotiabantur, con- currunt: orant Lampsacenos, ut gravius apud eos nomen legationis quam iniuria legati putaretur; sese intelligere hominem illum esse im-25 purum ac nefarium, sed quoniam nec perfecisset, quod conatus esset, neque futurus esset Lampsaci postea, levius eorum peccatum fore, si homini scelerato pepercissent, quam si legato non pepercissent. 70. Sic iste multo sceleratior et nequior quam ille Hadrianus, aliquanto etiam felicior fuit: ille, quod eius avaritiam cives Romani ferTe non potuerunt, m Uticae domi suae vivus exustus est, idque illi merito accidisse existima- 4. primus codd. cf. Zumpt. ad h. I. et ad IV. g. 50: primarius Non. p. 327. cf. g, 44. 435. 157. tl. g. 81. III. g. 122. 136. alibi: optimus C- Cnum illud lamen offendit in codd. scriptura , quod Tullius ntirjs primarium ct HOKtsF.u primum dicere solet. — honestissimus G3; I.g42 : homo honest. Non. 1. 1. dlt. O. Secuti quidem sumus h. 1. opti- morum codd. auctoritatem: sed facile fieri potuit, ut propter primarum litterarum si- militudinem librarius a priore ad posterius verbum oculo aberrans illud omitteret. At- que deteriorum codd. scriptura non solum Nonii auctoritate firmatur, sed commenda- tionem etiam tiubet eo , quod Cicero vocabula cir et homo saepe sic coniungit (ex. c. Divinat, g. 56. p. Rose. Com. g. 19. p. Deiot. g. 16. Fin. It. g. 119.) et adjectivum honestis - simus fere semper hominis, non viri verbo adiungil.— 2. nunt. sunt filio Gt contra Nonium 1. 1.— 3. aedis Non. p. 264.— 4. simul ut] v. Madv. de Fin. p. 203. — 5. audierunt M if Lgg. praeter 42 : audiverunt at. O. — cum q Lg29 : Ium Gt 2 dlt. O. — 40. aliquo Ld : aliqua parte I.g42. — homines mane Gt 2AfC: mane hom. dtt. O. — 44. conveniunt Gt 2gC: veniunt dlt. O. — facium G4 Lg29 ; factu tuetur etiam A. — 12. in quoquo dlt. cf. Ileu- sing. ad Off. I. 15, 1. — 13. et ratio G2ff. At cf. loqueretur g. 69. init. — 21. deversa - batur g : diversabatur Gt 2 8 l.gg. ; versabatur 11. Mcin. Ct. g. 64 . 78. — caedere sqq. Non. p. 272. Rufin. I. 36. — 22. et om. G2Ld. — t obticere A dtt.: circum subiicere Gt 2ffC. Cf. ttand. Turs. II. p. 69 aq. — 23. tunc Gt 2f. — 29. Adrianus Victorin. p. 36. | 0.249972 | -0.462645 | 1,127 | 4,431 | 240 | 240 | royalty biographies | false |
99,929 | sn83030193_1893-05-06_1_4_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | jH i The World's Situation Day Is Thursday. THE WOULD: SATURDAY EVENLVGr, MAY 0, 1333. Thursday Heir Warned Ad. Repeated In The ETcnlog World Free RKi JtillUt.tit It tltJrtu jMblitl.twCciniani, vfHtt M xo 63 ran Kern, Kxw Yosa, I'MK1'' SATURDAY EVENING. MAY 6. , -I MBt EBEECBlHiOKSlOailKLVLMNOWOKLDl f HK (including jiostaff) , 'JB- rnn month nor. l.E; KU YUAIt SU.au !,K ltB ToL 03. No. 11,502 pH" i itlBBtC ' Ifttcictf ittttJ cttCrcr t lwerk n second- Xft) clmmitter. iH VE - BRANCH 01-FICESi KI' Vl CHILD UPTOWN OFFICI 1CAT nnoAtiwiT, Mi'' tetwe.n tllltsrd32dsts., .Now York. I jWli, WOXLI) llAlihtM OUHlfc-litilU tT. ami. Bi'Jja Matiiok Arc ' atWt m rBOOKLYN-309 'WininTon Rt. K' f HiOADfcLrilU, l.-l.rtxirR licitntn. Ill 'woT, - ttiik tiuhT. WAbiiiwiutv-TtisitiiiisT. II! 3r5,000PerDay.! ltT Returns, Exchange List and All ti ? t Free Papers Deducted. e ;;.' M iV V'? A TESTIMONIAL. irba ;i " TJi undirtigntd advertiser in JNew .- i Pi; -v " Turk City, hating been invited to ex- Ben i v 'bo '. b " ttnint all book and accounts rtlating i " to A w'reulafiVm ? TUK WOULD, I c ?.' :S m certify that they hatt availed thtmsslve itE "0f thi invitation, and that they hatt wni y,p ' .rept t.fe " traced tht circulation in various periods ( jpni ti ,'w Un contract or tht supply oj nan" 'S' "paptT n dtP0"4 "" ''' p'hSft ' i " ' JMp-. They hatt verified the .pete -2; tmcUfd itaUments of circulation, ' S"S " " am' r tatitfltd of their accuracy, ami V5 ',' I " A nt o!uo, iono flde, pail Bel'' I " circulation of THE WOULD, Morn. Ettri Y " ff and Stening Edition; per day Sntpl' " ' d'Ii" f tf" "" "d"1 ' l"jlli' " MareA 18tA' 1898f alUr dtduc(inS a" bisdiJK'cA " Mturn paper, tret paper and ex it oaf&'.T. tKfi3lf " BLOOMUGDALE BROS., So'aS' " by '" w- BloomlnBdali. TB?m r " H' MACY u CM CUmm-tM by A- L- Klnkead. m?n & " J0HN DANIELL & SONS, color '5i " per II. C. AlUIre, It : )i ' Accountant. Stm- " ADAMS U CO., CHUB if " per John S. A. Lambley, , prlso .,Pj " AdvertUlnic Manager. oeufili ' u EHRICH BROS., J" J Vs f (-0. H. Leshorn. 5i.pt.) cn : ML EDWARD HIDLhY k SONS, Ac! Slti "rr w- Edmund, land' lvSE Accountant. ! lEl "LUDWIG BROS., toe j V ALFRED J. CAMMEYER." V. ! " ' i , l1 J7i-; V OBLD will not, vmlir aiV nriiiiii. He lttttri,htiaUirliriicnnlrnril.iii,lmi ) t ii toji'tiftiii a vj ntt ii,uUil ij(i'.tT;t(.v W tl Kclvi rr, tjul otiinir t In.) at tir i rnidir. i jK Ji inrj Zio.i. trill Ic mnrte 10 this rtilr icttl. jS rtmd ti Hilar Ittttr irtiicluvur. .or aglH! MUlle eaticr eniei Into it.ru rjivt urmt cuu. Mt ciriiiiie tiiiarndn&li' nuituifiTlj (a ti. The Evening World's ( , rb Net paid tona fide actual daily v : Average Circulation A 'i ) rester linn the combine.! cir ri ailjtion of the j I Evening Sun, 41 Mail and Express, 1ugk Evening Post, rJi5&lW I Commercial Advertiser, fHnF'9 Evening Telegram. With the intent to act as a judge, the Senate, in consideration of the incident, would not have the full vote of the Senate, a significant amount from the unofficial price will be allowed to all dealers and retailers to cut their prices. This relates to the Anti-Slavery Issue. Apparently, somebody had fashioned the question out of Cordage Trust matters. The Senate, in its wisdom, is trying to stop the trouble on the New York without the terrible of an extra session. They are going to try to stop the trouble in Mexico by passing a law to make it dangerous. Here is a hint for France. There are no unimportant numbers for the people when it applies to each vetoes, a vote of the people. The Senate's Tariff measures are not only too early at the moment, but also too late for the Senate. In attendance. They ought to understand that the people are all for this. There'll be a crowd on the agenda at Jackson Park. There'll be a crowd on the agenda at the meeting. The chief engineer's despatch to him on the matter of the Chinese law was an insult with the State. The conduct of an executive officer named Pennoyer is the only person to which the intelligence of the Chinese is subject. It cannot be claimed that there is such a rash precipitancy in the Indian Government's determination to depose the rebel Khan of Khelat. This somewhat improbable ruler has succeeded in bringing about a significant change in the government's intentions. Stronger evidence exists that the Government has taken time to make sure that the Khan was to be given just cause for the provocation. The Cornell University is to do away with the monitors who have hitherto of late been at the college examinations and business was to see that the students did not "crib" their answers to the questions. However, the college will be put on their honor. The step seems to be a wise one. It is more than a possibility that removing the evidence of a suspicion of dishonesty will remove a temptation to be ill-shocked. KEJEOTING PAVOP. The Manhattan Elevated Transit Commission's answer to the proposal of the Rapid Transit Commission for the extension of its privileges is as remarkable for its folly as for its audacity. The corporation, believing that it holds the city at its mere, insists on obtaining its new and valuable franchises on its own terms or rejecting them altogether. The spirit in which the cities offer is treated and the interests of the public regarded as the rental of the monopoly on the proposition that a third track shall be laid down. "The third tracks will accommodate the public," says the Company's report, and hence it has no reason why it should be ended upon to go to the expense of building a new track. The public convenience is nothing. The profit of the Manhattan corporation, itself a fraud and a shame, is everything. The spirit of Jay Gould still animates his favorite monopoly. The answer to all this is very easy. If we are to be compelled to end a little longer, the railway system or Elevated Railroad, let new roads be built. Competition will be a protection to the people and insure them consideration, and accommodations they will never receive from the Manhattan corporation. But the Rapid Transit Commission will not be. True to its trust, if it yields one single demand to the greed of young Mr. Gould's Company. TOMMY'S ALARV. Quite a little interest has been observable in the Wigwam on fourteenth Street this week. It has been due to the information from Washington that State Senators Brown and McClellan have been visited at the White House, and have apparently received a far more hospitable welcome than was extended to Lieutenant Gov. Sheehan and United States Senator Murphy a short time ago. It is remarked that Mr. Sheehan was turned down and compelled to undergo a second journey from the State to the National capital in cause he appeared to make his first call on the President on a Cabinet day, while Mr. McClellan was received yesterday, despite the failure of the Cabinet meeting, and was accepted with a long interview by Mr. Cleveland. Senator Metcalfe Hand is known as a prominent candidate for the New York Collectorship of Customs, while it is understood that Senator William L. Brown could be Postmaster of the city if he would consent to not accept the office, and could have made it necessary to go to the Admissions. It may be that the visit of the two Senators to Washington does not force a shadow of the need for the medicine of the New York. Of the cities, and that it does not imply that the Collectorship of the Port, with all the patronage it can, is to go into the hands of all avowed opponents of Tammany. Indeed, the Washington correspondents neatly all advance the opinion that the city pedal plums will remain for some time longer hanging to the tree, watched with long-lung eyes by those who are hopeful that when they do fall, shaken by the President's hand, it will be in their direction. The Tammany alarm at the visit of the Westchester Senator to the White House on a Cabinet day is genuine and intense, and if Mr. McClelland does not come off the prize, he will at least be able to go with the noble Unman, "Like an eagle in a dove-cote, I hunted your voices in Corloll." A GOOD ARRIVAL. The quarterly report of the Commissioner of Public Works, just presented to the Mayor, gives some idea of the large amount of business done by that important department of the city government, it makes a good showing for the last three months of 1911. Since the end of last January up to March 31st, the department collected and paid into the city treasury $5,000 from the treasury, bringing the city revenues for the year on this average up to $1,000,000 from this department alone. It is conceded that the condition of the pavements has been wonderfully improved since Mr. Gilroy first became Commissioner of Public Works, and the improvement steadily continues. The city is in this respect revolutionized. It Is ti ii that a large sum of money has been nppnipi Inleil for tepavlnc, but If It lt.nl not been Judli'l jiim'v mil ho'i esth epe ided the icsult woeld i.nt have bet n as satlfnetoiy as It Is The Imprcvi metit 111 the wat.r s tpplv Is also a Rii.it bom to thu people-. Of couise, th- umount Invested in the new Aqlir.llKt and oilier woil.s entitles us to look for an Increased sjpply of vvntir, but we Hln-iild not liave ieil.ed the full beii-nt of Hie rvpe'iilltuii- If l'ie whole 1-r-liK.s or the water buvtaii had not been i-itclllgent'.y und eflblently u It.iln-Is-eu-d Tin- t rot-ipt completion of Hi- re-v Ciln-l-iul Court ll'illiilng Is also miitii-r for conurntulntlon. It Is seld.ni Ci.n a public bullull.g has been erect.-1 with so little leliiv and at hiich .1 fall ami rettHcn.-.lil cost. The Cnurt-llou-e will be tea-ly for iiceiipniloi next Hiitemler I P."C9n BrAvINr. A great ocean race between the steamship Falls of the Atlantic and the big, new, under Captain Campbell, has been decided. It is a sight distance on the contest that the men do not stand for the same port on the other side of the Atlantic. The Falls go to something and the Campbell to Liverpool by way of Queenstown. But the time of the great racers will be awaited with curiosity, for, if the weather is favorable, they both hope to lower the record, when at times sound from there to the city at eleven o'clock, eleven hours and fifteen minutes, and to Southampton at six o'clock, eleven hours and fifteen minutes, the interurban being worn by the New York to the former and the Pacific to the latter port. Very interesting this ocean racing is, especially so long as the accidents are avoided. The time of the ordinary passengers on the ocean steamers is not so precious, it is true, as it makes ten or twelve hours more or less consumed in the voyage of any great moment. But then it is so extremely grat. For a European traveler to be able to boast, the he has crossed the Ulantle in five minutes and five seconds less than any previous record, even though in so doing he may have been the risk of some casualty that would have made him a record-beater at the other end of the line. The truth is, we are a slap-dashing, hurry-skurry-in, restless, rushing people, and are quite ready to brave the danger of being blown skyward, provided we can go ahead or all others and knock the records of our neighbors into a cocked hat. The Karl of Craven shaves himself. He was stropping his labor the other day, when it fell and cut him on the leg. The leaking out of this motley accident has furnished us the interesting information that the Hall is his own barber and probably his own perambulator and shine-up. We are glad to hear this about the Karl, for the man who shaves himself must have severe-polish and considerate in his own abilities. It is necessarily necessarily that he is a man, and that he scrapes his race for the purpose of beating the hairdress out of 1.1 cents. Not at all. He shaves himself, probably because he finds a certain satisfaction in mowing his own countenance, and doesn't care to be asked too much about the weather or American politics, or the kind of hair tonic with which he saturates the dome or his intellect. It suggests, too, that he is a man who wants to give his family some diversion, no matter what it costs, line of the pleasures or self-shaving is nicking the point of the chin, sending the ear right home to the bone. No human being does this without being thrilled to the very marrow, and whirling madly on one leg, while the incised chin is held in fond embrace by both of the shaver's hands, pyrotechnical variation is given to the act by emitting a few fiery cuss words very rapidly. Those who look on inveigled to laugh. And he makes fun for the family. If there are little folks around, they enjoy it just as much as anybody else. Countess Bradley-Martin-Cranville must be delighted to see her Karl razooing his own beard. Perhaps she stretches his jaw, while he sends the tip of his razor down into a pocket-murk after a nestling hair or two. Perhaps she only mixes the lather. At any rate, this home-barbering business must be a tremendous treat to the bride, particularly if the Karl is a one-handed shaver and has to show the down from the right side of his neck with an up-stroke of the razor, as if he were chopping kindling against the ceiling. That new giant of the sens, the Campania, sailed off for Europe right on the heels of the recent hold-off. It is generally understood though not officially admitted, that this trip, the two great ships is to be made by a line of speed, which will, of course, be entirely friendly. It is useless to deny that there is a remarkable sense of exhilaration about even the thought of a race on the night; whether between such ships as competitors, and how much winter than the middle of the month. The thought is that of the actual experience of the contest only the participants on the competing boats may know. It is very much to win the voyages on these ships, a very good way. Perhaps the fact that it may be a matter and happy one, from all the possible dangers of enabling for a new record. It strikes Mr. Chauncey Mitchell Heppew, in looking over the situation, that Mr. Cleveland is acting with the Government affairs on his hands "like a baby with a locomotive." Then the Central Railroad magnates go into detailed criticism of the Administration's conduct. In the present financial question, Mr. Cleveland, perhaps, an authority on locomotives. But when it comes to the matter of a capacity for continuing and directing the complais of a great nation like the United States, it is not the better part of wisdom for him to suggest comparisons between himself and Mr. Cleveland. They need in one part of the South and West most interesting like Judge Emsman, of Mississippi. Yesterday at Brookfield, ten White Caps, arrested for shooting a negro and burning his cabin, had just been placed on trial when a mob of a hundred men put in an appearance, bound to rescue the prisoners. Judge Emsman descended from the bench, let the charge in which he would-be rescuers while repulsed and then turned the case. The prevalence of adulators of justice is thinned after this Kamp would be most potent in maintaining the displace of lynch law and mob rule. It is announced that this year the band concerts in the East River Park will be given in the evenings instead of in the afternoons. This ends the substantial condition of things under which concerts are conducted for the benefit of the people. "The Evening World," which has been a recent advocate of the change now made, congratulates the distinguished citizens on the success of their cause. Thou High naval fellows, in entertaining guns. But in other words, Jack Tins of Admiral Hopkins's squadron, for those of the staff, have been in the harbor. Thus far, the week-end or Uncle Sam's hospital is not limited to the usual demonstrations. So far, the visitors might almost be mistaken for our hosts. It wasn't until a plank from the main street, all-day, but it did like a match, duskiness. 10 OBSERVE ASCENSION DAY. Knights Templar Arranges to Attend Soil Service in St. Paul's. The Cointiintiilerlcs to Unroll from llit-lr Timpie to tho Church. Atci-iibluii liny, which tails this year on Tliursluj m-xii.Muj ll, liomiof tliiiyrulest ikijs In the je-iit fur the Kiili;uls Ti-inplais. K Is oil i-1 illy fibvive-U bj till the cuimimii I cries In Hits cuutiti y. 1 'imio una eilirr ..anda vvln-ro Hie Older Is Vnuvvn wllh ImrreMlve iilllfliius n tuiiiiiiiles. In .New Jurl: all Hie local romtnnadcrh-s and pml ably a iiumlier from lltooklyn will ci le-t mil the dny, first b working ttiu iiprio-irliirriu-t in the- loiminiiidi ry li.ills. mil men by a ji inl p.inuli- fiuia tlm Masonic 'Kiiiplr, ul s-IMIi nveiitii- end I weniy-Uilt I slice!, 10 s. l-.uils l.plsinval t luiruli. n' lliouilniiy iiinl Visey slici win 1 e service, will bo lai d und 11 --eriiioii ecllveie 1. Iluiiriniigi-iiieiils lur the aiud'- aiiclsor-tlu-s provlu loi Uiea'H'iiitilliU' nl I lie eotn tn. ndi r.e in .Vm-oiili: nail t -' ncinci. .liuii. vinr'fin 1 "ami iimeiJi o New V 1 ri . will 1. ivu I he llH'lit 01 till - 11 1 J "Ml id pi el" led bl I blllnliil IIIIJ- pll-l'i s. 11V Hie Mile III re.llllilll Pall tine I oiiiii 11 11 leu. wiih Ii I' 'I Hi" I'-iiadc Iim jtiu. wl I lii.itu lii Hi.'- iln.jiur. Asa s.eil.il eoiiiilliin-iil lie Will 1 liiiion ( mil lii.mileij's tain im -liuiii 1. II'S will uiHrcli 111 Until el Palestine 1 oiiiinaiidi-rj. 1 ne line in in uili lie, to W. Hi 1 icy place, to 111 adivaj, tu llm iliiiii-n, .11 iv. 1.,.' Ha if III time nr the sir-vice-111 'IJluiriloek. A pluti.uii of polite will Iiinl the way lorllui iii.ies-lnti,aiut all alen the Mine tlie -Heels villi le ke,.t ckar Lj lln) null, e from 1 111 u in 1 urh. M. I mil s iliurili "lb he.ai pioirl.atelydcc oiateiir 1 the lecision, and t',tel at entliiu Ins liei-ii til en 111 Hie Inusii. lleslJcs the ii-giilar clear a spiclil eh ill- has bu-ii e-n-engc 1 and an e-Ulioiaiii iriiiliiiiiiui' has ue-eu 111 lani'il. .No verbal orders will be giicn to tin) Knliflits Ti uipliir (luting the chureli services, evirjthliii; Is-liig leeiiiiitid by slifiuil. Iiur liiu llHi roiltal nl tho Apostles' reed the Mr MiUm-. win diuw iln-lr Hwords, and at Us miic uslmi icltini ili'-u to their se-abu.irds. At tlie 1 (inclusion of tho servlcis Hie com-iiiniali-il s will reiorin outslile tho'ehurcli on llrouiHMiy and natch lottie ll.itterj, wiiero they will Like tlm Sixth Avenue "1," 10 .MiiMinli Hall mill Hierc ilHlmnd. Aillnlssluii lo hi. Paul's Chill c h will be by tlckilinily. nud, a thdeliuich Is niitnUrifii ntie, thu iiuiiiier must ne-cessarllj be veij limited. I hero are soin-i tluei) them mil knlgiits teuiiilnrs 111 Hid vaiium .V-w'ioik loiiiin.iulerli s, mid, should Hie day lie nt nil pli-ns.iiii, 11 Is evpc ted t lut 1 nil tlnrcnin in.iiul rli-s win in wil r presciitid. Mini) of the inut 1 iniiiliit nt and ivenltlile-t rlllIIHOI .NclV Ulk lil'li ng III till! KlIlglliH 1 Tempi ir ranks nnd luullv 1 vei mil to lake I pirl In Hie niiniMl Asii-n-l 11IHJ p.iijilc. ! HI. I'aui's i huieiiuns le s 11 as Hie cnurcU In which Hie Mu'hts lein, bus win It.ien to Ase-t li-l I. Iny 1 vlt e- III lucl. leine lo siililii huge- chiin Ii, beian oil Us sarong Muaiiulc iiisoi-l itliins In sit. imiii'-. l.'in !i, iicotvo vusliln,-ton, lilli.-clr it lenlllir' Vinson, norslilppeil our one liii'i'ln d iiinl twi nl) luirc ago, mil It bin i-i-eti nl liuiii) iile'i limn the sce-uo ot nniiiy uiiisoiite illti 111 and oh emuices. 1 MEW-O'-WAR'S raEM TO RACE. 1 Ir.torestlr. nc-Knttn, on tho North 1 rtlvo- This Altornoon. The inu-s In th- I I'crn.itloiial rowing rc e.i tu, wlihh will la o ,i.ice this aftiiliuon with c1cv.hir.1111 the v.irlau. loiclen warship as ci. nip t.tu.3, nl. I be si.ir.cd ai I o'el ck Tie) p utilise to alio d nil' "inl lulu lit, and IticHpciltik writ be a I'tiuol.i'. Tint .v -ive-n irjw ct ten and twelve- oar:i in 1 line eiiiii'-l lot tln-su raci s, ..ml llm 1 1 .drj ittwe nth m 1. s. sit.iiig thai H.u se.t.inis nlll titWutteleuTy bu Heated lo Mini.' eetilll.' spi it. ihe Hist inn-is mr li-ii-nareil and twelve Oiiieu etitlf is, Uniibe- niiue-d, ocr 11 tliue Inlie tr.dgliinway cuiiim, t, ,inln' ill lino II mull e I mid 1 Ini 1 )--ei o a Mie-t and tiiilsl, imr 1 p osito M-iealv-sce- id sine'. T'hu H.clvi- mil bails II in tin- si, i-l,i r L11 als Hilii)-sl -i-eotidi "iir 11 e wheh c.n.t.se Mxti.n iiewi will i.uiinie In this race, which will 1 i-liiilc 1 woe nh in in the- Aipil, lu ll. 111 .nut Milsiiln AH i.-i a, and one each 11 0111 Hie A ret In use, i.i.ssml in, d .lean Hint, lie eh; lllakc. Austl 11I1.1, .Vlnleli unu 111. d Term, 1'iij. It-li ; lliiiisui', Dng.ill, I.tu.i and I.I ano. Hnliaii, and M.eie lie .lu.lo, .r;en tllie. I rics 1 1 I .ill. in.", und I .'11 will bo 11,. uuk'.l lu Ihu III nt t In e-o crc-MS ClUoblli,' tho line. The Hernia! ran-Is over tho same course but Is n r 111 e-n i,d all i.i . mi whalclnaui with pilism i7i ,l,i a 1 1 il I Mi the ihlie winners. Tnilvn crews will ioiui.ic, two 1 eacii trmii the- Aietlii-ut-e and lliiss ud and 1 one each lieiu the 1't.ike, Ail Iralta and Ma gi leniie. 1 limit 1 1 lioiisi.ul, ticia i.U Admiral, It) ml 1, .b an Putt and Nuu-.u ill Julio. 'ilietlilrrt nice Is tor t.icoiitid dingles or wluih b.i.iis, 1 -i atwo-nulu c tun-, evijiid llnt fieui One II unit t oil mid Twelfth Mi eel to -eieut) sieond strci-i, and tlm entrlis 111. e-luite-. wo cteWi ti r th" Aiislialin, and olio eu-li Horn thu llattsau, lllakc, Ktluanu aud 'lunar. T he course of all he races will he between tho double (0U.1111101 s'lips uiiclinred In the Vitl. l.lver. uiihers 110111 the American Siiiudlua will act us Judges al the sunt and IliiHh. WEST POINT CADETSHIP. I rxamlnntlon of Appllcnnts from tho I Thlrteoiuh Konir.-esslonnl Dlstrlot. 1 A competitive cx.imia.uum for nomination. 1 by (Turret Jiiini, Wiirmr tn the West Point I culelsliip Jtoin thu Tlihteenih (. ncresnle-iuil I 1 1st! let (Including al; bit iks wist 1 f scv nth nieiiii" bilwi'tfii 1 nit etli and ITiD-sfc'ui.d ' stnets nnd east ot s.i-venth avenue between I'm t -'('i end nnd 1 llty-nlnth stri-e-tsi will to mid nt 'he I'o I..i Mille lUslllUle, 108 Wist ruti.iiiiilhslr. ct, M.i) '-;, Uo'clnek . !., bj ITi-sideiil Adult I . i ni-er. 1 rotlicr ballnlu I'l-Hl .ii-il Pun. .I11I111 VI. kel..eg. 1 mi.iid.ili s must I1.11 c In e-n I eiween seven- , tiiti in 1 twi 111 -uiii .leiisoi uui "it M.inh J, lMi.l, and lii'ist sill 11 I- 11-iilltl ale ( nin I 1. t 1 In 1 ill a. -1 .11 1 1 It in 1 ef ihe 11 bt.w- 'lt ih irini-s nn pive e.ni en-i-a to c-t-mt in. i an 11 1 11. 1 tn 1 ofclintge. ir .lest p'i I. Noll. I .11 Wisl loin-seieMIl stllct ; Pr. 1 1 Ah Minder lllill'.l'll. l.'i.'i l.usil IhM.Tlst, ktnet; Hr. i'. J. .vice une, l-.'u k.isi Mvnuh ; hi net. i t Comm ssloti I)nnlr Tllnmns Miss'nc. 1 1 A gen lalinnrio has bei 11 set.t mt tn in Piillie lle.id.U pie- -, Jilsei l It) , foi lie-u ) TTlo'tias, a i-niniiis-..ii de der of 111 J 1,1 ij ' nveinii, (.ici nilP.c, wlo his Inn inisHng since I inn d.tv inorn.iik'. ihoiiia isio,n e.ro ii'i. -i tn liel,ht. iI.iik e 111. ! , pieMoii. '-inc. Ii.m nul nnsij. lie lie ,u dit-s-etl to i 1 Ui k oier u 1 , dink in il-ers a id it--, null el 1 n lu-nl -h is pi- hml n 'si ,1 nionti o 11 1 i.ej in Ids pussi jsiuu. I Why not indeed? When llic Royal taking Powder makes finer and more wholesome food at a less cost, which every housekeeper familiar with it will ; affirm, why not discard altogether the old fashioned methods of soda and sour milk, or I home-made mixture, of cream of tartar and I soda, or the cheaper and inferior baking pow ders, and use it exclusively? I'or Ihit Itonmii of thf itvusr. I Thiols an Indoor tollci adiTed for yuum? matrons, down of vleux roso uemrallno or crcpoii pie-iint the lower eiti with dark gtei-n vc-lict. ihiee rows of Jetted trimming adorn the be-m. TTic-ocirt sash with irlucd en is la of green Chlnu-cMpo; the balloons aDd fluted collarotto ot dark green shot silk outline! ivllli velvet. Melzo and grocn, tnnuvo or violet; graj'-blue nnd sapphire-blue, Ac, will all nnkc up well like our model vvlilcli Is well adapted tur tall slim llgures I I.rttir of Itltrnilucltnn. In the giving of letters of Introduction, perhaps should be granted, even in the case of a friend. To provide for letters of introduction is a dangerous thing, but it is well the standing and such character of the person introduces; many unpleasant or unpleasant incidents are also "good-heartedness." Such a letter can be presented in person, but the more elegant way is to send the letter by note or post, the card or the person conferring the introduction and your own, with address accompanying it. A visit should be made within a week after the arrival of the letter by the person receiving it, if the application is desired. In writing a letter of introduction, care should be taken that requests which involve no line or trouble should be made. To take a dinner in many houses is a sure trial, where service is not ample and means in a limited sense. Therefore, the letter of introduction should only be given with attentions of a minor sort. Pick the flesh from a smoked haddock, and pound it till smooth with lemon butter (this can be done over night); put it in a pan with some cayenne, lemon juice, a very few drops of essence of an apple. In the city, and a little butter; stir it all over the fire till very hot, then pile it upon some of fried or stewed bread, dust with pepper and lightly chopped parsley, and save. The girl who does not lace tight, the girl who prefers a cookery book to a penny novelette. The girl who is not in the least ashamed of a healthy appetite. The girl who uoosn't think every other pretty ono "makes up horribly." The girl who doesn't pinch her feet Into shoes a Mo and a halt too small tur her. 1 The girl who will sing under n trifle less than tin ei'-quartcraot an hour's persuasion. T he girl w ho doesn't w ant to stop and staro Into every oilier shop window she passes. The- girl wuo can purchase a packet ot pins and a )nrd ot calico without turning over everything tn the shop. Tho gltl who can receive a III tic polite at tention Iroin a ninn wit bo-it at onco Jumping to the conclusion thui hctsln luve with ucr. I.alnj lluji'jy f,er Here is a novel cover fo.- a baby buggy, adorned with conical figures of our old friends " Punch and .lud " This desi n can r" " i le execute 1 in bld cliTU g stitch, s either on st-tvii or liticn. in wool et is arse llticn floss. s..eerv e'fi. m ,, Put the) elks of six ml tho whites of two rgs luio a pan wl'h tlie 1 d t-.tili, of good giavy or luinouitiie, and It, th in Maud lilt mixed; thou train Hil'in; bliilc. sui..e sin ill moulds llghtli, !1 I them wuti the munire, nnd leaiD tlieni pi ll" enlu mark" till sc t.rra. Ti.rn eun iha citstnnn, and stio them with thu k lotr.ato, or any sa j-e j c u p.e-au-, .fniifif .Sfee,lii, Tho ltrongist till; Moeklngs are the r.ug. llsli blue-kings of pure, bright silk, (but sell . al ubcui $4 a pair. The" aru not so showy as a l-reucn stocking which may bo bought for tho same prheTbui they wejr belter. The best thai cau be said or (.rrumn sto.k. In,-s Is that ihey ore lair I... nation of I rench tockln,s ainmui hlo-ier price, Hey are not mub 10 wcai, honiVi-r, but lor sale. Tn.-j c'.riipeu. will with ,-mi-rkan ho-ur) in prt e when all He duties a.e ,ah., oivln'lo the ex r kicly low pike o (icriiiaulabor, and ihej a-e still largely imported. There are no colton blockings, except fa.it black or perhaps a dark r.nvy blue a ... IM " -V-T- seld to tcflned customers. Cotton stock ings are tiultc general!) nude In thli country cr Hi lower grades In ticimntiy. A tow old time bnlljrl,;gatn In blicl; an J lu ecru nre still Imp ried ly one or two houses fnr old citsK.tiicr.s who will wear net otlnr stue-klng except ot.o bearing the tiade-iaark of the i "tiny hose- ' In buying "fast bkielc" eolten l hose it Is essential to ileal wit ha house whose name Is a Kit ii. inty of honoiabln treatment, ana to obtain goods tic-h from tho manufac turer. -Many fast black dye-a mc so power, ul that the) cat Into tho fabric of tho stocking i In the course ot lime, thou;h the) remain un iflcctcd for many months. Mich stocklujs wlili h have lain lu stock will tail into Icco nben worn. I lltilhit rrmnrtl. ' Take aipiatt of milk b died, the yo'ks ot fourei'gs, a cap ot btignr, a teabpeoolul or nitre ot vatilllu extract. Ik-ai the -ulks well 'with the bugar; pun- on the belling milk, stirring briskly. 1 lire on the stove aud loll lour lnlniitis. Heat tigcttu-r tne whites of the eggs nnd half a cup ot puwderod sugar, add two ttit-noonfulsnr more ot lemon Jclce. Pour the custard Into a ehus dish; sjuead over It Ihu whiles ot the eggs. 7th II Iff lie Female. Look out. The ladies of Paris are about to found a refuge. Masquerade lodge De-Ieate. In their attempts to obtain seats in the Legislature, in the Academy, and in the municipal council, they have determined to resort to free masonry, their object being, so they announced, to "regenerate" this secular institution, to ordain it with more "life" and fraternity," and also all to drive all politicians out of the temple. The ladies announce that they do not intend to follow the example of the male lodges with respect to musicians and the annual festivals, and intend to remain content with the trimmings and annual passes of the societies. The object of the scheme is asserted to be purely philanthropic. The Mark Mill Pianos. One great objection to the fashionable black silk petticoat is that it so readily improves where it touches the ground. Ribbon is much more durable and may be employed for narrow ruffles and plating to get advantage. In Home? "Home," said the doctor. In his sermons, "Is the one place in all this world where hearts are sure of each other. It is the place where we fear that mask of guarded and suspicious coldness which the world forces us to wear in such a manner, where no pour out the unrefreshed communication of full and confiding hearts. This is the place where expressions of tenderness gush out without any sensation of awkwardness and without any dread of ridicule. Let a man travel where he will, home is the place to which his heart is unfurled fondly turns." He is to double all places where there is a single spot of rest which a man has upon this earth for the cultivation of his noblest lands. "Mink," said the doctor. Two beautiful and simple sofa pillows were recently. One was of dull green velvet, with a floral design for the only ornament. This is as well as was, on came as, afterwards pulled out. In the midst of chaos, the colors of the city were subdued in tone. The other instances of the city's rep. The decoration was applied very well and many of the others in blue or brown. Not only is women who are having box lounges in style to the end by carpenters under their care. The thorough shape of a Turkish cloth in a closet except that they have no iron at either end. This device is supported by a pile of cushions. The top is raised in a flannel and is covered with a muslin and with a shawl which falls in a valance around the sides. This forms a comfortable resting place and, also, the very thing to hold in its recesses madam's test gown, which can be spread out to their full length without leaving of mind or crushing them. However, this addition to the structure of a cramped and unlimbed "would be particularly acceptable. Clifford, Doll two pounds of corn and a handful of lime in water enough to cover, until the skins of the corn are loosened; then wash the lime from the corn, and grind the latter very fine. Holla large chicken (or a little more than three pounds of beef, and mix the resulting pulp with the ground corn, adding a beauty and flavor, and sail to taste. Hovu pound of red peppers until soft, remove the seeds and skins and grind the peppers fine; add three or four pieces of garlic (chop), a small quantity of sliced tomato and half a pound of ground chills. Mix this preparation with the chicken (or beef), then fry for a few minutes, boil for a very short time and add salt to taste, spread with corn-husks with the prepared corn-husks, put in the chicken mixture and then boiled eggs, olives, raisins, and cucumber if desired. Then put on another corn-husk spread with meal, tie up and boil for from three-quarters of an hour to an hour in a gallon of water. When all are done, turn the top ones over. The same directions are calculated to make a dozen tomatoes. The Health of Grafting. Cleanliness is beautiful, cleansing the body is the first step towards refinement. Clean people are better able to resist disease than those who are utterly unfit. Frequent bathing prolongs health and results are often the best. Next to sleep there is nothing more restful. Tul than a bath when the body and mind are late. Aclors and public men who are busy all day and have exhausting duties to perform at night find the best stimulant in water. Hose Cogulan will rehearse from noon until 8 o'clock and look as bright as a dollar at 8 o'clock after a warm bath, a hot dinner and a cat nap. Case of Lace, Lace capes, fashioned much like the Winter models, with velvet or jetted yokes and collars, have made their appearance, like many other such fabrics, long before they are required. These capes are very handsome, indeed, is particularly those which are only garnished with expensive cut jet ornaments and fringes. Some costly French capes have yokes and collars of gold and jet net, dotted with cambric bone, and a few models are lined throughout with rows of jetted galloon in stripes falling over the capes from the neck. Upon the Arm: Nearly twenty-five gallons of water upon the arm may be removed by bathing in a buttered solution or chloride of the two tablespoons to a quart of water for two minutes at a time, once daily. Immediately after washing the arms in vinegar and water, and rub them with almond oil to soften the skin, which will be left hard and dry by the caustic application. In using the chloride, and in the open air or at a window, as its name is unpleasant and poisonous. A hint in the making. It is to anyone to attempt cleaning her arm with cold water. It seems to set the dirt as washerwomen say. Hot water and plenty of soap must be used. In temporary lack of the proper manicuring at... Ensils, the corners of visiting cards will be found an excellent substitute for the Ivory "spoon," its dull firm does adapt it well to the service. This is the case with a rotor. One cannot but know from Chinese art objects bearing regularity without a deep impression at the dignity and value of their "soil colors." Many attempts have been made by Father Penn, manufacturers to imitate them, but with him, the success of the attempt to reproduce the same de bureaus, or "bullock's blood," cost an immense sum, before the award, in despair. The Chinese themselves have always set the public with the choicest examples of sang de bureaus, coral, "each blow" and crushed straw, very, and it is only in recent years that the "roreux devils" have been able to obtain them. The objects have no other account than that of a single color, ranging from darkest to lighter shades from black, deep red, the darkest blue or green. The most vivid orange, to pale pink or violet, or dillustrate, canary. It is because we have in them the perfection of color untied with an antique simplicity of form that their art value is so great. J.aee l fluf and l.imt Time. A mill owner not long ago issued the order that the girls in his employ should not wear laced shoes. The reason that he gave was that each one became untied at least five times a day, and at least five seconds to indicate. When these twenty-five seconds were multiplied by sixty, the number of girls in his employ was, he said, too serious to submit to. It is a few curious double cape, edged with a wide row of black braid, surrounded with unmatchable rows of narrow braid. This is an admirable remedy, and could be worn with almost any bitter or costume; It is cheap, too. A pretty and toothsome dish is orange or lemon jelly. The mold should have an inner lining; If not, after lining about a quarter of an inch thick with jelly stand a jam pot in it, and arrange in it a layer of orange quarters (Tangerine oranges are nicest); set this with more jelly, and fill up in this way till the mold is always full. Let it set, then remove the inner lining by filling it with hot water, and fill it with strychnine, thus filling with a layer of jelly. Put it on ice till the end, then turn out and serve. Or the center may be filled with a gelatin custard. The turmeric of a trimmings match will remove berry stains from the fingers. In packing, gums, they will be found to create very little paper. It is the best thing that is to clean a lamp chimney. MISSIONARY'S STORY How to Suffering from Eczema. Doctors Palled. Grew Worse. Death Only Keller Expected. The hair had been troubled with chronic Eczema on my limbs. The swelling, very annoying and made me unfit for work. I had tried many remedies, but none of them did me any good. Ajji'Nli alclau, but recaltfid no ner T Ti man"lltr,ll'- A friend lold IV M me of the C'l-TICl-lu ItrMC IW i IK Vj '""''( for aoop, j I OJ Zu' book, more tbaa a O j'to, and now Iwuh 1 Ai s bad read the book and beana '1 7 rNSs yfx lometheCOTicum IIimi. V w!a I nirs at once, But the PfW. doctor laid the reiaedlei, food In some oaies, would I e of no uie to me, and continued to prescribe for me for nine months. I are worse and worse, Dovth would hare bern a reliof, and It was the enlr relief I eifeti-d. Just thes my wife (t tbank Ood for a Kood OA-) found the bunk yoj nut In some out.ofthoJFijr place, and read It through, She discharged the attendine physician and said was would try the Cuticura Remedies TrooureJ oneboiof UUT'T'RA, onn cnko u( CdtJ- rt'RA bokv, and a bolt! of UUT'CUitA Rerol- I r.NT. lbetu to titt ilistn about th ra.ddla of J kt AucusI, jirocurlne a new tupplj nbfn th first wa exhauntei I I am now well and attend to my missionary work. I am secretary of the Southern Baptist Society (portrait included), having been engaged in missionary work for eighteen years. To recommend the Cuticura Remedies to suffering humanity, I will say that I have found them a part of my mission work in the future. Rev. MASON OILLESPIE, P.O. Box 11, Muskogee, N.Y. TEMPERATURE are the greatest skin and blood purifiers and humor remedies of modern times. Hold over, Price, $1.00, $1.50, $2.50. Prepared by the Purifier and Chemical Company, Boston. | 0.50324 | -0.550948 | 944 | 3,680 | 235 | -1 | News and Real Estate | false |
99,930 | github_open_source_100_2_8331 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import MetricList from './MetricList';
export { MetricList };
| 0.29961 | 0.716937 | 3,497 | 14,035 | 275 | 275 | JavaScript Module | false |
99,931 | jopetrilotichiir00loti_53 | Latin-PD | Public Domain | Atque ha?c effie , ultra quaeprogredi neqi fint, neque debeant.Jam fic quidem compar deri illa , ut , quis erga Cafarem,e rga Imperita pacem publicam, effiet Palatini animus , on evidensfieri queat. Ut deinceps Chrijliano parci, tot calamitoforum hominum mvriai foveri, ac pax optima, pax placidifsima, re grari, pofsit. Ut fic neque omnem maloru nam, ac proluyiem,in Palatinum , tanquam u am,ac fontem, torqueri oporteat, fiquidem pacem fummo, atque pene incredibili,fcrat fiderio. Quoad belli fumptus , a Cafare poftulat quidem denique alegatis exceptum efi, adi fibilia neminem, ut ajunt, obligari.Undeeni proventus, haec facultas, effiet Palatino ?Etqu penfas, ejedus, exui, provinciisdomi intere atque exhauftis, redderet ? Itaque dolorilifc etiam Cafarem hanc in rem, tanquamfuper am,inclinare. Juxta , Palatinum, ab ipfis motuum prime nihilaliudlpedaffie,nifi utmediisconvenier paxaequireretur.Eupra?fafiguinishumanipj fione, regionumque devaftationc, nihil magj horruiffie. Et jam ab integro quinquennio! armis prorsus abftinuiffie. Ut,quicquid anf dum effiet, non offenfionis, le defenfionisij fadum effiet. Ex ad verfo provincias, fubdite fuos , diuturnis belli affilidionibus fic quidei: preffios, exhauftofque, effie, ut didu videri impofiibile. Arces,ardefque, Elettorales, lu dilibus omnibus effie denudatas : pecunias menfas a lubditis vi extortas : tormenta bel provinciis abduda ; thefaurumque Btbltotbe lius incomparabilem abalienari ccepiffie. A quod Elettoralis vidua , in exilium e poffefsi busfuis, una cum germa.no fratre. Duce Simi no, fit ejeda : ad fummam , totus Palatinam et ludu, atque infortunio , prematur, ut multis myriadibus ha?cingens jadura refarciri neqti Ut fi maxime Palatinus in polle!sionespriftina| vertatur , vix ex colledi s , colla tisque in unuii ditibus, tantillum excipere pofsit, unde famil: aulamquc,aleret. Quae cum ita quidem fefe habeant, utique < fidit Palatinus, £ ore, ut Cafar i ife ulterius nihil gat,fed damnis, &reditibus,hadenus exinde Lib.XVIlI. Cap.IV.1627. ^ isjatlsflerl fibi patiatur, Sed aliis quibufcitn- E is, effe&u facilioribus, aliquam Gafari im- i< uiu magnam, novamque, in fpcm venientes, futurum, ut hac tandem via CafartPa* lattnus reconciliari , paxqueGm»rf»i4»ipofl:limi- nib, revifere , queat : id quod omnes votis opta* rent omnibus , jam tum fama , tanquam fuper re tranfada , plaufum faciente : nihilo-miniis fe- quens intervenit , Se quidem diverfi faporis, C<£- faris epiftola , VI. Cal. Septembr. ad Ducem VVdr - ttnbergenfem , direda : Non te celamus, 6 Princeps % — ^ s» * 1 Tl 1 • nos adiones illas , apud Colmartam inter tuos, de \*jXi2LXI$3 adi alatinl Lotbaringta Ducis deputatos, fimulatquc Palatini miniftros , fufeeptas , produdafque , ferias fub deliberatioensjipfamque incudem admififlc.Quae quidem illius nota? funtvifa: , nempe Palatini re* fponfiones > ut magis verbofe appareant , quam iubftantiales, ac ponderofa?, fuper quibus , praeter exfpedationcm , pax folida , ac conftan s, nulla re* adificari polfit. Siquidem ergo Palatini ea lit mens , hic animus, ut propius fcopum ferire no* lit,fed in manifeftata nobis fententia perflet, fa* cilistibi fuerit conjedura, hac via pacem coale- »«d qiriiioms, icpIZa rm- f«re P°ffc- 0!!° min"sjsit0r Pax »«* h°- ^*Grm«v>propofiraS,perk- 'm»nmvot.s&precibuSjqu*r,ta,cocat fedvelut ■■atosrefponfum dedit: Nempe , fe inunlbusdlffluat hoencmode,u,eC<,mmpu- 'cum debita fubmiffione, Cdmh-' tarepotent. Modo.cltraafleamfi.Certbrbtjus fano,feratur judicium. C^uo nomine hoc, quic- quid eft,in medio > elinquere, juj£taque,pr*ter ex* fpedationem, aliis mediis Imperio pacem quaerere, oportebit» legatorum oblatio- nes.declaratione. ilatini legati, ft plus largiri pojfe, negant* Tque hucufque Priderim Palati- ) mouo. aurum dfe , modo ilicet cum Cafsrein gra- reverti , atque in poflefliones, dignitatefque, inas immitti pofliuSiabfquc eo eifet, ut obla- te fila locum invenire nequeat , tum eo qui* eventu fide omnia confultb retradare , & uam nunquam fuiifent cogitata , didaque, i facere. Ut neque luis, neque Iliorum, ju* ; , honoribufque , quicquam derogare de* it. •o coronide, moleftum accidit Palatini lega* :oipfo tempore, quo quidem inter partesde iis compofitionis agitur , exhauftos, & pan- os, Palatinattts lubditos, non tam quoad fof- s, fcd etiam confcientias, acerrime affligi, ion arces , & fortalitia , Manhemium inpri- munimentis denudari, Atque hac de cauf- ■incipes arbitros convenientes , conceptifli- verbis deprecari coeperunt , id genus edu- afpcrofque , proedfus Cafar remittere , vi* erfa Elettorali vidua? , unaque Palatini germa- provincix , & bona reftituere , aut ad mi* um vitae fubfidia fuppeditare,vellct : licut ante lem Cafar toties confenfiflet, lia Principum parariorum deputati libenter iferuilt , dederuntquefidem, fefc diligenter, le ex animis , haec Principibus fuis relaturos, aque,utaC<*/4re refponfum impetrari, tum P a- lad pacem reproduceildam defiderium , dum ac nondum per Imperium corrupta eflent O* IIT. Frider. Palat mi adVVurtenberg. Ducem, peti* tio completoria. A Ccepto illo Cafaris rcficripto, nihil tliltiquius iVfuit VVurtcnbergico , quam ut tarito ocius hans fententiam Palatino tfansicriberet. Cui hic tum illis reddidit ; Exanimo fibi dole- f e, inquit Palatinus j eam fub dista Colfnariana de- politam a fe declarationem Cafari videri infuffi- cientem, minufque acceptandam. Jam Ducem fa- cile aflequi , quantopere hoc fulmen fe terreat, dum ne quidem Cafar , quid ddiderct, indicare coeperit. Senempe, una cum matre, &germa- no,infontibufqtieutrinque regionibus, aefubdi- tis,pofleflionibus , omnibus exutos, interiria pa- ti graviflime. Nihilo- minus cum jam tum o* mnibus , inprimis Cafari , conteflatiflimurn evd- ferit , quo zelo , quodefiderio , tentatismediis^ viifque , congruis omllibus , cum Cafare irt gra- tiam reverti , ttuduerit , etiamque nunc det operam , ut ad demonftrandam lubmiflionclB humilimam , nihil fecerit reliqui , eapropter ros operam. : nondum per imperium corrupta cucu.t o* ; — T— , rt * , ?. * >. ponderari/ocumq; invemre.poflit.feduiam «*».« «« nunc Ipem ft omnem abutere, qum 1 1 Cafar eandem gratiam , qualis quidem fimih m cafu antehac affulfiflet aliis, fibi etiam indulgere velit. Pacem , tot votis , tot fufpiriis , lacrymif. que , undecunque fub Inilitiie rigore gemen- tium , hadtenus improbe petitam , in Cafatit manibus verfari unice. Si igitur Cafar , prd miti, & benigna, fua indulgentia , moderata admittat confilia , tot animarum incredibili nu- mero , fub calamitatibus , & miferiis, quiritan- tium II. rls finalis declaratio, a i ucem perfiripta. tcum Imetfi vero in hanc pr£liminarem,particu* aremque , duorum Principum a&ionem , in- flionemque , plurimorum hominum men- 514 Rerum Germanicarum tium commifereatur , paccmq; affli&a?, acprope Super arde vero urbica, & memorabili: defolatae,GemdKfe,tanquam ccelefte aliquod mu- altera, eiufque reditibus , nulla tum quiden redonet , hac via Cafar in omnis pofteru venit controverfia. Nefortefuper pacific nus tatis oculis, animifque, relinquet, fefe,fequeftra- tis confiderationibus quibufcunque , & Imperii vindicationem unice refpexifle , ex Statuum af- flictionibus, ac delideriis, mederi voluilfe. Quo Homine & per Europam manfuetudinis famam Ca- farco nfequetur , & totum Imperium , omnefque Principes , ordinefque tanqtlam fub uno titulo , li- ve chyrographo , in perpetuum ufqtie libi ob- ligabit. Iccirco amantilfimis verbis urgeri Ducem, vel- let, in Palatini gratiam, laudabile propolitum: ur- gere, inprimis Cafaris animum rnfledtcre, qlib fa- <Sa modo ante, fuperdeclarationejatque oblatio- ne,fua, C^racquiefcere velit , omnes vero deni-* que Principes , ordinefque, totiufque Imperii cives, ac fubditi , alma fecuritate gaudere fufficiant. At- que ifth zc Palatinum & Duce , pro fua ergaillum confidentia, exfpcdlare, fimulatque conceptis ver- bis contendere* ut vocant , religiofae violatione quiritatio retur. It Cajaris novum, & poJlliminare,ad Arge ienjesjuper Bajtlica urbica , & aliis par ad Catholicos ufits (peti antibus, e diti m kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk CAP.V. De bonorum Eccle- fiafHcorum quorun- dam repetitione , ab Argentinenfibus. /. <<,^Apud Argentoratum Auh' Epifc 'opalis , di~ INterim non multo poft , eodem hocan liud infuper Cajaris emanavit edidhim, c iam ecclelia cathedralis , 8c regia , illa ini gentoratum , una cum parochiis , &reditibus aS.P.Q Argentinenfi repetitur. Diploma jus fere tenoris : Eerdinandus It, Imperat. Au S.P.Qjlrgetinenfi S<*/ft/£Nobis,in abfentiaR dilf. &Ccllilf. Principis, LeopoldiGuilhelmi, ducis Auftria, Argtntinenfis , & Pajfavienfis , E| fUii noftri , Vicarius, Decanta , & Capitulare quam adminiftratores, non line quiritation imlime intimare coeperunt* Tametfi, fu giofa illa didta pacificatione, AnnoM,D. IV. Pajfaviurii tranfadla , difertilfimis verbis tum fuerit, obligari Auguftana Confefiiottu , pi Imperium indultae, addiftosE/ec7<?m, Principi dinefque,. tantum non ut Catholicos tam eccle cos, qildm feculares , quoad polfclfiones , re que , fuos , inprimis Catholica Religionis exciti ufus, ceremoniasjcapitula, & coflventus,o nia, &fubditos, decimafque , & qu£ctinquc ac privilegia, minime offendant, autpertur fcd etiam , tarnetfiabfen£ivis,ali6quefedem transferentibus, omnia humanitatis officia bentes nihil quicquam ftatuant , agantque, in diferimen prcedidhe pacificationis quaqua gere queat amufiis Fraternius, CathoUiis reft.tui- lig^ri^mSum0 ut inomnibus , ac fingulis , tam liberis di quam alias civitatibus imperialibus appell; ( in quibus ab aliquo tempore vetus Catholk Itgio nolfra , undque Auguftana C onfeftio , locuti buere ) deinceps etiam Religio utraqUe perm re debeat*. Quo ilomitte utriufque Religi )Uot, quantsrque, dilTenfionum,mo- [tuumque , procellae ante hos annos jquinquagintapraater propter, perBa- /fiiicam Epifcopalem, inter Canonicos Ca~ * tholtcos, ScProte flantes, exortae, atque in perniciofi belli incendia defpumantes, alflixe- incola-, tam clerici , quam laici , lolennibus xintArgentinam , eiufque fedem Epifcopalem, illud ex rum ulibus , ceremoniis , ac juribus, liberrime illius temporis adtis , atque hiftoriis, petipoffit. rentur frigerentur , abfque eo , utalteruuij Nempe tum demum, perniciofo detonante bello, vel quoad R.eligiola,omniaque eo pertinentia fiib Anno M.DC. IT. intervenientibus arbitris, res quoad fecularia, offendere, aut criminari, aulit ad tranfaftionem devenit interimifticam , ficdi- dlam , paftis in quindecim anttos induciis. Ift- haec capituiatio apud Haganoam , fuperiori Anno M. DC. XX, infeptennium ufque extrahi coepit. Pofteaquam Vero , hoc praefente^w. M.DC.XXVII. fuperius padtae , reiterataeque , induciae exlpiraf- fent, eccc ! Cafar,fubipbsldibus Aprilibus, edidhim S.P. jQ. Argentinenfi , per Comitem Embdanum , & R edbergerunt Cancellarium , legatos fuos , intimari curavit. Qnibus faftum , Senatus Argentoraten- fts Cafari ut demifse morem gereret, tum aulam, fiveBafiIicam,ab illuftri fraternitate nomen haben- tem , aliaque ad fedem Epifcopalem pertinentia. Ca- tholicis,Eptfcopi nemine pofiulantibus.reftitueret. Tametfi denique Epifeopatus ille Argentim fub Annis M.D.XXlX.&M.D.XLlX. in praefulatu & parochiarum,4S P.JX Argentinenfi de faditooi patarum , polfelTionem plenifsimam de jure lia mitti coeperit , neque ulla vis poflliminio, re illis ecclenafticis inferri debuerit i Nihilominus adversus tam feveras praefatae cificationis leges, oppido contrarium emerfit Conjules, Senatore Argentinenfes ,fub An.M.D.L M. D.LXI. aede Baftltcam , aliafq; Parochias, denuc fadlo,intercipere,paftoresintrudere,C<jfi!)o/iwi: gionisexeecitiu omnino eliminari, aufifuerint. mo vero res eo devenit , ut nulli deinceps Cathi fivejus civitatis, live tribule , amplius cofenet Lib.XVHI.Cap-V.id27- Sb jj it cuiquam ad honores , & officia pateret a- mergentibus oneribus, quiritare, fimulatque ab- > i\t magis religionis exercitium omne dire- xilium , atque opem , ab ipfomet imperii capite fo- ci itrapacmcationem abrogaretur penitus. licitare coeperunt. Inde ex aula C<«/ffi^emerfit e- |x(iquidem adiones nullo j\ire probari j aut didum , quod quidem illas per provincias pu- e! iijfatagant ; utique fupra didi Vtcarm,Deca- blicatum cft. Sed nihil moratus Guolfgangm Gui - ■ Capitulares, tanquam Epifiopatus illius Argenti * lielthm , Dux Palatinus, afiumpto ampliffimo comi- j| | dmimftratores ordinarii , juris illius fui infpe- tatu , ipfe ad C&farem perrexit, non tam fe purga n- di, quam polfeffionem, nuper adeptam, confirman- di,animo< , ar!,accognitionern,juxtaque opem,atq; au J, noftrum Cafareum, imploraruntfficut etiam ;utifunt.Proinde,exautoritateCrf!/4rw,item- eundum valorem juris, ac juftitig,feveralcge ramus, fub poena quinquaginta marcaruau^- ffipartim fifco noftro Cafareo, pavtim Epifcopa - :i edidi Adminiftratoribus,ckra. miffionem,pen- i mmijhocquc volumus , utabhujusmandati IV* Inter Badenfes Mar chiones tranfigitur* irum,nocque vomui us , uuu uuj** C Ecundum hsec, quae lis * acfimultas,iam a longo ionc, proxime parti laffie omnes Bafilicas,paroA >3 tempore, ferruginis pene in modum , obfcde- ,,tam aveftris majoribus , quam vobifineti- rat jdarchionum Durlacenjium ex hac , & Badenfiu ?. i J.fch. ffr T h /-i* iic i* »• rn. _ : i •cupatas, reddatis, & reftituatisjdq; iis ratio avobisperegatur , ut neq; de rcditibus,cen- decimifq; ,ireq$juribus,ae privilegiis, neque nentis, veitibus, pateris j atque id genus fu- nibus , & qux ejufce funt generis j defidere- aicquam. Etfic omnia pleniffime reddantur, alim fuere praefentia, ut etiam devaftatio,ja- ;que,ac damna, prafente pecunia refarciri de- c. Sic nemo falcem, manumque, immittat in ! hcos, eorum q; bona, reditus, jura,leges,cere- iask Nemo civibus exercitio religionis Catho- lterdicat : fed omnes utrinquefuaeconfeffio- tagere permittantur. Nemo Catholicis, ad ver- acilicationis lege? iniuriam , aut vim, inferat, a eos juribus civitatis , muniifque honorariis, ibeat, emo in C apituUres,Cive, AdminiJlratores,Epifco eorum que miniftros, citra iuris viam, inve^ r : fed,fi quid fit, legibus agatur, d ceretis, mari^ que, locus detur, ut neque fit,qui per alios, in lemlegum , huiusq; mandati ,neriquicquam ;t, aut moliatur. IlL ejlresper luli/icenjem , & Montium , Dit- atus , apud Cajarem, fuper Guolfgango Gui- \elmo,Duce Palatino, conqueruntur* Odemhpe Anno, luliacenfis, & Montium , Duca- tuum, Equefires , apud Cajarem , fuper novis e- Badenfium lineae Eduardica , ex illa parte animos , ea hoc tandem fub tempore abftergi , Scdifpungi , vifi» eft. Ubi enim Fridericus junior , Durkcsn/is Mar- chio , ekcurriflet Viennam , eodem fub menfe Maio, prseeunte ioan.Fnderici , Ducis Wiirtenbergici , lega- to , Guilielmus , Badenfts ManbiOj ibidem appulit. Summa rei fic quidem tranfadlra eft. Tametfi Durlacenfts ab adverfa parte fex integros poftulaf- fet milliones , interpofitioneC^m confiliario- rum,ea moderatio intere effit, utfexiesfaltem cen- tena florenoirum millia, adjedtis quibufdam dyna- ftiis yDurlachio adiudicarentur. Externa, Pacis inter Cajarem , & Turcun) , renova-* fio* tlm hoc loco, fiipertranfadtionibus, inter Principes , Ordinefque , Chnftia- hos , delibamus , lubetagedum, fuper pacis inter potentiffimos imperato- res, Ferdmandum 1L Aujlriacum , & Suk tanum Turcicum, five prolonga tione,fivC renovatio^ ne,curiofum applicare oculum. Exilio autem tempore, quo interutrumque! Imperatorem apud Sivatorkittm , Viennam , Comor - rham,&cGtamarum, diverfa; intervenerant trans- adliones, pdftmodum difficultates, exceffiufquei & collifiones, varii generis irrcspercj Qua de re utrique Prarpotentiffimo imperatori vifum eft per novas fandtiones denuo pacem conftabilire, omnefque emedio tollere differen- tias. Hoc nomine a partibus invittifiimi Roma - nor. Imperat. Ferdinandt IL hoc ad traiifacHonis negotium deledli ftint Stephanus Senicim de Riis * apud '%/eiVLenam Epifcopus , regni Vngdna Cancel- larius, Gerhardus Baro Oueftenburgm , Daniel Efierba- fius,Haro GaUntamcus, Petrus Cobttjus, omncp Cafirse confiliarii bellici. Nomine Sultani, Tureorum Imperatoris, miffi funt, SultanusCrarus , copiaru mantimaru, ScBuda pr®~ fedlus^ 5i6 Rerum Germanicarum fe&usVezirusMurtezmusBaffa, hujus expeditionis Itaq; nomine Cbriflianor.Imp. duolegatipi j alter ad fines Vngaria , trans Danubium , altei s nubium, nomine Tureorum Jmp.pariterduoj ter trans,alcer cis, eundem lfirum , dimitte His loco communi congredientibus tam regni Palatinus,^ uam BudaV ez.irius, in mand rent , nempe omnes ut occurrentes differei jj utriufq; partis fatis fadionem, ex ^quo deci inftitueretur tranfadio. Quoad utriufque partis captivos, liccon t eft,nempe illi omnes, durantibus, atq;inte ria Palatinum , Budatfc Vezjrium, pz.£tis induc: cunq; capti forent,abfq;Iytro, utrinq, dirr tur. Ca?teris,extia has lcgcs,in poteflate ut vincula rjedadis^fic daretur nuffio , aliusut liaeffet indemnis. In quorum capita jam v ; Et cum, ad pacificationis mutua? exodu ■ quum fupereffietduntaxat novennium, non i cereutrinq; legatis in comodum utriufque fubditorum, hanc pacificationem in alios annos viginti&quinq;ordineinfequentes, here. Proinde, fi idem placebit Imperatori ut defignatus Commiffarius generalis, itemq; Mudfem l- fuaEffendius , Mabometus, pra?fedus apud Agram , Admetus Begus Granenfis , Macharemus Begus Sol- noccenfis , Grifan Afabus & Michael Goldolagfius de Critu,T?anJfylvania Principis Legatus. Illi otfinesjhoc AnM.DC. XXFIl. menfe Septebri, in campis Strigonienfibus convenientes , praeeunti- bus deliberationibus fatisarduis , tandem, fuper Intcrim^quoufqjhaec ad effedum ipe&en articulis infequentibus, tranfegerunt: Itaque o- rum fupradidorum onera ne fierent gravi mnes, &fingula?, ilkfuperioribustemporibusa- dehis quidem, zd XIX. Cal.Febr. Anni M.DC p\idstivatonkium,Viennam,Comorrbam,&iGiamaru, pra?miffia?, necdum retractata?, tranfaCtiones, fe- cundum omnes claufulas,e{fent farta? teda?. Siquidem, hoc tempore apud Weitz.enam , per utriufque Imperatoris legatos , hasc tradatio peragi haud potuerit, illud omne per oratores imperato- rum ordinarios,utrinq; in aulis relidentes , nihilo- minus confummaretur, Nifi hoc elficipolfit, ni- hilominus pra?fens tranfadio utrinque ablquq/ tronforetconftitutum/deeocognofcereni i violatione, fancta elfet , fimulatque Weiiz.ena for- fub moderatione, & Palatinus ,& Veairias. talitium iis fub qualitatibus, acterminis, quibus nunc e 11, maneret, ufq; dum redius , & abfolutius, hac de iranfigi poffit,ficut in recelfibus Gjarmaden- fernenfibits prafconventilnl. In Cnf4twfinibus,quaecunq;adversuspra?di<5tas conclufionesmunimerita, aeloriese, excitata? ha- Ctenus forent, ea omnia , juxta tertium padorum ( quode proxime certitudo exfpedandael Gyarmacienfium articulum * deftruerentur utrinq;. utique nova pacis live in Annos XXV.extrai Ita ut , circa Idus lantiar. feqiietis An, M.DC.XXIIX. yeprolongatio, codicillis elfet inferenda, intra decendiu hoc efficeretur , legatis ad id a parte Itinerum, viarum;& commerciorum, per j Terdin. ll.Chriftian . Imp.Nkolao , Comite a Terfei, &c. tiones attinet , ufriufq; partis fubditis pax & nomine Sullani, Tureorum Imp.Muret^a Bajfa, Bu- da Vezdrio , & Mebemeto Bafia Agra , nominatis. Si quid impedimenti , & fecus, acciderit, tum nihilo- minus ad efFedum hoc deduceretur, legatis utrin- que intervenientibus aliis* Pace hoc modo inter utriufq; Imperator. lectos conclusa, dimitteretur his e campis ad utrfiq; lm~ linquentes, citra ullum refpedum>feverale{ perator. viri praicipui , qui hanc novam transadio- erccantur. Simili in illos pcena conftituta, qu nem Imperatoribus utrinq; intimarent, fimulatq; eas que velconfiliis, auxiliisque, pacem hanepe Cafareis figillis corroboraripeterent.Diplornata ea tios interturbare moliantur, utrinq; contraderentur utriufq; partis legatis fu- Deniq; officiorum prsecipuorum mutatio:; premis, fimulatq; muneribus,five honorariis,mu- numero pacis tranladionibus multum inconj tuis, non ita magni pretii, velut condecorarentur. dalfe,notari coepit, prgfertim in regnorum firj Illis cum conclufionibus ita rite cofirmatis, in tra menfes quatuor, utrinq; expedirentur legationes ampliffima? , ita ut in fello Nativitatis D. & S.N.lefu C/;ri/?i,legatus Imp. Turcici Granum excurreret,lega~ tusvero C brijltanorum Imp . Comorrbam adventaret. Ambo humaniffime congrederentur, ita, ut poll- ridie Calend.lanuar.lcg&tusCbriJUani Imp. Sreonium, ita didum, pagum , legatus vero Turcicilmp.Alma- fium , fic vocatum, pagum alterum, intraret, atq; i- ta inter utrumq; pagum fadaconfalutatione, vici- bus alternantibus , eodem temporis articulo & Turcicus legatus , debitisinftrudusmuneribus, ad praeeuntes canones, confirrr abitur. Si qui i 1 faccre,atq; haspacislcgesinfringere,aciabe ; re,aufint,in illos pr^varicatores utriufq; Imp i tribuni animadverterent. Qui fi forte viribu fufficicntibus fint inftrudijtum quidem cx h latinus , ex illa parte Vez.irius, darent operam, Proinde , in finibus Turcicis ii rerum potiri prsefcdi,qui ta pacis,quam Reipubl.& fubdi, effient amantes; Et hi quam diutiffime rebus p fent. Quo nomine Murteo BajJa,Buda Vetirio, p dura ampliffima diuconfervaretur : utpotc, < opera hsc prsefens coaluiffiet pacificatio. Regnis,provinciifque , F erdinandi II. Imp. tj marique, nihil incommodi inferretur a Turdi dem lege regnis, regionibusque. Turcicis pari tur a Cbriftianis. Tandem injuria?, contumelia?,damna,irriip nes,fpolia,pra?da?,ca?defque, quacunque hact ; Imperatorem Chrifiianorum , hujus vero orator , five utrinq;, adversus mutua pacificationis leges, hj legatus, ejufdem pretii honorariis, ad Tureorum lm- per.profieifceretur. De pagis occupatis, eorundemq; querelis, ac gravaminibus, variis, ad versus pada,iliatis,no vis- que recens aliorum ejusdem generis(pagorum)in- terceptionibusjita effiet,ut j uxta tranfadiones Sit- vatorckianas , Viennenfes,tk Gj/armatienfes, itemq; Co- wjorr^wffUradatuSjhfccauffiadiiudicanda veniat. ufque in diem, & conventum, interveniffient,< mnia,tanquam mortua, & irrevocabilia, habe tur.Hac vero prafens,ac mutua,paciscompol atque extradio , fecundum omnes canone. &claufulas, utrinque inviolabilis, j & incorrupta, obfer- varetur. II. Lib.XiX.Cap. V. 1(527 1L jw Turcico integrum , fub Arabia felici * num intercipitur, '•Immodiim hac tempeftate evenit Sultano unico, ut, pace per Europam extrada, ac con- a, nihil ad verfi a Cbrifiianis exfpedaret. Ta- m per A fiam, Arabiam , Perfiamque , in eius ca- niurantibus copiis, ac viribus , vix parefle iftinebat. Et iam, ex inflammatione, & in vi- rfarum, diuerfi, i tiSultanum Bajfa rebellabat, i >us Emirus Facardus, apud SaydamBaffa , res agens, vetefemque ratione retentans, prae- ii i n tr a Syriam for talitium cxpugnarat. Ne- > contentus erat progreffiu, Accedebat Per - Regis exercitus ampliflim us, in Tureorum pro- <j s ufque egrefliis. Cui tametfi Princeps Grego- jj, tum Tunicarum partium, ad mare Hyrcanum n .occurreret, regiones illas erepturus, fruftra t Nam fupervenientibus d Permagna clade l!;,caefufque,eft. [ er ha x,Temen provincia a Tureis deficere cce- egnum illud eft Arabia felicis, ad oftium maris idverlo AEthiopia. Illic, cx India aromati- liifqueid genuspretiofis mercibus, oneratae, appellunt. Quo e vedigali immenfa vis pe- rum conficitur quotannis a praefectis Turcicis. ilipina horum tyrannide fadum, regio iugum olerabile excuflerit, Praefedi Tureorum pro- ilesinexplebiliavaritidita quide ebrii erant* (ditosultimam non nifi conficerent in defpe- lem. Sic vi, libidine, atque avaritia,gefeban- nnia. Et, quod aporta, ut vocant, OttomannicA f«5provi»cw/«abelTetlongius , metuebat ne-» m. Quo furore, etiam in praecipuos invedus nes, duos obtruncavit Bajfds. Quibus opes erunt, & diuitiae. Iam tum multitudo , nefeio iifiecretoinhunc moliebatur. Sedadteffipus [ lulataoffenfio , donec melior fabula? pera-* jae nafceretur forte occafio. 'us quidem , folicite , &diu, haud qUaefend& Ijbat proxime. t)um igitur mox legionibus fti- jia diminuit , non abfquefuperadditacrimi- <ne, etiam interiori diario illis fatisfieri poffie, pdiaexafperari, refque ad tumultum fpeda- epere. Eo ufque ergo tam populi , qudm tnili- 1> proceffit coniunda audacia, &feditio, ut, flo iitgo Turcico , aliud foris accerferent fibi pium. Supererat ergo Tmenai, eiufce regni, s,cuir«ma eripuerat patrimonium. Is in re- f ultram o nta nta, ad quam difficiles dabartfcut Tus, exilium Tuum tolerabat. Qui per indices fidiciffiet , tempus, & praflentes res novas, mo- ;,qubfefe in priftina dignitate reponeret , af- ;)ta Arabum copiosa manu, in patriam irrum- , auxilio rebellantium , Tureos eiecit. Unde a dtudincfalutatnsRejteft. Neque tantopere netuendum tiim erat, ne hic dentio forte eii- tur.Prxterenim hoc, quod haec regio , obac- isdifficilimosjinaccefla videri poterat , etiam indigenasin fpem erexit, eam Tureis per mare um triennium copiam haud effie , exercitum ortare ut fiifficerent. Per continentem copias rinducere res videbatur fadu pene incrcdibi- lis, quod loca deferta , & infuperabilia, idcin nega- rent.Quibus favebat vicinitas urbis Babylonia, non multo ante Tureis quoque ereptae. 11$. Ve dirius Turcicus , in Perfas educens, cd- ditur. Eius non frtinfts antiquiffimse, quam ampliffi- mae , civitatis recuperationem efficere fupe- riori anno Turei defatigabantur, fed operam , ut a- iunt,&fudorem, perdiderunt. Ea dereomniaul- timatentareSa/n»»® decretum erat, hanc urbem ut vindicare quitus foret. Chailio Bajfa, tanquam Vezirio praecipuo, in mandatisdedit , quantas ma- ximas liceret, contraheret copias, remque ea tn ef- ficeret. Paruit hic prompte imperio ,, tantaequerei fummxfefeaccinxit. Interea Perfarum Rea: in A fiam dimifit legatum, iub colore, tanquam pacem quae- reret,fed re ipsa ut,quo loco effent res, & praepara-^ tiones, Turcica-, apud Conjiantinopolim penetraret. Hic in expeditionem Cbailii forte incidit. A quo prima fronte redire ad fnos iuflus eft, mox tamen progrediendi facultatem obtinuit. Et hffic quide legato apud Conjiantinopolim ad ImperatoreniTurci- cum minimeadmiflbjfed apud Scutarium forisprg- ftolantijrtunciari, coepit, iam tfim Cbailium inraa- datis habere, quid fieri debeat. Iret, & illum inter- rogaret. Hoc autem vel ob id Tureis agebatur do induftria , ut refponfocxoccafione,& tempore* fumpto ( quo quidem Mabometani diligenter refpi- eere perhibentur) Chdilius viderct,quid expediret. Inter hsBc, Vestrius cum exercitu erat in itinere, & Babylonem dirigebat. Sed, peffima fortuna prae- ventus, fruftra fuit. Primum quidem i tiGeorgiano* rum,Kurdierorumque, provincias promovebat, qui aP arlhorum antiquiffimisoriginetn deducere per- hibentut. Hi cum fines Per fis effent limitanei, pro- jpofuit illic hybernare, indequejprimo cum vere in Perfiis animadvertere.Cum ergo prope ArUrobem, regionem Tureis fubiedam,pr£terveheretur,ecce’ in nihil tale exfpedantem,pra:fedus provincialis, Abajfa didus,idemqueT«ra«0, fed tebellaiis, ma- gna cum manu,irtipetu facit, omncfque lanitfiha - w, praetorianos fic didos miiites, tanquam exerci- tusflorem,&veteranos,unacum quatuor praefe- dorum Turcicorum ( barbari Bajfas vocant ) pari-* bus,fundit,ac delet. Ita vero hoc cum Abajfa tumcdrhpdratum rat, ut merito dubitares , an reconciliatis fidendu, illifque parcendum, effiet, quos five ficelus,five pro- ditio,etiam adpeenam ante deduxiffiet. Nalrt hic, alias perduellis fadus, A fiam minorem, Natoliamque, fibifiubiecerat. Poftmodurh , ubi featus impetraf- fet veniam, Ar^eronenfis provinciae gubernator eft confirmatus. Sed,cum priftinum ad ingeniuin , dolofque, iri occafiortemcommodamexalto diffimulatOs , te* diiffiet, denub iterata perduellione ad Perfas deficere coepit. Unde hxc in Tureis cla- des eifianavit. £ * -k i IV. Sui* 5i8 Rerum Germanicarum IV. Suit unus T ttrricus,Juper face , cum Chrijlianls fibii HAnc Chailii Vezirit cladem excepit alia, &fi- milis fere, rebellio. Novus enim hoftis , & quidem inteftinus, idemque Turcicus, BaJfaPacha barbaris didus, haud fegnius tumultuabatur. Et- iam hic omnes obvios prastorianos, five triarios, lanitfcbaros didos, e medio tollebat. Sub colore, tanquam Sultani Ofmanni ( quo de fupra ) necem vindicare conftituilfet. In hunc igitur , cum reli- qua exercitus parte, Cluilius educere opushabuit. Ut fic ab exfpedatione fua difiiceretur longius , & Babylonem ne digito quidem, quod dicitur , con- fingeret. Atque hic demum redior fortuna afpi- ravit. Magnam enim tumultuantis iftius Bajfa Pa- cha copiarum partem csecidit. Interim, neque fic conftans fuit Tureorum felici- tas. Partim enim mancipia,apud Alexandrum , tri- remem , quadringentis coronatorum mil; nullam , interceperunr: partim Melitenfes p mercib us refertas, na ves alias, Turcit eripuei Qua; ubi fortuna adverfantis tempeft; procella;, in caput imperatorii Turcici, alix po turmatim ingruerent, permagnas, &folen diis fuis gratias agere ccepit, quod paulo an lioribus aufpiciis,cum Chrijlianorum Imperat deris renovationem conhrmaffet. Quam animi fignificationem vel eo argumento Iaife vifus eft, diim inter eos, qui quidem dioni, inter C brijlianos, & Tureos, recens pa< terfuiflent , fexaginta quinque veftiumr paria diftribui iuffit. Non enim latebat Tyr ii maxime hac novercante tempeftate, qua belles magni nominis intra Afu vifcera ir bant,fibi &cum Romanorum Imperatore , & rawRfge.duobusadvcrfitriis utique potent eodem tempore fuiflet dimicandum,facilc tiam Turcicam periclitari potuiffe: fiquiden tra fortunam, & tot paflim validiffimos exe in acie ftare haud illi fuiflet proclive. Io. Petri Lotichij RERUM GERMAN C A R U M I LIBER XX, kkkkkkkkkk k k k k kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk C A P. I. DeGeorgij, Helsiae Landgravi),& Sophia; Elt nora.loan. Georgii, Eledoris Saxonia;, & filiae,nuptijs. I. Nuptiarum inter bella nomen antiyuijji- mum+ Ost tottriftia tumultuantis, & fanguinarii, Martis opera, vide- licet semulationes, odia , fimul- tates invedivas itemque, &la- tyras, indeque emergentes colli- fiones,rapinas, expilationes, in- cendia, homicidia, pugnas, cla- des, regionum, & populorum, everfiones , &id genus cafus tragicos , hac ultima tempeftate ( hei dolor!) fine fine uberrimos, fi locus eft etiar buslgtis, ac cornicis, videlicet amoribus , hj nato , & thalamo , age , Celfiflimi amantium p nempe Georgii , Hcfta Landgravii, & Sophis, Eleoi loan. Georgii, Saxonia Vietioris, filia;, amores, & ptias, hic contemplabimur. Quis enim eft, tanquam inconveniens, & irregulare, arguatil Et amores a bellis magnopere fequeftraret tendat? Certe,ita eft, ut Venerem mediis tantun fub bellorum teftibus imperium exercuifle fu prodiderit Homerus , feriptorum fereantiqu mus, ut vel ipfomet cum Marte amores, & con bitus,mifcuifle , a gentilium veterrimis, eod Homero, & Ovidio, praeeuntibus, referatur. Iade Lib. XX. Cap.I. 1627. 9 Ic farte, 8c Venere, non tanquam de coniugibus, u aliis, coniuncftim, apud veteres extet. ble- i fuere, quales Fewm a vincendo nomen affcri- r t. Ut vel hac lege titulus eius bello eveniat nus. Quis enim, te rogo, ufpiam eft ducum, mqUe, qui non vincere optet: Per fidem 1 de 1 io, a tot viatoriis nobiliffimis cognominato S, ,Plut arebo tefte, innotuit, illum , fub altera latu, VICTRICI VENERI «dem confecrafle, t ludis fumptuofiffimis. G&fitr vero lultus ea- n umanitate, ante pugnam Pharfalicam, VENE- S| METRICI templum vovit. Quod , victoria s, in foro pofuit, eidemque Ipolia, ab hafti- Sj lata, dedicavit, autore Appiano. Sequeftrata antilpcrcuprelTu, & picea, id eft, rebus tri- r , ac tragicis, dc myrto, hoc eft, amoribus, & ) s , itemquede VENERE GENETRICE, non 1 m de gentili, improba, & vulgivaga,illa, fed, ||in,demaritali,{acra, & licita, adeoque per i [in&osnoftros codices tantopere coramen- aliquid intertexere fert animus, II. '1 <riw, Hejjid Landgr avius, Torgam , nu- iarttm caufsa, intrat. nes omnes ufque adeo gentes, quibus prs- irdia de meliore metallo , & ex humanitatis ira, temperari coeperunt , tam commenda- atque amabile, audit nuptiarum nomen , ut nem ad hoc unquam expavifle conftet. Ut 1, venerandae adorationis pleni , codices no- iblici , huius inter mundans focietatis deli- ret ulilTc legantur voces Jponforum. Hacfacer- inftituto proveftus Georgrn, Hefiia Landgravi - >ft excquias, & iufta , plurims virtutis Principi neo parenti, dicto f ideli , rara cum pietate , & nificcntia , perfoluta, luctu in gaudium, & alcm thalamum, commutato, alfumptaeque- m, confiliariorumque manu, infigniter orna- iprimis comitante Philippo, Eefiu Landgravio , uo,Pr/n«pelapientilTimo,itinepi Saxoniamxe r- jefe accinxit. aulo ante Saxonu Elettor equeftrium fuorum 'uentiam litteris evocarat. Qui exquifito fub 1 comparentes, nunc equos dorfualibus,at- cphippiis, ex holoferico, auro intexto , fra?- ;ue, & id genus phaleris, bullis inauratis coru- jtibus,clegantcr;ftratos,nuncminiftros, vefti- difcoloribus recens comptos, ipfi collobiis , & ogiis.itemque amiculis pi£tis,attalicifque, ad iflim renidentes, ac depexi, fuperinduxerunt, lis, comitantibus, Eleilor, fub tribus porro e- ;ftris, totidemque pedeftris, militis ftipatori- una cum ferenifl'coniuge,uno filiaru, & duo- ; filiorum P rincipum paribus , Drefda movens •.C al. April. apud Torgam appulit, Interlaplo quatriduo s Georgius Landgravius, intus, Lipfiam intravit. Qui cum, obdulcillxmi entis excelTum.adhucdum eflet fub lu<5tu,prs- litantes equeftris ordinis aulicos triginta duos, pdecimqj tubicines,omnes pulle veftitos , prs- it,iplerhedainfecutus , cx hoc quatuor ante bulonibus elecftoralibus, lutei coloris veftibus indutis, cx altero latere feptemminiftriseiufdem notspediflequis, lugubri habitu veftitis, oberra- tibus.Hoc choragium feptcmrhedsalis,cum de- cem equeftrium adolefcentum paribus , feptua- gintaqueminiftris , & duodecim impedimentis, abfolverunt. Paulo poft Coburgenfis , & lfenacenfis , Saxonia D«- ces, fuperaccelferunt, viginti quinque miniftrato- rum equeftrium paribus , & duodecim tubicini- bus, invefti.lllosfexaginta fex aulici, nobili gene- re,& dignitate, confpicui,fuperaccedentibus rhe- dis numero undecim, exceperunt. Quibus omni- bus flos civium lipfienfium demilfe falutatum pro- cellit obviam. III, Non, April. Georgium Landgr avium, Torgam ad- ventantem, Eleftor Saxonia,equeiiiium millenario ftipatus,& obvius, vultu Isto, ore gratulabundo, fufcepit, atque intro duxit. Quem adum fuaprs- fentiafplendidiorem reddiderunt loan. Cafimim, Coburgenfis, Ioan.ErneJhu, lfenacenfis, Saxonu Duces, Chnfitanus Brandeburgtcus, Marcbio Culmbaccenfis , & Philippus, Hefiu Landgravms, unicum legatorum prs- cipui nominis,itemque Comitum,dynafiarum,8cchi~ liarcharum, cumulo, equeftrifque ordinis hominum, infigniter in equis renidentium, centuriis aliquot, III. Celfiff. Par Jfionforum in thalamum deduci - tur. SEquenti Dominica, pridie Non. April. a meri- die, prsmilfo per Hoeum, Superintendentem gene- ralem, fermone nuptiali, folennis,utvocant,copu- latio peragi, atnboquefponfi in thalamum dedu- ci, coeperunt, Schonbergio Barone , Eleftoralis fecre- tioris confilii prsfide,pro more, quam hoc facrum inftitutum DEO, & hominibus , commendatum, gratum que,elTet,eleganti verborum volubilitate, prsfante. Cui totidem verbis,fiofculis, fententio- lifque vibrantibus,pidis,fatisfecit VVolfiusaToden - vvart, Cancellarius Hejfus: Symphoniis, ac concenti- bus, muficis, csterifque id genus regalis pompa; feftivitatibusjinter auras Syrenum concordiam lo- ge fuperantibus. Accelftt huic adui, inter antedi- dtos Principes, loan.Pbtlippus,Altenburgicus, Dux Saxo- nia,ferdinandi ll.Imp. legatus Iplendjdillimus. Ipfis Nonis Aprilibus, Hoeus, Archiconcionator auli- cus,denuo concionem nuptialem exorfus, Celfif- fimo Spon forum pari,in poplites procumbenti, be- nedidtionis verba impertiri ccepit.Quo fa<fto,mu- nera,nomine Cdt,farts,Elettorit, Principumque , oblata funt ,VVolfio Cancellario folemnem gratiarum adlio- nem denuo peragente. PeJHvitates,hymenaum hunc iUuftr antes» NOn poterat hoc tam inlsta materia facrum, abfque folenibus varii generisfeftivitatibUs, Magnatibus folitis.frangi. Itaque tam exercitiis e- queftribus,quam adtibus comicis, aliifque non in- fins nots ludicrisjcertatum eft. Die epularum ge- nialium feptima,«r/», locis fub campeftribus,in ve- Xx z natio- no Rerum Germanicarum nationem venerunt. Quibus cum tauri commiffi. Vidis tauris canet venatia immitti coeperunt , alii poft alios , ufque dum vincerentur omnes urfi.Bi- duo poft/«pf in {cenam venaticam,intraaulam,in- trodudi,explctoquc ludicro in furcam adadi. Confimiliterardomachia,five«r/m<»J pugna, intra aulam, denuoreproduda, fub qua venatori pileum e capite excuffit«r/i«, fedabfque periculo. Magno ea res Magnatibus fuit deledamento. Prse- fertim li qui ex urfis, canum vi exagitatis, in dolia, p ares angulos difpofita.aquifque referta,irrui{fent» unde emergere haud poterant.In eos igitur Elettor, arcu animadvertens,efFecit, magno ut cum impetu brutum e dolio prorumperet, ludiam que , ac ludi- crum,renovaret. III. Id. Apriles, ante meridiem , Elettor, una cum Georgio Landgravio.&c Marchione Culmbacckiano,al'uf- que dynaftis,in catadromo, fefe exercuerunt. Se- quenti node,intra horam undecimam, & duode- eimam,faces pyrobolariae, flamma , nitro , ac ful- phure,crepitantes, ex civitatis lorica, in fublime e- iaculari coeperunt, durante per mediam fereno- dem.inter perftrepentes identidem tubaru, tym- panoruihque,cla ngores,fpedaculo. Propugnacu- lum ludicrum lic formatum erat, ut imagine Kom. Imperii, Coronam^, orbitam, re^vx^enurer, e\ter~ neinfignibus Elettorum , tanquam totidem clypeis appendentibus. Hoc ubi aliquantifpcr conflagra- re coepiflet,ecce!facetiflima ratione, D. Georgti E- quitis imago, &Dwo,una emergentes,pugnam ini- verunt, ufque dum, ignibus artificiofis veritatem imitantibus, Dmilliusgladius, ignium continua-, tione fuccenfus,Dr<K0»m,pariter fliccefum , difie- cit.E quo innumera;, aliifq; fuccedentesexplofio- ftesalia;,magnacum (pedatorum voluptate, nota- ri coeperunt. Hocperado,e viginti mortariorum bellicoru paribus glandes in auras ex pio far, ufque ad totius vicinia; tremorem, detonuerunt. E quibus unus, immensi magnitudine cupam imitans, cathenifq; penfilis,glandem,tercentum,&odoginta, pondo sequantem,ingenticum fragore eiaculavit,abfque eo tamen, ut quenquam inde lardi contigerit.Lori- ca enim , cancellis e ligno circiter induda, appro- pinquantes arcebat; Ut pariter flgno e tormentis dato quifq; officii, ac loci,fui fatageret. Nec mora, ter quinque glandes, ignitar,in Albini proiedx, diu latuerunt, antequam flagrare inciperent. Tandem ignibus, ex aquarum antiperiftafi conclufis, ac vi magna erumpentibus, taquam univerfus flammas concepi ttet Albis , fulgorem reddiderunt horren- dum. His novem machinarum bellicarum, imma~ netonantium,mugitusimpofuereclauf»lam. r. Finitis id genu* fejlivitatibus, Georgius , Hejjid Landgravius, Marpurgum cum nova nupta regreditur. COnfummatis hoc pado feliciter fcfHvitatl- bus illis nuptialibus, Elettor, una cum Georgiof genero, 8cPhilippo,HepiaLandgraviis,itemquecon- iuge Elettor ali, nova nupta, carterifque fiIiorum,fi- liarumque,paribus, rclida Torg<* XF. Cal. Matas Li-* ffiam deceffit. Electoris adventum impedimenta magno numero, una cum turmis aliquot cqueftri- bus, prsecdfcrunt. Abinde hora tertia poifl c na Elettor intravit. Primum agmen ducebat r venatorum,diverforioru defignatore, & tui !i infequentibus. Ab his locum habuere aulici Principum. Illos exceperunt aulici Elettor ales j {ex tubicinum Hejforum paria. Inde tam Elei L quam He/i<e,equeftres. Inde duo venationis L dorum paria. Inde fex tubicinum Elettorah !, no prieeunte aenea tore, paria,ordineprocefl |a Mox Georgius Landgravius, inter Elettor em (oeei Philippum Landgrav. patruum, medius, albi; b renidentes omnes , anteambulonibus, fiveii ftris pediflequis,omnie latere frequentian entibus. Pone Elettoris , & Befta Principum, Iiariis locus ceffit. Indegregarii Elettorisec Poft bos omnes rheda, auro, argentoque, ra ac pene incomparabilis, fubfecuta. Intra fponfa unacum matre, &fororum pari, vehe Eius a fronte utrinque raro artificio infign ttoralta prominebant, in medio Cupidine, pha & iaculis,fuccindo, atque inaurato, locum | piente. Pone hunc Aquila ingentis magnitu aura ta.In vertice ac medio, rhed x , emineba d«imago,iaculo transfixa. In nucha, fiveo tio,rheda;, alius Cupido millile in currum diri< i Arculae auro incruftatae, periftromataauro :i texta, equorum ornamenta ex holoferico, li live fibulisjinauratisintercurrentibus: Equi i erant coloris fpadicci, plumis e nigro, & fulv< lorediftindis,infigniti. Rhedarios tunica e loferico nigro, pariterque pilei eodem ex h< nco,ad imitationem vfetufti operis pileorum, per Brunfvtcenfem provinciam u(itatorum,no nus decebant;curforibus utrinque haftatis e i luteique,coloris amiculis con veftitis. Illam, tanquam regiam rhedam , infequel adhuc alia, cx holoferico, & laciniis aureis, i da, eiufdem coloris equis interiundis. N haec erat ultima,fed diverfls inferioris nota rl comitata. Qua omnes, coronidis vicem, noi quitum alis claudebantur. Hoc loco ubi denuo genio, & faliaribus e per aliquot dies litatum fuiflet , tandem Gei Landgravius , pace dida, cum C<*wfua, inHf promovit,feliciterquc VII. id. Matas apud Ma gum appulit. kkkkk-kkkk-kkkkkki GAP. II. De amicaJnterGuilii mum, & Georgiur HefsiaLandgravic illu Caflellana,hur Darmftadian* , { nex.tranfadione. Lib.XX.Cap.il. \6ij. I. T nullaab antiquo finceraeft,& diu- turna, voluptas, ita, vel Lucretio , prs- fantc, Medio de fonte leporum Surgit muri aliquid , quod in ipfis flo- ribus angat. im enim genio, & deliciis nuptialibus, lita- rat, ecce! amara inter Hef u Principes recru- fcit litium dilcrimina, Iampridem enim u- n uc HefsiaPrincipum familiam, Cajfedanam, in- j , & Darmjiatenfem , fuper hereditate, & fini- s. iteftina exercebat fimultas. Qua? quidem, i- s in annis incremetum adepta, lic excreverat, c am lrnperio,8c Cafaris aula hsccaufla ventila- i utiqjgraviffima. Quod igitur Muuritius Lad- a ille in omni facile erudite difcipli- c leread miraculum ufque verfatiflimus, incli- ti in alteram partem C<epr»,legumque fenten- , ec veluthumans vitsfaftidiret ludibria, tam v fa fub tempeftate, maluit, pro vincis regimi- i Guihelmum, filium, natu maximum , collato, r id genus moleftasfequeftrare,vitsquc,quod itrcliquam, DEO, Sc philofophicis illis lludiis, ! mancipare. Guiltelmus vero Princeps, in paren- , ihuc viventis, curas, atque onera, fuccedens, » tam toti provincia? induftriam fuam appro- quam res labantes reftituere, inprimis fimul- inter agnatos Hefsu Principes n ats , funem re- e,c cepit.Qua de r e,Geergio itidem, llefiia Land - 9 , in idem pacis compendium inclinantidi- accidit , ut Philippi pariter, HcfuLandgravii, 'tpis Mathematicis illis fcientiis, quibus pollebat, urrimeparem vix habentis, interventione, a- lUirfchf eidam , nec non F rancofurtum, & Darm- ! im, utriufque partis confiliarii convenirent, centefque amicte tranfadionis tabulas VIII. OtfWmconfignarent. II. wfactionis, inter Guilielmum , & Georgium, iejjiee Landgr avios, p> aci &,t enor, & c agit a. Enorilliuspacificationis hic erat: Nos, Dei gratia, Guilielmus,lk. Georgius, agnati, HefuLad- «,^ pronobis,noftrifquehxredibus, acfuc- oribuSjF lef ia Principibus, omnibus, adeqquein /erfum pro utraq; tam Cajfelland , quam Darm- ind, ut vocant, linea, ( quos omnes hifce fevera lege obligamus, atque aftringitnns) hoc publi- rliplomate, conteftamur,ac profitemur, coram ijnibus : Pofteaquam Deus Opt. Max.hac maxime :iculofa,ac perturbata, rerum facie,nos ambos, liimquemque, pro fua, ut vocant, linea, ac loco, ,;ravi provinciali regimine collocavit, nos,tan- m agnatos proximos,eodem titulo , iifdem in- jiibus gentilitiis, utentes, fruentes,re mature de- pata , ad aaimumadmififfe, nempe nunquam jc ufque antiquam illam noftram Heffortm Prin - im familiam maiori fub periculo fuiffe, quam [n illa domefticis, atque intrinfecis,collifionibus iiorare coepit. Ex adverfoj nunquam hsc ipfa fe- lior animadverfa quidem, quam fi Principibus, sl- atifque, interveniente pace , fide, ac concor- s, utrinque optime convenit. Quandoquidem igitur, ante hos yiginti,&:plu- 521 res, annos, inter Mauritium,Sc Ludovicum iuniorew , Hefiu Landgr avios , parentes utrinqtte dulciffimos, dividis,& litium fcmilia, intercelferint, qus qui- demcumipfisannisitaadolcverunt, ut etiam hu- ius labis magna ad noshsredes,acfucceflores, co- migrarit portio. Ut de eo nihil, aut parum , fuper- inducatur,metuendumfuilfc, nifi hoc vulnus, du adhuc medicabile videri potuit, enfe recideretur, facile totale animorum, & irreconciliabile,ino- dium,immoeverfionetotiusrei fummx, & prin- cipatuum , hanc plagam degenerare potuifle. Ac- cedit, Caftrem, Impem caput, ac dominum, illam le- gem impofuiife, E ledores, & Principes , hereditario foedere devindtos,inculcafre,vafallos,acfubditos, utrinq; fideles, conceptiftimis idem precibus cor- rqgafle, tum, inprimis diuina moderante provi- dentia,utriufque Guilielmi, & Georgii, Landgravioru , animos pacis cupidine, tanquam fydere aliquo, ta- <ftosefte.Proinde,prauniflaardente,acferia , divi- ni Numinis, tanquam pacis, bonorumque omniu, datoris, invocatione, confiderantes dubium fub hoc diferimine litis, & digladiationis, mutuar, exi- tum,pacem bello, tranfactionem rebus fluctuan- tibus,atque incertis, praetulimus, tandemque con- filia rios interiores noflros convenire iuflimusjim- mo ipfimet certis fub diaetis congredi , adeoque a- mics compofitioniper tot menfes operam dare, coepimus. Interea, cum appareret ratione non tralatitia» quid altera pars alteri largiri tam vellet, quam pof- fet, praeoccupatis Principum agnatorum confiliis, maxime Philippi illius, Hefiu Landgravii ,refpefi:ive & agnati, & parentis, interventione, fepofitore- fpeiftu quovifcunque,in honorem DEI, in gratiam Cafaris, atque Imperii, in emolumentum rei publi- cs,in lolatium,& quietem, regionum, fubditoru- que,iuxtaquein onerum utrinque dulce levamen, fic utrinque amice, fincere, ac fideliter, pacifci ccer ptum eft. Articuli tranfadlionis fuere illi. Primum, atq; ante omnia, condicimus, nos C«e» fari, tanquam aDEQpraepolitofupremocapiti, o- mnem reverentiam debitam delaturos, eidemq;, ficut& Imperio, ncceffitatis tempore, officia fubmif» fa,& devota, pro viribus, prseftituros, adeoque ea fidem Cafari declaraturos effe, quanta maxima a fi^ ddibui Imperii Principibus poftulari poterit. Ut fic hac lege Cafaris fublimitas , honor , atq; autoritas, ante omnia, farta te&a confervari, eiufdemq; ver- sus nos, noftrofque, animus, ad benefaciendum, inclinari queat. Illi,confedaniloco,adiungimus,&fl:ipu!amur, nos utriufque lines Principes, noftrofque haeredes, ac fucceffores,ita per omne ae vum futuros vinculo plufquam adamantino is oepeo^v, ut aiunt , obliga- tos, ut altera pars alteri quibufcunquefub occa- fionibus, integerrimam, maximequeincorruptam, fidem reipsaprsftare, omniahonoris, humanita- tis,fidelitatifque, officia conteftari, malaque, atq; infortunia, forte impendentia, procul arcere,mul« to minus cauflari, aut inferre, velit. Ad ipfas igitur utriufque lines cauflas contrp- verfas,eafqueprscipuas,quodf|)edat , Georgm ' Landgr avius, tam fuo , quam totius lines Darmfta- tim , nomine, in perpetuum deincep$,conftanti,& irrevocabili, ratione deponij ingenti, a beats re- cordationis parente poftulats, & perfententiam 02 Rerum Germanicarum zCafarehm tum decretae , pecuniarum fumma;, qualis millionem longe excedit, renunciare velle. Pro fecundo, eadem ratio elfet illius liquida- tionis, & fummse, quam quidem pa- rens illius, Ludovicns iunior , Iplendidiffimo Cafaris legato, Archiepifcopo, & Eleftori , C olonienji, per mo- dum querelae, obtulit, C afarque, in hocliquidatio- nis, ut vocant, pundo, Darmflatina lineae referva- vit.Et lic omnibus, &fingulis, praedidae liquida- tionis pundis, quofeunque Darmftatenfes contra Caffellanos formare quiti enent, in univerfum mif- fio datur. Tertio, tametli Ludovicus iunior, Landgravius , parens eius delideratidimusj&jpoft illius adcceli- tes emigrationem , Georgius Landgravius , refufio- nemfumptuum , qui fummarn centum floreno- rum millia excedunt , fub occupatione Rheinfelfe, Sc Cattimtliboci , arcium , fadorum , a Caffellana Trincipum Hejforum linea pollulaverit , illa vero ar- gumentis in contrarium allatis repugnarit , nihi- lominus Georgius , inquam, Landgr avius , ex lingula- ri ad pacem, & concordiam , animi propenlionc, etiam modo didis praetenfionibus nuncium re- mittit,neque ullo unquam tempore in has poftu*- lationis partes denud defeendere affed u s elt. Quarto, fiqtpdem, loco Ludovici iunioris, pa- rentis dulciff. Georgius Landgravius , legitimus utiq; haeres,& fucceflor, adversus agnatum , Mautitium , Hef ia Landgr avium, adionem violatae pacis publi- cae de iure formare queat, cui obiedioni a parti- bus Guilielmi Landgr avii ferio contradici ccepit : ni- hilo-feciiisetiam huic conventioni in totum ufq; quaque renunciat,fub hac tamen limitatione , ea- dem pacis violata; adio nihilominus in alios lo- cum haberet. Quin to, tam Ludovicus iunior, Landgravius , b. re- cord. parens, &GeorgiusLandgravius,i\\ixxsfoiCceffor, hadenusnp unavice,fuperthefatiro, apud Ziegen- hainam fortalitium depolito, cuius mentio in co- dicillis Philippi, itemque Guilielmi , utriufque fenio- ris, Hafia Landgr aviorum, tellamentariis movetur, quiritare coepere. Interim, cum Guilielmus Land- gravius nihilhomm profiteatur, Georgius Landgra- vius inluper hanc poftulationerii milfam facit , at- que obliterat. Nihilominus, limeliora his tempo- ra, rediorque fortuna,utrifque Hefia Principibus a- Ipirare cceperit,. tum demum , praeeunte divino auxilio, &cooperantibus utrinque fidelibus pro- vinciarum praefulibus, equeftribus, ac civitatibus, ratio inibitur, quibus mediis, abfque magnis fub- ditorum difficultatibus, defedus illerefarcirifufti- neat. Sexto, eiufdem commatis eft , ut Georgius Land- gravius adioncm,e liquidationis fent entia, Ziegen- hainam ipfam concernentem, eitirare velit. Septimo, Georgius Landgravius , agnato, &fra- tti, Guilielmo Landgr avio , quamprimum iC&fare confirmatio intervenerit , Imguliq j Hefia, regimg exercentes, Landgr avii, prolele, fuccelforibufque fuisjunlcum provinciarum ftatibus, ac fubditis, eaintranfadionis verba iudrint , poftliquida- tionis illam fententiam,-locopignoris, occupatas civitates, &praefeduras , reftituit, omnes, folo Cattimelibpcenfium Comitatu , cum pertinendis, u temqueuire praedura VttibJlatSnfis, ad c ajfellanoj fpedante, nec non Smalcaldenfi praefc&ura i cum pertinentiis, tantummodo exceptis. Odavo, qub autem agnatus , Guiltdmtu i gravius , eo fruduofius illis civitatibus, ac duris, loco pignoris hadenus detentis , i ftituendis, uti frui poffit , utique reditus c inde, abinitiisoccupationis, dependentes , gius Landgravius ilii cedit , ita tamen , ut mi \[ huc- ufque falaria numerentur fua, in feque toribus pr^didarum civitatum,acprgfcdtii |u adio competat nulla. Nono, Georgius Landgravius , nomina illa. cunque,a partibus Caffellanorum, in praefe t Vmfiadianam fpedant, fua, fuccelforumque) facit propria, ita tamen, ut ea nomina , qu; ad Cameram CaffeUanam redeunt , exdm fiiit. Decimo, iifdcm verbis omnibus, ac Uri Darmjlatina lineae praetenfionibus , ac iuribus lippi fenioris Landgr avii > proavi tefhmentun cernentibus, tam in genere, quam fpecie,toi renunciar,neque unquam quicquam hoc nc tentabit. Arque haec, a partibus Georgii Land± tum fuere remilfa,& concelfa. Undecimo, Guilielmus Landgravius, intuitu farum fatis pra;gnantium,pro fe, fuaque illati! /<»»4linea,in perpetuum, & totaliter , renunc mnibus,& lingulis,illis praetenlionibus, fupei Hefia principatum concernentibus, unacun tinentiis , quantum ex Ludovici fenioris Landt hereditate eft. In fpecie autem, apud aulam ream, adioni recontra ventionis did^, aefufe pariterque,ratione feudi,ex pado,& provide Maiorum dependenti portioni quartae , ade in univerfum omnibus,ac lingulis, quieunqu nunc elfent,aut deinceps fingi, polfent,iuribi dionibufque, fuperiorem illum princip; tangentibus, in perpetuum profe.fuifquehaei bus,ac fuccelforibus,valedicit, milfionemque ufque eb,ut nullus pofthac e Caffellana linea fu. for contra praefatum fuperioris Hefia Principi quantum eo, fub excelfum Ludovici fenioris > p nuit, formare ullo unquam tempore aufit , poffit, quam diu e Darmflatina linea Princeps fi fuperftes. Duodecimo, iifdem verbis Guilielmus Lana p»«5profe,fuifque , miffionem dat liquidati. busjfiveprxtenlionibus, cotrariis, adversusoi fiatinam lineam nuper Elettori Colonienft Spleni fimo Cafaris legato, a Mauritio Landgr avio pare oblatis, Jifdemq ue in perpetuum feleabdieat. - Decimo tertio, Guilielmus Landgravius omnil ac lingulis, per fuperiorem Hefia Principatum praei tibus, lupellcdilibus, quocunque cenferi no nepolfint, renunciat , exceptis duabus mach| bellicis , ad armamentarium Ziegenhainenfem nentibus , quarum redditionem Georgius Landl, Vius promifit. Decimo quarto, Georgius Landgravius, ex an; fui fententia, nulliufquealteriuspcrfuafione ,. fingularierga Guilielmum Landgr avium , agnatu & fratrem, benevolentia, indudus, quinquag tafiorenorum millia, valoriseameralis, illisere toribus dependit, qui, temporibus Mauritii Lat gravii, fupenori Hefu principatui crediderunt , ci hac tamen exceptione , ne hoc ©fficiutn, &j - Lib. XX. Cap.II. 1627. 523 ti as , in cortfeqitentiam trahatur. Quo no- fuo,line*que Caftlienjjs, nbmiiie, omhibus, ac fin- k liusin poteftate fuerit) quandocunque pia- %u\is,AcadMarpurgen[Mvibusrenuncfct liberrime* t ! folutionem creditoribus peragere* itata- recepit Georgius Landgravius, fe propriis laboribus, at hoc fttmrrta illis creditoribus , fub Georgio fumptibufq;, apud Cafarem effe&urlim,utautno- uvio habitantibus , inprimis affignaride- va Cafilienji linea Academica privilegia erogari, aut defito illius Gijfenfis Vniverfatis documenta in infe- C ;imb quinto , Guilielmus Landgravius omni- riorem Hefiu Principatum transferri,queant.Quod fi ; orum, documentorum, rationumque , co- vero alterutrum efficiendi facultas, ac fpes , decol- i s, ad fuptriorem Hefia principatum pertinen- labit, tum quidem Georg. Landgr avius fumtnam de- , tempore Mauritii Landgravii , paventis dul- cemflorenorum millium, eiufce fruftrationis er- it ,Cajfellas delatos, in quantum eius rei polii- gb,Cafiilienftbus pendet. | 0.265696 | -0.44726 | 1,128 | 4,561 | 46 | -1 | Philosophical Fragments | false |
99,932 | github_open_source_100_2_8332 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | fileFormatVersion: 2
guid: 5d0b38639002492e96d97b941f3dc03d
timeCreated: 1572425246 | 0.350174 | 0.680925 | 3,435 | 13,782 | 271 | -1 | Node/Javascript | false |
99,933 | github_open_source_100_2_8333 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | const Hue = require('./Hue');
const admin = require('firebase-admin');
const hue = new Hue();
// TODO replace param to database value
hue.changeAllLightsState(true); | 0.291518 | 0.779871 | 3,625 | 14,546 | 230 | -1 | JavaScript API Development | false |
99,934 | englishhistoric00poolgoog_57 | English-PD | Public Domain | Sir Robert Peel was descended from men who were excellent examples of worth and industry. His grandfather, Robert, 'a tall, robust, handsome man, of excellent constitution, with a character for uprightness and persevering industry, and possessing a mechanical genius,' employed 'his talents in improving the cotton trade.' His father, another Robert;, * a man of strong will and untiring energy,' had the wisdom to appreciate, and the spirit to apply to his business the great improvements or inventions originated by Hargreaves and Ark- wrighfc. The minister himself was bom on 6 Feb. 1788. As the boy grew, ' he set to work seriously on the manufacture of another Pitt.' The effort would have been useless if it had not been for the excellent abilities which Peel inherited from both his parents. At Harrow, where the boy was educated, he * asserted and maintained his superiority as a scholar.' At Oxford, he distinguished himself by winning, for the first time in the history of the university, the highest honours in both * schools ; ' and, in the following year, when he had just completed his twenty-first year, he was brought into parUament as member for Cashel, the seat being Digitized by VjOOQIC 794 REVIEWS OF BOOKS Oct. bought by his father for the purpose. He was selected by PerceTal» who was then prime minister, to second the address in 1810 ; he was made Under-Secretary for the colonies in the same year ; and, on the recon- struction of the ministry under Liverpool in 1812, was promoted to the chief secretaryship of Ireland. Irish affldrs, then, as ever, difficult and troublesome, form the chief subject discussed in ^. Parker's volume. During the six years in which Peel remained in Ireland the duke of Bichmond, Lord Whitworth, and Lord Talbot successively held the post of viceroy. Their opinions were almost always in accord with those of their chief secretary. But their views were of minor importance. As Mr. Parker puts it, * Successive Lords Lieutenant reigned : Mr. Peel governed.' Ireland, then as always, was the seat of unbounded corruption. The general election of 1812 gave rise to fresh opportunities for abuses. Lord (Mr. Parker suppresses the names of delinquents) ' has made as yet no arrangements for the return for . His object is an English peerage.' Peel, after consulting Lord Liverpool, declined to purchase the borough by any such arrangement ; and Lord thereupon expressed his willingness to take the chance of the peerage and give us the return for the borough. Peel again firmly resisted a proposal * which, while it professes to make no positive engagement, makes a virtual one; and Lord was left to dispose of his borough as he chose. But Lord was only one of the numerous suitors who pestered the Irish office. Croker, at the general election, was a candidate for Down. He professed * the greatest repugnance to bribery ; ' but his return * absolutely depended' upon pounds sterling. In addition to the natural, i.c. the legitimate expenses of 500Z., he required a sum of 2,000Z. for votes, and this sum he expected from government. Peel refused an appHcation which he had apparently no means of satisfying. But when the election was over Croker importunately and successfully pressed on the minister the claims of his * martyrs,' as he called the electors who voted for him. One of them, Mr. M , received a messenger's place worth 60Z. a year ; another, Mr. F , an office of 600Z. a year in the customs ; and Croker immediately applied for a tidewaiter's place for a third. Mr. Jennings, in editing the Croker papers, preserved a discreet silence about these remarkable applications. But Croker, after all, was only one of the importunate suitors. Fourteen years afterwards, when he was himself home secretary. Peel wrote to Goulbum, who then held the Irish office : ' I approve of every word which you wrote to . I found in Ireland that every official man, not content with the favour of Government to himseK, thought he had a right to quarter his family on the patronage of Government.' Nor were these gross abuses confined to official men. * When Lord was here as an aide-de-camp, so Peel wrote in 1814, he lodged at the house of a Mr. D , a shoemaker. Mrs. D had a son, who, by some accident or other, bore a much stronger resemblance to Lord than to Mr. D ,' and so, to cut the story short, Lord applied * for some situation of about 200Z. a year, with a reasonable hope of further advancement,' for this young man. Peers, patrons, and politicians all thought that they hc|,d a claim on the patronage and on the Digitized by VjOOQIC 1891 REVIEWS OF BOOKS 796 bounty of the Irish gOYemment for themselves, their fEunilies, and their natnral children. An administration conducted on principles of corruption must have been eminently distasteful to a statesman of PeePs temperament. Though he could not escape from a vicious system, he evidently set his &ce against the gross abuse of patronage. He also endeavoured to correct the frauds which permeated the whole machinery of government. ' The more my attention is turned to the barrack department, the more I am satisfied that a radical inquiry is necessary.* The grand jury of Cork ' have laboured in defence of as notorious a job as ever graced the annals of Irish history. Mr. N has derived emoluments in consequence of the violation of an express order of the Treasury by his deputy, of which he must have been cognisant.' These are only samples of the numerous abuses with which Peel was confronted, and which he honestly endea- voured to remedy. It was no time for leniency towards ofifenders. And, in one instance, ' when the culprit's patron (a peer) and the department concerned joined in recommending him to mercy, on the weak ground that a deficit [in the ofifender's accounts] was principally occasioned by the improper conduct of one of his own family,' Peel insisted on dis- missing the defaulter, adding, with much point, * 1 believe it was the king of Prussia who flogged a man whose hat was really blown off in a high wind. It was not the man's fault, but the effect of the flogging was that lus comrades secured their hats against the wind, and none were blown off.' Defaulting accountants — Peel evidently thought — would be more rare if defaults, however occasioned, were rigorously punished. It is still more creditable to Peel that, throughout his tenure of the chief secretaryship, he steadily endeavoured to preserve order by the ordinary law, without resorting to exceptional legislation. In 1813, not- withstanding the ' lamentations of that grand alarmist Lord Castlemaine, and the magistrates of his neighbourhood,' he refused to re-enact the Insurrection Act which had expired in 1810. In 1814, he so far yielded to the clamour of thbse around him as to ask Parliament to strengthen the Irish government with the powers which that measure conferred on it. But he held these in reserve ; and, in 1815, when Ireland was stripped of troops for the purposes of the campaign in the Netherlands, and reports of plots and conspiracies were brought daily before him, he declined to regard the situation ' through the distorted magnifier with which most of our coimtry correspondents are apt to view it,' declaring emphatically that * we ought to have been impeached if we had enforced the Insurrection Act upon such grounds as those on which the magistrates of Westmeath and Meath desired it.' He gave a still greater instance of moral courage in 1817. In that unhappy year, when the Habeas Corpus Act was suspended in England, and general distress prevailed throughout Ireland, he was able to announce in parliament that he required no severe measures, and that he was prepared to reduce the military force. Unhappily, if Peel's administration of the Irish oflSce deserves nothing but praise, his efforts in parliament were not always equally fortunate. In the first years of the peace some prospect was afforded of terminating the chief Irish grievance by a rational settlemei)t of the Boman c^tUolip Digitized by VjOOQIC 796 REVIEWS OF BOOKS i)ct question ; and Peel, opposing himself to Gastlereagh and Canning, became the chief spokesman of the protestant party. At the time his policy was received with shouts of approval. Letters and addresses of congratula- tion flowed in on the young statesman who had 'so ably and so faithfully' supported the constitution in church and state. The ' protestant ' corpora- tion of Dublin asked for his portrait ; and the ' protestant * university of Oxford chose him as its representative. Yet, at the moment at which the protestant party was rejoicing at the strength of a new champion, Peel, unconsciously standing at the parting of the ways, was about to move on a new path to a very different goal. In 1818 Peel resigned his office of chief secretary. The reasons for his resignation have never been explained ; and except that we now see that he had long been weary of his office, and that he differed from the other members of the administration on some minor economical questions, there is nothing in Mr. Parker's pages to accoimt for it. Perhaps, indeed, there is more room for surprise that he consented to discharge distasteful duties for six years than that be abruptly retired from them in 1818. But, though his own conduct may thus be accounted for, it is difficult to understand why Lord Liverpool did not, at once, open to him some more suitable situation in the ministry. With the exception of Wellington, Gastlereagh, and Canning, no one in the administration had rendered greater services or had displayed greater promise. It appears from some letters in the Croker correspondence, which Mr. Parker has not quoted, that Mr. Croker's friends were anxious that Peel should take the chan- cellorship of the exchequer, and that many of them were actually con- templating his succession to the prime ministership. Peel replied, in an amusing letter, ' Fudge ! I am thinking of anything but office, and am just as anxious to be emancipated from office as the papists are to be emanci- pated into it.* But, of course, he could not without losing self-respect use other language in writing to Croker. If it had been really desired to succeed to the chancellorship of the exchequer in 1818, he had a right to expect that the wish should be communicated to him by the prime minister, and not by the secretary to the admiralty ; and, while Liverpool remained silent, he could not avow a desire for promotion to a colleague who did not even hold cabinet rank. And, though his omission to do so seems inexplicable, Liverpool made no effort to open any really suitable situation to Peel for more than two years. The * arch- mediocrity ' perhaps preferred the assistance of mediocrity. In 1820, on the resignation of Canning, he offered Peel the presidency of the board of control which Peel declined. In 1821, on the partial recon- struction of the cabinet, he entrusted him with the seals of the Home Office. But, though the minister found no suitable office for Peel in 1818, he gave him work to do which had the greatest influence on his career. He made him chairman of the currency committee. The appointment was universally approved by the tory party. The country gentlemen, who had discovered that an inconvertible currency kept up their rents, had no desire to return to cash payments ; and they had reason to expect that the chairman of tjie currency committee would share their desire. Peel's father was Jcnow]^ as a strong advocate of paper money ; Peel himself had Digitized by VjOOQIC 1891 BEVIEWS OF BOOKS 797 voted in favour of it in 1811 ; and it was perhaps natural that they should assume that he would support in his report in 1819 the policy which he had supported by his vote in 1811. They omitted to notice that Peel in 1811 had merely voted with his party on a subject to which he had paid no attention, and that in 1819 he was compelled to form his own opinion on it. He entered ' upon the consideration of it with a perfectly unprejudiced mind ; * and naturally took up Homer's famous report of 1810. He * read it with the utmost attention, with the same attention with which I would read the proof of a proposition in mathematics. I can find no defect in the argument.' In these circumstances he took the course which any honest man would have taken. He set himself to ascertain how it was possible to return to cash payments with the mini- mum of inconvenience ; and, in consequence, prepared the way for the immediate passage of the act which established gold as the sole basis of value. It was Peel's fortune in the course of his subsequent career to be responsible for three other great reforms — the introduction of a rational criminal code, the emancipation of the Boman catholics, and the triumph of free trade — in each of which it was his lot to give effect to doctrines radically opposed to the conclusions which he had previously supported either by his voice or his vote. But on each of these occasions he was influenced by the same considerations which induced him to adopt Mr. Homer's currency principles. On examining the subject with ' a perfectly unprejudiced mind,' he found that his previous opinions were unsound, or — ^in the case of Roman cathoHc emancipation— were untenable, and at once detemiined that no false desire for maintaining a reputation for consistency, or for loyalty to his party, should deter him from doing his duty. Posterity is not likely to conclude that he was wrong. The only questions which different men will decide differently are, whether he should have adopted at the commencement of his career opinions which he was forced to abandon one after another before its close ; and whether he should have himself been the agent for accomplishing reforms which he had a short interval before pledged himself to resist. On the first of these questions judgment will probably be unanimously given in Peel's favour. Few public men ever pass a long career without modifying the opinions which they profess at the beginning of it. But Peel has the exceptional merit that all his changes were in the same direction. He was moving throughout his career from toryism to liberalism. Bom a tory he gradually developed into a liberal by conviction. No doubt it would have been better for his reputation, and would ultimately have been better for his party, if he had found leisure to test the principles which he inherited, before he entered parliament in 1809. But such leisure was denied to him. Absorbed in the studies which won him dis- tinction at Harrow and Oxford, he could not have found time to examine beforehand the great questions which were to absorb his attention after- wards. He was compelled to approach them, as he approached the currency question in 1819, with * a perfectly unprejudiced,' in other words, an entirely uninstructed mind ; and he found, on examining them, that the principles which he had inherited were wrong, and the principles which he had opposed were right. There are, no doubt, many advan- Digitized by VjOOQIC 798 REVIEWS OF BOOKS OcL tages in jotmg men entering on a poliidcal career when they are fireah from the university. But the example of Peel ought to remind us that such men cannot be expected to have mature opinions at the outset. They must form their true opinions as their poUtical knowledge increases later on. It is much more doubtful whether Peel, either in 1828 or in 1845, should have been the agent for accomplishing the reforms which he was instrumental in carrying in 1829 and 1846.. It would certainly have been better for his own reputation if, on each occasion, he had retired from office, and had left the duty to other men. Mr. Parker's volume, which concludes in 1827, does not justify us in entering into this matter; but it ought completely to dispose of the charge, first made by Lord G. Bentinck in 1846 and subsequently repeated by Mr. Disraeli, that Peel had behaved dishonourably in retiring in 1827. It is quite clear from the correspondence which Mr. Parker pubhshes, that Peel's sole reason for retiring from Canning's government was his difference from the new prime minister on the Soman catholic question ; that his own determina- tion to resist the emancipation of the Boman catholics was still unchanged; that Canning both understood and appreciated his reasons ; that the two men parted on the best of terms ; and that their intercourse was marked ' by cordiahty and good- will ' till the very last days of Canning's life. Untrue charges, once made, have a strange tendency to survive. But Peel's character, henceforth, ought to be clear of any imputation of base or dishonourable conduct towards Canning. The other questions raised by Peel's career will be considered more properly on the appearance of Mr. Parker's later volumes. Most readers will look forward to their publication with impatience. Mr. Parker has already done so much to make Peel's earUer career inteUigible, and has done it so well, that the continuation of his work ought to form a very valuable contribution to pohtical history. S. Walpole. Bistoria del Ampurddn. By D. Josifi Pella y Forgas. (Barcelona : Tasso y Berra. 1883-1889.) Those who have seen for themselves the Belfast and the Ulster of Spain cannot have failed to be struck by the extraordinary contrast that the Catalan province with its busy capital presents to the rest of that lethargic land. The rapid growth of Barcelona and tlie eager activity of its people are well reflected in the intellectual movement and the remarkable political tendencies of which it has become the centre. Keen, restless, proud of themselves, patriotic with the patriotism of an ancient Greek rather than of modem life, this interesting race hails in Barcelona the patria conriin de todos los Catalanes, and is led by its increasing prosperity to accentuate more strongly than ever the individual life of the province and its claims to an independent status. Thus of the two conflicting tendencies now at work in national development, the tendency towards centralisation and homogeneity of existence, and the tendency to strengthen racial distinctions, and even to revive them when half for- Digitized by VjOOQIC 1891 REVIEWS OF BOOKS 799 gotten, Barcelona has thrown itself heart and soul on the side of the latter movement, and sees in a closer dependence on Madrid a tightening of the bonds which nnite it to a corpse. This feeling finds its organ in the local review, La Espaiia Begional, which advocates the principle of decentralisation and the maintenance, as in the case of the Basque language, of local peculiarities, customs, and institutions in the widely dififering provinces which compose the Spanish realm. It is as an exponent of the same feeling, and as an outcome of el catalanismo^ that the work before us has claims to more than local notice. But it also deserves consideration on the groimd that it is perhaps the most notable and typical production of the new historical school that has arisen in Spain ; in that capacity its successive ' volumes * have attracted attention not only in Spain, but also in Italy and France. Now that the character of the French school — largely under the influence of the Hcole des Charles — has been so greatly changed, and its brilliant generalisations replaced by minute research, the Spaniards seem ready to take its place, and to approach the study of history from the standpoint most congenial to the Latin race. As if eager to convince the world that Spain is abreast of modem thought, they insist that history is a science, and love to trace the working of its laws, and to generalise the results they obtain. D. Jos6 is almost nervously anxious to remind us that this is his attitude : he gi?es to his work the sub-title of ' A study of civilisation ' in north-east Catalonia, and treats his subject throughout as one of historical dynamics. The history and development of Catalonia are for him the resultant, on the one hand, of its physical milieu, that is, of its geographical environ- ment, on the other, of successive invasions and immigrations, from north and south, from east and west — all acting on an original stock to whose qualities and provenance he devotes elaborate study. It is perhaps un- fortunate that he should have taken for his sphere a district which, lying at the gate of Spain, was, from the very first, one of the ' cockpits ' of Europe, and in which successive waves of invasion must make it peculiarly difficult to trace a continuous or instructive development of the body poHtic. To study history apart from its ' accidents * is a bold enterprise in the case of a land which has been the scene of * accidents ' so eventful and so disturbing to historic laws. The author stands on surer ground when he assigns to these * acci- dents ' a secondary place on the plea que la historia debe ser la del pueblo. Here he follows in the footsteps of Green, though taking for his avowed model Macaulay. Eschewing with the former ' drums and trumpets,' he claims with the latter that history may be made so attractive as to be read for pleasure by women and even by children. To attain this end he spares no pains to render his narrative picturesque without sacrifice of accuracy or even of the principles of his school. With Macaulay he has, we think, one point in common : he has attained, by unsparing industry an absolute mastery of his subject, one of the most essential requisites for the successful composition of history. Personally famihar with every spot of which he writes, he has sought his materials not merely in books and records, but in the peasant's cottage, and in the shepherd's hut : he has conducted his own excavations, made his own sketches, taken his own measurements, and even, like a French novelist, treated as human docu- Digitized by VjOOQIC 806 REVIEWS OF BOOKS Oct ments the men and women whom he met and studied. Sach thoroughness as this is no less original than refreshing. Ethnology, archaeology, folk- lore, custom, anthropology, dialect, numismatics — every possible source of information is eagerly pressed into the service. Professor Max Miiller may be glad to hear that D. Jos^ detects in a popular legend an elaborate solar myth, while Mr. Lang may be equally pleased to learn that he recognises in the grosser features of Greek mythology the influence of primitive behef. As there are those among ourselves who are somewhat rash in detecting traces of * archaic custom, so, perhaps, D. Josh's con- clusions must at times be cautiously accepted, as, for instance, when ho trusts so largely to the dance of the Catalans — * La Sardana ' — for evi- dence of their Sardinian origin. Li the case of a maritime people, as they were, it is difficult to prove that anything of the kind was not introduced rather than indigenous. The origin of the Catalans in a Sardinian race, allied to the Etruscans, is one of the author's main contentions. On these settlers he superimposes successive layers of invaders, Indo-European, Iberian, Ligurian, and OaUic. It was, he holds, under the Gauls, that the Greeks of Marseilles (circa 460-450 B.C.) estabUshed what our merchant adventurers would have termed a ' factory ' in the district under the name of 'E/iTopior, which, through its native equivalent, Ampuria, was the origin of * Ampurd4n.' The author traces the £&te of the Greek colony, the arrival of the Carthaginians under Hannibal, and the subsequent estabhshment of the Roman dominion. The Goths, after long resistance, became masters of the land, only to be expelled by the Moors in 711. Here the author makes a new point by showing that the fugitives took refuge, not so much in the Pyrencan valleys as in the broad district of Septimania, whence, before the end of the century, they returned to reconquer the land. It was in the course of the struggle which foUowed that the feudal system was here established, first under the Frank emperors, and then under the local counts, when the latter became independent. From this point the author traces the gradual growth of liberty in the towns (which differ among themselves in origin and type), wliile the rural population remained in a condition parallel to that of our own villeins. Eventually, of course, the district lost its individual existence in the kingdom of Aragon, and it now forms a part of the province of Gerona. It is impossible to touch in a brief notice on the many subjects dealt with by the author, whose learning is equal to his industry, but we must give a word of praise to the exquisite illustrations and fine get-up of the work, which is published at a price far below that which would be possible in England. It is a book, as Professor Sabatini has said, che fata onore alia Spagna, and we would express to the author, in his own Catalan, the wish that so able a production tinga tot Vixit que^s mereix. Bat will he forgive us for saying that his discovery of a base dtnica propia for the Catalan * nation ' in its possession of a crdiieo sardo might give a valuable suggestion nearer home ? Is there no patriotic antiquary in Wales who will estabhsh its claims to self-government on the base of a national skull ? J. H. Bound. Digitized by VjOOQIC 1891 REVIEWS OF BOOKS 801 Modern Customs and Ancient Laws of Bussia, being the Hchester Lectures for 1889-90. By Maxime Kovalevsky. (London : David Nutt. 1891.) This is the first work written by a Russian in English for Englishmen on the institutions of his country. Its author, Professor Kovalevsky, has for some years devoted himself especially to the study of archaic and customary law. Of the six lectures published in the present volume the first treats of the matrimonial customs and usages of the Eussian people, and the light they throw on the evolution of marriage. Taking us back to the period of the Matriarchate, our author, describing the customs of the various Slav tribes in the earliest times, according to the chronicle of Nestor, says that the survival of the licentious customs of the Drevlians, Eadi- mitch, Viatitch, and Severians may be traced in the immorality of the peasants of the present day. The independence enjoyed by the Slavonic women of ancient times continues to bo a marked characteristic of the sex in Eussia. The French writer Beauplan in the latter half of the seven- teenth century observed that marriage by capture prevailed among the Cossacks of Little Eussia and the Ukraine, and the ceremonies and wed- ding songs of Great Eussia still perpetuate the idea of force being used to defend the bride. Among the milder-mannered Polians the bridegroom always preferred to pay, and this custom became general among all the Slavs, the veno or pretium nuptiale passing ultimately into the dos or dowry. But even now the principle of the law of Great Eussia is that husband and wife should each have distinct property with sole control over it. In his second lecture M. Kovalevsky calls our attention to the fact that the peasantry very generally regard marriage not as a religious ceremony but as a civil contract, and adds that in the south and south-west, among the Cossacks of the Don as well as among Little Eussians, the re- ligious consecration of marriage is still considered a superfluous ceremony. Eegarding the organisation into households, a peculiar form of the 'joint family* or * house community,' differing only in detail from that of Western Europe, evidence is brought to show that the hearth was the unit of taxation in Northern Eussia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The terms in which this undivided household is referred to in old documents leave no doubt of its high antiquity. An examination of his institution brings to light some very remarkable peculiarities. While the authority of the house elder (bolshak) differs from that of the Eoman paterfamilias, it approaches closely to that of the domachin of the Servian zadruga. The house elder in Eussia is in fact only primus inter pares, the grown-up members of the family constituting a family council. Th3 Eussian peasant, relying on his mir or commune, has certainly developed some admirable qualities, and he has none of that pushing, unscrupulous egotism, so marked a feature of the individualism of England and America. The Eussian of to-day is, however, not insensible to the advantages of individualism. Between two and three million divisions of house com- munities have been effected since the aboHtion of serfdom in 1861 when he first obtained the right to make them, and the total disappearance of the house community in Eussia is probably only a question of time. In his third lecture M. Kovalevsky discusses the past and present of VOL. VI.— NO. XXIV. 3 F Digitized by VjOOQIC 802 REVIEWS OF BOOKS Oct. the Russian village community. This institution has "horded a frnitfal source of controversy, some writers having seen in it a peculiar develop- ment of purely Slavonic origin; others, among whom are M. Fustel de Coulanges and his followers, have insisted on its being an artificial system introduced by the government to facilitate their collection of taxes. A comparison, however, between the modern constitution of the viir and that described in the old charters, supports the theory of continuity. So t.00 does the study of the various forms of viir in 'several parts of the empire where its character has been affected by local circumstances. Take, for instance, Northern Eussia, where agrarian communism of a limited kind has existed from the first, or the south-western provinces, comprising the fertile steppes on the Dnieper, where it went further, or, lastly, the territory of the Don Cossacks, where redistributions of land were very frequent and the system known as the * run-rig ' tenure made its first appearance. All these, however, had one thing in common, that serfdom was almost unknown— the peasants of Archangel were owners of the soil, the Little Bussians knew of no social distinctions, and the Cossacks of the Don were free. The old Eussian village community, says M. Kovalevsky, appears very like that of medieval England with its system of open fields, its hides and virgates. The principle of equal division of the land, and the system of periodical allotments, to secure this equality, were of later introduction, the result of the increase of population, followed by the introduction of serfdom at the end of the sixteenth century, the imposition of a capitation tax by Peter the Great, and mutual responsibility for payment of taxation. The fourth lecture, perhaps the most interesting of the series, treats of the Eussian folkmotes, an ancient institution in direct contradiction to the absolutism of modem Eussia. Their v&ches or popular assemblies were convened to decide on all important questions, and were in fact the supreme council of the nation. The v6che of the early days of Eussian history was a tribal assembly very like those found by Caesar and Tacitus among the Germans. With the end of the eleventh century Eussian folkmotes acquired a new cha- racter, when the chief cities of Eussia, the political centres of more or less independent states, obtained their separate assemblies, essentially demo- cratic and composed of the heads of families. Thus we read that ' the men of Kiev, in folkmote assembled, declared in 1147 that they would fight against the House of Gleg ' not by themselves alone but also by their children. The minor towns {sloboda), growing in course of time round the fortresses, originally built as a protection, also had their v6ches, and these as a general rule supported the decision of the metropolis. The ruler had to subscribe a charter of rights, and these covenants between prince and people were known all over Eussia. This was the political organisation prevalent during the middle ages when Eussia was a loose federation of principalities. By the end of the fifteenth century the folkmotes had ceased to exist in Moscow and Vladimir, political power having passed out of the hands of the people. With the fall of Novgorod under the Tsar Ivan III autocracy became an accomplished fact, a change largely due to the Tartar conquest, and in a less degree to the rise of the Floren- tine Union and the capture of Constantinople by the Turks. So long as the Eussian state and church were dependent on the Greek patriarch at Digitized by VjOOQIC k 1891 REVIEWS OF BOOKS 803 Constantinople the* Tsar of the Greeks ' was paramount and no Russian prince was allowed to call himself tsar. This dependence ceased when Basileus (Vassili) Illholdly refused a compromise with the Roman church and adopted a firm attitude towards the Florentine Union. Yet absolute as were the powers of the Tsar as head of church and state, some limits were placed on these even in the time of Ivan IV the Terrible. The Duma, or council of notables, the Zemskii Sob6ri, or * Men of the people,' advised on all kinds of political, executive, military, and financial questions. These councils are reviewed more fully in the fifth lecture. In 1550, only three or four years before the intercourse between the English and Russians began, the first session of the Russian parliament was held, and Ivan the Terrible in his opening speech accused the boyars or higher nobility of misgovernment and threw on them the responsibility for the misery of the people. In 1566 the second Russian parhament was convoked to decide on war with Poland. In 1584 the assembly confirmed the right of Ivan's eldest son, Theodor, to the throne. Horsey, the English ambassador who was present, speaks of this as a ' parliament,' but tells us that it was com- posed of clergy and the higher nobility, so that it was not a representative assembly. Neither was the * Sobor,' held at the desire of Boris Godunof, when the throne was offered to him unconditionally, a national assembly, the third estate being almost unrepresented. In fact, says M. Kovalevsky, the representative assembly was almost unknown during the sixteenth cen- tury, the councils being more like a parody of the ancient folkmotes. On the other hand the parliament held to elect a new tsar after the interregnum was thoroughly national in its constitution, in the resolutions passed and in its choice of Michael Romanof , the founder of the ruling dynasty. Before this time the influence of Poland had begun to affect Russia, and the sovereign power offered to. the young Romanof was far from being the same as that enjoyed by Ivan the Terrible. In 1682 the inhabitants of Moscow alone were summoned when they elected to the throne the youngest son of Alexis, Peter the Great. In 1698 the Sober was convoked for the last time to pass judgment on the Princess Sophia who had tried to seat herself upon the Russian throne during the absence of Peter in Western Europe. On that occasion, according to a trustworthy contem- porary account, two delegates firom each of the estates, beginning with the highest and ending with the lowest, w^ere present. In his sixth and concluding lecture M. Kovalevsky traces for us the * origin, growth, and aboHtion of serfdom in Russia,' showing that historians have wrongly attributed its introduction to the law promulgated by Boris Godunof in 1597. After that time peasants had the right of removal from manor to manor on St. George's day, and it was not till 1622 that bondage {krdpostnoie pravo) became an accomplished fact. E. Delmab Mobgan. The Origin of Property in Land. By Fustel de Coulanges. Trans- lated by Margabet Ashley. "With an introductory chapter on The English Jlfanor by W. J. Ashley, M.A., Professor of Political Economy in the University of Toronto. (London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. 1891.) Fustel de Coulanges* essay appeared in the 'Revue des Questions Historiques * in 1889, and a summary of its contents was given in the English Hibtobical Review, iv. 617. It excited at the time a good deal 3 f2 Digitized by VjOOQIC 804 REVIEWS OF BOOKS Oct. of attention, and we are glad to see it in an English translation, for (as is truly remarked in the prefoce) it gives us ' in a comparatively brief compass all the main arguments of that great historian against the various attempts which have been made to support the theoxy of primi- tive agrarian communism by an appeal to historical records.' The work is a model of clear and forcible destructive criticism. It has no doubt a certain want of finish that betrays its original character as a con- tribution to a review ; the same arguments are used and the same facts cited in different connexions, as in pp. 6 and 148 n., pp. 22 seq. and C5, and no reference is made from one place to another; but since the lamented death of the author it was better to republish what he wrote than to rearrange it in a more regular fashion. The translation is excellently done and reads like an English book ; it is so faithful that it sometimes reproduces the misprints of the original {Rheinganische, p. 45, n. 2 ; tuncipesmot, p. 128). The references to the author's posthumous volume on ' L*Alleu ' add to the usefulness of the book. In a future edition it would be an advantage to give a supplementary note or two expanding from Coulanges' other writings such notes as that on p. 10, which requires further explanation. Without now discussing the highly conten- tious question with which the book is concerned, the writer of this notice need not conceal his belief that the idol of the ' mark-system ' belongs to a cultus which is fast dying out, and that no man has done more to bring about this result than Fustel de Coulanges. Professor Ashley's valuable introductory chapter is practically an apphcation to English ground of the principles laid down by Coulanges with respect to the agrarian con- ditions of the continent ; and it exhibits the same abundance of know- ledge, acuteness of interpretation, and lucidity of exposition, which we find in the chapter on the manor in his ' Introduction to English Economic History.' It is a pity that so good a book should not be better printed. The Sancta Bespublica Romana, A handbook to the history of Rome and Italy from the division of the Roman world to the breaking up of Charlemagne's Empire, a.d. 896-888. By Richabd Hebeb Wbiohtson, M.A. (London : Henry Frowde. 1890.) This is a very inadequate and disappointing piece of work. The intelli- gent English tourist in Italy, whose need of some historical background for his sight-seeing is primarily kept in view by Mr. Wrightson, may justly complain that he has been put off with something very inferior to what he might reasonably have expected. It is really inexcusable to publish a handbook to the history of Italy during these centuries, which simply ignores the labours of Mr. Hodgkin, and bases itself upon more or less antiquated Italian authorities like Muratori. These authorities are sometimes followed with more fidelity than discretion ; forms like Giovius (p. 28), Paolinus (p. 64), Garibaldo, Duke of Bavaria (p. 177), the Caliph Moavia (p. 202), and Arnolph (p. 279), constantly meet the eye. There is also a curious wavering between the Latin and Italian forms of place names. Auximum and Osimo (p. 130), Portus Eomanus and Porto (p. 152), occur in close juxtaposition. Mr. Wrightson claims to have made u e of ' contemporary authorities, and such ancient records as Digitized by VjOOQIC 1891 REVIEWS OF BOOKS 805 have come down to us.' But it may be doubted whether the thoughtful Englishman in Italy M'ill be much advantaged by a first-hand study of the original authorities which judges Stilicho from the ' impartial ' pages (quoted through the medium of a Latin translation) of Zosimus. ' Im- partial/ however, seems a fixed epithet with Mr. Wrightson for all historians save Gibbon, with whom he more than once tries a fall. An occasional reference to sources, often merely by name, and without any indication that the authority of the Historia Miscella or Theophanes is not as satisfactory as that of Priscus or Procopius, must be worse than useless. If the author had taken the trouble to acquaint himself with the most recent historians of his period, his chronicling would have been less dry and lifeless, and he would not e.g. have described Charles the Great as king of * France.' Minor errors abound. Histoire de VEurope de 896 d 1270. Par C. B6mont et G. Monod. (Paris: Alcan. 1891.) This is a volume of a series of graduated school histories, and is intended to be read in the third class of a lyUe. It is almost a model of what a good school book should be, and is much superior in scholarship to any book of the same class which we know of in English. There are numerous illustrations, tables, and maps. The facts are not overcrowded together, and a clear thread of connexion runs through the whole book. The eminence of the writers is a sufficient guarantee for the soundness of the text. We may note, perhaps, that in the English part they lay a little too much stress on the seven kingdoms of the ' heptarchy.' It is also strange that in a work by M. B^mont the exact part played by Simon of Montfort in the development of the House of Commons is hardly stated with precision. Special stress is laid on French history, but the plan of teaching young pupils to regard their national history as part of a general development is much to be preferred to our insular plan of absolutely neglecting to teach in our schools the very rudiments of European history. The Dictionary of National Biography. Edited by Leslie Stephen and Sidney Leb. Vols. XXIII-XXVIII. (London: Smith and Elder. 1890-1891.) Since the last notice of the * Dictionary of National Biography ' in the English Historical Review (Oct. 1890) six volumes have appeared in due succession, carrying on the work from Gray to Inglethorp. The editorship has in the meanwhile passed from the hands of Mr. Leslie Stephen to those of Mr. Sidney Lee, but so firmly had the originator of the scheme laid down the lines on which the dictionary was to proceed, and so thoroughly is Mr. Lee imbued with. the spirit of the undertaking. Digitized by VjOOQIC 806 REVIEWS OF BOOKS Oct. that no intGrnal evidence of the cli&ngo of direction is discernible. Ouc difficulty, indeed, Mr. Lee has not contrived to surmount ; perhaps it is, in the nature of tilings, insurmountable. In seeking writers to recount the actions of persons recently deceased, he has naturally turned by pre- ference to their near relations who have from personal knowledge access to a source of information closed against others. On the other hand, such writers caimot be impartial, and more than one instance might be given from the volumes now under consideration, in which a relative or connexion decides in favour of the subject of the biography, in matters which are, to say the least, open to doubt. A note pointing out that the writer was the son or brother, as the case might be, of the personage whose actions and character he defends, would put the reader on lus guard, but it is hardly a course which an editor can well bo expected to take, if he expects to retain the services of such contributors. The royal subjects of biography in these volumes are the eight kings who bore the name of Henry. For the first and third Mr. Lee has gone to Mr. Hunt, for the second to Miss Norgate, for the fourth and sixth to Professor Tout, for the fifth to Mr. Kingsford, and for the seventh and eighth to Mr. Gairdner. The names of the writers are sufficient guarantees for soundness of work, and on the whole they have kept themselves free from the temptation to write history under the guise of biography. Professor Tout's account of the early life of Henry IV deserves special commendation as a piece of original investigation. Where there is so much to praise it may seem invidious to select any articles as being of special merit, but at- tention may be called to the treatment of George Hickcs by Mr. Macray, of Peter Heylyn by Bishop Creighton, of George Herbert, and William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, by Mr. Lee, of Herrick by !Mr. Buller, of Hyde (Clarendon) by Mr. Firth, and of Aaron Hill by Mr. Stephen. | 0.395342 | -0.517455 | 1,004 | 3,929 | 240 | 240 | royalty biographies | false |
99,935 | github_open_source_100_2_8334 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.bbn.serif.patterns;
import com.bbn.bue.sexp.Sexp;
public class PatternSexpParsingException extends RuntimeException {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
public PatternSexpParsingException(String msg) {
super(msg);
}
public PatternSexpParsingException(String msg, Throwable t) {
super(msg, t);
}
public PatternSexpParsingException(Sexp sexp, Throwable t) {
super(String.format("Error parsing sexp %s", sexp.toString()), t);
}
public PatternSexpParsingException(String msg, Sexp sexp) {
super(String.format("Error parsing sexp %s, %s", msg, sexp.toString()));
}
public PatternSexpParsingException(String msg, Sexp sexp, Throwable t) {
super(String.format("Error parsing sexp %s, %s", sexp.toString(), msg), t);
}
}
| 0.45997 | 0.903782 | 3,886 | 15,581 | 165 | -1 | Exception Handling | false |
99,936 | 19080401-19080430_00004.txt_2 | Spanish-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | misma compañía, como ocurría en aquella á que pertenecí en el 2 9 prusiano de Iniantería. Las clases portabanderas, generalmente, son á la vez Funktionsunteroffizier, no llevan fusil y sí sólo un sable corto, así como una gran gola cuando conducen la banderaLas demás clases de tropa se encuentran distribuidas entre las secciones orgánicas de la compañía, de igual manera que lo están también los aspirantes á cabo y los soldados de primera procedentes de reemplazo. La instrucción getieral de las clases de tropa en el cuerpo, viene á constituir lo que nosotros entendemos por academias regimentales, y que en el ejército de que me ocupo se designa por Kapitulantenschuleii ••eenganchados). Las academias regimentales no funcionan durante todo el año, sino únicamente en el período de invierno: desde 1 5 de octubre, en que comienzan, á fines de marzo en que el coronel pasa la inspección correspondiente. Los cursos son de distinta naturaleza, á saber: El primero para soldados de primera, reenganchados, •aspirantes á cabo y cabos, con objeto de complementar su instrucción general para llenar cumplidamente el cometido de clase de tropa. Las materias que comprende son: escritura, lectura,, cálculo hasta decimales, geografía é historia patria y d e l ] •"egimiento. Vez terminadas las instrucciones en la compañía. Tres días ^ la semana corresponde la geografía é historia, cuyo profesor es un oficial, en general los ayudantes de batallón: y los tres restantes corresponden á las demás asignaturas que están á cargo de maestros civiles. Generalmente este curso se sigue en dos grupos or1908 _,^_..„ ....... 26 (Escuelas de j Las clases son diarias, de una hora por la tarde, unaj ganizados según el grado de conocimientos de quienes han de constituirlos. El segundo curso es facultativo y tiene por objeto preparar á las clases de tropa que hayan satisfecho perfectamente á un examen sufrido de las materias del curso anterior, para los empleos de sargento y vicesargento primero y los llamados Funktionsunteroffiziere (destinos dencivil. tro de la compañía), así como para los conocimientos que más tarde se les asignan en el examen para destino Este curso, que se desarrolla en igual forma que el anterior, comprende las materias siguientes: alemán (sintaxis. y correspondencias militar y comercial^; Aritmética grafía, Historia patria. Dibujo y Taquigrafía. (O Cuanto se refiere á Kapitulantenschulen, puede verse detallado en las disposiciones de 2 de noviembre de 1876 y 28 agosto de 1880, las cuales determinan los programas y todo aquello que concierne á lo que acabo de apuntar. En la Escuela de tiro de infanteria tienen lugar anual- mente cursos para clases de tropa. E n el año 1 9 0 6 de mi comisión, se verificaron dos para 4 2 0 cabos ó sargentos de infantería, cazadores y zapadores, y I 2 0 de caballería en los campos de maniobras de Spandau (Ruhleben), Gruppe y Elsenborn, que cuentan con todos los elementos necesarios al desarrollo de la instrucción de tiro. Los cursos para clases de tropa denomínanse IJlbungscursus (cursos de ejercicios), duran de ordinario 4 0 días y tienen por objeto, en primer término, perfeccionar á aquellos en el tiro de guerra. Reciben, además, una profundísima instrucción práctica en todo lo relativo á preparación, colocación y servicio de los blancos de combate, manera de figurar el fuego enemigo, instrucción teórica acerca de las medidas de seguridad en campos de tiro y ; polígonos, etc. Además verifican los ejercicios de tiro de instrucción, relativos á la clase especial, y adquieren los conocimientos diversos necesarios al sargento de tiro en las compañías. Anualmente se determina el número de clases de tropa que corresponde enviar á cada cuerpo de ejército, y los comandantes de éstos los distribuyen entre los cuerpos á sus órdenes, procurando que gocen todos de este beneficio proporcionalmente. Los jefes de los cuerpos á quienes corresponde, designan la unidad ó unidades que han de nombrar las clases de tropa, teniendo en cuenta las necesidades de las compañías, hechas ya presentes por los jefes de batallón, quienes á su vez procuran que todo su cuerpo de clases de tropa vaya pasando por la Escuela de tiro ( l ). p'} los empleos de sargento primero ó vicesargento pri•^ero no son destinados á la escuela.' A¿ batallón de instrucción de Potsdam acuden anualmente unos 6 0 cabos y sargentos de infantería y cazadores, que se distribuyen á prorrateo entre los distintos cuerpos de ejército, cuyos comandantes designan por turno el ó los regimientos que han de enviarlos, al objeto de que todos los cuerpos tengan el mayor número posible de clases de tropa que hayan pasado por el Lehrbataillon ( l ) . También anualmente se designan dos cabos ó sargentos por batallón de infantería ó cazadores que van á reci- bir en el batallón de zapadores del cuerpo de ejército, durante un mes, una instrucción de trabajos de fortificación semipermanente y construcción de puentes de circunstancias. Los jefes de batallón atienden á satisfacer con equidad las necesidades de las compañías. Dichas clases de tropa son más tarde auxiliares de un oficial del cuerpo que, habiendo pasado también por el batallón de zapadores, da la referida instrucción á un centenar de hombres del regimiento ( 2 ) . Reenganches y ascensos.—Para poder optar á reenganche es necesario á la clase de tropa de una ú otra procedencia, haber demostrado ante todo un amor al oficio sin límites, puesto de manifiesto con su celo, puntualidad en el servicio y la más severa disciplina, sin todo lo cual su capitán no le dará consentimiento para ello. Para que éste lo mismo que aquél puedan obrar con entera libertad de acción, sin perjuicio alguno para los intereses del servicio, los reenganches sólo se efectúan por el lapso de un año completo ó cuando más, y excepcionalmente, de dos. De esta manera, todo comandante de compañía puede oponer su veto al reenganche de uno de sus Acerca de este batallón he de decir algo más en el TítuloIV. Véase Título VÍ.—Instrucción de trabajos de zapador. subordinados que por razones especiales no le convenga tener en su unidad, y recíprocamente cualquier clase de tropa puede abandonar el ejército activo con gran facilidad en el momento que termine el corto período de reenganche en que se encuentra. Véase aquí una vez más la elevada personalidad del capitán. Obsérvese cómo se le coloca en condiciones de hacerse unos auxiliares á su imagen y semejanza, y calcúlese, desde luego, el cuidado que pondrá él en tamaña empresa. ¿•No es ésta también una excelente manera de hacer buenas clases de tropa.'' Saben éstos muy bien que hasta cumplir los doce años de servicio no pueden aspirar á ocupar un destino civil. íQué duda cabe, por consiguiente, de que sin llenar aquel requisito habrán de abandonar el servicio activo, forzada ó voluntariamente, siempre con el sentimiento de perder las ventajas que llevan ya alcanzadas.^ A l contraer el primer reenganche, único que puede llegar á cuatro años, el individuo ó clase de tropa recibe Un premio (Kapitulations-handgeld) de lOO marcos ( 1 2 5 francos) (l), y cuando se separa del servicio, después de llevar en él un mínimo dé doce años, se le entregan i.OOO marcos ( 1 . 2 5 0 francos) (Dienstpramie). Estas son las únicas cantidades extraordinarias que recibe durante el tiempo de servicio activo. Por lo demás uo tienen mayor sueldo que el señalado ya ( 2 ) y una gratificación inherente á determinados destinos, como son los del sargento de tiro, de almacén de compañía y de íurriel, que reciben tres marcos mensuales ( 3 ). (•) Los individuos de tropa que se reenganclian la primera vez por un año, sólo reciben 50 marcos. (2) Título I.—El haber y comida del soldado. (3) El cabo ó sargento escribiente de batallón ó de regimiento, recibe 9 marcos mensuales de gratificación. Y a en más de una ocasión he indicado que las clases de tropa sólo podían alcanzar la epaulette de oficial, únicamente en tiempo de guerra, siendo precisamente sargentos primeros y concurriendo hechos excepcionales por parte del agraciado, al mismo tiempo que circunstancias especialísimas de índole moral. En tiempo de paz el acceso al oficialato les es imposible. No he de hacer aquí consideración ninguna acerca del sistema de ascensos de las clases de tropa, seguido hasta dos años hace. Hoy, bien sencillamente se desarrolla, y en dos palabras puede darse idea de él, como y a lo hice en el Título I al hablar de El personal. Ante todo, los ascensos verifícanse dentro de cada compañía ó de los destinos que son independientes de las plantillas de aquellas, verbigracia, el de escribiente mayor de una oficina del cuerpo. A los cinco años y medio de servicio, y siempre que el capitán lo propone, el coronel asciende á sargento á los cabos; á los nueve años asciende á los sargentos á vicesargentos primeros. Aquí termina la carrera de la clase de tropa. El ascenso á sargento primero es por elección, precisaentre todas las clases de mente, del capitán de la compañía, tropa de la suya y sin que se requiera, por consiguiente, el empleo de vicesargento primero. No es muy corriente, sin embargo, el caso de ser ascendido un cabo á sargento primero, porque ¿qué capitán puede haber dejado llegar á vicesargento primero un personal en el que no puede tener confianza para cargo tan importante.? Por eso, cuando una clase de tropa asciende á sargento primero sin ser el vicesargento primero más antiguo, razones sobradas habrá para ello; pues de suponer es, que en n u e v e años d e c o n t i n u o estudio d e l p e r s o n a l á sus órdenes, el c o m a n d a n t e d e c o m p a ñ í a q u e c o n s e r v a el m a n d o de su unidad, c r i t e r i o s o b r a d o d e b e t e n e r p a r a s a b e r lo q u e á él p e r s o n a l m e n t e le c o n v i e n e. Porque c a b e , y m u y h u m a n o es, y no es difícil a p r e ciarlo en multitud de ó r d e n e s de la vida, que el q u e o c u p e Un p u e s t o de i m p o r t a n c i a d o b l e g á n d o s e á la r e c o m e n d a ción, á la a m i s t a d , ó á la influencia, l l e g u e al f a v o r i t i s m o c o n g r a v e p e r j u i c i o del servicio.... Ello y la c o n s i d e r a c i ó n *al fin y al c a b o , ¿á m í qué?», r e p i t o q u e h u m a n o s son y pueden tener lugar.... y hasta me atrevería á asegurar que tienen l u g a r en a l g ú n c a s o. Pero lo q u e no es h u m a n o , ni se c o n c i b e , ni h a y a l truismo q u e lo d i s c u l p e , es el sacrificio p r o p i o p o r s o m e terse á c o m p r o m i s o s d e a m i s t a d , de influencia, d e recomendación... ¿Podrá un c o m a n d a n t e d e s e o s de servirle? Y o , en mi h u m i l d e c r i t e r i o , e n t i e n d o q u e s e r á n muy de compañía hacer s a r g e n t o p r i m e r o á quien no c o n s i d e r e él con a p t i t u d e s y escasos los s e ñ o r e s q u e , t r a t á n d o s e d e e l e g i r m a y o r d o m o entre sus c r i a d o s , c e d a n á la r e c o m e n d a c i ó n y o l v i d e n lo que les i n t e r e s a. pero creo no han de ser superfinos algunos datos más acerca de los derechos pecuniarios dentro del cuerpo. Todos aquellos soldados de primera, reenganchados ó no, que interinamente prestan servicio de cabo, reciben tres marcos mensuales de gratificación, además de la comida de clase de tropa ( l ) . ' Cuando por asuntos del servicio tengan que separarse de la guarnición más de veinticuatro horas, todas las clases de tropa que estén casados reciben 5 0 céntimos diarios de plus. Cuando se hallen enfermos en el hospital ó establecimiento benéfico, las familias tienen derecho á una cantidad (Lohnungszuschuss), variable con el empleo del cabo ó sargento, á saber: De sargento primero, 1 , 5 0 marcos diario; de vicesargento primero, 1 , 2 0 ; de sargento, o,go, y de cabo, 0 , 6 0 . A propósito de casamiento de las clases de tropa, manifestaré que los jefes de cuerpo están llamados á intervenir y conceder ó no la autorización al efecto, atendiendo á la moralidad de la contrayente. A la vez, toda clase de tropa, al casarse, se halla obligado á depositar una cantidad (Heiratsgut) de 3 0 0 marcos ( 3 7 5 francos) en las cajas del cuerpo, y de la cual puede hacer uso en casos especiales de enfermedad, accidentes, etc. Los casados habitan el pabellón al efecto en los cuarteles, ó reciben una indemnización de casa equivalente, y que hasta 1 9 0 6 era variable según las guarniciones, pero hoy es fija. Para sargentos primeros, 4 2 2 , 5 0 francos; P'diirich, 262,25, y sargento ó cabo, 1 7 3 , 2 5. Los solteros viven, como he dicho en otro lugar, en locales de la compañía á que pertenecen, pero indepen- (i) Véase Título \.—Haberes y dientes de los dormitorios de tropa, los cuales son presididos por soldados de primera. Las clases de tropa de la infantería alemana van perfecta y hasta elegantemente vestidos, ajustándose estrictamente á las prescripciones reglamentarias. Las compañías atienden al vestuario de las clases, que es de almacén precisamente; però como la duración que se le asigna es menor que para el de tropa, raro es ver un cabo ó sargento que no vista divinamente y no lleve su mano cubierta . en todo momento con los inmaculados guantes de gamuza, de uso facultativo ( l ) . Las clases de tropa tienen derecho á un individuo que les limpie sus efectos de uniforme y equipo, á quien se exime de otros servicios de policía. Una institución característica del ejército alemán y análoga á la del mismo género en los oficiales, es el lla- mado casino de clases de tropa (Unteroffizier kasino). Cada batallón tiene el suyo, compuesto de tres ó más locales, i^no de los cuales sirve de comedor, otro -de sala de lectura, billar, etc. ngar los exámenes de las clases de tropa. Dos veces anualmente, y con autorización y apoyo de los superiores, las clases de tropa reúnense, bien por cuerPos, bien por batallones, y celebran sus Unteroffizier ^ En el casino hacen la comida oficial, y hasta tienen Sourinerfó Winterfesi, que comienzan al atardecer y ter, ( i ) Más de una vez me lie detenido á examinar las ventanas de 'Os pabellones de clase de tropa que al patio del cuartel daban , ^ y "e podido contaren buen número de ellas, en más de una ocasión, ^eis y hasta ocho pares de guantes de gamuza, que esmeradamente cavados se hallaban puestos á secar y demostraban el cuidado que ^e prestaba á una prenda que la compañía entregaba una vez cumPudo su tiempo de servicio, pero que podía ó no llevarse puesta. Acerca del particular, lo mismo que el uso de la trabilla en el pantalón, la limpieza del cuello de la guerrera y otros detalles, las *^lases de tropa no hacen más que imitar á los oficíales. minan á la madrugada del siguiente día, que se procura elegir domingo. A dichas fiestas, cuyo programa, con pequeñas diferencias, puede decirse que es el mismo, consistente en sinfonía por la banda ú orquesta ( l ) del regimiento, v a riados ejercicios acrobáticos, piececitas de teatro, juegos !•.>'•'.'* V' de prestidigitación, etc., asisten las familias, amistades y prometidas de las clases, y concurren también los jefes y siendo de rigor que tras un discurso patriótico rebosando espíritu de cuerpo. Hers Major, rompa la marcha en la polonesa llevando del brazo á la señora del Feldwebel más antiguo, quien por su parte actuará de director en tan solemne momento. Y o sé de sobra que este rasgo de la vida militar alemana ha de causar algún gesto de extrañeza, cierta resistencia á encontrarle de convenientes efectos. Por mi parte véome precisado á omitir todo juicio prO'' pio acerca de lo que es, significa y lleva consigo cuanto acabo de indicar. Para abogar en pro ó en contra tendi'ía necesidad de extenderme en consideraciones que en todo caso no serían del momento y tal vez no fueran lo claras y convincentes que entraran en mi propósito. ••V.!;/,W oficiales del batallón, y aun á veces las señoras de aquellos, Jinalización de la vida militar.—Puede tener lugar antes y después, ó en el momento de cumplir los doce años de servicio. Siempre que termina uno de los plazos de reenganche á que hice mención anteriormente, la clase de tropa puede solicitar su separación del ejército activo, abandonándole según los casos, con derechos de cierto género ó con la obligación de cumplir en la reserva y Landwehr, el (i) Véase lo que más tarde digo de las bandas militares. tiempo que por su situación le falte aún para terminar su servicio militar. Dichos derechos son: las plazas de agentes de policía (Sckutsmann) para aquellos que lleven seis años de servicio, y las de gendarmes para los que cumplieron nueve, si bien en ambos casos sin la menor nota desfavorable. Si, por el contrario, en el momento de terminar los doce años de servicio, sin notas desfavorables, solicitan su separación de la vida militar activa, reciben un ceftifieado que en principio les da derecho á un destino civil. • He dicho, en principio, por qué el Estado no sale ga•"ante del derecho citado. Para ponerlo de manifiesto, v o y exponer unas ideas generales acerca de lo prescrito so- j bre destinos civiles, legislación que ciertamente no deja j' de ser bastante compleja, como ocurre también con otro^ • nen número de cuestiones según ha de poder observarse en el curso de este trabajo. Las plazas de empleados subalternos de la administración imperial, y de los estados de la confederación, se •reservan á las clases de tropa en las condiciones antedi^bas, siempre que satisfagan á un examen que al efecto 'ene lugar previamente: de suerte que no pueden aquellas ^er adjudicadas á candidatos civiles sino en el caso de no iberios militares con aptitud reconocida. l^ara ello el Estado da facilidades á los aspirantes, para Pí-eparación. Las clases de tropa están autorizadas para, antes de ^"niplir su tiempo de servicio, practicar en aquella oficina destino de la administración á que aspiran, durante un Período de tiempo que varía de seis meses á un año. Entre los destinos reservados, los principales son: las Zas de escribientes de juzgado, correos, telégrafos, fe- rrocarriles y demás administraciones que no requieran conocimientos técnicos especiales. Además de esto, previos ciertos requisitos de edad y servicio activo, examen variable según los casos, y que se ría prolijo exponer aquí, pueden las clases de tropa seguir •dentro del ejército una carrera, creándose un porvenir, entrando en determinados cuerpos de servicios auxiliares y de la administraci(5n militar, cuyos miembros, como es .sabido, no se califican en Alemania como oficiales, sino de empleados {Beamteii). Tales son el cuerpo de oficiales de arsenal, los emplea dos subalternos de la intendencia (secretarios, archiveros), los de la administración de guarnición, de talleres de ves tuario, de subsistencia, hospitales, prisiones, estableci mientos de instrucción etc., y los pagadores {Zahlmeistei') <le los cuerpos, que y a indiqué son los mismos que en una sola persona resumen los cargos de cajero, almacén, auxiliar y mayor en cada batallón. De esta manera las clases de tropa, comenzando po*" los empleos subalternos, pueden llegar á obtener sueldos anuales de Derechos 4.000 marcos (5.000 francos), con derechos á retiro, equivalente al de un oficial de igual paga. pasivos.—Las clases de tropa y soldados tie nen en determinados casos derecho á una pensión po' servicios ó enfermedad en tiempo de paz. Esta pensión puede ser de cinco clases cobrando mensualmente: 1.« 2.» 3." Sargentos i.os y vicesargen- 42 M R . gentos 1 . 0 8 36 Sargentos 33 Cabos Soldados j 30 ^ 33 MK- 27 21 18 •5 MR. 27 24 21 4, 21 ME. 12 iS 9 12 6 9 • ;j 15 MR. La 1. " se concede á los 3 6 años de servicios ó en caso de inutilidad completa {Gawzinvalide) sobrevenida después de 2 5 años de servicio, ó bien si la inutilidad es tal que exige los cuidados ó concurso de otro para alimentarse. La 2.^ se concede á los 3 0 años de servicio ó inutilidad completa después de 2 0 años de servicio. La 3. ' ' corresponde á los 2 4 años de servicios 6 casi inutilidad después de 1 5 años de servicio dad parcial, después de 1 2 años de servicio. Y j por último, la S.** se asigna á los inútiles que llevan 8 años de servicio, á los completamente inútiles para el Servicio por enfermedades contraídas en él y á los s e m i mútiles, después de 1 2 años de servicio. Además existen indemnizaciones por pérdida de un miembro ó enfermedad que le inutilice; sin contar con las pensiones por invalidez de tiempo de guerra. ' Las clases é individuos de tropa inútiles pueden tam•en renunciar á su pensión, siendo en dicho caso admitidos en los Establecimientos de inválidos de Berhn, Stolp, ^arslshafen y Schwerin ( i ). l^os palabras, únicamente, para terminar. L>espués de lo dicho, seguramente creo que habrán de •atribuirse á las clases de tropa alemanas virtudes militares 1 'liantes y al más alto nivel. L a afirmación de ello por ^^^^^^^P^i^ sería inútil y se reduciría á una repetición enoftías^ri ^í^^'V'.t'ace 20 años existían en Prusia las llamadas compaiSsV"^^''*^"^' "^1^ número de seis, las cuales fueron suprimidas des existiendo en la actualidad en Wurtemberg. Las cantida5g¡' para el ])ago de pensiones provienen: parte de la cantidad U a m 1 ^ en presupuesto (Allgemeine pensions fonds), y parte del Ara-'^ , ^"""^o de inválidos (Reichs Invaliden líonds), constituido, la i guerra franco-alemana, por 701.205.000 francos que de ndemnización francesa se destinaron al efecto. {Halbinvalid). La 4." se concede á los 1 8 años de servicio ó inutili- josa. {Continuará.) (De la Memoria presentada en el Estado Mayor Central por il capitán de infantería en prácticas en el ejército alemán, agregado al regimiento de Infantería núm. 2p.) * : * *1 Los ascensos. En lo que va de año, los ascensos han estado totalmente paralizados; los publicados el día 2 1 de mayo, para los empleos inferiores, han sido poco numerosos. Este he- cho es atribuido á la escasez de oficiales subalternos, y constituye una situación alarmante y difícil de resolver. En el arma de infantería faltan subalternos para un lO por l o o de los puestos; en la de caballería, y especial"fente en los cuerpos distinguidos (coraceros, húsares, etcétera), la escasez es mayor. E l regimiento de coraceros de la Guardia sólo tiene 1 5 oficiales para sus 5 escuadroíes, de modo que, cuando menos, queda una sección por escuadrón, sin mando de oficial. Es de observar que las llamadas despedidas del servi(oficios con sobre azul) han tenido y a lugar y que, por consiguiente, se han producido las vacantes; de modo que el retardo en dar curso á las escalas, mediante los correspondientes ascensos, significa algo que se relaciona mucho con las dificultades para el reclutamiento de la oficialidad. La opinión halla las causas de esta crisis en la misma 'entitud de las carreras y en la insuficiencia de los sueldos. Por lo que respecta á la primera, la interesantes como los siguientes. Las antigüedades en su empleo de los segundos te•iientes del ejercito prusiano, son: Dienstalterlistc (que da la situación del día 4 de mayo) ofrece datos tan Para los de Infantería — Caballería — Artillería de campaña. — Artillería á pie — Ingenieros — Comunicaciones — Tren Enero de 1898. Julio de 1897. Agosto de 1896. Abril de 1896. Agosto de 1899. Octubre de 1899Junio de 1899. En la referida clase hay, por lo tanto, antigüedades del empleo muy variadas, según las armas ó institutos. ( 9 á 1 3 años), y también diferencias grandes en su tiempo de servicio de oficial ( l i á 1 3 años) alcanzando edades que varían entre los 3 0 y 3 4 años. Análogas son las circunstancias en el ejército bávaro: en el de Sajonia dichas cifras son menores, en 2 años, que las de Prusia y Baviera. Las carreras de los primeros tenientes son todavía peores, para los de infantería, caballería y artillería de campaña, pues tienen un promedio de siete y medio años de antigüedad en su empleo. E l primer teniente más antiguo de infantería tiene la antigüedad en el servicio de oficial, de mayo de 1 8 9 2 ; esto es, que lleva 1 6 años de oficial, 1 7 y medio de servicio, y tiene una edad aproximada á 3 8 años. Los primeros tenientes de artillería á pie, de ingeniesos, de comunicaciones y de tren, se hallan en condiciones más ventajosas, con diferencia de 3 á 4 años, respecto de los anteriores. Los de los ejércitos bávaro y . sajón gozan de 2 años de ventaja, respecto de los del prusiano. Por lo pronto, son de notar las diferencias existentes entre las carreras de los oficiales de unas y otras armas e institutos, y de unos y otros ejércitos de la Confederación. Y , si así se considera que una tan prolongada situación en las escalas subalternas tiene lugar con sueldos de 1890 marcos (que pronto se elevarán á 2100), no es de extrañar que falte atractivo á la carrera militar, y q^^^ sobrevenga la crisis en el problema del reclutamiento de oficiales. No puede menos de suceder que tales dificultades re percutan sobre las carreras en los empleos de capjtán y superiores. Las antigüedades de los capitanes son: En Infantería — Caballería — Artillería de campaña.. — Artillería á pie — Ingenieros. — Comunicaciones — Tren Enero de 1897. Junio de 1897. Marzo de 1897. Septiembre de 1898. Noviembre de 1897. Septiembre de 1900. Enero de 1899. Es menor la desigualdad en este empleo; pero aun existen diferencias de dos y medio años, siempre en beneficio de determinadas armas é institutos. Los capitanes más antiguos de Infantería son oficiales desde 1 8 8 2 , llevan, por consiguiente, 2 7 años de servicio, con 4 7 de edad, al ser promovidos á comandantes. La situación general mejora y se normaliza en los empleos superiores, pues los comandantes llegan, en cuatro ^nos, á tenientes coroneles, y éstos, en tres ó cuatro años, ^ coroneles. Pero, en este punto y en lo tocante al sistema de ascensos, juegan mucho papel los factores y las prácticas no escritas en la ley (todos comprendidos bajo la dei^cminación del sobre azul), 'íué reproducir inasta repasar la Rangliste, para ver que no al capricho, sino á ciertas miras, debe obedecer la permanente provisión de mandos de brigada en coroneles, la de mandos de regimientos con tenientes coroneles y aun comandantes, y las vacantes continuas de tenientes coroneles en determinado número de unidades. En cambio, no se ven casos de mando de batallón por un capitán. esto es peculiar ó exclusivo del ejército alemán, ni es medida provisional ú oportunista para procurar el acortamiento de las carreras y su uniformidad en los empleos superiores, anteriores al generalato. Tampoco es medida general para todas las armas é institutos, y así es natural 1908 27 y otros procedimientos no llenos efectivos que, por sobrado conocidos, no hay para que suceda, dada la pugna que ha de haber entre la con fección de plantillas sobre la base de la proporcionalidad, у el mantenimiento de igualdades у de normalidades en las duraciones de las carreras, sin perjuicio para la idonei-, dad y para los méritos de los que hayan de ser generales. {De datos existentes en este Centro). RUMANIA Reorganización militar. Las Cámaras rumanas acaban de votar por unanimidad una ley, propuesta por el S r. Ministro de la Guerra, que hace importantes modificaciones en la organización del ejército. Hasta ahora la duración del servicio militar era de tres años y la instrucción de las tropas estaba basada en un sistema de servicio alternativo. Este sistema dividía los contingentes anuales en dos partes, una destinada á formar el ejército permanente, y otra á un servicio reducido, llamado alternativo, que consistía en dar á los hombres una instrucción de unos dos meses y después á licenciarlos con la obligación de hacer una docena de veces por año un servicio de una semana. Pero en vista de los gastos y dificultades que representaba el llamamiento casi niensual de estos contingentes, los períodos de servicio no ascendían realmente á más de cuatro. Estos hombres no poseían, por lo tanto, más que una instrucción militar ffluy superficial. Resultaba que el número de hombres incorporados al ejército permanente no era superior más que en un tercio á los que hacían el servicio alternativo. E n efecto, de los 9 0. 0 0 0 reclutas inscritos anualmente en las listas, se deducen habitualmente 30 .OOO por haber sido inscritos i n d e b i d a m e n t e 6 p o rt e n e r restantes d e r e c h o á e x e n c i o n e s u n o s legales. q u e De los 60.000 d e r e c h o h a y q u e d e d u c i r d e 6.500 tienen tivo cos, q u e á p a s a r á los c u a d r o s servicio á alternaúni2.500 e n virtud d e l a s v e n t a j a s c o n c e d i d a s l o s hijos á los q u e tienen s e r e p a r t e n y p o r u n h e r m a n o e n el e j é r c i t o , e t c. lo referente sujetos á la d u r a c i ó n d e l s e r al servicio 7 a ñ o s y IO' e n militar e n d e Vicio, 'os los c i u d a d a n o s años e s t a b a n 2 1 á l o s 46 c u m p l i d o s , á saber servicio activo, La 7 e n la reserva, 6 e n la milicia las m a s a s . e n la l e y q u es e a c a b a d e v o t a r d e 2 á 5 años, y r e d u c e a u m e n t a el servicio i"eserva el servicio e n la milicia d e servicio será d e á ^ 3 4 a años. Las Para l a s m a s a s l a d u r a c i ó n del militares años. e d a d obligaciones años. El cesarán, h a p o rl o tanto, fijado d e 40 servicio a c t i v o sido u n i - •"memente alternativo. e n 2 años, y s u p r i m e e n g r a n p a r t e el servicio Gracias si 3 8 . 5 0 0 "^ente y á esta m e d i d a , serán con el m i s m o n ú m e r o d e reclup e r m a y h o - h o m b r e s i n c o r p o r a d o s al ejército recibirán u n a instrucción q u e el n ú m e r o q u e d e militar c o m p l e t a ^ o g é n e a , m i e n t r a s m á s d e l o s q u ela recibirán q u e , p o r d e r e c h o , s o n el antiguo Inferior n o será 6.500 e x c e p t u a d o s Cisterna, p a r a ornbres d e l servicio el p e r í o d o d e p e r m a n e n t e. Según 3 años d e servicio h a b í a 55-500 c o n u n ainstrucción incompleta; l a aplicación d e la nueva ley limita este número á 1 3 . 0 0 0 , en un período de dos años. Otra ley pone á disposición del Ministerio de la Guerra á todos los jóvenes que tengan IQ años cumplidos, y serán sujetos, hasta la edad de 2 1 años, á ejercicios milita-'! res y de tiro que tendrán lugar todos los domingos desde ' el mes de abril hasta el de noviembre. (Be datos existentes en este Cefitro.) SUIZA Ración y haber diario del soldado. Haber.—En paz y en guerra, los de caballería, tren, sanidad, ordenanzas y asistentes, un franco; el resto ochenta céntimos. Además, un franco y medio de gratificación diariamente los que prestan servicio en los estados mayores, planas mayores, establecimientos de instrucción, y en general, todos los que están separados de sus compañías. Ración.—Se puede dar en metálico ó en especie; en el primer caso se abona un franco al soldado de filas y dos á los ordenanzas y asistentes, tanto en guerra como en paz; en el segundo caso la ración de guerra se compone de: Pan Carne fresca Legumbres Sal 0^,375 o'',750 ó ok,500 galleta. ó 0^,250 carne en conserva. oi',i50 á o'',20o. 0^,020. Café tostado Azúcar Combustible ok.ois. ol!,o20. Cantidad variable según la cocina que se use. Si la ración es extraordinaria, se aumentan 1 2 5 gramos de carne ó queso, y 5 decilitros de vino ó I de aguardiente. La ración depa^ Pan consiste en: oli,750. Carne ok,32o. Para legumbres, sal, café y combustible. o fr, 2 2 en metálico. El rancho se hace en las unidades administrativas con la ración de carne y los 0 , 2 2 francos por plaza; también disfruta de las raciones de todos los soldados que estén con permiso. Los jefes y oficiales disfrutan de la misma ración del soldado, ración que pueden tomar en metálico ó en especie; ó bien la dejan como los soldados para el rancho y se alimentan con él, lo que está muy recomendado y se practica con frecuencia. Los jefes de unidad administrativa están facultados para retener del haber del soldado la cantidad que estillen necesaria, si no fuesen suficientes los veintidós céntimos, para aplicarla al rancho; en la práctica esta retención se hace cuando hay carestía excepcional y cuando el fiümero de plazas en rancho es menor de cuatrocientas; la retención varía entre uno y diez céntimos diarios. Naturalmente, en los últimos años el servicio de subsistencias sólo ha suministrado pan y carne; á continuación se detallan los precios medios del coste al Estado: En 1905 Francai. En 1906 Francos. 1 kg. pan 0,234 0,2337 I kg. carne Ración de pan (750 gr.) Id. de carne (320 gr .) 1,40 0,1757 0,4486 i,43 o ,i753 0,4583 ¡ I | Ración del caballo. La ordinaria se compone de 4 kg. de avena, 5 kg. de heno y 3 i kg. de paja; la extraordinaria de 5 kg. de ave'^a, 6 kg. de heno y 3 i kg- de paja. I PRECIOS MEDIOS En 1905 FraTicos. En 1906 Francos. ICO kg. de avena Id. de heno Id. de paja Ración ordinaria Id. extraordinaria 191I2 9,28 6,86 1,469 i ,7S3 {De ciatos existentes en este I9i97 9,92 7,06 1,542 1,841 Centro). AMÉRICA ESTADOS UNIDOS Organización de la artilleria de costa. Ninguna nación hasta el presente ha dado á la defen- ; sa de las costas la importancia que los Estados Unidos d e. América. Puede decirse que el principal, por no decir el único cuidado de este Ministerio de la Guerra, es colocar las extensas costas de su territorio nacional en condicio nes de poder resistir un ataque marítimo, poniendo sus importantísimos puertos comerciales al abrigo de la agre sión de una escuadra, y protegiendo los militares que son las bases de operaciones de sus flotas. A este objeto, la representación del país, es decir, las Cámaras federales, no han regateado gasto alguno. Hasta ahora cuanto ha pedido el Presidente de República le ha sido concedido; y no hay que decir que, dado el poder financiero de la nación, las sumas empleadas en fortifica ciones y artillería son fabulosas. No se detiene el país en el camino emprendido, y cada año se presupuestan más cantidades, que se convierten al poco tiempo en nuevas enormes defensas, que hacen de estas costas una línea continua de posiciones inexpugnables. De esta organización defensiva forman parte dos elementos por completo distintos y separados en tiempo de paz, pero que se unirán y completarán en tiempo de guerra. El primero de estos elementos, que es el permanente, lo forman ei personal y material de artillería y las fortificaciones permanentes. El segundo lo componen las tropas de las otras armas, que apoyarán y sostendrán estas obras oponiéndose ó evitando los desembarcos. Dado el desarrollo enorme de las defensas y la considerable distancia que las separa, sería necesario disponer de grandes efectivos combatientes para poder atender con esperanzas de éxito á varios puntos amenazados, fuerzas que, dadas las ideas del país, contrarias al servicio militar obligatorio, es imposible sostener de continuo ni aun con plantillas muy reducidas. Debido á esto, las fuerzas que en caso de guerra han de proteger esta artillería, no pueden ser solamente las del ejército permanente, que son escasísimas y poco susceptibles de aumento, á pesar de los elevados sueldos que re pagan al soldado. Para remediar esta dificultad se ha pensado en una mstitución nueva de milicias federales movilizadas, completamente diferentes á las antiguas; milicias que á la hora presente no están completamente organizadas, pero cuyo estudio y reglamentación es un hecho, y hasta se han movilizado parcialmente por vía de ensayo. La proporción en que está el arma relativamente al efectivo total del ejército, comprendidos los cuerpos de ocupación de Filipinas y Puerto Rico, es la del 25,37 1 0 0 , y con relación al arma de infantería, el 7 5 por ICO. Estos números prueban, más que ningún otro género de consideraciones, la importancia que dá esta nación á la defensa de sus costas. Lodo este personal está organizado en 1 7 0 compañías de desigual fuerza, mandadas por un capitán y dos tenientes, distinguiéndose unas de otras por el número. Algunas que guarnecen fuertes de gran importancia, como son los de Nueva Y o r k y San Francisco, tienen uno ó dos tenientes más. -, ..- .• .........^ Todas ellas están destinadas al manejo de la artillería de costa, pero las que tienen los números siguientes ( 9 , 1 4 , 1 6 , 1 9 , 2 8 , 3 4 , 3 7 , 54> 5 7 , 5 8 , 6 0 , 7 2 , 9 5 , 1 0 0 , 1 0 4 , 1 2 7 , 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137. 139, 140, 142, 144, 146, 147, 1 5 0 , 1 5 4 , 155, 1 5 6 , 157, 1 0 2 , 1 6 3 , 164, 1 6 5 , 170), es- tán también encargadas de minas y torpedos. Tal es, sin entrar en detalles, la sencillísima organización de la artillería de costa en los Estados Unidos, cuya descripción minuciosa será objeto de ulteriores estudios parciales. ^ f g a n i z a c i ó n d e la d e f e n s a d e l o s f r e n t e s m a r í t i m o s y d i s t r i b u c i ó n d e las 1 7 0 c o m p a ñ í a s d e artillería d e c o s t a. Las costas de los Estados Unidos y sus posesiones están divididas en veinticuatro distritos que, en general, comprende cada uno un conjunto de obras destinadas á nna defensa determinada y , por lo tanto, dependientes, en Cierto modo, unas de otras. Estos distritos están mandados por un jefe de artillería, que puede ser coronel, teniente coronel ó mayor, ^egún la importancia de las obras que los forman. En la actualidad los núms. 2 , 1 2 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 1 9 y 2 1 están niandados por mayores; los 9 y IO por tenientes corone-1 ^es, y todos los demás por coroneles, excepto el 2 4 , que \ está en Filipinas, y lo manda un capitán. La plana mayor de todos los distritos es la misma, y ^e compone de un ayudante, un oficial Quartermaster, un oficial técnico de artilleria (Artillery engineer) y un ofi^'al del Ordnance Departement. El número de compañías de artilleria de costa que tiene afectas cada distrito, varía según su importancia y ^egún las necesidades de las piezas de que disponen las ^bras á él afectas. ^ PRIMER DISTRITO . — P O R T L A N D Comprende los fuertes Williams, Mac-Kinley, Preble, Levett, estando el cuartel general en el primero. Forman estas obras la defensa 'del puerto y bahía de Portland en el estado del Maine. Fuerte Williams.—En la bahía, y á cuatro millas de Portland: tres compañías, números 5, 49 y 155. Fuerte Mackinley.—cinco millas de Portland: cinco compañías, números'23, 24, 37, 90 y 154. Fuerte Preble.—A tres millas de Portland: dos compañías, números 8 y 107. Fuerte Levett.—A cuatro millas de Portland: una compañía, número I. | 0.407275 | -0.57374 | 877 | 3,546 | 240 | 240 | royalty biographies | false |
99,937 | github_open_source_100_2_8335 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import my.notes.orgmode as orgmode
def test():
# meh
results = orgmode.query().query_all(lambda x: x.with_tag('python'))
assert len(results) > 5
| 0.376157 | 0.709248 | 3,500 | 14,040 | 244 | -1 | JavaScript Project | false |
99,938 | sn87065327_1902-01-17_1_2_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | SEEKS COUNTY SUPERIOR Published Every Friday. JAB. FAULK. Editor and Proprietor Official organ of Greene County. SUBSCRIPTION $1.00 PER YEAR IN ADVANCE. Advertising rates furnished on application. Local reading notices $0.50 per line. Address all communications to Publisher at Leakesville, Greene County, M. Entered in the Post Office at Leakesville as second-class matter. The writer had the pleasure of spending several days in the historic old town of Salem, or what is now called Leaf, last week. It was at this place that the old Salem High School was located, and where a great many of the prominent people of this section received their education. After years of patient waiting, the people of that town have at last got to the railroad there in reality. The track has been laid through the town and some piece above it. While not yet in such shape as to admit of the railroad company running regular trains over to Leaf now, yet they have the advantage of getting anything that is needed passed out by the construction train. In the course of a few weeks, the town will be blessed with both freight and passenger service. We found Leaf on a decided boom. There are already three large stores there, besides another of moderate size, and then the drug store, Black and Co., O'Neal-Thomson and Co., Beard and Beard and Mrs. Ellen Green are proprietors of the various stores. The drug store was formerly owned by Beard Drug Co. There was a change in ownership consummated during our stay, by which Faulk Bros. became their successors. There are two hotels both doing a flourishing business. One run by Mrs. E. Green, having had her residence fixed up for accommodation, the other, which is a large new two-story building, is run by Mr. Van Stringfellow. He also runs the livery. The stores are all doing a good business. There are two doctors, Dr. S. D. Wall, and another gentleman whose name we failed to learn. The health of the town is comparatively very good. A contract has just been let to Mr. J. A. Freeman for building twelve cottages, and two residences. Mr. Freeman is a splendid contractor as shown by the number of buildings he is handling at one time. The Leaf Land Co. is doing a good business in the way of selling off lots and improving their property generally. A beautifully designed new Presbyterian church has just been completed. It lends a great deal to the good appearance of the town. There are numerous other improvements in vogue which we regret we haven't space this week to mention. A newspaper for the town is another move on foot to be run by Faulk Brothers. The town is crowded now with railroad people and carpenters. There is a great demand for houses. Taken altogether we think the town has a very bright future, but don’t think its light will shine as strong as Leaksville's in their respective zeniths of prosperity. FOR LOSS OF APPETITE. Groves' Tasteless Chill Tonic, superior to all others. Over 100 people visited schools in Rocky Creek vicinity and Merrill last week. BY TEST HAS PROVEN BEST. Grove Tasteless Chill Tonics SAVANNAH MERCHANT SUICIDES Turner, Tired of Life, Ends His Existence in Atlanta Hotel. R. H. Turner, a cotton merchant of Savannah and a member of one of the most prominent families in south Georgia, was found dead in a room at the Jackson hotel, in Atlanta, Sunday morning. He had taken morphine, and the verdict of the coroner's jury was that he had taken the poison with suicidal intent. Some insurance companies are now issuing policies to total abstainers as a separate class. Whether or not the total abstainer is likely to live longer or not is a matter still in debate. But there is not much doubt that, as a rule, he will average higher than the other people in keeping policies from lapsing, and this fact might make a difference to the disadvantage of the policyholders whose claims come to a final settlement. TELEGRAPHY At the end of the year, the Southern States have been a recognized factor in the field of Southern literature. It was established more than a quarter of a century ago as a Southern story paper and was published for a long time as a weekly and then as a monthly. About one year ago, the paper passed under new management, and in less than a year it has jumped from a circulation of 12,000 to nearly 60,000. The first thing the new management did was to make it a weekly publication and to reduce the price to fifty cents per year—less than one cent an issue—and then infuse into its columns all the enterprise and literary ability that money could command or determination seoure. In less than a year this remarkable Southern literary paper has become national in character and it now has about as many subscribers north of Mason and Dixon's line as it has in the South. Its columns abound in the best current literature of characteristic Southern flavor, and no literary periodical published anywhere in the country has succeeded in bringing together as many Southern writers of note as has been done by the Sunny South. A striking feature of the Sunny South's development is its introduction during the past year of many new story writers who will be heard from in the wider field of the world’s literature. In almost every Southern State, new literary talent has been developed to such an extent as to put the whole country to talking about the Sunny South. A series of the best short stories by Southern writers, and more than five hundred responses were received. Some of the stories then published in the Sunny South have been reproduced the world over. Others are now being published by it from week to week. The fact that the price of this splendid weekly literary periodical is only fifty cents a year has had a wonderful effect in giving it an extensive field for the development of its plans and purposes. Perhaps no literary periodical ever established has made such rapid strides as the Sunny South in less than a year. Mrs. Mary E. Bryan, whose name has long been associated with the Sunny South, has been engaged to take full charge of its Woman's Department. Her services will appeal especially to women readers throughout the country as the striking charm of her own personality pervades every column of her most interesting department. The distinctive characteristics of Southern authors have always been a great charm to their readers. The liberal use of matter by the leading magazines of the United States shows that high regard prevalent for Southern literary talent. The quaint stories of Joel Chandler Harris in folk-lore of the Southern plantations, and the stories by him and by Thomas Nelson Page, Will N. Harben, Harry Stillwell Edwards and others of those interesting phases of human character so plentiful in the South, are read with consuming interest by publishers with great avidity. As will also be observed from the announcement published elsewhere, the Atlanta Weekly Constitution is offered in connection with the Sonny South at one dollar and twenty-five cents a year (§1.26) for the two papers. This remarkably low offering is made to those who order both papers at the same time. The two papers are entirely different in purpose, one being a newspaper and the other a literary periodical, each supplements the other and the two when taken together furnish an invaluable combination to every fireside. There is only one thing left to make this combination perfect, and that is your home county paper, no fireside one affords to be without that. The Atlanta Constitution is too familiar to newspaper readers to make any comment concerning it necessary. It is well and widely known and has the largest circulation of any weekly newspaper published on the western hemisphere, going weekly into more than 160,000 homes. It is the great home newspaper of a majority of Southern readers and covers the world in its comprehensive and well-edited news columns. It is to the world of news what the Sunny Month is to Southern literature—the one is without a superior as a great news gatherer and the other is a comprehensive leader in the field of fiction, romance, and descriptive writing of general interest. The two papers make an ideal combination for every country home. Sample copies of either or both will be furnished free upon application addressed to either at Atlanta, Georgia. ONE DOLLAR and twenty-five cents forwarded to either of the two papers will secure both for one year. We take pleasure in inviting the attention of our readers to this very attractive combination. LOCALS. Mr. J. E. Alderman made a trip to Mobile first of the week. Messrs. H. M. and James Faulk visited Merrill and Leaf last week. Mr. L. A. Oowan of Moss Point, attended to business about the courthouse Wednesday. Mrs. F. J. Greene and Miss Daisy visited Long Branch this week. Loakesville Camp W. Q. W. had a very interesting meeting Saturday night. One new member was taken in. The camp continues to grow. Mr. J. A. Mills and daughter were in town Monday. Mr. Sweyn MoLeod of Scott, was in our burg Tuesday on business matters bent. Mr. T. W. Bran Dan of Wellford, passed a few hours in Leakesville Wednesday engaged in paving up taxes for different parties. Mr. Riley Walley is at the county seat town now helping his father, the sheriff, through the busy season. Messrs. Young and Elias Mills were visitors to this place Sunday. Mr. P. H. McEachin of Mobile, agent for the Mutual Life Insurance Company, was looking up business in Chicago last week. Mr. F. J. Green and son, Jake, made a trip down the river to Moss Point last week. NOTICE. I take this means of requesting and urging all merchants, liverymen, saw mill men, hotel keepers and all others who are by law required to pay the license, and who are now delinquent, to at once take some out, or I shall be compelled under my oath of office to take action against them as the statute directs. W. W. WALLEY, Tax Collector. NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION. Department of the Interior, Land Office at Jackson, Miss., January 6, 1912. Notice is hereby given that the following named settler has filed notice of his intention to make final proof in support of his claim, and that the proof will be made before the Circuit Clerk of Greene county at Leakeville, Miss., on February 28, 1902, viz: Abaclom Breeland of Leakeville, Miss., H. E. No. 26081, for the half of the northwest quarter and the southwest quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 5, T 2 N R 7 W. He names the following witnesses to prove his continuous residence upon and cultivation of said land: cultivation of said land viz: Hugh Mclonis, Albert Harrison, P. G. Hillman, E. W. Breeland, all of Leakesville, Miss. tf JAMES HILL, Register. NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION. Department of the Interior, Land Office Jackson, Miss., January 14, 1902. Notice is hereby given that the following named settler has filed notice of his intention to make final proof in support of his claim, and that said proof will be made before the Circuit Clerk of Greene county at Leakesville, Miss., on March 15, 1902, viz: Tyra Roberts of Leakesville, Miss., H. E. No. 30370, for the southeast quarter of section fourteen, township three north range seven west. He names the following witnesses to prove his continuous residence upon and cultivation of said land, viz: C. L. Kittrell, W. G. Smith, A. J. Smith, J. L. J. Prentiss, all of Leakesville, Miss. It JAMES HILL, Register. NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION. Department of the Interior, Land Office at Jackson, Miss., January 8, 1902. Notice is hereby given that the following named settler has filed notice of his intention to make final proof in support of his claim, and that said proof will be made before the Circuit Clerk of Greene county, at Leakesville, Miss., on March 1st, 1902, viz: Abbie Hillman, formerly Abbie Rose, of Merrill, Miss., H. E. No. 81887, for the south half northwest quarter and northwest quarter northwest quarter section eighteen township two north range six west. Southeast quarter northeast quarter section thirteen, township two north range seven west. The names the following witnesses to prove her continuous residence upon and cultivation of said land viz: G. W. Allen, W. A. Breland, John A. Byrd, Neal Brewer, all of Leakesville, Miss. JAMES HILL, Register. SILVER-INE CURES PILES) Mousy Blood if It ever fails. GENERAL STRENGTHENING TONIC. Chore's Tasteless Chill Tonic. Guard your kidneys, the health of the body depends on those small but important organs. They extract uric acid from the blood which is allowed to remain in the system would cause dropsy and Bright's disease. Priced Ash Bitters is a successful kidney tonic; It heals and strengthens the kidneys, regulates the liver, stimulates the stomach and digestion, cleanses the bowels. It will prevent or cure Bright's disease. Y. D. WESTERFIELD. STRENGTH ENABLES YOU TO STAND THE WHAT. Grove's Tasteless Chill Tonic gives strength. $500 Reward. For any case of rheumatism which cannot be cured with Dr. Braddock's Lightning Remedies, interstitial and external, relieves at once, cures guaranteed. Dr. Braddock's stiff joints, lumps, and hardened muscles. Dr. Braddock's drug store has not got it done for anything else. Send description and treatment free. Drummond's Clinic, 84 Street, N.Y. BETTER FOR THE BLOOD THAN SARSAPARILLA. For those living in the Malaria districts, Grove's Tasteless Chill Tonic is free. FREE BLOOD CURE. We recommend Botanic Blood Balm (B. B. B.) for all blood troubles, such as ulcers, eating sores, scalding, eczema, itching humors, pimples, boils, carbuncles, blood poison, scalds, rheumatism. Botanic Blood Balm cures all malignant blood or skin diseases, especially advised for old, deep-seated cases. It cures when all else fails. Heals every sore or pimple, stops all aches and pains by giving a healthy blood supply. The remedy is guaranteed. At drug stores, $1 per large bottle. Our remedies receive a trial treatment free by writing Dr. Gilliam, 213 Mitchell St., Atlanta, Ga. Describe trouble and free medical advice given. Medicine sent at once, prepaid. MUDDY BLOOD Means a muddy complexion. Pure blood means a deal complexion. Gorve’s Tasteless Chill Tonic makes rich, clear blood. MALARIA CURES BILIOUSNESS. Grove’s Tasteless Chill Tonic removes the cause. NON-RESIDENT NOTICE. State of Mississippi. To the Galf City Construction Company. You are commanded to appear before the clerk of the Chancery Court of the county of Greene at rules on the second Monday of February, 1902, to defend the suit in said court of A. J. Patterson and L. A. Cowan, wherein you are defendant. This tenth day of December, A. D. 1901. tf S. R. McKAY, Clerk. PALE PEOPLE HAVE PALE BLOOD. Grave's Tasteless Chill Tonic makes ric blood. tf FOR SALE. One steam engine, 20 H. P., steam boiler, 25 H. P.; one saw mill. No. 2 1-2, 40 feet of one frame freight cable feed, all complete, good as new Also three voke of oxen, two carts. Two ox-wagons. For price and terms, apply to P. and D. McLeod, Vernal, Miss. Frickly Ash Bitters can be depended on to cure the kidneys, correct the urine, strengthens the stomach and relieves backache. Y. D. WESTERFIELD. FOR NURSING MOTHERS. Grove's Tasteless Chill Tonic. FOR PALE, SICKLY CHILDREN. Grove’s Tasteless Chill Tonic. WANTED—TRUSTWORTHY MEN And women to travel and advertise for old established house of solid financial standing. Salary $780 a year and expenses, all payable in cash. No canvassing required. Give references and enclose self-addressed stamped envelope. Address Manager, 365 Caston Bldg., Ohio. MALARIA MAKES YOU WEAK. Grove's Tasteless Chill Tonic makes you strong. Japan is about to build a monument in honor of Commodore Terry, who "opened" that country to intercourse with the civilized world. MALARIA MAKES IMPURE BLOOD Grove's Office at Jackson, Miss., January 3, 1902. Notice is hereby given that the following named settler has filed notice of his intention to make final proof in support of his claim, and that said proof will be made before the Circuit Clerk of Greene County at Leakesville, Miss., on February 8th, 1902, via: Jane Ann of Avera, Miss., H. E. No. 350 8, for the southeast quarter southeast quarter Section 12, township 4 north, range 7 west. He names the following witnesses to prove his continuous residence upon and cultivation of said land viz: J. T. Dearman, P. J. James, Angus McLain, G. W. Peatman, all of Avera, Miss. JAMES HILL, Register. NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION. Department of the Interior, Land Office at Jackson, Miss., Dec. 21st, 1901. Notice is hereby given that the following named settler has filed notice of his intention to make final proof in support of his claim, and that said proof will be made before the Clerk of Greene County at Leakeville, Miss., on February 7th, 1902, viz: Ellis Havard, of Lucedale, Miss., H. E. No. 31798 for the southeast quarter section 18, T 1 a, R 5 w. He names the following witnesses to prove his continuous residence upon and cultivation of said land viz: C. P. Eubanks, Steve Havard, Robert Lowry, Robert Sanford. All of Lucedale, Miss. JAMES HILL, Register. NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION. Department of the Interior, Land Office at Jackson, Miss., Dec. 21, 1901. Notice is hereby given that the following named settler has filed notice of his intention to make final proof in support of his claim, and that said proof will be made before the clerk of Greene County at Leakeville, southwest quarter and the west half of the northeast quarter of Section 32, T 4 N, R 5 W. He names the following witnesses to prove his continuous residence upon and cultivation of said land, viz: Lang Mills, of Fruitdale, Ala., G. W. Elliott, of Fruitdale, Ala., James Bird, of Leakesville, Miss., J. W. Mills, of Fruitdale, Ala. JAMES BILL, Register. CONTEST NOTICE. Department of the Interior, U. S. Land office at Jackson, Miss. Leo. 26, 1901. A sufficient contest affidavit having been filed in this office by Eulie L. Kittrell, of Leakesville, Miss., contestant, against Jackson series homestead entry No. 31315, made February 6th, 1897, for a half section quarter section 22, T 8 N R 7 W, by James A. Porter, Contestee, in which it is alleged that he is well acquainted with the land embraced in the said entry and knows the present condition of the same; also, that the said entryman has never lived upon the land at any time and the only improvements made thereon at any time was a pole cabin 10 by 12 feet which was used for a log cabin, and that said alleged absence from the said land was not caused by his employment in the Army, Navy or Marine Corps of the United States as a private soldier, officer, seaman, or marine during the war with Spain, or during any other war in which the United States may be engaged, and that said parties are hereby notified to appear, respond and offer evidence touching said alienation at 10 o'clock a.m., on February 8th, 1902, before S. R. McKay, Clerk of the Chancery Court in and for the county of Greene, at his office. Office in Leakesville, Miss., (and that it is the intention of the Register and Receiver at the United States Land Office in Jackson, Miss.) The said contestant having, in a proper affidavit, filed December 21st, 1901, set forth facts which show that after due diligence personal service of this notice cannot be made, it is hereby ordered that such notice be given by due and proper publication. JAMES HILL, Register. G. E. MATTHEWS, Receiver. H. S. Moody, Execution in attachment vs. for $541.80 and T. O. Steel, costs for $8.80. By virtue of the above stated execution issued and delivered to me by the clerk of the Circuit Court of Greene County Mississippi: Wherein the judgment rendered in said court, on which this execution is issued, condemned the lands hereinafter described to be sold to satisfy the said judgment. Now therefore I will on Monday the 3rd day of February, 1902, at the front door of the courthouse of said Greene County in the town of Greenville and within legal hours, expose to sale and sell at public outcry, to the highest bidder for cash, all the half-title, right, interest and claim the said defendant T. O. Steel has in and to the following described land to wit: One quarter of seed, and one half of the quarter and the quarter of the quarter and the half of the quarter of the quarter of section 7, and the west quarter of the southwest quarter of section 6, all in T 6 N of B 6 W in Greene County Mississippi. Said lands being heretofore attached in the styled cause and Now condemned for sale to satisfy this execution. Witness my hand this December, 1901. W. W. WALLEY, Sheriff, EXECUTION SALE. State of Mississippi, Greene County judgment $106.75, cost $22.27; R. A. Roberts vs. J. I. Dixon, J. W. Dixon and L. C. Helms, members of and composing the firm of J. I. Dixon & Co., principals, and R. E. Mallett, surety for the use of E. K. Gant, assignee of said judgment. By virtue of an execution, directed to me in the above styled case by the Circuit Clerk of said county and State, I will at the front door of the courthouse in Greene county, Mississippi, in the town of Leskeville, on the third day of February, 1902, within legal hours, offer for sale and sell to the highest and best bidder, at public outcry, for cash, all the title, right, interest and claims, the defendants, J. I. Dixon, and R. E. Mallett, surety, have in and unto the following described land, situated in Greens county and State of Mississippi, which has been levied on as the property of said defendant and said surety and will be sold to satisfy the judgment and all costs, to-wit: Southeast quarter of northeast quarter and northeast quarter of southeast quarter, section 18, township 1 south, range 6 west, and southwest quarter of southwest quarter, section 29, township 1 south, range 6 west; south half of lots one, two and three, section 8, township 1 south, range 7 west, and lots one and north half of lots three, four, five and six, section eleven, township 1 south, range eight west. Lots one, two and three, section twelve, township south, range eight west, and lots one and two, section thirteen, township south, range eight west, and lots one and two, section thirteen, township south, range eight west. W. W. WALLEY, Sherlf Lac. 88, 1901. NOTICE FOrTuBLICATION. Lktahmuent of TBK INTIBIOR, 1 Land Offior at Jackson, Mias., > Leo. 7th, 1901. ) Notice is hereby given that the foL " lowing named settler has filed notioe of his inteution to make final proof in support of his claim, and that sad proof will be made before the oircuit clerk of Oreene oonnty, at Lcakesvllle, Miss'., cn January 17, 908, viz: Walter W. Green of Yernal, Mias., H. E. No. 80946, for the northwest quarter section twenty-eight, town ship two north range six west. He names tlia following witnesses to prove his continuous residence up on and cultivation of said land vii: Frank Watley, Syl Turner, Wash Busby, Alex Ramsay, all of Leakas villo, Miss.. tf JAMES HILL, Register. Tenderness or acning in the small of the back is a serious symptom. 4 The kidneys are suffering. Tak« Prickly AbIi Bitters at onoe. It is a reliable kidney remedy and system regulator and will care the trouble before it develops its dangereue stage. Y. D. WESTKRFIKLD. tf _ NOTIOE FOR PUBLICATION. Lkfarukrnt or tbs Interior, 1 T.iNn Otkich at jAmtnm, It mu. Not. 16th, 1901. ) Notice is hereby given Hint the fol lowing named eettler has filed notice of bin intention to make final proof in support of his claim, end that se d proof will be made before the Circuit Clerk of Qreene comity at Leakosville, Miss., on Jnnuury 4.1909, vi*: Thomns Brewer, Jr., of Henderson, Miss., H. E. Nc. 31080, for the east half of northeast qnnrter section nine, township five north range eight west. He nsmes the following witnesses to prove his eontinuons resideuos npon end cultivation of said laud, viz: L. M. Bngby, W. J. Walley, A. G. Hinton, Web Byrd, all of Honderzon, Miss. JAMES HILL, Register, $3.50 for only 25c. In order to introduce our illustrated monthly story and farm journal, the Southern Globe, in 10,000 new homes we will send to any person who will send us 20c (silver) and sell 10 of our subscription tickets at 25c each, the Atlanta, Ga., Constitution, Southern Cultivator of Atlanta, Ga., The Southern Globe, Sandersville, Miss., one year. We will also send your name to 100 newspapers and magazines that will send you a sample copy of their publications. This alone would cost you $1 to write to each one a postal card. Will also please your name on our public directory. This is no trick or hunting, but a straight legitimate business. We do as we agree or refund your money. Send 25c (silver) well wrapped in a piece of paper, will cause safely through. Address OLOBE PUBLISHING COMPANY, Saudanville, Miss. | 0.561587 | -0.579268 | 881 | 3,427 | 233 | 233 | Mining & Industry | false |
99,939 | 6806977_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | La Honda é uma região censo-designada localizada no estado americano de Califórnia, no Condado de San Mateo. Possui menos de mil habitantes, de acordo com o censo nacional de 2020. Situa-se nas montanhas de Santa Cruz entre o Vale de Santa Clara e a costa do pacífico da Califórnia. La Honda fica perto da La Honda Creek Open Space Preserve e da State Route 84 nas cadeias montanhosas da costa do Pacífico.
Geografia
De acordo com o Departamento do Censo dos Estados Unidos, a região tem uma área de , dos quais estão cobertos por terra e (0,2%) por água.
Demografia
Censo 2020
Segundo o censo nacional de 2020, a sua população é de e sua densidade populacional de . Seu crescimento populacional na última década foi de 5,5%, próximo do crescimento estadual de 6,1%.
Possui que resulta em uma densidade de e uma redução de -3,2% em relação ao censo anterior. Deste total, 8,1% das unidades habitacionais estão desocupadas. A média de ocupação é de 2,3 pessoas por residência.
A renda familiar média é de e a taxa de emprego é de 71,6%.
Ligações externas
Regiões censitárias da Califórnia
Localidades do condado de San Mateo.
| 0.32668 | -0.30204 | 1,450 | 5,716 | 222 | 222 | People Profiles | false |
99,940 | US-201113583868-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Crosswalk detection device, crosswalk detection method and recording medium
ABSTRACT
A crosswalk detection device executes a predetermined arithmetic processing on a calculated value calculated based on data obtained through a scanning operation using a main pattern. Next, the device determines whether or not a crosswalk is in a predetermined image based on a relationship between a calculated result of the arithmetic processing and a position of the main pattern MP on the predetermined image. The above-explained calculated value is, for example, an average of the brightness of pixels overlapping each sub pattern of the main pattern. Hence, even if a white pattern of the crosswalk is cracked or the white pattern has a separated part, the value of data is hardly affected. Accordingly, it is possible to precisely determine whether or not the crosswalk is in the predetermined image.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a National Stage of International Application No. PCT/JP2011/055384, filed on Mar. 8, 2011, which claims priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-058286, filed on Mar. 15, 2010, the contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to crosswalk detection device, crosswalk detection method, and recording medium, and more specifically, a crosswalk detection device that detects a crosswalk appearing in an image, crosswalk detection method for detecting a crosswalk in an image and a recording medium storing a program for detecting a crosswalk in an image.
BACKGROUND ART
The death toll due to traffic accidents is decreasing, but the number of occurrences of traffic accidents itself still remains at a high level. The cause of an occurrence of a traffic accident varies, but if the road condition where a vehicle is running can be grasped in advance, the occurrence of a traffic accident can be suppressed on some level.
Hence, various devices which obtain, in advance, information on a road where a vehicle is running are proposed (see, for example, Patent Literature 1). The device disclosed in Patent Literature 1 attempts to detect a crosswalk from an image obtained by imaging a road surface. Next, the device provides the detection result to a driver through a monitor. Hence, the driver who drives the vehicle can know in advance the presence/absence of the crosswalk that is present ahead in the night or in a severe weather condition, etc.
PRIOR ART LITERATURE Patent Literature
Patent Literature 1: Unexamined Japanese Patent Application Kokai Publication No. 2006-309313
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention
The above-explained device specifies a position which can be predicted as an outer border of the white pattern of a crosswalk based on a change in brightness of pixels configuring an image. Next, the device determines whether or not a crosswalk is in the image based on the regularity of the specified positions.
Accordingly, when some of the white pattern are separated due to aged deterioration, etc., and when a road having the white pattern formed thereon is cracked, etc., the regularity of a change in the brightness becomes obscure, which may result in the decrease of the detection precision of the crosswalk.
The present invention has been made in view of the above-explained circumstance, and it is an object of the present invention to detect a crosswalk precisely regardless of the condition of a road.
Means for Solving the Problems
To achieve the object, a crosswalk detection device according to a first aspect of the present invention includes: calculating means that calculates, while moving a main pattern including a first sub pattern corresponding to white patterns of a crosswalk appearing in an image and a second sub pattern corresponding to a region between the white patterns from a first position on the image to a second position different from the first position, a first calculated value calculated based on brightness of pixels overlapping the first sub pattern and a second calculated value calculated based on brightness of pixels overlapping the second sub pattern; computing means that performs arithmetic processing using the first calculated value and the second calculated value; and determining means that determines whether or not an image of the crosswalk is present between the first position and the second position based on a regularity of a relationship between a position of the main pattern and a process result by the computing means.
The computing means may obtain a difference between the first calculated value and the second calculated value.
The calculating means may calculate a value that is an index of a whole brightness of the first sub pattern as the first calculated value, and calculate a value that is an index of a whole brightness of the second sub pattern as the second calculated value.
The computing means may obtain a level of consistency between the first sub pattern and the white pattern in the image using the first calculated value and the second calculated value, and the determining means may determine whether or not the image of the crosswalk is present between the first position and the second position based on a regularity of a relationship between a position of the main pattern in a moving direction of the main pattern and the level of consistency that is a process result by the computing means.
The first position may be defined at a side of a traffic lane of a road appearing in the image, and the second position may be defined at another side of the traffic lane of the road appearing in the image.
The first position may be defined at a side of a road appearing in the image, and the second position may be defined at another side of the road appearing in the image.
The first position may be defined on a line defining a traffic lane of a road.
The main pattern may include the first sub pattern and the second sub pattern that adjoins to a side of the first sub pattern.
The main pattern may further include the another second sub pattern that adjoins to another side of the first sub pattern.
The determining means may determine whether or not the image of the crosswalk is present based on a regularity of an interval between peak values indicated by a characteristic curve derived from a process result by the computing means.
The determining means may determine whether or not the image of the crosswalk is present based on a regularity of an interval of peak values of a characteristic curve indicating a relationship between a position of the main pattern in a moving direction of the main pattern and a level of consistency that is a process result by the computing means.
A first straight line defined by the first position and the second position may be orthogonal to a road appearing in the image.
The calculating means may calculate, while further moving the main pattern along a second straight line parallel to the first straight line, a first calculated value calculated based on brightness of pixels overlapping the first sub pattern and a second calculated value calculated based on brightness of pixels overlapping the second sub pattern.
A crosswalk detection method according to a second aspect of the present invention includes: a calculating step for calculating, while moving a main pattern including a first sub pattern corresponding to white patterns of a crosswalk appearing in an image and a second sub pattern corresponding to a region between the white patterns from a first position on the image to a second position different from the first position, a first calculated value calculated based on brightness of pixels overlapping the first sub pattern and a second calculated value calculated based on brightness of pixels overlapping the second sub pattern; a computing step for performing arithmetic processing using the first calculated value and the second calculated value; and a determining step for determining whether or not an image of the crosswalk is present between the first position and the second position based on a regularity of a relationship between a position of the main pattern and a process result obtained based on the first calculated value and the second calculated value.
A program, according to a third aspect of the present invention, that allows a computer to function as: calculating means that calculates, while moving a main pattern including a first sub pattern corresponding to white patterns of a crosswalk appearing in an image and a second sub pattern corresponding to a region between the white patterns from a first position on the image to a second position different from the first position, a first calculated value calculated based on brightness of pixels overlapping the first sub pattern and a second calculated value calculated based on brightness of pixels overlapping the second sub pattern; computing means that performs arithmetic processing using the first calculated value and the second calculated value; and determining means that determines whether or not an image of the crosswalk is present between the first position and the second position based on a regularity of a relationship between a position of the main pattern and a process result by the computing means.
Effects of the Invention
According to the present invention, an arithmetic processing using the calculated value of the brightness of the plurality of pixels is executed. Next, based on the regularity of the relationship between the process result and the position of the main pattern, it is determined whether or not a crosswalk is in the image. Accordingly, even if a part of the white pattern is deteriorated, it is possible to precisely detect the crosswalk in the image.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a crosswalk detection system according to a first embodiment;
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example image output by an image-pickup device;
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a transformed image;
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a main pattern defined on an image;
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a main pattern in an enlarged view;
FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining an operation of an average-value calculating unit;
FIG. 7A is a diagram showing a main pattern during scanning;
FIG. 7B is a diagram showing a main pattern during scanning;
FIG. 8 is a (first) diagram showing a characteristic curve based on a scanning operation;
FIG. 9 is a (second) diagram showing a characteristic curve based on a scanning operation;
FIG. 10 is a (third) diagram showing a characteristic curve based on a scanning operation;
FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing a crosswalk detection system according to a second embodiment;
FIG. 12 is a (first) flowchart for explaining an operation of a crosswalk detection device;
FIG. 13 is a (second) flowchart for explaining an operation of the crosswalk detection device;
FIG. 14 is a diagram showing a relationship between a characteristic curve and thresholds A, B;
FIG. 15 is a (first) diagram for explaining a procedure of specifying a peak;
FIG. 16 is a (second) diagram for explaining a procedure of specifying a peak; and
FIG. 17 is a (third) diagram for explaining a procedure of specifying a peak.
MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
<<First Embodiment>>
A first embodiment of the present invention will be explained with reference to the accompanying drawings. FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a general configuration of a crosswalk detection system 10 according to this embodiment. The crosswalk detection system 10 is built in, for example, an automobile. This system detects a crosswalk in an image picked up by an image-pickup device 20. As shown in FIG. 1, the crosswalk detection system 10 includes the image-pickup device 20, and a crosswalk detection device 30 that detects a crosswalk from an image picked up by the image-pickup device 20.
The image-pickup device 20 employs a configuration that includes a CCD camera which transforms an image PHI obtained by imaging an object into electric signals, and outputs such signals. The image-pickup device 20 is placed on, for example, a front grill of an automobile or a bumper thereof, etc.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example image PHI picked up by the image-pickup device 20. The image PHI contains a road 100, lines 101 defining the traffic lane of the road 100, and a crosswalk 120 traversing the road 100. As is clear with reference to this image PH1, the image-pickup device 20 has a view angle, a magnifying power, etc., adjusted so that the traffic lane defined by the lines 101 is located within the viewing field. The image-pickup device 20 successively obtains images of the road 100, and outputs information on the picked-up images.
Returning to FIG. 1, the crosswalk detection device 30 includes a memory unit 31, an image transformation unit 32, an average-value calculating unit 33, an computing unit 34, a curve generating unit 35, and a determining unit 36.
The memory unit 31 stores pieces of information on the images successively output by the image-pickup device 20 in a time series. Moreover, the memory unit 31 sequentially stores pieces of information on process results of respective units 32 to 36.
The image transformation unit 32 transforms the image PH1 picked up by the image-pickup device 20 into an image (a top view image) looking the road 100 from directly above. More specifically, the image transformation unit 32 performs a coordinate transformation process on the image PHI to generate, for example, an image PH2 shown in FIG. 3.
FIG. 3 shows an X-Y coordinate system defined in the image PH2 and having a lower left corner as an origin, and the following explanation will be given with reference to this X-Y coordinate system.
As is clear when comparing the image PH1 with the image PH2, in the image PH2, the lines 101 defining the traffic lane of the road 100 are substantially parallel with the Y axis. Moreover, in the image PH2, respective white patterns 121 of the crosswalk 120 are rectangles, in which the lengthwise direction is the Y-axis direction. Respective white patterns 121 are disposed in the X-axis direction at an interval D1. A distance d1 from an edge of one of the adjoining white patterns 121 to an edge of another of the adjoining white patterns 121 is equal to a width (dimension) d2 of the white pattern 121 in the X-axis direction.
The image transformation unit 32 stores, when generating the image PH2, such an image PH2 in the memory unit 31, and notifies the average-value calculating unit 33 of the completion of the image transformation process on the image PH1.
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the image PH2 and a main pattern MP defined on the image PH2. The average-value calculating unit 33 defines the main pattern MP on the image PH2. Next, the average-value calculating unit 33 calculates the average value of the brightness of pixels overlapping respective sub patterns SP1 to SP3 while moving the main pattern MP along a straight line L₁, a straight line L₂, and a straight line L₃. The straight line L₁ is a straight line parallel to the X axis and passing through the center of the image PH1. The straight line L₂ is a straight line parallel to the X axis and distant from the straight line L₁ by a distance D2 in the +Y direction. The straight line L₃ is a straight line parallel to the X axis and distant from the straight line L₁ by the distance D2 in the −Y direction. The movement of the main pattern MP may arbitrary be set, such as, the movement may be for each 1 to several pixels.
The main pattern MP and the sub patterns SP1 to SP3 are regions or windows in a predetermined shape. Through the above-explained operation, the average value of the brightness of the pixels in the regions or the windows is calculated.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the main pattern MP defined on the image PH2 in an enlarged manner. As shown in FIG. 5, the main pattern MP includes the three sub patterns SP1 to SP3 placed in the X-axis direction. Respective sub patterns SP1 to SP3 are rectangles, in which the lengthwise direction is the X-axis direction. The dimensions of the sub patterns SP1 and SP3 in the X-axis direction are respectively equal to the distance d1 and the dimension of the sub pattern SP2 is equal to the distance d2.
FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining an operation of the average-value calculating unit 33. As is clear with reference to FIG. 6, first, the average-value calculating unit 33 calculates the average value of the brightness of the pixels overlapping respective sub patterns SP1 to SP3 while moving the main pattern MP along the straight line L₁ passing through the center of the image PH2 and parallel to the X axis. Here, the main pattern MP is moved from a first position (a side of the traffic lane defined by the two lines 101) indicated by an arrow a to a second position (another side of the traffic lane) indicated by an arrow b so as to traverse the traffic lane (the road).
More specifically, the average-value calculating unit 33 defines the main pattern MP at the first position. In this position, the center of the main pattern MP is located over the straight line L₁. Moreover, an end of the main pattern MP at the −X side matches an end of the image PH2 at the −X side.
Next, the average-value calculating unit 33 successively calculates average values B1 ₁, B2 ₁, and B3 ₁ of the brightness of the pixels while moving the main pattern MP from the first position indicated by the arrow a to the second position indicated by the arrow b along the straight line L₁. The average value B1 ₁ is an average value of the brightness of the pixels overlapping the sub pattern SP1 when the center of the main pattern MP is located over the straight line L₁. The average value B2 ₁ is an average value of the brightness of the pixels overlapping the sub pattern SP2 when the center of the main pattern MP is located over the straight line L₁. The average value B3 ₁ is an average value of the brightness of the pixels overlapping the sub pattern SP3 when the center of the main pattern MP is located over the straight line L₁. The average-value calculating unit 33 generates, based on the calculated average values B1 ₁, B2 ₁, and B3 ₁, data B1 ₁(X), B2 ₁(X), and B3 ₁(X) associated with the X coordinate of the canter of the main pattern MP when the average values B1 ₁, B2 ₁, and B3 ₁ are calculated, and outputs such pieces of data to the memory unit 31. Hence, the pieces of data B1 ₁(X), B2 ₁(X), and B3 ₁(X) are stored in the memory unit 31.
When the main pattern MP reaches a position where the end thereof at the +X side matches the end of the image PH2 at the +X side, the average-value calculating unit 33 aligns the main pattern MP to a position where the center thereof is located over the straight line L₂ and the end at the −X side matches the end of the image PH2 at the −X side. Next, the average-value calculating unit 33 successively calculates average values B1 ₂, B2 ₂, and B3 ₂ of the brightness of the pixels while moving the main pattern MP from this position to the +X direction along the straight line L₂. The average value B1 ₂ is an average value of the brightness of the pixels overlapping the sub pattern SP1 when the center of the main pattern MP is located over the straight line L₂. The average value B2 ₂ is an average value of the brightness of the pixels overlapping the sub pattern SP2 when the center of the main pattern MP is located over the straight line L₂. The average value B3 ₂ is an average value of the brightness of the pixels overlapping the sub pattern SP3 when the center of the main pattern MP is located over the straight line L₂. The average-value calculating unit 33 generates, based on the calculated average values B1 ₂, B2 ₂, and B3 ₂, pieces of data B1 ₂(X), B2 ₂(X), and B3 ₂(X) associated with the X coordinate of the center of the main pattern MP when the average values B1 ₂, B2 ₂, and B3 ₂ are calculated, and outputs such pieces of data to the memory unit 31. Hence, the pieces of data B1 ₂(X), B2 ₂(X), and B3 ₂(X) are stored in the memory unit 31.
When the main pattern MP reaches a position where the end of the +X side thereof matches the end of the image PH2 at the +X side, the average-value calculating unit 33 aligns the main pattern MP to a position where the center thereof is located over the straight line L₃ and the end of the −X side matches the end of the image PH2 at the −X side. Next, the average-value calculating unit 33 successively calculates average values B1 ₃, B2 ₃, and B3 ₃ of the brightness of the pixels while moving the main pattern MP from this position to the +X direction along the straight line L₃. The average value B1 ₃ is an average value of the brightness of the pixels overlapping the sub pattern SP1 when the center of the main pattern MP is located over the straight line L₃. The average value B2 ₃ is an average value of the brightness of the pixels overlapping the sub pattern SP2 when the center of the main pattern MP is located over the straight line L₃. The average value B3 ₃ is an average value of the brightness of the pixels overlapping the sub pattern SP3 when the center of the main pattern MP is located over the straight line L₃. The average-value calculating unit 33 generates, based on the calculated average values B1 ₃, B2 ₃, and B3 ₃, pieces of data B1 ₃(X), B2 ₃(X), and B3 ₃(X) associated with the X coordinate of the center of the main pattern MP when the average values B 1 ₃, B2 ₃, and B3 ₃ are calculated, and outputs such pieces of data to the memory unit 31. Hence, the pieces of data B1 ₃(X), B2 ₃(X), and B3 ₃(X) are stored in the memory unit 31. When the above-explained process completes, the average-value calculating unit 33 notifies the computing unit 34 of the completion of such a process.
In the following explanation, in order to simplify the explanation, an operation of outputting data B1 _(N)(X), B2 _(N)(X), and B3 _(N)(X) while moving the main pattern MP is referred to as a scanning operation.
The computing unit 34 executes a calculation indicated by the following formula (1) for the data B1 _(N)(X), B2 _(N)(X), and B3 _(N)(X). Note that N is an integer from 1 to 3. G _(N)(X)=B2_(N)(X)−(B1_(N)(X)+B3_(N)(X))/2 (1)
The computing unit 34 stores the calculation result G_(N)(X) in the memory unit 31 when completing the calculation indicated by the formula (1), and notifies the curve generating unit 35 of the completion of the calculation.
The curve generating unit 35 generates a characteristic curve based on the calculation result G_(N)(X) by the computing unit 34. More specifically, the curve generating unit plots points each defined by a value of X and a value of the calculation result G_(N)(X) on a coordinate system having the horizontal axis for X and the vertical axis for the calculation result G_(N)(X), and generates a characteristic curve passing through the plotted points.
As shown in FIG. 7A, when the sub pattern SP2 that is a part of the main pattern MP completely overlaps the white pattern 121 of the crosswalk 120, the calculation result G_(N)(X) becomes maximum. This is because the average value B2 _(N) of the brightness of the pixels overlapping the sub pattern SP2 becomes maximum, the average values B1 _(N) and B3 _(N) of the brightness of the pixels overlapping the sub patterns SP1 and SP3 become substantially zero, and thus the calculation result G_(N)(X) of the formula (1) becomes maximum.
As shown in FIG. 7B, when the sub patterns SP1 and SP3 that are parts of the main pattern MP completely overlap the white patterns 121 of the crosswalk 120, the calculation result G_(N)(X) becomes minimum. This is because the average values B1 _(N) and B3 _(N) of the brightness of the pixels overlapping the sub patterns SP1 and SP3 become maximum, the average value B2 _(N) of the brightness of the pixels overlapping the sub pattern SP2 becomes substantially zero, and thus the calculation result G_(N)(X) of the formula (1) becomes minimum.
Hence, when the calculation result G_(N)(X) is a calculation result based on a result of the scanning operation along a straight line traversing the white pattern 121 of the crosswalk 120, the characteristic curve becomes a curved line having a plurality of (e.g., equal to or greater than three) peaks.
FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the characteristic curve generated based on a result when, for example, the scanning operation is performed along the straight line L₁ shown in FIG. 6. As is clear with reference to FIG. 8, when, for example, the scanning operation is performed along the straight line L₁, the calculation result G₁(X) has peaks when the values of X are X₁ to X₆ corresponding to respective positions of the white patterns 121. Hence, the characteristic curve becomes a curved line having five peaks.
Conversely, when the calculation result G_(N)(X) is a calculation result based on a result when the scanning operation is performed along a straight line not traversing the white patterns 121 of the crosswalk 120, the characteristic curve becomes a curved line having two peaks.
FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a characteristic curve generated based on a result when, for example, the scanning operation is performed along the straight line L₂ shown in FIG. 6. As shown in FIG. 9, when, for example, the scanning operation is performed along the straight line L₂, the calculation result G₁(X) has peaks when the values of X are X₀ and X₅ corresponding to respective positions of the lines 101 in the image PH2. Hence, the characteristic curve becomes a curved line having two peaks.
The curve generating unit 35 generates a characteristic curve for each scanning operation performed along each of the straight lines L₁ to L₃. Next, the curve generating unit outputs information on each characteristic curve to the memory unit 31, and notifies the determining unit 36 of the completion of the generation of the characteristic curve.
The determining unit 36 determines, based on the regularity of the generated characteristic curve, whether or not a crosswalk is in the image PH2. FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an example characteristic curve. As is clear with reference to FIG. 10, the determining unit 36 detects the local maximum points of the curved line as peaks P. Next, the determining unit specifies an X coordinate XP_(N) of each detected peak P. Subsequently, the determining unit 36 executes a calculation indicated by the following formula (2), and calculates a difference DP_(N) between the two X coordinates XP_(N) of the peaks P of the characteristic curve. Note that N in the formula (2) is an integer corresponding to the N-th peak. The calculation result of the formula (2) is equal to a distance between mutual positions of the main pattern MP in the image PH2 when G_(N)(X) becomes maximum. DP _(N) =XP _(N+1) −XP _(N) (2)
When the scanning operation is performed along the straight lines L₁ and L₃ (see FIG. 6) traversing the white patterns 121, for example, a characteristic curve shown in FIG. 8 can be obtained. In this case, the X coordinate XP_(N) of the peak becomes equal to an X coordinate X_(N) of the white pattern 121 in the image PH2. Moreover, the calculation result DP_(N) of the formula (2) becomes equal to the interval D1 of the placement of the white patterns 121.
Conversely, when the scanning operation is performed along the straight line L₂ that does not traverse the white pattern 121, as shown in FIG. 9, the number of the peaks of the characteristic curve becomes smaller than three. Moreover, even if the number of the peaks is equal to or greater than three, the calculation result DP of the formula (2) does not become equal to the interval D1 of the placement of the white patterns 121.
Hence, the determining unit 36 determines that the scanning operation is performed along a straight line (e.g., the straight lines L₁ and L₃) traversing the white pattern 121 of the crosswalk 120 when, for the characteristic curve, the number of the peaks detected is equal to or greater than, for example, three and the over half of the N number of the differences DP_(N) have a value substantially equal to the value of the interval D1 of the placement of the white patterns 121. Regarding the comparison between the value of the difference DP_(N) and the value of the interval D1 of the placement, it is determined that both values are equal when, for example, a difference between the value of the difference DP_(N) and the value of the interval D1 of the placement is equal to or smaller than a threshold.
Conversely, when the number of the peaks detected is not equal to or greater than three, the determining unit 36 determines, for the characteristic curve, that the scanning operation is performed along a straight line (e.g., the straight line L₂) that does not traverse the white pattern 121 of the crosswalk 120. Moreover, the determining unit 36 also determines that the scanning operation is performed along a straight line (e.g., the straight line L₂) that does not traverse the white pattern 121 of the crosswalk 120 when, for the characteristic curve, the number of the peaks detected is equal to or greater than three and the over half of the differences DP_(N) have a value different from the value of the interval D1 of the placement.
Next, when determining that equal to or greater than two scanning operations among the three scanning operations along the straight lines L₁ to L₃, respectively, are performed along a straight line traversing the white patterns 121 of the crosswalk 120, the determining unit 36 determines that the crosswalk 120 is in the image PH2. Conversely, when determining that only one scanning operation among the three scanning operations along the straight lines L₁ to L₃, respectively, is performed along a straight line traversing the white patterns 121 of the crosswalk 120, the determining unit 36 determines that no crosswalk 120 is in the image PH2. Moreover, when determining that all scanning operations are performed not along a straight line traversing the white patterns 121, the determining unit 36 determines that no crosswalk 120 is in the image PH2. Next, the determining unit 36 outputs a result of the determination whether or not the crosswalk 120 is in the image PH2 to an external device, etc.
As explained above, according to the first embodiment, the arithmetic processing indicated by the formula (1) is performed on the pieces of data B1 _(N)(X), B2 _(N)(X), and B3 _(N)(X) obtained by the scanning operations using the main pattern MP. Next, a characteristic curve indicating a relationship between the calculation result G_(N)(X) of the arithmetic processing and the position of the main pattern MP over the image PH2 is calculated. Subsequently, it is determined whether or not the crosswalk is in the image PH2 based on the regularity of peaks appearing on the characteristic curve.
The pieces of data B1 _(N)(X), B2 _(N)(X), and B3 _(N)(X) are averages of the brightness of the pixels overlapping respective sub patterns SP1 to SP3 of the main pattern MP. Hence, even if the white pattern 121 forming the crosswalk 120 is cracked or the white pattern 121 has a separated part, respective values of the pieces of data B1 _(N)(X), B2 _(N)(X), and B3 _(N)(X) are hardly affected.
More specifically, even if the white pattern 121 forming the crosswalk 120 is cracked or the white pattern 121 has a separated part, the number of the pixels displaying such portions is merely several percentages of the pixels overlapping the sub patterns SP1 to SP3. Hence, respective values of the pieces of data B1 _(N)(X), B2 _(N)(X), and B3 _(N)(X) are hardly affected even if the white pattern 121 is cracked, etc. Accordingly, it is possible to precisely determine whether or not the crosswalk is in the image PH2 even if the white patterns 121 of the crosswalk 120 are deteriorated with ages.
Note that respective values of the placement interval D1, and the distances d1, d2 are values corresponding to 0.45 m in the actual road 100. Moreover, the distance D2 between adjoining straight lines L₁ to L₃ is a value corresponding to 1.5 m in the actual road 100. Moreover, the dimension of the main pattern MP in the Y-axis direction is a dimension substantially equal to, for example, a pixel of the image PH2 (a dimension corresponding to a pixel). However, respective dimensions of the sub patterns SP1, SP2, and SP3 of the main pattern MP in the Y-axis direction can be changed appropriately as needed. For example, respective dimensions in the Y-axis direction may be a dimension corresponding to several pixels. Moreover, respective dimensions in the Y-axis direction may be, for example, constant or may change along the X-axis direction.
<<Second Embodiment>>
Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be explained with reference to FIGS. 11 to 17. The same or equivalent structural element as that of the first embodiment will be denoted by the same reference numeral, and the duplicated explanation thereof will be omitted or simplified.
A crosswalk detection system 10 of this embodiment differs from the crosswalk detection system 10 of the first embodiment that a crosswalk detection device 30 employs a similar configuration to that of a typical computer or a microcomputer, etc.
FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing a physical configuration of the crosswalk detection system 10. As shown in FIG. 11, the crosswalk detection system 10 includes the image-pickup device 20 and the crosswalk detection device 30 configured by a computer.
The crosswalk detection device 30 includes a CPU (Central Processing Unit) 30 a, a main memory unit 30 b, an auxiliary memory unit 30 c, a display unit 30 d, an input unit 30 e, an interface unit 30 f, and a system bus 30 g connecting those units one another.
The CPU 30 a executes a process to be discussed later on the image PH1 output by the image-pickup device 20 in accordance with a program stored in the auxiliary memory unit 30 c.
The main memory unit 30 b includes a RAM (Random Access Memory), etc., and is used as a work area for the CPU 30 a.
The auxiliary memory unit 30 c includes a non-volatile memory, such as a ROM (Read Only Memory), a magnetic disk, or a semiconductor memory. The auxiliary memory unit 30 c stores the program run by the CPU 30 a, and various parameters, etc. Moreover, the auxiliary memory unit successively stores information on the image output by the image-pickup device 20 and information containing a process result, etc., by the CPU 30 a.
The display unit 30 d includes a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) or an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), etc., and displays a process result by the CPU 30 a.
The input unit 30 e includes pointing devices, such as a keyboard and a mouse. An instruction given by an operator is input through the input unit 30 e, and is transmitted to the CPU 30 a via the system bus 30 g.
The interface unit 30 f includes a serial interface or a LAN (Local Area Network) interface, etc. The image-pickup device 20 is connected to the system bus 30 g via the interface unit 30 f.
The flowcharts of FIGS. 12 and 13 correspond to successive process algorithms of the program run by the CPU 30 a. An explanation will now be given of the process executed by the crosswalk detection device 30 with reference to FIG. 12. This process is executed after the crosswalk detection system 10 is activated and the image-pickup device 20 outputs information on a picked-up image. It is presumed that the image-pickup device 20 outputs the image PH1 shown in FIG. 2.
First, in an initial step 5101, the CPU 30 a transforms the image PH1 picked up by the image-pickup device 20 into an image (a top view image) looking the road 100 from directly above. More specifically, the image transformation unit 32 performs a coordinate transformation process on the image PH1 to generate the image PH2 shown in, for example, FIG. 3.
In a next step S102, the CPU 30 a performs the scanning process on the image PH2. FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a sub routine executed in the step S102. The CPU 30 a realizes the process in the step S102 by executing the sub routine shown in FIG. 13.
In an initial step S201 in the sub routine, the CPU 30 a resets a value of the counter N. Hence, the value of the counter N is set to an initial value that is 1.
In a next step S202, the CPU 30 a sets a determination flag to be OFF.
In a next step S203, the CPU 30 a aligns the main pattern to a first position (a position indicated by the arrow a in FIG. 3) on a straight line L_(N). At this position, the center of the main pattern MP is located over the straight line L₁. Moreover, the end of the main pattern MP at the −X side matches the end of the image PH2 at the −X side.
In a next step S204, the CPU 30 a successively calculates the average value B1 ₁ of the brightness of the pixels overlapping the sub pattern SP1, the average value B2 ₁ of the brightness of the pixels overlapping the sub pattern SP2, and the average value B3 ₁ of the brightness of the pixels overlapping the sub pattern SP3. Next, for respective brightness average values, the CPU 30 a generates the pieces of data B1 _(N)(X), B2 _(N)(X), B3 _(N)(X) associated with the X coordinate of the main pattern MP.
In a next step S205, the CPU 30 a executes the calculation indicated by the above-explained formula (1) for respective pieces of the data B1 _(N)(X), B2 _(N)(X), B3 _(N)(X). Hence, the calculation results G_(N)(X) are calculated.
In a next step S206, the CPU 30 a determines whether or not the value of the calculation result G_(N)(X) is equal to or greater than a threshold A that is equal to or greater than zero. FIG. 14 shows a relationship between the characteristic curve obtained based on a result of the scanning operation performed along the straight line L₁ and thresholds A, B. The main pattern MP is located at the first position where the X coordinate is zero. Hence, the calculation result G_(N)(X) is smaller than the threshold A. Accordingly, the determination in the step S206 becomes a negative result (step S206: NO), and the CPU 30 a progresses the process to step S212.
In the step S212, the CPU 30 a determines whether or not the value of the calculation result G_(N)(X) is equal to or smaller than the threshold B that is equal to or smaller than zero. As shown in FIG. 14, in this example, the calculation result G_(N)(X) is equal to or smaller than the threshold B. Hence, the CPU 30 a progresses the process to step S213.
In the step S213, the CPU 30 a sets the determination flag to be OFF.
In step S214, the CPU 30 a determines whether or not the main pattern MP is located on the second position (the position indicated by the arrow b in FIG. 6). Since the main pattern MP is located on the first position in this example, the determination in the step S214 becomes a negative result (step S214: NO), and the CPU 30 a progresses the process to a next step S215.
In the step S215, the CPU 30 a moves the position of the main pattern MP by a slight distance to the +X direction. Next, the process returns to the step S204.
Subsequently, the CPU 30 a repeats the processes of the steps S204 to S206 and the processes of the steps S212 to S215, and the main pattern MP is moved to the X direction. The value of the calculation result G_(N)(X) changes as is indicated by the characteristic curve shown in FIG. 14 together with the movement of the main pattern. Thereafter, the value of the calculation result G_(N)(X) becomes equal to or smaller than the threshold A and is larger than the threshold B. In this case, the determination in the step S212 becomes a negative result (step S212: NO), and the CPU 30 a directly progresses the process to the step S214.
Next, the CPU 30 a repeats the processes of the steps S204 to S206 and the processes of the steps S212, S214, and S215, and the value of the calculation result G_(N)(X) becomes larger than the threshold B. In this case, the determination in the step S206 becomes a positive result (step S206: YES), and the CPU 30 a progresses the process to step S207.
In the step S207, the CPU 30 a determines whether or not the determination flag is OFF. In this example, the determination flag is OFF. Hence, the determination in the step S207 becomes a positive result (step S207: YES), and the CPU 30 a progresses the process to step S208.
In the step S208, the CPU 30 a stores the calculation result G_(N)(X) as a peak value in the memory unit 31.
In a next step S209, the CPU 30 a sets the determination flag to be ON.
Next, the CPU 30 a executes the processes of the steps S214 and S215, and executes the processes of the steps S204 to S206. At this time, the determination flag is set to be ON. Hence, the determination in the step S207 becomes a negative result (step S207: NO). In this case, the CPU 30 a progresses the process to step S210.
In the step S210, the CPU 30 a determines whether or not the calculation result G_(N)(X) is larger than a calculation result G_(N−1)(X) stored right before. When the X coordinate of the main pattern MP is equal to or smaller than X₁, the determination in the step S210 becomes a positive result (step S210: YES), and the CPU 30 a progresses the process to step S211.
In the step S211, the CPU 30 a stores the calculation result G_(N)(X) as a peak value. Accordingly, the calculation result G_(N)(X) is updated.
Subsequently, the CPU 30 a repeatedly executes the processes of the steps S214, S215, S204 to S207, and the steps S210 and S211, and as is indicated by a white circle in FIG. 15, the peak value is updated.
Conversely, when the X coordinate of the main pattern MP exceeds X₁, the determination in the step S210 becomes a negative result (step S210: NO), and the CPU 30 a progresses the process to the step S214.
Thereafter, the main pattern MP is moved to the second position, and the processes of the steps S201 to S215 are repeatedly executed until the determination in the step S214 becomes a positive result (step S214: YES). Hence, the scanning operation along the straight line L₁ completes, and as is indicated by a white circle in FIG. 16, the peak is updated, and a plurality of peaks P₁ are determined eventually.
When the determination in the step S214 becomes a positive result (step S214: YES), the CPU 30 a progresses the process to step S216.
In the step S216, the CPU 30 a determines whether or not the value of the counter N is 3. Since the value of the counter N is 1, the determination in the step S216 becomes a negative result (step S216: NO), and the CPU 30 a progresses the process to step S217.
In the step S217, the CPU 30 a increments the value of the counter N by 1, and returns the process to the step S203.
Thereafter, until the value of the counter becomes 3 and the determination in the step S216 becomes a positive result (step S216: YES), the processes of the steps S201 to S214 are repeatedly executed. Hence, the scanning operation along the straight line L₂ is performed and eventually, a plurality of (two) peaks P₂ shown in FIG. 17 are determined. Moreover, the scanning operation along the straight line L₃ is performed and eventually, a plurality of peaks P₃ are determined.
When the value of the counter N becomes 3 and the determination in the step S216 becomes a positive result (step S216: YES), the CPU 30 a ends the sub routine, and progresses the process to step S103.
In the next step S103, the CPU 30 a determines whether or not the crosswalk 120 is in the image PH2 based on the peak P determined through the scanning operation in the step S102.
| 0.796776 | -0.003255 | 2,041 | 8,178 | 133 | -1 | User Interface Devices | false |
99,941 | github_open_source_100_2_8336 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | --[[
file:extend_math.lua
desc:扩展算术
auth:Carol Luo
]]
local string = string
local fromat = string.format
local tostring = tostring
local math = math
---10进制设置
---@param sum number @总值
---@param bit number @1~n
---@param val number @1~9
function math.setSecimal(sum,bit,val)
local p = 10^bit
local a = sum // p * p
local b = p / 10 * val
local c = sum % (p // 10)
return a + b + c
end
---10进制获取
---@param sum number @总值
---@param bit number @1~n
---@param val number @1~9
function math.getSecimal(sum,bit)
local p = 10^bit
local a = sum // p * p
local c = sum % (p // 10)
local b = sum - a - c
return b / ( p / 10)
end
---转显示
---@param num number @整数
---@return string
function math.itext(num)
return fromat("%.f万",num / 10000)
end
---计算组合
---@param n integer @集合
---@param m integer @组合
function math.CNM(n,m)
if m < n - m then
m = n - m;
end
local ans = 1;
for i = m + 1,n do
ans = ans * i
end
for i = 1,n - m do
ans = ans // i;
end
return ans;
end
return math
--[[
floor function: 0x55a22d0f0b70
randomseed function: 0x55a22d0f0400
ult function: 0x55a22d0f07c0
rad function: 0x55a22d0f02f0
modf function: 0x55a22d0f0a30
tan function: 0x55a22d0f0350
cos function: 0x55a22d0f0830
min function: 0x55a22d0f05b0
abs function: 0x55a22d0f0ca0
mininteger -9223372036854775808
maxinteger +9223372036854775807
atan function: 0x55a22d0f0860
exp function: 0x55a22d0f0800
pi 3.1415926535898
type function: 0x55a22d0f0920
acos function: 0x55a22d0f08f0
random function: 0x55a22d0f0430
sqrt function: 0x55a22d0f0380
asin function: 0x55a22d0f08c0
sin function: 0x55a22d0f03d0
max function: 0x55a22d0f0650
log function: 0x55a22d0f06f0
fmod function: 0x55a22d0f0d10
tointeger function: 0x55a22d0f0c20
ceil function: 0x55a22d0f0990
huge inf
deg function: 0x55a22d0f0320
]]
| 0.526498 | 0.555469 | 3,184 | 12,769 | 249 | 249 | Natural Language Processing Code | false |
99,942 | github_open_source_100_2_8337 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <template>
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<span style="float:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">单号：</span>{{ scope.row.repairNumber }}</span><br>
<span style="float:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">申请人：</span>{{ scope.row.applyName }}</span><br>
<span style="float:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">申请时间：</span>{{ scope.row.applyTime }}</span><br>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column label="资产信息" min-width="235px" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
<span style="float:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">牧场：</span> {{ scope.row.pastureName }}</span><br>
<span style="float:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">资产编号：</span> {{ scope.row.assetNumber }}</span><br>
<span style="float:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">牧场设备编号：</span>{{ scope.row.equipmentNumber }}</span><br>
<span style="float:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">设备名称：</span>{{ scope.row.assetName }}</span><br>
<span style="float:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">规格型号：</span>{{ scope.row.specification }}</span><br>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column label="故障信息" min-width="180px" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
<span style="float:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">故障部位：</span>{{ scope.row.partName }}</span><br>
<span style="float:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">故障现象：</span>{{ scope.row.appearanceName }}</span><br>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column label="接单信息" min-width="240px" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
<span style="float:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">接单人：</span> {{ scope.row.empname }}</span><br>
<span style="float:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">接单时间：</span>{{ scope.row.orderTime }}</span><br>
<span style="float:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">维修人：</span> {{ scope.row.dispose }}</span><br>
<span style="float:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">维修开始时间：</span> {{ scope.row.dealTime }}</span><br>
<span style="float:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">维修结束时间：</span>{{ scope.row.stopTime }}</span><br>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column label="处理/审核" min-width="205px" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
<span style="float:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">处理状态：</span>{{ scope.row.statue }}</span><br>
<span style="float:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">审核人：</span>{{ scope.row.auditName }}</span><br>
<span style="float:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">审核时间：</span>{{ scope.row.auditTime }}</span><br>
<span style="float:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">审核状态：</span>{{ scope.row.auditStatue }}</span><br>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column label="操作" align="center" width="230px" class-name="small-padding fixed-width">
<template slot-scope="{row}">
<el-button type="success" size="mini" style="margin-left:10px;" @click="handleUpdate(row)">查看明细</el-button>
<el-button type="success" size="mini" style="margin-left:0;" @click="handleReceipt(row)">接单</el-button>
<el-button type="success" size="mini" :v-if="row.dispose !== undefined && row.orderTime !== undefined" style="margin-left:0;" @click="handleRepair(row)">维修</el-button>
<el-button type="success" size="mini" style="margin-top:10px;margin-left:0;" @click="handeleComplete(row)">维修完成</el-button>
<el-button type="success" size="mini" style="margin-top:10px;margin-left:0;" @click="handeleExamine(row)">审核</el-button>
<!-- <el-button type="success" size="mini" style="margin-top:10px;margin-left:0;" @click="handeleImg(row)">图片上传</el-button> -->
</template>
</el-table-column>
</el-table>
<!-- 分页 -->
<pagination
v-show="total>0"
:total="total"
:page.sync="getdataListParm.offset"
:limit.sync="getdataListParm.pagecount"
@pagination="getList"
/>
<!-- 弹出层报修 -->
<el-dialog
:title="textMap[dialogStatusRepair]"
:visible.sync="dialogFormVisibleRepair"
:close-on-click-modal="false"
>
<div class="app-containerRepair">
<el-form
ref="temp"
:rules="rules"
:model="temp"
label-position="right"
label-width="120px"
style="width: 800px; margin-left:50px;"
>
<el-row>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="牧场" prop="pastureId">
<el-select v-model="temp.pastureId" placeholder="牧场" class="filter-item">
<el-option
v-for="item in findAllPasture"
:key="item.id"
:label="item.name"
:value="item.id"
/>
</el-select>
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="部门" prop="departmentId">
<el-select v-model="temp.departmentId" placeholder="部门" class="filter-item">
<el-option
v-for="item in findAllDepart"
:key="item.id"
:label="item.name"
:value="item.id"
/>
</el-select>
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
</el-row>
<el-row>
<el-col :span="12">
<el-form-item label="设备名称：" prop="assetName">
<el-autocomplete
ref="assetName"
v-model="temp1.assetName"
value-key="assetName"
class="inline-input"
:fetch-suggestions="formNameSearch"
placeholder="请输入内容"
style="width:270px;"
@select="handleformNameSelect"
>
<template slot-scope="{ item }">
<div class="name" style="display: inline;">{{ item.assetName }}</div>
<span class="addr">{{ item.assetNumber }}</span>
</template>
</el-autocomplete>
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="12">
<el-form-item label="牧场设备编号：" prop="assetNumber">
<el-autocomplete
ref="assetNumber"
v-model="temp1.assetNumber"
value-key="assetNumber"
class="inline-input"
:fetch-suggestions="formNumberSearch"
placeholder="请输入内容"
style="width:270px;"
@select="handleformNumberSelect"
>
<template slot-scope="{ item }">
<div class="name" style="display: inline;">{{ item.assetName }}</div>
<span class="addr">{{ item.assetNumber }}</span>
</template>
</el-autocomplete>
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
</el-row>
<el-row>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="故障部位" prop="appearanceId">
<el-select v-model="temp.appearanceId" placeholder="故障部位" class="filter-item">
<el-option
v-for="item in findAllPart"
:key="item.id"
:label="item.partName"
:value="item.id"
/>
</el-select>
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="故障现象" prop="phenomen">
<el-select v-model="temp.phenomen" placeholder="故障现象" class="filter-item">
<el-option
v-for="item in findAllAppearance"
:key="item.id"
:label="item.appearanceName"
:value="item.id"
/>
</el-select>
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="故障详情" prop="details">
<el-input ref="details" v-model="temp.details" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
</el-row>
<el-row>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="责任人" prop="employeId">
<el-select v-model="temp.employeId" placeholder="责任人" class="filter-item">
<el-option
v-for="item in findAllEmploye"
:key="item.id"
:label="item.name"
:value="item.id"
/>
</el-select>
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="日期" prop="inputDatetime">
<el-date-picker
v-model="temp.inputDatetime"
type="date"
placeholder="日期"
format="yyyy-MM-dd"
value-format="yyyy-MM-dd"
style="width:170px;"
/>
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
</el-row>
</el-form>
<div slot="footer" class="dialog-footer">
<el-button
v-if="dialogStatusRepair==='create'"
ref="create"
type="success"
@click="createData_again()"
>确认新增</el-button>
<el-button
type="primary"
@click="dialogStatusRepair==='create'?createDataBaoxiu():updateData()"
>确认</el-button>
<el-button @click="dialogFormVisibleRepair = false">关闭</el-button>
</div>
</div>
</el-dialog>
<!-- 弹出层接单 -->
<el-dialog
:title="textMap[dialogStatusReceipt]"
:visible.sync="dialogFormVisibleReceipt"
:close-on-click-modal="false"
>
<div class="app-containerReceipt">
<el-form
ref="temp"
:rules="rules"
:model="temp"
label-position="right"
label-width="150px"
style="width: 800px; margin-left:50px;"
>
<el-row>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="资产编号：" prop="assetNumber">
<el-input ref="assetNumber" v-model="temp.assetNumber" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="资产名称：" prop="assetName">
<el-input ref="assetName" v-model="temp.assetName" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
</el-row>
<el-row>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="牧场设备编号：" prop="equipmentNumber">
<el-input ref="equipmentNumber" v-model="temp.equipmentNumber" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="牧场名称：" prop="pastureName">
<el-input ref="pastureName" v-model="temp.pastureName" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="部门：" prop="departmentName">
<el-input ref="departmentName" v-model="temp.departmentName" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
</el-row>
<el-row>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="故障部位：" prop="partName">
<el-input ref="partName" v-model="temp.partName" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="故障现象：" prop="appearanceName">
<el-input ref="appearanceName" v-model="temp.appearanceName" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="故障详情：" prop="details">
<el-input ref="details" v-model="temp.details" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
</el-row>
</el-form>
<div slot="footer" class="dialog-footer">
<el-button
v-if="dialogStatusReceipt==='create'"
ref="createb"
type="success"
@click="createData_again()"
>确认新增</el-button>
<el-button
type="primary"
@click="dialogStatusReceipt==='create'?createData():updateDataReceipt()"
>确认</el-button>
<el-button @click="dialogFormVisibleReceipt = false">关闭</el-button>
</div>
</div>
</el-dialog>
<!-- 弹出层维修 -->
<el-dialog
:title="textMap[dialogStatusRepairW]"
:visible.sync="dialogFormVisibleRepairW"
:close-on-click-modal="false"
>
<div class="app-containerRepairW">
<el-form
ref="temp"
:rules="rules"
:model="temp"
label-position="right"
label-width="130px"
style="width: 800px; margin-left:50px;"
>
<el-row>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="资产编号：" prop="assetNumber">
<el-input ref="assetNumber" v-model="temp.assetNumber" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="资产名称：" prop="assetName">
<el-input ref="assetName" v-model="temp.assetName" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
</el-row>
<el-row>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="牧场设备编号：" prop="equipmentNumber">
<el-input ref="equipmentNumber" v-model="temp.equipmentNumber" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="牧场名称：" prop="pastureName">
<el-input ref="pastureName" v-model="temp.pastureName" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="部门：" prop="departmentName">
<el-input ref="departmentName" v-model="temp.departmentName" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
</el-row>
<el-row>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="故障部位：" prop="partName">
<el-input ref="partName" v-model="temp.partName" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="故障现象：" prop="appearanceName">
<el-input ref="appearanceName" v-model="temp.appearanceName" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="故障详情：" prop="details">
<el-input ref="details" v-model="temp.details" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
</el-row>
<el-row>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="责任人" prop="employeId">
<el-select v-model="temp.employeId" placeholder="责任人" class="filter-item" :disabled="isDisabled">
<el-option
v-for="item in findAllEmploye"
:key="item.id"
:label="item.name"
:value="item.id"
/>
</el-select>
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="日期" prop="aaDate">
<el-date-picker
v-model="temp.aaDate"
:disabled="isDisabled"
type="date"
placeholder="日期"
format="yyyy-MM-dd"
value-format="yyyy-MM-dd"
style="width:170px;"
/>
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
</el-row>
<el-row>
<el-col :span="20">
<el-form-item label="处理结果" prop="checkResult">
<el-radio-group v-model="temp.checkResult" :disabled="isDisabled" @change="changeHandler">
<el-radio
v-for="item in getDictByNameResult"
ref="temp"
:key="item.id"
style="margin-bottom:10px;"
:label="item.label"
:value="item.value"
/>
</el-radio-group>
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<!-- <el-col :span="4">
<el-button v-if="shengcheng" @click="handleshengcheng">生成领用单</el-button>
</el-col> -->
</el-row>
<el-row>
<el-col v-if="display" :span="8">
<el-form-item label="编号/名称：" prop="stockA">
<el-autocomplete
v-model="stockAAA.stockA"
style="width:430px;"
class="inline-input mediaInput"
:fetch-suggestions="stockSearch"
placeholder="请输入备件编号或者备件名称"
:disabled="isDisabled"
:trigger-on-focus="false"
@select="handleStockSelect"
>
<template slot-scope="{ item }">
<div class="name" style="display: inline;">{{ item.stockNumber }}</div>
<span class="addr">{{ item.stockName }}</span> 库存数量：<span class="addr">{{ item.repertory }}</span>
</template>
</el-autocomplete>
<div slot="footer" class="dialog-footer">
<el-button @click="dialogFormVisible = false">关闭</el-button>
</div>
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
</el-row>
</el-form>
<el-table
v-if="display"
id="myTable"
:key="tableKey"
v-loading="listLoading"
:rules="rules"
element-loading-text="给我一点时间"
:data="list2"
border
fit
highlight-current-row
style="width: 100%;"
:row-style="rowStyle"
:cell-style="cellStyle"
class="elTable"
>
<!-- table表格 -->
<el-table-column label="名称" min-width="110px" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
<span>{{ scope.row.stockName }}</span>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column label="编码" min-width="110px" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
<span>{{ scope.row.stockNumber }}</span>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column label="规格" min-width="110px" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
<span>{{ scope.row.specification }}</span>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column label="数量" min-width="110px" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
<el-form :model="scope.row" :rules="rules">
<el-form-item prop="amount">
<el-input v-show="true" v-model="scope.row.amount" style="width:80px;border:none;margin-top:25px;height:30px" :disabled="isDisabled" />
<!-- <input v-model="scope.row.amount" type="number" style="width:80px;border:none;margin-top:25px;height:30px"> -->
</el-form-item>
</el-form>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column
label="操作"
align="center"
width="150"
class-name="small-padding fixed-width"
>
<template slot-scope="{row}">
<el-button type="success" size="mini" :disabled="isDisabled" @click="stockDel(row)">删除</el-button>
</template>
</el-table-column>
</el-table>
</div>
<div slot="footer" class="dialog-footer">
<el-button
type="primary"
:disabled="isDisabled"
@click="dialogStatusComplete ==='create'?createDataRepairW():createDataRepairW()"
>确认</el-button>
<el-button @click="dialogFormVisibleRepairW = false">关闭</el-button>
</div>
</el-dialog>
<!-- 弹出层查看详情 -->
<el-dialog
:title="textMap[dialogStatus]"
:visible.sync="dialogFormVisible"
:close-on-click-modal="false"
>
<div class="app-container">
<el-form
ref="temp"
:rules="rules"
:model="temp"
label-position="right"
label-width="120px"
style="width: 800px; margin-left:50px;"
>
<el-row>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="资产编号：" prop="assetNumber">
<el-input ref="assetNumber" v-model="temp.assetNumber" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="资产名称：" prop="assetName">
<el-input ref="assetName" v-model="temp.assetName" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
</el-row>
<el-row>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="牧场设备编号：" prop="equipmentNumber">
<el-input ref="equipmentNumber" v-model="temp.equipmentNumber" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="牧场名称：" prop="pastureName">
<el-input ref="pastureName" v-model="temp.pastureName" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="部门：" prop="departmentName">
<el-input ref="departmentName" v-model="temp.departmentName" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
</el-row>
<el-row>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="故障部位：" prop="partName">
<el-input ref="partName" v-model="temp.partName" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="故障现象：" prop="appearanceName">
<el-input ref="appearanceName" v-model="temp.appearanceName" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="故障详情：" prop="details">
<el-input ref="details" v-model="temp.details" disabled style="width:170px;" />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
</el-row>
<el-row>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="责任人：" prop="employeId">
<el-select v-model="temp.employeId" placeholder="责任人" class="filter-item" disabled>
<el-option
v-for="item in findAllEmploye"
:key="item.id"
:label="item.name"
:value="item.id"
/>
</el-select>
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="日期：" prop="aaDate">
<el-date-picker
v-model="temp.aaDate"
disabled
type="date"
placeholder="日期"
format="yyyy-MM-dd"
value-format="yyyy-MM-dd"
style="width:170px;"
/>
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-row>
<el-col :span="14">
<el-form-item label="处理结果" prop="checkResult">
<el-radio-group v-model="temp.checkResult" disabled @change="changeHandler">
<el-radio
v-for="item in getDictByNameResult"
:key="item.id"
style="margin-bottom:10px;"
:label="item.label"
:value="item.value"
/>
</el-radio-group>
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
</el-row>
</el-row></el-form>
<el-table
v-if="display"
:key="tableKey"
v-loading="listLoading"
element-loading-text="给我一点时间"
:data="listchakan"
border
fit
highlight-current-row
style="width: 100%;"
:row-style="rowStyle"
:cell-style="cellStyle"
class="elTable"
>
<!-- table表格 -->
<el-table-column label="备件编码" min-width="100px" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
<span>{{ scope.row.stockNumber }}</span>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column label="备件名称" min-width="110px" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
<span>{{ scope.row.stockName }}</span>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column label="供应商" min-width="110px" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
<span>{{ scope.row.providerName }}</span>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column label="规格" min-width="110px" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
<span>{{ scope.row.specification }}</span>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column label="数量" min-width="110px" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
领用数量：<span>{{ scope.row.useNumber }}</span><br>
审批数量：<span>{{ scope.row.approvalAmount }}</span><br>
单位：<span>{{ scope.row.unit }}</span>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column label="价格" min-width="110px" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
单价：<span>{{ scope.row.price }}</span><br>
总价：<span>{{ scope.row.sumPrice }}</span>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column label="驳回原因" min-width="110px" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
<span>{{ scope.row.note }}</span>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column label="是否驳回" property="isReject" min-width="110px" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
<el-switch v-model="scope.row.isReject" active-color="#13ce66" inactive-color="#ff4949" active-value="0" inactive-value="1" disabled />
</template>
</el-table-column>
</el-table>
<div slot="footer" class="dialog-footer" style="float:right;">
<el-button @click="dialogFormVisible = false">关闭</el-button>
</div>
</div>
</el-dialog>
<!-- 弹出层维修完成 -->
<el-dialog
:title="textMap[dialogStatusComplete]"
:visible.sync="dialogFormVisibleComplete"
:close-on-click-modal="false"
style="width:400px;margin:0 auto;"
>
<div class="app-containerComplete">
<el-form
ref="temp"
:rules="rules"
:model="temp"
label-position="right"
label-width="100px"
style="width: 400px; margin-left:50px;"
>
<h3 style="margin-bottom:50px;">是否完成？</h3>
</el-form>
<div slot="footer" class="dialog-footer">
<!-- <el-button
v-if="dialogStatusComplete ==='create'"
ref="createb"
type="success"
@click="createData_again()"
>确认新增</el-button> -->
<el-button
type="primary"
@click="dialogStatusComplete ==='create'?createData():updateDataComplete()"
>确认</el-button>
<el-button @click="dialogFormVisibleComplete = false">关闭</el-button>
</div>
</div>
</el-dialog>
<!-- 弹出层审核 -->
<el-dialog
:title="textMap[dialogStatusExamine]"
:visible.sync="dialogFormVisibleExamine"
:close-on-click-modal="false"
>
<div class="app-containerExamine">
<el-form
ref="temp"
:rules="rules"
:model="temp"
label-position="right"
label-width="100px"
style="width: 800px; margin-left:50px;"
>
<el-row>
<el-col :span="6">
<el-form-item label="资产编号" prop="assetNumber">
<el-input ref="assetNumber" v-model="temp.assetNumber" disabled />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="6">
<el-form-item label="牧场名称" prop="pastureName">
<el-input ref="pastureName" v-model="temp.pastureName" disabled />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="6">
<el-form-item label="牧场设备编号" prop="equipmentNumber">
<el-input ref="equipmentNumber" v-model="temp.equipmentNumber" disabled />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="6">
<el-form-item label="资产名称" prop="assetName">
<el-input ref="assetName" v-model="temp.assetName" disabled />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
</el-row>
<el-row>
<el-col :span="6">
<el-form-item label="故障现象" prop="appearanceName">
<el-input ref="appearanceName" v-model="temp.appearanceName" disabled />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="6">
<el-form-item label="故障详情" prop="details">
<el-input ref="details" v-model="temp.details" disabled />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="6">
<el-form-item label="部门" prop="departmentName">
<el-input ref="departmentName" v-model="temp.departmentName" disabled />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
</el-row>
<el-row>
<el-col :span="6">
<el-form-item label="故障部位" prop="partName">
<el-input ref="partName" v-model="temp.partName" disabled />
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="审核人" prop="employeId">
<el-select v-model="temp.employeId" placeholder="责任人" class="filter-item" disabled>
<el-option
v-for="item in findAllEmploye"
:key="item.id"
:label="item.name"
:value="item.id"
/>
</el-select>
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="8">
<el-form-item label="审核日期" prop="aaDate">
<el-date-picker
v-model="temp.aaDate"
disabled
type="date"
placeholder="日期"
format="yyyy-MM-dd"
value-format="yyyy-MM-dd"
style="width:170px;"
/>
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
</el-row>
</el-form>
<div slot="footer" class="dialog-footer">
<el-button
v-if="dialogStatusExamine==='create'"
ref="createb"
type="success"
@click="createData_again()"
>确认新增</el-button>
<el-button
type="primary"
@click="dialogStatusExamine==='create'?createData():updateDataExamine()"
>确认</el-button>
<el-button @click="dialogFormVisibleExamine = false">关闭</el-button>
</div>
</div>
</el-dialog>
<!-- 弹出层图片上传 -->
<el-dialog
:title="textMap[dialogStatusImg]"
:visible.sync="dialogFormVisibleImg"
:close-on-click-modal="false"
>
<div class="app-containerImg">
<el-form
ref="temp"
:rules="rules"
:model="temp"
label-position="right"
label-width="100px"
style="width: 800px; margin-left:50px;"
>
<div slot="footer" class="dialog-footer">
<el-button
v-if="dialogStatusExamine==='create'"
ref="createb"
type="success"
@click="createData_again()"
>确认新增</el-button>
<el-button
type="primary"
@click="dialogStatusImg==='create'?createData():updateDataImg()"
>确认</el-button>
<el-button @click="dialogFormVisibleImg = false">关闭</el-button>
</div>
</el-form></div>
</el-dialog>
</div>
</template>
<script>
// 引入
import { GetDataByName, GetDataByNames, PostDataByName, ExecDataByConfig, checkButtons } from '@/api/common'
import waves from '@/directive/waves' // waves directive
import { parseTime } from '@/utils/index.js'
// eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-vars
import Pagination from '@/components/Pagination' // secondary package based on el-pagination
import { MessageBox } from 'element-ui'
// import { validator } from '@/utils/validate.js'
export default {
name: 'Repair',
components: { Pagination },
directives: { waves },
data() {
return {
buttonShow: [],
isReject: [],
tableKey: 0,
isDisabled: true,
// shengcheng: false,
display: false,
radioSex: 'man',
list: [],
list2: [],
listchakan: [],
total: 0,
radio: '',
listLoading: true,
maintainStockUseId: '', // 维修时点击维修按钮加载的维修主键
state1: '',
bigsSolrId: '', // 生成领用单时候获取的父类ID
requestParam: {
name: 'insertAsset',
offset: 0,
pagecount: 0,
parammaps: {}
},
// 1-2:table&搜索传参
getdataListParm: {
name: 'getMaintainList',
page: 1,
offset: 1,
pagecount: 10,
returntype: 'Map',
parammaps: {
assetNumber: '',
assetName: '',
pastureName: '',
applyTime: ''
}
},
// 查看详情table
getdataListParmchakan: {
name: 'selectFindStock1',
page: 1,
offset: 1,
pagecount: 10,
returntype: 'Map',
parammaps: {
id: '',
assetName: ''
}
},
// 2-3：下拉框请求后数据加入[]
findAllProvider: [],
findAllAssetType: [],
findAllPasture: [],
findAllDepart: [],
findAllEmploye: [],
findAllAppearance: [],
findAllPart: [],
getDictByName: [],
getDictByNameA: [],
getDictByNameResult: [],
// 2-1.请求下拉框接口
requestParams: [
{ name: 'findAllProvider', offset: 0, pagecount: 0, params: [] },
{ name: 'findAllAssetType', offset: 0, pagecount: 0, params: [] },
{ name: 'findAllPasture', offset: 0, pagecount: 0, params: [] },
{ name: 'findAllDepart', offset: 0, pagecount: 0, params: [] },
{ name: 'findAllEmploye', offset: 0, pagecount: 0, params: [] },
{ name: 'findAllAppearance', offset: 0, pagecount: 0, params: [] },
{ name: 'findAllPart', offset: 0, pagecount: 0, params: [] },
{ name: 'getDictByName', offset: 0, pagecount: 0, params: ['维修操作'] },
{ name: 'getDictByNameA', offset: 0, pagecount: 0, params: ['资产状态'] },
{ name: 'getDictByName', offset: 0, pagecount: 0, params: ['维修处理结果'] }
],
requestParamAs: [
{ name: 'getDictByName', offset: 0, pagecount: 0, params: ['审核状态'] }
],
temp: {
assetNumber: '',
assetName: ''
},
temp1: {
assetNumber: '',
assetName: ''
},
tempSolr: {
assetNumber: '',
assetName: ''
},
requestFilterParams: {
returntype: 'Map',
parammaps: {}
},
dialogFormVisibleRepair: false,
dialogFormVisible: false,
dialogFormVisibleReceipt: false,
dialogFormVisibleRepairW: false,
dialogFormVisibleComplete: false,
dialogFormVisibleExamine: false,
dialogFormVisibleImg: false,
dialogStatusRepair: '',
dialogStatusReceipt: '',
dialogStatusRepairW: '',
dialogStatus: '',
dialogStatusComplete: '',
dialogStatusExamine: '',
dialogStatusImg: '',
textMap: {
examine: '审核',
complete: '维修完成',
repairW: '维修',
receipt: '接单',
repair: '报修',
update: '查看详情',
create: '新增',
img: '图片上传'
},
postDataPramas: {
},
stockAAA: {
stockA: '',
stockNumber: '',
stockName: '',
specification: '',
amount: '',
note: ''
},
dialogPvVisible: false,
// 校验规则
rules: {
amount: [{ type: 'number', required: true, validator: (rule, value, callback) => {
// console.log(this.list2[this.list2.length - 1].repertory)
if (!value) {
callback(new Error('不能为空'))
}
if (value < 0) {
callback(new Error('必须大于0'))
} else if (value > this.list2[this.list2.length - 1].repertory) {
this.$message({
type: 'warning',
message: '输入的值不能大于当前库存'
})
}
setTimeout(() => {
const re = /^\d+$/ // /^[0-9]*[1-9][0-9]*$/
const rsCheck = re.test(value)
if (!rsCheck) {
this.$message({
type: 'warning',
message: '请输入正整数'
})
} else {
callback()
}
}, 0)
}, trigger: 'blur' }]
},
rowStyle: { maxHeight: 50 + 'px', height: 45 + 'px' },
cellStyle: { padding: 0 + 'px' }
}
},
created() {
console.log(this.$store.state.user.buttons)
this.getDownList()
this.getList()
checkButtons(this.$store.state.user.buttons, 'baoxiu')
console.log(this.$store.state.user.buttons)
},
methods: {
// 模糊查询-报修备件信息搜索
stockSearch(queryString, cb) {
this.requestFilterParams.name = 'findByDimStock'
this.requestFilterParams.parammaps = {}
this.requestFilterParams.parammaps['stockA'] = queryString
GetDataByName(this.requestFilterParams).then(response => {
// console.log(response.data.list)
cb(response.data.list)
})
},
handleStockSelect(item) {
var ss = 0
GetDataByName(this.requestFilterParams).then(response => {
this.$nextTick(() => {
if (response.data.list.length > 0) {
this.stockAAA = {}
if (item.repertory <= 0) {
this.$notify({
title: '添加失败',
message: '此备件无库存了，请联系库管尽快补货哦...',
type: 'warning',
duration: 2000
})
} else {
if (this.list2 === null) {
this.list2 = []
}
this.list2.some((item1, i) => {
if (item1.stockNumber === item.stockNumber) {
ss = 1
}
})
if (ss === 0) { this.list2.push(item) }
}
}
})
})
},
createDataRepairW() {
this.postDataPramas.common = { 'returnmap': '0' }
this.postDataPramas.data = []
this.postDataPramas.data[0] = { 'name': 'deleteStockUse1', 'type': 'e', 'parammaps': { 'bigId': this.temp.bigId }}
this.postDataPramas.data[1] = { 'name': 'deleteBigStockUse1', 'type': 'e', 'parammaps': { 'id': this.temp.bigId }}
this.postDataPramas.data[2] = { 'name': 'insertBigStockUse1', 'type': 'e', 'parammaps': { }}
this.postDataPramas.data[2].parammaps.pastureId = this.temp.pastureId
this.postDataPramas.data[2].parammaps.departmentId = this.temp.departmentId
this.postDataPramas.data[2].parammaps.maintainId = this.temp.id
this.postDataPramas.data[2].parammaps.employeId1 = this.temp.disposeId
this.postDataPramas.data[2].parammaps.oddNumber = this.temp.repairNumber
this.postDataPramas.data[3] = { 'name': 'insertStockUse', 'resultmaps': { 'list': this.list2 }}
this.postDataPramas.data[3].children = []
this.postDataPramas.data[3].children[0] = { 'name': 'insertStockUse1', 'type': 'e', 'parammaps': { }}
this.postDataPramas.data[3].children[0].parammaps.stockNumber = '@insertStockUse.stockNumber'
this.postDataPramas.data[3].children[0].parammaps.stockName = '@insertStockUse.stockName'
this.postDataPramas.data[3].children[0].parammaps.specification = '@insertStockUse.specification'
this.postDataPramas.data[3].children[0].parammaps.useNumber = '@insertStockUse.amount'
this.postDataPramas.data[3].children[0].parammaps.refuseNumber = '@insertStockUse.amount'
this.postDataPramas.data[3].children[0].parammaps.bigId = '@insertBigStockUse1.LastInsertId'
this.postDataPramas.data[3].children[0].parammaps.maintainId = this.temp.id
this.postDataPramas.data[4] = { 'name': 'updateMaintainTime', 'type': 'e', 'parammaps': { }}
this.postDataPramas.data[4].parammaps.id = this.temp.id
this.postDataPramas.data[4].parammaps.jwt_username = '@common.jwt_username'
ExecDataByConfig(this.postDataPramas).then(response => {
if (response.msg === 'fail') {
this.$notify({
title: '保存失败',
message: response.data,
type: 'warning',
duration: 2000
})
} else {
this.getList()
this.dialogFormVisible = false
this.$notify({
title: '',
message: '保存成功',
type: 'success',
duration: 2000
})
}
})
},
// 刷新修改过的信息
uplodeStockList111() {
if (this.list.length > 0) {
this.requestFilterParams.parammaps = {}
this.requestFilterParams.name = 'getRepairStockList'
this.requestFilterParams.parammaps['maintainId'] = this.maintainStockUseId
GetDataByName(this.requestFilterParams).then(response => {
this.list2 = response.data.list
console.log(this.list2)
})
}
},
// 加载备件列表信息
uplodeStockList(row) {
if (this.list.length > 0) {
this.requestFilterParams.parammaps = {}
this.requestFilterParams.name = 'getRepairStockList'
this.requestFilterParams.parammaps['maintainId'] = row.id
this.maintainStockUseId = row.id
GetDataByName(this.requestFilterParams).then(response => {
this.list2 = response.data.list
})
}
},
stockDel(row) {
this.list2.some((item, i) => {
if (item.stockNumber === row.stockNumber) {
this.list2.splice(i, 1)
return true
}
})
},
// 模糊查询-报修名称
formNumberSearch(queryString, cb) {
this.requestFilterParams.name = 'findAssetMain'
this.requestFilterParams.parammaps['assetNumber'] = queryString
this.requestFilterParams.parammaps['assetName'] = ''
GetDataByName(this.requestFilterParams).then(response => {
cb(response.data.list)
})
},
formNameSearch(queryString, cb) {
this.requestFilterParams.name = 'findAssetMain'
this.requestFilterParams.parammaps['assetNumber'] = ''
this.requestFilterParams.parammaps['assetName'] = queryString
GetDataByName(this.requestFilterParams).then(response => {
cb(response.data.list)
})
},
handleformNumberSelect(item) {
console.log(item.assetNumber)
this.requestFilterParams.name = 'findAssetMain'
this.requestFilterParams.parammaps['assetName'] = ''
this.requestFilterParams.parammaps['assetNumber'] = item.assetNumber
GetDataByName(this.requestFilterParams).then(response => {
this.$nextTick(() => {
if (response.data.list.length > 0) {
console.log('list信息为：' + response.data.list[0].assetNumber + response.data.list[0].assetName)
this.temp1.assetNumber = response.data.list[0].assetNumber
this.temp1.assetName = response.data.list[0].assetName
}
})
})
},
handleformNameSelect(item) {
console.log(item.assetName)
this.requestFilterParams.name = 'findAssetMain'
this.requestFilterParams.parammaps['assetNumber'] = ''
this.requestFilterParams.parammaps['assetName'] = item.assetName
GetDataByName(this.requestFilterParams).then(response => {
this.$nextTick(() => {
if (response.data.list.length > 0) {
console.log('list信息为：' + response.data.list[0].assetNumber + response.data.list[0].assetName)
this.temp1.assetNumber = response.data.list[0].assetNumber
this.temp1.assetName = response.data.list[0].assetName
}
})
})
},
// 供应商模糊查询
providerSearch(queryString, cb) {
var returnList = this.findAllProvider
var results = queryString
? returnList.filter(this.createFilter(queryString))
: returnList
// 调用 callback 返回建议列表的数据
cb(results)
},
createFilter(queryString) {
return returnValue => {
return (
returnValue.name.toLowerCase().indexOf(queryString.toLowerCase()) >= 0
)
}
},
handleSelect(item) {
console.log(item)
},
// 1-1: table&搜索
getList() {
this.listLoading = true
GetDataByName(this.getdataListParm).then(response => {
this.list = response.data.list
this.isReject = response.data.list
// console.log(response.data.list)
if (response.data.total) {
this.total = response.data.total
}
// Just to simulate the time of the request
setTimeout(() => {
this.listLoading = false
}, 100)
})
},
// 2-2：下拉框
getDownList() {
GetDataByNames(this.requestParams).then(response => {
this.findAllProvider = response.data.findAllProvider.list
this.findAllAssetType = response.data.findAllAssetType.list
this.findAllPasture = response.data.findAllPasture.list
this.findAllDepart = response.data.findAllDepart.list
this.findAllEmploye = response.data.findAllEmploye.list
this.findAllAppearance = response.data.findAllAppearance.list
this.findAllPart = response.data.findAllPart.list
this.getDictByName = response.data.getDictByName.list
this.getDictByNameA = response.data.getDictByName.list
this.getDictByNameResult = response.data.getDictByName.list
this.$nextTick(() => {
GetDataByNames(this.requestParamAs).then(response => {
this.getDictByNameA = response.data.getDictByName.list
})
})
})
},
handleFilter() {
this.listLoading = true
this.getList()
},
handleModifyStatus(row, status) {
this.$message({
message: '操作成功',
type: 'success'
})
row.status = status
},
resetTemp() {
this.temp = {
// 格式化日期
inputDatetime: parseTime(new Date(), '{y}-{m}-{d}')
}
},
getNowTime() {
var now = new Date()
var year = now.getFullYear() // 得到年份
var month = now.getMonth() // 得到月份
var date = now.getDate() // 得到日期
console.log(now)
month = month + 1
month = month.toString().padStart(2, '0')
date = date.toString().padStart(2, '0')
var defaultDate = `${year}-${month}-${date}`
this.$set(this.inputDatetime, 'date', defaultDate)
},
// 报修
handleCreateBaoxiu() {
this.resetTemp()
this.dialogStatusRepair = 'create'
this.dialogFormVisibleRepair = true
/* this.$nextTick(() => {
this.$refs['temp'].clearValidate()
}) */
},
createDataBaoxiu() {
// this.$refs['temp'].validate(valid => {
// if (valid) {
this.requestParam.name = 'insertRepairs'
this.requestParam.parammaps = this.temp
this.requestParam.parammaps['assetNumber'] = this.temp1.assetNumber
this.requestParam.parammaps['assetName'] = this.temp1.assetName
PostDataByName(this.requestParam).then(response => {
console.log(response)
if (response.msg === 'fail') {
this.$notify({
title: '失败',
message: '保存失败-' + response.data,
type: 'danger',
duration: 2000
})
} else {
this.getList()
this.dialogFormVisible = false
this.$notify({
title: '成功',
message: '报修成功',
type: 'success',
duration: 2000
})
}
// })
// }
})
},
// 接单
handleReceipt(row) {
this.temp = Object.assign({}, row) // copy obj
if (row.empname === undefined && row.orderTime === undefined) {
this.dialogStatusReceipt = 'receipt'
this.dialogFormVisibleReceipt = true
} else {
this.$notify({
title: '',
message: '此单已经有人接了...',
type: 'warning',
duration: 2000
})
}
},
updateDataReceipt() {
this.$refs['temp'].validate(valid => {
if (valid) {
this.requestParam.name = 'receivingOrder'
this.requestParam.parammaps = this.temp
this.requestParam.parammaps['assetName'] = this.temp1.assetName
this.requestParam.parammaps['assetNumber'] = this.temp1.assetNumber
PostDataByName(this.requestParam).then(response => {
console.log(response)
if (response.msg === 'fail') {
this.$notify({
title: '失败',
message: '保存失败-' + response.data,
type: 'warning',
duration: 2000
})
} else {
this.getList()
this.dialogFormVisibleReceipt = false
this.$notify({
title: '成功',
message: '接单成功',
type: 'success',
duration: 2000
})
}
})
}
})
},
// 维修
handleRepair(row) {
console.log(row.receiveStatue)
// eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq
if (row.receiveStatue == '未审核' || row.receiveStatue == undefined) {
this.$nextTick(() => {
this.isDisabled = false
})
} else {
this.$nextTick(() => {
this.isDisabled = true
})
}
if (row.empname !== undefined && row.orderTime !== undefined) {
// if (row.dealTime == null) {
this.uplodeStockList(row)
this.temp = Object.assign({}, row) // copy obj
this.dialogStatusRepairW = 'repairW'
this.dialogFormVisibleRepairW = true
this.$nextTick(() => {
// 从后台获取时row.checkResult === '需要备件'
if (row.checkResult === '需要备件') {
this.display = true
} else {
this.display = false
}
})
this.$message({
type: 'warning',
message: '此单正在维修...'
})
} else {
this.$message({
type: 'warning',
message: '未接单，不能维修'
})
}
},
// 领用单以及表格显示隐藏
changeHandler(value) {
if (value === '无故障' || value === '已处理不需要备件') {
this.display = false
this.requestParam.name = 'clearBigAndStockUse'
this.requestParam.parammaps = {}
this.requestParam.parammaps['id'] = this.temp.id
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99,943 | 7245518_2 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Moreover, the prevalence of a billing practice—or even awareness of it—does not inform the Court whether the practice is objectively deceptive, See James D. Hinson Elec. Contracting Co. v. BellSouth Telecommunications, Inc., 275 F.R.D. 638, 646 (M.D. Fla. 2011) (Class members’ "alleged awareness that BellSouth was charging .indirect costs, however, is simply not relevant to the issue of whether BellSouth was deceptive by charging amounts that it was not entitled to recover under Florida law.”). As the Court has jurisdiction through diversity of citizenship, it "is bound to apply the substantive law of the state in which it is located.” Shapiro v. Associated Int'l Ins. Co., 899 F.2d 1116, 1118 (11th Cir. 1990). The Court does not address the alleged misrepresentations made by .Coral Gables as they have been dismissed from this action. See, e.g., Am. Dental Ass’n v. Cigna Corp., 605 F.3d 1283, 1288 (11th Cir. 2010). Even though Calhoun did not create the misleading invoices, these allegations reveal sufficient involvement in the alleged creation of the invoices such that the fraud claim against Calhoun survives dismissal See, e.g., State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Altamonte Springs Diagnostic Imaging, Inc., 2011 WL 6450769 at *4 (M.D. Fla. 2011) (reasoning that the complaint sufficiently alleged the individual defendant’s "personal involvement in the alleged scheme”); KJ Chiropractic Center, 2014 WL 12617566, at *4 (finding plaintiff had alleged “specific instances of conduct sufficient to inform -each Defendant of its individual role in the alleged scheme,” where it alleged that the individual defendants had "loaned their names and chiropractic licenses so that the clinics would appear to be legitimate” and legal). The example package includes $24,516 in hospital fees in. both its cover letter and as a line-item in the ledger. Ex, 10 to Am, Compl. at. 1-2, However, Omni only paid Coral Gables $2,500 for Coral Gables’ services. Id. ¶ 108. It would not be appropriate, at this stage in the litigation, for the Court to conclude that the practice of paying a discounted price but billing based on usual and customary costs is a practice so common that a reasonable insurer would not have been misled by these statements. See Section III.A, supra. Additionally, although not argued, the Court declines to pierce the corporate veil here. See Krinsk v. SunTrust Banks, Inc., No. 8:09-CV-909-T-27EAJ, 2010 WL 11475608, at *6 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 8, 2010) (declining to pierce corporate veil where plaintiff has not plead facts supporting shareholder had domination and control over corporate defendant). Notably, there is no allegation that State Farm has ever received Coral Gables' bills because Omni did not include them in the demand package. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 109-113. Although the insurance fraud criminal statute, Fla. Stat. § 817,234(5), provides that an insurer may bring an action upon an adjudication of guilt under that statute, "nothing in this statute provides that a cause of action exists only if there is a conviction, or that other causes of action are pre-empted.” Nationwide Mut. Co. v. Ft. Myers Total Rehab Ctr., Inc., 657 F.Supp.2d 1279, 1287 (M.D. Fla. 2009) (discussing Fla. Stat. Ann. § 627.736(12), which similarly provides an insurer a “cause of action against any person convicted of, or who, regardless of adjudication of guilt, pleads guilty or nolo contendere to insurance fraud under s. 817.234”). In Kelly, plaintiffs received civil theft demand letters from a law firm, which threatened to file a lawsuit if payments were not made. Kelly, 681 F.Supp.2d at 1363-64. Recipients of those letters filed a class action suit against the law firm alleging, among various claims, a violation of FDUTPA by that law firm. The district court granted summary judgment for the law firm on claims of FDUT-PA violations, concluding that the plaintiffs did not satisfy the " 'trade or commerce1 element of FDUTPA.” Id. at 1374. '. Although the Metropolitan Motion and the Galhoun Motion are not filed by any defendants involved in the second FDUTPA claim (Omni, Triana, and Coral Gables), the Court considers the arguments presented by Metropolitan and Calhoun Defendants against both FDUTPA counts because (1) Omni and Triana joined the Calhoun Motion (ECF No. 63), and (2) as Calhoun Defendants note, “the two claims are essentially identical,” Calhoun Motion at 8 n.2. Specifically, Plaintiff asserts that Defendants’ conduct violates Florida Statutes §§ 817.505 (Patient Brokering Statute), 456.054 (Anti-Kickback Statute), 395.0185 (Anti-Rebate Statute) and 817.234 (Insurance Fraud). See Amended Complaint (ECF No. 56) ¶¶ 9, 51, 123-130. See also Exhibit 4 to Am. Compl. | 0.335748 | -0.87314 | 298 | 1,109 | 36 | 36 | Court Cases | false |
99,944 | autobiographydia00davi_8 | English-PD | Public Domain | 19/// September. — Have written two short letters on the Revised Old Testament in the Inquirer of the 12th and 19th instant. I have no desire or inclination to give a long critique upon the work, pointing out its excellences and defects. It is not so good as it should have been when one takes into account the years spent upon it and the number of persons employed. A good many marginal readings should be in the text, and the textual ones abolished. One cannot help thinking that the text usuall}' represents the opinion of an orthodox majority, the margin that of a scholarly minority. Taking it as a whole, it seems inferior to De Wette's German version. I adhere to my former view that a work of this nature should be done by a Royal Commission ; not by a Committee, the creation of Convocation. One thing about it will arrest the attention 152 AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF DR. S. DAVIDSON [l8Sr, of scholars, namely, the retention or occurrence of render- ings which the Hebrew cannot bear. And there might surely have been insight enough to see the incorrectness of " the eai'tJi shall be full of the knowledge of the Lord," etc. (Isa. xi. 9), which should obviously be " the land shall be full," etc., and the blunder that retains Michal in the text of 2 Sam. xxi. 8, instead of Alcrab. It is also in my opinion unjustifiable to keep sprinkle in the text of Isa. lii. 15, since the verb so rendered can only mean to leap for joy, exult, rejoice, in the passage. 22nd September. — Professor Schrader of Berlin spent the evening with me ; a scholar of European reputation whose Oriental studies and researches are of high value. I regret that he did not pursue the department he entered upon at first at Zurich, and in which he would doubtless have excelled ; for his edition of De Wette's Introduction to the Old Testament embodies much valuable criticism of the Hebrew Scriptures. Having laid aside all that, he is now engrossed with his Babylonian and Assyrian studies. I asked him about the Hittites, but he said there is yet no key to their language ; and also about Darius the Mede in Daniel, who, as he justly remarked, is excluded from authentic history, there being no place for him. Schrader is a plain, simple, unsophisticated scholar, genial, kindly, not without humour, capable of true, disinterested friendship. It is a pleasure to know such a distinguished Orientalist. '6tJi N'ovember. — Finished to day the reading of Daniel, to which book I turned after the daily perusal of JereniiaJi was completed. The change from Isaiah to Jeremiah is great. The style of the latter is wordy, and has much repetition. Compression and energy are wanting. The text, too, is in a very imperfect and corrupt state. But the high moral tone of the prophet, notwithstanding his melancholy, is manifest throughout. The Book of AGE 7<)] I'.IBLE READINGS 1 53 Daniel is unmistakably of late origin, and deficient in the characteristics of true Hebrew prophetism. History is clothed in a prophetic dress. The diction is degenerate ; and the writer, not being at home in Hebrew, slides at times into Chaldee. To understand the book, it is neces- sary to be acquainted with the history of the Maccabean times, with the insane attacks of Antiochus Kpiphancs upon the Jewish people and their religion. In Daniel the idea of Messiah's superhuman Person appears for the first time. Before, he had been described as an exalted King and Conqueror who should reign in Jerusalem over the Jewish people restored and at peace ; the Gentiles having been converted and incorporated with the chosen race ; or subdued and destroyed, according to other prophets. 19//; November. — Finished to-day the reading of the Gospels according to JoJin, Matthetu, Mark in the old Syriac version. A portion was read each morning, along with an equal portion of the Hebrew Bible, The Peshito is not of much use either in the verbal criticism or the interpretation of the New Testament. It deviates but little from the common text. One cannot help thinking, with Griesbach, that this version underwent some revision at an early period, so that old readings disappeared in many cases, and those of later MSS. were substituted. The extent to which this revision was made is greatly exaggerated by Dr. Hort, so much so that his conjectures must be rejected. 14/// December. — The general election is over, and the Liberals have not got a majority sufficiently large to carry on an effective administration. I do not wonder at the revulsion which has left them as they are. During their five years of office they did little good and much harm. Their invasion of Egypt was wicked and unchristian. But Christian principle seems to be disregarded by botli the 154 AUTOmOGRAPIIV OF DR. S. DAVIDSON [iSSG political parties that now strive for office. Government by party is bad government. Measures should be judged and voted upon for their goodness or otherwise : not by the effects which would follow to party. The clinging to office, the lust of power, ambition, selfishness, are too mani- fest among our politicians, whether Conservative or Liberal. The empire suffers while politicians squabble. Retrench- ment and reform are unheard of. Nothing of national importance or benefit will be done till a Radical Government comes into power. At present the Whigs are as great obstructives to real reform as the Tories. They thwarted Pitt long ago in his wise designs regarding Ireland; they are doing the same now in trying to check Mr. Gladstone in his constructive plans about it. They are the advocates of tradition, reluctant to advance where progress is impera- tively needed. Surely every true Christian will read with sorrow and indignation the proclamation respecting Burmah issued by the present Governor-General of India. This annexation of another territory to the English I^mpire is simply an act of robbery, unjust and antichristian, which adds to the burden of national sins, and will surely bring retribution. England, a professedly Christian country, seizes upon property belonging to another, and the majority of the inhabitants applaud. If such be the effect of commerce, and the greed of gain which it fosters, our commerce is rotten at the core. One cannot but think of Tyre, and the denunciations of her by Isaiah. %th February 1886. — During the past two years I have been revising the second edition of my Introduction to the Neiv Testament, going through it very carefully, correcting minor errors, expunging passages, sentences, and clauses, adding new matter, making the sense clearer, and intro- ducing as much improvement as I could within the old space. Hence the text has been considerably amended. AGE so] I;IBLE READINGS I 55 With one exception no essential change has been made. The book is now nearer the state in which I should like it to be. T have not grudged the time spent in such minute inspection, hoping that the improvements may appear in a new edition, probably after my decease ; for it is my strong- desire that they should not be lost to the public, as the work may be referred to, occasionally at least, b)' scholars who succeed me. The value of these early Christian Writings is incalculable. They are the believer's charter, his guide, his spring of comfort, his support in adversity, his faithful companion in a sinful world. To put them in their proper times and places while showing their phases of thought ; to bring out their lessons ; to separate the transient from the permanent, the historical from the un- historical ; to extract the pure teaching and wonderful acts of Jesus from successive incrustations and perversions, is a task not unworthy of high endeavour on the part of him who looks and longs for a blessed future. In my own case, these Sacred Records have soothed the sorrow of many an hour, and lightened burdens not a few. In the multi- tude of my thoughts within me, they have dispelled clouds of doubt and darkness. \(^tJi February. — Finished this morning the reading of Job in Hebrew. I do not think that the strophe-division of it by Koester was in many instances intended by the original writers. In some it may have been. The number three was evidently meant to divide the work into regular parts. The Received Version is not good. Neither is the Revised one satisfactory. Both miss the true sense in many cases. The speeches of Elihu are the most difficult portion of the work. I have endeavoured to translate the thirt}'- sixth chapter, because it seemed the hardest to understand, and I cannot agree with any of the versions I know. The thought of translating all Elihu's words came into my mind ; but where could I find a medium for tliC print- 156 AUTOBIOGRAniY OF DR. S. DAVIDSON [I88G ing of it ? It is evident that Elihii is another writer than the author of the rest ; although the later writer has not contributed to the solution of a problem, which cannot be solved except in the light of the New Testament. \2tJ1 March. — Have just finished the reading of Ecciesiastes, a work which has many difficult passages and words. There is little doubt that the date is late : not much, if at all, before the year 300 B.C. I also believe that it was written by a bachelor, as is pretty clear from ch. iv. 8—12. He speculated freely, his moods being pessi- mist, epicurean, sceptical, without belief in a future state. The appendix, ch. xii. 9-14, was added by the men of the Great Synagogue, which saved the work from being excluded from the canon. It is not easy to perceive any proper arrangement or order ; and the strophes, though their existence is apparent, cannot be always separated. 14//! March. — This morning I finished the reading of Luke's Gospel in the Syriac, and am still convinced that the Peshito version is not a good authority for original readings of the text. For example, in the concluding chapter it has these additions, " and of an honeycomb " (ver. 42), which the Curetonian Syriac lacks; "and carried up into heaven" (ver. 51); "and they worshipped him" (ver. 52); "and blessing" (ver. 53). It is remarkable, however, that the oldest and best MSS., t^, A, B, C, have also these later insertions of the 51st and 52nd verses. In the same way, the version has the 40th verse with almost all uncial MSS. except D ; but against the Cure- tonian Syriac. Tischendorf has rightly rejected the verse, and his note has been copied in part by Westcott and Hort. The so-called Western readings are often right, in opposition to the Vatican and Sinaitic MSS. The 1 2th verse is an example of the same kind. 24/// March. — Finished the Sotig of Solomon this morning. The composition is in my judgment a love-song AGE 80] BIBLE READINGS 1 57 written by an Israelite of the northern kingdom some time after the reign of the luxurious monarch whose name it bears. The fidelity of a woman's pure love for one man amid great temptations is described and enforced. Most of the difficulties inherent in the interpretation of the poem arise from an incorrect separation of the speakers. I cannot think that the divisions in Bunsen's Bibehverk are judicious or probable. I 3/// Jtme. — Finished the reading of Proverbs to-day. It is plain that the book is an aggregate, made up of different parts which were written or collected at different times. How strange that Moses Stuart should place the first division, that is, ch. i. /-ix., in Solomon's time, if it is so much later than ch. x.— xxii. i 6, which may be correctly referred to that monarch's reign, and in part to his author- ship. As to the text of the work, much help towards its restoration may be got from the LXX. Not a few corrupt passages occur which are difficult of interpretation as they now stand. In these, Bunsen's Bibehverk affords but small satisfaction. The Received Version often needs rectifica- tion, and the Revised Version should itself be revised. It is curious to see how ch. xvi. 4 is turned aside from its true sense by some interpreters, who in their anxiety to get away from apparent predestinarianism, and rightly rejecting the received translation, render, " Jehovah has made everything for its purpose " ; whereas the pronoun should be His (purpose). Everything fulfils God's pur- pose ; so also has He made the wicked for the day of misfortune. The v/icked themselves work out the divine designs. Hitzig's tampering with the word rendered ////-- pose^ by taking away the suffix from it and making it " a purpose," is unnecessary ; the Septnagint rendering is no justification of such treatment. Left home in June for Contrexcville, and returned on the iith August after a weary, unpleasant journey from 158 AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF DR. S. DAVIDSON [I88G Gerardmer, to which place my daughter and I went for the first time, after spending four weeks at Contrexeville, and going through the usual course of water-drinking. Gerardmer is a pleasant change from Contrexeville. It is beautifully situated, surrounded by wooded hills, with a fine lake and an altitude of two thousand feet above the sea. In fact it is a miniature Switzerland. I escaped the turmoil and tumult of tlie political election, with its cry of Home Rule for Ireland on the one side, and Tory opposi- tion to Mr. Gladstone's new measure on the other. For some years past I have been an advocate of Home Rule, believing it to be a measure of justice and right. A country which has been cruelly governed f<jr centuries should be treated fairly at last. J3ut England is not yet prepared to act righteously towards the conquered kingdom. The annexation of territory, aggressive wars, prompt yielding to the passion for acquisition abroad, boasting of England's greatness, show how little influence Christianity exerts upon the conduct of men in power. It makes little difference what party rules. Whigs and Tories in office differ little from each other. An orthodox Churchman on either side can sanction and justify by a Jesuitical quibble a wicked deed like the bombardment of Alexandria, and the consequent sending of troops to slaughter unoffending Egyptians defending their country. And such antichristian work goes on. Burmah has been seized ; and who raised his voice against the robbery ? Did the so-called religious newspapers? Considering such doings as these, I can only grieve for the future of England, for they are prognostics of its downfall. Under the providence of God, crimes cannot be perpetrated with impunity. Empires committing deeds contrary to the commandments of Him who rules over all, decay and perish. I blame those who call themselves Liberals, more than others, because they often speak of acting on principle and ameliorating the condition AGE so] POLITICAL PARTIES 1 59 of the poor ; whereas they do not set themselves resolutely to the work of retrenchment and reform when they are in power. What comfort could one have in this life were he without the hope of a blessed immortality ? " The Lord reigneth, let the people tremble," but, " The Lord reigneth, let the earth rejoice." Wanted at present, a statesman at the head of our national affairs who will follow neither Whig nor Tory traditions except so far as they agree with the eternal principles of justice and the spirit of Christ's teaching, who wall be guided in all his measures by the golden rule, " Do unto others as ye w^ould that others should do to you," avoiding offensive war, abolishing a standing army, reducing the taxation of the people as low as is consistent with social progress, putting the land in the possession of those who cultivate it, instead of allowing a few to possess thousands of acres for their pleasure or aggrandisement, so that the people, crowded in our cities, lack what should be rightfully theirs. Wanted, the disappearance of huge landlords and of prelates living in palaces. Wanted, a Republic in which the people may govern themselves wisely without the burden of monarchy and its costly surroundings. CHAPTER XIII Translation of Job xxxvi I HAVE often desired to write a commentary on some part of the Old Testament — the Book of Job, Isaiah, Genesis, Daniel. My mind runs most upon a commentary on Job, because there is none in English which is altogether successful. We have Hirzel's in German, which is excellent, and may be put beside Gesenius's masterly work on Isaiah. Dillmann's re-editing of it cannot be praised ; nor is Ewald at all satisfactory. I do not like Delitzsch's ; and Schlott- mann's is a juvenile production. My friend Mr. Rodwell has made a fair attempt at translating the poem, but has he not departed too often from the Received English Version? The following specimen of a new translation was pre- sented to the readers of the Christian Reformer (July 1886):— " It is well-known that the speeches of Elihu, in the Book of Job, embracing chapters xxxii.-xxxvii., have many peculiar expressions, differing so much from the rest of the work as to betray a later date and authorship. The Received Version is not fortunate in rendering them into English ; neither can the Revised form of it be pronounced satisfactory. In my daily readings of the Hebrew Bible, the thought of making as correct a translation of some hard part of Job as I could do occurred to me; and having fixed upon the thirty-sixth chapter, the conclusion of which is surrounded with great difficulties, I offer the following version as a contribution to the interpretation of this most interesting book. It probably differs from the translations published 160 AOE80] JOB XXXVI l6l by English scholars within the last few years ; how far I cannot say, as they were not consulted. The strophes, which are not so regular as Koester has marked them, are distinguished by spaces: — "JOB XXXVI And Elihu spake still further. Wait for me a little and I will shew thee, for there are still words respecting God. I will lift up my knowledge far hence, and to my Maker do justice. For truly my words are not falsehood ; One perfect in knowledge is with thee. Behold, God is mighty and despises not. Mighty in strength of understanding. He does not allow the wicked to live ; And the right of the sufferers He grants. He withdraws not His eyes from the righteous ; But with kings upon the throne He makes them sit for ever ; and they are exalted. And if they are bound in fetters, caught in bands of affliction. Then He declares to them their doing And their transgressions, that they conducted themselves proudly, and opens their ear to correction, and says that they should turn from inicjuity. If they hear and submit, they finish their days in prosperity, and their years in pleasure. But if they do not hear, they rush upon the dart (of death) and expire without knowledge. But the profane in heart lay up wrath ; They do not cry when He binds them. Their soul dies in youth ; Their life is among the unclean. He delivers the afflicted through their affliction, and opens through distress their ear. Yea, He has also impelled thee out of distress, into the wide place where is no straitness ; And the quiet of thy table He has filled with fatness. Yet thou art full of the judgment of the wicked ; II 1 62 AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF DR. S. DAVIDSON [I88G Judgment and justice hold together Only let not anger lead thee astray to chastisement ; And let not the large ransom turn thee aside. Shall thy wealth array itself (for thee), oh ! not in distress ; Neither shall all the resources of strength (do so). Long not for the night, When peoples in their place are taken away. Take heed, turn not to vanity ; For this thou hast chosen rather than affliction. Behold God exalts Himself in His strength ; Who is a teacher like Him? Who has enjoined upon Him His way ; And who has said thou didst iniquity ? Remember that thou exalt His doing, of which men have repeatedly sung ; All mortals view it with pleasure, Men contemplate it from afar. Behold God is exalted And we do not know (Him) ; And the number of His years is unsearchable. For He draws up drops of water, that purifies the rain into His vapour. With which the skies flow down, and distil upon many men. Can one understand the spreadings of clouds, The thunder-crashes of His tent? Behold, He spreads over Himself His light, and covers Himself with the roots of the sea. For by them He judges peoples. Gives food in abundance. He covers both hands with light, And commands it on him that meets it. His thunder announces Him, Him even the cattle when He goes up . . . " 20tJi Angles t. — Finished to-day the reading of Hosea, whose prophecies are attended with many difficulties of interpretation. The style is abrupt, and changes of con- struction are frequent. The time in which he prophesied is incorrectly given at the beginning. The first four things are copied from Isa. i. i ; and it is pretty certain that the concluding clause was written by Hosea himself. He AGE so] THE MINOR PROPHETS 1 63 lived under Jeroboam n. Strange it is that some should take the narratives in chaps, i., iii. literally. They are assuredly allegorical, as the names of the prophet's children show. Hosea predicts that Ephraim should be carried away captive to Assyria and Egypt (viii. 1 3, ix. 3-6). But he says again, there will be no Egyptian captivity (xi, 5). It would seem from this contradiction that the prophet wavered in his idea of the places of Israel's near captivity ; and was less uncertain in his expectation of Assyria's than of Egypt's conquest of the kingdom. If both powers threatened Ephraim, the carrying away to Egypt might be in the prophet's mind at one time ; at another, the deportation to Assyria. Of one thing he was certain, namely, the extinction of the kingdom to which he belonged. The balance turned at last against Egypt, so that he could affirm " He shall not return into the land of Egypt." Among the difficult passages, I shall only refer to a few. Ch. V. 2. " And the apostates are deep in corruption, yet I am a chastisement to them all." ,, vii. 16. "they return to no-god," that is, idols. „ ix. 8. " Ephraim is a spy against my God ; as for the prophet," etc. „ X. 10. "when I chastise them for their two trans- gressions." „ X. 12. "sow to yourselves for righteousness, reap ac- cording to your piet}'," etc. ,, xii. 4. In the last part of this verse the pronominal suffixes are suddenly changed : " at Bethel he will find him, and there he will speak with us." Jacob and his people are interchanged. Were it not for the vowel points, tis might be read in both cases, as the meaning is the same. Ch. xiii. 2 is obscure : I mean the last part of the verse, which is, " to them they speak. The sacrificers of men kiss calves." The rational conduct for men is to kiss men, not calves. Here the process is reversed : they sacrifice men and kiss calves at Bethel. The sarcasm is severe and cuttincf. 164 AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF DR. S. DAVIDSON [I88G I cannot but think that Ewald is wrong in his exposition of the words. In ch. xiii. 9, where the common translation can hardly be justified, and some have needlessly resorted to a change in the text, I translate, " He has destroyed thee, O Israel, for in me, in thy help" (thou hast not trusted). The sentence is left unfinished. Bunsen's Bibehverk presents a strangely incorrect translation, " that thou art against me, against thy help"; and Hitzig concurs. The prefix 3 never means against, though Gesenius says it does. It denotes the direction of an action npon a person ; and it is the word with which it is coupled that indicates the nature of the action, hostile or otherwise. Ch. xiv. 3, " and adopt good- ness," literally " take to goodness." 8//^ September. — Finished the reading of ZacJiariaJi. The prophet's predictions are contained in the first eight chapters, and lack originality. He depends too much on earlier prophets. His symbolism is not always clear. In Kuenen's opinion it is noteworthy that he is the only one of these post-Exile prophets that expects the restoration of the Davidic dynasty. But this rests on the improbable view that " the branch," or rather " shoot," represents a successor in the line of David, not the Messiah. The rest of the book (ch. ix.— xiv.) proceeds from earlier writers ; ix.-xi. from one that lived in the eighth century, soon after the death of Jeroboam II. ; xii.-xiv. from a writer in the time of Manasseh. But some critics, such as Vatke, are indisposed to the division of ix.— xiv., and refer the date of this portion either to the time of Artaxerxes Longimanus, or to the Maccabean period, with Geiger, Bottcher, and Stade. The symbolism of the third and fourth chapters is not easy to understand. " The branch " is Messiah, but was it the prophet's idea that Zerubbabel should be he ? Not so, for the appearance of Messiah is spoken of as future (iii. 5). The high priest Joshua symbolises the nation, and is also definitely separated from Messiah. It is too late for scholars of the old conservative type to maintain AGE 80] THE MINOR PROPHETS 1 65 the integrity of the work as if it proceeded from one author. Mede, Kidder, Whiston, Hammond, and Newcome had a better perception of Zachariah's utterances than some of their successors in the same Church. I TytJi September. — Finished to-day the reading of MalacJii. This word I consider a proper name, not an appellative ; nor can I approve of the Septuagint rendering angel, or suppose that some prophet is concealed under the term. Like Zachariah and Haggai, Malachi leans upon the older prophets, and has little originality or genuine inspira- tion. He was a contemporary of Nehemiah, to whom there is an express reference in ch. i. 8, and of Obadiah. Tithes, offerings, and sacrifices — in short, the Levitical spirit — are prominent in the almost prosaic dialogues that convey his reproofs. It is a peculiar feature that Elijah the prophet is said to appear before the great judgment day, calling the people to repentance. Messianic hopes are not attached to a person ; and it is superfluous to state that the " sun of righteousness " is only a poetical expression for the beginning of a new and brighter state. The passage ii. 1 5 has always perplexed interpreters ; and I cannot avoid thinking that Ewald and Bunsen have missed its true sense. I propose the following : " And did not one do so, and yet the spirit remained with him?" But what did the one ? " He was seeking a godly seed." The excuse of Abraham's example is put into the mouth of the people, and the reply follows. This translation is not new. It is in De Wette's German version ; and was per- haps sanctioned by Gesenius, whose friendship the Basel professor enjoyed, and whose authority he usually followed in Hebrew questions, though he had an independent judgment of his own. I ZtJi September. — Finished to-day the book of Jonah, which is generally allowed to be of late date, though it 1 66 AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF T)R. S. DAVIDSON [I886 should not be brought down to the third century, as it is by Vatke, or to the Maccabean time, with Hitzig. The prayer preceded the other parts, and was adapted to the case of Jonah. The book is not properly a prophetic one, and should be excluded from the prophetic roll, being simply didactic. The author uses Jonah the prophet who lived in the time of Jeroboam II. as the vehicle of his religious ideas, meaning to show the all-embracing mercy of God, in opposition to the exclusiveness of his country- men. Instead of Jehovah's care being confined to the Jews, the writer describes it as extending to the heathen. He had a more liberal belief than the majority of his co-religionists, and wrote with the purpose of counteracting or correcting their proud self-consciousness, which looked down upon the Gentiles with contempt or pity, as if they were beyond the pale of divine protection. Nineveh, which had been destroyed before the book was written, is a type of the heathen world ; the fate of Jonah in being swallowed by a great fish and vomited alive, a symbol of repentance and deliverance. I do not agree with Kalisch in supposing that the delineation of Jonah's personality is either good or consistent. Why is a prophet described as fleeing from the presence of God, as if the latter were only in Pales- tine? Why is he represented as peevish, fretful, angry, because the Ninevites were spared ? The picture of the prophet lacks verisimilitude, exaggerating the notions sup- posed to be entertained by such as had the prophetic gift. It is well that the framers of the canon included the book in their collection, for it teaches a valuable lesson, namely, the wide scope of the divine mercy, which has regard to Gentiles as well as Jews, sparing repentant sinners, and children not yet responsible for their actions. It inculcates tolerance, so that the angry prophet is deservedly rebuked. 29M September. — Finished to-day the reading of Micah, AGE 80] THE MINOR PROPHETS iGj a prophet contemporary with Hosea and Isaiah, but a little earlier than the latter, and inferior to him in poetic vigour. He is fond of playing on words, has abrupt transitions, ungrammatical forms, and is obscure in parts, especially in ch. ii. 12, 13, a passage which should not be con- sidered an interpolation, as it is by Ewald. The method of dialogue in the sixth and seventh chapters resembles that of the post-Exile prophets. The morality of Micah is pure, and his religious teaching of an exalted nature. Critics have unnecessarily assumed various interpolations, in which respect Stade is the chief defaulter, Vatke being not far behind. The only probable one is in ch. iv. 10, " Thou shalt go to Babylon," which may still be defended on the ground of authenticity, for Babylon was the metro- polis of a province of the Assyrian Empire. But it is more likely that the time of the Babylonian captivity is referred to. There is an important difference between Isaiah and Micah. The former believes that Jerusalem should not be destroyed by the Assyrians ; Micah expects the cata- strophe to happen immediately from the same enemy (iii. 1 2). Both expect the continued existence of the Assyrian kingdom, Micah making the reign of Messiah contemporary with it (v. 5, 6). 4///- October. — Finished Nahuvi, a prophet inferior to none in graphic power and sublimity. The time at which he wrote is variously estimated, but is inferred with prob- ability from the allusion in the third chapter (verses 8 and following) to the destruction of Thebes, which was effected by Asurbanipal, the son of Asarhaddon, in his second Egyptian expedition against Urdamani Tirhakas's successor ; and as Tirhakas died 664 B.C., Nahum belongs to the time when the overthrow of Thebes was fresh in the memory, and the Medes, with whom the Chaldeans united under Cyaxares and Nabopolassar, threatened Nineveh with a renewed and more formidable attack. The pro- l68 AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF DR. S. DAVIDSON [I886 phetic description does not, however, refer to this as past, but is based on the attack upon Nineveh by Phraortes, which was unsuccessful, as is evident from ch. i. 8. This is probably dated 627 B.C.; and if twenty-eight years intervened between the two sieges, as has been inferred from Ctesias, the second, which was of some duration, did not take place till about 597 B.C. The exact date of Nahum's prophecy is uncertain. The pro- phet predicts the same fate to the city of Nineveh which befell the capital of Upper Egypt. The very few Assyrian words and Aramseisms are easily explained without sup- posing that Nahum abode in Assyria. lOtJi October. — Finished Habakktck, whose prophecies are written in a highly poetical style, full of freshness, force, and beauty, so that they may be put on a par with those of the best prophets. The enemies described are the Chaldeans, new and dangerous adversaries. But the con- tinuance of the Jewish state is still assumed, and the safety of Jerusalem a thing hoped for (ii. 3-iii. 1 3). Though the prophet was contemporary with Jeremiah, it is impossible to fix his time exactly. He should be put before the first invasion of the Chaldeans, and in the reign of Jehoiakim, not after it, with Vatke. Schrader adopts the year 604 as the date of his oracles, which cannot be far from the truth. The third chapter, containing the highest lyrical ode which Hebrew poetry has produced, is so difficult in parts that the text has been pronounced corrupt. This is an expedient of interpretation which should be resorted to very seldom. It is best to take it here as it is, and explain it as well as we can. I present the following version of the piece : — " O Lord, I heard the fame of Thee, I was afraid. O Lord, revive Thy work in the course of the years, In the course of the years make it known ; But in wrath remember mercy. AGE so] THE MINOR PROPHETS I 69 God comes from Teman, and the Holy One from Mount Paran. Selah. His majesty covers the heavens, and His splendour fills the earth ; And there a brightness as of pure light, rays at his side, And that is but the veiling of His might. Before Him goes pestilence, And a burning plague follows His feet. He stands and measures the earth, looks and makes the nations tremble, And the everlasting mountains burst asunder, the perpetual hills sink, His paths of old. I see the tents of Cushan under affliction ; The curtains of the land of Midian tremble. Is the Lord incensed against the rivers, or is Thine anger against the streams, Or is Thy wrath against the sea .'' That Thou dost ride upon Thy horses. Thy chariots of safety, Thy bow is entirely uncovered, curses are the rods of the word. Selah. With streams Thou didst split the land. The mountains see Thee, they writhe, a flood of waters passes over, The deep utters his voice, lifts up his hands on high. Sun, moon stand still in their dwelling. At the light of Thine arrows which shoot along. At the lightning glance of Thy glittering spear. In indignation Thou marchest through the earth. In anger Thou crushest the nations. Thou goest out for the salvation of Thy people, for the salvation of Thine anointed. Thou woundest the head from the house of the wicked (Babylon), Baring the foundation even to the neck. Selah. Thou borest through with his own arrows the head of his princes, Who rush on to scatter me. Their exultation was as if to devour the helpless in secret. Thou didst tread the sea with Thy horses, The foaming of many waters. I heard and my body trembled ; My lips quivered at the voice. Rottenness comes into my bones. And I tremble under me, That I should quietly wait for the day of distress For his coming up against the people to press upon them. For the fig-tree does not bloom, And there is no produce in the vines. 170 AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF DR. S. DAVIDSON [I886 The fruit of the olive disappoints, And the fields yield no food. The flock fails from the fold, And there are no oxen in the stalls. And yet I will exult in the Lord, Rejoice in the God of my salvation. The Lord God is my strength. And He makes my feet like those of hinds, And causes me to walk upon my heights. To the chief musician, with my stringed instruments." 15//^ October. — Finished ZephaniaJi, a prophet who probably Hved in the early years of Josiah's reign. His chief theme is " the day of the Lord," a time of vengeance and destruction to the enemies of Israel, of justice to Jehovah's people. Yet he hopes for the improvement of the latter. As he indulges in general statements, it is impossible to say what enemies he had in his mind, whether the Chaldeans or the Scythians. Perhaps he thought of none in particular. As a writer, Zephaniah occupies an inferior position. He has used preceding prophets, but not slavishly, and his style is prosaic. Since he expected the destruction of Nineveh (ii. i 3), he prob- ably wrote about 633 B.C., during the first siege of Nineveh by Phraortes the Mede. \Zth October. — Two articles published in the Christian Register of 19th and 26th August were suggested by the prevailing current of orthodoxy which has invaded this country for some time. Since they were written, one quarterly review has died, and I hope that others may soon share the same fate. They will do so when the moneyed patrons become weary of propping them up. I learn from a letter of Professor Holtzmann's, the second edition of whose Eijileitung in das Neue Testament I have just received from the author, that the current in Germany is much the same as in England. Of course he regrets it, but hopes for a reaction. Unfortunately, disciples of the AGE 80] THE MINOR TROPHETS I 7 I Tubingen school are not unaffected by the tide, and are paring away parts and principles of the school ; generally, I believe, to the detriment of truth. This softening, medi- ating process is exemplified in the recent writings of Hilgenfeld and Pfleiderer. Still it is noteworthy that the orthodoxy of Germany is not so stiff or crass as that of Great Britain. The lives of Christ by Weiss and Bey- schlag show that concessions must be made to the free spirit which is not yet extinct in Germany. \gth October. — Finished Haggai, a prophet whose time is stated by himself with minute specification of years and months. His oracles assume the form of four short ad- dresses to Zerubbabel and Joshua. Perhaps these are but abstracts of longer discourses. The prophet's book lacks originality and poetic elevation. The diction is flat and prosaic. He wrote in the declining period of prophecy, when the lofty aspirations of those belonging to the Exile period, and their ideal hopes regarding the glorious future, had vanished. The time was unfavourable to the origin of poems of a high order, though even in the fifth century B.C. some excellent oracles appeared. We must therefore suppose that Haggai was unable to write in a superior style ; but his moral earnestness and deep concern on behalf of the national worship are prominent. 2'i)rd Octobei'. — The reading of the Acts of tJie Apostles in Syriac completed to-day. As in other parts, the text of the Acts differs little from the Received one. It has not the common reading in ch. viii. 39, though Schaaf's edition inserts the verse. And xxviii. 37 is absent from the text in the editions of Widmanstad and the Bible Society (superintended by Lee), though the latter puts it in a note. Gutbir was the means of introducing it into the text of Schaaf's edition. The omission agrees with A, {<, B, E, but not with the Harclean Syriac or the Vulgate. Old as it is, the version contributes litrle either 172 AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF DR. S. DAVIDSON [I886 to the formation of a correct text or to the interpretation of the Acts. 27/// October. — I completed the reading of Joel this day, having found in the book various obscure passages and uncertain allusions. The diversity of opinion respect- ing the time of the prophet is great and perplexing. When one sees Bunsen's date, between 945 and 940 B.C., and that of Merx, 445 B.C., he feels that he is almost free to put the prophecies in any intermediate period. After much deliberation and the careful perusal of Vatke's summary, it appears to me that the advocates of a post- Exile date, such as Hilgenfeld and Vatke, — as well as Kuenen, who fixes on a time immediately before the Exile, — do not make their views either plausible or probable. No mention occurs of Judah's great enemies, the Assyrians, Syrians, Chaldeans, Persians. Phenicians, Egyptians, Philistines, and Edomites are the hostile powers. The language also is too good and pure to belong to a post- Exile period. The most probable date is an early one, the reign of Jehoash of Judah, about 870 B.C. I do not think that the "prophet can well be brought lower, though it is a common opinion now to make the post-Exile time accountable for many parts of the Old Testament. A few passages deserve a brief note. In ii. 8. Translate "they rush into the midst of naked swords, and are not wounded, ii. 23. The last word of the verse I translate " at first," notwithstanding Hitzig's authority, iv. 20. " But Judah shall abide," etc., not " shall dwell," or " shall be inhabited." ^tJi December. — The book of Avios finished in my daily readings. The shepherd -prophet, though belonging to Judah by birth, directs his prophecies chiefly to Israel, because he was aware of its abounding idolatries (whose centre was Bethel), its luxury and immorality. Jeroboam II. AGE 80] THE MINOR PROrilETS 1 73 was king ; Uzziah his contemporary. The date of the prophecies given by Kuenen (800 i!.C.) is too early. Though Amos clearly refers to the Assyrian captivity, he does not name the hostile power which should desolate the kingdom (v. 27, vii. 11, 17, ix. 14). It would seem that he went to Bethel, and was confronted there by Amaziah the priest, who accused him to Jeroboam, so that he was driven out of the kingdom. The prophecies were committed to writing some time after they were delivered, perhaps about 750 B.C., when he thought that Assyria was just about to subdue and ravage Israel. The prophet believed in the extinction of the kingdom ; but not in that of Judah, which he does not spare any more than its northern neighbour. Notwithstanding the gloomy picture he draws, he had a hope that God would not abandon His people for ever. A better future awaited Israel ; and the fallen tabernacle of Judah should be set up again. Though the prophet anticipated the extinction of the northern kingdom, he thought it would come sooner than it really did. Still, he speaks of a restoration of Israel in the ninth chapter ; as if the captives should be brought back to their own land, unite with Judah, and form one kingdom under a Davidic dynasty. The vague hopes of the prophets respecting the happy future of their countrymen were not realised. They were ignorant of future events. The language is plain, homely, lively ; and all is arranged in regular order. It has even rhythmic strophes, so that plan and skill are observable. In vi. 8, viii. 7 occurs the expression 3py; jiNi, " pride of Jacob," which is also in Ps. xlvii. 5. It means in all cases " that which Jacob is proud of" — her palaces, temple, etc., the Holy Land generally. Gesenius understands by the phrase in viii. 7 God Himself, and Hitzig agrees ; but this is incorrect, though it is somewhat strange to represent God swearing by the pride of Jacob rather than by Him- 174 AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF DR. S. DAVIDSON [I88G self. It is hardly necessary to remark that Jerome's judgment of Amos's language, iinperitus sermone, is in- correct for the most part, though Rosenmiiller repeats it. | 0.303351 | -0.484269 | 1,065 | 4,307 | 240 | 240 | royalty biographies | false |
99,945 | github_open_source_100_2_8338 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | # --------------------------------------------------------
# CRPN
# Written by Linjie Deng
# --------------------------------------------------------
import numpy as np
from quad_convert import quad_2_aabb
from sort_points import sort_points
def quad_transform(ex_rois, gt_rois):
ex_rois = sort_points(ex_rois)
ex_aabbs = quad_2_aabb(ex_rois)
ex_widths = ex_aabbs[:, 2] - ex_aabbs[:, 0] + 1.0
ex_heights = ex_aabbs[:, 3] - ex_aabbs[:, 1] + 1.0
# REFEFENCE FROM [2017 CVPR] DMPNet
# ex_ctr_x = ex_aabbs[:, 0] + 0.5 * ex_widths
# ex_ctr_y = ex_aabbs[:, 1] + 0.5 * ex_heights
# ex_w1 = ex_rois[:, 0] - ex_ctr_x
# ex_h1 = ex_rois[:, 1] - ex_ctr_y
# ex_w2 = ex_rois[:, 2] - ex_ctr_x
# ex_h2 = ex_rois[:, 3] - ex_ctr_y
# ex_w3 = ex_rois[:, 4] - ex_ctr_x
# ex_h3 = ex_rois[:, 5] - ex_ctr_y
# ex_w4 = ex_rois[:, 6] - ex_ctr_x
# ex_h4 = ex_rois[:, 7] - ex_ctr_y
#
# gt_aabbs = quad_2_aabb(gt_rois)
# gt_widths = gt_aabbs[:, 2] - gt_aabbs[:, 0] + 1.0
# gt_heights = gt_aabbs[:, 3] - gt_aabbs[:, 1] + 1.0
# gt_ctr_x = gt_aabbs[:, 0] + 0.5 * gt_widths
# gt_ctr_y = gt_aabbs[:, 1] + 0.5 * gt_heights
# gt_w1 = gt_rois[:, 0] - gt_ctr_x
# gt_h1 = gt_rois[:, 1] - gt_ctr_y
# gt_w2 = gt_rois[:, 2] - gt_ctr_x
# gt_h2 = gt_rois[:, 3] - gt_ctr_y
# gt_w3 = gt_rois[:, 4] - gt_ctr_x
# gt_h3 = gt_rois[:, 5] - gt_ctr_y
# gt_w4 = gt_rois[:, 6] - gt_ctr_x
# gt_h4 = gt_rois[:, 7] - gt_ctr_y
#
# targets_dx = (gt_ctr_x - ex_ctr_x) / ex_widths
# targets_dy = (gt_ctr_y - ex_ctr_y) / ex_heights
# targets_w1 = (gt_w1 - ex_w1) / ex_widths
# targets_h1 = (gt_h1 - ex_h1) / ex_heights
# targets_w2 = (gt_w2 - ex_w2) / ex_widths
# targets_h2 = (gt_h2 - ex_h2) / ex_heights
# targets_w3 = (gt_w3 - ex_w3) / ex_widths
# targets_h3 = (gt_h3 - ex_h3) / ex_heights
# targets_w4 = (gt_w4 - ex_w4) / ex_widths
# targets_h4 = (gt_h4 - ex_h4) / ex_heights
# targets = np.vstack(
# (targets_dx, targets_dy, targets_w1, targets_h1,
# targets_w2, targets_h2, targets_w3, targets_h3, targets_w4, targets_h4)).transpose()
# SIMPLE ONE
ex_x1 = ex_rois[:, 0]
ex_y1 = ex_rois[:, 1]
ex_x2 = ex_rois[:, 2]
ex_y2 = ex_rois[:, 3]
ex_x3 = ex_rois[:, 4]
ex_y3 = ex_rois[:, 5]
ex_x4 = ex_rois[:, 6]
ex_y4 = ex_rois[:, 7]
gt_x1 = gt_rois[:, 0]
gt_y1 = gt_rois[:, 1]
gt_x2 = gt_rois[:, 2]
gt_y2 = gt_rois[:, 3]
gt_x3 = gt_rois[:, 4]
gt_y3 = gt_rois[:, 5]
gt_x4 = gt_rois[:, 6]
gt_y4 = gt_rois[:, 7]
target_dx1 = (gt_x1 - ex_x1) / ex_widths
target_dy1 = (gt_y1 - ex_y1) / ex_heights
target_dx2 = (gt_x2 - ex_x2) / ex_widths
target_dy2 = (gt_y2 - ex_y2) / ex_heights
target_dx3 = (gt_x3 - ex_x3) / ex_widths
target_dy3 = (gt_y3 - ex_y3) / ex_heights
target_dx4 = (gt_x4 - ex_x4) / ex_widths
target_dy4 = (gt_y4 - ex_y4) / ex_heights
targets = np.vstack(
(target_dx1, target_dy1, target_dx2, target_dy2,
target_dx3, target_dy3, target_dx4, target_dy4)).transpose()
return targets
def quad_transform_inv(quads, deltas):
if quads.shape[0] == 0:
return np.zeros((0, deltas.shape[1]), dtype=deltas.dtype)
quads = sort_points(quads)
# REFEFENCE FROM [2017 CVPR] DMPNet
# aabbs = quad_2_aabb(quads)
# widths = aabbs[:, 2] - aabbs[:, 0] + 1.0
# heights = aabbs[:, 3] - aabbs[:, 1] + 1.0
# ctr_x = aabbs[:, 0] + 0.5 * widths
# ctr_y = aabbs[:, 1] + 0.5 * heights
#
# w1 = quads[:, 0] - ctr_x
# h1 = quads[:, 1] - ctr_y
# w2 = quads[:, 2] - ctr_x
# h2 = quads[:, 3] - ctr_y
# w3 = quads[:, 4] - ctr_x
# h3 = quads[:, 5] - ctr_y
# w4 = quads[:, 6] - ctr_x
# h4 = quads[:, 7] - ctr_y
#
# dx = deltas[:, 0::10]
# dy = deltas[:, 1::10]
# dw1 = deltas[:, 2::10]
# dh1 = deltas[:, 3::10]
# dw2 = deltas[:, 4::10]
# dh2 = deltas[:, 5::10]
# dw3 = deltas[:, 6::10]
# dh3 = deltas[:, 7::10]
# dw4 = deltas[:, 8::10]
# dh4 = deltas[:, 9::10]
#
# pred_ctr_x = dx * widths[:, np.newaxis] + ctr_x[:, np.newaxis]
# pred_ctr_y = dy * heights[:, np.newaxis] + ctr_y[:, np.newaxis]
# pred_w1 = dw1 * widths[:, np.newaxis] + w1[:, np.newaxis]
# pred_h1 = dh1 * heights[:, np.newaxis] + h1[:, np.newaxis]
# pred_w2 = dw2 * widths[:, np.newaxis] + w2[:, np.newaxis]
# pred_h2 = dh2 * heights[:, np.newaxis] + h2[:, np.newaxis]
# pred_w3 = dw3 * widths[:, np.newaxis] + w3[:, np.newaxis]
# pred_h3 = dh3 * heights[:, np.newaxis] + h3[:, np.newaxis]
# pred_w4 = dw4 * widths[:, np.newaxis] + w4[:, np.newaxis]
# pred_h4 = dh4 * heights[:, np.newaxis] + h4[:, np.newaxis]
#
# pred_boxes = np.zeros([quads.shape[0], 16], dtype=deltas.dtype)
# pred_boxes[:, 0::8] = pred_ctr_x + pred_w1
# pred_boxes[:, 1::8] = pred_ctr_y + pred_h1
# pred_boxes[:, 2::8] = pred_ctr_x + pred_w2
# pred_boxes[:, 3::8] = pred_ctr_y + pred_h2
# pred_boxes[:, 4::8] = pred_ctr_x + pred_w3
# pred_boxes[:, 5::8] = pred_ctr_y + pred_h3
# pred_boxes[:, 6::8] = pred_ctr_x + pred_w4
# pred_boxes[:, 7::8] = pred_ctr_y + pred_h4
aabbs = quad_2_aabb(quads)
widths = aabbs[:, 2] - aabbs[:, 0] + 1.0
heights = aabbs[:, 3] - aabbs[:, 1] + 1.0
x1 = quads[:, 0]
y1 = quads[:, 1]
x2 = quads[:, 2]
y2 = quads[:, 3]
x3 = quads[:, 4]
y3 = quads[:, 5]
x4 = quads[:, 6]
y4 = quads[:, 7]
dx1 = deltas[:, 0::8]
dy1 = deltas[:, 1::8]
dx2 = deltas[:, 2::8]
dy2 = deltas[:, 3::8]
dx3 = deltas[:, 4::8]
dy3 = deltas[:, 5::8]
dx4 = deltas[:, 6::8]
dy4 = deltas[:, 7::8]
pred_x1 = dx1 * widths[:, np.newaxis] + x1[:, np.newaxis]
pred_y1 = dy1 * heights[:, np.newaxis] + y1[:, np.newaxis]
pred_x2 = dx2 * widths[:, np.newaxis] + x2[:, np.newaxis]
pred_y2 = dy2 * heights[:, np.newaxis] + y2[:, np.newaxis]
pred_x3 = dx3 * widths[:, np.newaxis] + x3[:, np.newaxis]
pred_y3 = dy3 * heights[:, np.newaxis] + y3[:, np.newaxis]
pred_x4 = dx4 * widths[:, np.newaxis] + x4[:, np.newaxis]
pred_y4 = dy4 * heights[:, np.newaxis] + y4[:, np.newaxis]
pred_boxes = np.zeros(deltas.shape, dtype=deltas.dtype)
pred_boxes[:, 0::8] = pred_x1
pred_boxes[:, 1::8] = pred_y1
pred_boxes[:, 2::8] = pred_x2
pred_boxes[:, 3::8] = pred_y2
pred_boxes[:, 4::8] = pred_x3
pred_boxes[:, 5::8] = pred_y3
pred_boxes[:, 6::8] = pred_x4
pred_boxes[:, 7::8] = pred_y4
return pred_boxes
def clip_quads(quads, im_shape):
"""
Clip quads to image boundaries.
"""
quads[:, 0::8] = np.maximum(np.minimum(quads[:, 0::8], im_shape[1] - 1), 0)
quads[:, 1::8] = np.maximum(np.minimum(quads[:, 1::8], im_shape[0] - 1), 0)
quads[:, 2::8] = np.maximum(np.minimum(quads[:, 2::8], im_shape[1] - 1), 0)
quads[:, 3::8] = np.maximum(np.minimum(quads[:, 3::8], im_shape[0] - 1), 0)
quads[:, 4::8] = np.maximum(np.minimum(quads[:, 4::8], im_shape[1] - 1), 0)
quads[:, 5::8] = np.maximum(np.minimum(quads[:, 5::8], im_shape[0] - 1), 0)
quads[:, 6::8] = np.maximum(np.minimum(quads[:, 6::8], im_shape[1] - 1), 0)
quads[:, 7::8] = np.maximum(np.minimum(quads[:, 7::8], im_shape[0] - 1), 0)
return quads
| 0.454173 | 0.43427 | 2,926 | 11,741 | 85 | -1 | Spatial Data Processing | false |
99,946 | github_open_source_100_2_8339 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // export const BASE_URL = 'https://admin-api.doctorsnote.me';
// export const REDIRECT_URL = 'https://admin-api.doctorsnote.me';
export const BASE_URL = process.env.REACT_API_URL;
export const SENTRY_KEY = process.env.REACT_SENTRY_KEY;
export const REDIRECT_URL = 'https://admin-api.doctorsnote.me';
| 0.295672 | 0.754258 | 3,625 | 14,418 | 154 | -1 | JavaScript Project Setup | false |
99,947 | US-201917281734-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Apparatus for supporting debonding and debonding method using the same
ABSTRACT
An apparatus for supporting a process of debonding a carrier glass sheet and an ultrathin glass sheet. A suction plate includes a plurality of suction hole portions defining suction holes for suction-holding a glass laminate seated thereon and at least one recess portion defining at least one recess accommodating at least one device layer protruding from one surface of an ultrathin glass sheet of the glass laminate. A plurality of suction cups are fitted to the plurality of suction hole portions, respectively, such that the plurality of suction cups are elastically compressible, in response to contact pressure of the ultrathin glass sheet and the device layer. A vacuum pump is connected to the plurality of suction hole portions to apply negative pressure to the plurality of suction hole portions. A controller controls the vacuum pump to adjust the negative pressure applied to the plurality of suction hole portions.
BACKGROUND
This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 371 ofInternational Application No. PCT/US2019/053960, filed on Oct. 1, 2019,which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of KoreanPatent Application Serial No. 10-2018-0118360 filed on Oct. 4, 2018, thecontent of each of which is relied upon and incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.
FIELD
The present disclosure relates to an apparatus for supporting debondingand to a debonding method using the same. More particularly, theapparatus for supporting debonding and a debonding method using the samecan reliably support a process of debonding an ultrathin glass sheethaving a device layer protruding from one surface thereof and a carrierglass sheet bonded to the other surface of the ultrathin glass sheet,and can be used in common in processes of debonding ultrathin glasssheets, on each of which device layers having different thicknesses areprovided.
DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART
In general, ultrathin glass has a drawback of low applicability due todifficulties in handling, regardless of the availability thereof.Ultrathin glass sheets having a thickness of 20 μm to 250 μm may beeasily scratched, even in the case that an insignificant impact isapplied thereto, and such scratches may be the causes of damage orbreakage of ultrathin glass sheets. In this regard, commonly, a thinglass sheet, harder than an ultrathin glass sheet and having a thicknessof, for example, 0.5 mm or greater, is used as a backing to which theultrathin glass sheet is bonded, and a resultant structure is handled asa single unit (sheet). For example, in the fabrication of a flexibleorganic light-emitting diode (OLED), light-emitting diode (LED) signageor the like, device layers are fabricated on such a unit by deposition,and a debonding process of debonding the ultrathin glass sheet from thethin glass sheet is ultimately performed.
In the case of a flexible OLED, an encapsulation film protrudes from thesurface of the ultrathin glass sheet to at least a predeterminedthickness. In the case of LED signage, when LED chips are mounted on anultrathin glass sheet, the LED chips protrude from the surface of theultrathin glass sheet to at least predetermined thicknesses.
Typically, after the above-described device layers are fabricated on aunit comprised of an ultrathin glass sheet and a thin glass sheet,vacuum devices, such as a suction plate and suction cups, are used todebond the ultrathin glass sheet and the thin glass sheet using a degreeof vacuum force.
However, as described above, protrusions provided by the device layerson the ultrathin glass sheets may lower the degree of close contactbetween the ultrathin glass sheet and the vacuum devices, which isproblematic. For example, a debonding process of the related art isundertaken by suction-holding one surface of an ultrathin glass sheet,and more particularly, one surface of an ultrathin glass sheet having aplurality of device layers fabricated thereon, to a surface of a flatsuction plate, and then separating a thin glass sheet, bonded to theother surface of the ultrathin glass sheet, from the ultrathin glasssheet.
However, since the plurality of device layers protrude from portions onone surface of the ultrathin glass sheet, the plurality of protrudingdevice layers may be in close contact with the suction plate, butportions of the one surface of the ultrathin glass sheet between theadjacent device layers and the peripheral portion of the one surface ofthe ultrathin glass sheet are not in close contact with the suctionplate. Thus, the degree of close contact between the ultrathin glasssheet and the suction plate is reduced overall. In this situation, whenthe suction plate suction-holds the ultrathin glass sheet by applyingnegative pressure to the suction plate, the peripheral portion of theultrathin glass sheet, not in close contact with the suction plate, maybe attracted to the suction plate, and as a result, the ultrathin glasssheet may be bent or warped. In this case, it may be difficult toperform the debonding process. In addition, when the degree of bendingor warping of the ultrathin glass sheet is increased, the ultrathinglass sheet may ultimately be damaged, thereby causing an adverse effecton the process yield.
RELATED ART DOCUMENT
Patent Document 1: Korean Patent Application Publication No.10-2016-0031637 (Mar. 23, 2016)
SUMMARY
Various aspects of the present disclosure provide an apparatus forsupporting debonding and a debonding method using the same, theapparatus and method being able to reliably support a process ofdebonding an ultrathin glass sheet having a device layer protruding fromone surface thereof and a carrier glass sheet bonded to the othersurface of the ultrathin glass sheet, and can be used in common inprocesses of debonding ultrathin glass sheets, on each of which devicelayers having different thicknesses are provided.
According to an aspect, provided is an apparatus for supporting aprocess of debonding a carrier glass sheet and an ultrathin glass sheet,bonded as a single glass laminate. The apparatus includes: a suctionplate including a plurality of suction hole portions defining suctionholes for suction-holding a glass laminate seated thereon and at leastone recess portion defining at least one recess accommodating at leastone device layer protruding from one surface of an ultrathin glass sheetof the glass laminate; a plurality of suction cups fitted to theplurality of suction hole portions, respectively, such that theplurality of suction cups are elastically compressible, in response tocontact pressure of the ultrathin glass sheet and the device layer; avacuum pump connected to the plurality of suction hole portions to applynegative pressure to the plurality of suction hole portions; and acontroller controlling the vacuum pump to adjust the negative pressureapplied to the plurality of suction hole portions.
The recess portion may be deeper than the thickness of the device layer.
The at least one recess portion may be disposed on a surface of thesuction plate on which the glass laminate is seated, and the suctionplate may further include a peripheral portion surrounding the at leastone recess portion on the surface of the suction plate on which theglass laminated is seated.
The at least one recess portion may include a plurality of recessportions, the plurality of recess portions disposed on a surface of thesuction plate on which the glass laminate is seated. The suction platemay further include a peripheral portion surrounding the plurality ofrecess portions, and a rib disposed between adjacent recess portionsamong the plurality of recess portions, on the surface of the suctionplate on which the glass laminate is seated.
The suction plate may include: a first flow path by which suction holeportions, among the plurality of suction hole portions provided in eachrecess portion among the plurality of recess portions, are connected,the first flow path being connected to the vacuum pump; a second flowpath by which suction hole portions among the plurality of suction holeportions provided in the peripheral portion are connected, the secondflow path being connected to the vacuum pump; and a third flow path bywhich suction hole portions among the plurality of suction hole portionsprovided in the rib are connected, the third flow path being connectedto the vacuum pump.
The suction plate may further include control valves disposed on thefirst flow path, the second flow path, and the third flow path,respectively.
The first flow path may include a plurality of first flow paths providedin the plurality of recess portions, respectively, the plurality offirst flow paths being controlled individually.
Each of the plurality of suction cups may include: a fixing portionfastened to an inner circumferential surface of a corresponding suctionhole portion among the plurality of suction hole portions, with a firsthole portion extending in a longitudinal direction of the fixing holeportion; and an operating portion coupled to a top end of the fixingportion to protrude from a top surface of the suction plate, with asecond hole portion extending in a longitudinal direction of theoperating portion to communicate with the first hole portion, theoperating portion being elastically compressible in response to acontact pressure of the ultrathin glass sheet or the device layer.
An outer circumferential surface of the fixing portion may bescrew-engaged with the inner circumferential surface of thecorresponding suction hole portion.
The operating portion may be a bellows.
The glass laminate may be configured such that a carrier glass sheetwhich is relatively thicker and wider than the ultrathin glass sheet isbonded to the ultrathin glass sheet while surrounding the ultrathinglass sheet.
A thickness of the ultrathin glass sheet may range from 20 μm to 250 μm.
The apparatus may further include at least one suction cap disposed on acarrier glass sheet of the glass laminate after the glass laminate isseated on the suction plate.
The at least one suction cap may be connected to the vacuum pumpcontrolled by the controller to suction-hold the carrier glass sheetusing negative pressure applied by the vacuum pump.
The at least one suction cap may be configured to be movable in atop-bottom direction to lift the carrier glass sheet under control ofthe controller, thereby detaching the carrier glass sheet from theultrathin glass sheet.
The at least one suction cap may include a plurality of suction caps.The controller may control the vacuum pump to apply negative pressure tothe plurality of suction caps sequentially in a debonding propagationdirection.
The suction plate may be movable in a horizontal direction.
The suction plate may move below the at least one suction cap after theglass laminate is seated thereon and return to an initial position afterdebonding is finished.
The apparatus may further include first to fourth trays disposed aroundthe suction plate, wherein the glass laminate to be debonded is placedin the first tray, the debonded ultrathin glass sheet is placed in thesecond tray, the debonded carrier glass sheet is placed in the thirdtray, and a plurality of paper sheets are loaded in the fourth traybefore being supplied to the first to third trays.
The apparatus may further include a gantry unit traveling around thesuction plate and the first to fourth trays to transport the glasslaminate, the debonded ultrathin glass sheet, the debonded carrier glasssheet, and the plurality of paper sheets.
Also provided is a method of debonding a carrier glass sheet and anultrathin glass sheet, bonded as a single glass laminate. The method mayinclude: locating a glass laminate in position on a top surface of thesuction plate of the above-described apparatus; applying negativepressure to the suction plate to suction-hold the glass laminate locatedon the top surface of the suction plate; and debonding a carrier glasssheet of the glass laminate from an ultrathin glass sheet of the glasslaminate, while the suction plate is suction-holding the ultrathin glasssheet.
The glass laminate may be located in position such that the carrierglass sheet is not in contact with the suction plate.
Debonding the carrier glass sheet from the ultrathin glass sheet mayinclude suction-holding the carrier glass sheet and lifting the carrierglass sheet sequentially from one side to the other side.
The suction-holding the carrier glass sheet may include suction-holdingportions of the carrier glass sheet sequentially in a debondingpropagation direction.
According to exemplary embodiments, the suction plate having therecesses for accommodating the device layers protruding from one surfaceof the ultrathin glass sheet is provided. Accordingly, it may bepossible to reliably support the process of debonding the ultrathinglass sheet and the carrier glass sheet bonded to the other surface ofthe ultrathin glass sheet.
Specifically, according to exemplary embodiments, in the debondingprocess, the difference in the degree of close contact between onesurface of the ultrathin glass sheet and the suction plate can beminimized. More specifically, the difference between the degree of closecontact of one area of the ultrathin glass sheet, on which the devicelayers are provided, with the suction plate, and the degree of closecontact of the other area of the ultrathin glass sheet, on which nodevice layers are provided, with the suction plate, can be minimized.This can consequently reduce the probability that the ultrathin glasssheet may be bent, and thus damaged, during the debonding process usingnegative pressure or vacuum pressure, thereby improving process yield.
In addition, according to exemplary embodiments, the plurality ofsuction holes are provided in the entirety of the recesses and theperipheral portion surrounding the recesses in the top surface of thesuction plate facing the ultrathin glass sheet, such that the debondingprocess can be reliably supported.
Furthermore, according to exemplary embodiments, the suction cupselastically compressible in the longitudinal direction are disposed inthe suction holes provided in the recesses of the suction plate. Thisconfiguration can be used in common for the debonding process for otherultrathin glass sheets, on each of which the device layers havingdifferent thicknesses are provided.
In addition, according to exemplary embodiments, the suction cupselastically compressible in the longitudinal direction are disposed inthe suction holes not only in the recesses but also in the peripheralportion and the ribs, such that damage to the ultrathin glass plate bycontact with the suction plate formed from metal can be prevented.
The methods and apparatuses of the present disclosure have otherfeatures and advantages that will be apparent from or that are set forthin greater detail in the accompanying drawings which are incorporatedherein, and in the following Detailed Description, which together serveto explain certain principles of the present disclosure.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a plan view illustrating an apparatus for supporting debondingaccording to an exemplary embodiment;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of portion “A” in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view illustrating a glass laminate suction-held bythe apparatus for supporting debonding according the exemplaryembodiment;
FIGS. 5A and 5B are schematic views comparing shapes in which glasslaminates, on which device layers having different thicknesses areprovided, are suction-held by the apparatus for supporting debondingaccording the exemplary embodiment;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view illustrating a connection structure of thesuction cup in the apparatus for supporting debonding according theexemplary embodiment;
FIG. 7 is a schematic view in which the suction cup is fitted to thesuction hole in the apparatus for supporting debonding according theexemplary embodiment;
FIGS. 8, 9, and 10 are plan views illustrating recesses having differentstructures in apparatuses for supporting debonding according exemplaryembodiments;
FIG. 11 is a schematic view illustrating an application of the suctioncap in an apparatus for supporting debonding according an exemplaryembodiment;
FIG. 12 is a schematic view in which the glass laminate is debondedusing the apparatus for supporting debonding according the exemplaryembodiment; and
FIG. 13 is a configuration view schematically illustrating an apparatusfor supporting debonding according an exemplary embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Hereinafter, an apparatus for supporting debonding and a debondingmethod using the same will be described with reference to theaccompanying drawings.
In the following description, detailed descriptions of known functionsand components incorporated in the present disclosure will be omitted inthe case in which the subject matter of the present disclosure isrendered unclear by the inclusion thereof.
As illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 4, an apparatus for supporting debondingaccording to an exemplary embodiment is an apparatus for supporting aprocess of debonding an ultrathin glass sheet 12 from a carrier glasssheet 11 after fabrication of device layers 13 on one surface of theultrathin glass sheet 12, in which the ultrathin glass sheet 12 isbonded to the carrier glass sheet 11 to provide a single glass laminate10 in order to facilitate the process of fabricating the device layers13, which will be converted into a flexible organic light-emitting diode(OLED), light-emitting diode (LED) signage, or the like.
In this regard, the apparatus for supporting debonding according to theexemplary embodiment includes a suction plate 110, a plurality ofsuction cups 120, a vacuum pump 130, and a controller 140.
The suction plate 110 is a table configured to suction-hold the glasslaminate 10 seated thereon. The glass laminate 10 is fabricated tosupport the ultrathin glass sheet 12, since handling thereof may bedifficult when transporting the ultrathin glass sheet 12 or fabricatingthe device layers 13 on the ultrathin glass sheet 12. The glass laminate10 is fabricated by bonding the ultrathin glass sheet 12 to the carrierglass sheet 11. That is, the glass laminate 10 is fabricated to ensurethe process of fabricating the device layers 13 is reliably performedwhile the ultrathin glass sheet 12 is being supported by the carrierglass sheet 11.
The glass laminate 10 is provided by bonding the carrier glass sheet 11and the ultrathin glass sheet 12 having different thicknesses and areas.A single glass laminate 10 is provided by bonding the carrier glasssheet 11 and the ultrathin glass sheet 12 such that the wider andthicker carrier glass sheet 11 surrounds the ultrathin glass sheet 12,i.e. the carrier glass sheet 11 extends beyond each of the four sides ofthe ultrathin glass sheet 12. Then, a plurality of device layers 13 arefabricated on the glass laminate 10 by coating the ultrathin glass sheet12 with, for example, indium tin oxide (ITO), which will form anelectrode layer, patterning the ITO film, coating the patterned ITO filmwith an insulating film, patterning the insulating film into a pluralityof insulating layers, depositing organic light-emitting layers on thepatterned insulating layers, respectively, and encapsulating theresultant structures with an encapsulation film. Here, the plurality ofdevice layers 13 protrude from the surface of the ultrathin glass sheet12 by at least a predetermined thickness.
When fabrication of the plurality of device layers 13 is completed, theultrathin glass sheet 12, on which the plurality of device layers 13 arefabricated, must be debonded from the carrier glass sheet 11 forsubsequent processing, such as panel cutting.
According to the exemplary embodiment, the ultrathin glass sheet 12 mayrefer to a glass sheet having a thickness of 20 μm to 250 μm. Asdescribed above, as the carrier glass sheet 11, a glass sheet wider andthicker than the ultrathin glass sheet 12 may be used.
For the debonding process, the glass laminate 10 is seated on and thensuction-held by the suction plate 110. In this regard, the suction plate110 includes a plurality of suction hole portions defining a pluralityof suction holes 111 a, 111 b, and 111 c to suction-hold the glasslaminate 10 when the glass laminate 10 is brought into contacttherewith.
According to the exemplary embodiment, the top surface of the suctionplate 110 is comprised of recess portions defining recesses 112 and aperipheral portion 113 surrounding the recess portions defining therecesses 112. According to the exemplary embodiment, a plurality ofsuction holes 111 a are provided in each of the recesses 112. Inaddition, a plurality of suction holes 111 b are also provided in theperipheral portion 113. As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 8, theconcentration of the plurality of suction holes 111 a provided in therecesses 112 may be lower than the concentration of the plurality ofsuction holes 111 b provided in the peripheral portion 113. This cancause suction force generated by the recesses 112 to be lower thansuction force generated by the peripheral portion 113, therebypreventing the device layers 13 accommodated in the recesses 112 frombecoming defective. However, as illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10, theconcentration of the plurality of suction holes 111 a provided in therecesses 112 may be the same as the concentration of the plurality ofsuction holes 111 b provided in the peripheral portion 113.
As described above, the concentration of the plurality of suction holes111 a or 111 b provided in the recesses 112 or the peripheral portion113 may vary, depending on the conditions or environment of thedebonding process. Thus, according to the exemplary embodiment, theconcentration of the plurality of suction holes 111 a or 111 b providedin the recesses 112 or the peripheral portion 113 is not specificallylimited.
Ribs 114 may be provided on the top surface of the suction plate 110,between the adjacent recesses 112, to define the recesses 112 togetherwith the peripheral portion 113. However, as illustrated in FIG. 9, whena single device layer 13 is provided on one surface of the ultrathinglass sheet 12, the ribs 114 may be omitted.
In addition, as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, a plurality of suctionholes 111 c may be provided in the ribs 114. However, as illustrated inFIG. 10, when the distances between the plurality of device layers 13,provided on one surface of the ultrathin glass sheet 12, are small andthe widths of the ribs 114 are narrow, the suction holes 111 c may beomitted.
As described above, according to the exemplary embodiment, the debondingprocess can be reliably supported, since the plurality of suction holes111 a, 111 b, and 111 c are provided in the entirety of the recesses 112of the suction plate 110, the peripheral portion 113 surrounding therecesses 112, and the ribs 114.
In the debonding process according to the exemplary embodiment, theglass laminate 10 is seated on the top surface of the ultrathin glasssheet 12 such that one surface of the ultrathin glass sheet 12, fromwhich the device layers 13 protrude, faces the top surface of thesuction plate 110. That is, the plurality of suction holes 111 a, 111 b,and 111 c of the suction plate 110 hold the one surface of the ultrathinglass sheet 12 and the device layers 13 via suction. Here, the recesses112 are areas of the top surface of the suction plate 110 accommodatingthe device layers 13, with the number of the recesses 112 being the sameas the number of device layers 13 provided on the one surface of theultrathin glass sheet 12.
According to the exemplary embodiment, the recesses 112 accommodatingthe device layers 13 are provided to be deeper than the thicknesses ofthe device layers 13. When the recesses 112 are provided in the topsurface of the suction plate 110 to accommodate the device layers 13protruding from one surface of the ultrathin glass sheet 12, the processof debonding the ultrathin glass sheet 12 and the carrier glass sheet 11bonded to the other surface of the ultrathin glass sheet 12 can bereliably supported.
That is, in the debonding process, the difference in the degree of closecontact between one surface of the ultrathin glass sheet 12 and the topsurface of the suction plate 110 can be minimized. More specifically,the difference between the degree of close contact of one area of theultrathin glass sheet 12, on which the device layers 13 are provided,with the top surface of the suction plate 110, and the degree of closecontact of the other area of the ultrathin glass sheet 12, on which nodevice layers are provided, with the top surface of the suction plate110, can be minimized. This can consequently reduce the probability thatthe ultrathin glass sheet 12 may be bent, and thus damaged, during thedebonding process using negative pressure or vacuum pressure, therebyimproving process yield.
In addition, the suction plate 110 according to the exemplary embodimentmay further include first flow paths 115, second flow paths 116, andthird flow paths 117.
The first flow paths 115 are provided between the plurality of suctionholes 111 a in the recesses 112 and the vacuum pump 130 to connect theplurality of suction holes 111 a and the vacuum pump 130. The first flowpaths 115 may connect the plurality of suction holes 111 a provided inthe recesses 112 to each other. Accordingly, negative pressure appliedby the vacuum pump 130 may be distributed to the plurality of suctionholes 111 a through the first flow paths 115, thereby generating suctionforce. According to the exemplary embodiment, the plurality of firstflow paths 115 may be provided in the plurality of recesses 112,respectively. In this case, each of the plurality of first flow paths115 provided in the plurality of recesses 112 may be controlledindividually.
The second flow paths 116 are provided between the plurality of suctionholes 115 b provided in the peripheral portion 113 and the vacuum pump130 to connect the plurality of suction holes 115 b and the vacuum pump130. The second flow paths 116 may connect the plurality of suctionholes 111 b in the peripheral portion 113 to each other. Accordingly,negative pressure applied by the vacuum pump 130 may be distributed tothe plurality of suction holes 111 b through the second flow paths 116,thereby generating suction force.
The third flow paths 117 are provided between the plurality of suctionholes 111 c provided in the ribs 114 and the vacuum pump 130 to connectthe plurality of suction holes 111 c and the vacuum pump 130. The thirdflow paths 117 may connect the plurality of suction holes 111 c providedin the ribs 114 to each other. Accordingly, negative pressure applied bythe vacuum pump 130 may be distributed to the plurality of suction holes111 c through the third flow paths 117, thereby generating suctionforce.
According to the exemplary embodiment, control valves 118 may beprovided for the first flow paths 115, the second flow paths 116, andthe third flow paths 117, respectively. Due to this configuration, evenin the case that negative pressure is applied to the first flow paths115, the second flow paths 116, and the third flow paths 117 by thevacuum pump 130, it is possible to prevent suction force from beinggenerated in the plurality of suction holes 111 a provided in therecesses 112, in the plurality of suction holes 111 b provided in theperipheral portion 113, or in the plurality of suction holes 111 cprovided in the ribs 114. According to the exemplary embodiment, it ispossible to adjust suction force according to the area of the topsurface of the suction plate 110, depending on the conditions orenvironment of the debonding process, by controlling the control valves118 provided for the first flow paths 115, the second flow paths 116,and the third flow paths 117, respectively.
The suction cups 120 are fitted to the plurality of suction holes 111 a,111 b, and 111 c, respectively. The suction cups 120 are configured tobe elastically compressible in the longitudinal direction, in responseto contact pressure of the ultrathin glass sheet 12 and the devicelayers 13. Specifically, the suction cups 120, fitted to the pluralityof suction holes 111 a in the recesses 112, are in contact with thedevice layers 13 and are elastically compressed by the contact pressureof the device layers 13. In addition, the suction cups 120, fitted tothe plurality of suction holes 111 b and 111 c, are in direct contactwith the ultrathin glass sheet 12 and are elastically compressed by thecontact pressure of the ultrathin glass sheet 12.
As illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B, when the suction cups 120 elasticallycompressible in the longitudinal direction are fitted to the suctionholes 111 a of the recesses 112, this configuration can be used incommon for the debonding process for other ultrathin glass sheets 12 oneach of which device layers 13 having different thicknesses areprovided.
In addition, the suction cups 120, fitted to the plurality of suctionholes 111 b and 111 c provided in the peripheral portion 113 and theribs 114, serve to protect the ultrathin glass sheet 12 such that onesurface of the ultrathin glass sheet 12 is not locally damaged by directcontact with the top surface of the suction plate 110 formed from metal.
As illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7, according to the exemplary embodiment,each of the suction cups 120 may include a fixing portion 121 and anoperating portion 122.
The fixing portion 121 is fastened to the inner circumferential surfaceof the corresponding suction hole among the suction holes 111 a, 111 b,and 111 c. The outer circumferential surface of the fixing portion 121may be screw-engaged with the inner circumferential surface of thecorresponding suction hole 111 a, 111 b, or 111 c. The fixing portion121 may be provided with a first hole (not shown) extending in thelongitudinal direction thereof. According to the exemplary embodiment,the fixing portion 121 may be formed from metal.
The operating portion 122 may be provided as a bellows. The operatingportion 122 may be fitted around the top end of the fixing portion 121.Due to this configuration, the operating portion 122 may protrude fromthe top surface of the suction plate 110. In addition, the operationportion 122 is provided with a second hole (not shown) extending in thelongitudinal direction of the operation portion 122 to communicate withthe first hole (not shown) provided in the fixing portion 121.
According to the exemplary embodiment, the operation portion 122 may besubstantially in contact or close contact with the ultrathin glass sheet12 and the device layers 13. According to the exemplary embodiment, theoperation portion 122 is elastically compressed, in response to thecontact pressure of the ultrathin glass sheet 12 or the device layers13. As the operation portion 122 is compressed or returned as describedabove, the apparatus for supporting debonding according to the exemplaryembodiment can be used in common for the debonding process for ultrathinglass sheets 12 on each of which the device layers 13 having differentthicknesses are provided.
The vacuum pump 130 is connected to the suction plate 110, and moreparticularly, to the plurality of suction holes 111 a, 111 b, and 111 c,provided in the recesses 112, the peripheral portion 113, and the ribs114 defined in the top surface of the suction plate 110, via the firstflow paths 115, the second flow paths 116, and the third flow paths 117,so as to apply negative pressure to the plurality of suction holes 111a, 111 b, and 111 c. More specifically, since the suction cups 120 arefitted to the plurality of suction holes 111 a, 111 b, and 111 c,respectively, the vacuum pump 130 substantially applies negativepressure to the suction cups 120 fitted to the plurality of suctionholes 111 a, 111 b, and 111 c.
Such negative pressure applied by the vacuum pump 130 generates suctionforce in the plurality of suction cups 120 in a corresponding area. As aresult, the ultrathin glass sheet 12 or the device layers 13 remainingin contact with the plurality of suction cups 120 for the debondingprocess are suction-held by the suction cups 120. Consequently, theglass laminate 10 seated on the top surface of the suction plate 110 canbe debonded.
The controller 140 adjusts negative pressure applied to the plurality ofsuction holes 111 a, 111 b, and 111 c by controlling the vacuum pump130. According to the exemplary embodiment, the controller 140 maycontrol the vacuum pump 130 to apply uniform negative pressure to theplurality of suction holes 111 a, 111 b, and 111 c.
According to the exemplary embodiment, even in the case that uniformnegative pressure is applied to the plurality of suction holes 111 aprovided in the recesses 112 and the plurality of suction holes 111 bprovided in the peripheral portion 113, different levels of suctionforce may be generated in the recesses 112 and the peripheral portion113, since the concentration of the plurality of suction holes 111 a inthe recesses 112 may be different from the concentration of theplurality of suction holes 111 b in the peripheral portion 113.Specifically, even in the case that uniform negative pressure isapplied, a relatively low amount of suction force may be generated inthe recesses 112, in which the device layers 13 are provided, while arelatively high amount of suction force may be generated in theperipheral portion 113, in which no device layers 13 are provided, andwhich is in contract with one surface of the ultrathin glass sheet 12.According to the exemplary embodiment, the concentration of the suctionholes is set to vary according to the area, such that different levelsof suction force are generated according to the areas. However, this isonly illustrative, and the concentration of the suction holes accordingto the area may be adjusted to be the same or different depending on theconditions or environment of the debonding process. Likewise, the sizesof the suction holes may be properly adjusted depending on theconditions or environment of the debonding process.
As illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 12, the apparatus for supportingdebonding according to the exemplary embodiment may further include atleast one suction cap 150. The suction cap 150 is placed on the carrierglass sheet 11 when the glass laminate 10 is seated on the top surfaceof the suction plate 110. The suction cap 150 is connected to the vacuumpump 130 controlled by the controller 140, and suction-holds the topportion of the carrier glass sheet 11 using negative pressure applied bythe vacuum pump 130.
According to the exemplary embodiment, the suction cap 150 is configuredto move in a top-bottom direction. The movement of the suction cap 150in the top-bottom direction can be controlled by the controller 140.Specifically, the suction cap 150 is controlled by the controller 140 tolift the carrier glass sheet 11 while suction-holding the carrier glasssheet 11, thereby completely separating the carrier glass sheet 11 fromthe ultrathin glass sheet 12 suction-held by the suction plate 110.Here, the controller 140 may control the vacuum pump 130 to sequentiallyapply negative pressure to a plurality of suction caps 150 in thedirection in which the debonding propagates.
According to the exemplary embodiment, the suction plate 110 may beconfigured to be movable in a horizontal direction. Thus, when the glasslaminate 10 is seated on the top surface of the suction plate 110, thesuction plate 110 is moved below the plurality of suction caps 150. Whenthe debonding process is completed, the suction plate 110 may bereturned to the initial position.
As illustrated in FIG. 13, the apparatus for supporting debondingaccording to the exemplary embodiment may further include a first tray161, a second tray 162, a third tray 163, and a fourth tray 164 disposedaround the suction plate 110. The glass laminate 10 to be debonded isplaced in the first tray 161 before the debonding process. The debondedultrathin glass sheets 12, i.e. the ultrathin glass sheets 12 separatedfrom the carrier glass sheets 11, are sequentially loaded in the secondtray 162. The debonded carrier glass sheets 11 are sequentially loadedin the third tray 163. In addition, a plurality of paper sheets areloaded in the fourth tray 164 before being supplied to the first tray161, the second tray 162, and the third tray 163.
As described above, according to the exemplary embodiment, the glasslaminate 10 is moved from the first tray 161 to the suction plate 110,the debonded ultrathin glass sheet 12 is moved from the suction plate110 to the second tray 162, and the debonded carrier glass sheet 11 ismoved from the suction plate 110 to the third tray 163. In addition, thesheets of paper are moved from the fourth tray 164 to the first tray161, the second tray 162, and the third tray 163.
For the above-described movement of the glass laminate 10, the debondedultrathin glass sheet 12, the debonded carrier glass sheet 11, and thesheets of paper, the apparatus for supporting debonding according to theexemplary embodiment may further include a gantry unit 170, asillustrated in FIG. 13.
The gantry unit 170 travels around the first to fourth trays 161 to 164to transport the glass laminate 10, the debonded ultrathin glass sheet12, the debonded carrier glass sheet 11, and the sheets of paper. Thesequence and method of movement of the gantry unit 170 will be describedin more detail later.
Hereinafter, the process of debonding a glass laminate using theapparatus for supporting debonding according to the exemplary embodimentwill be described with reference to FIGS. 11 to 13. In the followingdescription, for the components not illustrated in FIGS. 11 to 13, theremaining figures will be referred to.
A method of debonding a glass laminate according to an exemplaryembodiment includes a locating step, a pressure application step, and adebonding step.
First, as illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 13, in the locating step, theglass laminate 10 is located in position on the top surface of thesuction plate 110. Specifically, in the locating step, after the gantryunit 170 lifts the glass laminate 10 placed in the first tray 161,vision alignment is completed, and then the glass laminate 10 is locatedin position on the top surface of the suction plate 110. In the locatingstep, the glass laminate 10 is seated on the top surface of the suctionplate 110 such that the ultrathin glass sheet 12 faces downward (in thedrawings). Here, the glass laminate 10 is located in position such thatthe bottom surface of the carrier glass sheet 11 does not touch the topsurface of the suction plate 110.
In the process of locating glass laminate 10 in position on the topsurface of the suction plate 110, the device layers 13 protruding fromone surface of the ultrathin glass sheet 12 are accommodated in therecesses 112 of the suction plate 110. Here, the plurality of suctioncups 120 fitted to the plurality of suction holes 111 a in the recesses112 are in contact with the device layers 13 and are compressed by thecontact pressure of the device layers 13. As a result, the ultrathinglass sheet 12 can maintain the flat plate shape thereof. Other portionsof the one surface of the ultrathin glass sheet 12 without the devicelayers 13 is seated on the peripheral portion 113 and the ribs 114 ofthe suction plate 110. More specifically, the other portions of the onesurface of the ultrathin glass sheet 12 without the device layers 13 isin contact with the plurality of suction cups 120 fitted to theplurality of suction holes 111 b and 111 c in the peripheral portion 113and the ribs 114, and as a result, the entirety of the suction cups 120are compressed.
Afterwards, in the pressure application step, negative pressure isapplied to the plurality of suction cups 120 to suction-hold the glasslaminate 10 located in position on the top surface of the suction plate110. That is, the pressure application step applies negative pressure tothe top surface of the suction plate 110 by controlling the vacuum pump130 by the controller 140. Consequently, the glass laminate 10 issuction-held by the suction plate 110 and is supported on the topsurface of the suction plate 110. Here, in the apparatus for supportingdebonding according to the exemplary embodiment, a relatively low amountof suction force may be generated in the recesses 112 and a relativelyhigh amount of suction force may be generated in the peripheral portion113 and the ribs 114, regardless of uniform negative pressure beingapplied to the respective areas, since the concentration of theplurality of suction holes 111 a in the recesses 112 may be differentfrom the concentration of the plurality of suction holes 111 b in theperipheral portion 113 and the ribs 114.
As described above, in the pressure application step, the glass laminate10 is suction-held to the suction plate 110, and then the suction plate110 is moved below the plurality of suction caps 150.
As the glass laminate 10 in the top position of the first tray 161 ismoved to the suction plate 110 for the debonding process, a sheet ofpaper sandwiched between the uppermost glass laminates 10 loaded in thefirst tray 161 is exposed externally. According to the exemplaryembodiment, the sheet of paper may be moved to the third tray 163, and asheet of paper loaded in the fourth tray 164 may be moved to the secondtray 162.
Afterwards, as illustrated in FIG. 12, in the debonding step, in theposition in which the ultrathin glass sheet 12, located below, issuction-held by the suction plate 110, more particularly, to theplurality of suction cups 120, and the carrier glass sheet 11, locatedabove, is suction-held by the plurality of suction caps 150, the carrierglass sheet 11 is debonded from the ultrathin glass sheet 12.
The debonding step is performed by suction-holding the carrier glasssheet 11 using the suction caps 150 and then lifting the carrier glasssheet 11 from one side to the other side. In the debonding step,portions of the carrier glass sheet 11, subjected to debonding, can besequentially suction-held in the debonding propagation direction.Specifically, the debonding process can be easily performed bysequentially lifting suction caps 150, among the plurality of suctioncaps 150, disposed on portions of the carrier glass sheet 11 subjectedto debonding, by applying negative pressure thereto.
After the carrier glass sheet 11 is completely separated from theultrathin glass sheet 12 in this debonding step, negative pressureapplied to the plurality of suction cups 120 may be released. In thismanner, the debonding process for a single glass laminate 10 may becompleted.
When the debonding process is completed, the ultrathin glass sheet 12may remain suction-held by the suction plate 110, while the carrierglass sheet 11 may remain suction-held by the suction caps 150.
In some embodiments, in order to continuously perform the debondingprocess for another glass laminate 10, the suction plate 110suction-holding the ultrathin glass sheet 12 is returned to the initialposition, and then negative pressure applied to the ultrathin glasssheet 12 is released. Afterwards, the gantry unit 170 is operated tomove the ultrathin glass sheet 12 to the second tray 162.
Afterwards, the suction plate 110, from which the ultrathin glass sheet12 is removed, is moved below the plurality of suction caps 150, andthen negative pressure applied to the suction caps 150 is removed, sothat the carrier glass sheet 11, suction-held by the suction caps 150,is seated on the suction plate 110.
Subsequently, the suction plate 110, with the carrier glass sheet 11being seated on the top surface thereof, is returned to the initialposition. In addition, the carrier glass sheet 11 is moved to the thirdtray 163 by operating the gantry unit 170.
Afterwards, the debonding process for another glass laminate 10 isperformed by repeating the above-described steps.
In addition, the ultrathin glass sheet 12 debonded from the carrierglass sheet 11 using the apparatus for supporting debonding according tothe exemplary embodiment is cut in the process of converting theplurality of device layers 13 into individual panels.
The foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of thepresent disclosure have been presented with respect to the drawings andare not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present disclosure tothe precise forms disclosed herein, and many modifications andvariations would obviously be possible for a person having ordinaryskill in the art in light of the above teachings.
It is intended, therefore, that the scope of the present disclosure notbe limited to the foregoing embodiments, but be defined by the Claimsappended hereto and their equivalents.
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus for supporting a process ofdebonding a carrier glass sheet and an ultrathin glass sheet, bonded asa single glass laminate, the apparatus comprising: a suction platecomprising a plurality of suction hole portions defining suction holesfor suction-holding a glass laminate seated thereon and at least onerecess portion defining at least one recess accommodating at least onedevice layer protruding from one surface of an ultrathin glass sheet ofthe glass laminate; a plurality of suction cups fitted to the pluralityof suction hole portions, respectively, such that the plurality ofsuction cups are elastically compressible, in response to contactpressure of the ultrathin glass sheet and the device layer; a vacuumpump connected to the plurality of suction hole portions to applynegative pressure to the plurality of suction hole portions; and acontroller controlling the vacuum pump to adjust the negative pressureapplied to the plurality of suction hole portions.
2. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the at least one recess portion is disposed on asurface of the suction plate on which the glass laminate is seated, andthe suction plate further comprises a peripheral portion surrounding theat least one recess portion on the surface of the suction plate on whichthe glass laminated is seated.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein theat least one recess portion comprises a plurality of recess portions,the plurality of recess portions disposed on a surface of the suctionplate on which the glass laminate is seated, and the suction platefurther comprises a peripheral portion surrounding the plurality ofrecess portions, and a rib disposed between adjacent recess portionsamong the plurality of recess portions, on the surface of the suctionplate on which the glass laminate is seated.
4. The apparatus of claim3, wherein the suction plate comprises: a first flow path by whichsuction hole portions, among a plurality of suction hole portionsprovided in each recess portion among the plurality of recess portions,are connected, the first flow path being connected to the vacuum pump; asecond flow path by which suction hole portions among the plurality ofsuction hole portions are connected, the second flow path beingconnected to the vacuum pump; and a third flow path by which suctionhole portions among the plurality of suction hole portions provided inthe rib are connected, the third flow path being connected to the vacuumpump.
5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the suction plate furthercomprises control valves disposed on the first flow path, the secondflow path, and the third flow path, respectively.
6. The apparatus ofclaim 5, wherein the first flow path comprises a plurality of first flowpaths provided in the plurality of recess portions, respectively, theplurality of first flow paths being controlled individually.
7. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of suction cupscomprises: a fixing portion fastened to an inner circumferential surfaceof a corresponding suction hole portion among the plurality of suctionhole portions, with a first hole portion extending in a longitudinaldirection of the fixing portion; and an operating portion coupled to atop end of the fixing portion to protrude from a top surface of thesuction plate, with a second hole portion extending in a longitudinaldirection of the operating portion to communicate with the first holeportion, the operating portion being elastically compressible inresponse to a contact pressure of the ultrathin glass sheet or thedevice layer.
| 0.753739 | -0.078826 | 1,912 | 7,536 | 109 | -1 | Device Manufacturing | false |
99,948 | 69143891_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Wesley William Spink (December 17, 1904, Duluth, Minnesota – May 14, 1988, Minneapolis) was an American physician, medical school professor, and medical researcher. He was "an internationally recognized authority on infectious diseases and is credited with controlling the spread of brucellosis (undulant fever)".
Education and career
In high school, Wesley W. Spink read extensively and was an outstanding football player. He attended the University of Wisconsin–Superior for one year and then, with the aid of a football scholarship, transferred to Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota. There he graduated in 1926 with a degree in chemistry. In 1925 he served, for the summer, as the pastor of a community church in South Dakota. From 1926 to 1928 at Nebraska's Doane College he was instructor in economics and public speaking and also coached football and track. During the summer of 1927 he attended the Chicago Theological Seminary. He bought stocks with his salary from Doane College. In autumn 1928, one year before the Crash of 1929, he sold his stocks for a substantial gain and enrolled in Harvard Medical School, where after one year he was awarded a scholarship. After graduating in 1932 with an M.D. from Harvard Medical School, he was for 18 months from 1932 to 1933 a medical intern and for 3 years from 1933 to 1936 a medical resident at Boston City Hospital. During these years he was influenced by Hans Zinsser and George Minot and co-authored a number of papers with his supervisor Chester Keefer.
At the University of Minnesota Medical School, Spink was from an assistant professor from 1937 to 1941, an associate professor from 1941 to 1946, and a full professor from 1946 to 1967, when he was appointed the Medical School's first Regents' professor. He retired in 1973 as Regents' professor emeritus.
Spink did research on gonorrhea, streptococcal pharyngitis, staphylococcal infections, brucellosis, and sepsis and septic shock caused by Gram-negative bacteria. He was the author of 3 books and the author or co-author of about 500 articles. He served as president of the American Society for Clinical Investigation in 1949 and of American College of Physicians from 1963 to 1964. He established the Wesley Spink Memorial Lecture with the University of Minnesota's administration and the Medical School; the first Memorial Lecture was presented in 1971 by William Ian Beardmore Beveridge.
Family
In 1935 Wesley Spink married Elizabeth Hamilton Hurd, a Vassar graduate and a daughter of Randolph C. Hurd, who graduated from Harvard Medical School in 1899 and began to practice medicine in Newburyport, Massachusetts in 1901. Wesley and Elizabeth Spink had a daughter, Helen, and a son, William. Helen Spink married Robert DuPont, M.D.
Selected publications
References
1904 births
1988 deaths
American infectious disease physicians
American medical researchers
Physician-scientists
Carleton College alumni
Harvard Medical School alumni
University of Minnesota Medical School alumni.
| 0.596005 | -0.411955 | 1,203 | 4,838 | 108 | -1 | Pharmaceutical Ads Historical Medicine medical | false |
99,949 | bub_gb_Lc-gAAAAMAAJ_1 | French-PD-diverse | Public Domain | 1" - Tv^-v. f 1^ f7 I tmOtlKTT - Of Digitized by Google REVUE MARITIME ET COLONIALE I FAITS - MATIÈRE PAUL DUPONT Imprimerie Centrale, 45 Digitized by Google MINISTÈRE DE LA MARINE ET DE L'ÉTRANGER ET DE LA GODEDÉ REVUE MARITIME ET COLONIALE TOME SEIZIÈME PARIS PAUL DUPONT L'Annuaire de la Marine, édité par Grenelle-Salai-Boisdon, 45. CHALLAMEL aimé LE COLONIAL, Rue des Franciscains-St-Yves 90 1866 Digitized by Google PÉCHÉ DE LA HORDE. 199 PÉCHÉ DE LX MORUE EN ISLANDE ET À TERRE-NEUVE HARENG SUR LES CÔTES D'ÉGOSSE ET D'ANGLETERRE (Campagne de 1865.) Nous extrayons du rapport des commandants des divisions navales chargées de protéger nos pécheurs sur les Côtes d'Islande de Terre Neuve et dans la mer du Nord, les renseignements suivants sur les résultats de la dernière campagne de pêche de la morue en Islande et à Terre-Neuve et du hareng sur les côtes d'Écosse et d'Angleterre: Pêche d'Islande (C. » La Pandore ayant renvoyé à la remorque, a quitté Cherbourg le 22 avril 1865. Le lendemain l'Expédition était laissée à Deal, et la Pandore continuait sa route pour Édimbourg, les Shetlands, les Féroé et l'Islande, où elle est arrivée le 13 mai. Des navires en pêche à Faskrudsfjörð ont été réparés, puis la côte Sud de l'Islande a été suivie par la frégate, qui a mouillé à Reykjavik, le 19 mai, après avoir lutté pendant deux jours contre un fort coup de vent d'Est. Pendant ce temps, l'Expédition, suivant les instructions du commandant en chef, rassemblait, après une courte relâche à Lerwick, la côte Est de l'Islande pour surveiller et protéger nos pécheurs. La Pandore restait chargée de la surveillance de la côte an. Hiver. — L'année 1866. 14 REVUE MANITIME ET COLONIALE. Ouest. L'Elp a successivement fait le lien, le refroid, havre de transbordement de nos pêcheurs de l'Est, et l'Atlantique. Profitant en suite d'un moment où le passage du Cap Nord n'était pas fermé par les glaces, cette frégate a pu, au mois de juillet, faire le tour complet de l'Islande, communiquant avec les bâtiments pêcheurs, et visitant Sisiford, Oslo, Esksfjord, Fastradfjord. Le 22 août, la Pandore quittait Islande pour se rendre en Norvège, laissant à Lerwick la corvette Véloce chargée de prendre les derniers renseignements sur la pêche et, en même temps, de venir en aide, s'il était nécessaire, aux pêcheurs attardés sur les lieux de pêche. L'état sanitaire des équipages de la division d'Islande a été excellent pendant toute la durée de la campagne, malgré les mauvais temps exceptionnels de cette année, malgré les attaques forcément imposées aux hommes, principalement pendant le mois de juin. Armement. — Cette année, 196 navires, montés par 9,031 hommes et représentant un tonnage de 21,850 tonneaux, ont armé pour la pêche d'Islande dans nos différents ports du Nord. Il ressort pour cette année une diminution sur l'année dernière de 13 navires, de 1,753 tonneaux et de 306 marins. Le tonnage moyen qui, l'année dernière, était de 90 tonnes, est tombé à 88 tonnes. Paimpol et Lannion sont les seuls ports qui aient augmenté le nombre de leurs navires ; Binic, qui n'avait pas armé l'année dernière, a expédié, en 1865, 20 navires à la côte d'Islande. Saint-Brieuc, Dunkerque, Fécamp et Gravélins sont les ports sur lesquels portent principalement les diminutions qui viennent d'être signalées. Chatteau, — Pour apprécier à sa juste valeur l'importance de la pêche d'Islande, il faut tenir compte des navires dit chasseurs qui viennent chaque année dans les havres de transbordement prendre la morue déjà pêchée et la porter en France. En 1865, 6 navires chasseurs appartenant à Dunkerque, à Gravelines et à Courseulles, armés de 30 hommes et jaugeant 623 tonnes, ont été rencontrés à Fastiord au mois de mai. D'autres transbordements ont été faits probablement cette année, mais nous n'en avons pas eu connaissance. Les navires qui ont paru cette année en Islande étaient généralement mal armés, quoique tous ne eussent pas pris en partant de France assez de rechanges pour faire face aux avaries qu'ils subissent inévitablement dans des mers très-dures. La division navale a dû faire des versements de filin, de toile, de clous et même de charbon, à des navires qui n'avaient pas pris un approvisionnement suffisant au moment du départ. Une autre remarque doit être faite, c'est que les amarrements des bâtiments pêcheurs ne sont pas toujours entreposés avec le soin nécessaire pour qu'ils puissent facilement se porter au secours des hommes tombant à la mer. Secours aux pécheurs. — La division navale d'Islande a repéré ou secouru 78 navires pêcheurs; ce chiffre élevé s'explique par les rigueurs exceptionnelles de la saison de pêche. Les pécheurs et les Islandais sont unanimes pour reconnaître que depuis quinze années environ, on n'avait pas éprouvé sur les côtes d'Islande une pareille persistance de mauvais temps, surtout en première saison. Malgré ce mauvais temps, il y a eu peu de malades à bord des navires pêcheurs. Les hommes qui ont reçu les soins des médecins de la division étaient généralement des hommes blessés dans les mauvais temps, et atteints de fractures ou de contusions. Aucune amputation n'a été jugée nécessaire. Les affections principales ont été, comme d'habitude, des panaris et des affections de poitrine qui n'atteignaient que les hommes âgés et trop usés pour affronter sans péril le rude métier de pécheur islandais. Résultats de la pêche. — La pêche a été contrariée cette année par les grands mauvais temps qui n'ont cessé de régner sur les côtes d'Islande pendant toute la durée de la saison, il y avait cependant du poisson en abondance, mais l'impossibilité de mettre les lignes dehors a réduit de beaucoup le temps employé habituellement à la pêche ; les navires affectés sur la côte perdant forcément un temps précieux pour s'élever avant de pouvoir reprendre la pêche, et ne profitaient que de quelques rares heures de beau temps. Aussi la pêche n'a-t-elle donné que des résultats en général peu satisfaisants, et on peut citer les navires qui ont pris 30,000 morues. Voici les résultats dont il a été possible de prendre connaissance sur les lieux de pêche : RÉSULTATS NAVAUX ET COMMERCAUX COTE OUEST COTE EST NAVIRES AVANT MIS EN PÊCHE NAVIRES AYANT MIS EN PÊCHE 20 avril. S a -2 e S a '5 s: Si .î 8 • t il i u m » B 5 ii • B 47.400 » M B 6.350 s s > B 72.700 a » • «37.»'; » » 46 B > ilO.uTS m • u 3 81.200 u B » IS B 47.035 • » » B » 10.100 D D B B » 2.611 T. il ir,.r>'r> 5 M B RÉCAPITULATION GÉNÉRALE. Mche d'rouett, — 'Jti&JSVi mots, par 54 carreaux, 944 hommes. ricite de l'Est. — 1189, morts, par 19 navires, 4,91. Total général, 1 313 montées, 133 navières, 5,168 hommes. 973,515 tonnes livrées par 133 bateaux, 8,754 tonnes par l'actif. 566,938 : navières livrées par 9171 hommes, 30 aures livrées par l'actif. TABLEAU COMPARATIF DES ANNEES 1864-1865. UNION de ' le DIVERSÉTÉ âg Bifina. apparitions. par par hommes en unité de latitié 1864. 1864. 1865. 1861. 1865 1864 Général. 56 54 917 944 498,300 358 875 583 168 Du 13 mai à 30 juin, 79 79 1417 1328 12,194,910 745,386 544 343 Du 13 mai à 31 juillet, 1,13 2194 2175 1,194,910 745,386 Heureusement, pendant la 2e saison de pêche, le temps a été moins mauvais, et les pêcheurs qui ne s'étaient pas laissé décourager, ont pu prononcer leur revanche de la première campagne. Le tableau suivant résume les résultats signalés après la deuxième saison de pêche : Digitized by Google PÉCHES DE L'UNION EUROPEENNE. RÉCAPITULATION. Pêches de l'Union européenne, 7,630 tonnes hommes, par 29 bateaux, 391 hommes. Pêches de l'Est, 12,748 morues, par 9 bateaux, 146 hommes. Total : 418,148 morues, et avances, 511 kilogrammes. 419,748 morceaux pris par les pêcheurs, soit 13,540 par mois. Suivant les pêcheurs, cette année eût été très-bonne si les mauvais temps n'avaient pas régné à peu près constamment; les pêches exceptionnellement bonnes faites sur les côtes de Norvège et sur le banc de Féroé semblent donner crédit à cette assertion. Pêcheurs et traîneurs. — Le poisson ayant été très-abondant sur le banc de l'Éroé, la pêche qu'y font habituellement les Anglais avec des navires armés au Shetland a été très fructueuse. Aussi leurs bâtiments n'ont-ils pas été vus cette année sur les côtes d'Islande, où la pêche n'a été faite que par nos nationaux et les Islandais, ces derniers employant de petites embarcations non pontées, du genre de celles dont on se sert en Norvège. Mais la pêche la plus lucrative est celle du hakari ou apokari (requin du Nord), pour laquelle des sloops d'environ 40 tonneaux ont été armés à Lisfjord, qui a aussi complété les équipages de trois goélettes danoises venues de Copenhague; Breistad a armé 6 sloops et Ørnsjøid en a armé une douzaine. Deux navires pécheurs belges seulement ont paru cette année en Islande. Les autres, au nombre de 178, se sont disséminés dans la mer du Nord. 7 ont fait la pêche sur le Dogger-Bank. Coups de vent. — La saison de pêche de 1864 n'a été qu'une suite non interrompue de coups de vent et de lieues de tempêtes, tant à la côte Est qu'à la côte Ouest. Les vents ont soufflé de toutes les parties, suivant les configurations de la côte, mais principalement de la partie Ouest et du Sud-Ouest. Cependant, à la fin de juillet, il y a eu quelques calmes dans le nord de l'Islande, et les navires pêcheurs qui y avaient remonté ont eu quelques bons jours de pêche. Pertes de bâtiments. — La saison de pêche de 1864, favorisée par de beaux temps et des brises rondes régulières, n'a eu à déplorer aucun sinistre. Il n'en a pas été de même pendant cette campagne, et la flottille a été rudement éprouvée. La station a eu connaissance de la perte de cinq navires : 1° Héraclite, de Granville, perdu entre Jougla et Portmouth; 2° Paix, de Fécamp, brisé par les glaces près du Cap Nord; 3° Renommée, de Paimpol, perdue près de Langanès; 4° Ange Que-Marie, de Paimpol, perdue à Rødeby; 5° Trois-Sœurs, de Dunkerque, perdu à Skagafjörður. Les équipages de ces bâtiments ont été sauvés. Pertes d'hommes, — Douze hommes ont péri à la mer, emportés par la lame ou noyés dans des embarcations; cinq de ces hommes appartenant au bateau, L'embarcation qu'ils montrant, et dans laquelle se trouvait le capitaine, venait de communiquer avec d'autres navires pêcheurs de Binic, et a été surprise par une de ces bourrasques si communes dans ces parages. État des flux. — Les glaces retenues par les vents de la partie fin Sud ont fermé le passage au nord de l'Islande jusqu'au 15 au mois de juin. À cette époque, les vents ayant remonté, le passage a été libre pendant quelque temps, et quelques pêcheurs ont pu remonter jusqu'au cap Nord et dans les parages de l'île de Grimsey. Ce n'est cependant que vers la dernière quinzaine du mois de juillet que le passage a été complètement libre. Il y avait alors des calmes étrangères promettant une belle pêche. Rapport des pêcheurs avec les Islandais. — Nos pêcheurs ont entretenu cette amitié des relations les plus cordiales avec les Islandais des lieux que nous fréquentons habituellement. Cependant, une réclamation contre la pêche des étrangers a été présentée à l'Althing par la Thingeyjarsysla du Nord; mais son exagération même n'a pas permis qu'elle fût prise en considération. Sans doute, quelques Islandais voudraient éloigner nos pêcheurs de leur côte, mais ceux qui réclament ainsi n'ont pas eu de relations avec nos pêcheurs comme les habitants de Reykjavik ou des fiords que nous fréquentons ; à l'exemple de leurs pères, ils s'élèvent contre la présence des étrangers, auxquels ils attribuent volontiers les maux dont ils peuvent avoir à se plaindre. Quoi qu'il en soit, le séjour de plus de 4,000 hommes dans le voisinage de ces côtes, sans qu'il y ait un reproche sérieux à leur adresser, est un fait qui témoigne assez des sentiments honorables de nos marins et de leur respect pour la propriété. (Suite au prochain numéro.) Gluttony. 108 CHRONIQUE MARITIME ET COLONIALE. Oceanides, montagnes et civiles des contrées anglaises au compte de la guerre. — Note sur la contre-espionnage sous-marine par M. le contre-amiral Coupenel-Desbœufs. — Expériences de tir à bord du Royal Sovereign, — États du Lord Clyde, de l'Azincourt et de la Pallas. — Mise en l'état de la frégate cuirassée Achilles. — La compagnie des eaux à l'Élude. Dépenses militaires et civiles des colonies anglaises au calque de la métropole. — D'après le budget de la guerre et celui des services civils, présentés à la chambre des communes pour l'exercice 1865-66, les dépenses des colonies anglaises, l'Inde exceptée, à la charge du trésor métropolitain, s'élèvent à la somme de 85,565,050 francs, dont 83,592,325 francs pour les dépenses militaires, et 1,972,725 francs pour les dépenses civiles. Les troupes spéciales qui servent dans les colonies anglaises, à l'exception de l'année de l'Inde, qui est payée entièrement sur le sol de cette colonie, présentent, pour l'année 1865-66, un effectif de 7,536 hommes ainsi répartis: Quatre régiments des Îles occidentales (troupes nègres), 3,167 hommes; un régiment de carabiniers de Ceylan, 1,372 hommes; carabiniers à cheval du Cap, 554 hommes; carabiniers du Canada, 1,350 hommes; artillerie royale de Malte, 639 hommes; artillerie africaine, 64 hommes; artilleurs Lascars, 88 hommes. Les dépenses de matériel, comprenant la construction et l'entretien des fortifications et des bâtiments militaires aux colonies, figurent au budget pour une somme de 6,824,000 francs. Les dépenses civiles (1,972,725 francs) sont principalement fectées au paiement des traitements de quelques-uns des gouverneurs coloniaux (tels que ceux des Iles Sous-le-Vent et des Îles du Vent aux Antilles, la Guadeloupe, Saint-Christophe, Saint-Vincent, Grenade, Tobago, Bahamas, Nouvelle-Zélande, Tortola, Virginie, Nevis, Réduit, Australie occidentale, Sierra-Leone, Gambie, Côte-d’Or, Lagos, Îles Falkland et Labuan); des traitements des juges aux Bermudes, aux Indes occidentales et à la côte occidentale d’Afrique; des traitements du clergé protestant au Canada et de la Nouvelle-Écosse; de quelques pensions à Sainte-Hélène. La plupart des dépenses civiles des îles Falkland et de Labuan sont également payées par la métropole. Voici le tableau récapitulatif des dépenses militaires et civiles, auxquelles nous joignons quelques dépenses se rattachant plus ou moins directement aux services coloniaux. État montrant le contribuant des dépenses comprises dans le budget de l'armée 1865-1866, pour les services militaires dans les colonies anglaises, ainsi que le montant probable des sommes qui feront remboursées par Métropole sur l'ensemble. Amérique du Nord : Canada 14,201,000 » Nouvelle-Écosse et Nouveau-Brunswick 4,752,750 » Terre-Neuve 521,300 » Australie : Nouvelle Galles du Sud 409,000 Queensland / Victorie 1,165,300 91,000 445,000 Tasmanie. Australie – Sud 171,000 Nouvelles-Calédonies 4,000,000 Gap de Bonne-Espérance 850,000 Bermudes 3,388,760 Bahamas 712,200 Salte-Vélente 1,352,225 Cet document contient les renseignements sur les possessions de la Grande-Bretagne en Afrique. Mémoires: CHRONIQUE. 207 Indées – colonies : Jamaïque 2,990,175 Honduras 2,600,000 Îles de la Jamaïque 3,146,750 Colonies orientales : Ceylan 3,402,825 Birma 4,046,825 Burma 6,500 Sierra-Leone 871,776 Gambia 602,485 Calcutta 1,346,475 Lagos 376,700 Gibraltar 7,050,700 Halte 759,600 Chine et Hong-Kong : 4,781,300 600,000 Totaux 83,069,325 9,734,500 Dépenses et revenus des colonies anglaises pour 1856-57, au compte de la métropole (Extrait du budget des services coloniaux, consulaires et autres services étrangers.) Amérique du Nord, 1856-57 1855-56 Bermudes 105,000 105,000 Clergé (Nord-Amérique) 95,385 105,386 L'impôt indien au Canada 85,000 85,000 Indes occidentales et autres possessions : Gouverneurs et autres fonctions 581,950 606,950 Justice 180,000 180,000 Afrique : Côtes occidentales 893,250 458,875 Salte-Vélente 183,100 123,100 Territoire de la rivière d'Orange 17,500 17,500 Divers. 1861-65 1860-66 fr. fr. Helvétie 27.600 24.000 Iles Falkland 137.200 140.200 Labuan 116.085 145.625 Iles Picquants 7.500 7.600 M8.845 860.000 Totaux 1.977.725 2.207.075 Divers : Expédition du Zanin, 4 42 312.500 Caisse du Trésor 70.000 938.750 Nègres capturés, primes sur les esclaves, etc 1.176.000 1.750.000 Commission pour l’insurrection de la traite des noirs 266.250 266.250 Consuls à l'étranger 4.150.450 4.162.575 Services en Chine, Japon et Siam 8.574.300 8.480.550 Ministres auprès des cours étrangères, réponses extraordinaires 910.000 995.000 Missions spéciales, équipement 625.000 750.000 Secrétaires d'ambassade 118.800 116.885 Expédition du Niger 60.000 Totaux 9. 925 11.751.850 Totaux généraux 11.902.950 13.958.925 Note sur les températures sous-marines, — Dans la séance du 23 octobre dernier de l'Académie des sciences, M. le vice amiral Paris a présenté un mémoire de M. le contre-amiral Couvert Desbois, sur les températures sous-marines. Nous en extrayons les passages suivants : « Les cinquante-sept observations de températures sous-marines qui font l'objet de ce Mémoire ont été faites pendant le voyage des corvettes l'Astrolabe et la Zélée par temps de calme dans la Méditerranée, dans l'Océan Atlantique et dans le Pacifique jusque par 63 degrés de latitude sud. On a fait usage pour ces déterminations de la sonde d'Erickson, à laquelle on attachait le thermomètre à maximale et à minimale construit par Bunten, sous le nom de thermomètregraph. Cet instrument était renfermé dans un fort cylindre en cuivre, en partie rempli d'eau. Sept thermomètregraphes, numérotés de 27 à 30, ont conquis à ces observations. La discussion a fait ressortir des anomalies singulières dans les comparaisons successives des thermomètregraphes avec le thermomètre étalon aux diverses températures et aux diverses époques de la campagne. Ces anomalies, qui ne sont pas notre fait, ne peuvent non plus être reprochées à l'artiste ; elles paraissent tenir à l'association des deux liquides, alcool et mercure, qui ont des points d'ébullition très différents et des actions capillaires sur le verre opposées l'une à l'autre. Celles-ci nous ont conduit à considérer le thermomètre de Bunting comme un instrument assez imparfait. Quoi qu'il en soit, de la discussion il résulte : 1° Que le zéro de l'instrument monte d'abord d'une fraction de degré : c'est la variation connue qui s'observe quelque temps après la construction d'un thermomètre par le travail de la matière vitreuse, elle donne ici une correction négative; 2° Que survient ensuite un accident, qui paraît faire sortir du récipient une quantité plus ou moins grande d'alcool pour la faire passer au travers de la colonne mercurielle ; alors la correction devient additive, et ce qu'il y a de très remarquable, c'est que, pour presque tous ces instruments, cette correction se soutient la même, les petites différences qu'on y observe étant presque dans les limites des erreurs de comparaison. Soit, par exemple, le n° 29 : le tableau suivant est l'histoire de ses variations. Septembre 1817 : 21.3 Octobre 1817 : 22.0 Novembre 1817 : 22.8 Décembre 1817 : 21.3 Janvier 1818 : 20.0 Février 1818 : 19.9 Mars 1818 : 20.7 Avril 1818 : 22.5 Mai 1818 : 24.1 Juin 1818 : 24.3 Septembre 1818 : 24.1 » t 12.0 7.3 12.0 7.3 SU octobre 1837.. 12.4 7.4 12.0% 7.3 19 novembre 1837.. 11.4 4. S 7. : 1 6.0 8.1 1 12.0 7.6 24 décembre 1838.. 8.4 19.8 8.1 30 Décembre 1838.. 7.5 21.5 7.5 53 janvier 1839.. 7.7 8.7 10. 1 B 6 20 FEBVRE MARCHÉ Br COLONIAUX. « Aide de tableaux semblables pour chaque thermomètre graphe, on a corrigé toutes les déterminations fournies dans les océans profonds de l'Océan pour les cinquante-sept observer tions de la campagne. « Nos sonores dans la Méditerranée confirment ce fait déjà obtenu, d'une température, propre au fond de cette mer, notablement plus élevée que celle de l'Atlantique à pareille latitude et profondeur. « Nous trouvons que le fond du détroit de Magellan, vers le milieu de sa longueur, a une température sensiblement plus basse que celle des parties de l'Atlantique et du Pacifique qui l'avoient. « Par 1,700 mètres de profondeur (1,000 brases), la température des couches intertropicales s'est trouvée de 5 degrés dans l'Atlantique et de 3 degrés dans le Pacifique. « Le décroissement de température avec la profondeur s'est ralenti à mesure qu'on se rapprochait du pôle austral ; mais nos sondages dans l'océan Glacial ont rencontré le fond de 300 à 450 mètres, et nous n'y avons point rencontré, peut-être à cause de la faible profondeur, un accroissement de température relativement à celle qui régnait alors à la surface de la mer. « « Le décroissement de température a été obseré beaucoup plus rapide dans les couches où Ton atteint le fond de la mer, ce qu'on savait déjà. « A ce Mémoire sont jointes quelques observations avec l'ap pareil de M. Biot, qui n'a pas ramené à de grandes profondeurs ttace des gaz dans la vessie destinée h les recueillir. «On a profité des observations à 1 .700 mètres de profondeur pour déterminer la pénétration de dilléreuts corps par Teau de mer. « Voici le résultat de quelques pesées avant et après l'immer sion : ^ riiMuriloB. rinoMnioB. 10.30 11. Hi 1 1. 40 S3.6S 11.41 S.» •.01 7.45 S6.eo 44.0S 33. 8 i 1.46 i0.ia Cire à Mdhctor. S.9B lt.70 31.60 6.41 5.00 IS.13 §.W 7.»5 9.96 11.70 91.60 6.41 S.66 I1.TI S.86 7.8S 9B.9ê Fur l'ïé^f • * * • • ■. Carôtcbove... Cuivr* rougf... Cwiw j«»M... Digitizeu Lj vjQOgle CRMIIIIHIB. 911 t Ainsi, aneim métal na s*fl8t laûsé pénétrer i»ar l'eau com primée; la petite aiT^meatatioD dans le poids du fer nous parait devoir être attribuée à un commencement d'oxydation. » Expériences à bord du Royal-Sovereign. — Le navire à tou relles Ro^alSooerd{fn est sorti de Portsmoutb le 17 et le 18 de ce mois pour Cure des expériences de tir en dehors de Tile de ^gl. La mer était assez grosse, Tamplitade des roulis du na vire était au minimum de 6 degrés et aufflaadmum de 16 degrés. La tourelle de l'avant, qui contient deux cnnons de 12 tonneaux, manœuvrait avec la même facilité et la môme fermeté que dans les précédentes exiiériences. Les installations de virements en vue desquelles les expériences de tir avaient lieu, ont montré qu'elles étaient parfaitement disposées et qu'elles pouvaient résister au mouvement des canons de la tonneaille lorsque le navire roulait de 16 degrés. Avec cette amplitude, le pont du navire était naturellement lavé par la mer, mais l'eau n'entrait pas dans les tourelles, la coque faisant l'effet d'un brise-lames. Les pitons des affûts en bois ont montré quelques signes de faiblesse, qui ont forcé d'arrêter les expériences plus tôt qu'on ne l'aurait fait autrement. Le seul moyen de remédier à cet inconvénient serait de remplacer ces affûts en bois par des affûts en fer, comme on l'a demandé il y a un an. Si le Monitor, lorsqu'il sortira pour essayer à la mer ses canons de 12 tonneaux en batterie de côté, peut rencontrer une mer qui le fasse rouler de 16 degrés de chaque côté, comme le USS Bienville, les résultats auront une grande valeur, car ils aideront à élucider la question des canons placés au centre du navire contre des canons placés en batterie de côté. Essais (in Lond-Clyde). — Le Lord Clyde, navire cuirassé de 21 canons, est sorti de la rade de Plymouth le 11 novembre pour faire les essais de machine. Par suite du mauvais temps, dit le Times, il n'a pu parcourir la base mesurée que deux fois: le tirant d'eau à l'avant était de 22 pieds 9 pouces (6 m 19), et à l'arrière de 26 pieds 10 pouces (7 m 55); le vide, dans les condenseurs, était de 27 pouces à l'avant et de 28 pouces (7 m 56) à l'arrière. — La vitesse obtenue a été de 13 nœuds 5 lignes, les tours de la machine ont roulé de 25 1/2 à 4 rôles par minute. La machine, de la force nominale de 1,000 cheval vapeur, en a développé 6,110 pendant les essais. Le vent était au Nord-Est, avec une force de 2 à 3 et la mer calme. Ceci nous semble en contradiction avec ce qui a été dit quelques lignes plus haut, ce qui laisserait supposer que le temps n'est pour rien dans l'interruption des essais. Nous avons déjà donné les principales dimensions du Lord Clyde; rappelons seulement qu'il a 280 pieds (85 m 48) de long, sur 58 pieds 9 (15 m 48) de large et 20 pieds 9 pouces (85 m 32) de creux. La surface de chauffage des chambres est de 19,000 pieds carrés, et celle des grilles de 700 pieds carrés. Il y a cinq chaudières disposées en deux groupes, l'un de quatre et l'autre de cinq, chaque groupe ayant une cheminée de 7 pieds 1 pouce (2 m 15) de diamètre. Les cylindres, les plus grands de la marine anglaise, ont 116 pouces de diamètre, et les pistons ont une course de 9 pieds 22; chaque cylindre pèse environ 38 tonneaux. L'eau pour les condenseurs circule au moyen de deux petites pompes centrifuges, une à chaque condenseur, qui sont mises en mouvement par deux petits chevaux indépendants. L'hélice est à quatre branches; son diamètre est de 23 pieds (7,6 m) et son pas de 22 pieds 6 pouces (6,85 m). Essais de l'Azincourt — Le navire cuirassé Azincourt, de 26 canons, 0,621 tonneaux et 1,350 chevaux, a fait l'essai de ses innocence, à Plymouth, le 11 décembre, par un temps assez calme, la force du vent étant de 3 à 4. Quatre parcours ont été faits le long du mille mesuré; ils ont donné les résultats suivants: vitesse moyenne, 15,483 nœuds; tours, 61 à l'avant comme à l'arrière, 25 livres; vide dans les condenseurs, à l'avant comme à l'arrière, 25 livres. Les essais ont été renouvelés le lendemain et ont donné à peu de chose près les mêmes résultats (15,487 nœuds); avec la moitié des feux, la moyenne obtenue a été de 13,545 nœuds. Essais de la Pallass — Le bâtiment cuirassé anglais Pallass, à réduction centrale du système Krupp, de 6 canons, 2,372 tonneaux et 600 chevaux, a quitté Woolwich le 4 décembre et s'est rendu à Greenhithe. Le lendemain, le navire a descendu la rivière à toute vapeur jusqu'au Noord, pour voir combien de tours la machine pourrait imprimer à l'hélice à quatre branches. Le résultat Il n'a pas été ire-satisfaisant et a démontré, dit le Times, la nécessité de supprimer deux branches de l'hélice. Cette opération a été faite à Sheerness le 5, et les essais officiels ont eu lieu le 9 le long de la base mesurée de Maplin's sands. La vitesse moyenne obtenue a été de près de 15 nœuds; le maximum de tous les essais avec la machine a été de 72, la moyenne de 16,75. Le diamètre des branches de l'hélice était de 6,8; le pas de l'extrémité supérieure de l'hélice de 0,328. Les machines sont horizontales, à haute et basse pression, système Woolf, à surface condensante, avec des pompes centrifuges et des surchauffeurs adaptés aux chaudières. Après ces essais, la Palladio est rentrée au bassin pour changer son hélice Mangin contre une hélice Griffith. VAillant, — Ce navire cuirassé, construit pour le gouvernement italien par la Compagnie des forges et chantiers de Havre, a été mis à l'eau le 4 novembre. Voici ses principales dimensions : Longueur 83,8 m, largeur 12,20 m, creux 5,59 m, 2,360 tonnes, machine Maudslay de 700 chevaux. L'Affondateur est muni d'une étrave en forme de col de cygne. On compte sur une vitesse de 15 nœuds au moins. Deux tourelles, du système Cotes, sont placées sur le pont, l'une à l'avant, l'autre à l'arrière; elles seront armées chacune d'une pièce du calibre de 0,253 m. La partie des tourelles située au-dessus du pont est couverte d'une cuirasse de 0,139 m d'épaisseur. Entre les ponts elles sont encaissées dans une muraille circulaire de 0,126 m d'épaisseur et dans l'intérieur de laquelle fonctionne l'appareil à engrenement qui sert à les faire tourner. La "muraille" extérieure du "navire" est "blindée" avec des "plques de fer" qui s'étendent à 2° 13 au-dessous de la ligne de flottaison et qui ont 0,126 d'épaisseur, excepté celles du dernier rang, qui n'ont que 0,101. Le second pont est recouvert de plaques de toile de 0,05. Une tourelle pour la mousqueterie est placée sur ce pont et s'élève à 2,71 au-dessous du pont supérieur; cette tourelle a des plaques de fer de 0,127; elle sert d'abri au commandant et à la roue de combat. Tous les panneaux des ponts peuvent être fermés pendant l'action par de solides grilles qui retombent entre les baies et qui sont manœuvrées d'en bas. Les mâts sont en fer et creux, servant ainsi de ventilateurs. Les bossoirs et les portmanteaux peuvent être abaissés pendant le combat, ainsi que les pavois, pour donner aux équipes tout l'horizon pour champ de tir. L'arrière du navire est fait de telle sorte qu'il protège la tête du gouvernail et l'hélice. Un passage latéral est réservé sur toute la longueur du navire; ce passage ainsi que le double fond étanche sont fermés par des portes, de sorte que par le moyen des deux boscs transversaux en fer, l'intérieur du navire se trouve divisé en une multitude de compartiments étanches d'où l'eau pourrait être facilement retirée par les pompes. L'Affondatore, dit le Machiavelli, nous fournisse ces détails, ainsi que des formes très-unes et la manière à suivre aux constructeurs. La Belliqueuse. — Cette corvette cuirassée, qui a été mise à l'eau le 6 septembre dernier à Toulon, comme nous l'avons annoncé dans notre numéro d'octobre (p. 646), est entrée en manœuvre préparatoire le 4 décembre. Nous donnons aujourd'hui le dessin de cette corvette, complètement armée. Digitized by Google BULLETIN BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE DE LA MARINE ET DES COLONIES. Bivouac (lettre) à Mexico pour un zouave; avec une caravane spéciale dressée sur un plan par l'officier. Période pour Avila Schott. 2e édition. In-8, 509 pages; Paris, Librairie Langlais-Treatteur. 3e. Bibliographie de la noblesse des colonies et des familles anoblies ou titrées sous l'Empire, la Restoration et le Gouvernement de 1848, publié d'après les documents officiels, par M. Louis de Roubaix et Frédéric Banhelié. In-8, 8 pages. Paris, Librairie Mangé; Avril, 5 fr. Gliassériau. — Un héros d'Algérie s'appelle. Michelson, chef de division; par P. Clément-Fastré. In-8, 51 pages. Paris, Panckacke. Flammarion. — Les morceaux célestes, lectures du soir; par Cain, Flaubert. Ouvrage illustré de 8 illustrations. In-8, 410 pages. Librairie Machard et Tavani. Les merveilles du monde invisible; par Wilfrid de Fontenelle. Ouvrage illustré de 115 illustrations. In-8, 336 pages. Paris, L. Hachette, 3 fr. Guichené. — De l'astronomie mathématique à l'astronomie physique; par l'abbé Français Guichené. In-8, 9 pages. Paris, Librairie Germain, 5 fr. 50. Horeau. — Notes sur l'agriculture libertine pour travaux totales maritimes. In-8, 18 pages. Saint-Nicolas, imprimerie Treacy. Icary. — L'acharnement contre le sucre de canne et sur les marchés qu'il subit pendant sa rotation, à la fin de mœurs de l'extrême. Par le docteur E. Icery. In-8, 51 pages. Paris, Librairie Castelmauhel. La Bédollière (éd.). — Histoire de la guerre du Péloponnèse, illustrée par les meilleurs artistes, avec une carte coloriée dressée par T.H. Duvergier. In-4, 80 pages. Librairie Barban. Le Clerc. — La Moldo-Valachie. ce qu'elle a été, ce qu'elle est et ce qu'elle pourrait être. La SS, p. Paris, librairie Dentu Mémorial du Département général de la grande, imprimé par aide de la ministre. Supplément au tome IX, contenant la collection des réactions géodésiques de Princes et d'Angleterre et leurs longitudes comparées du Paris et Greenwich. In-4°, brochure, 48 pages, fig. et pl. Paris, juillet 1864. Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris. — Archives de l'Assemblée Nationale. REVUE MARITIME ET COLONIALE. Pfeiffer (Monsieur). — Voyage d'une fermière autour du monde; par Mlle Julie Pfeiffer. Traduit de l'allemand par Suckau. 3e édition. In-8, 324 pages, Paris, librairie L. Hachette et Compagnie, 50 francs. Recueil représentatif des écrits et documents nautiques à délivrer aux personnes de la marine marchande. 10e et 14e catégories. In-4°, 133 pages, Paris, Bossange. Renard.— Les merveilles de l'art naval; par Léon Renard, bibliothécaire de la marine, contenant de nombreuses illustrations et plans de la marine, illustrées de gravures sur bois par Morel Fatio, conservateur du musée de la marine. In-8, 324 pages, Paris, L. Hachette et Compagnie, 12 francs. Ségond. — Sur les eaux de terre et de mer du canon de la marine; par A. Ségond, capitaine d'architecture de marine. In-8, 183 pages, Paris, Bergeret, 4 francs. Supplément au Routier de l'Australie. T. II, Partie Est, détroit de Torres et mer de Corail. (Ces documents provenant de l'Encyclopédie anglaise.) In-8, 128 pages, Paris, Librairie Hachette, 4 francs. Tables générales de la France avec ses colonies et les puissances étrangères pendant l'année 1864. Direction générale des douanes et des contributions indirectes. Septembre 1864, In-4°, 448 pages, Paris, imprimerie impériale. Annales du commerce extérieur (novembre). — Angleterre (n° 47). Douanes : Thé et tabac, nouveaux droits. — Navigation : Bateaux de petite fantaisie française, exemptions des droits de navigation. — Belgique (n° 59). Douanes : Tarif d'entrée, de sortie et de transit : généralisation des tarifs conventionnels. Bolivie (construction nationale) n'a pas participé aux réformes de droit. Sucrerie : nouveau régime. — Imprimerie Orientale anglaise (n° 14). Douanes : Nouveaux droits d'exportation. — Angleterre (n° 47). Progrès du commerce extérieur de la Grande-Bretagne et de l'Irlande, de 1841 à 1863. Importation et exportation analogues (quantités et valeurs) vue l'unité et 1863. Navigation, par pavillons, avec tous pays et avec la France. Aperçu des effets de nos traités de commerce avec l'Angleterre et la Belgique. Commerce des denrées coloniales et notamment des sucre étrangers. Commerce des laines; Importations, exportations et consommation depuis 1853. Industrie coloniale. Effets de la crise causée par la guerre des États-Unis. Secours disirs ; lui en 1863. Production minérale en 1863. Renseignements par ports ; Irlande, commerce extérieur. — Gibraltar (n° 11). Mouvement maritime, (du 1er à voiles) qu'à partir, en 1801, et 1813. Observations sur le transit de Gibraltar et sur la part qu'y prend la navigation à vapeur. Interchange direct avec Londres et Valencia. — Iles Ionienne (n° 11). Mouvement des échanges en 1862 et 1863. — Ouest américain (n° 41). Aperçu de la situation de la Guyane et des Antilles néerlandaises en 1862. Population, Agriculture, Commerce et navigation, Recettes et dépenses. Conséquences de l'émancipation des esclaves. Enquêtes sur les Noirs aux États-Unis. Annales hydrographiques. — Pilote du fleuve Saint-Laurent, par le contournier W. Bayfield.— Renseignements sur le détroit de Magellan, par M. Eblaser, lieutenant de vaisseau. — Renseignements sur les côtes S.-E., Sud et S.-O. de Madagascar, par le capitaine Marguin. — Renseignements sur l'île Kang, par M. Trêve, lieutenant de vaisseau. — Roches, bancs, dangers, etc., marqués utiles pour la navigation. Archive de médications navales (novembre).— Pansement des plaies par l'alcool, par le docteur Férattd, médecin de 2e classe, médecin de S. A. I. le prince Napoléon (2e partie). — De la fièvre bilieuse rénale observée au Sénégal, par le docteur P.-E. Barthélemy-By-Benott, chirurgien de 1ère classe (187e et fin). — Considérations sur l'hémorragie et sur le scorbut, par M. Pinon, médecin de 9e classe. — Recherches physiologiques et zoologiques sur les eaux de la vallée de Bandas, par M. Louis Vincent, du muséum de Paris (avec figures). — Bulletin officiel. Bulletin de la Société d'acclimatation (septembre et octobre). — Établissement hydrographique de Corsaire et de Port-de-Bouc, par MM. Quatremère et Sonneau. — Envoi d'animaux de Roumanie, par le prince Alexandre-Jean. — Sur les animaux et les végétaux de la république Argentine. — Récolte de soie par les îles Galapagos, répartition de ces insects en Europe, etc. Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (octobre). — F. de Gastel, Note sur la colonie d'Australie méridionale ou province d'Adélaïde. — Garnier, Itinéraire de Jérusalem au Négede septentrional (suite). — H. de Carlepuf, Note sur une partie du Kouchistan méridional, etc. Journal des Sciences militaires (novembre). — Le Génie italien dans la campagne d'Ancône et de la Basse-Italie, 1860-61. Documents officiels publiés sous la direction du général Menabé. — Expédition au pied des Alpes dans le Solitaire américain, etc. Revue des Mondes (novembre). — L'on part du 6 septembre 1865, de la Guadeloupe, par M. Cuzent. — (De Cempiigne à l'Exposition au Suisse). Nouvelles Annales des Voyages (novembre). — Exploration des dunes Tinnun dans la région située à l'ouest du fleuve Blanc, 1863-64, par H.V.A. Malte-Brun. — Une exploration dans l'intérieur de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, rapport officiel de M. le lieutenant Bourgoy, de l'exploration de la mer dans la marine. — Innovation scientifique de T. Miller, de l'Institut, en Orient. — Essai sur l'Hydrologie du Mi, par Élie Lombardini. — Extrait d'une lettre du baron de Decamps au docteur Bartii, en date de Zanzibar, 25 février. — Nouvelles de Grimaldi Rolf. — Nouveau voyage du Dr Livingston dans l'Afrique centrale. — Les survivants de l'expédition de Franklin. — Une ville des Chichimèques, récemment découverte au Mexique. — De la miscegénération du féminin. Revue contemporaine, (novembre). — De l'assainissement des ports de Marseille et des autres ports de la Méditerranée, par M. Ém. Léveque. Revue des Deux-Mondes (décembre) — Huit mois en Amérique à la fin de la guerre, lettres et nouvelles de voyage (1864-65). L'élection présidentielle à Chicago. La Californie du pétrole. Boston et la Nouvelle-Angleterre. La vie intellectuelle aux États-Unis, par H. Br. Duvergier de Hauranne. — Les origines de la question d'Orient, par Saint-Marc Girardin. — Les Kabyles du Djurdjura. La Kabylie au temps des Romains, par le prince Niel. Bikesco. — « La Russie dans le Caucase. La fin de la guerre de Gircassie et l'émigration des tribus Tchorkessas, par Ed. Dulaurier, etc. Maritime et coloniale (juillet). — Études sur la météorologie navale, par M. le contre-amiral vicomte A. Fleuriot de Langle. — Le Livre du Temple de l'amiral Fitz-Roy, traduction de M. MacLeod. — Rapport sur l'Exposition internationale de pêche de Bergen — Le sauvetage des naufragés sur les côtes de France, par M. J. de Crissey, ancien officier de marine. — Les ports militaires de la France : Toulon (fin), par M. Calve, commissaire général de marine. — Les colonies anglaises de la côte ni aux dépôts d'armement : l'Angleterre, par M. Hervé. Lava : La commerce. Tableau des rues de vin en France, en anglais, et en espagnol. — Chronique : La tourelle ou système d'armement du capitaine Howper Coles. Essais à la mer des concurrents à tourelles Vivier et Scorpion. Essais des canons Blissort et Blakely. — Construction de cinq frigorères pour le gouvernement anglais et d'un grand navire cuirassé pour la Turquie. Etude de la marine militaire de la Russie. Statistique des naufrages sur les côtes d'Angleterre en 1864. Bulletin bibliographique. — Planches. Plan des lieux où les Français ont précédemment pénétré de grandes quantités de harengs pendant les six dernières années. Plan de la ville du port et de la rade de Toulon. Séance et travaux de l'Académie des sciences morales et politiques (novembre). — De l'Etat actuel du Japon (suite), par M. Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire. Répartition sur l'empire de M. J. Chevalier, intéressement : Les Colonies et la Politique coloniale de la France, par M. Chevalier. PÉRIODIQUES ANGLAIS. Annals of British Legislation (novembre). — Commissionnaire relatif à la révolution en Grèce. — Traité entre la Grande-Bretagne, l'Autriche, la France, la Russie, au sujet des Îles Ionniennes. — Traité relatif à l'union des Îles Ionniennes à la Grèce. — Rapport des commissaires de l'émigration. — Rapport de la commission des étatements anglais de la cité d'Athènes, etc. Artisan débrouillard. — Histoire et description des docks et du port de la mer. Colburn's united service magazine (décembre). Promotions au choix— Le prince de Joinville. La marine française et des États-Unis, par M. Trascher. — Tableau de la marine française. — Nouvelle poudre à canon. — Sailor's homes, — Provisions pour les troupes à bord des navires, etc. Journal of the royal united service institution (octobre). — Système de topographie du capitaine London, directeur du collège militaire de Sunbury. — Des avantages comparatifs des canons rayés et des canons à ailes dans leur emploi à la mer, et pour l'armement des bâtiments, par le commandant H. Sharp. — Exploration au polar par le contre-amiral V. Ommanney. — Magasin de fer et des bâtiments cuirassés, par F.-Z. Evans, officier d'état-major. — Histoire naturelle des causes de la guerre, par le colonel Adair, aide-de-camp de la révérende. — Ventilation des équipements de guerre cuirassés, par le Dr d'Almonds, chirurgien d'état-major. — Navigabilité de la rivière Hooghly et moyens propres à améliorer son cours, par W. A. Brooks. — État présent des questions d'artillerie, par le major C. Own, directeur d'artillerie de l'île de Woolwich. Mécanique magasin. — Décembre. — Télemètre ou instruments pour mesurer les distances, pour l'histoire maritime. — Ingénieurs dans les constructions navales. — Moyen rapide de contrôler le déplacement d'un navire par rapport à ses dessins. — Les dépenses Parson et Palliser. Nautical magazine (décembre). — Navigation atlantique. — Trinité House. — Les îles Mariannes. — Ouverture et population. — Neutralité anglaise, la Shaulmash. — Besoins de nos marins ; moyens d'y pourvoir. — L'iptis. — La carte hydrographique publique, etc. Papers of naval architecture. Décembre. — Histoire des composants de canons, en batteries de côté et en tourelles, avec quels que soit observés. — Construction par visée. — L'artillerie anglaise, avec description de leurs formes, par M. Williams Henwood, ingénieur de la marine. — Description de la frégate fondaire, navire cuirassé à tourelles, de la marine des États-Unis, par C. Henwood. — Sur les moteurs neufs et les navires, par M. W. Henwood. — Navigation des lacs de l'Amérique, par M. H. John. — Mélanges, etc. LIVRES ALLEMANDS. Heim. — Histoire de la guerre en Afrique, par Heim, lieutenant d'infanterie prussienne. 2 vol. 2 cartes, et 2 plans. 2 figures. Kölnische Zeitung, N° 183. — Formation de l'empire indien, par Jäger. Gladbach, Sturmson. La vie de Marthe de famine, missionnaire à la Chine, de la Société des missions évangéliques de Berlin. 2 vol. Berlin, 1864. 3 ngl. Berlin, Beck. Voyage de la frégate Hertha au fond du monde 1857 à 1859, partie zoologique. vol. 3e partie, croisières. par de Heller. 1864, 10 figs. Vienne, Gerold fils. Wildner de Maitzschein. La Navigation. In-8. de florin. Vienne, Cerold Gis. Witte. — L'opération de canaux depuis 1801, leur urbanisation, et quelques règles pour l'entretien du mat. Uvraini n. in-8. 3 florins, Berlin. Minier et Zieisberger. — David, rapport des Indiens de l'Amérique du Nord, son existence permanente depuis 60 ans, les règles qu'il a observées, et sa monographie. In-8. 3 eng. Berlin, Beck. PÉRIODIQUES ALLEMANDS. Mitteilungen aus Instituts für Geographie und Ethnographie, 16. Diese 5 Jahre seit der Wiedereröffnung der Religion in der Zentralen des Polarklimes, durch eine maritime Expedition — Voyage d'exploration du capitaine Werner dans le Nord — Mémoire à l'appui de la carte Suédoise du Spitzberg, de MM. Ducoer et Nordenskjold. — Calendrier de la superficie du Spitzberg. — La graisse des poissons des eaux du Spitzberg et de la mer de Norvège, et des ours, d'après les récentes explorations des Suédois. — L'expédition allemande dans le Nord de M. Bar 10 de Looeweigh ca 1827. Le Pôle Nord, comme centre d'une géographie zoologique. Carte des régions arctiques et antarctiques. Carte du Spitzberg, de l'île des Ours, carte avec projection astronomique sur le pôle Nord. Zeitschrift für mathematische und physikalische. — No 5. Répertorie de l'astronomie des comètes, par Carl Mohrlich, Hieger. Zeitschrift fur allgemeîne Erd* kunde. (Novembre .— ijuatrc lettres do docteur Schweintanb snr les cdtes ile l'Afrique nrif:it Ue. — Les progrès et l'étal actuel de la mesure du méridien de TEurope centrale, par V. de Priltwit^.. r.nirip;ii;ti>on dp Télé t86."î à berlin avec ceux des ann. es 1842, lR4(i, 18ST et par le professcnr Wolfers. — I.' ^ île* di's l)eu-Frèrcs dans la mer Houge, par le U» Klunzinger. — Origine des (iraîrics de la vallée du Mississipi.-" ! ( N Miii ianni-s. — 1-e bassin do Chili mis .n lapporlavcc celui^e la n-i'iil'ii<pi" Argentine par le BiftI* hué. — Les lignes lélcgr^hiqne» de l'AaslraUe. m REVUE MARITIHÊ 0r GOLOKULE. GOilPTE RENDU ANALYTIQUE. L'£space célesia et la nature tropicale; description physique do rmàTers, d'après les obsonations personnelles faites dans les deux bénùsphèro par M. Emm. Liais, as tronome de robservatoire impérial de Paris, avec une préface (]o M. Ikil)i Dct. Un vol. grand iu*8o, illustré do 40 grandes gravures hors texte, noires ou coloriées, et do plus de :200 vi gnettes. Parte, Gamier frères, Prix iO fr. | 0.457843 | -0.530958 | 1,006 | 3,933 | 227 | 227 | Historical Events | false |
99,950 | sn89074274_1922-11-02_1_3_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 2, 1922. ANOTHER STORY IS ADDED TODAY OBITUARY OF JENS STRAND his family to the Elm farm, 14 miles southwest of town where he lived until the time of his death Mr. Strand was of a kind and mild New Brunswick, N. J., Oct. 28. Mrs. Eleanor Mills was searched for by flashlight, according to the story of an alleged eye witness to the murder of the couple. This story of the double murder has been corroborated. According to Prosecutor Mott, this terrible story is being added to the story of Mrs. Jane Gibson that the woman in the gray coat helped her name accomplice search for the man. The woman, being a victim, was seen to leave the woman in gray, kneeling at the side of his body. After hearing Mrs. Gibson's story complete, Prosecutor Mott declared that he would present the evidence in a tiny or two. Henry Stephen, brother of Mrs. Edward Hall, has rendered a complete alibi to prove that he was not near New Brunswick on the night of the murder and that he was in La Fayette, 10 miles from here, and has secured eight reliable witnesses to testify, he said. Mrs. Gibson declared that she heard one of the women declare. "How can you explain these notes?" This is taken to refer to the notes exchanged between the slain couple and which were scattered about the bodies. Mrs. Gibson declared that one of the women screamed "Oh, man's name." Then a shot rang out and Rev. Hall fell and the woman screamed and Mrs. Mills toppled off into the darkness and the slayers could not see her but they could hear her and they followed. She was a most pitiful woman. A capable instructor as the found, begging for mercy, which was achievements of his ring team in the unheeded by the slayers. Mrs. Mills past two years will testify. A tournament was dragged back under the apple ment between boxing teams representing Strand passed away Wednesday morning, October 25, at the clinic after a brief illness, death being caused by blood poisoning. Mr. Strand was born in Toten, Norway, Oct. 25, 1881, being exactly 41 years of age. He came to this country when about six years of age. He was married in Hastings, N.D., to Selma Elm in March, 1913, after. Strand, three sisters, Mrs. E. Olstad, Mrs. O. Oppegard, and Oleana and 3 brothers, Ludvig, Hjalmer and Theodore, all of Hastings, N. D., survive him. PROF. MEYER TO COME BACK TUES. After eighteen days spent in the Valley City Clinic, due to an accident, Professor Meyer was taken to his home, Wednesday afternoon. He walks on crutches, but he says he can do better without, and that when he gets to his chair he doesn't attempt to get up right away. Professor Meyer will probably be able to come to school Tuesday, his doctor says. If he comes he will come in a taxi and leave in a taxi. Anyone wishing to see him will find him in his room, he doesn't intend to do much walking around. Mr. Meyer says it feels pretty good to be back home. Faculty and students will be very glad to have Mr. Meyer back at the college. RUSH PLANS TO EXPOSE CLANSMEN Topeka, Kansas, Oct. 30—The state officers today rushed plans for legally expelling the Iv. K. Klan from Kansas. Attorney General Hopkins is drafting an injunction to prevent the enlisting of members in Kansas. GIRL NARROWLY ESCAPES St. Paul, Minn., Oct. 30—Trapped under the burning automobile, Miss A. Blake, of Minneapolis, narrowly escaped death Sunday. William Westcott, deputy of North Dakota, happened along on the scene and raised the machine and freed the girl. The car overturned when Miss Blake, Ferguson. and William Lewis BILLY STERNS tree, held and shot, and her throat senting the colleges of the state is plenty, procures a buyer, ready, slashed. held annually and the Hamline punch ers have taken the last two meets. Sterns became the Hamline instructor in the fall of 1920 and competing has developed two state champion combinations. However, the professor handles the boxing classes just on the side. His chief occupation is putting opponents to sleep in professional fights and he is ready at anytime to take on any man around the 140 mark. In the professional end of the game, however, a new star is in the ring, always active and industrious and faithful to his family. He leaves to mourn his loss, a wife at his best. He returns from Rosemount, the Kansas City board of trade. MORE DIFFICULTIES IN HISTORY. New Brunswick, N.J., Oct. 27 — Minneapolis, Minn., Oct. 30 — Mrs. Characters in the Hall-Mills murder case, George L. Huntington, 80, pioneer resident, who have been involved in the investigation, of Fargo, North Dakota, is said to have been involved in the investigation. Four daughters also survive. Mott announced that "I will be." seek to obtain sufficient evidence to convict if possible before making arrests." Mrs. Gibson, after naming the man who is well known to the authorities in connection with the case, denied that she had heard either the board, due to its refusal to accept the man or the woman mentioned in the complaint, the woman mentioned in the complaint. It is for this reason that Deputy Attorney General Mott is withholding the arrest of the man. North America, in a telegram to President Harding, at the same time, the more name of Billy Sterns has been mentioned for five years during which he has had forty fights. He is knocked out, puncher, and on his record, he has many victories gained with the average of 22 of the gladiators of the roped arena. His style resembles very much that of the great Kid Lavigne. Sterns has appeared on several similar occasions. He feels all the while, and he wants to meet Mitchell Si(1, B,)U-V. Welp- Donn', Barbarian, O'Keefe, Dave, of the rest of the fight. He would also welcome a chance to trade blows with Harvey Thorpe, the Kansas Cityian. He was once matched with Thorpe but Harvey ran out of the scrap, he says. Billy is to meet Muff Bronson, the North. West welter star, at Butte on the night of Oct. 31. From Butte, he comes to Valley City where he is matched with Battling Krause of Bismarck for ten rounds November 10. COUNTRY DANCE HOUSES REGULATED Bismarck, N. D., Oct. 26, 1922 Country dance halls in North Dakota will hereafter comply with the same regulations that those in towns and cities are required to observe, according to an announcement made by the Attorney General's office. Halls were without any sort of regulation. He consequently assigned to Assistant Attorney General George Shafter the task of securing a voluntary agreement on the part of all of them to observe certain rules this work which has been under way for some time has now been completed with the result above stated. FEDERAL JUDGE ISSUES RESTRAINING ORDER Kansas City, Mo., Oct. 30.—Federal Judge Van Valkenbaugh today issued a temporary restraining order against the Capper-Tichern Bill preventing the trading in futures. The order is directed against United States District Judge Charles C. Madison and Secretary of Agriculture Wallace. Miss The hearing has been set for November 8th. The request was asked by The proprietors of these dance halls have without exception agreed to close them at one o'clock in the morning and to keep them closed all day Sundays. When Attorney General Stevens Johnson took up his duties of his office he found that these old friends, who were crocheting a gift for her daughter, died Sunday at the home of her case by the story of Mrs. Jane Gibson, daughter, Mrs. Charles W. Sayer. She is the mother of two railroad presidents, and one railroad superintendent. Attorney General Mott declared that the old friends, who were crocheting a gift for her daughter, died Sunday at the home of her daughter, Mrs. Charles W. Sayer. She is the mother of two railroad presidents, and one railroad superintendent. Attorney General Mott declared that the old friends, who were crocheting a gift for her daughter, died Sunday at the home of her daughter, Mrs. Charles W. Sayer. She is the mother of two railroad presidents, and one railroad superintendent. Several years ago, he could arrest the man named in the age and was connected with the St. Story of Mrs. Gibson if he so desired, Paul road. George R. Huntington, a but he will wait until he has sufficient evidence to convict. There has been no one eliminated in the families of the two murdered persons, and the Pennsylvania roads, and J. Hunt, the president of the United States Railroad Labor Board, demands dissolution of the United States Railroad Labor Board. Chicago, Ill., Oct. 30—Dissolution of the United States Railroad Labor Board called a meeting of the officials of his organization to meet with the conference of the American Federation of Labor employees. The officials will meet Wednesday to organize for the fight against the labor board's stand. SUPREME COURT Bismarck, N. D., Oct. 28—A broker in pursuant with a contract of employing and able to purchase the principle land upon terms mutually satisfactory as evidenced by a valid contract made between the parties is entitled to his broker's commission, although the terms of such contract have not been fully consummated, the supreme court held today in affirming a decision handed down by Judge Coffey in a case from Burleigh County. It is entitled Theodore Koffel, versus H. C. Rund to recover a broker's commission. Appeal taken by the defense. PREPARING CHILDREN FOR CITIZENSHIP By Alice Wingate Frary Our children are given regular instruction in citizenship in school, but the best that can be done for them there will not alone give them the urge toward helpful service in the community that they might have with the thoughtful cooperation of their parents. The talks, songs, and pagans of school have served to widen their vision and strengthen their grasp of the dramatic events of the past. Fathers and mothers can help them to express their appreciation of the time and country in which they live in terms of everyday service. To teach them that they have an important part in keeping a happy, well-ordered home and that the atmosphere of a community is the atmosphere of its homes, is to lay a foundation for substantial citizenship later. To add to this a sense of responsibility toward a younger child in one's own family or a friend's or toward animal pets, is at least to start the habit of considering the interest of others. Just to keep emphasizing these two points day after day so that they become a part of the children's lives is no small task in itself. However eager a young person may be to serve his community, his impulse will be dissipated or accomplish harm rather than good unless his efforts are intelligent. In Maud Lindsay's tale of "The Giant Energy and the Fairy Skill" (Milton Bradley Co., Springfield, Mass., an effective story to read to children from five to ten) the fairy teacher reaches the eager, clumsy giant to so direct his boisterous impulse to serve, that after days of patient effort he is welcomed as a helper instead of being merely tolerated by those generous enough to overlook his carelessness. A ten-year-grandmother remarked, "Even if it isn't done well Grandmother will like it because it's my work." How much more wholesome for the little girl if it would have been if someone had insisted on the charm of offering a neatly made gift, that Grandmother's pleasure need not be marred by apologies. Organizations are too often hindered by the well-meaning but unskilled volunteer worker. The community life of the future will be enriched by every child who has learned to take pleasure in careful, finished work. "We require from buildings as from men," writes Ruskin in "Stones of Venice" "two kinds of goodness first the doing of their practical duty well, then that they be graceful and pleasing in doing it." This is one secret of acceptable service, that the doer shall find joy in his work rather than seek all his pleasure as a thing apart. This we can emphasize to our little citizens, showing them as consistently as possible that we do find joy in duties. Our children will receive their firmest foundation in the matter of their responsibility toward the community from the stress which is laid by happy example and persistent teaching on the safe-guarding of the community welfare by the right sort of homes. Read them, Mrs. Kate Douglas Wiggin's charming story "Mother Carey's Chickens" (Dunlap Grosset Company, New York.) Theirs was a home whose light could not by any possibility be hid. Mother Carey gives the keynote in saying to her children when they move into the village of Beulah, "We must make it a home as beautiful and complete as we can afford. One real home always makes others, I am sure of that! We cannot be happy, or prosperous, or useful, or successful, unless we can contrive to make the Yellow House a home. The river is our river, the village is our village, the people are our neighbors, Beulah belongs to us and we belong to Beulah." Established 1879 It gives you the local news daily. Notice To Subscribers! On account of so many taking the Daily Times-Record, we find that it does not pay to continue the weekly publication and so we have decided to discontinue the Weekly Times-Record. All subscribers to this weekly will be transferred to the daily until their subscription expires after which they will be dropped unless a renewal is received. The daily will be sent to any address for $3 per year which is very little more than the weekly now costs you. CANDIDATE FOR OFFICIAL PAPER OF BARNES CO, We Would Appreciate the Support of Every Friend of the Paper Will You Vote For It Nov. 7th? It gives you the news up-to-the-minute, six days a week, by telegraph—the World's News. It gives you greater publicity than any paper in Barnes County every day in the week but Sunday. It gives away more free space for churches, lodges, drives and all other institutions than any paper in the county. It is the best advertising medium in the county. THE PUBLISHER. | 0.516834 | -0.583004 | 880 | 3,425 | 233 | 233 | Mining & Industry | false |
99,951 | github_open_source_100_2_8340 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*##############################################################################
HPCC SYSTEMS software Copyright (C) 2014 HPCC Systems.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
############################################################################## */
//class=embedded
//class=python2
//nothor
IMPORT Python;
integer add1(integer val) := EMBED(Python:FOLD)
val+1
ENDEMBED;
string add2(string val) := EMBED(Python:FOLD)
val+'1'
ENDEMBED;
string add3(varstring val) := EMBED(Python:FOLD)
val+'1'
ENDEMBED;
utf8 add4(utf8 val) := EMBED(Python:FOLD)
val+'1'
ENDEMBED;
unicode add5(unicode val) := EMBED(Python:FOLD)
val+'1'
ENDEMBED;
utf8 add6(utf8 val) := EMBED(Python:FOLD)
return val+'1'
ENDEMBED;
unicode add7(unicode val) := EMBED(Python:FOLD)
return val+'1'
ENDEMBED;
data testData(data val) := EMBED(Python:FOLD)
val[0] = val[0] + 1
return val
ENDEMBED;
set of integer testSet(set of integer val) := EMBED(Python:FOLD)
return val[0:2]
ENDEMBED;
set of string testSet2(set of string val) := EMBED(Python:FOLD)
return val[0:2]
ENDEMBED;
set of string testSet3(set of string8 val) := EMBED(Python:FOLD)
return val[0:2]
ENDEMBED;
set of utf8 testSet4(set of utf8 val) := EMBED(Python:FOLD)
return val[0:2]
ENDEMBED;
set of varstring testSet5(set of varstring val) := EMBED(Python:FOLD)
return val[0:2]
ENDEMBED;
set of varstring8 testSet6(set of varstring8 val) := EMBED(Python:FOLD)
return val[0:2]
ENDEMBED;
set of unicode testSet7(set of unicode val) := EMBED(Python:FOLD)
return val[0:2]
ENDEMBED;
set of unicode8 testSet8(set of unicode8 val) := EMBED(Python:FOLD)
return val[0:2]
ENDEMBED;
set of data testSet9(set of data val) := EMBED(Python:FOLD)
return val[0:2]
ENDEMBED;
// And a test that is NOT foldable:
string myvalue := 'test' : STORED('myvalue');
integer add1a(integer val) := EMBED(Python:FOLD)
val+1
ENDEMBED;
ASSERT(add1(10)=11, CONST);
ASSERT(add1a(10)=11);
ASSERT(add2('Hello')='Hello1', CONST);
ASSERT(add3('World')='World1', CONST);
ASSERT(add4(U'Oh là là Straße')=U'Oh là là Straße1', CONST);
ASSERT(add5(U'Стоял')=U'Стоял1', CONST);
ASSERT(add6(U'Oh là là Straße')=U'Oh là là Straße1', CONST);
ASSERT(add7(U'Стоял')=U'Стоял1', CONST);
ASSERT(add2('Oh là là Straße')='Oh là là Straße1', CONST); // Passing latin chars - should be untranslated
ASSERT(testData(D'ax')=D'bx', CONST);
ASSERT(testSet([1,3,2])=[1,3], CONST);
ASSERT(testSet2(['red','green','yellow'])=['red','green'],CONST);
ASSERT(testSet3(['one','two','three'])=['one','two'],CONST);
ASSERT(testSet4([U'Oh', U'là', U'Straße'])=[U'Oh', U'là'], CONST);
ASSERT(testSet5(['Un','Deux','Trois'])=['Un','Deux'], CONST);
ASSERT(testSet6(['Uno','Dos','Tre'])=['Uno','Dos'], CONST);
ASSERT(testSet7([U'On', U'der', U'Straße'])=[U'On', U'der'], CONST);
ASSERT(testSet8([U'Aus', U'zum', U'Straße'])=[U'Aus', U'zum'], CONST);
ASSERT(testSet9([D'Aus', D'zum', D'Strade'])=[D'Aus', D'zum'], CONST);
OUTPUT('ok');
| 0.52661 | 0.615514 | 3,312 | 13,281 | 284 | 284 | Program Structure & C++ | false |
99,952 | github_open_source_100_2_8341 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #ifndef _paintown_ast_collectable_h_
#define _paintown_ast_collectable_h_
#include <list>
#include <iostream>
#include "all.h"
#define constructor(type, str_val, element_val, section_list_val, number_val) \
Collectable(const type * x):\
str(str_val),\
element(element_val),\
section_list(section_list_val),\
number(number_val),\
_destroy(false){}
namespace Ast{
class Collectable{
public:
constructor(std::string, x, 0, 0, 0)
constructor(Element, 0, x, 0, 0)
constructor(std::list<Section*>,0, 0, x, 0)
constructor(double, 0, 0, 0, x)
/* is this needed? */
Collectable(const Collectable & copy):
str(copy.str),
element(copy.element),
section_list(copy.section_list),
number(copy.number),
_destroy(copy._destroy){
}
void destroy(){
_destroy = true;
}
const void * pointer(){
if (str){ return str; }
if (element){ return element; }
if (section_list){ return section_list; }
if (number){ return number; }
return 0;
}
void mark(std::map<const void *, bool> & marks) const {
if (str){ marks[str] = true; }
if (element){ element->mark(marks); }
if (section_list){
marks[section_list] = true;
for (std::list<Section*>::const_iterator it = section_list->begin(); it != section_list->end(); it++){
Section * section = *it;
section->mark(marks);
}
}
if (number){ marks[number] = true; }
}
virtual ~Collectable(){
if (_destroy){
// std::cout << "Collect " << pointer() << std::endl;
delete str;
delete element;
if (section_list != 0){
for (std::list<Section*>::const_iterator it = section_list->begin(); it != section_list->end(); it++){
delete (*it);
}
}
delete section_list;
delete number;
}
}
protected:
const std::string * str;
const Element * element;
const std::list<Section*>* section_list;
const double * number;
bool _destroy;
};
}
#undef constructor
#endif
| 0.491922 | 0.574503 | 3,247 | 12,895 | 245 | -1 | Data Structures | false |
99,953 | 8601869_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Der Kongress von Chilpancingo (auch: Kongress von Anáhuac) tagte von September bis November 1813 in der Stadt Chilpancingo im heutigen mexikanischen Bundesstaat Guerrero. In einer Erklärung wurde das Programm der bereits seit 1810 existierenden Unabhängigkeitsbewegung Mexikos erstmals schriftlich fixiert.
Vorgeschichte
Der Priester und Unabhängigkeitskämpfer Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla hatte bereits am 16. September 1810 in seinem später berühmt gewordenen ‚Ruf von Dolores‘ (Grito de Dolores) die Freiheit und Unabhängigkeit Mexikos vom napoleonisch besetzten Mutterland Spanien postuliert. Der genaue Wortlaut des Grito ist heute unbekannt. Nach kriegerischen Auseinandersetzungen wurden Hidalgo und sein Mitstreiter Ignacio Allende im Folgejahr gefangen genommen und im Sommer 1811 in Chihuahua hingerichtet. Der Kampf ging jedoch weiter – sein Anführer auf Seiten der Aufständischen (Insurgentes) war der Anwalt Ignacio López Rayón, der als General der Armee der Aufständischen einige kleinere militärische Erfolge verzeichnen konnte.
Kongress
López Rayón war Gründungsmitglied des Kongresses von Chilpancingo, doch stand der Kongress ganz unter der – nicht unumstrittenen – Autorität von José María Morelos. In einer Erklärung vom 14. September 1813 wurden in 23 Artikeln die sogenannten „Gefühle des Volkes“ (Sentimientos de la Nación) formuliert und festgehalten; die wichtigsten sind:
1. Mexiko ist frei und unabhängig von jeder anderen Nation.
2. Die katholische Religion soll die einzige sein ohne Toleranz einer anderen.
5. Die Souveränität geht vom Volk aus.
6. Ausgehend von Idealen der Französischen Revolution wird die staatliche Gewalt in Legislative, Exekutive und Judikative geteilt.
11. Das monarchische System wird gegen ein liberales ausgetauscht.
15. Die Sklaverei und das Klassensystem werden abgeschafft.
22. Die Steuern und Abgaben der Indios werden abgeschafft.
Einen Tag später beschloss der Kongress die Anrede „Hoheit“ (Altezza serenissima) für José María Morelos, was dieser jedoch zurückwies; stattdessen betrachte er sich als „Diener des Volkes“ (Siervo de la Nación). Er rief am 6. November 1813 erneut die Unabhängigkeit Mexikos aus, wurde jedoch zwei Jahre später von spanischen Einheiten gefangen genommen, in die Hauptstadt gebracht und am 22. Dezember 1815 außerhalb der Stadt erschossen.
Literatur
Virginia Guedea: The Process of Mexican Independence. In The American Historical Review Nr. 105(1), 2000, S. 116–130.
Josefina Zoraida Vazquez: The Mexican Declaration of Independence. In: The Journal of American History Nr. 85(4), 1999, S. 1362–1369.
Weblinks
Kongress von Chilpancingo – Infos (englisch)
Politikgeschichte (Mexiko)
Mexikanischer Unabhängigkeitskrieg
Guerrero (Bundesstaat)
Politik 1813
Rechtsgeschichte (Mexiko).
| 0.39963 | -0.556286 | 940 | 3,673 | 240 | 240 | royalty biographies | false |
99,954 | cihm_86073_7 | English-PD | Public Domain | Her SOT? had called upon the Dominie and volunteered the pledge "never to set foot inside the door." He had received the ex-convict just here, the pastor reflected, his eyes watering in the reminiscence. He had laid his hand upon the shabby but clean jacket, in telling the son that he had offered himself as security for his good behaviour. "I can trust you, Dick, not to do any- thing to injure her. I have never forgotten — I can never forget — and you have other friends who will always re- member, that it was for her that you made your — Mia- take!" (Dear Lord! — ^Thou Who art "faithful and — just to » forgive us our sins" — grant, that, when our day of reck- oning shall come, we may find in Thy Book of Remem- brance some of our manifold sins written down as "mis- takes!") Among the well-to-do parishioners who had contributed to the Guard House plenishing, the Van Dycks were con- spicuous by their absence. The Elder and his stronger tvro-thirds had not openly opposed what the Corlaers and Brouwers set on foot and pushed forward. Neither did they discourage their daughter, when she attended two or three functions held in the transformed building. The boys sauntered in one evening, played a game of dominoes to show their proficiency in a pastime which was new to many of the crowd, drank lemonade and ate cake and lounged out, singly, in quest — the Dominie suspected and Lario" knew — of less respectable company. . i I i,l i M n t:la PI ■ '- m 144 A LONG LANE Despite the wet-blanket drippings, the father of the new departure had abundant cause for gratification in summing up results. In fancy, he saw a membership that would embrace every youth in the parish ; the erection of a hall of noble proportions; a library and a reading- room; perhapB a gymnasium. He held to the conviction that a healthful development of bone and sinew is no mean weapon in the fight with corrupt instincts. With- out guessing it, our country-parson was a quarter-cen- tury in advance of his day. He had told Norman Lang of the reply made by a back- country farmer whom he overtook in the road one day, trying to coerce or persuade a balky horse to move on. Just as the minister reached him, the farmer stooped to scrape up a handful of loose dirt and work it into the beast's mouth. "Why do you do that?" called the amazed spec- tator. "To give him a new idee!" was the reply, as the victor jumped into the wagon and drove off. Still curious to get at the genius of the trick, Mr. de Baun gave chase, shouting — "Does it always work?" "Sometimes it do! sometimes it don't." "I never saw the man before and I don't know his name," pursued the narrator to his co-labourer. "But he gave me a text and a lesson. The first step in a re- form is to give the subject a 'new idee.' That is what I am aiming at now. Sometimes — as with the Van Dyck boys — ^'it don't !' At least, not yet." While he recalled the words, he heard the click of the wicket in the fence behind him and leaned forward, some- what impatiently, to see who the intruder might be. The shade of annoyance passed as Norman Lang stood ia the archway. A LONG LANE HS **A clear case of *silent, secret, sacred sympathy of soulP " quoted the minister, when they had shaken hands. "You were the man in my thoughts at that very minute. I might have known that you would appear pretty soon. Sit down !" He pvdled forward the second chair. "I took a short cut through the cemetery, hoping I might find you here," said the visitor, seriously. His face had lines his friend had never seen there be- fore. He was pale, and there were shadows under the eyes usually well-opened and clear. "My dear fellow! you are not well!" ejaculated the Dominie. "What is the trouble?" "You used the right word, sir. I have come to you with a message from Mrs. Van Dyck. Case has run away with Jo Scheffelin's wife! Both have been missing four days. He went to Millville on business for his father last Friday morning. She joined him there, and neither has been seen hereabouts since." He raised his hand to checL the exclamation upon the lips of the horrified auditor: — "Nor is that the worst of it ! He carried several hun- dred dollars to the bank to be deposited for his father. I went to Millville this morning to make inquiry at the bank. He did not deposit a cent of it! Moreover, he presented a forged check and drew out every dollar his father had there upon deposit. His handwriting and Mr. Van Dyck's are singularly alike. We have often re- marked upon the similarity. Perhaps our talk may have put the idea into his head. The cashier paid the money readily. Case was in the habit of attending to all such matters for his father." If Edward de Baun's keen perceptive powers and ana- lytic mind had not been jarred out of poise by the news, he must have marvelled at the symptoms of emotion in Mi i tS 146 A LONG LANE ■ J MllU^. one usually self-contained. As it was, horror and indig- nant pit J possessed him to the exclusion of conjecture. "The infamous rascal!" he broke forth. "You may well say *the worst of it!' Something might be forgiven to the heat of youthful passion. Although this coarse amour is of long standing, and has not that claim to char- ity. The theft is out-and-out deviltry ! And to steal from the most indulgent father that ever doted upon his boys ! How does he bear it? Had any rumour of the connection ever reached him?" Lang shook his head, without change in his lifeless tone and look : "None ! The blow was as sudden as it was heavy. He is completely crushed. When I broke the news to him as gently as I could, he fell back in his chair, as if shot, and did not speak or move for so long that we feared he had had a stroke of apoplexy. When he revived, he was still like one stunned. Mrs. Van Dyck was the first to meet me when I got home from Millville, and would go with me into the room where her husband was sitting. I helped her get him up to bed. Neither of the other sons was at home. After a while, Mr. Van Dyck began to cry like a hurt child, and I left them together. The tears may have saved his brain. In an hour or so, she came down and said he was asleep. Then it was that she asked me to come to you. Can you go, soon?" "At once! It is the place where I ought to be. I will get my horse and buggy and you will go with me. We will save time. I take it you would rather not go into the house and talk to Mrs. de Baun — or to any one else?" He added the last words hastily, seeing the young man wince as at a stab. "Just sit still where you are ! I shall be back in a few minutes." Left to himself, Norman Lang dropped his head upon A LONG LANE 147 the table and groaned aloud. He would have said that the events of the day, following close and hard upon one another; the necessity laid upon him of bearing the shameful tidings to the confiding parents; the sight of their grief — in short, the whole shocking affair — ^had not let him think coherently until now. He had walked fast, and a host of horrors had whipped him onward. There was partial respite from the scourging in the stillness and solitude of the spot. He even perceived and drank in involuntarily the spiciness of the southernwood wanned by the sun, the bitter-sweet of the hop-blooms swinging in the doorway. It is still an unsolved psychological prob- lem how trifles too insignificant to arrest attention in calmer moments insinuate themselves upon the tortured senses in the supreme moments of life, and become inde- structible elements of memories. The Dominie forcibly denied himself the solace of con- fiding to his wife even an outline of the tragedy that called him away. He ran into the house for his hat and dust- coat, and told her that he was going to take Mr. Lang home, and might not be back for an hour or so. She was rocking her baby in her arms upon the front porch and kissed the father "Good-bye,*' smilingly, with never a thought of aught amiss. "But she will go over to <"»e them to-morrow, I know," he said to his passenger on the road. "It will be a com- fort to Sarah to see her. She has a soft place in her heart for the girl. She and her brothers are as different as the children of the same mother could be, but she is fond of the boys, and she is sensitive. The disgrace will be harder upon her than upon her parents. I could thrash that hound within an inch of his life when I think of it. I have known for months something of his carry- ing-on. I had my suspicions when he moved his bed over vsil ■J. r ':n i'it ! t. ) 1; ; ft ii if m m-.'ii 148 A LONG LANE to the mill, ^because it wag cooler there,' and took to sleeping there every night. His mother talked of it as a joke, and harped upon the wisdom of her plan of bringing up children in the right way, and then trusting them to do as they please. I wonder how many times I have heard her say, "Boys will be boys. Father!' when he had a gleam of reason with regard to managing them ! Ah, well, poor woman! she is punished beyond her deserts. Her failing was of the head, not the heart. She has lived in, and for her children — ^particularly her sons. Sarah is her fa- ther's pet. A good girl — if ever there was one !" "She will be his greatest comfort," answered the other, more naturally than he had spoken in their talk in the summer-house. "Mrs. Van Dyck will be sorry for her husband, but more sorry for herself. Her pride will suf- fer terribly." The next bend in the road brought the farmstead into view. The Dominie raised his whip to point to the abode of peace and plenty it looked to be. The spacious bams in the rear; the mill at the side; the great trees clustering about the while house ; the gardens upon the lower level — all bespoke wise thrift in the owners of the demesne. "It is enough to break one's heart to think of the mis- ery and the shame brought upon it by one vicious, worth- less boy ! Ah, there's the keenest sting of all ! One may live down anything else. And they have lived clean, hon- est lives for generations — and gloried in it — gloried in it!" CHAPTER XIV REBECCA JANE waited upon the supper-table that night in a state of suppressed excitement that would have amused her employers if their own thoughts had not been engrossed by the same matters that over- flowed her brain. As it was, her substitution of the vine- gar cruet for the cream-jug when Mr. de Baun would have dressed his peaches to his liking, and her failure to put butter upon the table, passed without verbal notice. It was a distinct grievance to the maid-of-all-work that Mr. de Baun invited his wife to walk in the garden with him, when the meal was over and the children were snugly disposed of in bed and crib. A pair of avid eyes followed the two in their prome- nade up one walk and down another, at no time coming near enough to the dining-room window for her to catch a word of the discourse, evidently of absorbing interest to narrator and listener. Disappointment waxed into exasperation when they, at last, entered the summer- house and, she could see by the intermittent flashes of the Dominic's pipe, were seated for a long conversation. The germ-theory finds its most triumphant demonstra- tion in the natural history of gossip. A pursuivant her- ald, with trumpet blowing and flag flying, could not have spread the news of the Van Dyck scandal further and faster than it had been carried from end to end of Kina- peg township. There was no systematic, much less con- certed effort to disseminate the ugly seeds. Yet they were 149 lii ^1 in ■■ rill! 150 A LONG LANE afloat in the air like thistle-down, as noisome and as fecund as blue-bottle flies, and found their way into every house. Rebecca Jane had not set foot outside the Par- sonage grounds that day, and had had no visitors except that the Brouwers* cook had run over with Miss Ruth's compliments and a basket of peaches. She did not stay ten minutes, being in a hurry to get back to her baking. She left with her congener stuff for cogitation that lasted her far into the night-watches. The evening was bland and in the ante-railway period in Kinapeg, mosquitoes had not invaded the valley. The ♦'confessional" was safely secluded from chance eaves- droppers, and the budget to be unfolded was large. A pensive star shone upon the pair above the roof of the church, and the occasional droning sweep of a bat joined in with katy-dids and the distant boom of a bull- frog from the creek. The tassels of the hop-vine were motionless in the breezeless night, and their bitter-sweet breath was lost in the incense of the warmed southern- wood. The Dominie had perceived and rcma. > i upon the odour before lighting his pipe. By tho time he had drawn a dozen slow whiffs he sub- sided into sustained and calmer recitation: "It is not strange that the mother should throw most of the blame upon the woman who, she honestly thinks, led her son astvay against his will. «He has the nicest disposition of the three,' she told me over and over. *I had no trouble in managing him when he v>as a child. You could coax him into anything. And that's what that wicked wretch did! And they tell me it's been goin' on, nobody knows how long. Why didn't somebody tell me? It looks as if I hadn't a friend in the world.' " 'You wouldn't have believed it, Mrs. Van Dyck, if fifty people had told you,' I could not help saying. But I A LONG LANE 151 had an awful qualm of conscience in recollecting that night we met them bj the bridge, and our talk afterward. God for^pve me if I have been an unfaithful shepherd of these lambs r* ''Cornelius Van Dyck is no lamb! He is twenty-eight jears old,*' the sensible wife reminded him. ''Go on! Where was Mr. Van Dyck while you talked to her?" "Lying in bed with a wet cloth on his forehead. Sarah sat by him, putting fresh cloths on when the others got warm. Now and then he groaned piteously, and she would chafe his hands and pat them. Once I saw her stoop to kiss his forehead. At that he began to sob. He had snccumbed utterly. Mrs. Van Dyck told me in his hearing and with much bitterness, that the loss of the money would cripple him seriously. I could see that was harder for her to forgive than stealing another man's wife. Even that she attributed to the evil influence of the woman he ran away with. She had no words at her call that were too vile for her. That is the way with moth- ers." "And no wonder!" responded the mother of his son. "Tell me about Sarah! She was so engrossed with con- cern for her father that she said nothing of herself, you say?" "I had no opportunity to speak with her alone. By and by, the poor father groaned out to me — 'Won't you pray with us, Dominie?' and we knelt down around his bed and I prayed for him and the mother and for the erring boy. Then I thought we ought not to excite him by fur- ther talk, and came away. Mrs. Van Dyck went down- stairs with me, and wanted to know if 'that Scheffelin thing couldn't be arrested for making Case steal the money and afterward receiving it.' *0f course,* she said, 'Father wouldn't think cf putting the law on his son. m m I I u ] 152 A LONG LANEJ But something had ought to be done with that * I won't repeat the word! It sounded odd from her mouth. But she was hardly sane — poor woman !" "It is terrible !** mused the wife. **I am more sorry for Sarah than for any one else. The shame of it will cling to her — the one who is absolutely Innocent of any part or lot in the sin. The parents spoiled the son; the woman tempted him, and he sinned. The pure, modest girl will feel the weight of the calamity most severely. £d! do you suppose Will Corlaer will stand by her now? She has not looked like herself since he went away, a month ago. And has he ever made so long a business- trip before? It would be a genuine affliction to me if they were not to be married after all. **He talked very frankly to me a week or so before he went to California on this trip. He had asked Sarah over and over to marry him, but they were not really engaged. She was unwilling to accept him while his par- ents are opposed to the engagement. He vows he will never give her up. I shall lose all respect for him if he lets this matter alter his resolution. Yet the Corlaers would be likely to object to the match pow, if never be- fore. "Dear! dear! what a wretched complication! Where was Sauchy all this time?" returning to the main sub- ject. "Did you see her?" "She was getting supper as coolly as if nothing hap- pened. I saw her through the door of the dining-room and said, *Good evening!* The table was set for the whole family.*' *'She always does tha*,! She cannot be made to un- derstand that anybody is absent, and they let her have her way,** interpolated Mrs. de Baun. "Did she show any consciousness that all was not quite as it should be? A LONG LANE 153 Do jou know, dear, I have fancied Rometimes that the has something like second-aight — or at least, a sixth sense? You r ollect how she stopped Carrie Corlaer*s elopement?** The husband laughed, superior to the whim. **She was as cool as a cucumber this evening. Mrs. Van Djck, who comprehends her gibberish better than anybody else, translated what she rattled off to me. *She is afraid Sarah is sick, and is very angry with the person — ^whoever it was, who made Sarah cry to-day,* the mother told me. Also, that she had been cooking pan- cakes for Sarah's supper, and I must stay to eat some. I shook hands with Sauchy and thanked her, but said you would expect me home. **At that minute, Mr. Lang came down stairs. He had changed his clothes for a spruce suit that looked new, and wore a different face — even to complexion. His eyes were not quite right yet, though, and he appeared to put a force upon himself to speak cheerfully. ** *I am going to impose my company upon you again, Mr. de Baun,* he said in his finest manner. *I am to take supper at Mr. Corlaer*8. May I have a seat in your buggy as far as his corner?* **Whereupon Mrs. Van Dyck actually giggled feebly, and shook her finger at him. " *I guess we shan't sec much of you at meals after this!* she said. *We can't expect it, but we shall miss you all the same.* "After we were in the wagon, Lang volunteered an ex- planation of the odd speech. ** 'I meant to call upon you this afternoon on my own business,' he began in a formal way. *I have what are important communications to make to you as the Cor- laers* pastor and, I hope — my friend. First, let me say I I ■t 5 M « >54 A LONG LANE that I am engaged to be married to Uiu Margarita Cor- lacr. It was to that Mrs. Van Dyck alluded. I told the family of it last night"* The narrator was disappointed that the tidings did not amaze his wife. "I imagined that would be the end of it P* she observed, sagaciously. **You see, while Mrs. Corlaer and Carrie were at Saratoga Sprirgs— ostensibly for Carrie's health, — really to give her, like your farmer with his balky horse, a *new idee* — ^Margarita had charge of the house- keeping and ran things generally to suit herself. It suited her to have Mr. Lang often to dinn'?- i.ad supper during the hot weather. *It was such a Jong walk to the Van Dycks* in the heat of the day, anu father sometimes worked with him in the laboratory uiitil night,' etcetera, etcetera. The long and the short of the matter is, my dear, that Margarita set her cap full and hard at your friend, and got him! ^e is satisfied — and so (presum- ably) is he P' **My darling! you are sarcastic! What have you against the fellow? I thought you liked him? As every- body else does!" "I have nothing 'against him !* He is a mighty pleas- ant man, and born to be popular. Ambitious, too! and he is doing a smart thing for himself in marrying Mar- garita Corlaer. It is a direct step in the upward climb. O, yes, Ed ! you are ready to call me ill-natured and sus- picious! I have seen what Margarita was up to, and I am frank in saying it. He seems supremely happy — I suppose?'* The Dominie stifled a laugh, and knocked the ashes out of his pipe against the table. The afterglow of the sunset let her see his bent figure, and that his head bobbed up and down in the effort to restrain his mirth. A LONG LANE ^55 Tliere were few things he enjoyed more tl an stirring her up to ihe pitch of cutting criticism of the few per- fons she did not like or Admire. She neither liked nor admired the cidor Corkrr sifter, and the knowledge that her px'pabk- munoeuvrcs had landed the fiih for which she had angled, was not easy to brook. "On the contrary, my love, if you will let me speak as candidly as you hare done, he comported himself less bke a happy lover than I should have expected. He touched lightly upon the circumstapce that the attach- ment was no sudden thing, but the natural result of recent associations that had ripened cordial friendship into a warmer feeling. He accepted my congratulations gracefully, and passed on to speak of the second impor- tant communication he had intended to make to me. He goes abroad the middle of next month, upon a somewhat extended business tour of steel-works in Great Britain and the Continent, as Mr. Corlaer's representative. It fits in right all around, you see.*' **i se e-e !'* thoughtfully. **Doe8 he take his bride with him?' "No. H<' had thought of it, but Mr. Corlaer objected upon the ground that she would hamper his movements, and that he must often leave her idone while visiting places where a woman would not be comfortable." **That would wind ap Miss Margarita's plans with Sclat. I understand i'.ow what I had surmised all along — why Margarita has been so friendly with Sarah Van Dyck this summer. For a little while I was foolish enough to hope that Sarah had one friend in Will's camp and that his sister, having espoused his cause, might bring the others around to favour the match. Then, I began to piece bits of circumstantial evidence together, and to ^i IM * ii 155 A LONG LANE ;im i;;^ • 1' form a theory which proves to be correct. Sarah — ^poor unsuspecting child ! was the clay that lived near the rose. Margarita is as clever in her way as her father is in his. Carrie is a born fool, but she has a better heart than her sister.'* That her husband was of her opinion was likely, for he said not a word for a full minute. He seldom smoked more than one pipe after supper, but his perturbed mood demanded the solace of a second, to-night. The after- glow had faded entirely from the sky behind the nearest mountain. It stretched itself to sleep along with its comrades of the range; the Dipper hung high and lustrous in the North; the pensive star they had noticed an hour ago, had sunk behind the comb of the church- roof. Katy-dids kept up their defiant rattle, aware, per- haps, that their time was short. Wiseacres had predicted frost for September twentieth — six weeks from the night on which the first katy-did had piped in the valley. Subconsciously, the de Bauns felt the influences of the hour, but found no soothing in them. They were sin- cerely attached to their afflicted parishioners. The elder members of the family had done countless kindnesses to them in times gone by; so far as in him lay, the father had held up the pastor's hands, and the boys had be- longed to the Sunday School until, as their mother phrased it indulgently — ^"they got too big for it." The three were of very common clay, so coarse in texture and so friable that it would not take polish. That was patent to all who knew them. Even con- stant intercourse with a man of Norman Lang's type had wrought no decided improvement in their manners and habits. The Dominie had referred to them as lambs of the flock. His wife wrote them down as goats. "The moral efl'ect of exposed vice upon the conununity I A LONG LANE 157 is always pernicious/* Mr. de Baun brought out at length. **The very knowledge that such abominations exist is demoralising. He was a judge of human nature who said of vice that — " 'Grown familiar with her face. We first endure, then pity, then embrace.* **There is a contagion in the process all the way through. Scandul breeds scandal. Heaven only knows what will be the end of this !'* His sigh was a groan, and the comforter awoke in the woman beside him. She put out tender arms and drew his head to her shoulder. "God always gives us light enough to see the nest step !" she said, softly. "I read that in one af Miss War- ner's books the other day. I think that it was in 'My Brother's Keeper.* As my sister's keeper, I shall go to see Mrs. Van Dyck and my poor Sarah to-morrow morning. That is my next step." II. i CHAPTER XV A ND you are going alone, ma'am?" interrogated Re- •*^- becca Jane, as her (nominal) mistress made herself ready for the drive. "Yes, Mr. de Baun is very busy to-day. Besides, he called yesterday upon Mrs. Van Dyck. I am iroine there." * * The maid had already let the lady know that she was conversant with the current scandal, and had small en- couragement from her grave face and preoccupied de- meanour. "I have heard something of the sad affair," was her response when the skeleton of the tale was held up to her. "These things are generally exaggerated. So, it is best to say as little as possible about them. Mr. de Baun heard that Mr. Cornelius Van Dyck had gone off— it was believed with Mrs. Scheffelin— and went to see Mrs. Van Dyck as her pastor, to offer any services in his power. He learned very little beyond what had been told him already. I am going to see how Mr. Van Dyck is to-day. He had a bad headache yesterday, which was not to be wondered at." The sj picnt mulatto had the instinct of her race and class in appraising the social quality of her associates. She had never wavered in her estimate of her mistress as "a born lady" during the seven years of her residence under the parsonage roof. She recognized her superiority now, and bowed to it. Neiglibourhood gossip was tabooed 158 A LONG LANE 159 in the household. Mrs. de Baun passed from the dis- carded scandal to orders for dinner and memoranda of firticles to be purchased at the store. From all that could be inferred from her behaviour, her interest in the visit she was to make was less lively than in sugar, coffee and spices. Cort Van Dyck emerged from the mill, and ran across the road to take her horse, at the gate. **How is your father to-day?" was her first query. Her manner had not a tinge of perfunctoriness, or sig- nificant sympathy, and the son looked relieved. "Rather better, thank you!'* he rejoined. "He's up and about. I guess he'll be all right soon. Dominie and children well?" "Thank you, we are all in our usual excellent health." The cordial smile that went with the words put him entirely at euse. Here, at any rate, was one acquaintance who did not feel that a blight had fallen upon the entire family. He tied the horse to the rack hurriedly. "Hold on, Mrs. de Baun ! don't try to go up that path alone! Let me lend a hand!" He carried out the purpose literally by putting both his hands under her elbows and supporting the entire weight of her body while she walked up the hill. Her laugh had a girlish ring as she yielded to the human propeller. The action was awkward to grotesqueness, but the youth meant the best that was in him, and she saw it. How Ed would shout when she told him of it ! • The mother presented a shocked face at the door. "Cort! how dare you take such a liberty with a lady? You mustn't mind him, Mrs. de Baun! He forgets he ain't a boy any more!" will always be a boy to me," beaming gratefully Id t ij I •^..?'. k. . 'i- 160 A LONG LANE upon the loutijh gallant. "I am much obliged to you for bringing me up ! I never got up so easily before." Mrs. Van Dyck looked after him as he ran back to the mill, her eyes dark with trouble. "He's got to do double work now. I might say *thrib- hle'l Father is right down miserable, and there's no tell- ing when he'll be able to do another hand's turn. He told me this morning that he couldn't remember a sin^e j^omise in the who** Bible — except that one text was running in his head the whole time, — 'AH Thy waves and Thy billows have goae over me !' " She repeated it on the threshold of the room in which her husband sat, pillowed in his big arm chair. He caught fl»e text: **Th«t's the truth, ma'am !" holding the hand the vis- itor kud in his trf-mulous grasp. "I couldn't sleep a wink all ni|^ for it! >k>t another verse could I recollect. It kept poundin' in my ears until I 'most believed I could hear the waves aad feet tliem a-wushin' over me." "That was bec»»«e you were some light-headed, father," said the wife, a ring of impatience in the tone. "And Sarah was layin' fresh cloths on your head all the time. That was the washin' you heard." He looked the obstinacy he dared not express. His rP8«lute helpmate was more than a match for him when both were in health. Now, Ijeaiien and broken, he durst not maintain his ground. Th# ministe/ <A mercy sat dow« by him and again took his ha«d. Her*» was soft and cool. "Jt feels goodf" itt- muttered, the pitiful pretence of a smile wrinkling his cheeks. "/ have a te:;t for you that must drive away the one that troubles you. It was made for just such times and for the Father's tried and tempted children.*' 11 U'i'm m^^ . ^mmmmiMsmii.:^sm^^^m^&:^£mmshi^^^mmssi^i^s^r!>m,^a^^M A LONG LANE 161 She bent to his ear: and recited it very slowly: " 'What time I am afraid, I wiU tnui in Thee* "TTiere is another that goes with it : *He wHl not suffer you to be tempted above that you are able to bear, but with the temptation will also provide a way of escape.* My husband teBs me that 'tempted' there should be trans- lated 'tried.' These two texts have been a help to me when I was in deep waters. I fdt I must let you have them." He had closed his eyes a> she began speaking, and now two tears slipped between the lids and rolled down his face. The lady wiped them with her handkerchief, as his daughter might have done. **! leave both texts with you," she continued, soothingly. "Let them run in your mind as much as they will. They will be like the 'stream' in ♦he hjrmn you are so fond of. Do you remember how often you give it out at prayer- meeting? " 'Life, love and joy still gliding through. And watering our divine abode.' " 5 .. Her woman's wit had reckoned cunftingly upon a rul- ing passion, and woman's tact ser/*4 upon the method of playing upon it. Elder Van Dyek was "gifted in prayer," and, in his own opinion, not dettitute of a talent for exhortation. He responded to the appeal as an old Wiir-hors^ to the trumiiet-call. "Thank you!" he said in a voice that was ahnost nat- ural. "I think you were sent to me to-day!" His wife broke into passionate sobs. '*! know she was ! And us, that have been real hateful to you lately! When, all the time, you and the Dominie were tryin' to coax young folks — our boys among them — to keep decent com- I t :l '': ii m^ 162 A LONG LANE pany and find their pleasure in innocent fun! I can see it now when it*s too late ! Majbe this is a judgment upon us for holdin* out against you!** "Dear Mrs. Van Dyck! The Father has no judgment for His children here. When He corrects us, it is for our good. Don*t add to your unhappiness by trying to find out why your grief was sent to you. But be sure that it cannot be for such a trifle as that you speak of. May I say something else that has been in my mind ever since I heard of your sorrow? God loves your boy better than you do! In His own good time He will make you understand that. Now — only believe it!" She wondered, when the exaltation of the moment was passed, how she could have said it all. She never knew that Mrs. Van Dyck reported to Norman Lang that she "talked just like somebody inspired.'* Rising from the bedside, she "hoped she had not tired Mr. Van Dyck,*' and asked if she might see Sarah. The girl was in the kitchen assisting her aunt and the "bound girl" with the week's ironing, delayed on ac- count of the tempest which had wrecked domestic system and happiness the previous day. Sarah raised a changed face from the work to ar .wer her mother's call. It was not only that the rose-flush that would have made her beautiful had her features been irregular, had faded into ashy pallor, but she had aged out of all likeness to her normal self. "Withered and hardened!" was her friend's unspoken comment. A rush of love and pity swept her ofl' the balance she had maintained in the father's presence. She took tho girl into her motherly embrace: "Dear child ! you do not look fit to be at work ! Come with me and rest for a little while. Good morning, Sauchy! You will spare Sarah for half-an-hour — won't A LONG LANE 163 you? She looks half-sick! Mrs. Van Dyck! may we go into the back parlour? We won't disturb Mr. Van Dyck by going in there r*-— when the hostess moved to- ward the sitting-room. Sarah had not had time for a word when she found herself in the cool twilight of the "company*' quarters. The shutters barred out the sunshine that might dim the splendours of the "real" Brussels carpet ; the muslin cur- tains fell in moveless folds to the floor ; every black horse- hair chair and the sofa that matched them in sombre massiveness, kept its appointed place. Mrs. de Baun gasped for breath. "Do you think your mother would mind if 1 opened a window and one blind?" she asked — and before she had the answer had let in a streak of daylight and a whiff of fresh air. Her next movement was as impetuous. She sat down in the state rocking-^-hair near the window she had raised, and took Sarah up.)p her lap. "Put your head down, dear, and have your cry out !" she cooed, and began to rock her gently in the great chair. Modern science has put nursery rockers and rocking out of court, as unsanitary relics of a barbarous early age. Mother-love and Nature revert to barbaric custom when a hurt is to be healed, and weariness to be beguiled into slumber. And now, — as when the first mother cradled her man-child in her arms — the rhythmic motion and the lullaby have magic charm, the wide world over. Sarah sank into the nest of the encircling arms with the low wail of a spent and suffering child. Then, for a long while, the room was still save for the faint swish of the rockers upon the thick carpet and the sound of convulsive sobbing, growing weaker and all i V, 164 A LONG LANE more intermittent under the mute potting of the wise con- ^ante. Not until the blessM tears had lessened the load upon her heart, did Sarah venture to speak. She sat upri^^t and tried to smile: **I am ashamed of myself! I have no right to distress your A hand was laid over her mouth. Mrs. dc Baun kissed the wet check. "What are friends made for if not to help us bear our troubles? You take all this hard, and it is not strange that you should. But, little girl, nobody whose love is worth having will care less for you for what your brother has done. He has brought disgrace upon his father and broken his mother's heart. You are their chief comfort. It is something — it is much — to be thank- ful for, that you can do this as nobody else can." From the ifirst sentence she spoke she had seen that she had not chosen the right line of consolation. Sarah sat straight and stiff, her face settling into the un- natural mask it had worn when Mrs. de Baun had caught sight of it in the kitchen. She seemed to shrink and harden in listening. Far down in the blue eyes smoul- dered a gleam the lady could not interpret. "Please don't, Mrs. ie Baun! There is no use trying to reconcile me to what has happened. Mr. dc Baun prayed, when he was here yesterday, that we 'might be reconciled to the will of God.' "If I thought He let such things happen when He could have hindered it, I couldn't believe in Him! I say it is cruel! cruel! to make us sinful and then punish us for doing wrong. It's like men! not like the Heavenly Father we are taught to worship. I am not resigned! I don't expect to be resigned — ever !" "My child ! you arc out of your senses when you talk so -%iSAk^ Hi A LONG LANE 165 wildly r* She tried to hypnc ise the excited creature by ■heer force of will. "You are terribly broken up by the shock you have had. I wish"— with a sudden inspira- tion— "that you would go home with me, and stay a few days ! It will do you no end of good to have a complete change of scene." The girl twisted her hands nervously, with a short, bitter laugh. **I don't suppose" — in a tone the listener would not have recognised had she not been looking at her — "there is another house in Kinapeg where I would be welcome now. The sooner I get used to the idea the better." She uttered it deliberately, like one stating a propo- sition that had no personal bearing upon the speaker. The child was hard-hit, and incapable of seeing the truth. "You are wrong there, my pet! Your true friends will rally around you to try and comfort you. I do not know another girl who is so much belovM. Why, Mrs. Walker was telling me yesterday how, when hardly any- body would speak to her son after he came homo last spring, you stopped him on the road, before the Post Office, and said you were glad to see him back and in- quired after his mother. And that, while he was away, you looked in upon her almost every wiok, to see if there were anything you could do for her. And that you brought food and clothing for her — 'as good as new.' A veek at the Parsonage will put the world in a different light to you. I shall not be content until we have you. I must speak to your mother about it." "Please don't, Mrs. de Baun ! for I shall not go. People M'ill talk, and you will be sorry some day that you asked me. But I don't think God ever made a better woman. If I ever pray again, I will beg Him constantly never to let trouble go near ?/o«." ■■:*;<*-i«S'isi>^ i66 A LONG LANE "Sis takes It awful hard!** was Cort's comment upon the visitor's summary of her call. *'You see she's never had any troulbe before, and she don't know what to do about it. 'Seems as if It had set her against the whole world." He had watched Mrs. de Baun*s exit from the house, and had her carriage ready when she got to the gate. | 0.368662 | -0.5081 | 1,003 | 4,055 | 240 | 240 | royalty biographies | false |
99,955 | github_open_source_100_2_8342 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <template>
<div id="app">
<NavBar></NavBar>
<section class="section">
<div class="container is-fluid">
<router-view/>
</div>
</section>
<FooterBar></FooterBar>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import NavBar from '@/components/NavBar.vue'
import FooterBar from '@/components/FooterBar.vue'
export default {
name: 'App',
components: {
NavBar, FooterBar
}
}
</script>
<style lang="scss" scoped>
div {
outline: none;
}
</style>
<style lang="scss">
h1 {
&.title {
color: #333f55;
font-size: 36px;
}
}
.control {
input {
background-color: #f6f6f6;
}
}
.section {
background-color: #f2f4f6;
}
.columns {
background: #ffffff;
padding: 30px 0;
margin-top: 10px;
}
</style>
| 0.070896 | 0.78616 | 3,682 | 14,660 | 31 | 31 | HTML Components | false |
99,956 | 1369635_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 생극초등학교는 충청북도 음성군 생극면 신양리에 있는 공립 초등학교이다.
학교 연혁
1931년 5월 11일 생극공립보통학교(4년제) 개교
1938년 4월 1일 생극공립심상소학교(6년제)로 개편
1941년 4월 1일 생극공립국민학교로 개칭
1983년 3월 1일 병설유치원 개원
1989년 3월 1일 관성분교장 본교 편입
1996년 3월 1일 생극초등학교로 개칭
1996년 3월 1일 오생분교장 본교 편입
1999년 5월 1일 관성분교장, 오생분교장 본교로 통폐합
학교 동문
참고 자료
외부 링크
음성군의 초등학교
1931년 개교
생극초등학교.
| 0.406054 | -0.332326 | 1,388 | 5,465 | 222 | 222 | People Profiles | false |
99,957 | github_open_source_100_2_8343 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // @flow
import React from 'react';
import { MISSING_THUMB_DEFAULT } from 'config';
export default function useGetThumbnail(
uri: string,
claim: ?Claim,
streamingUrl: ?string,
getFile: (string) => void,
shouldHide: boolean
) {
let thumbnailToUse;
// $FlowFixMe
const isImage = claim && claim.value && claim.value.stream_type === 'image';
// $FlowFixMe
const isFree = claim && claim.value && (!claim.value.fee || Number(claim.value.fee.amount) <= 0);
const isCollection = claim && claim.value_type === 'collection';
const thumbnailInClaim = claim && claim.value && claim.value.thumbnail && claim.value.thumbnail.url;
let shouldFetchFileInfo = false;
if (thumbnailInClaim) {
thumbnailToUse = thumbnailInClaim;
} else if (claim && isImage && isFree) {
if (streamingUrl) {
thumbnailToUse = streamingUrl;
} else if (!shouldHide) {
shouldFetchFileInfo = true;
}
} else if (isCollection) {
thumbnailToUse = MISSING_THUMB_DEFAULT;
}
const [thumbnail, setThumbnail] = React.useState(thumbnailToUse);
React.useEffect(() => {
if (shouldFetchFileInfo) {
getFile(uri);
}
}, [shouldFetchFileInfo, uri]);
React.useEffect(() => {
setThumbnail(thumbnailToUse);
}, [thumbnailToUse]);
return thumbnail;
}
| 0.13342 | 0.690348 | 3,492 | 13,896 | 70 | 70 | React Components & Styling | false |
99,958 | US-201213416531-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Controlling hold queue position adjustment
ABSTRACT
A question of a first caller from among multiple callers waiting in a hold queue of a call center is published. Responsive to a second caller from among multiple callers indicating a readiness to answer to the question, the first caller is connected with the second caller. Responsive to the second caller answering the question, the second caller is awarded an advancement token for storage in association with an authenticated identifier for the second caller in a caller profile for redemption by the second caller for a value selected by the second caller.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS Background of the Invention
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates in general to telecommunications and, inparticular, to managing a caller's position in a hold queue. Still moreparticularly, the present invention relates to enabling callers tocontrol hold queue position adjustment.
2. Description of the Related Art
Many companies provide telephone-based access to help staff, salespersonnel, representatives, and automated menus. Where high telephonecall traffic is typical in telephone access to a company'srepresentatives, automatic call distribution systems (ACDs) are oftenemployed within call center operations to provide an even and systematicdistribution of incoming calls to multiple representatives. ACDstypically provide incoming calls with a direct connection to anavailable representative until all representatives are busy. Then, onceall representatives are waiting on customers, calling parties are placedin a hold queue, and selectively connected to a representative once arepresentative comes available.
In general, when a caller is placed in a hold queue, the caller's queueposition is dependent upon the receipt time of the call at the vendorlocation. Some companies utilize call center systems that sort callersinto multiple queues according to selection criteria that a callerenters. For example, a user may select from a menu of five possibletypes of information the caller would like to receive, such that thecaller is placed in one of five hold queues. However, ultimately, thecaller's queue position within one of the five hold queues is dependentupon the time at which the caller makes a menu selection.
According to one example, a call processing apparatus may designate theposition of a call within the queue in accordance with the potentialeconomic value of the call. However, the call processing apparatus islimited in that each caller's position within the hold queue is adjustedin a manner that is hidden from the caller, allowing only the company tomaintain control in the position of a caller within a hold queue.
According to another example, a caller may be enabled to change thecaller's position within a hold queue by making a payment to the holdqueue service. A caller may enter a credit card number or account numberfrom which a charge for advancing in the hold queue is charged. Whilethe call processing apparatus grants a caller control over the caller'sposition within a hold queue, the call processing apparatus is limitedin that the control is given in exchange for the company receiving adirect economic benefit from adjusting the position of the caller withina hold queue.
Many companies utilize the time that a caller is waiting in hold callqueue to broadcast over the telephone line. For example, a company maysubscribe to or implement an ACD that plays music or advertising whilecallers wait in the hold queue. In addition, the ACD may verbally alertthe caller to the amount of time estimated before a representative willbe available, the position of the caller in the hold queue, and otherinformation that will assure the caller of a changing position in thehold queue.
While call queuing provides advantages over a consumer retrying a callin response to a busy signal, ultimately call queuing may causefrustration and ill will of consumers towards a company, particularlywhere excessively long waits, full queues and accidental disconnects areencountered. Allowing consumers to feel some control over a positionwithin the call queue without requiring the consumer to pay for thecontrol would be advantageous in alleviating such frustrations.
In view of the foregoing, it would be advantageous to provide a holdqueue system that allows a caller to control the caller's positionwithin a hold queue independent of the receipt time of the call. Inparticular, it would be advantageous to allow a caller to earn positionadvancements and to hold those position advancements over to futurecalls.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In view of the foregoing, it is therefore an object of the presentinvention to provide an improved telecommunications system.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method,system and program for managing a caller's position in a hold queue.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method,system and program for enabling callers to control hold queue positionadjustment.
According to one aspect of the present invention, an advancement tokenearned by a caller waiting in a hold queue is detected. The advancementtoken is stored for redemption in a future call by the caller accordingto an authenticated identifier for the caller, wherein future redemptionof the advancement token will cause adjustment of a waiting position.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a call is receivedfrom a caller at a hold queue, wherein an identity of the caller isauthenticated. A caller profile is accessed according to the identity ofthe caller, wherein the caller profile comprises at least one previouslyearned advancement token. The caller is offered an option of redeemingthe previously earned advancement token for adjustment of a position ofthe caller in said hold queue.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, a caller mayearn an advancement token by answering questions for other callerswaiting with the caller in a hold queue, where those callers aresufficiently helped so as to not need the aid of a representative.
All objects, features, and advantages of the present invention willbecome apparent in the following detailed written description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are setforth in the appended claims. The invention itself however, as well as apreferred mode of use, further objects and advantages thereof, will bestbe understood by reference to the following detailed description of anillustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of a telecommunications network in whichthe present invention may be implemented;
FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of a network call center system inwhich the present invention may be implemented;
FIG. 3 depicts a block diagram of an on hold system in accordance withthe method, system, and program of the present invention;
FIG. 4 illustrates an illustrative representation of a caller profileaccording to a caller VID in accordance with the method, system, andprogram of the present invention;
FIG. 5 depicts a high level logic flowchart of a process and program forcontrolling a switching network in accordance with the method, system,and program of the present invention
FIG. 6 illustrates a high level logic flowchart of a process and programfor controlling a PBX system in accordance with the method, system, andprogram of the present invention;
FIG. 7 depicts a high level logic flowchart of a process and program forcontrolling an on hold system in accordance with the method, system, andprogram of the present invention; and
FIG. 8 illustrates a high level logic flowchart of a process and programfor controlling a token advancement system in accordance with themethod, system, and program of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
A method, system, and program for enabling callers to control overadjusting positions within a call hold queue are provided. In general, acaller is given an opportunity while on hold to participate in actionsthat may gain the caller an adjustment in position within the call queuein addition to the adjustment in position that is automatically providedas calls are answered from the call hold queue. A caller's positionwithin the call hold queue may be advanced by a single or multiplepositions.
In particular, a caller may gain advancement tokens, that when redeemed,adjust a caller's position within a hold queue. A caller may selectwhether to redeem an advancement token earned during that hold, orwhether to save the advancement token for a future hold session. Inaddition, a caller may select to use a portion of an advancement tokenfor one hold session and store the remainder of the advancement tokenfor application in a future hold session.
According to one advantage of the present invention, a caller may earnredeemable advancement tokens while on hold. In particular, a caller mayearn redeemable advancement tokens by participating in a competition orsurvey while on hold. In addition, a caller may earn redeemableadvancement tokens by answering questions for other callers waiting inthe hold queue
According to another advantage of the present invention, a caller mayearn redeemable advancement tokens independent of an on hold status. Inparticular, a caller may earn points or other credits through purchases,participation in surveys, and other actions for which a vendor iswilling to advance points. The points or other credits are preferablystored in a caller profile according to the authenticated identifier forthe caller may access while on hold and redeem the points or othercredits for advancement tokens.
According to a further advantage of the present invention, a caller maybe granted redeemable advancement tokens by meeting other criteriaspecified by a call center. For example, if a caller utilized an averagetime with representatives that is substantially less than the averagetime per representative of the call center, the call center may providethe caller with redeemable advancement tokens to be utilized for afuture call. In another example, a call center may provide advancementtokens or automatically advance a caller with an account of a particularvalue to the call center. Moreover, callers utilizing certain types ofdevices, such as a wireless telephony device, may be granted advancementtokens.
For purposes of the present invention, telephony devices are termedorigin devices when utilized for origination of a call to anintermediary device and are termed destination devices when utilized forreceipt of a call from an intermediary device. Subscribers to a call aretermed callers when originating a call and are termed callees whenreceiving a call. Callers and callees may or may not be line subscribersto the particular telephony device utilized.
In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding ofthe present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled inthe art that the present invention may be practiced without thesespecific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devicesare shown in block diagram form to avoid unnecessarily obscuring thepresent invention.
The present invention may be executed in a variety of systems, includinga variety of computing systems and electronic devices under a number ofdifferent operating systems. In one embodiment of the present invention,the call queue management system (e.g. an ACD) is a computer system thatincorporates communication features that provide telephony, messaging,and information services to a plurality of callers. In general, thepresent invention is preferably executed in a computer system thatperforms computing tasks such as manipulating data in storage that isaccessible to the computer system.
With reference now to the figures, and, in particular, with referencenow to FIG. 1, there is depicted a block diagram of a networkenvironment in which the present invention may be implemented. While thepresent invention is described with reference to one type of networkenvironment, it will be understood by one with skill in the art that thepresent invention may be implemented in alternate types of networkenvironments.
General Network Environment
First, the network environment incorporates a Public Switching TelephoneNetwork (PSTN) 10. As is known in the art the core of PSTN 10 mayinclude multiple telephone networks, each owned by one of multipleindependent service providers. Each telephone line is carried by anindependent service provider within PSTN 10 and is typically assigned toat least one subscriber.
Switching of a call within an independent service provider's telephonenetwork is considered trusted movement within a trusted network becausethe call remains within the company's telephone network infrastructure.However, calls may be transferred from one service provider's telephonenetwork to another service provider's telephone network in generallytrusted movement. Generally, service providers are in competition withone another and therefore there is general trust in transferring a call,but not trust in sharing of subscriber information from one serviceprovider to the next without security features.
Advantageously, each telephone network within PSTN 10 may access a datanetwork functioning as an extension to PSTN 10 via an Intranet. Datanetworks may include, for example, subscriber profiles, billinginformation, and preferences that are utilized by a service provider tospecialize services. Transfer of information between a serviceprovider's data network and telephone network is trusted movement insharing of information.
Further, each telephone network within PSTN 10 may access server systemsexternal to PSTN 10 in the Internet Protocol over the Internet or anIntranet. Such external server systems may include an enterprise server,an Internet service provider (ISP), an access service provider (ASP), apersonal computer, and other computing systems that are accessible via anetwork. In the present embodiment, transfer of information between PSTN10 and server systems accessible via network 20 is totally untrusted andtherefore may require authentication and additional security.
In the present invention, network 20 may comprise a private network,Intranet, or a public Internet Protocol network. Specifically, telcoapplication server 22, generic application server 24, pervasiveapplication server 26, and systems management server 28 represent serversystems external to PSTN 10 that may be accessed by PSTN 10 over network20.
In particular, telco application server 22 preferably includes multipletelco specific service applications for providing services to callstransferred to a server external to PSTN 10. In particular, a call maybe transferred from PSTN 10 to telco application server 22 to receive atleast one service and then the call is transferred back to PSTN 10. Suchservices may also be provided to calls within PSTN 10, however placingsuch services at a third party such as telco application server 22, isadvantageous because adding services and information to PSTN 10 is timeconsuming and costly when compared with the time and cost of adding theservices through telco application server 22.
In accord with an advantage of the present invention, as will be furtherdescribed, the identity of both the caller and the callee may beauthenticated by one of telephony devices 8 a-8 n, PSTN 10, or by telcoapplication server 22. By authenticating the actual identity of theperson making a phone call and the person receiving the phone call,rather than the identification of a device from which a call is made andreceived, an enhanced specialization of services to subscribers may beperformed.
An authentication service within telco application server 22 may includeidentification and verification of the identity of a caller and/orcallee of a particular call. Such a service may require that subscribersprovide voice samples when setting up a subscription. The stored voicesamples may then be compared against voice samples received for aparticular call in order to authenticate the identity of a currentcaller or callee of the particular call.
Generic application server 24 preferably accesses independent serversystems that provide services. For example, a messaging server, afinancial server, an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) server, and databasemanagement system (DBMS) server may be accessed in HTTP via network 20.Each of these servers may include a telco service application thatrequires authentication of the subscriber before access is granted. Forexample, a financial server may provide a telco service application thatallows an authenticated subscriber to access current financial recordsand request stock quotes from the financial server.
Pervasive application server 26 manages services for wirelesslynetworked devices. In particular, pervasive application server 26preferably handles distribution of wireless packets of voice and data towirelessly networked devices utilizing a standard such as shortmessaging service (SMS) messaging or other 3G standards.
Systems management server 28 manages subscriber personalization via theweb. In particular, systems management server 28 includes browsertechnology that includes a provisioning console 30 for establishing asubscriber profile and a management console 32 for managing and updatingthe subscriber profile. A subscriber preferably accesses the consoles ofsystems management server 28 via the Internet utilizing a computingsystem, such as computing systems 34 a-34 n.
The subscriber profile may be accessed at systems management server 28by other external servers and PSTN 10 via network 8. In addition, alocal copy of a subscriber profile updated in systems management server28 may be stored within a particular service provider's data network ortelephone network. Each service provider may specify the types ofpreferences and other information included within a subscriber profile.
In particular, a subscriber may provide a voice imprint whenestablishing a subscriber profile through provisioning console 30. Othertypes of authentication information may also be provided including, butnot limited to, a password, an eye scan, a smart card ID, and otherbiometric methods. In addition, a subscriber may designate billingpreferences, shopping preferences, buddy list preferences, and otherpreferences that enable specialized service to the subscriber when thesubscriber's identity is authenticated from the voice imprint or otheridentification.
Advantageously, a management agent is built into each external server tomonitor the services provided by each server according to theauthenticated subscriber receiving the services. By monitoring serviceoutput according to subscriber, the subscriber may then be billedaccording to each use of a service.
PSTN 10 preferably includes both voice and data signaling networks thatinterface with network 20 via gateways. Each of the gateways acts as aswitch between PSTN 10 and network 20 that may compress a signal,convert the signal into Internet Protocol (other protocol) packets, androute the packets through network 20 to the appropriate server.
In particular, the voice network interfaces with network 20 throughmedia gateway 14 which supports multiple protocol gateways including,but not limited to, SIP. SIP is a signaling protocol for Internetconferencing, telephony, presence, events notification and instantmessaging.
In addition, in particular, the data signaling network interfaces withnetwork 20 through signaling gateway 12 which supports multiple protocolgateways including, but not limited to, parlay protocol gateways and SS7protocol gateways. Internet servers, such as telco application server 22may include protocol agents that are enabled to interact with multipleprotocols encapsulated in Internet Protocol packets including, but notlimited to, SS7 protocol, parlay protocol, and SIP.
PSTN Identity Authentication and Call Control
Looking into PSTN 10, a telephone network typically includes multipleswitches, such as central office switches 11 a-11 n, that originate,terminate, or tandem calls. Central office switches 11 a-11 n utilizevoice trunks for transferring voice communications and signaling linksfor transferring signals between signaling points.
Between signaling points, one central office switch sends signalingmessages to other central office switches via signaling links to setup,manage, and release voice circuits required to complete a call. Inaddition, between signaling points, central office switches 11 a-11 nquery service control points (SCPs) 15 to determine how to route a call.SCPs 15 send a response to the originating central office switchcontaining the routing number(s) associated with the dialed number.
SCPs 15 may be general purpose computers storing databases of callprocessing information. While in the present embodiment SCPs 15 aredepicted locally within PSTN 10, in alternate embodiments SCPs 15 may bepart of an extended network accessible to PSTN 10 via a network.
One of the functions performed by SCPs 15 is processing calls to andfrom various subscribers. For example, an SCP may store a record of theservices purchased by a subscriber, such as a privacy service. When acall is made to the subscriber, the SCP initiates an announcement to acaller to identify themself to the subscriber with the privacy servicewho is being called. According to an advantage of the invention,authentication of the subscriber receiving the call may be requiredbefore the privacy service is initiated for that subscriber.
In particular, network traffic between signaling points may be routedvia a packet switch called an service transfer point (STP) 13. STP 13routes each incoming message to an outgoing signaling link based onrouting information. Further, in particular, the signaling network mayutilize an SS7 network implementing SS7 protocol.
Central office switches 11 a-11 n may also send voice and signalingmessages to intelligent peripherals (IP) 17 via voice trunks andsignaling channels. IP 17 provides enhances announcements, enhanceddigit collection, and enhanced speech recognition capabilities.
According to an advantage of the present invention, the identity of acaller is authenticated according to voice authentication. Voiceauthentication is preferably performed by first identifying a subscriberby matching the name or other identifier spoken with a subscriber nameor identifier. Next, voice authentication requires verifying that thevoice audio signal matches that of the identified subscriber. However,in alternate embodiments, the identity of a subscriber may beauthenticated according to passwords, eye scans, encryption, and otherbiometric methods.
In particular, to perform subscriber authentication of audio signalsreceived from callers, IP 17 may include storage for subscriber specifictemplates or voice feature information, for use in authenticatingsubscribers based on speech. If a subscriber specific template is notstored on a local IP 17, then a remote IP containing the subscriberspecific template may be accessed via a network. In addition, local IP17 may access systems management server 28 or another repository forvoice imprints to access the subscriber specific template.
Where IP 17 authenticates the identity of a caller (e.g. the subscriberplacing a call), a voice identifier (VID) representing the authenticatedcaller identity is transferred as a signal for identifying the caller.In addition, where IP 17 authenticates the identity of a callee (e.g.the subscriber receiving a call), a reverse VID (RVID) including thecallee identity is transferred as a signal for identifying the callee.
Advantageously, VIDs indicate through text, voice, or video the identityof a caller. For example, a caller's name may be transferred as theidentity of a caller. Alternatively, a video clip stored with thesubscriber template may be transferred as the identity of a caller.Additionally, VIDs may indicate the identity of the device utilized by acaller to provide context for a call. Further, VIDs may indicate whichsystem or systems have authenticated the caller identity.
After a VID and/or RVID are determined by IP 17, IP 17 and SCP 15 maycommunicate to designate which services are available according to VIDand RVID. Advantageously, by designating services according to a VIDand/or RVID, subscribers are provided with services and billed for thoseservices independent of the devices utilized by subscribers. Inparticular, a 1129 protocol or other protocol may be utilized to enablesignal communications between IP 17 and SCPs 15. In addition, aspreviously described, caller authentication to determine VIDs and RVIDsmay be performed by a third party, such as telco application server 22.
An origin telephony device or destination telephony device may alsodetermine a VID and/or RVID for the caller and/or callee of a call. Inparticular, telephony devices 8 a-8 n and call centers 16 a-16 n mayfunction as origin and designation telephony devices. Each of thetelephony devices may include a database of voice templates that may bematched to authenticate the identity of a caller or callee. In addition,each of the telephony devices may access a third party, such as telcoapplication server 22, to authenticate the identity of the caller orcallee. In either case, the telephony device transmits a VID and/or RVIDwith a call to PSTN 10.
Telephony devices 8 a-8 n may include, but are not limited to wirelinedevices, wireless devices, pervasive device equipped with telephonyfeatures, a network computer, a facsimile, a modem, and other devicesenabled for network communication. Advantageously, as previouslydescribed, a voice authentication functioning device may be included ineach of telephony devices 8 a-8 n.
In addition, telephony devices 8 a-8 n may each incorporate a displaythat provides a visual output of a VID or RVID. Alternatively, such adisplay may be provided in a separate device connected to the line inparallel to telephones 8 a-8 n. According to one advantage of thepresent invention, the identity of the actual caller or actual calleeare output to a display in association with a call. In addition, othercontext information about the caller including, but not limited to, thedevice from which the call originates or is answered, ratings for acaller or callee, and other context information may be output to adisplay in association with a call.
Telephony devices 8 a-8 n are communicatively connected to PSTN 10 viawireline, wireless, ISDN, and other communication links. Preferably,connections to telephony devices 8 a-8 n provide digital transport fortwo-way voice grade type telephone communications and a channeltransporting signaling data messages in both directions betweentelephony devices 8 a-8 n and PSTN 10.
In addition to telephony devices 8 a-8 n, advanced telephone systems,such as call centers 16 a-16 n, may be communicatively connected to PSTN10 via wireline, wireless, ISDN and other communication links Callcenters 16 a-16 n may include PBX systems, hold queue systems, privatenetwork systems, and other systems that are implemented to handledistribution of calls to multiple representatives or agents.
Returning to central office switches 11 a-11 n, typically, one centraloffice switch exists for each exchange or area served by the NXX digitsof an NXX-XXXX (seven digit) telephone number or the three digitsfollowing the area code digits (NPA) in a ten-digit telephone number.The service provider owning a central office switch also assigns atelephone number to each line connected to each of central officeswitches 11 a-11 n. The assigned telephone number includes the area code(NPA) and exchange code (NXX) for the serving central office and fourunique digits (XXXX).
Central office switches 11 a-11 n utilize office equipment (OE) numbersto identify specific equipment, such as physical links or circuitconnections. For example, a subscriber's line might terminate on a pairof terminals on the main distribution frame of one of central officeswitches 11 a-11 n. The switch identifies the terminals, and therefore aparticular line, by an OE number assigned to that terminal pair. For avariety of reasons, a service provider may assign different telephonenumbers to the one line at the same or different times. For example, alocal carrier may change the telephone number because a subscriber sellsa house and a new subscriber moves in and receives a new number.However, the OE number for the terminals and thus the line itselfremains the same.
On a normal call, a central office switch will detect an off-hookcondition on a line and provide a dial tone. The switch identifies theline by the OE number. The central office switch retrieves profileinformation corresponding to the OE number and off-hook line. Then, thecentral office switch receives the dialed digits from the off-hook lineterminal and routes the call. The central office switch may route thecall over trunks and possibly through one or more central officeswitches to the central office switch that serves the called party'sstation or line. The switch terminating a call to a destination willalso utilize profile information relating to the destination, forexample to forward the call if appropriate, to apply distinctiveringing, etc.
In the present invention, when a central office switch detects anoff-hook condition on a line, the central office switch will thendetermine if a VID signal is transferred from the off-hook telephonydevice. If a VID is transferred, then a query is made to SCP 15according to the VID for any services specified for the authenticatedsubscriber. Alternatively, a query may be transferred via network 20 toan external server, such as system management server 28, to determinethe services specified for the caller. The central office switch willthen receive the dialed digits from the off-hook line terminal and routethe call, providing services according to those preferred by theauthenticated subscriber.
Alternatively, if a VID signal is not transferred from the off-hooktelephony device, then the central office switch will provide a dialtone and transfer the call to an IP that prompts the caller to provide avoice entry or other identification. Alternatively, the central officeswitch may transfer the call to telco application server 22 for use ofthe caller authentication service. In either case, the identity for thesubscriber is preferably authenticated, the call is transferred back tothe central office switch, services are provided according to the VIDauthenticated for the subscriber, and the call is routed according todialed digits from the off-hook line terminal.
In addition, an RVID may be provided in the present invention toauthenticate the identity of a callee receiving the call. When a call isanswered, the call is transferred back to an IP or telco applicationserver 22 to authenticate the identity of the callee answering the call.
As another alternative to dialed digits from the off-hook line terminal,a caller may utilize a voice calling function of a telephony device forindicating how the call should be routed. For example, a caller may saythe name of a preferred callee. The device or IP 17 may determine aperson within the caller's calling list that matches the voiced name.The matching person's digits are then utilized to route the call.
Call Center Environment
Referring now to FIG. 2, is an illustrative network call or contactcenter environment in which the present invention may be implemented. Itwill be appreciated by one with skill in the art that although aparticular network environment is described below, the invention is notlimited to use within the described network environment, rather, theinventive queue position advancement process may be implemented withinany on-hold information service regardless of the telephony environment.
As illustrated, multiple incoming calls are received at a call center16. In particular, a connection 38 includes a voice trunk and a signallink, such that both voice and VID signals may be received at PXB 40from PSTN 10. Connection 38 is preferably connected to PSTN 10 via awireline, wireless, Internet Protocol network, or other connection. PBX40 distributes incoming calls to multiple representative terminals 44a-44 n via connection 39, wherein connection 39 also includes a voicetrunk and a signal link. In particular, PBX systems, and in particularPBX systems with automatic call distribution (ACD) ability, are wellknown in the art as switching systems designed to received telephonecalls destined for call center 16 and to queue those call when a callhandling agent is not available.
In the description which follows, it will be assumed that allrepresentative terminals 44 a-44 n are busy and therefore PBX 40 cannotrespond to an incoming call by making a direct connection to one ofrepresentative terminals 44 a-44 n. As a result, PBX 40 is forced toplace the incoming call on hold. However, an advantage of the presentinvention is that when a call is transferred to one of representativeterminals 44 a-44 n, the VID for the call is also transferred, enablinga representative to receive an authenticated identity of a caller.Additional authentication may be required by PBX 40 where callers areaccessing sensitive information from representatives.
After placing the incoming call on hold, the VID, time of call, andother information received by PBX 40 are forwarded to on hold system 42.On hold system 42 preferably creates a record based on the call andpositions the call within one of the call hold queues within on holdsystem 42. In particular, the call queue selected for a call may bespecified by a caller indication of the subject matter of a call. Inaddition, a single call queue may be utilized to store all calls onhold.
A request for a caller profile is preferably transmitted from on holdsystem 42 for each VID received. In particular, caller profiles may beheld within a local caller profile database, however are alsoadvantageously accessible from a caller profile server 50 according toVID, where caller profile server 50 may communicate with multiple callcenters to retrieve and update caller profiles according to VID.
As illustrated, on hold system 42 accesses caller profile server 50 vianetwork 20. Advantageously, by storing caller profiles in caller profileserver 50 according to VID, only a single identifier is needed to accessa caller profile and only a single location is provided for access to acaller profile. Further, advantageously, a caller is only required toenter preferences and other information in one place, for storageaccording to VID, where the information is then accessible to multiplediverse call centers and other systems. As an additional advantage,different portions of a caller profile may be stored in different serversystem locations, but each referenced for a single caller according tothat caller's VID.
For purposes of the present invention, a caller profile may includeadvancement tokens that are stored according to VID for use by a callerduring future holds. Advancement tokens included in the caller profilemay be separated according to vendor or type of advancement token.Advantageously, multiple vendors may support a single type ofadvancement token, such that a caller may earn an advancement tokenwhile on hold at one call center, but wait to redeem the advancementtoken while on hold at another call center.
While the call is on hold, an interactive voice response unit (IVRU) 41,coupled to PBX 40 and on hold system 42, may offer the caller a menu ofavailable options for receiving call hold queue information for on holdsystem 42. In general, IVRU 41 is a voice information system which maybe arranged to (i) prompt a caller for specific information by askingquestions based on a set of modules in a transactions script, (ii)collect that information by detecting and interpreting dual tonemultifrequency (DTMF) signals entered by the caller or by recognizedspeech input by the caller, (iii) organize the collected information ina specific format and (iv) forward the collected information to beutilized within on hold system 42. For purposes of the presentinvention, prompts to the caller may be in voice, text, video, and/orgraphical formats depending on the interface receiving the prompt. Inaddition, a voice browser may be utilized to output voice XML pages to acaller and monitor responses from the caller.
Particularly, in the present invention, IVRU 41 preferably follows atransaction script to prompt the caller to select from among multipleavailable token advancement systems, collects the selection informationfrom the caller, organizes the selection information into a formatuseable by on hold system 42 and forwards the selection informationwithin on hold system 42. Then, in response to a caller selection fromamong the options, the call may be transferred to one of tokenadvancement systems 60. In particular, token advancement systems 60 maybe associated with a single on hold system or may be accessible bymultiple on hold systems from multiple call centers 16 a-16 n. In caseswhere token advancement systems 60 are accessible by multiple callcenters, services provided to callers may be distinguished according tovendor. Further, while in the present embodiment token advancementsystems 60 are illustrated as connected via network 20 to on hold system42, in alternate embodiments, token advancement systems 60 may belocated within on hold system 42.
In the example, token advancement systems 60 include a competitionsystem 62, a survey system 64, a promotion system 66, and a chat roomsystem 68. Advantageously, a caller may participate through competitionsystem 16 in multiple available games against other callers waiting inthe call queue to receive advancement tokens for winning. Alternatively,a caller may participate through survey system 18 in a survey to receiveadvancement tokens. Further, a caller may access a promotional accountwith a particular vendor through promotion system 20, wherein creditswithin the promotional account may be transferred into advancementtokens. In the present invention, losers of a competition may receive aconsolation prize in the form of an advancement token, membershippoints, or other redeemable item by competition system 62.
In addition, in the present invention, promotion system 66 may grantadditional advancement tokens to callers according to additionalcriteria. For example, a call center may grant additional advancementtokens to a caller whose profile indicates a particular type of account.In another example, a call center may multiple advancement tokens givento experts with a success rate exceeding a particular range. Further,promotion system 66 may grant additional advancement tokens to callersutilizing wireless telephony devices or other special telephony devices.In particular, promotion system 66 may grant advancement tokens that areautomatically redeemed during a call hold.
Moreover, a first caller may participate in a chat room system 68 withat least one other caller, where the first caller is awarded advancementtokens by answering questions of at least one other caller to thesatisfaction of the at least one other caller to finish the call priorto speaking with a representative. It is advantageous to allow callersto waiting in on hold system 42 to answer questions for one another,such that some callers are able to finish the call without needing tospeak with a representative.
In particular, a caller may pose a question and participate in otheractivities until another caller listens to the question and is willingto try to answer the question. At that point, both callers arepreferably transferred to a chat room system to interact, where the chatroom system monitors the call. Other callers may join a chat roomalready in session.
If a caller decides to end a call because the caller's question has beenanswered in a chat room, that caller preferably provides a rating of theanswer according to the VID of the caller answering the question. Thechat room system may then award an advancement token to the calleranswering the question.
In particular, in the present invention, the chat room preferablyaccesses the caller profile of all callers present according to VIDs,where caller profiles indicate the average times that each caller speakswith a representative per call. If a first caller waiting in the holdqueue is able to answer the questions of a second caller with aparticularly long average representative use time, such that the secondcaller is satisfied and does not wait to speak with a representative,additional value may be added to an advancement token for that caller.
According to an advantage of requiring caller identity authentication,the VIDs of callers participating in a chat room may be transferredbetween callers. Along with the authenticated identification, anexpertise of each caller may be included within a caller profile that istransferred between callers. Callers may also rate other callers, whereratings are stored according to VID in caller profiles that areaccessible during future calls.
Advancement tokens are preferably a record of the type of tokenadvancement system utilized, the type of action performed by the caller,and any resulting change in position promised by the token advancementsystem. In addition, other information may be included in an advancementtoken.
According to a further advantage of the present invention, advancementtokens are preferably authenticated by the VID of the token advancementsystem providing the advancement token. For example, where the on holdsystem receives an advancement token, the on hold system may requireauthentication of the token advancement system before the advancementtoken will be honored. Authentication of the identity of a tokenadvancement system may be performed utilizing passwords, voiceauthentication, or other security devices.
Advancement tokens are preferably transferred from any of tokenadvancement systems 60 to on hold system 42 in association with a callerVID, but independent of whether the call is transferred back to on holdsystem 42. Alternatively, advancement tokens may be transferred tocaller profile server 50 to be stored in association with a particularcaller VID.
Upon receipt of a caller profile containing a redeemable advancementtoken or upon receipt of an advancement token just earned, on holdsystem 42 preferably offers the caller the option of whether to redeemthe advancement token. If a caller selects to redeem an advancementtoken, then on hold system 42 calculates an adjustment of the positionof a call within a queue according to the advancement token. Inparticular, on hold system 42 may include a rating system foradvancement tokens for calculating the adjustment in call position.Alternatively, each of token advancement systems 60 may include a ratingsystem for advancement tokens that calculates the adjustment in positionof a call for a vendor. Further, the actual adjustment in position mayentail advancing a particular number of positions within the queue ormay entail advancing a particular amount of estimated waiting timewithin the queue.
In some cases, the total value of an advancement token in not needed toadvance a caller to the front of a hold queue. In those cases, theremainder of the value of the advancement token not utilized may bediscarded or may be stored according to VID for a future call. On holdsystem 42 preferably updates the caller profile with the remainder ofthe advancement token according to VID at caller profile server 50 or ina local caller profile database.
If a caller does not select to redeem an advancement token, then the onhold system 42 preferably transfers the redeemable advancement token tocaller profile server 50 or a local caller profile database according tothe caller VID. Advantageously, by storing advancement tokens for accessby a single identifier, a VID, a caller may redeem the advancementtokens at multiple diverse call centers. In addition, by storingadvancement tokens for access by a single identifier, a VID, a callcenter may automatically retrieve the advancement tokens, secure in theidentity of the caller, without requiring the caller to rememberadditional identifiers or passwords.
On hold system 42 preferably sends a return request to the tokenadvancement system holding a call either when the call is the next to beanswered in the call queue or when the PBX is able to transfer the callto the next representative. The caller is given the option of completingany activities in progress before transfer to a representative. Inpractice, an IVRU preferably plays a short message to the callerindicating that the call is next in line to be answered.
Referring now to FIG. 3, there is illustrated a block diagram of an onhold system in accordance with the method, system, and program of thepresent invention. As illustrated, on hold system 42 includes acontroller 70, a call queue 72, a network interface 74, and a datastorage system 76 communicatively connected via a bus 76. Additionalsystems may be connected along bus 76 that are not depicted herein.Controller 70 preferably includes, but is not limited to, at least oneprocessor, memory, a data storage system, system software, andapplication software, that function together to perform the functionsdescribed with reference to controller 70.
Network interface 74 preferably communicates with PBX 40 and tokenadvancement systems 60 via a telephone network or other networkingsystem. In particular, network interface 74 receives transfers of callsfrom PBX 40 and then returns calls to PBX 40 when a call is the next inline within call queue 72. In addition, in particular, network interface74 transfers calls to token advancement systems 60 and then receivesadvancement tokens associated with caller VIDs. Further, networkinterface 74 transfers indicators to token advancement systems 60 that acall is next in line and receives the call back from token advancementsystems 60.
Controller 30 preferably detects a new call, stores the call in callqueue and initiates IVRU 41 to control output of the menu of optionsincluded in call queue service options database 79 to the caller. Acaller may select from multiple service options including, but notlimited to, music and information services, third-party callingservices, Internet browsing services, and position adjustment services,herein described as token advancement services.
TABLE 1 Code Service #00 Music/News #01 Third-party calling #02 Internetbrowsing #03 Position adjustment
Table 1 above illustrates textual prompts for the automated output ofexemplary codes that may be entered by the caller and the correspondingservices that may be accessed. For example, #02 may direct controller 30to connect the caller terminal to a music channel. In another example,#03 may initiate audio automated output of an additional set ofselections of the types of position adjustment services available. Inaddition to entry of codes, a user may provide a voice entry thatselects from one of the services where the IVRU of controller 30utilizes a voice recognition system to match the voice entry with one ofthe services.
Depending on the service selection selected by each caller, the call istransferred to one of multiple service provision systems. In particular,controller 30 will place the call on hold in order to transfer the callvia network interface to a service provision system. As previouslydescribed, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention,a caller may select a token advancement service, where the call is thetransferred to the selected one of multiple available token advancementsystems.
TABLE 2 VID Call Tracking No. Q Position Current System 512-00-1111 10107 Chat room 512-00-2222 1012 4 Chat room
Table 2 depicts an example of a portion of a call database 71 withindata storage system 76. Advantageously, upon receipt of a new call,controller 70 adds an entry to call database 71 indicating the VID,tracking number, and current call queue position of the call. As a callchanges in position within the call queue, the position is also updatedwithin call database 71. In addition, the current system processing acall is preferably recorded. For example, the chat room is currentlyprocessing the two calls recorded. The chat room may be accessed via theInternet or via a local network. Further, additional categories of datamay be included within call database 71 such as the time the time eachcall is received, the total time waiting, the identity of the caller,and other information which enables ACD 12 to better handle manage eachcall.
TABLE 3 VID TA System Action Promised Result 512-00-1111 Chat RoomAnswered Q 3 pos caller 512-00-2222 hung up
Table 3 illustrates an example of a portion of a redeemable tokendatabase 78 within data storage system 76. Advantageously, callers mayearn advancement tokens from token advancement systems 60. In addition,callers may transfer advancement tokens between themselves.
The advancement tokens for a caller may be received at on hold system 42while the call continues to be processed by token advancement systems60. Controller 70 adds an entry to redeemed token database 79 indicatingthe VID, type of token advancement system from which the token isearned, the action taken by the caller, and the promised result by thetoken advancement system 14.
In addition, entries may be added to redeemable token database 78according to a caller VID, where the advancement tokens are retrievedfrom a caller profile for the caller VID. The entries received from acaller profile may be separated from currently earned advancementtokens.
Preferably a caller is provided with the option of redeeming aredeemable advancement token from redeemable token database 78 duringthe current hold session or storing any redeemable advancement tokensfor a future hold session. For example, where a caller's wait time isminimal, it may not be advantageous for a caller to redeem anadvancement token. However, where a caller's wait time is extended andit is not in the caller's interest to wait, the caller may redeemadvancement tokens to shorten the expected wait time.
When a caller finishes a call the call center, any redeemableadvancement tokens that have not yet been redeemed are preferablytransferred to a caller profile according to the caller VID. Inparticular, an expiration date and the authenticated identity of thetoken advancement system authorizing an advancement token are preferablyattached to any unredeemed advancement tokens earned during that call.
| 0.820576 | 0.056918 | 2,170 | 8,692 | 129 | 129 | Networking/Information Systems | false |
99,959 | github_open_source_100_2_8344 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* Write a program that removes from a text file
* all words listed in given another text file.
* Handle all possible exceptions in your methods.
*/
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Security;
class RemoveWords
{
static void Main()
{
try
{
StreamReader target = new StreamReader("target.txt");
StreamWriter replaced = new StreamWriter("target_tmp.txt");
StreamReader sampleTxt = new StreamReader("sample.txt");
string[] sample = sampleTxt.ReadToEnd().Split();
string text = target.ReadToEnd();
for (int i = 0; i < sample.Length; i++)
{
text = text.Replace(sample[i], "");
}
replaced.Write(text);
target.Close();
replaced.Close();
File.Delete("target.txt");
File.Move("target_tmp.txt", "target.txt");
}
catch (ArgumentNullException e)
{
Console.Error.WriteLine("Error: " + e.Message);
throw;
}
catch (ArgumentException e)
{
Console.Error.WriteLine("Error: " + e.Message);
throw;
}
catch (PathTooLongException e)
{
Console.Error.WriteLine("Error: " + e.Message);
throw;
}
catch (DirectoryNotFoundException e)
{
Console.Error.WriteLine("Error: " + e.Message);
throw;
}
catch (FileNotFoundException e)
{
Console.Error.WriteLine("Error: " + e.Message);
throw;
}
catch (IOException e)
{
Console.Error.WriteLine("Error: " + e.Message);
throw;
}
catch (UnauthorizedAccessException e)
{
Console.Error.WriteLine("Error: " + e.Message);
throw;
}
catch (NotSupportedException e)
{
Console.Error.WriteLine("Error: " + e.Message);
throw;
}
catch (SecurityException e)
{
Console.Error.WriteLine("Error: " + e.Message);
throw;
}
catch (Exception e)
{
Console.Error.WriteLine("Error: " + e.Message);
throw;
}
}
} | 0.495277 | 0.589359 | 3,247 | 13,023 | 277 | 277 | NLP Item Summary | false |
99,960 | github_open_source_100_2_8345 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package ro.ase.cts.lab.strategy;
import java.util.List;
public class ExportLibre implements IExport{
@Override
public void export(List<Integer> data) {
System.out.println("Exporting to Libre Office...");
for(Integer value : data){
System.out.print(value+ ", ");
}
}
}
| 0.494105 | 0.700207 | 3,503 | 13,919 | 293 | 293 | AWS EC2 & Route53 | false |
99,961 | 19021108_00000.txt_1 | Spanish-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | DIARIO IHDEPEMISIEIITE 9 18 » 24 » 40 » Tino XXIII REDACCIÓN Y ADMINISTRACIÓN NUESTRO PROORAMi ^eniD Corredera Bajaf 4 , prineipat Elecciones libres.—Justicia independiente y pronta.—Administración senci- { Ha y moral.—Rebaja de contribuciones y de gastos públicos. Núin^.857 Teléfono 49fil< 8 Noviembre de 1902 Número sudto S céntimoa ción de una escuadra proporcionada á núes» tras necesidades militares defensivas y á nufístra potencia económica, debe construirá» en los propios Astilleros y .\ rsenales de la EN HARIlUEliOS Península, cedidos que fueran á una gran Suponemos, juzgando por los hechos, empresa nacional, ó extranjera que nostraque aquella Unión Nacional que iba á jera los ^mejores modelos dé barcos, coa la M Defensor de Ceuta publica un notasola inspección del Estado. hacer nuestra felicidad procurando á ble artículo referente á la formación de Es necesario dejar iá rutina y el particiilac cuerpo de intérpretes militares, ;'i lo cual cada español una gallina diaria para que interés al ramo ó corporación, que por respe» podríase llegar fomantando el estudio del la echase en el puchero, está en la agoacto. ' ^': , _. • • table que parezca, nunca podrá superar al del árabe entre los oficiales. En efecto, las Ha sido detenido Felipe Centellas Vidal,, Estado, empeñado en la patriótica empresa de nía. escuelas de árabe establecidas en Ceuta mozo de cuerda, comandante qCiB fué en la tener barcos que tremolen, la ensena nacioMuere porque ijació mal, porque los. y en Melilla, no han dado hasta ahora re- última guerra. nal sostenida por el poder de sus cañones, al Dice, según la policio, que' habióndoselie par que despierta el espíritu marítimo en la sultado alguno. El gasto de profesores hombres que la dieron á luz no la creaha sido un gasto inútil. El general Fer- citado en determinado sitio para cobrar, no nación y seaciimatan en ella, cubriendo sua ban por el bien de la patria, por sacarla nández Bernal propónese impulsar esta quiso ir porque le constaba que D,,Garios no delatadas costas, toda clase de industrias made su postración, sino por bullir y meautorizábala intentona. , , rítimas y de constiíucciones navales. enseñanza. Aí^ustín Revira ha declarado, según dice.lá Y antes de terminar estas cortas lineas, hedrar en la política, por darse á conocer Algunos oficiales acuden á la clase de policía, que intervino en la algarada,'4bí)rtadá mos de consignar que esa escuadra en proyecde súbito, de golpe y porrazo, por alcanárabe, imaginándose que ello constituirá por Juan Buxó. to no debe clasificarse, sin el acuerdo de una cuando menos un agradable pasatiempo. zar una cartera y la intervención en los Afirma que se sacaron en un carro Ws'.tr-a- Junta mixta del ejército y de la marina, para Pero cuando se aperciba 'que para ser jes de rayadillo. Los encargó Moore, así coma poner de acuerdo la defoasa terrestre y la negocios públicos casi por sorpresa. (DE NUESTRO SERVICIO) marítima que es su auxiliar. mediano arabista hay que trabajar mu- las cananas, fusiles y demás. El escribano de Zaragoza empeñárase Agrega que Joaquín Almarque le dijo qué chísimo, y que al cabo de tanta labor, no París 7. ABDSL. en ser personaj.e, en causar la admise obtiene ventaja alguna, ni puede dar- contaba con armas, y en último caso con las Dicen de Londres qne se hacen grandes pre- se aplicación de ninguna especie á tales que el fabricante Rosal tiene en su fábrica de ración de sus conciudadanos, mas para parativos Berga. para la procesión tradicional del redentor faltábale talento, filosofía, elo- lord Corregidor de la City, que será mucho conocimientos, abandonarán la partida, El inspector Quira ha encontrado en el domás extensa que en años anteriores.—M. R. prefiriendo consagrar su actividad á micilio de Enrique Moore planosde la provincuencia, y sobre todo, fé y convicción. otros ejercicios. cia de Gerona con caminos estratégicos. Sin estas dos cualidades, que son las No se concede importancia al descubriAsí son muy pocos, contadísimos, los miento, creyéndose que se trata de una comeque llevan al suplicio á los redentores, oficiales del ejército espaflol que sepan La insuprsc6fóit sa agrava el árabe. En Melilla, según nos dicen, dia burda. pero también las que tiran la semilla en La opinión dominante es que se trata de una Paría 7. existía últimamente uno que conoce ad- venganza de Adelantado contra Moore. terreno fértil y abonado que luego frucTelegrafían de Tánger que la insurrección mirablemente aquel idioma; mas lo han (DE NUESTRO SERVICIO) tifica, las grandes figuras no podrían crece y el pánico aumenta. destinado á la Península, en virtud ^e 1^ París 7. existir, no tendrían razón de ser. El pretendiente avanza rápidamente hacia disposición pue impide & los oficiales Fez. Son ya conocidos los resultados de las elec- perpíianecer más de seis años en nuesCOREA Y JAPÓN De lo sublime á lo ridículo no hay más ciones'en los Estados Unidos. Los republicaEn las tropas del Sultán se han producida que un paso, y ese es el que acaba de nos han conseguido mayoría. Los demócratas tras posesiones africanas. numerosas é importantes deserciones. Ese oficial hubiera estado, empero, en ( D E NUESTRO SERVICIO) Las poderosas tribus de los awnas y de loa dar aquel que un tiempo tuvo admirado- han ganado niás puestos en el actual Parlasu lugar, como intérprete en alguno de kayatas se han unido al pretendiente, y loa París 7, res, porque sabida cosa es que no hay mento.—M. R. los Peñones (Chafarinas, Alhucemas ó sacerdotes musulmanes también son favoratontería que no se le haya ocurrido á alDicen de Londres que las autoqidades japo- bles á la insurrección. Velez), en los cuales debiera haber, al Los comerciantes extranjeros en Tánger gún filósofo, ni tonto que no pretenda lado del gobernador, un secretario intér- nesas han detenido á dos coreanos sobre quieContra los piratas recaen sospecha de querer asesinar ¿ v a - tienen gran miedo á que sus «íraercios sean prete, de la clase de oficiales, y entre nes pasar plaza de tal. rios notables coi eanos refugiados en el Japón. pronto pasto del incendio y del saqueo, y se éstos debieran reclutarse más tarde los —M. R. han organizado, de acuerdo con los cónsules, El jefe de aquella Unión nacional, don (DE NUESTRO SERVICIO) gobernadores de dichas plazas. para formar patrullas y proteger el barrio Basilio Paraíso, aquel que soñaba con • • París 7. No estaría de más que desaparecieran francés. ser grande hombre á la sombra de un EL PUERTO DE CEUTA Faltan noticias exactas del interior del im* Se da como seguro que las fwtencias se pon- ciertos intérpretes sin cultura, sin ins-^ perio. programa fantástico, irrealizable en ab- drán de acuerdo para una unión común con- trucción, que balbucean'• sólo el árabe Se dice que el pretendiente ha ataxsado á soluto; aquel que no supo, ni lo sabe tra los piratas del Mar Rojo, ayudando de paso vulgar y que no sirven sino para desuna guarnición, pasándola á cuchillo. á las reclamaciones formulada&ipor el Go- prestigiarnos ante los moros, en cuyas hoy, si es monárquico ó si es republica- bierno italiano.—M. R. Es el pretendiente un orador elocuentísimo, mañas y granujerías son íjíaestros. de lo cusil-ae vale para predicar en las mezno, acaba de unirse con los catalanistas, Lo propio podría deciráe de los intérquitua la guerra y ganar prosélitos para su con los enemigos de la patria, con los pretes de nuestros consufedos en Macausa. Hace diecisiete años que comenzaron laá rruecos. Los buenos son excepciones. que piden su desmembración y desgaTodas las tropas de que el Sultán ha podido obras del puerto, á cargo del Cuerpo de IngePues no basta poder entenderse con los nieros del Ejér'^ito. disponer eh Fez, incluyendo á los guardias rramiento. moros para desempeñar laá funciones de Durante ellos, se han invertido unos seié de Corpa del Palacio imperial, han sido enEl procer de Zaragoza, cuna de ios intérprete de un Gobierno r^iUtar ó de un millones de pesetas, de los cuales hay en.ma- viados al encuentro de loa insurrectos. Los rebeldes atacaron al gobernador de TánJusticias, defensora de nuestras libertaconsulado. Exígese t a m b i ^ ci6rta edu- terial excelente, por valor de dos, y habiénLa Comisión de la Alta Cámara que entien- cación social, cierta -dign'í*;i.!; en n A - dose dispuesto recieuteipejite que la^obra,sen ger, mientras so h .oía una lev i de reclutaa des, heroica por la independencia espaun pueblo que di ota \2 kilóm iiros de dicha de en el proyecto de reforma de ley municipasaran á depender de la Dirección -in ciudad. ñola, acaba de celebrar un criminal con- pal, dio ayer por terminadas las Audiencias chas ocasiones, los intérpretes están lla- cuestión de Obras públicas, necesario es que el minismados á intervenir en asuntos de gran Sólo pudo salvarse el gobernador, emprentubernio eon los que odian á España, y públicas, habiendo comenzado el estudio del transcendencia, para los cuales requié- tro, Sr. Suárez Inclán, deje de ocuparse tanto diendo la fuga. dictamen. de Asturias, que es su país natal, á donde le con los que piden la anexión de una rerensen aptitudes algo superiores á las llaman particulares intereses, para echar una Muchos oficiales de su escolta resultaron heridos. gión á una potencia extranjera. El Sr. Canalejas, hablando ayer tarde en el vulgares. Sin embargo, esto no se tiene ojeada á Ceuta; ojeada que fuese bastante para en cuenta ¡y así anda nuestro crédito en comprender la importancia de plaza de guerra Tánger 7. Pero es más todavía: el ridículo D. Ba- Congreso con varios periodistas, dijo que, con tan estratégicamente situada y que, dotada da silio, en unión de los catalanistas, se ha el fin de que se comprendan perfectamente su Marruecos! \ noche llegó un prisionero de las kabilas á Muchos de los intérpretes. Sobre no un buen puerto, al que seguirían los depósitos pensamiento y sus propósitos, se propone, adeacercado al ministro de la Gobernación, más de su libro, ya publicado, sobre la cues- saber lo que llevan entre manos, van úni- de carbón, víveres y agua de que pudieran Fez. Llegó en lastimoso estad) y cuenta verda» á demandar el indulto de Arana, de aquel tión social, publicar otros análogos, ó por lo camente á su negocio. Urge prohibir y necesitar los barcos que, en demanda de se- deros horrores. guro fondeo y en la seguridad de encontrar menos una serie de monografías respecto de trasladamos esta recomendación al miArana que decía en uno de "Sus artículos la cuestión religiosa, la de Ios-Consumos, la Le vistieron de mujer y le hicieron bailar, todos los elementos necesarios, recalasen en arrancándole la barba, quemándole los ojos y Ceuta con preferencia á Gibraltar. íamesos, que cuando un maketo (leáse del gobierno local y de todas aquellas otras nisterio de Estado. «Que los intérpretes hagan particularBueno fuera que mientras se subvencionan haciéndole sufrir otros martirios indescrioespañol) se cayera á la ría de Bilbao, se cuya importancia lo requiera, pues entiende mente negocios con los moros; que ad* ^ las obras y se sacan á pública subasta, 'se tibles. que en un articulo ó discurso sólo puede dediLe odiaban pDr su conducta despótica, vale diese con un canto en la cabeza para carse á cada cuestión un párrafo, más ó me- quieran propiedades en el distrito donde fuera pensando en el medio de adelantar el de la influencia que tenia con el gober-' que no saliera á flote, y cuando un ma- nos extenso, pero siempre dado á diversas in- ejerza su cargo, y que se asocien con actual muelle, con objeto de que los vapores lido nador. que hacen la carrera á Algeciras y conducen terpretaciones. moros para la explotación d§ tierras.» keto fuese á pedir trabajo á la capital de Si es necesario, desarrollaremos nues- el correo y los pasajeros, así como los demás Vizcaya, se le mandara ir á presentarse buques con carga para ésta, atracasen á él y Sr. Ruiz Jiménez estuvo ayer mañana tra tesis. Por hoy, insistamos con el pe- pudieran tomar y^dejar las mercancías, objeto EUGEMIO RICHTER ante el cónsul de su país, es decir, al go- enEl Palacio para ofrecer sus respetos al Rey y riódico ceutí, en lo conveniente que sería de su tráfico, como lo ha hecho una Sociedad bernador civil, para que éste le diera li- darle las gracias por su nombramiento de co- la organización de un cuerpo de intér- inglesa en Algeciras, siendo sensible tener que pretes militares, tal como existe en los confesar que si allí hay adelanto y progreso, mosna y le pagara el pasaje para Es- misario regio de enseñanza en Madrid. Ha fallecido en Berlín Eugenio Richter, jefe S. M. hizo varias preguntas al Sr. Ruiz Ji- demás países. débese á los ingleses. : paña. de la unión liberal, uno de loa políticos más ménez relacionadas con la primera enseñanObra es esta que debiera emprenderse á la ilustres de Alemania. Todos los hombres fatuos, todos los za, y muy especialmente en lo que se refiere mayor brevedad y terminai'se con la urgenNació en 1833'en la Prusia occidental. cia posible, por reclamarlo así las necesidaque no tienen en cuenta su escaso ó nin- á las condiciones de salubridad é higiene que EL LIBRO AMARILLO Pensador, orador y escritor, fué uno délos deben reunir los edificios destinados á esdes y el porvenir de esta culta población tan más tenacea propagandistas de las teorías ligún valer, y su ambición y su vanidad cuelas. abandonada de todos los Gobierqos y en el berales en Alemania. los empujan á acometer actos más granmayor desamparo por parte del que junta(DE NUESTRO SERVICIO) Su ideal político era ver el imperio alemán mente con Algeciras, la representa en las Cádes que su capacidad y que sus fuerzas, Un periódico de la mañana, comentando el gobernado á imitación de Inglaterra, con la París 7. maras populares. plena libertad de pensuniento y de acción. caen ridiculamente, y mueren c o m b discurso del jefe del Gobierno, dice lo siEl Sr. Suárez Inclán debe disponer el envió Richter encontraba en el moderno impena En la próxima semana repartirá el Gobierguiente: muere el fantoche de la Unión Nacional. «Han dado lugar á muchos comentarios las no francés el Libro AmarUla, en el cual se in- de uno de los más reputados y activos inge- abmán muchos rastros de autiguijs siatemag No sabiendo ya de donde asirse, lii últimas frases del discurso del Sr. Sagasta, sertan todos los documentos del tratado i'ran- nieros del Cuerpo de Caminos, Canales y Puer- de Gobierno, y él se dedicó, con extraordinatos, para que se haga cargo del valioso raate- rio vigor, á combatirlos. que todas las dificultades presentes co'Siamés.—M. R. como llamar la atención sobre su insig- diciendo terial y de las obras hechas, y continúe el se agravarían con la venida al poder del partemperamento de polemista,' y toda proyecto ó lo modifique en el sentido que crea suTema niñ«ancia, practicando sin duda algun^ tido conservador, y que, en último caso, si él vida fué unii batalla contra Bismark y loa conveniente. Tolo, menos esta escandalosaé ,. la máxima de que todos los medios son hubiera de caer, caería abrazado á su bandeinexplicable paralización que lleva ya más socialistas. ra, pues prefiere esto á vivir de la misericorEl frutó qofí recogió dó sus luchas diarias buenos para conseguir un fin, se funde dia de nadie. de dos años, y que dará lugar á la dsstrucéióh contralos adversarios fué c*si n^saativo, pues de una piTte de las obras, á tanta costa y con Bismark 6ode con los enemigos de la patria, con ids Estas frases se han interpretado por muchos esoudv) -auaoa «Wj^ütente, el ( R E NUESTRO SERVICIO) tanto trabajo hechas por el Cuerpo de íogei- pueblo no le comprendía, ni le siguió, prefique \& traicionan, y se acerca al Gobier- como un anuncio de despedida, aunque los linieros agilitares, y á ía inutiliíiaoién del va- riendo lanzaras en loa brazos París 7. de los socialis-» berales las quitaban importancia.» lioso material de grúas, dragas, y porción de no, no solo á pedir perdón j^^clftr^pncía Ea ya oficial la noticiade que las potencii^ máquinas y artefactos de lo más moderno y tas. para el que cometió mijchosi delitos dp Si partido nacional de Alemania, que du<» La Comisión que entiende en el proyecto de europeas han acordado retirar- las guarnicio- costoso, adquirido todo con ánimo resuelto de lesa patria, sino que en su fatuidad y en suspensión de pagos se constituyó, bajo la nes que tenían en Shanghai con motivó de la dar término á una obra de tanta intipoi-tárícía rante algún tiempo tuvo en sus filias á loa i nsurrección de los boxers.—M. R. y de tanto interés en el orden milita,r» como mayores talentos del país, perdió poco 4 poco su ignorancia, llega, hasta á hacer la presidencia del Sr. Groizard, para oir á l(|s toda su brillantez, llegando á ser sólo una en el político y comercial. que quisiesen informar sobre él. sombra de si mismo. apología de Arana. Si el puerto de Ceuta fuera terminado, siAnte dicha Comisión concurrieron varios Desaparecidos del mundo Virchow y R¡ch« Hase atrevido el famoso D. Basilio, á representantes de Sociedades Económic is de ¿Intentona ó venganza de nn carlista? quiera como está en proyecto, buena parte ter, ose partido queda reducido á una expre* del oro aue aí^uye á la plaaa de Gibraltar, Amigos del País, quienes ofrecieron presendecir al ñiinistr9 á. quien se ha dirigido sión sin sentido. viriiera a la de Ceuta, con ventajas para el tar por escrito otro día sus observaciones al Eugenio Richter fué u n i r á n periodista y «que Arana no había cóTílístido ningún proyecto. Telegrafían d® Barcelona que han vuelto á ürario público, exhausto por falta de los in- son memorables sus campanas en su periddi* gresos que determinase una buena, acortada delito, que Arana era un regionalísfe El presidente manifestó su propósito de am- cii'cular rumores en aquella ciudad, sobre la co VreissinigeZfiitung. agitación carlista existente para realizar un y moral administración. El libro más célebre de Richter es la cóle>* como muchos de los que hay en España.» pliar los días de información pública, si no levantamiento en fecha próxima. Al par que el puerto se terminara fuera bre refutación del socialismo titulada i)«s/>«¿t bastaran los señalados. Ño, Sr. Paraíso, en España no existm Aun cuando las autoridades de Barcelona pensándose en suprimir en él, cuantas gabe- de la victoria del Socialismo. La Comisión recibió ayer la información malos españoles, á no ser en Gatalufía por escrito de la Chinara deCotuercio de Bar- haii manifestado que nada sabían sobre el las, trámites, expedienteo y formalidades esparticular. El Liberal de allí dice que se ha terilizan toda iniciativa, adoptándose toias ,, ,, , ^ los catalanistas, y en Bilbao los Bizkai- celona. terminado el atestado sobre los supuestos y las medidas que hicieran comprender y sentir Cuando la información abierta termine, referidos trabajos carlistas. las ventajas de puerto franco, suprimiéndose U SITUACIÓN D£ FILIPINAS tarras. será oído el ministro de Hacienda en el seno El atestado dice que el jefe de pplicía Tre- los derecftos de capitanía del puerto y cuanto Las demás regiones, las demás pro- de la Comisión antes de que ésta formule su ^pls y el inspector Iñíguez hace meses que representara sacrificios parala marina merreéibieroii una confidencia acerca de lo qUe cante, sin el desarrollo de la cual no es raoiüvincias, aun aquéllas que hablan dialed- dictamen. A juzgar por los telegramas recibidos du« nal, justo ni se concibe el aumento y el pro- rante la pasada noche, la situación de las islaa se preparaba, to, aman á su patria como á su madre, Se ha dado cuenta al Senado de una exposiResultan, según los informes policiacos, greso de la marina de guerra. Filipinas es cada vez más crítica. se sacrifican por ella, por ella derraman ción de la Cámara de Comercio de Barcelona complicados en dichos trabajos el titulado A buen seguro que Alemania fomenta el desDespués da ia guerra, que durante la domihaciendo observaciones al proyecto de ley de su sangre cuando las circunstancias así suspensión de pagos, é invocando el derecho capitán general de Cataluña D. José Moore y arrollo de su esouadp», por motivo del in- nación americana ha contribuido el empobresus hermanos Enrique y Guillermo, el ban- menso que ha tenido su marina mercante, cimiento del país, nuevas calamidades vienen^ lo exigen, y por ella sufren y padecen en de dichas corporaciones á ser oídas en el quero D. Juan Buxó, el procurador de Man- pues que sus necesidades como potencia mili* á aumentar la miseria general. asunto. resa D. Nuestros intérpretes trajea citados y adquisición de 600 Remighton con sus correspondientes cápsulas. D8l*gédido entregó la mitad, habiéndosele dicho qué entregara el resto á D. Juan Buxó cuando se le presentas^. ' LrtS cafSanas. fueron construidas por Juan Morell, guarnjj3lonero, y en-cargadas por Artíonio Torras, cct^o paradeto se desconoce. Dice la policíá.{jüe las cananas eran recogidas por pequeños grupos, pagándolas en 9I Procesión tradicional fiuerra civil m Marruecos Elecciones U FUTURA ESCUADRA Se ayer a hoy A s u n t o terminado EtOIII Zaragoza Ha comenzado en Zaragoza la serie de conPor una Real orden pablicada en la Gaceta ferencias que han de darse en este año para la instrucción de los trabajadoras en aquel Cende ayer, se dispone lo siguiente: «Primero. En lo sucesivo no se autorizará tro de Sociedades tíbreras. Las dos primeras han estado á cargo de los por las autoridades municipales la construcción ó la reforma de ningún ediñcio sin ad- catedráticos Sres. Fraguas, del Instituto, y vertir al que lo solicite, y en su representa- Fairén, de la Facultad de Medicina, respectición el director de la obra, que los andamies vamente. El primero trató de la necesidad de que el que emplee han de ser de hierro ó de madera, eon antepecho cerrado, barandilla cruzada obrero se eduque y de las condiciones que debe por listones ó redes defensivas, y que, de no reunir esa educación. El Sr. Fairén habló de la higiene y limpieza hacerlo, será responsable de tas desgracias que puedan ocurrir á los trabajadores de la en las fábricas y talleres, tratando ambos sistemas con lucidez y competencia extraordiobra. Segundo. No podrá darse principio á la narias. obra hasta que se hallen provistos los andaBareelona mios de los aparatos de seguridad i dicfidos en En el Museo-Biblioteca Balaguer hay el la disposición anterior. propósito de organizar una serie de conferenTercero. La inobservancia de esta disposi- cias populares, á manera de extensión unición se castigará con una multa de 50 á 250 versitaria. pesetas, que, cuando la obra esté contratada, Parece seguro que uno de los primeros consólo podrá exigirse al contratista. Además se ferenciantes será el diputado socialista fransuspenderá el trabajo, que no podrá reanu- cés Juan Jaurés. darse hasta que haya sido satisfecha la multa Con este motivo reina gran animación y y se hayan colocado los andamios en las con- justificado entusiasmo entre los obreros de Vidiciones de seguridad requeridas. Uanueva y Geltrú. Cuarto. Asimismo será obligatoria y deBilbao berá sujetarse á idénticas formalidades, la coUn grupo de 150 dependientes de comercio locación de vallas de madera ó cuerda en los recorrieron las calles, rompiendo los cristaderribos de ediflcios, en los solares y la aperles de los escaparates, por haberse negado tura de pozos y zanjas en el interior de las los Sres. Montes, Belaunde, Bengoa y otroá, poblaciones, caminos ó lugares accesibles al á cerrar á las siete y media. publico, en condiciones de evitar todo peligro. La policía ha dispersado los grupos, reinanCuando las necesidades de la circulación imdo tranquilidad en la población. pidan colocar vallas debajo de 1(» andáímios Palma en las condiciones de s^uridad necesarias, se Los obreros panaderos han amenazado con cubrirá aquella parte de terreno en que puedan caer materiales de construcción ó herra- declararse en huelga si no se les aumenta en mientas con un piso de madera de la resis- seis reales el jornal, sin comida, y se les concede la jornada de seis horas fijas. tencia necesaria. El gobernador ha conferenciado con el caQuinto. £1 reconocimiento pericial de los andamios y vallas no excluirá ni atenuará en pitán general, quien le ofreció la brigada de lo más mínimo las responsabilidades penales, Administración Militar para trabajar en las civiles ó administrativas que con arreglo á tahonas. También se ha pedido á los puelas leyes puedan corresponder á los directo- blos inmediatos, por si la huelga fuera de res de las obras por los defectos de que ado- clarada. lezcan aquellos artefactos. Estos director^ EXTRANJERO serán responsables en absoluto de los acciParís dentes que se originen, siempre que no sean Los arbitros en el conflicto minero del dedebidos á causa de fuerza mayor, y estarán en el debor de cumplir todas las obligaciones partamento del Norte ha. dictado sentencia, que les imponen la ley de Accidentes del Tra- diciendo que no procede elevar las primas acbajo y las disposiciones complementarias para tuales sobre los jornales, como acordaron los del Paso de Calais. la ejecución de sus preceptos. Las Compañías se comprometen á aumenSexto. Los encargados de practicar el reconocimiento á que se refieren las disposicio- tar las pensiones de retiro á los obreros frannes anteriores y las autoridades qtie autori- ceses. cen ó consientan la ejecución de obras sin las Saint Etionno precauciones prevenidas, responderán ante En la reunión celebrada esta noche por el la Administración ó ante los Tribunales de Comité de las Compañías carboníferas y los las faltas en que hubieren incurrido. delegados obreros, los representantes de aquéSéptimo.' Sin perjuicio de estas disposicio- llas descartaron de la discusión la cuestión nes de carácter general,' los propietarios ó relativa al salario mínimo, y aceptaron el directores de obras estarán obligados á cum- arbitraje respecto al aumento de los jornales, plir las que se determinen en las Ordenanzas pero en forma de primas. municipales del término respectivo y cualEn una nueva reunión, que se verificará quiera otra medida de previsión que las auto- mañana, serán examinadas las condiciones ridades municipales ó gubernativas dicten en bajo las cuales los obreros han de volver al cada localidad para seguridad de los obreros trabajo. y precaver el peligro de los transeúntes; y Octavo. Los gobernadores civiles de las Consejo del Baaco de EspaSa provincias cuidarán, bajo su más estrecha responsabilidad, de que estas prevenciones En su reunión de ayer, á más de los asuntos tengan exacto cumplimiento.» corrientes informados por las Comisiones, el Auxilios é Indomnizaeionas Consejo aprobó la plantilla del personal para Vistos la instancia presentada al ministerio la agencia de Londres. La designación de los funcionarios que han de la Gobernación por las Sociedades marítide ir á dicha agencia se hará en los sucesivos mas de Valencia La Fraternidad, La Unión y Consejos. la Marítima Obrera, y el informe emitido por Del personal de las sucursales de provinla Comisión de Reformas sociales, se ha dis- cias se acordó la siguiente combinación: Nombrar cajerode la de Victoria, á D. Franpuesto que en los casos que ocurran en lo sucisco Javier Sánchez; ídem id. de la de Vigo, cesivo se tengan presentes las siguientes re- á D. Joaquín Quiroga Barcena; ídem id. de la glas: de Sevilla, á D. Tomás Martínez Pérez; ídem «Primera. El párrafo primero del art. 4.' id, de la de Linares, á Francisco Rosalom; ídem id. de la de Bilbao, á D. José Elexire; de la ley de 30 de Enero de 1900 se debe enten- ídem id. de la de Lugo, á D. Niceto Menéndez, der en el sentido de que el auxilio que esta- y de la de Tarragona, á D. Ignacio Seguí. blece es diario, sin excluir los días festivos. Segunda. Para el cómputo de la indemnización que represente el salario de un año, de diez y ocho meses ó de dos años, según los casos previstos en los párrafos segundo y terLa eausa da la Caeilla cero del art. 4.°, se aplicará el salario que ganase el obrero el dia del accidente. Con asistencia del abogado fiscal Sr. MartíEn cuanto á los demás extremos contenidos nez Enrique, se ha celebrado ayer larde en la ir la visiilla previa de este proceso. en la instancia, sin perjuicio de lo que pueda sección El representante de la ley, conforme con las preceptuarse en las leyes de Tribunales in- actuaciones sumariales, ha pedido la apertura dustriales y de Consejos de conciliación, pen- del juicio oral. EÑsspués de larga espera y viendo que no diente de discusión en las Cámaras, el Gobierno prepara algunls modificaciones de la concurría el abogado Sr. Zavala, defensor de la acusación particular, el acto se verificó sin ley de Enjuiciamiento civil, encaminadas á su presencia. iar á los obreros mayores facilidades para que Juieios s e n t s n c i a d o s puedan hacer valer sus derechos.» Anteayer acabó el juicio que comenzó el día anterior en líi sección 1.* y del cual ya nos ocupamos. Después de informar las partea, el jurado dio veredicto de culpabilidad y la Sala impuso á José Espejo, la pena do cadena perptéua. « * • EH MADRID Ayer ha concluido el otro juicio por Jurados •eeiadad 4*aiv«<os gasltta* que se veía en la sección 3.*, para juzgar á NiEsta Sociedad celebró anoche lajunfa ge- colás Martínez Langa. g¡ veredicto fué de culpabilidad por homineral extraordinaria y de propaganda socie- cidio y (íOB dos circunstancias modificativas, taria que teníamos anunciada. una agravante la de morada y otra atenuante El fin principal era tratar de la fusión de de obcecación y atrebaíQ, La nota del juicio, ha sido §} jbriUante é imesta Sociedad con la de electricistas, porque parcíal resumen del presidente de Ja s^poión siendo evidente la afinidad que existe entre de derecho, Sr, González del Alba, quien hizo los trabajos de unos y de otros obreros, unidos una labor tan primorosa y delicada que todos podrán obtener con más facilidad las mejoras la elogian y por nuestra parte también Jo haá que éstos como todos los trabajadores aspi- cemos constar así, con sumo gusto. Compensadas las circunstancias, al procasaran. do se le condenó á catorce aios, ocho meses y Por esta razón, después de despachados al- ' veintiún días de reclusión temporal. ' LICENCIADO F É. gunos avsuntos administrativos, se constituyó la junta en mitin de propaganda societaria. Hablaron en este s«t>tido los compañeros Uceda, por la Sociedad de obreros en hierro; Toribio Mena, por la de electricistas; Ambles, por la de Artes fotográficas, y Manuel FernánRecibido do la Comisión ejecutiva de oblidez, gasista. gacionistas (le Oáuna el importe del último diTodos demostraron á los numerosos asisten- videndo repartido, así como el de otros satistes al acto que el único medio de que dispone fechos anieriormente. correspondientes á de Osuna depositadas en el Ban•1 trabajador para mejorar su'situación an- obligaciones co, que no lo tenían percibido, se pone en cogustiosa es la asociación, y que solamente nocimiento de los respectivos interesados que constituyendo una agrupación, en la que en- tienen deüde luego á su disposición las cantitr«a todos los de ios dos oficios, llegarán á ser dades realizadas, que podrán hacer efectivas recogiendo en el negociado respectivo el corespetados por las Compañías y por los patro- rrespondiente libramiento. nes en general, y podrán contar seguramente Madrid 7 de Noviembre de 1901—El seere- Accidentes del trabajo EN PROVINCIAS La proteccién de la marina mercante La Liga Marítima Vizcaína ha abierto una información pública sobre la necesidad de proteger á la marina mercante, redactando el cuestionario siguiente: 1." ÍA cuáles de los artículos de gran importación en España convendría hacer extensivo el recargo ó derecho diferencial de importación, con que el Arancel vigente grava los artículos llamados coloniales, como son el cacao, café, canela, pimienta, clavo, añil te, y á otros de procedencia exótica cuando llegan á la Península con procedencia in>Hrecta ó sea de un país que no es el [¡roviiictor? ?.* ¿Convendría aumentar el referido recargo en los artículos llamados coloniales, principalmente el cacao y el cafeí 3." Caso afirmativo, ¿cuál debiera ser ese aumento, y cuáles las diversas reformas arancelarias que favorecen la importación á nuestro país, con bandera nacional y eviten la importación indirecta por países intermediarios y bajo la bandera de éstos? París la tarde del 4 de Septiembre de 1882, cuando atravesó el Sena á 30 metros de altura y ante 40.000 espectadores. Ejecutará su trabajo en traje de Cario Magno, acabando con una gran carrera vestido de acróbata. Después se verificará una corrida de novillos, en la que se lidiarán cuatro toros, desecho de tienta y cerrado, de las acreditadas ganaderías siguientes: dos de la de D. Patricio Sanz, y dos de la de D. José Palha Blanco, actuando de matadores los diestros Anastasio Castilla y Darío Diez Limiñana. La función empezará á las tres y cuarto. Leemos en La Época: «Hace pocos días, y durante tres sesiones, se ha celebrado á puerta cerrada, en la Sección tercera de la Audiencia de esta corte, la vista de una causa por adulterio, de que se ha ocupado la prensa, y que reviste extraordinario interéSi no tan sólo por las personas que en ella intervienen, muy conocidas en la sociedad madrileña, sino también por las cuestiones jurídicas que en la misma se ventilaban. Ayer se ha notificado á las partes el fallo recaído, condenando á los procesados á la pena de tres años, seis meses y veintiún días de prisión correccional, accesorias y costas. Entre la gente de toga hemos oído hacer grandes elogios de la doctrina penal que contiene la sentencia dictada, cuya redacción ha estado encomendada, como ponente, al ilustrado magistrado Sr. García Diaz.» Ayer tarde se ha efectuado el entierro del padre Arteche, de la Compañía de Jesús, cuyos restos han sido acompañados á la última morada por numerosa concurrencia, en la que estaban representadas todas las clases sociales. El Ayuntamiento de Tarifa gestiona activamente cerca del ministro de Hacienda la habilitación de aquel puerto para la importación de huevos, gallinas, carneros y caza, procedentes de Marruecos. La concesión, á más de reportar ingresos al Tesoro, tendría la ventaja de desarrollar las relaciones comerciales, hoy nulas, entre Tarifa y la costa marroquí del Estrecho. Asegura un periódico de Málaga que para la segunda quincena del mes de Diciembre es esperada en aquella capital una importante flota alemana, con la misión de inaugurar de un modo solemne el mausoleo, costeado por el ministerio de Marina de Alemania, que ha de guardar los restos de las victimas del terrible naufragio ocurrido hace dos años en el puerto de Málaga. Telegrafían de Barcelona que se comenta que La Liga de Catalunya tenga el proyecto de pedir que las telefonistas de la Red de Barcelona sean catalanas ó contesten en catalán á los abonados. La huelga de Jerez continúa en el mismo estado. A la plaza del Arenal acuden menos obreros. Estos se hallan dispuestos á no transigir. La Guardia civil ha detenido á un anarquista que trataba de evitar que trabajaran en el cortijo de Romanina Alta. El alcalde de Jerez ha prohibido que hagan cuestación los obreros por las calles. Terminada la reconstrucción del convento del Corpus, de Segovia, ha vuelto á residir én él la comunidad á que pertenece, habiéndose festejado esta reconstrucción con un solemne triduo <jue ayer -ha comenzado y que terminará mañana con un sermón que predicará el obispo de Sión. Dice un periódico: «Han dicho varios periódicos qu« en el anteproyecto de Código penal que tiene en preparación el ministro de Gracia y Justicia, se restablecen las penas de suspensión de periódicos y supresión de los mismos, la prohibición de que funden otro nuevo los editores del suprimido y la de que un diario sirva las suscripciones de aquél. Como rectificación de tal noticia se sabe que en el proyecto que dentro de unos días presentará el Sr. Senado SESIÓN DEL DIA 8 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 1&02 Bnqoes aéreos en Saint Lonis Aunque no muy extendida en España la denominación inglesa de buques aéreos (airships) dada á los modernísimos aeróstatos, parécenos muy aceptable en el caso de que se trata, es decir, de la exhibición y empleo de esos aparatos en la Exposición Universal de Saint (Estados Unidos) en 1904. Con rara clarividencia, que hace honor á su espíritu de empresa, el Comité de la indicada Exposición cree muy posible, en vista del actual estado de la naDeí^acióft aérea, que se haya dado con la solución del problema antes de la fecha indicada. Y queriendo disponer del buque aéreo que simbolice la «conquista del aire», estimula á los constructores ofreciéndoles premios importantísimos. La competencia entre buques aéreos, tales como los de Santos Dumont y Spencer y las máquinas voladoras del profesor Langley, sir Hiram Maxín y Herr Kress, es digna de llamar la atención y da la seguridad de que en Saint Loris, no faltarán buques aéreos veloces y fácilmente dirigibles. GasExa La de hoy publica las siguientes disposiciones: Graeia y Justicia.— Real orden nombrando para el Registro de la propiedad de Puerto del Arrecife a D. Juan Bautista Terrazas. Instrucción públlc».—Real decreto referente á incorporación de estudios hechos en establecimientos oficiales extranjeros. Agricultura.— Reales decretos de personal. Otro autorizando a» ministro de Agricultura para que presente á las Cortes un proyecto oe ley reformando las de 5 de Septiembre de 1896 y 1.» de Febrero de 1901, relativas ájla construccídn del canal de Aragón y Cataluña. Se abre la sesión á las tres y media, bajo la presidencia del Sr. Montero Ríos. En el banco azul están los ministros de Estado y Gracia y Justicia. El ministro de Estado contesta al ruego que el Sr. Martín Herrera formuló la otra tarde. El arzobispo de Santiago dice que le satisfacen las palabras del duque de Almodóvar, y éste rectifica á su vez. El Sr. Martin Sánciiez, ataca rudamente á la Compañía del ferrocarril de Bobadilla á Algeciras, y califica de criminal el abandono en que dicha Compañía tiene la vía, á propósito del descarrilamiento ocurrido cerca de la estación de Ronda. La Mesa promete poner en conocimiento del ministro lo expuesto por el Sr. Martin Sánchez. El Sr. Romero defiende á la Diputación provincial, y dice que si ésta no paga, es por que carece de dinero. El Sr. Calvo Martin dice que no ha tenido intención de molestar á la Diputación provincial, al ocuparse de la deuda, pues él sólo quiere que la Facultad de Medicina no esté sin curso. El Sr. Verdejo hace algunas preguntas sin importancia sobre el comercio de España con Inglaterra, que son contestadas por el duque de Almodóvar. El conde de PeAa Ramiro, ocupándose de la revolución venezolana, dice que en aquellos países hay muchos españoles, y pide al ministro de Estado que mande algún buque con el objeto de proteger á nuestros compatriotas. Le contesta el duque de Almodóvar, manifestando que el Gobierno se preocupa muy seriamente de este particular. El marqués de PerijAa ruega al Gobierno pague á los repatriados de las guerras coloniales los meses que se les adeudan. El ministro de la Guerra dice que estudia detenidamente la cuestión. El conde de Moral da Calatrawa dice que habiéndose aprobado por ambas Cámaras la organización del Cuerpo de Intendencia del Ejército, han transcurrido diez meses sin que se haya llevado á efecto la decisión de las Le contesta el general Weyler, disculpándose por tal informalidad. Se entra en el ORDEN DEL DÍA NOTICIAS VARIAS La alcaldía de Murcia ha publicado un bando prohibiendo, por orden de la superioridad, la circulación del pimentón mezclado con substancias extrañas, debiendo fijarse en los envases la procedencia y el destino. Por sospecha de que contenga mezcla, ha sido detenida una partida de pimentón. El bando ha producido en la huerta general fllegria. En la plaza dol Mercado de Cádiz disputaron, por fútiles Siotivos, Antonio Pérez, de sesenta y dos años, y Juan Parodis, de veintidós. Este agredió intempestivamente con un cuchillo de cocina al primero, introduciéndole el arma en el corazón. El agredido falleció al momento y deja cuatro hijos. Una comida abundante se digiere sin dificultad con una cucharada de Elixir Esto^ macal de Sáiz de Carlos, poderoso tónicodigestivo, de agradable sabor, completamente inofensivo aunque se use años seguidos, y que pueden tomarlo lo mismo el enfermo del estómago que el que está sano, á la vez que las aguas minero-medicinales y en sustitución de ellas y de los licores de mesa. La Gacela publica ayer la Memoria del Tribunal de Cuentas del Reino sobre el resultado de la comprobación de la cuenta del presupuesto extraoidinario creadoporlaley de Julio de 1888 y ampliado por la de 14 de Julio de 1891. Publica también el diario oficial la Memoria del mismo Tribunal sobre el resultado de la comprobación de la cuenta del presupuesto extraordinario creado por la ley de 30 de Agosto de 1896. y modificado por las de 10 de Junio de 1«97 y 28 de Junio de 1898. La función de anoche en el teatro Lara, á la que asistió S. M. el Rey, acompañado de su augusta madre, de los príncipes de Asturias y de la infanta doña Teresa, dió ocasión á que se d esmostraran las simpatías que el pueblo profesa á la real familia. Su aparición en el palco fué seguida de una gran ovación que se repitió cuando se retiraron, después del tercer acto, siendo despedidos entre vítores y aplausos de la concurrencia que llenaba el teatro. Los Reyes y principes tuvieron que presentarle nijevamente después de haber aoandonado el palco^r? yi^ta de las incesantes aclamaciones. Compañía de Maderas. Madrid (Argumosa, 14, teléfono 689), Santander, Bilbao. A petición del arzobispo de Valladolid se ha dispuesto que por la Comisión del mapa geológico se proceda á la formación de una colección de roca* y minerales con destino al Seminario conciliar do aquella diócesis. Ayer tarde á la una se hallaba el coche del conde de Bomanones á la puerta del ministerio de Instrucción publica. Congreso SESIÓN DEL DÍA 8 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 1902 Maniobras de submarinos franceses Los comandantes de los buques que tomaron parte en las recientes maniobras de submarinos en Cherburgo han remitido sus informes al ministro de Marina, exponiendo francamente su opinión respecto al resultado de las maniobras de que se trata. Dichos informes pueden resumirse así: 1. Les es posible á los submarinos abandonar su estación, y una escuadra no estará nunca en seguridad en fondeaderos situados dentro del radio de acción de aquéllos. 2. Sería una gran equivocación por parte de un acorazado, ó de cualquiera fiíerza naval, fondear dentro del radio de acción de los submarinos. 3. La vigilancia á bordo de los buques, y su fuego de artillería aon ineficaces contra los submarinos. La inspección de un anclaje, ya sea por medio de torpederos ó de cazatorpederos, es muy difícil, y no presta realmente seguridad al buque contra los submarinos. 4. Una escuadra estará únicamente en salvo en un puerto cerrado, con la entrada protegida por hilos eléctricos. 5. Los ataques en alta mar ó con tiempo duro deben realizarse empleando buques sumergibles ó submarinos autónomos de gran modelo, y los torpedos de los destroyers serían d^bile¡5 armas contra los submarinos, por no ser susceptibles de llevar más que pequeñas cantidades dé explosivos (unos veinte kilogramos), siendo limitaUísimó su campo de acción. El torpedo que estallara á pocas yardas del casco de un submarino, no le causarían probablemente dañó alguno. 6. El invento del almirante Makaroff, que comprende un aparato microfónico sería casi inútil y en todo caso insuficientes las indicaciones hechas por él. 7. Es perfectamente posible situará la entrada de un puerto un aparato indicador de los canibios de posición; pero aumenta muy poco la'def énsa tíe los buques anejados y nada la de los'buques que se hallan en mar libre. , Revista de Tríboaales Movimiento obrero Banco de España Im ilosiones de Chamberlaln Con motivo de la concesión de nuevos créditos de 40.000.00:) de libras esterlinas para los gastos relativos A la organización de las nuevas colonias británicas en el África austral, el ministro inglés de las colonias expresó el miércoles en la Cámara de los Comunes las grandes espezanzas que abriga el Gobierno inglés en que se fundan y estrechen las relaciones que unen á las dos razas que allí viven hasta constituir una sola, uniéndose al pabe11 ón inglés las Repúblicas surfricanas. Añaüió Mr. Chamberlain que su próximo vi aje al África austral no obedece á otro deseo que al de intentar esa vebemeoí^ aspira» ^ D ^oe 09 b« de f«atfu^ el ptu) á sos hijos. tarip general, CwobH^ Miranda. A las tres y diez ábrese la sesión. El acta queda aprobada ante la presencia de siete diputados. El banco azul está desierto. Terminada la lectura de los asuntos al despacho ordinario, entran los ministros de Hacienda, Gobernación, Gracia y Justicia, Agricultura y Marina. Los Sres. Alonso Castrilio, Herrero, Prado Palacios y marqués de Montero hacen ruegos sin interés general. El ministro de Agricultura contesta á los ruegos que en las sesiones anteriores le habían dirigido algunos diputados, varios de los que rectifican al ministro. Principalmente merece mención el incidente suscitado entre el Sr. Andrade y el ministro de Agricultura, al ocuparse el primero del ruego que, relativo a l a resolución de expediente do agentes de Bolsa, le hizo dicho diputado en sesiones anteriores. El ministro se niega á contestar categóricamente á las concretas preguntas que el señor Andrade le dirige. Y la Cámara protesta con el diputado, de las evasiones del fracasado ministro. El Sr. Gasset (D. Rafael) pide al ministro de Agricultura el expediente de corta de madera de un monte en Ortigúela (Jaén) cuyo asunto, según dicen, es de escándalo. El ministro de Agricultura ofrece traer al referido expediente y como dice que se han deslizado algunas reticencias sobre el particular, explica su intervención en este asunto. ¡Más valiera que no lo hiciesel Dice que el ministro de Agricultura tiene conciencia de lo que hace, y después de decir esto añade que ha sido sorprendido en su bue-s na fé, abusando de su confianza el funcionario que le puso el asunto á la firma. (Rumores y .protestas prolongadas en toda la Cámara.) Bl Sr. Oasset rectifica, diciendo que él no haoía pedido explicaciones que por ser extemporáneas agravan la situación creada por la resolución de este expediente, del ci}al se dice que lia nacido la dimisión de un alto funcionario del ministerio, Pero de todos moidos—añade—crea S. S. que no ha cumplido con su deber al contentarse con admitir la diriisión á un funcionario que, según dice el ministro, le ha engañado, y debía haber formado en seguida un expediente. (Muy bien.) El ministro de Agricultura rectifica con visible excitación, diciendo que él ha querido deshacer las nebulosas que pudieran empañar su honra, y hace, con tal motivo, consideraciones que proílucen rumores y protestas constantes de la Cámara. El Sr. Silwela (D. CL orii un delito contra la Patria y por el cual se interesan algunos diputados. El ministro de Gracia y Justicia contesta que los tribunales son los encargados do absolver ó condenar, no pudiendo, por tanto, el Gobierno hacer nada en este asunto. ORDEN DEL DÍA La casn de! general se hS, visto esta tarde concurridísima para enterarse del estado de! enfermo. mmmmmmmmmmmmmwmmmmmmm escena á las cu airo y nieüa de l:i larde y á pütioión Hemuch.is per-jonas que no pudieron obíeiior localidades el lÍMaiiii^o anterior, el populiii'ilrnma «Don Jiwu Tüiiorio)) y por la iioclii! íí! apliuáiiio dram i «La Jura do Santa üado \». El lutioá se pondrá en esoona él drama «La Pa-iioriari-i», en el quo lanío se distinguen el aplaudido actor Sr. Vici (Manuel) y la señora Beliráii. El mismo dia tendrá lugar ei «strano del juguete cómico en uu i acto «Líl mixto de Alicaiiteo. A las cuatro, 13. Máxima, 17. Mínima, 6. Barómetro, 707.— Variable. En 3 Salón de Conferencias del Congreso, ha circulado esta tarde la noticia de que el general López Domínguez se Continúa el debate político. encontraba gravemente enfermo, á conEl Sr. Gómez Acebo habla para contestar secuencia de una congestión bronquial. á unas alusiones. Esta tarde se ha celebrado en su doRecoge, para combatirlas, algunas manifestaciones del Sr. Canalejas sobre la cuestión micilio una consulta médica, cuyas conclusiones, parece que no son muy satisreligiosa. ElSr. Armiñán le interrumpe, preguntan- factorias. A última hora de la tarde el estado del do: ¿S. S. es el ministro de la Gobernación? El Sr. Gómez Acebo, desconcertado por Sr. López Domínguez, continuaba siendo la pregunta, bebe agua y contesta: Hablo en gravísimo. en nombre de la mayoría. (Risas y rumores.) «» El orador vacila ante las interrupciones de las minorías, decidiéndose al fin á continuar En la hora destinada á preguntas ha su discurso, que no es oído por las toses, más habido una, hecha por el Sr. Gasset, soó menos auténticas y los rumores consta ntoó bre la venta del monte Ortigúela (Jaén), de la Cámara. El Sr. Armiñán vuelve á interrumpirle, pregunta que ha resultado de gravedad diciendo que no debía el orador de llevar la suma, por las declaraciones que ha hevoz de la mayoría después de haber estado en cho el ministro de Agricultura. El Sr. Suárez Inclán ha declarado ante las filas de los conservadores recientemente, cuando pretendía el acta de diputado por Al- la estupefacción del Parlamento, que ha bacete. (Nuevos rumores y algazara; los unos firmado la Real orden de la venta susorien, otros chillan y los más demuestran su dicha sin enterarse y que ha sido sorcontento.) prendida su buena fe al poner á su firAlgunos diputados de la mayoría abando- ma la mencionada Real orden. naron el salón. Declaración semejante fué comentadíLa Cámara parece el palio de un teatro del sima en los pasillos estando en el ánimo género chico en noche de pateo. El Sr. Gómez AcebOi TÍctima propiciato- de cuantos hai)l;iban de esto asunto, que ria del Gobierno, continua recogiendo alusio- era muy escabrosa la situación del Gones de los Sres. Silvela y Maura. bierno, pero después de lo dicho por el Sigue también, al mismo tiempo, recogien- ministro de Agricultura, este no puede do ovaciones de la Cámara. seguir de ministro ni un día más. en el procedimiento para la purificación de las aguas de albañales y otros líquidos infectos ó corrompidos,. inBcuanta la ftcción de las bacterias. MEJ©RaS Sistema DUCAT GHAN EXPOSICIÓN DE MUEBLES CiRCÜtOS pdtlTICOS ASUNTOS DEL D Í A »» * Después de cuanto se ha dicho durante la tarde de ayer, y se ha escrito en la prensa acerca de la situación política, las cosas siguen como estaban, sin que se haya aclarado el nublado. El jefe del Gobierno fué esperado esta mañana á la puerta de su domicilio por buen número de periodistas, cruzándose entre estos y el presidente el siguiente diálogo: —¿Qué pasa, señores? —¿Eso queremos saber, señor presidente? ¿Ha enterado usted á S. M. de la petición del poder por los conservadores? —No, señores, porque mal puedo enterar al Monarca de una cosa que no existe. No hay nada, absolutamente nada. Y entró sonriente en su domicilio, asegurando alguien, que también estaba satisfecho. En el Congreso ha habido mucha animación desde los primeros momentos. En un corro de periodistas y de diputados, un subsecretario tronaba contra el Gobierno asegurando que un par de ministros son los causantes de lo que sucede, y que el presidente hace tiempo que debió proveer sus carteras. Estas manifestaciones tenían mayor importancia, porque la persona de quien se trata no gusta de exhibiciones de ninguna clase. * * « En el debate político ha hecho uso en primer término, el Sr. Gómez Acebo., para defender á la mayoría de los cargos que se le han hecho. El discurso de dicho diputado dio lugar á incidentes ruidosísimos. A última hora usaba de la palabra el Sr. Alba, para defender á la Unión Nacional. Es probable que mañana por la tarde se celebre Consejo de ministros y que sea de gran interés político. Libros y periódicos Es en extremo interüsante el número de esta semana del popular semanario NUEVO MUNDO Publica, ente otras informaciones de actualidad, una del celebrado drama de Dicenta, «Aurora»-—Las maniobras militares en Tarragona y Denia.—El Centenario de la Universidad de Valencia. —El roboá la Compañía de Tranvías.—Sociedad de vendedores de periódicos.—Victorino Tamayo. —El «Tenorio». Doña Inés en 1902; etc., etc. Precio del número, 20 céntimos. ESPECTÁCULOS, Lapa Mañana domingo, por la tarde, se pondrán en escena las aplaudidas obras «La cuerda floja», «Los guantes del cocharo» (dos actos) y por primera vez «El escudo de armas». Maptfn Mañana, domingo, tendrán lugar en este teatro dos grandes funciones, poniéndose en El general Azcárraga al salir esta tarde del domicilio del Sr. Silvela, y montar en su carruaje, tuvo la desgracia de caer al suelo fracturándose un brazo. Si dijéramos que el establecimiento de mueCon privilegio en España. bles instalado en la casa núm. 13 de la calle 11 de Noviembre 1897.—Núm. 21.511. de Alcalá, propiedad del inteligente industrial, Se reciben órdenes en lacallede la D. Santos Riesco, puede competir con los meLealtad, 6, bajo derecha.—Madrid. jores de! extranjero, seguros estamos que no nos tacharían de oxojerados. AVERLY MONTAÜT Y QARCÍA Los que visitan este notable e.stablec¡miento, reciben impresión gratísima al ver que de alU puede salir satisfecha toda persona por ZARAGOZA U L T S. PRECIOS muy exigente que sea. FONDOS PÚBLICOS Desde lo más modesto hasta lo más rico en Piedras de molino,- í^Us metálica5f( sedas da Día 7 I Del 8 fantasía y solidez, se encuentra en el estable- Zurich para cerner harinas, afedit&sVtéongiacimientodel Sr. Riesco, cuya elegante insta- se. ahimhrados, espinos y t )d;i clase'de colación es admirada por todos. rreas, trillos, arados y prousis ¿.^-. Estilos Imperio, Luis XV con brónq^s. ReDeuda perpetua Interior 4. ^j nacimiento, Transitorio, Inglés, etc., etc., y Al contado: cuantos gustos puedan imaginar las personas Sene F, de 50.000 pesetas no' mínales 73,45 73,50 competentes. En tapicería hay preciosidades: salones doSerie £, de 25.000 73,45, 73 50 Serie D, de 12.500 73,45 73,75 rados, G íbelein, Aubuisón, etc., todo elaboraADUANA, 13. - lUliWIO Serie C, de 5.000 73,50 73,75 do y confeccionado en los talleres del estableSerie B, de 2.500 73,551 73,75 cimiento, con armaduras hechas á conciencia, Serie A, de 500 73,.55' 73,50 lo cual da á los muebles una solidez extraordinaria que garantiza su duración. 73,80 Senes G y I/,' de 100 y 200. La por todos conceptos admirable instala94,80 73,75 Deuda Amble 5 ^f Serie P. 91,70 Acciones Banco de España. 483,00¡ 483,.50 ción del establecimiento del Sr. Riesco, mereEspañol Ídem del Banco Hipotecario. 174,50' 174.50 ce ser visitada por todas las personas de gusto. ídem del Banco de Castilla. 000,00 000,00 13, ALCALÁ, 13 A las 8 y 3[4.—El viejo celoso.—Reinar desCompañía Arr." de Tabacos. 408,50 pués de morir. Cédulas Banco Hipt.° 5 f,f. 000.00 409,00 102,40 A las 4 y li2.—Reinar después de morir.— ídem al 4 por 100 100,05 100,10 Obi. Ayuntamiento Madrid. '. El viejo celoso. Soc. Electricidad Chamberí. 106,00 108,00 Comedia CAMBIOS Agua higiénica para teñir el cabello y la A las 9.—La dicha ajena. París, á la vista 32.85 33,70 barba preparada con base de quina; la mejor A laa 4 y li4.—Lo cursi. Londres, á la vista .' , 33,36 33,50 inofensiva, tónico sin nitrato de plata ni subsLfríco tancia nociva, según comprueba sus análisis. A las 9.—Mis dos mujeres. Destinamos mil pesetas al qne demuestre que A las 4 y li4.—El Rey que rabió. en nuestro preparado existe dicho metal. EviPrice ta las enfermedades del cuero cabelludo, conA las 9.—Miguel Andrés. tribuyendo á su crecimiento, no mancha la A las 4 y 1[2.—Don Lunas del Cigarral. La Compañía de Ríotinto Limitada admite piel ni la ropa, como otros preparados. Usase proposiciones para el suministro de Jos si- con la mano ó esponjita. Precio del frasco, Lara guientes artículos, que se emplean en sus tra- 3,50 pesetas. De venta en las principales perA las 8 y li2.—Entre doctores.—^La prabajos de minas y ferrocarriles para el consufumerías y peluquerías de Madrid y provin- viana.—La credencial.— Segundo acto. mo del año 1903: Algodón borras.—Blanco y de color, para tas. Por mayor, f casa del autor, M. Macian> A las 4 y li2.—El escudo de armas*—Los limpieza,de máquinas. Caballero de Gracia, 30 y 32. guantes del cochero.—La cuerda floja. Arenas, etc.—De agua dulce, de mar, amarilla, para fundición, y barro colorado. Zarzuela FABRICA DE BILLARES Calas, etc.—Blanca, morena y yeso común. A las 8 3[4.—L' Enigme. Cáñamo.—Cuerdas y en rama, y estopa Apolo DE PRECISIÓN Y i C C E S O F I O embreada. Carpintería.—Barcales, barriles y cántaros A las 8 y 1(2.—Elpuñaode rosas.--.abanicos DE de chopo, cabos labrados de aceDuche ü otra y panderetas.—San Juande Luz.—El puñao de buena madera para herramientas (de acebnrosas. che con preferencia), cubetas de pino Flandes, patas de encina para carrillos y zapatos A las 4 y li2.—Los niños llorones—Abanicos galochas (almadreñas). y panderetas.—San Juan de Luz. Cueros.—Badanas abecerradasy suelas. 10 calle de Bordadores, 10 Cómico Efectos de esparto.—Esportones, esteras, sogas, etcólera. MADRID A las 8 y 1(2.—Sin comerlo ni beberlo y El Efectos de palma.—Escobones escoas y esMorrongo.—El memorialista,—Los granujas. cobillas. A las 4 y ^[2.—El memorialista.—La nietade Ferretería.—Bisagras, cerraduras, clavos, goznes, pasadores, puntas de París, tachue5SU buelo.—Los Neaes. las, cristales comunes, candados, cerojos, etc. moldeado Ideado progresivo y metódico del viNovedades Ladrillos, etc.—Baldosas, ladrillos, losetas del drio. , y tejas canales. .Alas 8 1[2.—Don Juan Tenorio. Leña.—De todo monte y monte bajo. Athambra Maderas cortaiias á patrón ó á dimensiones. A las8 y li2.—^Hacer bien por carambola.— Acebnche ú otra buena madera.—Cabos sin Con privilegio en España. Aurora. labrar para herramientas. 11 Noviembre 1890.—Núm. 11.167. Álamo negro.—Piezas. A las 4 y li2.—El difunto Toupinel. Se reciben órdenes en el Pasaje de Madoz, Chopo.—Largueros, tabliw, lacos para va- número 4. Martin gones y para locomotot'as. BARCELONA Encina.—Piezas. A las 8 y li2.—Lajura de Santa Gadea.— Pino del pais.—-Postes-telégrafos. Sin comerlo ni beberlo. i Traviesas de pino del país y de eucaliptus, A las 4 y 1[2.—Don Juau Tenorio. de varías dimensiones, para ferrocarriles. Papel de estraza. Romea Telégrafos y teléfonosy alúmbralo eléctri- en cajas metálicas de planchar. A las 8 y 1|2.—Entremeses, bailes, couplets, co (Material para). El Morrongo, por Bella Belén.—MUe. Esther; Los proponentes deberán obtener nota desla mariposa y estreno del baile español, en criptiva del artículo que deseen suministrar, pliegos de condiciones y demás detalles para dos cuadros. El carnaval español, en al que Con privilegio en España. el suministro. toma parte la notabilísima bailarina La Gar12 de Noviembre de 1897.—Núm. 21.481. Las ofertas so enviarán en sobre cerrado, denia. debiendo'decir en el sobre Proposiciones, y Se reciben órdenes en la calle de la Salen de Actualidades mandándola en la forma que va indicada. Lealtad, 6, bajo derecha.-Madrid. Toda; las ofertas se abrirán el día 25 de No(Alcalá, 4) viembre actual, á las diez de la mañana, y, Espectáculo v,ii-i.i.'o.—Gran éxito de los jupor consiguiente, deben hallarse en p.jder del guetes «El jardif <\'..\ aCA\,<'> 't la «Hamaca» señor director antes de esa lecha y hora. Minas de Ríotinto (provincia de Huelva), —Couplets france^-es y e^p-m./uíS por las no1." de Noviembre de 1902. en mecheros de gas incandescentes. tables Susana Aura y .\niiu l-"crnández.—La9 estrellas coreográficas, sf-iñuritas Imperio y hermanas Martini. E S T A D O DEL TIEIÜPO Con privilegio en España. • MAIiRiiJ 9deNoviembre 1897.—Núm. 21.454. A las ocho, 10. Imp. de EL OÍA, Corredera Haja, 4, pralj Se reciben órdenes en la calle de la A las doce, 16. Lealtad, 6, bajo derecha—Madrid Telefono 482 ñitii$ ^e Bzbli TEHTR©S La Favorita Anuncio Gallego y V Un nuevo procedíiniento Sistema APPERT PERFECCIONAMIENTOS Sistema CARBONE MEJORAS Sistema KERN FOLLETÍN DE «EL DlA» 419 4i8 LAS LOBAS DE MACHECUL ÍOLLETIN DE «EL DÍA» 415 —Así lo espero. | 0.413866 | -0.611866 | 813 | 3,162 | 238 | -1 | Government Documents | false |
99,962 | github_open_source_100_2_8346 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // Copyright (c), Firelight Technologies Pty, Ltd. 2012-2017.
#include "FMODEventParameterSectionTemplate.h"
#include "FMODAmbientSound.h"
#include "FMODEvent.h"
#include "FMODEventParameterTrack.h"
#include "IMovieScenePlayer.h"
#include "fmod_studio.hpp"
struct FFMODEventParameterPreAnimatedToken : IMovieScenePreAnimatedToken
{
FFMODEventParameterPreAnimatedToken() {}
FFMODEventParameterPreAnimatedToken(FFMODEventParameterPreAnimatedToken &&) = default;
FFMODEventParameterPreAnimatedToken &operator=(FFMODEventParameterPreAnimatedToken &&) = default;
virtual void RestoreState(UObject &Object, IMovieScenePlayer &Player) override
{
UFMODAudioComponent *AudioComponent = CastChecked<UFMODAudioComponent>(&Object);
if (IsValid(AudioComponent))
{
for (FScalarParameterNameAndValue &Value : Values)
{
AudioComponent->SetParameter(Value.ParameterName, Value.Value);
}
}
}
TArray<FScalarParameterNameAndValue> Values;
};
struct FFMODEventParameterPreAnimatedTokenProducer : IMovieScenePreAnimatedTokenProducer
{
virtual IMovieScenePreAnimatedTokenPtr CacheExistingState(UObject &Object) const override
{
UFMODAudioComponent *AudioComponent = CastChecked<UFMODAudioComponent>(&Object);
FFMODEventParameterPreAnimatedToken Token;
if (IsValid(AudioComponent) && AudioComponent->Event)
{
TArray<FMOD_STUDIO_PARAMETER_DESCRIPTION> ParameterDescriptions;
AudioComponent->Event->GetParameterDescriptions(ParameterDescriptions);
for (const FMOD_STUDIO_PARAMETER_DESCRIPTION &ParameterDescription : ParameterDescriptions)
{
float Value = AudioComponent->GetParameter(ParameterDescription.name);
Token.Values.Add(FScalarParameterNameAndValue(ParameterDescription.name, Value));
}
}
return MoveTemp(Token);
}
};
struct FFMODEventParameterExecutionToken : IMovieSceneExecutionToken
{
FFMODEventParameterExecutionToken() = default;
FFMODEventParameterExecutionToken(FFMODEventParameterExecutionToken &&) = default;
FFMODEventParameterExecutionToken &operator=(FFMODEventParameterExecutionToken &&) = default;
// Non-copyable
FFMODEventParameterExecutionToken(const FFMODEventParameterExecutionToken &) = delete;
FFMODEventParameterExecutionToken &operator=(const FFMODEventParameterExecutionToken &) = delete;
virtual void Execute(const FMovieSceneContext &Context, const FMovieSceneEvaluationOperand &Operand, FPersistentEvaluationData &PersistentData,
IMovieScenePlayer &Player)
{
for (TWeakObjectPtr<> &WeakObject : Player.FindBoundObjects(Operand))
{
UFMODAudioComponent *AudioComponent = Cast<UFMODAudioComponent>(WeakObject.Get());
if (!AudioComponent)
{
AFMODAmbientSound *AmbientSound = Cast<AFMODAmbientSound>(WeakObject.Get());
AudioComponent = AmbientSound ? AmbientSound->AudioComponent : nullptr;
}
if (IsValid(AudioComponent))
{
Player.SavePreAnimatedState(
*AudioComponent, TMovieSceneAnimTypeID<FFMODEventParameterExecutionToken>(), FFMODEventParameterPreAnimatedTokenProducer());
for (const FScalarParameterNameAndValue &NameAndValue : Values.ScalarValues)
{
AudioComponent->SetParameter(NameAndValue.ParameterName, NameAndValue.Value);
}
}
}
}
FEvaluatedParameterSectionValues Values;
};
FFMODEventParameterSectionTemplate::FFMODEventParameterSectionTemplate(
const UMovieSceneParameterSection &Section, const UFMODEventParameterTrack &Track)
: FMovieSceneParameterSectionTemplate(Section)
{
}
void FFMODEventParameterSectionTemplate::Evaluate(const FMovieSceneEvaluationOperand &Operand, const FMovieSceneContext &Context,
const FPersistentEvaluationData &PersistentData, FMovieSceneExecutionTokens &ExecutionTokens) const
{
FFMODEventParameterExecutionToken ExecutionToken;
EvaluateCurves(Context, ExecutionToken.Values);
ExecutionTokens.Add(MoveTemp(ExecutionToken));
}
| 0.358159 | 0.527922 | 3,115 | 12,502 | 201 | 201 | Code examples and Java | false |
99,963 | github_open_source_100_2_8347 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /***************************
* Encoding: GB2312
***************************/
#include "pch.h"
#include "../klei_anim/KleiAnim/common/anim_common.hpp"
#include "../klei_anim/KleiAnim/Binary.hpp"
#include "../klei_anim/KleiAnim/common/exceptions.hpp"
#include "../klei_anim/KleiAnim/Xml.hpp"
#include "../klei_anim/KleiAnim/Vertex.hpp"
#include <filesystem>
#include <fstream>
#include <vector>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <charconv>
#include <chrono>
#include <initializer_list>
#include "CppUnitTest.h"
#include <Windows.h>
#include <iostream>
static_assert(sizeof(unsigned long long) == 8);
using namespace Microsoft::VisualStudio::CppUnitTestFramework;
using std::ios;
template<> std::wstring
Microsoft::VisualStudio::CppUnitTestFramework::ToString <KleiAnim::Common::Element>
(const KleiAnim::Common::Element& elem)
{
std::wostringstream _s;
_s << L"Name Hash = " << elem.name_hash << '\n'
<< L"frame = " << elem.frame << '\n'
<< L"a b c d: " << elem.a << ' ' << elem.b << ' ' << elem.c << ' ' << elem.d << '\n'
<< L"tx ty: " << elem.tx << ' ' << elem.ty
<< L"Z index = " << elem.z;
return _s.str();
}
template<> std::wstring
Microsoft::VisualStudio::CppUnitTestFramework::ToString<KleiAnim::Common::Facing>
(const KleiAnim::Common::Facing& f1)
{
using facing = KleiAnim::Common::Facing;
facing f = f1;
std::wostringstream _s;
switch (f)
{
case facing::All:
_s << L"all direction";
break;
case facing::All45:
_s << L"all 45";
break;
case facing::All90:
_s << L"all 90";
break;
}
if (f == facing::Down)
_s << L"down";
if (f == facing::DownLeft)
_s << L"down left";
if (f == facing::DownRight)
_s << L"down right";
if (f == facing::Left)
_s << L"left";
if (f == facing::Right)
_s << L"right";
if (f == facing::Up)
_s << L"up";
if (f == facing::UpLeft)
_s << L"up left";
if (f == facing::UpRight)
_s << L"up right";
if (f == facing::Invalid)
_s << L"invalid direction(0x00ui8)";
return _s.str();
}
template<> std::wstring
Microsoft::VisualStudio::CppUnitTestFramework::ToString<::KleiAnim::Common::BuildFrame>
(const ::KleiAnim::Common::BuildFrame& elem)
{
std::wostringstream o;
o << L"Frame number = " << elem.frame_number << L'\n';
o << L"Duration = " << elem.duration << L'\n';
o << L"x,y,w,h = " << elem.x << L',' << elem.y << L',' << elem.w << L',' << elem.h << L'\n';
o << L"alpha_index = " << elem.vertbox_startindex << L'\n' << L"alpha_count = " << elem.alpha_count << L'\n';
return o.str();
}
template<> std::wstring
Microsoft::VisualStudio::CppUnitTestFramework::ToString<std::vector<::KleiAnim::Common::BuildFrame>>
(const std::vector<::KleiAnim::Common::BuildFrame>& elem)
{
std::wostringstream o;
for (auto& node : elem)
{
o << L"{\n" << ToString(node) << L"}\n";
}
return o.str();
}
namespace ktexlibtest
{
namespace CompareUnion
{
union cmp_elemnode
{
unsigned long long a[5];
::KleiAnim::Common::Element elem;
};
}
namespace map
{
struct anim_bin_reader : public KleiAnim::Common::BinaryFileBase
{
std::vector<KleiAnim::Common::Animation> animations;
};
}
TEST_CLASS(KleiAnimTest)
{
public:
TEST_METHOD(SingleThreadElementRead)
{
using namespace KleiAnim::Common;
const Element excepted[]
{
{ 1,1,10000,0.1f,0.2f,0.3f,0.4f,0.5f,0.6f,0.7f },
{ 2,1,10000,0.1f,0.2f,0.3f,0.4f,0.5f,0.6f,0.7f },
{ 3,1,10000,0.1f,0.2f,0.3f,0.4f,0.5f,0.6f,0.7f },
{ 4,1,10000,0.1f,0.2f,0.3f,0.4f,0.5f,0.6f,0.7f },
{ 5,1,10000,1.1f,1.2f,1.3f,1.4f,1.5f,1.6f,1.7f },
{ 6,1,10000,1.1f,1.2f,1.3f,1.4f,1.5f,1.6f,1.7f },
{ 7,1,10000,1.1f,1.2f,1.3f,1.4f,1.5f,1.6f,1.7f },
{ 8,1,10000,1.1f,1.2f,1.3f,1.4f,1.5f,1.6f,1.7f },
{ 9,1,10000,2.1f,2.2f,2.3f,2.4f,2.5f,2.6f,2.7f },
{ 10,1,10000,2.1f,2.2f,2.3f,2.4f,2.5f,2.6f,2.7f },
{ 11,1,10000,2.1f,2.2f,2.3f,2.4f,2.5f,2.6f,2.7f },
{ 12,1,10000,2.1f,2.2f,2.3f,2.4f,2.5f,2.6f,2.7f },
{ 13,1,10000,3.1f,3.2f,3.3f,3.4f,3.5f,3.6f,3.7f },
{ 14,1,10000,3.1f,3.2f,3.3f,3.4f,3.5f,3.6f,3.7f },
{ 15,1,10000,3.1f,3.2f,3.3f,3.4f,3.5f,3.6f,3.7f },
{ 16,1,10000,3.1f,3.2f,3.3f,3.4f,3.5f,3.6f,3.7f },
{ 17,1,10000,4.1f,4.2f,4.3f,4.4f,4.5f,4.6f,4.7f },
{ 18,1,10000,4.1f,4.2f,4.3f,4.4f,4.5f,4.6f,4.7f },
{ 19,1,10000,4.1f,4.2f,4.3f,4.4f,4.5f,4.6f,4.7f },
{ 20,1,10000,4.1f,4.2f,4.3f,4.4f,4.5f,4.6f,4.7f },
};
std::ifstream file("./elem_mtread.fakebin", ios::binary | ios::in);
std::vector<Element> actual = st_read_elem(file, 20);
for (size_t i = 0; i < 20; i++)
{
Assert::IsTrue(excepted[i] == actual[i], (L"NE,i = " + ToString(i)).c_str());
}
}
TEST_METHOD(MultiThreadElementRead)
{
using namespace ::KleiAnim::Common;
//small:28 elem refs,28 frame, 0 event, 1 anim
//anim #1: idle, facing: all, hash:20 00 00 EE
//frame count: 28,
std::vector<Element> actual;
actual.reserve(20);
//generated by TestElemGen.exe
Element excepted[]
{
{ 1,1,10000,0.1f,0.2f,0.3f,0.4f,0.5f,0.6f,0.7f },
{ 2,1,10000,0.1f,0.2f,0.3f,0.4f,0.5f,0.6f,0.7f },
{ 3,1,10000,0.1f,0.2f,0.3f,0.4f,0.5f,0.6f,0.7f },
{ 4,1,10000,0.1f,0.2f,0.3f,0.4f,0.5f,0.6f,0.7f },
{ 5,1,10000,1.1f,1.2f,1.3f,1.4f,1.5f,1.6f,1.7f },
{ 6,1,10000,1.1f,1.2f,1.3f,1.4f,1.5f,1.6f,1.7f },
{ 7,1,10000,1.1f,1.2f,1.3f,1.4f,1.5f,1.6f,1.7f },
{ 8,1,10000,1.1f,1.2f,1.3f,1.4f,1.5f,1.6f,1.7f },
{ 9,1,10000,2.1f,2.2f,2.3f,2.4f,2.5f,2.6f,2.7f },
{ 10,1,10000,2.1f,2.2f,2.3f,2.4f,2.5f,2.6f,2.7f },
{ 11,1,10000,2.1f,2.2f,2.3f,2.4f,2.5f,2.6f,2.7f },
{ 12,1,10000,2.1f,2.2f,2.3f,2.4f,2.5f,2.6f,2.7f },
{ 13,1,10000,3.1f,3.2f,3.3f,3.4f,3.5f,3.6f,3.7f },
{ 14,1,10000,3.1f,3.2f,3.3f,3.4f,3.5f,3.6f,3.7f },
{ 15,1,10000,3.1f,3.2f,3.3f,3.4f,3.5f,3.6f,3.7f },
{ 16,1,10000,3.1f,3.2f,3.3f,3.4f,3.5f,3.6f,3.7f },
{ 17,1,10000,4.1f,4.2f,4.3f,4.4f,4.5f,4.6f,4.7f },
{ 18,1,10000,4.1f,4.2f,4.3f,4.4f,4.5f,4.6f,4.7f },
{ 19,1,10000,4.1f,4.2f,4.3f,4.4f,4.5f,4.6f,4.7f },
{ 20,1,10000,4.1f,4.2f,4.3f,4.4f,4.5f,4.6f,4.7f },
};
//std::ifstream fakebin(, std::ios::binary | std::ios::in);
mt_read_elem(20, actual, "./elem_mtread.fakebin", 0);
Assert::AreEqual(size_t(20),actual.size(),L"Size not match");
}
TEST_METHOD(BinAnimRead)
{
using namespace KleiAnim;
using std::filesystem::path;
Assert::ExpectException<std::system_error>([] {Binary::AnimationReader(",\\anim_test.bin"); });
try
{
auto before_create = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
Binary::AnimationReader test_reader(path(L".\\anim_test.bin"));
auto after_create = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
Microsoft::VisualStudio::CppUnitTestFramework::Logger::WriteMessage((L"构造用时 " + ToString(after_create - before_create) + L"ns").c_str());
//auto test_view = reinterpret_cast<map::anim_bin_reader*>(&test_reader);
Assert::AreEqual<size_t>(1, test_reader.anim_count(), L"anim size != 1");
const auto& anim0 = test_reader[0];
Assert::AreEqual(anim0.facing, Common::Facing::All, L"facing != facing::all");
Assert::AreEqual(anim0.name.c_str(), "idle", false, L"anim name != idle");
Assert::AreEqual(size_t(40), anim0.frames.size(), L"frame size not match");
for (const Common::AnimationFrame& frame : anim0.frames)
{
Assert::AreEqual(-142.293198f, frame.x, L"x not match");
Assert::AreEqual(-18.273909f, frame.y, L"y not match");
Assert::AreEqual(164.0f, frame.w, L"w not match");
Assert::AreEqual(177.f, frame.h, L"h not match");
Assert::AreEqual(size_t(0), frame.events.size(), L"has event?!");
Assert::AreEqual(size_t(1), frame.elements.size(), L"elements size != 1");
const auto& elem = frame.elements[0];
Assert::AreEqual(0xA2984AF8U, elem.name_hash, L"name hash != 0xA2984AF8");
Assert::AreEqual(0x7B212688U, elem.layer_hash, L"layer hash != 0x7B212688");
Assert::AreEqual(0U, elem.frame, L"frame != 0");
Assert::AreEqual(-5.0f, elem.z, L"Z != -5");
Assert::AreEqual(0.0f, elem.a, L"u1 != 0.0");
Assert::AreEqual(2.122715f, elem.b, L"u2 != 2.122715");
Assert::AreEqual(-2.122715f, elem.c, L"v2 != 2.991668");
Assert::AreEqual(0.0f, elem.d, L"v1 != 0.0");
Assert::AreEqual(2.991668f, elem.tx, L"tx != 2.991668");
Assert::AreEqual(-2.869065f, elem.ty, L"ty != -2.869065");
}
}
catch (const std::invalid_argument& e)
{
wchar_t w_msg[100]= L"invalid_argument异常:";
MultiByteToWideChar(936U, 0, e.what(), -1, w_msg + 20, 80);
Assert::Fail(w_msg);
}
catch (const KleiAnim::Exception::invalid_file& e)
{
wchar_t w_msg[100]=L"invalid_file异常:";
MultiByteToWideChar(936U, 0, e.what(), -1, w_msg + 16, 84);
Assert::Fail(w_msg);
}
}
TEST_METHOD(BinBuildRead)
{
using namespace KleiAnim;
Binary::BuildReader test_reader("./build_test.bin");
Assert::AreEqual("nato556", test_reader.name().c_str(), L"name");
Assert::AreEqual(1u, test_reader.atlas_count(), L"atlas size != 1");
Assert::AreEqual(1u, test_reader.symbol_count(), L"symbol count != 1");
Assert::AreEqual(6u, test_reader.vertex_count(), L"vertex count != 6");
Assert::AreEqual("atlas-0.tex", test_reader.atlas(0).name.c_str(), "atlas-0 name != atlas-0.tex");
const auto& sym0 = test_reader[0];
Assert::AreEqual(size_t(1), sym0.frames.size(), L"frame size != 1");
auto& frame0 = sym0.frames[0];
Assert::AreEqual(0u, frame0.frame_number, L"frame number != 0");
Assert::AreEqual(1u, frame0.duration, L"duration != 1");
Assert::AreEqual(-0.190720f, frame0.x, L"x != -0.190720");
Assert::AreEqual(-2.152384f, frame0.y, L"y != -2.152384");
Assert::AreEqual(64.0f, frame0.w, L"w != 64.0");
Assert::AreEqual(64.0f, frame0.h, L"h != 64.0");
Assert::AreEqual(6u, frame0.alpha_count, L"alpha count != 6");
Assert::AreEqual(0u, frame0.vertbox_startindex, L"alpha index != 0");
//todo:vertices assert
}
TEST_METHOD(BinBuildWrite)
{
using namespace KleiAnim::Binary;
using namespace KleiAnim::Common;
BuildBase TestBase(2, 3, "TestBuild",
{
Atlas{"atlas-0"}
},
{
Symbol
{
0U,
{
BuildFrame(),
BuildFrame{1,2,0,0,24.0f,24.0f,0,0}
}
},
Symbol
{
1U,
{
BuildFrame{2,2,0,0,24.0f,24.0f,0,0}
}
}
},
{}
);
BuildWriter test_write("./test-write-build.bin",TestBase);
test_write.writefile();
BuildReader read_out("./test-write-build.bin");
{
using namespace std::string_literals;
Assert::AreEqual("atlas-0"s, read_out.atlas(0).name);
auto& sym0 = read_out[0];
auto& sym1 = read_out[1];
Assert::AreEqual(0U, sym0.name_hash);
Assert::AreEqual(1U, sym1.name_hash);
Assert::AreEqual(
{
BuildFrame(),
BuildFrame{1,2,0,0,24.0f,24.0f,0,0}
}, sym0.frames
);
Assert::AreEqual(
{
BuildFrame{2,2,0,0,24.0f,24.0f,0,0}
}, sym1.frames
);
}
}
TEST_METHOD(BinAnimWrite)
{
using namespace KleiAnim::Binary;
using namespace KleiAnim::Common;
using namespace std::string_literals;
using std::make_pair;
AnimationBase base
(
{
Animation
{
"test_anim"s,Facing::All,20,20.0f,
{
AnimationFrame
{
0.0f,1.0f,2.0f,3.0f,{Event(30)},{Element{10,0,0}}
}
}
}
}, { make_pair(20,"rootsymbol"s),make_pair(30,"event0"s),make_pair(10,"elem0"s),make_pair(0,"layer0"s) }
);
AnimationWriter testw(".\\test-write-anim.bin",base);
testw.writefile();
AnimationReader testr(".\\test-write-anim.bin");
{
auto& anim0 = *testr.begin();
Assert::AreEqual(Facing::All, anim0.facing);
Assert::AreEqual(20u, anim0.rootsym_hash);
Assert::AreEqual(20.0f, anim0.frame_rate);
{
auto& f = *anim0.frames.begin();
Assert::AreEqual(0.0f, f.x);;
Assert::AreEqual(1.0f, f.y);
Assert::AreEqual(2.0f, f.w);
Assert::AreEqual(3.0f, f.h);
Assert::AreEqual(30u, f.events[0].name_hash);
{
auto& elem = f.elements[0];
Assert::AreEqual(10u, elem.name_hash);
Assert::AreEqual(0u, elem.frame);
Assert::AreEqual(0u, elem.layer_hash);
//剩下的偷懒不测试了
}
}
}
}
TEST_METHOD(AnimToXML)
{
KleiAnim::XML::AnimBin2XML("anim_test.bin","animation.test.xml");
}
TEST_METHOD(BuildToXML)
{
KleiAnim::XML::BuildBin2XML("build_test.bin", "build.test.xml");
}
TEST_METHOD(VerticesTest)
{
using namespace KleiAnim::Vertex;
KleiAnim::Binary::BuildReader bin{ L".\\build_test.bin" };
auto* g = MakeGroup(bin.vertices(0));
auto i = FromGroup(*g);
Assert::IsTrue(VaildateGroup(*g));
}
private:
void mt_read_elem(const unsigned int count,
std::vector<::KleiAnim::Common::Element>& out,
const std::filesystem::path& path,
const size_t pos)
{
using std::thread;
using std::ios;
std::mutex mtx_fin;
std::mutex mtx_out;
static const unsigned int t_limit = thread::hardware_concurrency();
unsigned int finished = 0;
for (unsigned int t_index = 0; t_index < t_limit; t_index++)
//unsigned int t_index = 0;
{
thread(
[&out, count, pos, path, &finished, &mtx_fin, &mtx_out]
(unsigned int cur_tid)
{
thread_local std::ifstream file(path, ios::binary | ios::in);
thread_local size_t begin_pos = pos + (40Ui64 * count * cur_tid) / t_limit;
::KleiAnim::Common::Element read_out{ 0,0,0,0.0f,0.0f,0.0f,0.0f,0.0f,0.0f,0.0f };
file.seekg(begin_pos);
//读取
for (size_t i = 0; i < count / t_limit; i++)
{
file.read((char*)(&read_out), 40);
mtx_out.lock();
out.push_back(read_out);
mtx_out.unlock();
}
file.close();
mtx_fin.lock();
finished++;
mtx_fin.unlock();
},
t_index).detach();
}
while (finished != t_limit)
{
using namespace std::chrono;
std::this_thread::sleep_for(1ms);
}
}
std::vector<KleiAnim::Common::Element> st_read_elem(std::ifstream& f, unsigned int count)
{
using KleiAnim::Common::Element;
std::vector<Element> ret;
ret.resize(count);
f.read((char*)ret.data(), static_cast<size_t>(count) * 40Ui64);
return ret;
}
};
} | 0.553431 | 0.651698 | 3,377 | 13,539 | 270 | 270 | Testing Item Definitions | false |
99,964 | github_open_source_100_2_8348 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* Copyright (c) 2013-2016, SICS, Swedish ICT AB.
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* 3. Neither the name of the Institute nor the names of its contributors
* may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
* without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
* "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
* LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
* FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
* SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
* LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF
* USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
* ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
* OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
* OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
/**
* \file
* Platform API
* \author
* Niclas Finne <[email protected]>
*/
#include "contiki.h"
#include "dev/sparrow-device.h"
#include <stdio.h>
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
static void
init(void)
{
/* Nothing to initialize */
}
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
static uint8_t
get_reset_cause(void)
{
return SPARROW_DEVICE_RESET_CAUSE_NONE;
}
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
static uint8_t
get_extended_reset_cause(void)
{
return SPARROW_DEVICE_EXTENDED_RESET_CAUSE_NONE;
}
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
static const char *
reset_cause(void)
{
return "Unknown";
}
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
static int
get_capabilities(uint64_t *capabilities)
{
if(capabilities) {
*capabilities = 0ULL;
}
return 1;
}
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
static uint32_t
get_bootloader_version(void)
{
return 0;
}
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
static void
do_reboot(void)
{
printf("*** Reboot called\n");
}
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
static void
reboot_to_selected_image(int image)
{
printf("*** Reboot to image %u called\n", image);
}
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*
* Return number of this running image, or -1 if unknown.
*/
static int
get_running_image(void)
{
return -1;
}
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
static int
get_image_count(void)
{
return -1;
}
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
const struct sparrow_device native_sparrow_device = {
.init = init,
.get_capabilities = get_capabilities,
.get_reset_cause = get_reset_cause,
.get_extended_reset_cause = get_extended_reset_cause,
.reset_cause = reset_cause,
.reboot = do_reboot,
.reboot_to_image = reboot_to_selected_image,
.get_image_count = get_image_count,
.get_running_image = get_running_image,
.get_bootloader_version = get_bootloader_version
};
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
| 0.437987 | 0.56574 | 3,246 | 12,892 | 282 | 282 | Kernel/OS Source Code | false |
99,965 | github_open_source_100_2_8349 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package handshake
import (
"bytes"
"crypto/rand"
"crypto/rsa"
"crypto/tls"
"crypto/x509"
"crypto/x509/pkix"
"math/big"
"time"
mocktls "github.com/IoTPanic/quic-go/internal/mocks/tls"
"github.com/IoTPanic/quic-go/internal/protocol"
"github.com/IoTPanic/quic-go/internal/qerr"
"github.com/IoTPanic/quic-go/internal/testdata"
"github.com/IoTPanic/quic-go/internal/utils"
"github.com/IoTPanic/quic-go/internal/wire"
"github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
. "github.com/onsi/ginkgo"
. "github.com/onsi/gomega"
)
var helloRetryRequestRandom = []byte{ // See RFC 8446, Section 4.1.3.
0xCF, 0x21, 0xAD, 0x74, 0xE5, 0x9A, 0x61, 0x11,
0xBE, 0x1D, 0x8C, 0x02, 0x1E, 0x65, 0xB8, 0x91,
0xC2, 0xA2, 0x11, 0x16, 0x7A, 0xBB, 0x8C, 0x5E,
0x07, 0x9E, 0x09, 0xE2, 0xC8, 0xA8, 0x33, 0x9C,
}
type chunk struct {
data []byte
encLevel protocol.EncryptionLevel
}
type stream struct {
encLevel protocol.EncryptionLevel
chunkChan chan<- chunk
}
func newStream(chunkChan chan<- chunk, encLevel protocol.EncryptionLevel) *stream {
return &stream{
chunkChan: chunkChan,
encLevel: encLevel,
}
}
func (s *stream) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
data := make([]byte, len(b))
copy(data, b)
select {
case s.chunkChan <- chunk{data: data, encLevel: s.encLevel}:
default:
panic("chunkChan too small")
}
return len(b), nil
}
var _ = Describe("Crypto Setup TLS", func() {
var clientConf, serverConf *tls.Config
// unparam incorrectly complains that the first argument is never used.
//nolint:unparam
initStreams := func() (chan chunk, *stream /* initial */, *stream /* handshake */) {
chunkChan := make(chan chunk, 100)
initialStream := newStream(chunkChan, protocol.EncryptionInitial)
handshakeStream := newStream(chunkChan, protocol.EncryptionHandshake)
return chunkChan, initialStream, handshakeStream
}
BeforeEach(func() {
serverConf = testdata.GetTLSConfig()
serverConf.NextProtos = []string{"crypto-setup"}
clientConf = &tls.Config{
ServerName: "localhost",
RootCAs: testdata.GetRootCA(),
NextProtos: []string{"crypto-setup"},
}
})
It("returns Handshake() when an error occurs in qtls", func() {
sErrChan := make(chan error, 1)
runner := NewMockHandshakeRunner(mockCtrl)
runner.EXPECT().OnError(gomock.Any()).Do(func(e error) { sErrChan <- e })
_, sInitialStream, sHandshakeStream := initStreams()
var token protocol.StatelessResetToken
server := NewCryptoSetupServer(
sInitialStream,
sHandshakeStream,
protocol.ConnectionID{},
nil,
nil,
&wire.TransportParameters{StatelessResetToken: &token},
runner,
testdata.GetTLSConfig(),
false,
&utils.RTTStats{},
nil,
utils.DefaultLogger.WithPrefix("server"),
protocol.VersionTLS,
)
done := make(chan struct{})
go func() {
defer GinkgoRecover()
server.RunHandshake()
Expect(sErrChan).To(Receive(MatchError(&qerr.TransportError{
ErrorCode: 0x10a,
ErrorMessage: "local error: tls: unexpected message",
})))
close(done)
}()
fakeCH := append([]byte{byte(typeClientHello), 0, 0, 6}, []byte("foobar")...)
handledMessage := make(chan struct{})
go func() {
defer GinkgoRecover()
server.HandleMessage(fakeCH, protocol.EncryptionInitial)
close(handledMessage)
}()
Eventually(handledMessage).Should(BeClosed())
Eventually(done).Should(BeClosed())
})
It("errors when a message is received at the wrong encryption level", func() {
sErrChan := make(chan error, 1)
_, sInitialStream, sHandshakeStream := initStreams()
runner := NewMockHandshakeRunner(mockCtrl)
runner.EXPECT().OnError(gomock.Any()).Do(func(e error) { sErrChan <- e })
var token protocol.StatelessResetToken
server := NewCryptoSetupServer(
sInitialStream,
sHandshakeStream,
protocol.ConnectionID{},
nil,
nil,
&wire.TransportParameters{StatelessResetToken: &token},
runner,
testdata.GetTLSConfig(),
false,
&utils.RTTStats{},
nil,
utils.DefaultLogger.WithPrefix("server"),
protocol.VersionTLS,
)
done := make(chan struct{})
go func() {
defer GinkgoRecover()
server.RunHandshake()
close(done)
}()
fakeCH := append([]byte{byte(typeClientHello), 0, 0, 6}, []byte("foobar")...)
server.HandleMessage(fakeCH, protocol.EncryptionHandshake) // wrong encryption level
Expect(sErrChan).To(Receive(MatchError(&qerr.TransportError{
ErrorCode: 0x100 + qerr.TransportErrorCode(alertUnexpectedMessage),
ErrorMessage: "expected handshake message ClientHello to have encryption level Initial, has Handshake",
})))
// make the go routine return
Expect(server.Close()).To(Succeed())
Eventually(done).Should(BeClosed())
})
It("returns Handshake() when handling a message fails", func() {
sErrChan := make(chan error, 1)
_, sInitialStream, sHandshakeStream := initStreams()
runner := NewMockHandshakeRunner(mockCtrl)
runner.EXPECT().OnError(gomock.Any()).Do(func(e error) { sErrChan <- e })
var token protocol.StatelessResetToken
server := NewCryptoSetupServer(
sInitialStream,
sHandshakeStream,
protocol.ConnectionID{},
nil,
nil,
&wire.TransportParameters{StatelessResetToken: &token},
runner,
serverConf,
false,
&utils.RTTStats{},
nil,
utils.DefaultLogger.WithPrefix("server"),
protocol.VersionTLS,
)
done := make(chan struct{})
go func() {
defer GinkgoRecover()
server.RunHandshake()
var err error
Expect(sErrChan).To(Receive(&err))
Expect(err).To(BeAssignableToTypeOf(&qerr.TransportError{}))
Expect(err.(*qerr.TransportError).ErrorCode).To(BeEquivalentTo(0x100 + int(alertUnexpectedMessage)))
close(done)
}()
fakeCH := append([]byte{byte(typeServerHello), 0, 0, 6}, []byte("foobar")...)
server.HandleMessage(fakeCH, protocol.EncryptionInitial) // wrong encryption level
Eventually(done).Should(BeClosed())
})
It("returns Handshake() when it is closed", func() {
_, sInitialStream, sHandshakeStream := initStreams()
var token protocol.StatelessResetToken
server := NewCryptoSetupServer(
sInitialStream,
sHandshakeStream,
protocol.ConnectionID{},
nil,
nil,
&wire.TransportParameters{StatelessResetToken: &token},
NewMockHandshakeRunner(mockCtrl),
serverConf,
false,
&utils.RTTStats{},
nil,
utils.DefaultLogger.WithPrefix("server"),
protocol.VersionTLS,
)
done := make(chan struct{})
go func() {
defer GinkgoRecover()
server.RunHandshake()
close(done)
}()
Expect(server.Close()).To(Succeed())
Eventually(done).Should(BeClosed())
})
Context("doing the handshake", func() {
generateCert := func() tls.Certificate {
priv, err := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 2048)
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
tmpl := &x509.Certificate{
SerialNumber: big.NewInt(1),
Subject: pkix.Name{},
SignatureAlgorithm: x509.SHA256WithRSA,
NotBefore: time.Now(),
NotAfter: time.Now().Add(time.Hour), // valid for an hour
BasicConstraintsValid: true,
}
certDER, err := x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, tmpl, tmpl, priv.Public(), priv)
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
return tls.Certificate{
PrivateKey: priv,
Certificate: [][]byte{certDER},
}
}
newRTTStatsWithRTT := func(rtt time.Duration) *utils.RTTStats {
rttStats := &utils.RTTStats{}
rttStats.UpdateRTT(rtt, 0, time.Now())
ExpectWithOffset(1, rttStats.SmoothedRTT()).To(Equal(rtt))
return rttStats
}
handshake := func(client CryptoSetup, cChunkChan <-chan chunk,
server CryptoSetup, sChunkChan <-chan chunk) {
done := make(chan struct{})
go func() {
defer GinkgoRecover()
for {
select {
case c := <-cChunkChan:
msgType := messageType(c.data[0])
finished := server.HandleMessage(c.data, c.encLevel)
if msgType == typeFinished {
Expect(finished).To(BeTrue())
} else if msgType == typeClientHello {
// If this ClientHello didn't elicit a HelloRetryRequest, we're done with Initial keys.
_, err := server.GetHandshakeOpener()
Expect(finished).To(Equal(err == nil))
} else {
Expect(finished).To(BeFalse())
}
case c := <-sChunkChan:
msgType := messageType(c.data[0])
finished := client.HandleMessage(c.data, c.encLevel)
if msgType == typeFinished {
Expect(finished).To(BeTrue())
} else if msgType == typeServerHello {
Expect(finished).To(Equal(!bytes.Equal(c.data[6:6+32], helloRetryRequestRandom)))
} else {
Expect(finished).To(BeFalse())
}
case <-done: // handshake complete
return
}
}
}()
go func() {
defer GinkgoRecover()
defer close(done)
server.RunHandshake()
ticket, err := server.GetSessionTicket()
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
if ticket != nil {
client.HandleMessage(ticket, protocol.Encryption1RTT)
}
}()
client.RunHandshake()
Eventually(done).Should(BeClosed())
}
handshakeWithTLSConf := func(
clientConf, serverConf *tls.Config,
clientRTTStats, serverRTTStats *utils.RTTStats,
clientTransportParameters, serverTransportParameters *wire.TransportParameters,
enable0RTT bool,
) (<-chan *wire.TransportParameters /* clientHelloWrittenChan */, CryptoSetup /* client */, error /* client error */, CryptoSetup /* server */, error /* server error */) {
var cHandshakeComplete bool
cChunkChan, cInitialStream, cHandshakeStream := initStreams()
cErrChan := make(chan error, 1)
cRunner := NewMockHandshakeRunner(mockCtrl)
cRunner.EXPECT().OnReceivedParams(gomock.Any())
cRunner.EXPECT().OnError(gomock.Any()).Do(func(e error) { cErrChan <- e }).MaxTimes(1)
cRunner.EXPECT().OnHandshakeComplete().Do(func() { cHandshakeComplete = true }).MaxTimes(1)
cRunner.EXPECT().DropKeys(gomock.Any()).MaxTimes(1)
client, clientHelloWrittenChan := NewCryptoSetupClient(
cInitialStream,
cHandshakeStream,
protocol.ConnectionID{},
nil,
nil,
clientTransportParameters,
cRunner,
clientConf,
enable0RTT,
clientRTTStats,
nil,
utils.DefaultLogger.WithPrefix("client"),
protocol.VersionTLS,
)
var sHandshakeComplete bool
sChunkChan, sInitialStream, sHandshakeStream := initStreams()
sErrChan := make(chan error, 1)
sRunner := NewMockHandshakeRunner(mockCtrl)
sRunner.EXPECT().OnReceivedParams(gomock.Any())
sRunner.EXPECT().OnError(gomock.Any()).Do(func(e error) { sErrChan <- e }).MaxTimes(1)
sRunner.EXPECT().OnHandshakeComplete().Do(func() { sHandshakeComplete = true }).MaxTimes(1)
if serverTransportParameters.StatelessResetToken == nil {
var token protocol.StatelessResetToken
serverTransportParameters.StatelessResetToken = &token
}
server := NewCryptoSetupServer(
sInitialStream,
sHandshakeStream,
protocol.ConnectionID{},
nil,
nil,
serverTransportParameters,
sRunner,
serverConf,
enable0RTT,
serverRTTStats,
nil,
utils.DefaultLogger.WithPrefix("server"),
protocol.VersionTLS,
)
handshake(client, cChunkChan, server, sChunkChan)
var cErr, sErr error
select {
case sErr = <-sErrChan:
default:
Expect(sHandshakeComplete).To(BeTrue())
}
select {
case cErr = <-cErrChan:
default:
Expect(cHandshakeComplete).To(BeTrue())
}
return clientHelloWrittenChan, client, cErr, server, sErr
}
It("handshakes", func() {
_, _, clientErr, _, serverErr := handshakeWithTLSConf(
clientConf, serverConf,
&utils.RTTStats{}, &utils.RTTStats{},
&wire.TransportParameters{}, &wire.TransportParameters{},
false,
)
Expect(clientErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Expect(serverErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
})
It("performs a HelloRetryRequst", func() {
serverConf.CurvePreferences = []tls.CurveID{tls.CurveP384}
_, _, clientErr, _, serverErr := handshakeWithTLSConf(
clientConf, serverConf,
&utils.RTTStats{}, &utils.RTTStats{},
&wire.TransportParameters{}, &wire.TransportParameters{},
false,
)
Expect(clientErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Expect(serverErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
})
It("handshakes with client auth", func() {
clientConf.Certificates = []tls.Certificate{generateCert()}
serverConf.ClientAuth = tls.RequireAnyClientCert
_, _, clientErr, _, serverErr := handshakeWithTLSConf(
clientConf, serverConf,
&utils.RTTStats{}, &utils.RTTStats{},
&wire.TransportParameters{}, &wire.TransportParameters{},
false,
)
Expect(clientErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Expect(serverErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
})
It("signals when it has written the ClientHello", func() {
runner := NewMockHandshakeRunner(mockCtrl)
cChunkChan, cInitialStream, cHandshakeStream := initStreams()
client, chChan := NewCryptoSetupClient(
cInitialStream,
cHandshakeStream,
protocol.ConnectionID{},
nil,
nil,
&wire.TransportParameters{},
runner,
&tls.Config{InsecureSkipVerify: true},
false,
&utils.RTTStats{},
nil,
utils.DefaultLogger.WithPrefix("client"),
protocol.VersionTLS,
)
done := make(chan struct{})
go func() {
defer GinkgoRecover()
client.RunHandshake()
close(done)
}()
var ch chunk
Eventually(cChunkChan).Should(Receive(&ch))
Eventually(chChan).Should(Receive(BeNil()))
// make sure the whole ClientHello was written
Expect(len(ch.data)).To(BeNumerically(">=", 4))
Expect(messageType(ch.data[0])).To(Equal(typeClientHello))
length := int(ch.data[1])<<16 | int(ch.data[2])<<8 | int(ch.data[3])
Expect(len(ch.data) - 4).To(Equal(length))
// make the go routine return
Expect(client.Close()).To(Succeed())
Eventually(done).Should(BeClosed())
})
It("receives transport parameters", func() {
var cTransportParametersRcvd, sTransportParametersRcvd *wire.TransportParameters
cChunkChan, cInitialStream, cHandshakeStream := initStreams()
cTransportParameters := &wire.TransportParameters{MaxIdleTimeout: 0x42 * time.Second}
cRunner := NewMockHandshakeRunner(mockCtrl)
cRunner.EXPECT().OnReceivedParams(gomock.Any()).Do(func(tp *wire.TransportParameters) { sTransportParametersRcvd = tp })
cRunner.EXPECT().OnHandshakeComplete()
client, _ := NewCryptoSetupClient(
cInitialStream,
cHandshakeStream,
protocol.ConnectionID{},
nil,
nil,
cTransportParameters,
cRunner,
clientConf,
false,
&utils.RTTStats{},
nil,
utils.DefaultLogger.WithPrefix("client"),
protocol.VersionTLS,
)
sChunkChan, sInitialStream, sHandshakeStream := initStreams()
var token protocol.StatelessResetToken
sRunner := NewMockHandshakeRunner(mockCtrl)
sRunner.EXPECT().OnReceivedParams(gomock.Any()).Do(func(tp *wire.TransportParameters) { cTransportParametersRcvd = tp })
sRunner.EXPECT().OnHandshakeComplete()
sTransportParameters := &wire.TransportParameters{
MaxIdleTimeout: 0x1337 * time.Second,
StatelessResetToken: &token,
}
server := NewCryptoSetupServer(
sInitialStream,
sHandshakeStream,
protocol.ConnectionID{},
nil,
nil,
sTransportParameters,
sRunner,
serverConf,
false,
&utils.RTTStats{},
nil,
utils.DefaultLogger.WithPrefix("server"),
protocol.VersionTLS,
)
done := make(chan struct{})
go func() {
defer GinkgoRecover()
handshake(client, cChunkChan, server, sChunkChan)
close(done)
}()
Eventually(done).Should(BeClosed())
Expect(cTransportParametersRcvd.MaxIdleTimeout).To(Equal(cTransportParameters.MaxIdleTimeout))
Expect(sTransportParametersRcvd).ToNot(BeNil())
Expect(sTransportParametersRcvd.MaxIdleTimeout).To(Equal(sTransportParameters.MaxIdleTimeout))
})
Context("with session tickets", func() {
It("errors when the NewSessionTicket is sent at the wrong encryption level", func() {
cChunkChan, cInitialStream, cHandshakeStream := initStreams()
cRunner := NewMockHandshakeRunner(mockCtrl)
cRunner.EXPECT().OnReceivedParams(gomock.Any())
cRunner.EXPECT().OnHandshakeComplete()
client, _ := NewCryptoSetupClient(
cInitialStream,
cHandshakeStream,
protocol.ConnectionID{},
nil,
nil,
&wire.TransportParameters{},
cRunner,
clientConf,
false,
&utils.RTTStats{},
nil,
utils.DefaultLogger.WithPrefix("client"),
protocol.VersionTLS,
)
sChunkChan, sInitialStream, sHandshakeStream := initStreams()
sRunner := NewMockHandshakeRunner(mockCtrl)
sRunner.EXPECT().OnReceivedParams(gomock.Any())
sRunner.EXPECT().OnHandshakeComplete()
var token protocol.StatelessResetToken
server := NewCryptoSetupServer(
sInitialStream,
sHandshakeStream,
protocol.ConnectionID{},
nil,
nil,
&wire.TransportParameters{StatelessResetToken: &token},
sRunner,
serverConf,
false,
&utils.RTTStats{},
nil,
utils.DefaultLogger.WithPrefix("server"),
protocol.VersionTLS,
)
done := make(chan struct{})
go func() {
defer GinkgoRecover()
handshake(client, cChunkChan, server, sChunkChan)
close(done)
}()
Eventually(done).Should(BeClosed())
// inject an invalid session ticket
cRunner.EXPECT().OnError(&qerr.TransportError{
ErrorCode: 0x100 + qerr.TransportErrorCode(alertUnexpectedMessage),
ErrorMessage: "expected handshake message NewSessionTicket to have encryption level 1-RTT, has Handshake",
})
b := append([]byte{uint8(typeNewSessionTicket), 0, 0, 6}, []byte("foobar")...)
client.HandleMessage(b, protocol.EncryptionHandshake)
})
It("errors when handling the NewSessionTicket fails", func() {
cChunkChan, cInitialStream, cHandshakeStream := initStreams()
cRunner := NewMockHandshakeRunner(mockCtrl)
cRunner.EXPECT().OnReceivedParams(gomock.Any())
cRunner.EXPECT().OnHandshakeComplete()
client, _ := NewCryptoSetupClient(
cInitialStream,
cHandshakeStream,
protocol.ConnectionID{},
nil,
nil,
&wire.TransportParameters{},
cRunner,
clientConf,
false,
&utils.RTTStats{},
nil,
utils.DefaultLogger.WithPrefix("client"),
protocol.VersionTLS,
)
sChunkChan, sInitialStream, sHandshakeStream := initStreams()
sRunner := NewMockHandshakeRunner(mockCtrl)
sRunner.EXPECT().OnReceivedParams(gomock.Any())
sRunner.EXPECT().OnHandshakeComplete()
var token protocol.StatelessResetToken
server := NewCryptoSetupServer(
sInitialStream,
sHandshakeStream,
protocol.ConnectionID{},
nil,
nil,
&wire.TransportParameters{StatelessResetToken: &token},
sRunner,
serverConf,
false,
&utils.RTTStats{},
nil,
utils.DefaultLogger.WithPrefix("server"),
protocol.VersionTLS,
)
done := make(chan struct{})
go func() {
defer GinkgoRecover()
handshake(client, cChunkChan, server, sChunkChan)
close(done)
}()
Eventually(done).Should(BeClosed())
// inject an invalid session ticket
cRunner.EXPECT().OnError(gomock.Any()).Do(func(err error) {
Expect(err).To(BeAssignableToTypeOf(&qerr.TransportError{}))
Expect(err.(*qerr.TransportError).ErrorCode.IsCryptoError()).To(BeTrue())
})
b := append([]byte{uint8(typeNewSessionTicket), 0, 0, 6}, []byte("foobar")...)
client.HandleMessage(b, protocol.Encryption1RTT)
})
It("uses session resumption", func() {
csc := mocktls.NewMockClientSessionCache(mockCtrl)
var state *tls.ClientSessionState
receivedSessionTicket := make(chan struct{})
csc.EXPECT().Get(gomock.Any())
csc.EXPECT().Put(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).Do(func(_ string, css *tls.ClientSessionState) {
state = css
close(receivedSessionTicket)
})
clientConf.ClientSessionCache = csc
const clientRTT = 30 * time.Millisecond // RTT as measured by the client. Should be restored.
clientOrigRTTStats := newRTTStatsWithRTT(clientRTT)
clientHelloWrittenChan, client, clientErr, server, serverErr := handshakeWithTLSConf(
clientConf, serverConf,
clientOrigRTTStats, &utils.RTTStats{},
&wire.TransportParameters{}, &wire.TransportParameters{},
false,
)
Expect(clientErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Expect(serverErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Eventually(receivedSessionTicket).Should(BeClosed())
Expect(server.ConnectionState().DidResume).To(BeFalse())
Expect(client.ConnectionState().DidResume).To(BeFalse())
Expect(clientHelloWrittenChan).To(Receive(BeNil()))
csc.EXPECT().Get(gomock.Any()).Return(state, true)
csc.EXPECT().Put(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).MaxTimes(1)
clientRTTStats := &utils.RTTStats{}
clientHelloWrittenChan, client, clientErr, server, serverErr = handshakeWithTLSConf(
clientConf, serverConf,
clientRTTStats, &utils.RTTStats{},
&wire.TransportParameters{}, &wire.TransportParameters{},
false,
)
Expect(clientErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Expect(serverErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Eventually(receivedSessionTicket).Should(BeClosed())
Expect(server.ConnectionState().DidResume).To(BeTrue())
Expect(client.ConnectionState().DidResume).To(BeTrue())
Expect(clientRTTStats.SmoothedRTT()).To(Equal(clientRTT))
Expect(clientHelloWrittenChan).To(Receive(BeNil()))
})
It("doesn't use session resumption if the server disabled it", func() {
csc := mocktls.NewMockClientSessionCache(mockCtrl)
var state *tls.ClientSessionState
receivedSessionTicket := make(chan struct{})
csc.EXPECT().Get(gomock.Any())
csc.EXPECT().Put(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).Do(func(_ string, css *tls.ClientSessionState) {
state = css
close(receivedSessionTicket)
})
clientConf.ClientSessionCache = csc
_, client, clientErr, server, serverErr := handshakeWithTLSConf(
clientConf, serverConf,
&utils.RTTStats{}, &utils.RTTStats{},
&wire.TransportParameters{}, &wire.TransportParameters{},
false,
)
Expect(clientErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Expect(serverErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Eventually(receivedSessionTicket).Should(BeClosed())
Expect(server.ConnectionState().DidResume).To(BeFalse())
Expect(client.ConnectionState().DidResume).To(BeFalse())
serverConf.SessionTicketsDisabled = true
csc.EXPECT().Get(gomock.Any()).Return(state, true)
_, client, clientErr, server, serverErr = handshakeWithTLSConf(
clientConf, serverConf,
&utils.RTTStats{}, &utils.RTTStats{},
&wire.TransportParameters{}, &wire.TransportParameters{},
false,
)
Expect(clientErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Expect(serverErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Eventually(receivedSessionTicket).Should(BeClosed())
Expect(server.ConnectionState().DidResume).To(BeFalse())
Expect(client.ConnectionState().DidResume).To(BeFalse())
})
It("uses 0-RTT", func() {
csc := mocktls.NewMockClientSessionCache(mockCtrl)
var state *tls.ClientSessionState
receivedSessionTicket := make(chan struct{})
csc.EXPECT().Get(gomock.Any())
csc.EXPECT().Put(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).Do(func(_ string, css *tls.ClientSessionState) {
state = css
close(receivedSessionTicket)
})
clientConf.ClientSessionCache = csc
const serverRTT = 25 * time.Millisecond // RTT as measured by the server. Should be restored.
const clientRTT = 30 * time.Millisecond // RTT as measured by the client. Should be restored.
serverOrigRTTStats := newRTTStatsWithRTT(serverRTT)
clientOrigRTTStats := newRTTStatsWithRTT(clientRTT)
const initialMaxData protocol.ByteCount = 1337
clientHelloWrittenChan, client, clientErr, server, serverErr := handshakeWithTLSConf(
clientConf, serverConf,
clientOrigRTTStats, serverOrigRTTStats,
&wire.TransportParameters{}, &wire.TransportParameters{InitialMaxData: initialMaxData},
true,
)
Expect(clientErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Expect(serverErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Eventually(receivedSessionTicket).Should(BeClosed())
Expect(server.ConnectionState().DidResume).To(BeFalse())
Expect(client.ConnectionState().DidResume).To(BeFalse())
Expect(clientHelloWrittenChan).To(Receive(BeNil()))
csc.EXPECT().Get(gomock.Any()).Return(state, true)
csc.EXPECT().Put(gomock.Any(), nil)
csc.EXPECT().Put(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).MaxTimes(1)
clientRTTStats := &utils.RTTStats{}
serverRTTStats := &utils.RTTStats{}
clientHelloWrittenChan, client, clientErr, server, serverErr = handshakeWithTLSConf(
clientConf, serverConf,
clientRTTStats, serverRTTStats,
&wire.TransportParameters{}, &wire.TransportParameters{InitialMaxData: initialMaxData},
true,
)
Expect(clientErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Expect(serverErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Expect(clientRTTStats.SmoothedRTT()).To(Equal(clientRTT))
Expect(serverRTTStats.SmoothedRTT()).To(Equal(serverRTT))
var tp *wire.TransportParameters
Expect(clientHelloWrittenChan).To(Receive(&tp))
Expect(tp.InitialMaxData).To(Equal(initialMaxData))
Expect(server.ConnectionState().DidResume).To(BeTrue())
Expect(client.ConnectionState().DidResume).To(BeTrue())
Expect(server.ConnectionState().Used0RTT).To(BeTrue())
Expect(client.ConnectionState().Used0RTT).To(BeTrue())
})
It("rejects 0-RTT, when the transport parameters changed", func() {
csc := mocktls.NewMockClientSessionCache(mockCtrl)
var state *tls.ClientSessionState
receivedSessionTicket := make(chan struct{})
csc.EXPECT().Get(gomock.Any())
csc.EXPECT().Put(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).Do(func(_ string, css *tls.ClientSessionState) {
state = css
close(receivedSessionTicket)
})
clientConf.ClientSessionCache = csc
const clientRTT = 30 * time.Millisecond // RTT as measured by the client. Should be restored.
clientOrigRTTStats := newRTTStatsWithRTT(clientRTT)
const initialMaxData protocol.ByteCount = 1337
clientHelloWrittenChan, client, clientErr, server, serverErr := handshakeWithTLSConf(
clientConf, serverConf,
clientOrigRTTStats, &utils.RTTStats{},
&wire.TransportParameters{}, &wire.TransportParameters{InitialMaxData: initialMaxData},
true,
)
Expect(clientErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Expect(serverErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Eventually(receivedSessionTicket).Should(BeClosed())
Expect(server.ConnectionState().DidResume).To(BeFalse())
Expect(client.ConnectionState().DidResume).To(BeFalse())
Expect(clientHelloWrittenChan).To(Receive(BeNil()))
csc.EXPECT().Get(gomock.Any()).Return(state, true)
csc.EXPECT().Put(gomock.Any(), nil)
csc.EXPECT().Put(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).MaxTimes(1)
clientRTTStats := &utils.RTTStats{}
clientHelloWrittenChan, client, clientErr, server, serverErr = handshakeWithTLSConf(
clientConf, serverConf,
clientRTTStats, &utils.RTTStats{},
&wire.TransportParameters{}, &wire.TransportParameters{InitialMaxData: initialMaxData - 1},
true,
)
Expect(clientErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Expect(serverErr).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Expect(clientRTTStats.SmoothedRTT()).To(Equal(clientRTT))
var tp *wire.TransportParameters
Expect(clientHelloWrittenChan).To(Receive(&tp))
Expect(tp.InitialMaxData).To(Equal(initialMaxData))
Expect(server.ConnectionState().DidResume).To(BeTrue())
Expect(client.ConnectionState().DidResume).To(BeTrue())
Expect(server.ConnectionState().Used0RTT).To(BeFalse())
Expect(client.ConnectionState().Used0RTT).To(BeFalse())
})
})
})
})
| 0.464349 | 0.697599 | 3,502 | 13,917 | 293 | 293 | AWS EC2 & Route53 | false |
99,966 | 9735315_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | TUCKER, Judge.
The damage claims in these four, above-named suits, which were consolidated for trial, all arose out of an automobile accident occurring on the night of August 23, 1968, at approximately 10:00 P.M., on Highway 10, just east of Franklinton, Louisiana. At that time Harold W. Creel, accompanied by his wife as a passenger, was driving his 1968 Ford pickup truck east on Highway 10. He was returning home from the Riverside Tavern at Clifton, Louisiana, where he had gone to purchase a six-pack of beer. He had drunk one beer there and was drinking one of the six-pack on his way home, having stayed only a few minutes at the tavern. Immediately prior to the accident Mr. Creel, who had been proceeding at about 50 m.p.h. by his and his wife's estimate, slowed down to turn left at the intersection which leads toward his home in Lynwood Subdivision. Both he and his wife had observed a vehicle approaching on the same highway and headed in a westerly direction, but estimated that it was at least 700 feet away. As Harold Creel attempted to cross the highway into his subdivision the car being driven by Jared Y. Bankston collided with him, causing damage to the Creel truck and severe injuries to the Creels.
The automobile driven by Jared Y. Bankston was damaged to the extent of $1,743.50, as stipulated to by the Bankston insurer, Insured Lloyds and the Creels Mr. Bankston suffered extensive perse-injuries and died four months later r related causes, never having given any testimony in regard to the accident.
The mother of the deceased driver Jared Y. Bankston, who was a major at the time of the accident, brought suit on his behalf against Harold Creel and his insurer (#9379). The United States of America intervened seeking $4,282.50, alleged expense of hospitalization furnished Jared Y. Bankston at the Public Health Service Hospital in New Orleans. Insured Lloyds, the subrogation carrier of Jared Y. Bank-ston, brought suit against the Creels and their insurer (#9380), seeking recovery of $1,743.50, stipulated as the damages to the Bankston automobile. Mrs. Margaret Creel brought suit against the Estate of Jared Y. Bankston, Inez Durden Bankston, and the Fidelity & Casualty Company of New York (Continental Insurance Company), seeking $115,275.00 for medical expenses, past and future, for loss of wages as a Postal Clerk, and for mental pain, suffering, anguish, permanent disability, et al. (#9381). Harold W. Creel brought suit against the Estate of Jared Y. Bankston, Inez Durden Bankston, and Fidelity & Casualty Company of New York (Continental Insurance Company) seeking $9,675.00 for his wife's injuries, $15,795.00 for damages for injuries to himself and to his truck, and $100,000.00 for his own pain, suffering, mental anguish, and permanent disability (#9382).
The trial judge found negligence on the part of both drivers, Jared Y. Bankston and Harold W. Creel, and, therefore, dismissed the suits by Harold Creel and by the Estate of Jared Y. Bankston (Nos. 9379 and 9382). He also dismissed the suit by Bankston's subrogation carrier Insured Lloyds, due to Bankston's negligence (# 9380), and, likewise, the intervention brought by the United States of America in # 9379. Judgment was awarded Mrs. Margaret Creel in the amount of $15,000.-00 against her husband's insurer and also against the Estate of Jared Y. Bankston. Inasmuch as she had already settled her suit against her husband's liability insurer for $5,000.00, the full amount of the policy with that company, the judgment was amended on new trial to reduce her judgment against the Estate of Jared Y. Bank-ston to the sum of $7,500.00.
Insured Lloyds and the Estate of Jared Y. Bankston have appealed, alleging that it was not proved by a preponderance of the evidence that Jared Y. Bankston's speed was excessive to the extent that it was a proximate cause of the accident, and that the accident was caused in fact by the negligence of Creel in turning left immediately into the pathway of an oncoming automobile which he saw.
The trial judge did not find Mr. Creel intoxicated. He did find him guilty of negligence, however, in making a left turn into the path of an oncoming vehicle which he saw and which was obviously approaching too rapidly to allow him to make his turn, cross the west bound lane of traffic and clear the highway before the vehicle reached him. We think that these findings are well-supported by the evidence, and that there is no manifest error in these findings.
Basing his judgment on the testimony of the State Trooper who investigated the accident, the testimony of the Rev. and Mrs. John Lewis and of Mr. Bobby Dillon, all of whom were passed by an automobile they thought to be that of Jared Y. Bankston which they later came upon immediately after the accident, the trial judge found that the deceased Jared Y. Bankston was traveling at an excessive rate of speed and that this speed was a proximate cause of the accident out of which these four consolidated suits arose. We concur in his findings on this score.
Although counsel for the Creels has argued from speed tables to prove the excessive rate of speed at which Jared Y. Bankston must have been travelling at the time of the collision, the trial judge did not base his decision upon any such speculation, and we prefer to ground our opinion upon the testimony which he found to preponderate. The Rev. Mr. Lewis testifiéd that he was travelling on Highway # 10 in a westerly direction at 60 m.p.h., immediately before the accident in question, when a vehicle "flew" by him in such a manner that he commented upon it to his wife. He testified that the vehicle overtook him at the intersection of the Highway with Seven Mile Road, which was variously estimated at 7-8 to 10-14 miles from the point of collision. Mr. Lewis further testified that this was the same vehicle which he later saw overturned after the collision. His wife who was with him at the time testified essentially to the same occurrence of events, but could not identify the automobile positively, although she thought that it was the same one which had just passed them at an excessive rate of speed.
Mr. Bobby Dillon testified that a black and white Chevelle or Malibu passed him shortly before he came upon it overturned immediately following the collision. Mr. Dillon testified that he had been proceeding at the rate of 50 or 60 m.p.h., or faster. He refused to estimate the rate of speed of what turned out to be the Bankston vehicle, other than to say that it passed him while he was going 50-60 m.p.h., or faster.
The investigating officer testified that the Creel pickup truck was knocked back in a westerly direction 150 feet, the cab of the truck having been completely severed from the body of the truck. The Bankston vehicle was completely demolished, with the front end collapsed. It had turned over on its top and traveled approximately 74 feet down into a ditch on the south side of the highway. The officer measured only 18 feet of skid marks from the Bank-ston vehicle to the point of impact, which presents too speculative a circumstance for us to consider. We agree with the trial judge that the evidence preponderates in favor of holding that the Bankston vehicle was being driven at an excessive rate of speed and that this was a proximate cause of the accident. Had Jared Y. Bankston been proceeding at a lawful rate of speed, and assuming that he was approximately 700 feet away as Mr. Creel began his left turn, as testified to by both Mr. and Mrs. Creel, he would have had time in which to clear the highway before Mr. Bankston reached the Creel vehicle. The finding of negligence as to Mr. Creel is nonetheless, correct.
The trial court was correct in dismissing the demands of the plaintiffs in three of these consolidated cases, our Docket Nos. 9379, 9380 and 9382, and in rejecting the intervention of the United States of America in our Docket No. 9379, and in allowing recovery to the plaintiff, Margaret Creel, in our Docket No. 9381.
For the foregoing reasons the judgment of the trial court, including its amended judgment in our Docket No. 9381, is affirmed at the costs of the appellants in these four consolidated suits.
Affirmed..
| 0.385356 | -0.858307 | 300 | 1,240 | 36 | 36 | Court Cases | false |
99,967 | 1086504_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 피차노()는 이탈리아 아브루초주 페스카라도에 위치한 코무네다.
외부 링크
아브루초주의 코무네
페스카라도의 코무네.
| 0.349751 | -0.301486 | 1,451 | 5,718 | 222 | 222 | People Profiles | false |
99,968 | 15714_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 『グルーヴ地獄V』（グルーヴじごくファイヴ）は、ソニー・ミュージックエンタテインメントから発売されたゲームソフト。
1998年1月8日にPlayStation用のオムニバスゲーム集として発売された。
作品解説
テクノユニット、電気グルーヴがプロデュースし、自ら「ゲームジャンル：クソゲー」を名乗る。
キャラクターデザインは、ラバーズ・スーパーラバーズのキャラクター、PS用ゲーム『バスト・ア・ムーブ』のほか、電気グルーヴや篠原ともえのPV、テレビアニメ『OH!スーパーミルクチャン』のキャラクターデザインなどで知られる田中秀幸。
タイトル画面では、ピエール瀧が「グルーヴ地獄ファイヴ」とタイトル名を歌い上げる、書き下ろしアカペラ曲が流れる。
2005年12月22日に、ミニゲーム群をメインにした続編『バイトヘル2000』（PSP用ソフト）が発売。
システム
ゲームの目的は「音源集め」。
バイトと呼ばれるミニゲームで稼いだ小銭をガチャガチャ(ガチャポン)に入れ、出てきた音（音源）を収集し、ターンテーブルの付いた簡易シーケンサーで組み合わせることでテクノミュージックの演奏が可能。
収録ミニゲーム
主なミニゲームを以下に挙げる。
ボールペンコウジョウ
延々と流れてくるボールペンの本体にキャップをかぶせていく。ボールペンは上を向いているものと下を向いているものがあり、下を向いているものは上を向けてからキャップをかぶせなければならない。成績が良いと、就職を勧められる。
キノコ or DIE
道路を走行する車を避けながら、キャラクターを操作し道路の向かいを目指す。途中に落ちているキノコを取るとボーナス得点が入る。いわゆるフロッガー。
薪割り
目の前に出される薪を延々と割っていく。たまに動物が出されることがあり、薪を割るのが遅いか、動物を斬ってしまうと失敗。動物にそっくりな薪もあるので注意。
クサイモン
四つの顔がそれぞれ順番にゲップを吐き、その順番通りにボタン入力する、いわゆるサイモンゲーム。
崖レース
チキンレース。
交通量調査
道を通り過ぎる通行人をカウントしていくゲーム。人間以外にも宇宙人や猫、戦車などが通るので、うまく人間だけをカウントしなくてはいけない。
心霊写真鑑定人
次々と表示される写真が心霊写真であるか否かを判定する。電気グルーヴメンバーの写真が多数使用されている。
ときめいていいとも
少女が行う花占いで、うまく「好き」に当たれば得点が得られる。稀にセーラー服を着た人物が出て、「明日いいかな?」と聞いてくるので、「いいとも」と答えると高額なバイト代（ギャラにちなんで1並び）が得られる。
評価
ミニゲームがどれも単純作業なので、ゲームライターの中には「3分で飽きる」「ゲームをする前に取扱説明書のゲーム説明を読んでいる間が一番幸せなひと時」と酷評する者もいる。ただ、苦痛に感じるバイトをテーマにしたエキセントリックなアイデア自体は光るものがあると評価する声もある。
電撃PlayStationソフトレビューでは2人のレビュアーともに未採点で、「ゲームとしてはダメ」とした上で説明書を読めば分かるようにそれは確信犯的であり、音楽制作ソフトとしては音楽素人とした1人はその視点で見ても音の種類が豊富、エフェクト変更や組み替えが自由でDJ気分を味わいたい人向けとし、もう1人は電気グルーヴのファン向けとも言えず音楽ゲームとしては自由度が低く作曲するような出来ではなく、安物の音源付きシーケンサーの方が楽しめると言った内容で電気グルーヴらしさはあるがコメントに困るとした。
スタッフ
プロデュース：電気グルーヴ
OPUS STAFF
開発プロデューサー：清水健司
開発ディレクター：津田純、勝田聡
プログラマー：吉原雅史、中村貴也
サウンドプログラマー：山口友生
システムプログラマー：鈴木隆志
CGデザイナー：勝田聡
開発支援：木村哲也、羽田祐一郎、藤澤奈奈江
SCEI STAFF
プロデューサー：藤澤孝史
チーフサウンドクリエイター：山崎耕一
サウンドクリエイター：西本啓一
テストプレイヤー：岡本昭子
EDITORIAL STAFF (MANUAL)
アートディレクター：田中秀幸
デザイナー：大房泰子（アトム）
編集・構成：石井誠
出典
外部リンク
opus｜sweepstation｜グルーヴ地獄V（公式サイト）
DENKI GROOVE（電気グルーヴ公式サイト）
PlayStation用ソフト
ミニゲーム集
1998年のコンピュータゲーム
電気グルーヴ.
| 0.363078 | 0.430551 | 2,923 | 11,735 | 121 | -1 | Unity Graphics Settings | false |
99,969 | 1271024_2013_2 | SEC | Public Domain | Risks Related to Our Business
We have a limited operating history in new and unproven markets, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and may increase the risk that we will not be successful.
We have a limited operating history in new and unproven markets that may not develop as expected. This limited operating history makes it difficult to effectively assess or forecast our future prospects. You should consider our business and prospects in light of the risks and difficulties we encounter or may encounter in these rapidly evolving markets. These risks and difficulties include our ability to, among other things:
•
hire, integrate and retain world class talent;
•
continue to earn and preserve our members’ trust with respect to their professional reputation and information;
•
develop and maintain scalable, high-performance technology infrastructure that can efficiently and reliably handle increased member usage globally while also implementing appropriate localization, as well as the deployment of new features and products;
•
avoid interruptions or disruptions in our service or slower than expected load times for our services;
•
increase our number of members and member engagement;
•
responsibly use the data that our members share with us to provide solutions that make our members more productive and successful and that are critical to the talent, marketing and sales needs of enterprises and professional organizations;
•
process, store, protect and use personal data in compliance with governmental regulations, contractual obligations and other legal obligations related to privacy and security;
•
halt the operations of websites that aggregate our data as well as data from other companies, or copycat websites that have misappropriated our data;
•
increase revenue from the solutions we provide;
•
successfully adapt to mobile markets and optimize services for mobile devices;
•
successfully expand our business in markets outside the United States;
•
successfully compete with other companies that are currently in, or may in the future enter, the online professional networking space; and
•
defend ourselves against litigation, regulatory, intellectual property, privacy and other claims.
If the market for online professional networks does not develop as we expect, or if we fail to address the needs of this market, our business will be harmed. We may not be able to successfully address these risks and difficulties or others, including those described elsewhere in these risk factors. Failure to adequately address these risks and difficulties could harm our business and cause our operating results to suffer.
We may not timely and effectively scale and adapt our existing technology and network infrastructure to ensure that our services and solutions are accessible within an acceptable load time. Additionally, natural disasters or other catastrophic occurrences beyond our control could interfere with access to our services.
A key element to our continued growth is the ability of our members, users (whom we define as anyone who visits one of our websites through a computer or application on a mobile device, regardless of whether or not they are a member), enterprises and professional organizations in all geographies to access our websites, services and solutions within acceptable load times. We call this website performance. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, service disruptions, outages and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human or software errors, capacity constraints due to an overwhelming number of users accessing our services simultaneously, and denial of service or fraud or security attacks. In some instances, we may not be able to identify the cause or causes of these website performance problems within an acceptable period of time. We expect it will become increasingly difficult to maintain and improve our website performance, especially during peak usage times and as our solutions become more complex and our total user traffic increases. If our services are unavailable when users attempt to access them or they do not load as quickly as users expect, users may seek other websites or services to obtain the information for which they are looking, and may not return to our website or use our services as often in the future, or at all. This would negatively impact our ability to attract members,
enterprises and professional organizations and increase engagement of our members and users. We expect to continue to make significant investments to maintain and improve website performance and to enable rapid releases of new features and products. To the extent that we do not effectively address capacity constraints, upgrade our systems as needed and continually develop our technology and network architecture to accommodate actual and anticipated changes in technology, our business and operating results may be harmed.
We have implemented a disaster recovery program, which allows us to move production to a back-up data center in the event of a catastrophe. Although this program is functional, it does not yet provide a real-time back-up data center, so if our primary data center shuts down, there will be a period of time that our services will remain shut down while the transition to the back-up data center takes place.
Our systems are also vulnerable to damage or interruption from catastrophic occurrences such as earthquakes, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunication failures, terrorist attacks and similar events. Our U.S. corporate offices and certain of the facilities we lease to house our computer and telecommunications equipment are located in the San Francisco Bay Area and Southern California, both regions known for seismic activity. Despite any precautions we may take, the occurrence of a natural disaster or other unanticipated problems at our hosting facilities could result in lengthy interruptions in our services.
We do not carry business interruption insurance sufficient to compensate us for the potentially significant losses, including the potential harm to the growth of our business that may result from interruptions in our service as a result of system failures.
If our security measures are compromised, or if our websites are subject to attacks that degrade or deny the ability of members or customers to access our solutions, or if our member data is compromised, members and customers may curtail or stop use of our solutions.
Our solutions involve the collection, processing, storage, sharing, disclosure and usage of members’ and customers’ information and communications, some of which may be private. We are vulnerable to computer viruses, break-ins, phishing attacks, attempts to overload our servers with denial-of-service or other attacks and similar disruptions from unauthorized use of our computer systems, any of which could lead to interruptions, delays, or website shutdowns, causing loss of critical data or the unauthorized disclosure or use of personally identifiable or other confidential information. For example, in June 2012, approximately 6.5 million of our members’ encrypted passwords were stolen and published on an unauthorized website. We also work with third party vendors to process credit card payments by our customers and are subject to payment card association operating rules. If we experience compromises to our security that result in website performance or availability problems, the complete shutdown of our websites, or the loss or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information, such as credit card information, our members or customers may be harmed or lose trust and confidence in us, and decrease the use of our website and services or stop using our services in their entirety, and we would suffer reputational and financial harm.
In addition, we are, and in the future could be, subject to regulatory investigations and litigation in connection with a security breach or related issue, and we could also be liable to third parties for these types of breaches. Such litigation, regulatory investigations and our technical activities intended to prevent future security breaches are likely to require additional management resources and expenditures. If our security measures fail to protect this information adequately or we fail to comply with the applicable credit card association operating rules, we could be liable to both our customers for their losses, as well as the vendors under our agreements with them, we could be subject to fines and higher transaction fees, we could face regulatory action, and our customers and vendors could end their relationships with us, any of which could harm our business and financial results.
Our core value of putting our members first may conflict with the short-term interests of our business.
One of our core values is to make decisions based on the best long-term interests of our members, which we believe is essential to our success in increasing our member growth rate and engagement and in serving the best, long-term interests of the company and our stockholders. Therefore, in the past, we have forgone, and may in the future forgo, certain expansion or short-term revenue opportunities that we do not believe are in the best interests of our members, even if our decision negatively impacts our operating results in the short term. In addition, as part of our philosophy of putting our members first, as long as our members are adhering to our terms of service, this philosophy may cause disagreements, or negatively impact our relationships, with our existing or prospective customers. This could result in enterprises and professional organizations blocking access to our services or refusing to purchase our Talent or Marketing Solutions or Premium Subscriptions. Our decisions may not result in the long-term benefits that we expect, in which case our member engagement, business and operating results could be harmed.
The number of our registered members is higher than the number of actual members and a substantial majority of our page views are generated by a minority of our members. Our business may be adversely impacted if we are unable to attract and
retain additional members who actively use our services. In addition, the tracking of certain of our performance metrics is done with internal tools and is not independently verified.
The number of registered members in our network is higher than the number of actual members because some members have multiple registrations, other members have died or become incapacitated, and others may have registered under fictitious names or created fraudulent accounts. While the number of registered members represents what we believe to be reasonable estimates of our member base, there are inherent challenges in ensuring that the number of registered members presents an accurate reflection of our member network. For example, we do not have a reliable system for identifying and counting duplicate or fraudulent accounts, or deceased, incapacitated or other non-members and so we rely on estimates and assumptions. In addition, our methodology for measuring our membership numbers, and specifically for making estimates regarding non-members who should not be included as registered members, has changed over time and may continue to change from time to time. While we are using what we believe to be accurate methods of measuring the number of registered members, there are no methodologies available that would provide us with an exact number of non-actual member types of accounts. Therefore, we cannot assure you that our current or future methodologies are accurate, and we will need to continue to adjust them in the future from time to time, which could result in the number of registered members being lower or higher than expected. Further, a substantial majority of our members do not visit our website on a monthly basis, and a substantial majority of our page views are generated by a minority of our members.
If the number of our actual members does not meet our expectations, if the rate at which we add new members slows or declines or if we are unable to increase the breadth and frequency of our visiting members, then our business may not grow as fast as we expect. In addition, we track certain performance metrics with internal tools, which are not independently verified by any third party. The tracking of this information has a number of limitations, including reliance on estimates and assumptions, which may not be accurate. Our methodologies for tracking these metrics may also change over time, which could result in unexpected changes to our metrics. If the internal tools we use to track these metrics undercount or overcount performance, the data we report may not be accurate. This may harm our operating and financial results and may cause our stock price to decline.
If our members’ profiles are out-of-date, inaccurate or lack the information that users and customers want to see, we may not be able to realize the full potential of our network, which could adversely impact the growth of our business.
If our members do not update their information or provide accurate and complete information when they join LinkedIn, or do not establish sufficient connections, the value of our network may be negatively impacted because our value proposition as a professional network and as a source of accurate and comprehensive data will be weakened. For example, customers of our Talent Solutions may not find members that meet their qualifications or may misidentify a candidate as having such qualifications, which could result in mismatches that erode customer confidence in our solutions. Similarly, incomplete or outdated member information would diminish the ability of our Marketing Solutions customers to reach their target audiences and our ability to provide our customers with valuable insights. Therefore, we must provide features and products that demonstrate the value of our network to our members and motivate them to contribute additional, timely and accurate information to their profile and our network. If we fail to successfully motivate our members to do so, our business and operating results could be adversely affected.
Many individuals use mobile devices to access online services. If users of these devices do not widely adopt solutions we develop for these devices, our business could be adversely affected.
The number of people who access online services through mobile devices, as opposed to personal computers, such as smart phones, handheld tablets and mobile telephones, has increased dramatically in the past few years and is projected to continue to increase. If the mobile solutions we have developed do not meet the needs of our members or customers, they may reduce their usage of our platform and our business could suffer. Additionally, we are dependent on the interoperability of LinkedIn with popular mobile operating systems that we do not control, such as Android and iOS, and any changes in such systems and terms of service that degrade our solutions’ functionality, give preferential treatment to competitive products or prevent our ability to promote advertising could adversely affect engagement and monetization on mobile devices. As new devices and new platforms are continually being released, it is difficult to predict the challenges we may encounter in developing versions of our solutions for use on these alternative devices, and we are devoting significant resources to the support and maintenance of such devices.
Growth in access to LinkedIn’s services through mobile devices as a substitute for access on personal computers may negatively affect our revenue and financial results.
Because access to online services through mobile devices is growing, our members are increasingly accessing LinkedIn on mobile devices. While many of our members who use our online services on mobile devices also access LinkedIn through personal computers, as we have developed our mobile solutions, we have seen substantial growth in mobile usage, and we anticipate that the rate of growth in mobile usage will continue to grow. Advertising is a source of revenue for us, and it is not
clear that we will be able find ways for our Marketing Solutions product to be effectively used on mobile devices. Historically, our Marketing Solutions products have not been made widely available on mobile products, and subsequently have not generated a material amount of revenue. We are devoting valuable resources to solutions related to monetization of mobile usage, and have only recently launched these solutions. We cannot assure you that these solutions will be successful. If our members increasingly use mobile devices as a substitute for access to our online services as opposed to personal computers, and if we are unable to successfully implement monetization strategies for our solutions on mobile devices, or these strategies are not as successful as our offerings for personal computers, or if we incur excessive expenses in this effort, our financial performance and ability to grow revenue would be negatively affected.
We collect, process, store, share, disclose and use personal information and other data, which subjects us to governmental regulations and other legal obligations related to privacy and security, and our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could harm our business.
We collect, process, store, share, disclose and use information from and about our members, customers and users, including personal information and other data, and we enable our members to passively and proactively share their personal information with each other and with third parties and to communicate and share news and other information into and across our platform. There are numerous federal, state and local laws around the world regarding privacy and the collection, storing, sharing, using, processing, disclosing and protecting of personal information and other data from and about our members, the scope of which are changing, subject to differing interpretations, and which may be costly to comply with and may be inconsistent among countries and jurisdictions or conflict with other rules. In addition, governmental agencies may request or take member or customer data for security or informational purposes. We generally comply with industry standards and are subject to the terms of our privacy policies and privacy-related obligations to third parties (including voluntary third-party certification bodies such as TRUSTe). We strive to comply with applicable laws, policies, and legal obligations and certain applicable industry codes of conduct relating to privacy and data protection. However, these obligations may be interpreted and applied in new ways and/or in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other rules or our practices. In addition, privacy and data security is an active area and new regulations are likely to be enacted.
Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policies, our privacy-related obligations to members, customers or other third parties, or our privacy-related legal obligations, or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of personal or other information, which may include personally identifiable information or other member data, may result in governmental enforcement actions, litigation or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others and could cause our members and customers to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our business. Additionally, if third parties we work with, such as customers, vendors or developers, violate applicable laws, our policies or other policy-related obligations, such violations may also put our members’ information at risk and could in turn have an adverse effect on our business.
Public scrutiny of Internet privacy and security issues may result in increased regulation and different industry standards, which could deter or prevent us from providing our current products and solutions to our members and customers, thereby harming our business.
The regulatory framework for privacy and security issues worldwide is evolving and is likely to remain in flux so for the foreseeable future. Practices regarding the collection, use, storage, display, processing, transmission and security of personal information by companies offering online services have recently come under increased public scrutiny. The U.S. government, including the White House, the Federal Trade Commission, the Department of Commerce and many state governments, are reviewing the need for greater regulation of the collection, use and storage of information concerning consumer behavior with respect to online services, including regulation aimed at restricting certain targeted advertising practices and collection and use of data from mobile devices. The FTC in particular has approved consent decrees resolving complaints and their resulting investigations into the privacy and security practices of a number online, social media companies. Similar actions may also impact LinkedIn directly. In addition, the European Union is in the process of promulgating a new General Data Protection Regulation, which may result in significantly greater compliance burdens for companies with users and operations in Europe. Various government and consumer agencies have also called for new regulation and changes in industry practices. Recently, the State of California and other states passed laws relating to disclosure of companies’ practices with regard to Do-Not-Track signals from Internet browsers, the ability to delete information of minors, and new definitions that may impact data breach notification requirements. California and several other states have also adopted privacy guidelines with respect to mobile applications. In addition, government agencies and regulators have reviewed, are reviewing and will continue to review, our privacy policy and practices. These reviews can and have resulted in recommended changes to our products, and could result in additional recommendations in the future. If we are unable to comply with such recommendations, or if the recommended changes result in degradation of our products, our business could be harmed.
Our business, including our ability to operate and expand internationally or on new technology platforms, could be adversely affected if legislation or regulations are adopted, interpreted, or implemented in a manner that is inconsistent with our current business practices and that require changes to these practices, the design of our websites, mobile applications, products, features or our privacy policy. In particular, the success of our business has been, and we expect will continue to be, driven by our ability to responsibly use the data that our members share with us. Therefore, our business could be harmed by any significant change to applicable laws, regulations or industry standards or practices regarding the storage, use or disclosure of data our members choose to share with us, or regarding the manner in which the express or implied consent of consumers for such use and disclosure is obtained. Such changes may require us to modify our products and features, possibly in a material manner, and may limit our ability to develop new products and features that make use of the data that we collect about our members.
Our business is subject to a variety of U.S. and foreign laws, many of which are unsettled and still developing and which could subject us to claims or otherwise harm our business.
We are subject to a variety of laws in the United States and abroad, including laws regarding privacy, data protection, data security, data retention and consumer protection and the provision of online payment services that are continuously evolving and developing. In addition, some of our members are subject to laws and/or licensing or certification obligations that may restrict their ability to engage with LinkedIn’s online services. The scope and interpretation of the laws and other obligations that are or may be applicable to us or certain groups of our members are often uncertain and may be conflicting, particularly laws and other obligations outside the United States. For example, laws relating to the liability of providers of online services for activities of their users and other third parties are currently being tested pursuant to actions based on, among other things, invasion of privacy and other torts, unfair competition, copyright and trademark infringement, and other theories based on the nature and content of the materials searched, the ads posted, or the content provided by users.=. In addition, regulatory authorities around the world are considering a number of legislative and regulatory proposals concerning privacy, data storage, data protection and other matters that may be applicable to our business. Compliance with these laws may require substantial investment or may provide technical challenges for our business. It is also likely that as our business grows and evolves and our solutions are used in a greater number of countries and additional groups, we will become subject to laws and regulations in additional jurisdictions. Further, as our services and solutions expand to include more content (including from third parties), additional laws and regulations may become applicable to our products and offerings including laws requiring us to restrict the availability of such content on a geographical basis or to certain groups of members. In some cases, laws and legal obligations of various jurisdictions may be ambiguous or conflict as to LinkedIn’s right to display and distribute certain content as part of its online services. Users of our site and our solutions could also abuse or misuse our products in ways that violate laws. It is difficult to predict how existing laws will be applied to our business and the new laws and legal obligations to which we may become subject.
If we are not able to comply with these laws or other legal obligations or if we (or our members) become liable under these laws or legal obligations, we could be directly harmed, and we may be forced to implement new measures to reduce exposure to this liability. This may require us to expend substantial resources or to discontinue certain solutions, which would negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the increased attention focused upon liability issues as a result of lawsuits and legislative proposals could harm our reputation or otherwise impact the growth of our business. Any costs incurred as a result of this potential liability could harm our business and operating results.
We expect our operating results to fluctuate on a quarterly and annual basis, which may result in a decline in our stock price if such fluctuations result in a failure to meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors.
Our revenue and operating results could vary significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year and may fail to match our past performance, our projections or the expectations of securities analysts because of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. Any of these events could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to fluctuate. Factors that may contribute to the variability of our operating results include:
•
our ability to increase our member base and member engagement;
•
disruptions or outages in the availability of our websites or services, actual or perceived breaches of privacy, and compromises of our member data;
•
our commitment to putting our members first even if it means forgoing short-term revenue opportunities;
•
shifts in the way members and users access our websites and services from personal computers to mobile devices;
•
the unproven nature of our business model;
•
changes in our pricing policies or those of our competitors;
•
our ability to increase sales of our products and solutions to new customers and expand sales of additional products and solutions to our existing customers;
•
the size and seasonal variability of our customers’ recruiting and marketing budgets;
•
the extent to which existing customers renew their agreements with us and the timing and terms of those renewals;
•
macroeconomic changes, in particular, deterioration in labor markets, which would adversely impact sales of our Talent Solutions, or economic growth that does not lead to job growth, for instance increases in productivity;
•
the cost of investing in our technology infrastructure, product initiatives and international expansion may be greater than we anticipate;
•
expenses related to hiring, incentivizing and retaining employees;
•
the timing and costs of expanding our field sales organization and delays or inability in achieving expected productivity;
•
the timing of certain expenditures, including hiring of employees and capital expenditures;
•
the entrance of new competitors in our market whether by established companies or the entrance of new companies; and
•
general industry and macroeconomic conditions.
Given our limited operating history and the rapidly evolving market of online professional networks, our historical operating results may not be useful to you in predicting our future operating results. We believe our rapid growth has masked the cyclicality and seasonality of our business. As our revenue growth rate slows, we expect that the cyclicality and seasonality in our business may become more pronounced and may in the future cause our operating results to fluctuate. In particular, we expect sales of Talent Solutions to be weaker in the first quarter of the year due to budgetary cycles and sales of our Marketing Solutions to be weaker in the third quarter of the year as use of online services during the summer months generally slows. In addition, global economic concerns continue to create uncertainty and unpredictability and add risk to our future outlook. Sovereign debt issues and economic uncertainty in the United States, Europe and around the world raise concerns in markets important to our business. An economic downturn in any particular region in which we do business or globally could result in reductions in sales of our Talent Solutions and Marketing Solutions, decreased renewals of existing arrangements and other adverse effects that could harm our operating results.
We expect our revenue growth rate to decline, and, as our costs increase, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to sustain our profitability over the long term.
From 2008 to 2013, our annual net revenue grew from $78.8 million to $1,528.5 million, which represents a compounded annual growth rate of approximately 81%. As our net revenue has increased, our revenue growth rate has slowed, and we expect that it will continue to decline over time. We also expect that the growth rates of each of our three primary business lines will fluctuate and that these business lines may not grow at the same rate. As with 2013, our philosophy in 2014 is to continue to invest for future growth. We expect to continue to expend substantial financial and other resources on:
•
our technology infrastructure, including architecture, development tools scalability, availability, performance and security, as well as disaster recovery measures;
•
product development, including investments in our product development team and the development of new features for both members and customers, including those for mobile use and our sales solutions products;
•
sales and marketing, including a significant expansion of our field sales organization;
•
international expansion in an effort to increase our member base, engagement and sales;
•
general administration, including legal and accounting expenses related to being a public company with an expanding global presence; and
•
capital expenditures, including facilities.
These investments may not result in increased revenue or growth in our business, and will increase our expenses. Even if our revenue continues to increase, we expect that due to increased expenses, in particular, stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization and provision for income taxes, we may incur a GAAP loss during future periods, including the first quarter of 2014. If we fail to continue to grow our revenue and overall business, our operating results and business would be harmed.
We expect to face increasing competition in the market for online professional networks from social networking sites and Internet search companies, among others, as well as continued competition for customers of our Talent Solutions and Marketing Solutions.
We face significant competition in all aspects of our business, and we expect such competition to increase, particularly in the market for online professional networks and engagement of professionals.
Our industry is evolving rapidly and is becoming increasingly competitive. Larger and more established companies may focus on our market and could directly compete with us. Smaller companies, including application developers, could also launch new products and services that compete with us and that could gain market acceptance quickly. We also expect our existing competitors in the markets for Talent Solutions and Marketing Solutions to continue to focus on these areas. A number of these companies may have greater resources than us, which may enable them to compete more effectively. Specifically, we are investing significantly in our Marketing Solutions products with respect to mobile solutions, and we may not be successful in generating revenue through advertising on mobile devices, especially as compared to our competitors. Additionally, users of social networks may choose to use, or increase their use of, those networks for professional purposes, which may result in those users decreasing or eliminating their use of LinkedIn. Companies that currently focus on social networking could also expand their focus to professionals. We and other companies have historically established alliances and relationships with some of these companies to allow broader exposure to users and access to data on the Internet. We may also, in the future, establish alliances or relationships with other competitors or potential competitors. To the extent companies terminate such relationships and establish alliances and relationships with others, our business could be harmed. Specifically, we compete for members, enterprises and professional organizations as discussed below.
Members-professional networks. The market for online professional networks is new and rapidly evolving. Other companies such as Facebook, Google, Microsoft and Twitter are developing or could develop competing solutions. Further, some of these companies are partnering with third parties to offer products and services that could compete with ours. We face competition from a number of smaller companies in international markets, such as Xing in German-speaking regions and Viadeo in France, that provide online professional networking solutions, as well as Internet companies in the customer relationship management market. Additionally, we compete against smaller companies that focus on groups of professionals within a specific industry or vertical. Our competitors may announce new products, services or enhancements that better address changing industry standards or the needs of members and customers, such as mobile access. Any such increased competition could cause pricing pressure, loss of market share or decreased member engagement, any of which could adversely affect our business and operating results. Internet search engines could also change their methodologies in ways that adversely affect our ability to optimize our page rankings within their search results.
Enterprises and professional organizations-Talent Solutions. With respect to our Talent Solutions, we compete with established online recruiting companies, such as Monster, CareerBuilder, and Indeed.com (owned by Recruit.net), talent management companies and larger companies that are focusing on talent management and human resource services, such as Oracle, SAP and IBM, and traditional recruiting firms. Additionally, other companies, including newcomers to the recruiting industry, may partner with Internet companies, including social networking companies, to provide services that compete with our solutions, either on their own or as third party applications. If the efficiency and usefulness of our products to enterprises and professional organizations do not continue to exceed those provided by competitors, we will not be able to compete successfully. These factors are influenced by the number and engagement of our members.
Enterprises and professional organizations-Marketing Solutions. With respect to our Marketing Solutions, we compete with online and offline outlets that generate revenue from advertisers and marketers. To the extent competitors are better able to provide customers with cost-effective access to attractive demographics, either through new business models or increased user volume, we may not be successful in retaining our existing advertisers or attracting new advertisers, and our business would be harmed.
Additionally, other companies that provide content for professionals could develop more compelling offerings that compete with our Premium Subscriptions and adversely impact our ability to sell and renew subscriptions to our members. Finally, we are developing our sales solutions products and we may not be able to compete effectively in this area.
If we fail to effectively manage our growth, our business and operating results could be harmed.
We continue to experience rapid growth in our headcount and operations, which will continue to place significant demands on our management and our operational and financial infrastructure. As of December 31, 2013, approximately 38% of our employees had been with us for less than one year and approximately 87% for less than two years. As we continue to grow, we must effectively integrate, develop and motivate a large number of new employees in various countries around the world, and we must maintain the beneficial aspects of our corporate culture. In particular, we intend to continue to make substantial investments to expand our engineering, research and development, field sales, and general and administrative organizations, and our international operations. To attract top talent, we have had to offer, and believe we will need to continue to offer, highly competitive compensation packages before we can validate the productivity of those employees. The significant increase in the price of our Class A common stock since we became a public company in 2011 may make it more difficult or costly in the
future to use equity compensation to motivate, incentivize and retain our employees. We face significant competition for talent from other Internet and high-growth companies, which include both publicly traded and privately-held companies. As we have transitioned from a private company to a public company, this competition has become even more acute in assessing appropriate compensation packages, particularly, determining the mix of cash and equity compensation. The risks of over-hiring (especially given overall macroeconomic risks) or over-compensating and the challenges of integrating a rapidly growing employee base into our corporate culture are exacerbated by our international expansion, and because of our growth, we have significantly expanded our operating lease commitments, which has increased our expenses. We may not be able to hire new employees quickly enough to meet our needs. If we fail to effectively manage our hiring needs and successfully integrate our new hires, our efficiency and ability to meet our forecasts and our employee morale, productivity and retention could suffer, and our business and operating results could be adversely affected.
Additionally, if we do not effectively manage the growth of our business and operations, the quality of our solutions could suffer, which could negatively affect our brand, operating results and overall business. Further, we have made changes in the past, and will make changes in the future, to our features, products and services that our members or customers may not like, find useful or agree with. We may also decide to discontinue certain features, products or services, or charge for certain features, products or services that are currently free or increase fees for any of our features, products or services. If members or customers are unhappy with these changes, they may decrease their engagement on our site, or stop using features, products or services or the site generally. They may, in addition, choose to take other types of action against us such as organizing petitions or boycotts focused on our company, our website or any of our services, filing claims with the government or other regulatory bodies, or filing lawsuits against us. Any of these actions could negatively impact our member growth and engagement and our brand, which would harm our business. To effectively manage this growth, we will need to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls, and our reporting systems and procedures by, among other things:
•
improving our information technology infrastructure to maintain the effectiveness of our solutions;
•
enhancing information and communication systems to ensure that our employees and offices around the world are well-coordinated and can effectively communicate with each other and our growing base of members, enterprises and professional organizations;
•
enhancing our internal controls to ensure timely and accurate reporting of all of our operations; and
•
appropriately documenting our information technology systems and our business processes.
These systems enhancements and improvements will require significant capital expenditures and allocation of valuable management and employee resources. If we fail to implement these improvements effectively, our ability to manage our expected growth and comply with the rules and regulations that are applicable to publicly reporting companies will be impaired.
Our international operations are subject to increased challenges and risks.
We have offices around the world and our websites and mobile applications are available in numerous other languages. For the year ended December 31, 2013, international revenue represented 38% of our total revenue. We expect to continue to expand our international operations in the future by opening offices in new jurisdictions and expanding our offerings in new languages. However, we have limited operating history as a company outside the United States, and our ability to manage our business and conduct our operations internationally requires considerable management attention and resources and is subject to the particular challenges of supporting a rapidly growing business in an environment of multiple languages, cultures, customs, legal systems, alternative dispute resolution systems, regulatory systems and commercial infrastructures. International expansion has required and will continue to require us to invest significant funds and other resources. | 0.066224 | -0.515171 | 994 | 4,036 | 29 | 29 | Financials & Corporate Structure | false |
99,970 | Mod‛E9rateur de la conf‛E9rence.docx.txt_1 | European Open Data | Various open data | Modérateur de la conférence et Rapporteur général
David EADES
Présentateur en chef, BBC/ Modérateur de la conférence
Au cours des trois dernières décennies, David Eades a travaillé en tant que présentateur et diffuseur de
première ligne pour la BBC. Il a été correspondant pour l'Europe, correspondant pour l'Irlande et
correspondant principal pour les actualités sportives, couvrant des sujets aussi variés que le décès de la
princesse Diana ou le processus de paix en Irlande du Nord,
le lancement de l'euro et le Brexit.
En tant que présentateur, David s'est surtout concentré sur la télévision en direct, en assurant la couverture
des élections dans de nombreux pays, et en présentant des émissions phares sur l'actualité et les affaires,
ainsi que de nombreux autres débats et programmes.
David a également travaillé sur d'innombrables conférences, développant des connaissances spécialisées sur
des questions telles que l'ingénierie, la durabilité et le climat, ainsi que la géopolitique. David parle
couramment le français, ayant vécu en France et en Belgique, et l'allemand.
| 0.480191 | -0.469804 | 1,071 | 4,318 | 159 | -1 | Port Facilities | false |
99,971 | 6403575_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | O Château de la Juive (em português: Castelo da Judia; nome oficial: Château de Clementigney), é um castelo residencial localizado na cidade francesa de Besançon (Franche-Comté).
O primeiro edifício foi construído em data desconhecida, as primeiras informações remontam ao século XVIII. No século XIX, uma rica família de judeus (os Lippmans, fundadores da empresa Lip) compraram a casa e a transformaram numa luxuosa villa. Desde então, o castelo de Clementigney é conhecido como o castelo dos judeus. De 1850 a 1870, o arquitecto Alphonse Delacroix reconstruiu o edifício em estilo neogótico. A partir da década de 1920, a villa abrigou um famoso restaurante até o início do século XXI. Hoje, o castelo é um edifício residencial. É classificado como monumento histórico oficial da França desde 2002.
Monumentos históricos da Borgonha-Franco-Condado
Patrimônio cultural da França
Castelos de França.
| 0.351775 | -0.376412 | 1,259 | 5,078 | 222 | 222 | People Profiles | false |
99,972 | 70677385_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Satakunnan derby is a name used for ice hockey matchups between Porin Ässät and Rauman Lukko of the Liiga. Lukko and Ässät are placed into the same block, which means that they play six games against each other in one Liiga season. Both teams also participate in the Pitsiturnaus. Ässät and Lukko have met in the playoffs three times (1992, 1995 and 2018), playing a total of five games. Ässät has won all five of them.
Events during Satakunnan derby games
12 January 1978, Ässät beat Lukko 17–3. Ässät won the championship during that season while Lukko was last place.
In the 1994–1995 season, Ässät and Lukko met in the bronze medal game on April 1, 1995, in Rauma ice hall. Ässät beat Lukko 0–3.
In the 2008–2009 season, according to the renewed series system, the 11th-placed Lukko and the 12th-placed Ässät met in the playout matches after the regular season in the second round, where the loser of the best-of-five series continued their season in the SM-liiga qualifiers, and the season of the winner ended. Lukko won the series 3-1 and Ässät went to the SM-liiga qualifiers against Mestis champion Vaasan Sport. Ässät only barely managed to keep their SM-liiga spot after the game seven.
During the 2018 playoffs, Ässät and Lukko met in the first round. Ässät won the first game 2–1 and the second game 3–2 in overtime, which made Ässät advance to the next round.
On February 29, 2020, in the Satakunnan derby, Otto Kivenmäki was seriously injured when Lukko's David Němeček hit him in the head.
References
Porin Ässät (men's ice hockey)
Lukko
Liiga
Ice hockey rivalries
Sports rivalries.
| 0.475834 | -0.458714 | 1,135 | 4,446 | 172 | -1 | Biographies, People, Profiles | false |
99,973 | github_open_source_100_2_8350 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import optparse
from OSC import *
from OSC import _readString, _readFloat, _readInt
if __name__ == "__main__":
s = OSCServer(("codafett.local", 7500), return_port=7500)
s.addMsgHandler("/analog/0", s.msgPrinter_handler)
print s
st = threading.Thread(target=s.serve_forever)
st.start()
try:
while True:
time.sleep(30)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
print "\nClosing OSCServer."
s.close()
print "Waiting for Server-thread to finish"
st.join()
sys.exit(0)
| 0.427216 | 0.625388 | 3,373 | 13,403 | 273 | -1 | C++ Programming Constructs | false |
99,974 | 6170649_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Örebro IK, Örebro Idrottsklubb, var en idrottsklubb från Örebro som grundades den 15 juli 1919. Föreningen skall inte förväxlas med varken den tidigare klubben med samma namn som övergick i IFK Örebro eller Örebro SK:s senare avknoppade ishockeyverksamhet. Klubben spelade två säsonger i Sveriges näst högsta division i fotboll; 1932/33 som Örebro IK och 1940/41 som Örebro FF.
Örebro FF
Örebroföreningarnas medelmåttiga resultat under 1930-talet där varken ÖIK, Forward, Svenske eller Örebro Sport kunde uppvisa några goda resultat föranledde diskussioner om sammanslagning av klubbarna för att skapa en stark förening i staden. ÖSK drog sig ur diskussionerna men 1940 sammanslogs ÖIK med IFK Örebro och IK Svenske i Örebro FF. Den nybildade föreningen kom tack vare en uppstånden vakans att spela i division II 1940/41. Klubben slutade på sista plats men upplöstes efter säsongen. Örebro IK övertog platsen i division III, IFK Örebro fick börja om längst ned i seriesystemet medan Svenske ej återstartades.
Bandy
I bandy spelade ÖIK i division II 1931-1933.
Volleyboll
Dess herrvolleybollag spelade också en säsong i elitserien.
Färger
Örebro IK:s klubbemblem gick i mörkgrönt och guld medan Örebro FF:s gick i vitt, grön och guld.
Upplösning
De sista spår som står att finna efter föreningen är degraderingen av dess fotbollslag från tredjeserien säsongen 1946/1947.
Referenser
Sportklubbar bildade 1919
Upplösta bandyklubbar i Sverige
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99,975 | JOAFE_PDF_Unitaire_20180020_00269.txt_1 | French Open Data | Various open data | e 150 année. - N°20 Samedi 19 mai 2018 D.I.L.A serialNumber=S6910003,CN=DILA - SIGNATURE DILA,2.5.4.97=#0C144E545246522D3133303030393138363030303131,OU=0002 13000918600011,O=DILA,C=FR 75015 Paris 2018-05-24 10:15:29
Associations Fondations d'entreprise Associations syndicales de propriétaires Fonds de dotation Fondations partenariales Annonce n° 269 14 - Calvados ASSOCIATIONS Créations Déclaration à la préfecture du Calvados
ELAN SPORTIF CARPIQUET FOOTBALL. Objet : pratique des activités physiques et sportives en général et celle du football en particulier Siège social : Complexe sportif,
route de Caumont, 14650
Carpiquet. Date de la déclaration : 17 mai 2018.
Le Directeur de l’information légale et administrative : Bertrand MUNCH. | -0.044975 | -0.577805 | 862 | 3,517 | 17 | 17 | Official Legal Documents | false |
99,976 | bub_gb_1rBEqK7T6pUC_58 | Latin-PD | Public Domain | D-Einde omnia corpora implicij loco temporalis permanere possunt. Si queen immuni vel continentis ejus continuum. Quod si aqua talum surgurat nequiter, ob id tum non erit aqua sed aliud quidquid differens ilure per accidents. Illis certis figurat quas natura nobis sugestit, id quod etiam consentancum est. Emm m, exterior fine pecit & forma oportet id, quod subijcitur. Illando autem hoc modo, nec in solo scriptum est, onmium receptaculum aptum formari poterit; ita putanda fit res elementa tantum materia eorum, quae compontur. Iade intersecando omnia mutuari vicissim possunt secundum separatas affectiones differentes eorum. Optimum argumentum concludit malam esse propriam elementi figuram, sed quam habent, & contingent his habere pro loci & continenti formam, consequuntur. Si enim figura elementis propria est, & permanet nec mutariuri nec continuum continenti formam, unum elementum alterum non est continuum sed ignis ex lo. Quoniam illa figura non possunt sicuri contigua. Non enim apex pyramidis sphero ex lo potest continuum esse. Ergo si mutant figuras & sunt elementa, non ergo his tangibiles proprias differentias constituuntur, & differant. Natura proinde vidit nonnulla certina figura prafigi elementis, consiliiuit his, ut commutaret positis figuris pro continenti formis, & illis dedithabilitatem, quae in materia prima, & illi quod subijcitur. Circa materiam primam, ut in illa tellus et in aqua, tantquam receptaculum omnium formarum nullam propriam habent. Hac illius oratio. Sed ita intelligendum est quod, quidpiur celsius beat ac effiges rerum omniorm formarum variate diffiliano, nunquam illud ipsum formationis huius gremium bene crit praeparatum, nihil informe fit, & luseptc natura omnibus formis, quas receperat. Ita oportet putari elementa, quae funt materia aliorum, quae compununtur, atque sic, ut variis hilariis formas. Hinc etiam commutant differentias, & affectus differentes. Oration ad summam adducendam potelarguendum. Tacitus nunc, ne prolixior sim, formam adducebo. Nam, quemadmodum in corpora simplicia loco, qui continctur figurari videntur, sequaructuidelis oculorum id est, maesti sumi usque et aqua pro valvulum captu subiciendum forum. Ipsa recepipi acr, et aqua. Metuende ipsa recepipi dicitur, qui. Lucilius Philalemoni comm. Quia limus in solo non proprio termino, red alicno consistunt et terminantur, qui in termino accipiant figuram. Siquidem figuram terminus. Ignis autem terrarum via luit, non sit tacile rubefacientarium terminus, circumcedere figuram actamene et licet elementa continentes in formam ripiens et faciut ignis, quam terris; quamquam ignis humor est et in pabula causa facilis terminatus termino alicno. Et cum circumlit roentium, et elementa cinctura midac, quadrata, mala rubra accidere possunt, in id enim movet Deep in circulo convexus sphaera passim relinquercnt in actum. Iced licet lineus de praemissa enthymeriacis formatione. Sequitur haec conclusio. Ergo figura elementi penitus non possunt, id est proprietate non durandum continentur a solo. Quod si dixeris penitus erge, ergo elementa solo cohaerent necque potebant, necque jungi et misci apta. Id exemplificet hyperpyramidem superposita rotunditate. Necque enim universum continentem cohaerent continuatur, sed attinguum, ergo oportet elementa mutare figuras, quod si nqua in aliam figuram vertitur, ob id cum non est aqua, quod figura differebat, Ita figura pertinet ad circiniaus elementorum. mutuicrgo (igxtris substantia mutabuntur, si id non fit. Quaerens perficiens noncedis certas figuras, sicut non edas clam ratiocinio prima, sed conceptum. Vlemus incertis lineis, & forma oppressa id quod subijcur, ut materia prima summa forma formis, ita consequentum lineis figuris. Proinde materia prima in Timaeo (ine omni forma ponitur, ut apta formari quaeat, in elementum care propriam figuram, ut figurari multipliciter possit. Quandoquidem hoc inodo, et in Timaeo scriptum est, omnia recipiendum apud formari pecit. Iacit pugnanda res elementa tanquam inateria corum, quae componuntur, & figurantur. Hinc colligit quod universum (uidelicet reciprocementa elementa secundum suas qualitates motus cescum, & alterna series, nec non assedus alios. Unde inierse compositum vicissim poducut secundum leparatas actiones differentes corum. Proclus commetus elementa perexigua, quibus constat haec cunopia, dixit habere figuras proprias, non autem ignem, aquam, aerem, terram, quae etiam haberent proprias figuras, tamen aptas caulea, ut per ramis in redigatur in figuram, ut apta hac caulea, sicut hic in valibus continuis elementum. Haec puerilia diducta. Quandiu autem Ariflotles secundo libro de figura ecli, de que de xtra, & Iuva eius partes differentias sive perinde contineri has partes revolvere ambitu, ac ut in duerit rotundam, tamen periamides, & octaedra figura, ac cubica non possunt omnia spaicia complere quin vacua remanent. Unde in commodum figurarum rotundarum, sicut astronomia functus, declaravit eclipsi ubi sic in angulis corpora linea locis. Quare necio quomodo Proclus homo in astrologia non impeditus commetus lic haec puerilia, causa perexigua elementa sive in Plato de fabrica vulgatorum & elementorum orationem faciat. CONTEXTVS LXXII. Praecrea quomodo carostyaeit quoduh corporum continuum efficit sicut offertyncsult enim ex ipsi elementis postquam non perseverit continuum ex compositione, neque ex commissis planis. Et neque ex incompositione, non autem ex coagulatione totorum elementorum. Iusserit. Loqui, et neque per transeunnam voluerit admitti illorum rationes, plane norit ab his ortum eveli rerum. Octavum argumentum ostendit ad mihi ortum rerum ab ipsi, qui ita elementa figurant. Si enim elementa planorum, & triangulorum contextu, & coagulatione fabricarentur, planum nullum corpus convergunt pote, acqui tecum generatio periret. Probatur conexio argumento in secunda figura. Nullum continuum fit ex compounding unius cum altero, necque ex commissis planis, quia sic modo non est continuum, sed omnia corpora continua ergo nulla corpora sunt ex ipsis, quae positione sunt, sicut elementum, qui ex coagulatione planorum & superficierum numquam erant continua, & ita tollitur generatio rerum. Connexio argumenti in his constitut. Pracrea quumodo caro, o, quod vis corporum communium efficit potest? Addit elementum figuratum sic modus. Explicatio sequitur, & undeciescurrunt argumenta forma in secunda figura. Conducit. Neque necunis elementis positt, consic. Maior oratio, quoniam non persistet continuum ex compounding, necque ex commissis planis. Addit minor oratio, sed omnia corpora continua. Ecce ne quis dicat elementa non componuntur ex compounding, nec adhuc autorem sic elementum enim generantur ex compounding materiam formam, non autem ex coagulatione illorum elementorum, sed idest triangulorum. Colligitur. Quare si quis accuratere loquendi vernacula admiati illorum rationes, planum norit ab his ortum eveli rerum, per transeunnam oquid cursum praeterire orationem, & verba effundere sine praemeditato sensu, & bene considerata ratione dicendi. In his Alexandri ludei Aristoteles indicat in animo inscribendo corporibus humanoibus, & mercipiendo divinorum inanimatum commistura triangulorum in hoc elementorum olicndit. Procluss actualement Libellus. Ariste et Caelo. Sicut? Procluss responsa sicut maiora completum sed minorum et ita corpora continuentur, nec inania descriptur loca. At nunquam hic potentia continuat incompositionem, sed in commisione, sicut in panibus soluti et tangentibus, ut fit in commissis planis ad fabricationem unius totum, neque adhuc seriae licet advenire qualitatem extrinssecus, quae continuit sicut in commistione accedere illi complexionem, et Formam mixti qui singulier et continuat, quoniam non ita in quantitate heri post contundio, licet in qualitatibus, quas vim habent nec efficicndi, et patiabile. Ergo non potest ex commissura planorum igni forma, et qualitas, consolidans. CONTEXTVS LXXIII. Vinetiam figuram illi inepur in sent ad asseilationes, motiones et faculties corporum; ad quas cum illi mentem applicarum sic tamen dissolverunt; ceu quum ignis perfusus mobilem, utumque habet urendum et calificandi purpuram, et vero pyramidem esse construendurunt. Sic ideo factum moveti soffocantem cum minima langusti et minima instans, memon non vim nec ignem cum calificandi, tum incendendi habereant, quoniam una sive ubique angulus, altera vero acutissima habet. Tamen res angulis incendere, atque calidus cerebrum sunt, verum in minimo vero primum quoad motum strique errarunt, quoniam motus ignis non aptus funt, tantum mobilissimi sunt. Tamen ignis resistit in supratum ferturn, sed hic volubilis sunt. Deinde si terra propterea firma est, curbi dictur, quod in suo loco quietus et permanens nec ubique maneat, sed in suo in loco, quandoquidem in alieno loco impedita deferatur, ac ignis, reliqua firma, Hinc patet ignem sicut et quodiscilorum in alterno loco pyramidem esse in proprio cubum. Non numeris argumentis collectis fraudari Pythagorae finis, quibus cuique elementum sum dedere demontum. Cum enim illa elementa vidissent habere quoddam album, et motus, opem in navigando in fabricandis illis omnia figura, quizardaptis (inexcipit ad casus, et motus. Ignis, qui alii habere urandi, calificandi, et mobilissimus est partim in esse saphtiram, partim in pyramidalis esse, partim in Pythagoras dixerunt. Utraque in quaqua mobilissima est. Utraque tangit minimum, saphtiram in pundum planum, et pyramis acutis, et subtilissimo angulo acutissimo, et minimo infirre addit. Aequae urere, et calfacere ut nulque prodiredint. Siquidem angulis urere, et calfacere purpuram, et maxime acutissimis. Saphtiram undique angulum in pyramis autem acutissimum habet angulum. Haec illorum dogmata, qua repraesenturus Aristoteles, primum docet figuras illas non esse aptas motui proprio ignis. Deinde quinque argumentis non calfacere, nec urere. Nunc in contexu solvenditur figura incpta motui. Quisque quaque figuras, quae volubiltate rotando apta, non motu reflexo nudarant. Nam motus sequuntur pausiam, et magnitudine secundum libellos auspicatores. Sed Sphinx volubilis est, et pyramis ob acutem angulum, usque in trochus, quo ludunt pueri. Equidem Mutius servat trochus facilem utens. Vides utrique figuras: speciem, ergo quatra est apta motui redolens, et igni in superum motus, sicut apparet, et circumlitur. Hinc labitur etiam in reprchnionem aliter dogmatis. Tyramis imminebat tangens de stabilitate terrae. Nam cubus formantem terram tribuunt, ut permaneat, quia haec figura icselad quies et immobilitatem est apta. Contra obijcitur, quia si ob immobilitatem terrae illa figura tribuitur, cum ipsa sic mobilis in alio loco, ut reliqua elementa, ergo tum quae illi figura propria sit. Quinciac quod usum in proprio loco quiescit, et immobilis est; ergo et terra illa figura est apta, quia in suo loco moratur, et permanet etiam ignis erit cubus in proprio loco ubi quiescit, et in alio pyramis est mobilis ibi. Ius de alijis elementis dicendum. Legem igitur tria in hac oratione. Primum historiam dogmatum corum; deinde argumentum contra eos. Tertium dogma quorum de forma terrae et constitutionem, quod argumentum sicut apparas ab ipso non erat argumentum deceptrum, et septem, et tamen et sexta effete confestim fumus. Conclusio proponitur et confutata. Quinctiam figuras talias quattuor regularibus supra me montata, incipiebant junctis actiones, motiones, facultates corporum simplicium. Affectiones dicuntur habitus proprietatis elementorum, seu penitendi, cedendum, molificandi, listendis. Motiones autem in superum, deorsum, et apud eos in orbem. Facultates sunt qualitates alliciantes motrices, calorem, gelum, humiditatem. Lucilius Philalceae communis, gravitatis, quietis. Taceo secundis, ad quas cum inclementiam illi applicantes in tamquam distribuant figuris, Platonici, Pythagorici figuras quas inventis aptas affibus, et motionibus subiectas. Exemplum. Sicut quaestionis pertinet mobilia, sicut urendum & calciendum pedum, sic non-nulli satis conficiunt. Democritus illume spectraphram, partim verbo pyramide confirant, sicut Platonius et Pythagoras quoque. Et ratio cur tribuent his figuris ignibus. Siquidem hoc facile est, sicut pyramis movet, et ob id hic moventur sicut cum minima tangunt, respice figuram, et minimafundant. Hanc quaestionem. Coeadiacuitatem hecedine ceps, nec non maximum incendium, tum incendi, tum incedere habent. In incendio plus urget quam calor. Sed qua ratio inducit hic dicent, audi, et leg. Quoniam in angulo sphaera, homocentrica est, ergo ubique recipit angulum, et ubique tangit angulum minimum contingentiac tercio eclidi libro, aliter autorem to ro acutissimum habet, angulum, in trocho supra vidisti. Tringulata forma tres acutos habet, quaelet in duos acutos. Pyramis sic planum, sic solidum habet acutissimum. Et sicut hac in maxima propositioni. Nam res angulis incandere, atque calfacere arguunt, acutis praecipue. Hinc radii Solis spondum specuciconi causa vidisti, cum resiliunt ad angulum acutissimum coniundur incendium supra appositam direcde ibi est in centrum, sicut in prospectiva traditur. Et perspicuo radii acutiores penitent, magis, et urunt. Nisi radii non angulis calfaciant. Sicut demum non omnes radii incendunt, et umenas recipiuntur ad acutissimum angulum. Hanc primam partem confirmant, ad cuius confirmationem legi verba in Timaeo Platonis. Et iam genera quatuor a nobis paulo ante digesta in ignem, terram, aquam, aerem distribuamus. Terram cubi speciem alitimos. Nam omnium quator maxima immobilis terra est, & corporum rerum maxima companda. Id huic modifandum suiflence cesseffect, quod firmissima sustinens tutissimaque possident bases. In triangulis porro principio positae, qui quilateralibus sunt firmiter, quam qui constant non equilateralibus lateribus, bases possident. Et quod et utroque compositum est, planum equilaterrum litterum, quadrangulum equilaterrum triangulo, um quo ad totum, quam quoad partes, stabilius necessario provenit. Quamobrem si conunctio, probabilem quae ratio sequitur, usuismic terram id tribuamus. Aquam inde, quod reliquisti immobilior. Ignem quod mobilissimus. Aer meadium. Et corpus quidem minimum igni; Aquam maximum, Aer minimum. Acutissimum quodque igni. Secundum habeo acer, Aquam tertium his omnibus quod balneabile habet paucissimas viginti minutis summo cesseffect, necessario. Est enim ad penitendum promptissimum, quippe sic est pristinus fit omnium acutissimum. Lenum quod cum paucissimis partibus sic dem conlect. Co secundum est secundum loco habere hanc oportuit. Tertium tertium. Igitur secundum rationem, probabilem quae ratio pyramides specularum species solida elementum, semen quidem fit ignis. Secundum terram generationem specularum species acer; Tertiam aquam tribuamus. Plane Platonius quid, Aristotelis rebus receptus. Quocirca attendamus, quae illi obijcit in secunda parte contextus. Nempe ob motum non apudum est figura igni, qui movetur motore, et sphaera, pyramis aptissima funt voluntati in orbem. Verum enim movet primum, inde quoad alfredus, et quoad motum utriusque errarunt, id ostenditur, quod numine ignis non aptus sunt propriis inrectuibus, tametsi mobilissimus fiat in orbem, sed non movetur moto. In Nam Haustein infupercurrente fertur, educhuolubiles funt motu globo. Postremo tertium, pars contectus, quern necdum in cubiformam ostendit accommodari; propterque quod est immobilis in suo loco. Deinde tertius propter figuram cubi dictur, quod firmitas eius perpetua, nec cubique manens in loco suo naturaliter, aliunde incipiente, et id aliunde non manere declaraetur, quandoquidem quidque aliud coninuxione dicetatur, ab infimo ad superum, et errechaque elementa idem iteriter. Sic ergo ob motum fulminum et pyramis, ob quei cubus. Hinc ergo patet ignis et quod usi elementorum in alio loco pyramid, quia moventur, et permittim in proprio cubum, quia ibi manent. Proclus in argumentum demotuat elementa non manere infinis locis, sed convertere ad extremum, qua volubilia funt in figuram; sola terra immota est in omnino infino loco. Atque circa axem Plato dixit terram unim, nunc immobilem ait. Neque Proclus obiurgandus est, quia prima quiduis elementum suo in loco quid sit ab proprio motu, sicut terra. Rufus si elementum ob figuram mobiles sunt in orbem actu, illa motu essmerge naturalis, quia fita principio intimi elementi, faciliter figurae alterutrorum soluit. Atque pyramidem urit, atque cubum difficillimum est, falsum quo ad lata. Quod additur de terra volubili circa axem. Corruptus est littera; non enim alter significat, sed permanere; de quo in secundo libro supra. CONTEXTUS LXXIII Ad hanc se angulis ignis calorificus, infini meriminia elementa vim calorem habere, aliud substantia fortem aitortum. Sic hidroclausula angulis solvitur, ut in duodecim bases tenetur. Hanc Democritum pyrathomeneos ignem incendisse, quia facile mobilis. Quaereret differret tamen maiore, et minus notus copiam; quod ab utroque alitumo est. Decimus argumentum, si igni annui rebus angulis, quibus urant, et omnia elementa urerent, calor facerent, quia figura corum similia; funt angulatus, et similiter distinguuntur material, de minori calor secundum majorem, et minorem copiam angularorum. Quia aqua magis calfacere, quam ignis. Quiaque malo pluribus constat angulis, quam ignis. Hace omnia abitura. Connectio argumenti. Adhuc, si angulis igni calfacit, et urit, omnia elementa umidioris caloris habebunt. Et aliud est sicut maior. ConneXio oftenditur. Si epidemis concta adquirat similitudo eius. Exemplum est: Ut cum duodecim bascis totum figuram supra. Reliquae orationes priores cit. Proclus malassisimi ait, quibusdam angulis igneum calfacere, sed solis acutissimo, et subtilissimo; quare non omnia elementa calfaciunt, quia non omnia consentant ex his angulis. Et inter dentes funt qui incidunt, et quo malum nec secant. Impractical mittere quo incidunt, ut in regnis funt. Sed Proclus non ducit ad angulis datum est urere, et calfacere, omnibus id datum, sed acutioribus magis, et obtusioribus minus. Arque sicut Platonicus cequiens quantam non habeat vim agendi. Vixque ergo nec anguli acutissimi calfaciunt. Contextus LXXV. Vestra acciderebat corpora a mathematicis tracta urere, et calfacere, cum et haeres habere fundos, et... Rhytus accidebat corpora a maiore minore urere, et calfacere, cum et nii hoc naufragium angelorum, eadem reperiuntur mediocri, pudendis, pyramides praecipue sistensicut affirmant indivisibiles magnitudines. Quod si aliter funt emodibus, alia tum in minimis, duendum quid interest, et non tam pleniter profertur dum, ut prospexum. Undecimum argumentum continent ab furioso, quod et angulis etiam additae Proclo subtilissimi elementa calfaciement corpora mathematica solas altitudinem, latitudinem, longitudinem conligata urerent, quia conligata ex his angulis, cum in his sunt pyramides, sphera. Sequitur hoc absurdum magis. Si magnitudines indivisibiles sunt, et conligant ex indivisibiles, quia tales separantur ab adjungere, et patibilis Eute. Et quia quis diceret non omnia corpora mathematica calfacere, sed aliqua, hic est petitur causa differentia, quam debebat affectus, et nolo confusam pronunciare. Proclus pronunciauit ad id non solum Plato dixit fabricam dementorum formalem, sed etiam, qui fit in materia. Ergo non anguli calfaciens sed anguli materiae; et materia fit solum recipiendum formarum, ergo aliud adhibendum, quo possit agi. Id autem qualitatis est, et facultas. Et praeterea quod uritur, ignitur, et ignis est subra, ut pyramis. Ergo necessse est, ut id, quod uritur, subra, aut pyramis fiat. Et quamquam incidere, et cadere jactu ratione igni conveniat, tamen abest longe ratione, ut pyramis efficacius pyramidem, et subra efficacius sphærarem. Illic quidem perpendiculare est, atque sic quidquid circa medium gyrat, et ferrum in ferrum dividitur. Duodecimum argumentum concludit, quod cum ignis similis est sibi cadat, et convertat in ignem, ut cum urit, quod uritur, sphæra fiat, secundum Democritum, aut pyramis secundum Pythagoras. Hoc absurdissimum, quia nec pyramis facit pyramidem, nec sphæra sphærarem, nisi quis consueret gladium dividendi gladios. Quanquam ignis incidat suaptem naturam, tamen absurdum est, si sphæra efficit sphærarem, et pyramidem a pyramidem. Ad hoc argumentum Proclus respondebat, ignem in suam naturam convertendo, et paulatim ad sua trigula traducendo, ut tum demet simul etiam haec pyramidem coformata vidcantur. Sed gladius non est quid ob id gladii, quoniam non mutat substantiam, sed solum dividendo maius efficit minus. Ac serio accidit figura acuta, sed igni est propria. At in Proclum animadversionem, quia ignis non point ordinem, et in angulos in formam pyramidis, et tum quid similiter substantiam rei alterius. Addit, si sphæra, est substantia ignis, licet pyramis, oponentur quicquid convertretur in substantiam luminum convertet in pyramide, et non in ejs. CONTEXTUS LXXVII. AC. riiia^um efl ignifiguram tribuere, ut diuidere solum possit. Tiam uidetur magis cogere, atque in unum trmmos reddere, quod inagregare, citum excipit differentiam, et aggreget similia, & congeries in unum trft et mpciit. Iiam signa ejl trmtnos ad unum jungere, atque unire, & distrabilia accidit ab his totffic. Lucilli Philathari comm. totffic. Sed igni niturA tribuit mnnus cogcndi cognjtj; in opprre accidit ei differentia, & igma sngere. Omnes igitur ergo igni apta figura, aut plus cogendipia tantum. Tertium dicens, argumentum confutat ex contributam igni pyramidal, quia diuidit, cutneum congruentem. Quinimian potius igni proprium cogere unum, quam separare. Idem accidit ignibus. Sed congruencea milia, cognataque per se competit. Cum porro illi communiat per se gragre congruence, similaria et dissimilia ex accidens secrene, ergo signum suum in universa propter utrumque officium, aut opposita cogendimus unum. Et proprium est, quia ignem adignescit terminos in unum, et unirae sensu conflat. Exterior oratio perspicua. Procis coorta scripta. Potius enim affirmat igni proprium separare, quam congruence, et in separando accidit illi congruence, quod his conducendis ostenat. Calor equino discretat sensum unguendi, solipsum inde pendet ac retro oriili tangendo distrahit, et pontica gustu segregant, et diaforctica pharmacaea nec metales fundis facit disgregando, atque magis proprium est igni penetrare et in dividendo, quam cogere. Quicquid enim cogit in unum, non pecat, sed circumstet. Veruntamen Proclus decipheritur, quia est ignibus ob scripsit terminare, et solivigere terminos. Et calor non distrahit primum in tangendo sensum, sed dum in vim adigere unitur sensu distinctam, separat quod obstant. Splendor itidem dum aggregat postea disgregat, aut facit splendor. Via iam concedatur vim sensu in unum nituit. Sed ubi utrumque calor tacere habere primus congregat, et denique secrevit. Idem de ponticis, et diaforcticis plurimis dicendum. Et in fundendo his metallis plane congregat, postea disgregat et separat. Et quamquam igni proprium est penetrare, tamen id fit gracia coeadit soli quid divinus fuit. Sed sic quidquam misericordiae fieri divinum. Nunc latis ad Proclum. Quantum decimum argumentum cogit, nulum elementum habere figuram propriam, sed unius, sicut calidum idem figuram propriam, et suum contrarietem cladium figuram, et cum qui contrarium proprietate inter se contraria etiam sunt, ergo figura contrariorum contrarii elementi. Hoc autem falsum, quia figura nihil contrarium in essentiis, ergo necque contraria duo funt figura. Quod etiam pluries, posteriores, non viderunt quid sit, et hominem esse. Nam quid sit, sufficit aut omnia, aut nulla divinitus figuriclementum. Oratio clarissima. Procedit enim tribuit triginta figuram tribuit oblongorum angulorum. Sed fillsitur; tui via tria elementa ex codem triangulo principio constat, qui omnia latera habet inequalia, ergo angulos habent illius trianguli tres figuram elementorum exdator, exdator, effector. Non dicetur obnoxius et sic habent. CONTEXTVS LXXIX. Ursinus quidam de facultate sua dicere conatifcum si lippugnant. Uim, enim calor neminem has habere par est. Qua est enim via, quod penetrat et in obliquum, inde conatur calor calcinum, quod penetrat, et umor, et carnem. Quare zelum, calor maius, et minius mole. Sed non duo. CONTEXTUS LXXX. Pythagoras quidam argumentum convincere Pythagoreos, esse differenas non secundum figuras, sed solum magnitudine, et proprietate. Dum enim ignis fiat, manu habere proprietas, qui stringent, et meatus non tranat; contra est calor, quod penetrat, et subtilis tenuiorum partum, et ramorum. Eccum enim vis, est in se, sed non in figura. Ergo ignis, et contrarium differunt mole, maior, et minius non autem in figura. Proclus cedet etiam differens magnitudine, et particulam; et Plato, dici potest non figuras differens. Contra Proclum diceris, quia si proprietates sunt certiores ignis magnitudine neque figura est indicativa riverentium igitur ex diversis elementis figuras non differunt. Calum, sed coUum. Sed argumentum, quod si magna sunt, qui stringent, et meatus non tranant, ergo si pyramides cum sunt inaequales, est magnus portius subsonum, consequentum quid, sed contrarium et sed, et in pyramide figura non est calidum ut calidum. Et magnitudine maior, completus, et stringebus. Postremo, oppugnus, sed difficulibus. Sed quantus, discernu, et docuitbrobem quicquid possunt, congesse. Ipsum eminigitur ex li FINITERTIILIBRI LUCILLI PHILALTHAEI INTERPRET. ET COMM. In lib.III. Aristotelis Stagiricus Celso. Rebus sic ex loquendo, Aristotelicus minimus novem scripsit caput digessimus quartum ultimum dignissimum, justificationem hic, qui cupiunt cognoscere quid gravem, & omnino lucem, & undescorum motus praecipiantur. Materia sicut libera operi huic, & libro quarto praesalient quatuor partes mundi, quas gravitate, & lucide sua obtinent loca, & obtinebant post. Caput primum hic, qualis continuans tertio libro quartum concludit primum generationem sic dicendum de causis operationibus, & virtutibus elementorum. Ut enim non figuris distincta elementa, quibus uldam dissentiant, oportet; ergo dicendum primum, & de gravitas, & lucida sint virtus, & operam motus elementorum, pote quid gravum quid leve sit, & cur elementa data sint figurae. Hic licet de gravitate, & leuitate nullis fierent aptior quam naturali speculationi de motibus, quidem gravitas levitate edunt motus. Hinc ab conclusione non dissentiet philosopher quaestiones de his virtutibus & motibus, & dat initium secundo capite. Secundum porro primum praesaliorum animam, & mutationem doctrinam ostendit, quod solum de quodam modo gravitatis, & levis curam habuerunt omnes gravitatem, & levitatem simpliciter, cum solum perturbati sint quid gravius, quid levius; sic enim tam enit quid medio vel summo simplificir, & quid aut medio desertur simplicius descriptur. Unde incident in repraesentationem necessitatis in tempore, qui negavit superrum, & interum simplicius in mundo, quod unius similus est. Reprehenditur, et Pythagoreorum dogma vulgus reflectitur. Terrium caput corum narrat dogma quod fuerit gravius, et levius disputarunt; inter quos est sententia Platonis in Timaeo, quae gravius descripsit quam pluribus consilii similibus, et levis paucioribus. In hac sententia diverit tribus sectis argumentis. Quartum in Democritum, Leucippum opinebantur gravius quicquid minus intuemur, vacui haberet, et leve quicquid plus. Granum quod plus atomorum habere in quos differit ruber, et deinde labitur in eos, quos nihil de gestu et leve disputarunt, quia nec vacui rationem habuerunt, sicut Empedocles, Anaxagoras. Sed postea in eos distinctur, qui licet causam assignent pluribus causis, et gravius quicquid minus. Quinquies caput in eos, quibus videtur gravius molemaiuri, et leius mole minori. Sextum caput secretum cur his inferum petunt, alia superum. Septimum comprendit quicquid gravissimelute, quicquid leve, et quid gravu, et leve quodammodo. Octavum decipit quid gravissimum simpliciter, quid leve, et quid gravu, et leve quodammodo. Nona delicata in genus docentur et nobilissimis, ac quot agricolas quicque caput docet summa prius brevius college. CONTEXTUS: Cum multa corpora pro propriis actionibus, operibus, fabricatis maxime differant, sum cuique legem naturae operi suo, affections, et virtues asserimus, prima est his dicendum ut his pertinet quidque corpus a quovis differre tempore cstatur. De grave ergo, et leve quid sit utrunque, et sit eorum natura, et qua de causa has obtinuerunt virutes vivas est. Hanc enim insipientiam orationi de motu proprio rel, cum leve dicere soleamus quicquid naturali movetur motu. Verilus in eorum animibus nulla nomino posita funt, nisi quis momenita, aut proprietates putet. Haec professo naturalis in motu versatur, et hac in scientia quidam quibus fomenta motus habent. Omnes quidem illorum virtutibus utuntur, haud tamen dicere niste paucis. Ergo prius videndo quid aliis dixerunt, aut quid indagarunt necessaria ad banc explorandi institutionem tim in modum persequimur quicquid videtur nobis. Nom de Renfer secondo il metodo interprete primo ordine di questo contesto Il fine è festeggiare il libro. Spero di avere una meditazione effettiva, con appoggio al fine ultimo di sezione. Quando qualcosa è detto in contesto, perorazione di detti, come dovrebbe essere congiunto, come qualunque uso del testo, e comprendere il senso dell'inizio proposto. Di quali generi resta da dire dicendo. Io uso infine il libro, che si presta a essere letto, e acquiurerò confidenza nelle azioni. Chi scrive. Affermazioni molto forti. Primo, nel contesto generale, proposta di dire su prospetti e azioni usufruttuari; col prossimo correggiamo l'operazione più efficace per coloro che coltivano, che è dire. Dico che, con questi corpi naturali, connessi ai corpi naturali, si possono svolgere azioni diverse. Il compito dei fisici è congiungere a questi corpi naturali. Quello dei fisici è proprio di provvedere alle azioni; quindi, con gravi ragioni, ci sono stati messi a conoscenza di queste cose naturali; ragioni forti, le quali congiungono al discorso fisico. Il corpo, con il suo naturale, ha una forza tale da congiungersi al prossimo intelligibile e al principio dell'azione. Ego, con esplicito detto, farò congiungere il primo libro, che si presta a essere letto, e acquisterò confidenza nelle azioni. Chi scrive. Primus, quid fit utrunque grave simplici cavea, cadere in.todo. Secundus, quare fit cornu natura. Tertius, ac qua de causa suas virtutes obtinebant. Hanc intentionem habere argumento persequar, quidquid naturalis discipulique interest referenda his, cuius natura movet, ut in propria. Ispanice, serantur ergo inde naturalis discursus. Tertium interponitur, etsi nulius, non enim gravissimum levissimum dicimus, tam et proprietates & momenta discipulii; & cum in his corporibus insunt fomenta, & incitamenta motus, ac professis usutur in motu, quo ab alijis disciplinis dissidet sexco meco. Physiologia libro. Non immemoro nunc curam caput in author de his gravibus, leuibus; dicenda, & non referenda fuit hoc negotium libris de generatione. Siquidem non inodo in tenia ponmi libri classifici recapic Aristo. de his didurum accuratissime in loco, sed celaim quam nullus in alibi locus aptior ad conlectendas partes mundi interi, quae in hoc super de mulo, & partibus eius primariis chartarum pandit ordine dicenda occasione ardua apprehendibilia praeceptoribus, qui necominus fucius fibus commentorum, de quibus pauci philosophiae funct. Quos igitur his paucis fui, speculati, Ad quem locum expositioni successit oneris incipere arbitrabuntur. Decidere quod Aristotelis valent. Ergo hic liber secatur in duae partes, unam de placitis Veneris, & alteram de usibus Aristotelis. Prima caput. Indivisum gravissimeque in his abarbis. Secunda caput. Nos autem. Verum mentem incipit liberi in nouce caput digestum. Accipe hacque instructioni. Primum de generali scopo. Cumurfus corpora proprietates, & non figuris. Alexandri asti Honores mellitut in leuitatem, gravissimam, secundasque qualitates duricitatem, mollicielem, rarissimam, densam, aliqualiter pacificabiles qualitates duarum humiditates, siccatem, operibus, cum motibus, qualitatibus caliditate, etc. Ego vero secus incogito haec verba; perinde operationes incogito exsilium, rarissimam, sollemne vermiculi, vel alienum; duricitatem, mollicielem, etc. in opera, movendus ad locum, permutuicam gravitatem, levitatemque, quam alterantes, de quibus in tertio historia; partem corporis. Itaque corpora. raafFcationibus operibas faculatibus praeda fini, Primum ducis oparibus, ac agiculis diccndus in cit, aigunicncia. Nam cuique habere viram, habere naturam fecundus libera scaeorchacori use expressi. Operaria actiones, & uirtute albertimu. Prius cA didicere de his, quae conveniunt habentibus naturam. Sed haec fune assequi, opera, vites ergo de his et. Etcus graria de his agendum est. Ut his pascenda dis, tantquam aliena iicicncibus nobis est sicut quicque corpus aquoisi differenter noscur, & nus oburgis, tecognicncia, d' parturit oritur occasio de gravia, & lege dicendum. Secundum ob id propria in coUbitu huius libellus intiui. De graviter, compliciter, & quodammodo, ad leuium limittim Te. Quid sic uternce definitions promiturunt uritque gravitas simplicitate, & qualiter quidquam in motu a movente, & aquicte de proinde, & quidquid licorum movet, id est formuincssa principium motus id locus vicem generalis (ubicus in toto coram, & lege Nomenementa seruntur, & moventur vel a generante, vel a removente prohibens, vel a medio, vel a forma substantialia quam qui dictus est graviatum, & leviatem non diffcient quid inter substllaniam, & (quod accidit inictet, nec inter vim, & principium primarium seu inter naturam, & facultatem ejus. Latent nos fontes elementorum sed tamen sunt & lateant in his viribus, & facultatibus, gravitatem, & leviatem, de quibus suffus suo loco positae. Nunc tertium, ascendendum ut idicilect, & qua de causa fic lecta finalis has ob tenendas virutes, utendus unicuique. Obtinetur quidem gravitatem, & leviatem elementa, & partem interiorem inundi, ut quoties extrincsec loca propria redirepont quasque postlinium id pacriam, & locum natium. Comprobatur propria intimitriti. Exsequimini inspectioni proprii, cum grauiter, & leger dicere de locum quicquid naturaliter ciptur in motu; ergo de his agendum est. Perse, argumentum, ut supra. Tertium, coeurum actionibus, & legeris fercre gravitatem simplicitate, humana nomina impostuunt fune functions sicut caliditas consolidationis est nomen operi, & perfrigeratio gelidi, nisi quis momenta, aut propositiones putet, & si carent nominibus tamen illud verissimum. Exterum prosequimini naturaliter in motu veracure, sed gravia in motu veracure, quia haec incepta cjuxdam qua sorti momenti motus habent; ergo de his agendum. Quartum datur occasionem ordini dicendi, Omnes quidem inter pecudes naturae graruitur, et leijum virtutibus, potentias utuittur, haud tamenum dehis dixeicemini pauci, conluseus fit, et consuctudo serat. At si totales sic procedendi, trgo primum uidcndo quos alios dixerunt, et quos indignarunt necessaria ad hanc explorandi institutionem, ne curiosior videatur percurrens rubricana, haec inmodum pereundumuri decidendum quicquidquid dicunt nobis. Ibi nos autem. CAP. II. SUMMA BREVITER, LUCILLUS INTERPRETE. Sume gravitatis, et letit, implicita etiam quodammodo manca veterrima Sollicitudo requiritur quae non est de implicita gravitatis gravissima, et leitius aut leitissima sollicitudine maestum, proptercepat quod solum quid gravius, quid leitius trauexerunt, cum utrunque haberet praemissa. Licitur mancam esse in hac sermo utiirusque docet, cum plana explicabit quid senescit in apta natura medio, vel ad medium senum, idem sursum, vel deorsum, quas partem in mundo nonnulli Pythagorici in Timaeo Plato ne gaudebant, coninqantiam, Si argumentum quo inducunt illi adercuenti dogma suum aut huic orbi narrat, et decernit partem esse in mundo. Tria igitur ex pede. CONTEXTUS II. Gaudete igitur, et leueperetim simpliciter, partim ad alterum. Nam eorum quid habent gravitatem hoc lege, hoc gravissime adutur signo dicimus, et sic simplicitatem memorabilem antiqui verissime de his, quae conferuntur trauexerunt. CHM quam quid stupor, quid levitatem praetermissum, et quid crassum, quid levium, fit in eorum gravitatem dixerunt. At vera qua dicimus magis erit perspicuum hunc modum, cum sit quidam natus strepitus semper a medio, et quidam ad medium. Quod a medio statur, sursum ferrut dicimus, et deorsum, quod ad medius. ORDONNATUIT PRIMUS UNTILARI OPORTET CENSUM OPINIONES DE GRAVIS IN LIBELUS. ITIQUET INCIPIET AUCTOR UBBIUSQUE INSINUAT GRAVISSIMUS, ET QUA A. ADA IUS, INOX MUTULAM ILLORUM DOCTRINAM STATUIT, QUI PE Cum PRAESCRIBERENT LEUE, SIMPLICE ITER, LI GRAVE SIMPLICIUS. Sed folium gravissimum, et leuis descriptionem inesse gravitatem. Ac multum est illorum professionem docet, quia quidam hypotensa sunt frigora media omni, et ad superum simplicium. Quidem ad medium, et quia vocabula ista media obscura sunt, explicantur figitis, quoniam ad medium serri est. Vt oftendat erratum utem primun dividit auctorem primus grave, etduce dupliciter. (Grave fit, et leve partim simplicium, sic ut ignis, vel ut terra, Partim ad terum, hoc est secundum collationem, ut fit uno levius, alter grave, sic ut acutius grave, sic ut per ignem grave. Imedia. Qua leuis terra, grave ora, ignibus. Divisionem comprobat. Quodunque est hoc levius, et hoc grave. Exemplum, sic ut ignis gravissimus per. Icre ipsa maturitate in statu nituntur, quinque non simpliciter gravia, sed levicibus aliquid dixat, sed de collatis tantum, sed de simplicitate memoratis nihil antiqui. Veri enim dies, qua conscribuntur tractatus, cum quid sit grave, simpliciter expectant, et quid leve simplicius, et quodamine modo. Nam de ponderibus, et oneribus, et gravibus concreta, et levibus videntur diffigere, quia concreta funt, quid leve praevinctum, et quid grave, quiduc leve usitatum non inelementis sed habentiun gravitatem, et quid sunt mixta concreta dicunt, Quod autem sic diverbient dicendum de simplicitate gravibus, et levibus subiungit autori id forcelonge evidentes postea. At vero quod dicimus magis est perspicuum hunc in podum, cum sit quidam lus serri (in tempus a medio, velut acutus, ignis, et concreta ex aliquo hortum propositum, et quidam ad medium, aqua, terra, et gravia. Et nominorum novitiorum medium videtur sibi generi dubitatum Platois, aut dogma illius, qui negat superum cedine mundo et in piam, mox expedit quid medium et admedium ininteligit. Quotidie medium fertur, sursum dicimus serri, et deorsum quod ad lium. Hinc autem recitanda opinionis adducerunt data ei. Interim de omni grave, et levi, non est locus proprium, quia sedale, et ponderibus mechanica est sars, ute discipula. Et quandocumque de causis putant ponderum, quae sunt elementa hoc loco disputetur, nemine non qua causa omnium ponderum, sed pancares in universum gravitatem, et levitatem in suis locis permanentes, vel ad ea suit apta oatura proficiscuntur, judicatur an repedentur gravia, et levia simplicitate de quibus postea. CONTEXTVS II L Bofum enim et (ut nonnulli sentent) in alto nec suprum, nec infimum exstimerent, quae praecepta suprema, inferiora et loam negarent, quid omni ex parte mundus consimulium est, sursumque sitt, terra quocunque antipes erit. Avon statuit duo loca naturalia gravibus, & levis diversa, superum, & inferum contra negantia surgit. Et quamquam Democritus, Epicurus afferent infini nusquam superum, infimum vel in profundum, quia inessitum perpetuo unum erit; tamen nunc autor in hac oratione. rationem Platonicam in Timaeo contra vulgi opiniones affirmatas pro vulgo (sicut Graeci praetextus). Et leue cum ea natura similis, quae sursum, adorsumque dicitur commodissime decurabitur. Sed illud ridendum ab absurdum, et duo quidem loca essent natura inter se longo intervallo distinta, et unum quidem deorsum vocari, ad quem locum ca descuntur omnia quicquid movet quandam corporis habent aliter utrumque sursum, ad quem omnia moventur. Cam factum educet tententia Pythagoreorum necandium superum, et inferum in mundo. Dudum in secundo libro hanc asignauimus acto contra Pythagoreos. Nunc vero in mundo etiam infero hic pugnaturus sumus. Icingo Aristoteles inquit. Absurdum enim est (ut nonnulli consentent) in acto, et in idea mundo, et praevinctus inferior, et nec superum, nec inferum exillimare, qui constat, Pythagoreorum sensu, Socratici, Platonici, melius sed cum vulgo sentire hac in re, quam dissere a communis opinioni. Et similiter Democritus, et Epicurus huius opinionis sacerdos, hos in verba, et argumenta Timaeo erumpit auctor. Nam Plato quattuor terminis argumentis supertum, et inferum. Primum id est, quia quicquid absunt a medio similiter absunt, et differentur similiter extrema, et non unum supertum, alterum inferum. His verbis concinnatur. Cum enim eclum omne rotundum sic, quicquid medio quidquid extra mundum, extrema sit in eo portio extrema. Secundum argumentum Platonicum concitcit locum inferi in mundi totum esse medium, circa quod movetur eclum ubi nec superum, nec inferum. Sic scribit. Medium quoque quodquis lineis ab extremis undique distans est in regione qua omnia respicit. Quoniam igitur mundus ita dispositus est, quisquid deorum quicquid sursum esse dixit, vel deorsum non iniuria errare videbitur. Medianem enim locum in ipso necque sursum, necque deorsum dici debet, sed medius. Quod sursum undique circuit, necque medium est, necque partem in se habet ullam ab alia differentiam quoad ipsum medium, sed omnino quicquid in ea regione locatum. Hanc ratio Platónica sequitur in his verbis. Ei vero, quod simillimum est summo contra rivalia nomina nullus iure citat. Si quid enim subidum, quid liberumque in unico medio lit ad nullam extra memorum partem propter essedis similitudinem declinabit. Quarta vero ratio est, sic usque a cujusdam Platoni locutus est causa in Platone. At si quis circa hoc ambulat speculans similiter stabit oppositis, candidum quidem illius partem sutum, tum deorsum vocabit. Iuque nullum, quemadmodum paulo ante diximus, chim in rotundum, locum habere superiorem, aut inferiorem vir prudentis minimis asservabit. cerni tmonus habit, & planiticem. Non ubique sicur conliminis. CONTEXTVS IIII. Aur anernes summum univerrsum suffurum appeUat, quod positione, & constant supremum, praetum est, et cum sit extremum, ac medium, planum etiam spernum, & inferum tantum convenit, sicut multa alia; tametsi non satis; propterea quod ex uno non ex omni parte simile, sed volumossimum super totum hmicrium. Sene fit si sic persuadent, illud undique in circuitu ejusmodi esse, & medium universum ubique pariter respondebat; prosto partim superum, et partim inferum satisfactum. Ergo simpliciter leve id dicetur, quod sublimem, & supremum petit locum. Coram autem, quod simpliciter ad inferum, ad medium deminuitur. Itaque item ad aliud, ac levius dicitur, quod cum duo sunt altero pondere praedictum, & aqua mole lighterius situr describenda natura. Contradictor autem Aristoteles. Ille negabat revera rubetum in recessu mundi sed solum nominatum esse, et in arbitrio nostrum ingenium positum. Hic contrafacebat, & natura non solum vulgariter vocaret, Plato autem in Timio undevulgus appellent supremum, & inferum vocaret in minium sic ostendit. Sed unde his nomen academiae, & in dubus sapientibus existeat mundus totum instruimus huiustmodi quendam ponentes investigemus. Si quis in ea mundi ratione, qua ut plurimam fortitutem habet ignis, & ad quam undique extentur in id quidque aliquam necessitatem incipit, per quam ignis partes arripuit liberque, aut ubi in statu lacunaris collocauit, ut deorsum in dissimilem detorquens aereum, constat planum minus ignis portionem majorem (acquisita ad rem). Ubicunque caute duobus uno robore suspendit incertum, in minimis plus quam minus vim inferenscedit, & in minimo quidque 69 ipsum conclusio quque esse dicitur altissimum, et in quo. Idem etiam nobis terra habitu localibus actu. Titulus originale dogmatum Libellus III. Arifti de Celo. 64.) Cedit. Nam terra innita perque cam gradiente inter se parametres atque distinguimus. Sicut terram in dissimilem acrem dicimus, sic et cognatum partem. Hinc portio minor faciliter quam maxima ad dissimilem locum iactam prius violenciam cedet, cum quelicus cognominaus, sic locum ad quem completimur, sursum. Contraria his affectionem gravem quidem, atque deorsum. Hic ut inter cedit terra necesse qua Harium est, propter ea quam multitudinem locum alios contrarium obtruncem. Quod enim in alio loco est, id loco alteri: quod in gravido, gravem. Et quod deorsum dicitur id quod deorsum, quod in summo id quod sursum. Omnes enim harum transruentur in terram contra, et differant circa, iereque representur. Hic Platonica oratio respice negat superum inferum, et concurret solus hic et nomen contra quam licet scribere auctoris. Sicut igitur nos summum universum non cadem nec ordine, et ursum feci infra mundi sub Luna globe, sic et superum appellamus. Reddique quomodo appellamus, non quia sit mea vocabilis, sed quia sit in actu. Ipso pontifice est superum, sub caelo Lunam orbem, et natura primam, unde motus in longum, et superum. summa naturae, quamque extremum, atque citissime docetur exlici textus oratio. Et cum fit excel, (cum mundi extremum et medium, sic cut mulit autunt, tam cht non satis idem accuratc, et sic, ut supra legibasci excepta ex Timaeo Platois, planus etiam superum, et inferum esse convincit. Quod vero on laris accuratc dicant, explicare propter ea quod extremum non ex omni parte similis, hoc est non circi rotundum etiam adunipodas, et in sic rotundum, sed solum superimpositum. Magnam increditiamoundum a unico. Siquidem irreducus secundi libri tomus narravit Pythagoras hemispharium postulere superum hoc, et aliud inferius. Ergo non unum tantum hemispharium novem. Nisi incodenum loco indicarit Pythagoras nostrum aquilonarem folium magnum. Recens locum. Incadenum opinionem vulgus est Pythagororum, sed rudius, et salius. Nam ex ills ics imaginibus Zodiaci super nos. 0. U., et opposito tempore contrarias potuere utrunque dignoscere rc hemispharium. Deinde rc revolutione stellarum quinquaginta ad secundum locum sit spatium 11 horarum super, et alterum 11 horarum infra morantur. Rursus hodie Lullinorum navigationibus comprehenditur alterum hemispharium, cingitur male vulgus, et Pythagoras sensent, qui solum hoc nostrum hemispharium asserunt. Aristoteles contra sensus. Verus illic per ipsas causas illud undiquque immensum incircuitum modicum, circumundum, et ubique videre dimidium exli, et sex in signa Zodiaci habere super, sex in inferum, et medium quidque universi rotundum et cognoscere superum, et inferum, partem ratione est in uno hemisphario, et de altero. Ergo quot horizontes obliqui in toto mundo hemisphario deorsum, et superum loca habent, ita quilibet obliquium inclinates hemispherii. Figurademonstrat. Denique aliud Pythagorium didum improbatur. Siquidem asserit omnes elementis gravia esse ignem, et ob gravitatem morari in suo loco. Quinque in locis fusis omnia clienca funt gravia, extra, levia. Autorigine sumpuicitur, & gravia descripta quid sit lecta quodam modo. Ergo focus est focussimonimo simplicitate dicatur quodlibet & summo perit locum in sphaera caduca illa. Extremum dicitur in recessu, & motus restituit. Vos illi Gaucautem quod simplicitate est inferum jactum, ad medium mundum servetur. Postremo lectu secundum comparationem descriptur. Lectu itaque ad aliud per comparationem, ac lege cuius dicitur, quod cum duo pondera reporta praedicta, quara olei lenus descriptur natura ad corpus, sed melius sursum iactabit littra. Sed sicut burbulectum illud sursum iacet, cur paulo supra dicit pondera reporta, sed quod onus pondus & multum pariter praedictis unum cerebrum sensualter? Nilil intelligatur utrunque plus cense, sed non per pondus, attamen pariter mole. Nihil lecturi est alter, nisi aliquid gravitatis habet, ut nihil gravius ictu, nisi aliquid in lectum tendeat. Adhuc nunc de gravitas, & lege quodammodo quae fit admixtura lecturi, orationem non autem de medis elementis. Attendite omnes lecturi summi lecturi cacti, sic unicus nam remedium ad uniusculi alteri. Ignis lecturi summi omnius elementi aqua, aer, ignis secundum partes tum gravior tum levis dicitur. Pars maior rolla lecturi, pars minor gravior. Contra in gravissimo, pars maior gravior, & nimio leve. Maiorem dico qui ad rubricam cymbalad cumpadum, maius. Verum de his loca lobia, hoc modo omnia gravia, & levissime dicuntur nulla resistunt, fit simpliciter quod atammodo. Recumbatur opilio Platonis in Timaeo affectus omnialementa gravia in tuo loco, et in secundo libro periculo subula narrabatur, qui Atlante superbi caderer, et Empedocles carmine, quale carmen gravissimum, sed pro celerrimae curae cursum continuabatur super; nec non alle opinius de anima mundi Platonicus affectus, (sicut continuabat mundum in ipso et caelo, ne laboreretur. Alia fuit introducta opinia aliorum, cui omnia gravia dixit et commisit hujusmodi, qui alter appellavit mare idque aere, et aer a igne, et igne, cuiusmodi caelo permanent super. His ergo aut his oribus nihil locum implicittere. Secunda causatio filque impliciter, et gravissime affectus rapura, et elementum ignis purpuratum esse findisset. Absurdistimum, quia nil purum si unum ex alio gignitur. Connexio argumenti probatur, quia terrapura caete summoulis, sit ignis. Si summum, ergo terram gravissimum. Ignis uber hic simus. Hinc error repetit Platonis, qui omnia in locis gravia constituit, ledet extra loca levia. Nam in summo actu naturaliter ignis leuissimus, in infimo terra gravissima. In medio mediis actus, quia levia, & gravia sunt collata inter se, & ad extremas. Quarto, quia ad aliam terram locum, ute nihil inhumum firment quaeque partis, ac totum leuissimum est, vel gravissimum. Nam sicut panis ad concavum Lunae concedit, ac totus ignis, & partis terra ad medium mundi, vel totus, sic extra actum. Medio autem nocere ad valum solutionem per crucem, & partis in hoc. Sic gravissimus fit leuissimus, & leuis gravissimum, sive partis vel gravior, vel leuis est gravius. Quinto modo leuissimum supereminet omnibus, & gravissimum subsistit. Quia ratione medii elementa non funt leuissima nec quidque gravissima. Actum infra ignes, super aquam, terram; Aquam super terram; infra acrim, & ignem. Sexto leuissimum, quidque ubiqui extra sum locum concedit, sic ut in terra, aqua, aere. Granissimum, quale ubiqui extra loci determinet siue in ignem, in aerem, in terram, infra, super, etc. In Libello de Celo. Aere, gravissimum quidque ubiqui extra locum determinet siue in ignem, in aerem, in terram, infra, super, etc. Quia ratione medii elementa, quia levia, & gravia sunt collata inter se, & ad extremas. Quarto, quia ad aliud terram locum, ut nihilo inhumum firmiter quaque parte, ac totum leuissimum est, vel gravissimum. Nam sicut panis ad concavum Lunae concedit, ac totus ignis, & partis terra ad medium mundi, vel totus, sic extra actum. Medio autem nocere ad valum solutionem per crucem, & partis in hoc. recipralapidem, proposition aquam naturalem fluebem; et (i bpii necquiquam, acriter comprimendum pidem aquamitur profundibus liberarii & concurrenda supra aquam. Rursum licuit subiicitur adhuc indeptus cuperes; cum porro appropinquat lube ficti signi, hoc ipsi gravior; quique cupiant minime aquam, terramque suum. Idem dicendum de aqua. Curem ictur aquam, gravissima, A: quidquam. 10 Talialique consequuntur naturam. Agitement arcus respondet. Adhibitorium opinionum dicesscs emotus et autor cconfusus. Adiacentum, quaestion icteron debet in secundo libro de generatione, tam in primo libro purus effectus in licuimus, et tam in hcre potest reciprocus urens, cum purum effectum, tum ignis portali carns, et preparari, ut statuer, et vicis in ex acris ignis. De tercio ignem auditur quid dicendum. Partes licuit similis, vel gravissime non dicuovcur eulmodi, quia non satis tent omne gradum licuitatis, aut gravitatis, ut unicus in totoque ipsa terra, vel ignis. Sed alios modus laesit, vel gravissimodice polutunt. De quarto calle dicendum licuit moptom motu, quod omnes semitas in nostra sphaera mortalium, et insuperum cutiatis. Calendis non servatur supranecina onus calendis, De terra, et cetera fromundi libro secundo olicitodchnicum. Centrum gravitatis in ictu centro mundi, quare terra major. De quinto respondemus ad umbrium ilud impliciter plura significare, et incaditum, et uno modo. ac generatio, nec non omnis omnis, et semper. Nunc significat simpliciter leni, quod uno modo ita est legeutur Honopis id igrotavet cuius modus ita licet omni modo, et non semper quare semper saput natura clare et pemandem qualitates gravitatem ignem, et aquam pariper gravitas non est gravissima quin licus, nec licus quin gravissima. Ad sextum asse respodemus, quia non permixtionem qualitatis, aut gravitatis dicitur quid licus, quid gravius, sed una qualitas propria aer inferior ignibus, et gravior est (el, qua sed superioraqua, terra, et licuor. Idem de aqua dicendum. De quarto dicimus, quod omnes impliacia funcllementa media et extrema, et habere simplices qualitates, sed aereum sum mutricequae interior ignitum, et gravior, sed licuor aqua, et terra. De olla dicendum est, et primum non est similis utilitati. De incipitur in similitudine gravitatem in aqua summam, et licuitatem in aero dupliciter, vel summant qua nihil sic licus, vel gravius, et id omni modo falsum; vel summam, quia quid simplicissima est in aere, vel in aqua sic ut ignis, et terra, et hoc modo est. De nona cavillatione ponderum dicendum una ced quid qualitatem radicem, qua aer gravior ignem, et licuor reliquis est; et ideo movetur eius cadus unus, simplicissimus, et per unam qualitatem, et formam dicendum ignem, et aquam. Idem de gravi succaque dicendum. Una qualitas, et forma ascendit aquam, et descendit ignem, aer, et erigibilis simplicissimus et maior qualitas, gravissima, et licus, et gravia facta. | 0.274601 | -0.445618 | 1,128 | 4,561 | 240 | 240 | royalty biographies | false |
99,977 | reportsofcasesad04newyiala_50 | English-PD | Public Domain | By the Act Concerning Tenures (10th sess., ch. 36, sec. 1 ; 1 R. S., 719, sec. 10) it is de- clared lawful for every freeholder to alienate or dispose of his lands or tenements, at his pleasure. The Legislature have allowed In- dians to become freeholders ; and by issuing patents of lands to them, their heirs and assigns, they are, by the very terms of such 328 patents, authorized to sell and dispose of the lands granted to them. The unrestrained power of alienation is an inseparable incident to an estate in fee-simple ; and when an estate once becomes assignable, it forever continues assignable. By granting an estate of inheritance, or fee-simple, to this Indian, the Legislature have given him the power to sell. It cannot be objected that the Indians are aliens, for by the Act of the 28th February, 1789- (12th sess., ch. 42 ; 1 R. S., 719, sec. 9 ; Green- leaf's edit. Laws, Vol. II., p. 279), lands held by any inhabitant or citizen of the State, since the 7th January, 1770, cannot be defeated by any pretense of alienism ; nor can any plea or pretense of alienism be objected, as to lands acquired between the 3d September, 1783, and the time of passing that act. Though the patent was issued in this case in 1791, it can make no difference, as all lands to which sol- diers who have died were entitled are declared to have been vested in them in 1783. The Legislature by their act (22d sess., ch. 13) granted lands to John Dennie, an Indian, and took a mortgage from him. Mr. Gold, contra. 1. Indians cannot take lands by descent. No descent can be cast but on persons who owe allegiance. If a denizen in England purchased lands, to *him [*293 and his heirs, yet his heirs could not inherit. (7 Co., 6, 7, Calvin's case.) Nor is it, as Lord Coke observes, climate or soil that makes a natural-born subject, but allegiance, and obedience ; for if any enemy within the king- dom have possession of a town or fort, and have issue born, such issue is no subject of the king, though born on the soil, for he is not born under his allegiance and protection. The Treaty of Peace between the United States and Great Britain, which allowed Brit- ish subjects to hold lands, did not permit them to descend ; and this defect was afterwards supplied by the Treaty of 1794. "Citizens," says Vattel (bk. 1, ch. 19, sec. 212), "are the members of civil society ; bound to this society by certain duties, and subject to its authority, they equally participate in its advantages." Are these Indians citizens or subjects of this State ? Do they owe allegiance or obedience ? Can the State compel them to bear arms, to pay taxes, or to perform any other duties of a citizen ? Again, how are these lands to descend ? Ac- cording to the law of descents established by this State, or according to the customs and usages of the Indian tribe ? From the well known condition of the In- dians, they are presumed to be wholly ignor- ant of our laws ; they are inopes comilii, and considered as wholly incapable of contracting. If the tribes or nations, acting in their collect- ive capacity, are considered as incapable of selling their land, without the consent of the Legislature, a fortiori, an individual must be regarded as incompetent. The Act of the 4th April, 1801 (24th sess., ch. 147), speaks of purchases made of any Indian or Indians ; thereby clearly intending to prohibit purchases from an individual as well as from a tribe. Because an Indian is a freeholder it does not follow that he has a right to convey. Infants, JOHNS. REF.. 7. 1810 JACKSON, EX DEM., v. WOOD. 293 femes covert, or persons non compos mentis, may be freeholders ; yet they are incapable of con- veying their lands while under such legal dis- ability. The right of transmitting property 294*] *by descent is not derived from the law of nature, but from the positive and arbi- trary laws of civil society (Cruise's Dig., De- scent, tit. 29, ch. 2, sec. 2), which are variously modified in different States, according to prin- ciples of public policy or convenience. The Act of the 28th February, 1789, was not pros- pective ; it referred only to past cases. In the 21st section of the Act of the 4th April, 1801, the lands of the Brothertown In- dians are made descendible to their heirs, ac- cording to our law of descents ; and the widow of a deceased Indian is declared entitled to re- main in the house of her husband during her widowhood ; and the superintendents are to assign her as much land as they may think necessary ; which is wholly different from the law of dower as to our citizens. But these benefits and privileges are not extended to any other tribe of Indians. As to other Indians, no person can purchase or take lands from them without the consent of the Legisla- ture. Mr. Cody, in reply. The case mentioned from Coke is that of the issue of an alien ene- my. But Indians born in our country, and who have fought the battles of our Revolu- tion, stand on a different ground. An African brought into this country and sold as a slave, if he is afterwards manumitted, becomes entitled to all the rights and privi- leges of a native citizen, and may hold and transmit lands. Is an Indian possessed of less understanding than an African ? On what principle of justice or reason should they be considered less competent, or less entitled to hold and transfer property ? If an Indian patentee can convey, why may not his children, who take by descent, also convey ? KENT, Ch.J., delivered the opinion of the court : It is stated in the case that the heirs of the Indian patentee, under whom the lessor of the plaintiff claims, by a deed of the 2d of April, 1808, are Oneida Indians, and residing with 2J)5*] *the Oneida tribe. The plaintiff shows the deed without proving the consideration, or showing any particular legislative sanction for the conveyance, and the question is, whether the deed be valid in law. It is a fact too notorious to admit of discus- sion or to require proof, that the Oneida In- • liaiis still reside within this State, as a distinct and independent tribe, and upon lands which they have never alienated, but hold and enjoy a« the original proprietors of the soil. Their political relation to this State is peculiar, and »ui gentri*. If they are not aliens in every sense, because of their dependence as a tribe, and their right to protection, they cannot be considered as subjects born under allegiance, and bound, in the common law sense of the term, to all its duties. But this is a question which I do not wish or mean to discuss, and I have only alluded to the condition of thcOnci- das to show that they come within the gen- eral provision in our constitution and laws, rel- .TOUNS. REP., 6. ative to purchases of land from the Indians within this State. The 37th article of the constitution (art. 7, sec. 12) declares that no purchase or contract for the sale of lands which may be made with or by the Indians within this State shall be valid, unless made under the authority and with the consent of the Legislature. This provision has been generally supposed, and perhaps correctly, to refer to purchases from the Indians, as a tribe or community ; for Indians generally hold their lands in com- mon, and do not know of individual property in land. But the Legislature, in their earliest provision on the subject of these Indian pur- chases, carry their prohibition to all purchases from individual Indians, as well as from the tribe ; for the Act of the llth sess., ch. 85, de- clares it to be a public offense to purchase or contract for the sale of lands within this State, with any Indian or Indians residing within the limits of this State. The same prohibition, in | the same words, was included *in the [*2$)(> revised laws of 1801 (Laws, Vol. I., p. 464); and the Act of 1801 goes further, and declares j (sec. 2)1 that no person shall maintain an ac- I tion on any contract against any Stockbridge ! or Brothertown Indian, or against any Indian residing on any lands reserved to the Oneida. Onondaga or Cayuga Indians. If no suit will lie against the Indian himself on such contract it is because the law will not recognize it as valid, unless made under the sanction which has since been provided. It is difficult to recon- cile this provision in the act with the validitjr of the deed before us. The various regulations in the Act of 1801 all show the sense of the Legislature, that an Indian, in his individual capacity, is, in a great degree, inops cotmlii, and unfit to make contracts, unless with the consent and under the protection of a civil magistrate. The law not only protects Indians from anjr suit upon their contracts, but it de- clares specially, that all alienations of land by the Brothertown and New Stockbridge Indians are void. These are just and humane guards against the imposition and frauds which that unfortunate people have not the power to withstand. The same provisions prevail in the Spanish colonies. None of the Indians within the Spanish dominions can dispose of their real property, without the intervention of a magis- ! trate. But the Act of the 32d sess., ch. '63, relates to the very subject before us. It pro- vides that the heirs of Indians, to whom lands have been granted by this State, for military services, shall be, and are made capable of taking and holding any such lands by descent, in the same manner as if such heirs were citi- zens of this State, at the death of their ances- tors ; and that every conveyance, thereafter to be executed by such patentee, or his heirs, to anv citizen of this State, for any such land, shall be valid, if executed witli the approba- tion of the surveyor-general. The act of the next, or 33d sess., ch. 25, contains directions for the surveyor-general, calculated to -ecure the more effectually, justice *to the 1*21)7 patentee and his heirs; and there i- a proviso in each of these acts, that nothing in them I. Viilr Act ii 297 SUPREME COURT, STATE OF NEW YORK. 1810 shall be construed to conform or affect any prior conveyance from such patentee or his heirs. Such conveyances remain as if those acts had not been passed ; and from the con- struction which I give to the prior acts of the llth session, and of 1801, such contracts and conveyances, if executed by Indians residing with their tribe, were absolutely void. The case is within the letter, and certainly within the spirit, of the several statutes on this sub- ject. These statutes ought to be construed liberally for this purpose. The principles of public policy, a sense of justice and humanity, the honor of the State, and the conclusions of law, require us to consider such contracts as made with persons unfit to contract without the advice of disinterested counsel. I allude now only to contracts made with individual Indians, and not to purchases made from the tribe, in their national or collective capacity. The nation, by its chiefs in council, is to be presumed competent to judge of its rights, and to preserve them ; and private purchases from the nation or tribe are declared void upon other grounds. The motion on the part of the plaintiff to set aside the nonsuit is, therefore, denied. Judgment of nonsuit. Cited in— 14 Johns., 182, 475; 30 Johns., 190, 719; 6 Peters, 121. 298*] *cox THE TRUSTEES OFPEARCE,an Abscond- Debtor. Motion to Set Aside Report of Referees — Evidence — Deposition in Other Proceedings — Witness since Deceased. A deposition taken before the trustees appointed under the Act for Relief Against Absconding- and Absent Debtors, may be read in evidence before referees, nominated under the same act, after the death of the witness, though taken by the referees, in the absence of the creditors, or ex-parte, the trustees being considered as the agents of both par- ties. The court may inquire into the merits of the con- troversy, on the report of the referees ; but it will require a strong case to induce them to set aside the report. Citations— Laws, Vol. I., p. 240; 2 Johns., 20. MR. RUSSELL, in behalf of the creditor, moved to set aside the report of the ref- erees, nominated under the 16th section of the "Act for Relief Against Absconding and Ab- sent Debtors" (24th sess., ch. 49). 1. Because they had admitted improper evi- dence. 2. On the merits, as against evidence. The referees admitted the deposition of Joseph Sears, taken before them in August, 1809, and who was dead at the time it was offered to be read in evidence, at the hearing, in December, 1809. Mr. Russell read several affidavits to show that the report of the referees was against evi- dence, but it is unnecessary to detail the facts. Messrs. Foot and Schoonhoven, contra, con- tended that this reference being voluntary, though under the statute, the court could not 330 set aside the report, unless for corruption or misbehavior of the referees. THE COURT. We will hear the case on both points. Mr. RusseU cited Peake's Evid., 62; 3 Term Rep., 707 ; 5 Term Rep., 373 ; 1 M'Nally on Evid., 283, 300; King v. Woodcock, and King v. Dingley (1 East, 873 ; 2 East, 54, 68). He observed that the deposition of Sears was ex-parte, Cox and none of the creditors being present. He objected, also, that the re- port was signed by two of the referees only. Messrs. Foot and Schoonhoven insisted that the deposition was taken by the trustees, who are the agents of both *parties, under [*29O the statute ; that every examination taken and authorized by law, whether the party against whom it is to operate be present or not, is com- petent evidence, in case the witness dies. (2 Str., 920.) Thus examinations taken on a coroner's inquest are allowed to be read in evi- dence, if the witnesses are dead. So the ex-parte deposition of the mother of a bastard child, in regard to its putative father, is admitted in evidence ; these examinations being authorized by statute. Again, this being a reference under the stat- ute, a report by two of the referees is suffi- cient. Per Curiam. The deposition of Joseph Sears was taken on the 16th August, 1809 ; and when it was offered to be read before the referees, in December, 1809, he was dead. This deposition was taken by the trustees; when Sears was examined by them on the claim of Cox, and the statute says (Laws, Vol. I., p. 240), "that the trustees, or any two of them, are competent to settle all matters and accounts between the debtor and his creditors, and to examine any person on oath concerning the same, which oath may be administered by any of the said trustees, two of them being present." In this examination, the trustees act as the official agents of both parties, and under obligations, official and religious, to act impar- tially. A deposition taken beiore them, when they were examining the witnesses, ought to be read afterwards, upon the death of the wit- ness, as much as a deposition taken before a coroner's inquest, or the Onondaga commis- sioners, and it ought equally to be admitted. (2 Johns. Rep., 20.) On the merits of the case, there is not suffi- cient ground to interfere with the determina- tion of the referees. The referees are stated to have been appointed in pursuance of the act, which is perfectlv fair and impartial be- tween the creditor and the trustees. The act says that the referees " shall finally settle the Controversy." And though thecturt [*3OO may look into the merits of the controversy, without any objection to the behavior of the referees, yet they certainly will require a pretty strong case before they interfere and set aside the decision. From the testimony of Sears and of Clows, there is no doubt but that the demand of Cox was properly rejected, and though the credit of Clows was attacked, it was also defended, and it was still a question for the referees how far his credit was destroy- ed ; and if it had been, there was nothing to JOHNS. REP., 7. 1810 JACKSON, EX DEM., v. BELKNAP. 300 touch the credit of Sears. The motion to set aside the report ought to be denied. SPENCER, J., not having heard the argu- ment, gave no opinion. Motion denied. Cited in— 16 Johns., 14. JACKSON, ex dem. KELLY and OAKLEY, T. BELKNAP. Practice — Amendment of Declaration — Set-rice of Copy — Rule — Time to Plead. Where, on application of a defendant in eject- ment, a demise is ordered to be struck out of the plaintiff's declaration, he must serve a certified copy of the rule for the amendment on the plaint- iff, which shall be deemed an actual amendment, as to all subsequent proceedings on the part of the plaintiff ; and the defendant, without a new copy of the declaration being served on him, must enter into the consent rule, and plead in 20 days after service of the certified copy of the rule for the amendment, unless otherwise ordered by the court ; and the rule shall be sufficient to authorize an act- ual amendment of the declaration on file, or to file a new one in its stead, whenever it may become necessary. AT the last August Term, on the application of the defendant, one of the demises in the plaintiff's declaration was ordered to be struck out. No notice or copy of the rule was served on the plaintiff ; nor was any new declaration delivered by him ; but the cause was noticed for trial at the last Orange Circuit, under the title according to the amendment directed by the court. \t the trial, the plaintiff was non- suited, for not confessing lease, entry and ouster. 3O1*] *Mr. Fink, for the defendant, now moved to set aside the default. He contended that one of the demises having been struck out, a copy of the amended declaration ought to have been served by the plaintiff. He cited 2 Caines, 26, anonymous, and Ilolinex v. Lans- ing, 1 Johns. Cases, 248. Where the declara- tion is amended after plea, the defendant is entitled to an imparlance, and may plead de WITH). Mr. Caines, contra. The 8th rule of April Term, 1796, applies only to amendments made by a plaintiff ; and all the decisions under that rule relate to amendments made by plaintiffs, not to those made by defendants. Amend- ments are granted on payment of costs. The defendant applied to strike out the demise, and lie might have gone to the clerk's office and struck out the count. At least, the de- fendant ought to have entered a rule for the amendment, and served a copy on the plaint- iff's attorney, or have given him notice of it. Per Curiam. The practice to be pursued when a rule for an amendment of this kind is obtained seems not to be well settled. The de- fendant, in the case before us, has interposed no affidavit of merits. The practice being un- settled, if lie has any defense he ought to be let in. We think, therefore, that the proceed- ings must be stayed until the next term, to give him an opportunity of presenting such an affidavit, if any can be made. But in cases JOHNS. HEP., 7. hereafter arising, the practice we adopt is, that the defendant must serve on the plaintiff a certified copy of the rule, which shall be deemed an actual amendment of the declara- tion, as to all subsequent proceedings on the part of the plaintiff ; and the defendant, with- out being entitled to a new copy of the deda- ration, must enter into the consent rule, and plead within 20 days after service of a certified copy of the rule for amendment unless otherwise ordered by the court. *This rule shall be [*3O2 deemed sufficient to authorize an actual amend- ment of the declaration on file, or to file a new one in its stead, if it shall at any time become necessary. Motion granted. SHOTWELL «. FEW. Trover — Custody of Agent of State Prvton — De- mand — Refusal by Command of Inspector — Liability. Where the goods of A, in the custody of the agent of the State Prison, were refused to be delivered on the demand of A, by the direction and command of B, one of the inspectors, it was held that B was liable to an action of trover for the goods so de- tained by his authority. was an action of trover, for machinery. J- tools, wrought and unwrought materials, belonging to the plaintiff, a blockmaker. The cause was tried at the New York sit- tings, the llth of December, 1809, before Mr. Justice Yates. In 1805 the plaintiff sent the tools and ma- chinery and materials, with an overseer, to the State Prison, to employ the prisoners to work in making blocks, pursuant to an agreement made between the plaintiff and the inspectors of the prison. The defendant was one of the inspectors. The articles were proved to be the property of the plaintiff. John Cooke, a witness for the plaintiff, testi- fied that at the trial of a former suit brought by the plaintiff against Peter II. Wendover, the agent of the prison, to recover the same articles, the present defendant was a witness, and testified that the articles in question had been detained by his own personal order, and not as an act of the board of inspectors, and the plaintiff on that trial was nonsuited. A demand was made of the articles at the prison, of the clerk, in tl>e absence of the agent, and it was answered that the articles were de- tained by order of the inspectors, on account of a debt due from the plaintiff. *Wendover, the agent, testified that [*.4{O.'{ he understood from the defendant that he had, as one of the inspectors, directed the clerk not to deliver the articles to the plaintiff when they were demanded ; and that the goods were detained by order of the inspectors, and that the defendant gave the order as inspector ; but no entry of such order appeared to have been made in the minutes of the board of inspectors. The witness said that in regard to matters of minor importance he observed the directions of a single inspector : but that in regard to the delivery of the articles in question, he should not have obeyed the directions of a single in- spector. The agreement between the plaintiff 881 ;)03 SUPREME COURT, STATE OF NEW YORK. 1810 and the inspectors was verbal. The plaintiff was to furnish the raw materials, and allow 40 cents per day for the labor of each convict, for which a credit was to be given ; and that when the articles were demanded, there was about $500 due from ihe plaintiff to the prison. A motion was made for a nonsuit, and the Judge was of opinion that the property came into the prison under a contract between the plaintiff and the inspectors, and that one in- spector could not order it to be delivered ; that the plaintiff ought to have sought his remedy on the contract, or against the proper parties. The plaintiff then offered to proceed for the tools and machinery detained ; but the judge, being of opinion that they also were within the contract, directed the plaintiff to be called, and he was nonsuited. A motion was made to set aside the nonsuit, and for a new trial. Mr. Hopkins, for the plaintiff. Here was no right of lien, in this case, on the part of the inspectors. Liens are allowed in regard to certain trades, or certain officers or agents, where the work is done not solely on the credit of the employer. General liens are for the con- venience of trades, and, beinjjj founded on 3O4*] custom only, are taken "strictly. Par- ticular liens have been allowed, in regard to particular trades only, and are not to be ex- tended. The courts in England have unwill- ingly extended the doctrine in one or two in- stances. But where there is a special agreement, there can be no right to retain. (Buller, 45 ; Sayer, 224.) And, especially, where a credit is given there can be no lien ; for it expressly excludes the idea that the party looks to the property as his security. Where goods come into the hands of a per- son by contract, and are detained by wrong, trover will lie ; and in tort or trespass, he who commands the tort or trespass to be commit- ted, is liable as the principal tortfeasor. Here the goods were detained by the authority and command of the defendant. Admitting that the materials might be de- tained, the plaintiff has, unquestionably, a right to his tools and machinery. There can be no pretense on the part of the defendant for detaining them. Messrs. Cowdry and Sandford, contra. 1. The contract under which the plaintiff sent the articles to the State Prison was made by the inspectors as a body, and not with the de- fendant. The goods were never in the private possession of the. defendant, who, as an indi- vidual, had no control over them. The in- spectors cannot be made liable in their indi- vidual capacity. The institution, by the Act of the 3d April, 1801 (24th sess., ch. 121), is placed under the management and control of the inspectors, who must be liable, in effect, as a corporation, for the acts of the board of inspectors. But by the 12th section of a subse- quent act, passed 10th April, 1805 (28th sess., ch. 135), all contracts and dealings with the in- stitution are to be transacted in the name of the agent, and by the name of agent of the State Prison, &c., he and his successors in office are made capable of suing and being 3O5*] sued, in *all matters and cause* con- 332 cerning the prison. This action, therefore, will not lie against the defendant. 2. But there is no evidence of a conversion by the defendant. No actual conversion is pretended. A constructive conversion arises from a demand and refusal. No demand was ever made of the defendant ; nor was there any refusal on his part. The defendant had no legal right or authority to deliver the goods, unless there had been an order of the bond of inspectors to that effect. If, then, he could not lawfully comply with a demand, his refusal would be lawful, and so no evidence of a conversion. A mere non-delivery of goods is not a conversion. (4 Esp. Cases, 157.) A demand must be made on the party or his authorized agent. Wendover was the agent of the institution, not of any single in- spector. But the demand was never made of the agent, but only of the clerk of the agent. The plaintiff must prove that the goods came to the possession of the defendant ; or, if de- livered to his servant, that they came to his possession in the course of business. (2 Ld. Raym., 92 ; Bull. N. P., 44.) The proper remedy is on the contract. Where there is an omission to deliver, it not being in the power of the party to deliver, the action should be on the contract. (5 Burr., 2825.) Mr. Hopkins, in reply. The plaintiff did bring his action against the agent, and, on Ihe evidence of the present defendant, he was nonsuited. He could not sue the inspectors, for they are not responsible as a corporation ; but if they were a corporation, the}' have done no corporate act to render them liable. Besides, the statute speaks only of contracts ; it has no reference to torts. The institution, quaxi a corporation, have committed no tort. The only remedy, therefore, left to the plaintiff, was a suit against the defendant, by whose authority and *command [*3O6 the goods were detained, and who is liable as a tortfeasor Per Curiam. The defendant exercised au- thority and dominion in the detention of the goods, and the detention of them must be con- sidered as his act. He clearly had no right to detain, or direct the clerk to detain, the tools and machinery ; for they were not compre- hended in the contract. " The nonsuit ought, therefore, to be set aside, and a new trial granted. Motion granted. MERCER v. SAYRE, Impleaded with TOLER. Newly Discovered Evidence — Material — Refused for Supposed Lack of Discretionary Power at Trial — New Trial. Where the counsel for the defendant, after he had summed up the evidence in the cause, and while NOTE.— New trial — Discretion of Judge— Refuaal to admit of newly discovered evidence after case Is closed. The court will not grant anew trial on the grouna of a refusal by the judge to allow a witness to lie called after the case had been closed, until it is made out very clearly indeed that the judg-e in refusing has JOHNS. REP., 7. 1810 WENDOVER v. HOOEBOOM. 306 the plaintiff's counsel were addressing1 the jury, dis- covered new and material evidence, which he of- fered to produce : but the judge, supposing he had no discretion, refused to admit it, unless the plaint- iff's counsel would consent, which being refused, a verdict was found for the plaintiff ; it was held that the judge had a discretion to admit the evidence ; and that, as it ought to have been received, the de- fendant was entitled to a new trial. was an action of assumpsit. The capias - ad respondendum was returnable the 10th of August, 1807. The declaration contained seven counts. The first coant was on a promis- sory note, dated the 14th February, 1806, for $164.44, payable six months after date. The other counts were for goods sold, &c., the usual money counts, and an insimul computas- sent. The defendant pleaded non assumpsit, and payment, with notice of a set-off. The cause was tried at the New York sit- tings, the 13th of December, 1809, before Mr. Justice Yates. It is unnecessary to state all the facts proved at the trial. After the evidence was closed, and after the defendant's counsel had summed up the jury, and while the plaintiff's counsel were ad- dressing the jury, the counsel for the defend- ant informed the judge that he had just disco v- ered.f rom the inspection of a paper in the posses- sion of one of the plaintiff's witnesses, who had been examined, that the money due on a note of Thomas Burdell, for $3,000, and which the 3O7*] plaintiff contended *comprehended the sum due for the goods of the plaintiff sold by Sayre and Toler, and for which the present suit was brought, was not, in fact, received by the assignees of Sayre and Toler until De- cember, 1807, after the commencement of the suit ; and asked permission to give the paper, or evidence of that fact, to the jury ; but the judge thought he could not admit the evidence, unless the plaintiff's counsel would consent ; which being refused, the evidence was re- jected, and the jury found a verdict for the plaintiff for $742.77, being the balance due on the account of the plaintiff. A motion was made to set aside the verdict, and for a new trial. Mr. Baldwin, for the defendants. The evi- dence offered was material ; for the suit was brought in August, 1807, to recover the bal- ance of a consignment of goods from the plaintiff to the defendants, and for which they took the note of Burdell; and the money, as would have been proved, was not received by the defendants until long after the commence- ment of the suit, so that the plaintiff had no cause of action at the time the suit was brought. The judge had a discretion to admit the evidence, under the peculiar circumstances of the case. It was decided in Byron v. Alexan- der (2 Johns. Ca.s.. 318) that the judge had such a discretion in a similar case. And it is on the ground of a refusal of the judge' to ex- ercise that discretion, that we apply for a new trial. Mr. D. B. Ogden, contra. It was not neces- sary for the plaintiff to show that the money had actually come into the hands of the de- fendants, in order to maintain his action for money had and received. (Doug., 132 ; 2 Esp. Cases, 571.) The defendants, having assigned the note for a valuable consideration, were immediately liable for the amount to the plaintiff. It was so much mone? received to his use. Whether the *assignee re- [*3O8 ceived the money before or after the com- mencement of the suit, cannot affect the plaint- iff's right of action. The evidence, therefore, if admitted, would not have prevented a" re- covery. Per Curiam. The evidence offered was ma- terial, inasmuch as it went to destroy any pre- sumption that the money was actually re- ceived by the defendant at the time the action was brought. The judge, under the circum- stances of the case, had a discretion to admit the evidence ; and it ought, in sound discre- tion, to have been received. We think, there- fore, that the defendants are entitled to a new trial, with costs to abide the event of the suit. Motion granted. Cited in— 19 Johns., 299 ; 9 Cow., 68 ; 6 Wend., 281 : 5 Denio, 288 ; 3 Barb., 500 ; 31 How. Pr., 463; 13 Abb. -TT., O. WENDOVER AND HINTON r. HOGEBOOM ET AL. Bill of Sale of Vessel not Necessary to Transfer — Passes by Delivery — Law of United Stales as to Register. A regular bill of sale is not essential to transfer the property in a vessel, but the same passes by de- livery, like any other chattel. The law of the United States, requiring the regis- ter to be inserted in the bill of sale, on every trans- fer of a vessel, affects only its character and privi- leges as an American vessel. THIS was an action of assumpsit, for sales, &c., furnished by the plaintiffs, who are sailmakers, on the 6th December, 1806, for a vessel called the Convention, owned by the de- fendants. The sails were furnished by the plaintiffs, on the order of A. Vosburgh, the master. The ordinary term of credit was three months. It appeared from the custom-house books that the defendants were owners of the vessel in 1804, and there was no change of the register, or any record of a transfer of tin- property by them, until in the autumn of 1807. Vosburgh purchased the vessel of the de- fendant in 180"), and the vessel was delivered to him previous to the sale of the sails by the plaintiffs. By an agreement between the de- fendants and Vosburgh, at the time of the sale of the vessel to him, the purehnse money was to be*puid in installments, at dif [*IJO$> ferent periods, and a formal bill of sale was wrongfully exercised his discretion Ilarned, 18 L. J. Exch.. 433. Compare, also, Alexander v. Hymn, 2 Johns. Ctw., 318; Raiielye v. Prince, 4 Hill, 111) ; Leland v. Ben- nett. 5 1011,286; Ford v. Nilcs, 1 Hill, 300. it in <lt*rrctii»iaru M-tt/i the court tit aUnir a ixirtji to rail a tt'it nrxx ayaiii after /iix rrnminatiiin hag licen JOHNS. REP., 7. Middleton v. | tini*h<nl. Unless the unwise exercise of this discre- tion is oliviotis it will not be a ground for a new trial. Treadwell v. Stebblns, 6 IJosw.. 53s ; shelilon v. Wood, 2 Hosw., 2»I7 ; Men kins v. Anderson, 11 Ha i-li., 213. Compare, also. Ix>w v. Merrills, « \Vend.. 2ftN ; Shepard v. Potter, 4 Hill. 2»t>. 309 SUPREME COURT, STATE OF NEW YORK. 1810 not to be executed and delivered until the payments were completed ; but the vessel was to be delivered immediately to Vosburgh; and was, in fact, delivered to him, at the time of the sale, for his sole and exclusive benefit, and he afterwards kept possession, and received all the freight and earnings of the vessel to his own use. The consideration money was afterwards paid, according to the agreement; but the bill of sale was not executed until in the autumn of 1807, when Vosburgh, having sold the vessel to one Gibbs, applied to the defendants, and obtained a regular bill of sale from them to him; and he executed another bill of sale to Gibbs. It appeared that the plaintiff sold the sails on a credit of nine months, and after the ex- piration of the time, frequently applied to Vosburgh for payment, prior to bringing the present action. Vosburgh represented the vessel as his own, and obtained an extension of credit on stating his inability to pay in a shorter time. Under the direction of the judge, a verdict was found for the defendants. A motion was made to set aside the verdict, and for a new trial. Mr. J. T. Irving for the plaintiff, contended that as no bill of sale was to be executed until the money was paid, it was not intended that the property should pass until the payment. If the property was to revert in case of the non- payment at the time stipulated, then it cannot be said that it was transferred by the delivery. As a vessel, if sold without a regular bill of sale, reciting the register, loses the privilege of an American vessel, in regard to duties, it is not to be presumed that Vosburgh could consent to purchase without a bill of sale. It was a mere contract for a future sale. He 31O*] said that the case *of Murgatroyd v. Crawford (3 Dallas, 491) was in point. Messrs. Van Buren and T. A. Emmet insisted that there was a complete transfer of the prop erty by the contract and delivery ; that a bill of sale is not essential, by the laws of the United States, to the transfer of the property in the vessel, but the same passes by delivery. The law merely requires the register to be in- serted in the bill of sale, in order to entitle the vessel to the privileges of an American ship ; but this law applies only to registered vessels. Coasting or licensed vessels pass by delivery, like any other chattel ; and the Convention was a coasting vessel. There was an absolute sale and delivery in this case. But admitting the defendants were owners, there is sufficient evidence to show that the credit was given exclusively to Vosburgh (1 Str., 816; 1 Term Rep., 108), and it was nec- essary for the plaintiff to prove that Vosburgh was the agent of the defendants ; that the le- lationship of master and owners subsisted be- tween them (8 East, 10), or that he had author- ity to bind them. The case of Murgatroyd v. Crawford was afterwards overruled, in the case of Duncan- son v. M'Clure(4: Dallas, 314), and in Murga- troyd v. M' Glare (4 Dallas, 342), which related the same ship. Per Curiam. The defendants are not liable. The property in the vessel was not in the de- fendants when the plaintiffs sold the sails to the master. They had ceased to be owners. The credit was given to the master. The mo- tion must, therefore, be denied. Motion denied. Cited in -15 Johns., 303 ; 7 Cow., 698 : 14 Wend 138 ; 30 N. Y., 240 ; 7 Barb.. 492 ; 14 Barb., 584 : 5 Abb! Pr., 460 ; 8 Bos., 171 ; 3 Duer, 452 ; 16 Peters, 220 : 2 Black., 385 ; 6 Wall., 30 ; 4 Mason, 393 ; 1 Wood & M , 314 ; 1 Cliff., 380. *SCHEMERHORN ET AL. [*3 1 1 v. LOINES ET AL. Ship's Supplies — Several Owners — Payment by Note of One — Receipt in Full — No Discharge of Other Owners. Where a person supplied stores to a ship of which there were several owners, on the order of one of theiii, who acted as ship's husband, and took big note in payment and gave a receipt in full, it was held to be no discharge of the other owners, espe- cially as it did not appear that the plaintiff knew at the time that there were other owners. Citation— 5 Esp. Cos., 132. THIS was an action of assumpsit, brought to recover the price of certain articles of ship chandlery, supplied by the plaintiffs as ship chandlers, in May, 1806, for the ship Eleanor. The cause was tried before Mr. Justice Yates, at the New York sittings, in December, 1809. The goods were furnished by the plaintiffs for the use of the ship, between the 16th and 27th May, 1806, and were delivered to Benja- min Lord, the master, and one of the defend- ants. The articles were ordered for the use of the ship by George Townsend, since deceased. The articles were charged in the books of the plaintiffs to the debit of the "ship Eleanor, Mr. George Townsend and owners." No time of payment was mentioned, but the usual credit on such goods is six months. The de- fendants. Richard Loines, James Loines and Benjamin Lord, and George Townsend, were the owners of the ship at the time the articles were supplied by the plaintiffs. | 0.361308 | -0.73987 | 555 | 2,135 | 36 | 36 | Court Cases | false |
99,978 | sn89052040_1917-07-26_1_6_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | HELP BUILD THE CHURCH Put Your Name on Record! Under the Personal Direction of the REV. GRIFFIN The Raymer Amusement Co. Presents SWRIOT "WALKER" The Monday, July 16 SEVEN Monday, August 13 “ENVY” DEADLY “PASSION” SINS Monday, July 23 Monday, July 30 Monday, August 20 “PRIDE” 3rd CHAPTER “WRATH” —“Greed” Monday, July 30 Monday, August 27 “GREED” “The Seventh Sin”. “SLOTH” “From the Manner” NANCE O'NEIL in “GREED” A thrilling drama. One of Seven Deadly Scenes Produced by McClure. Pictures 50, Reels, of, Intensely Interesting. Pictures Every Man, Woman and Child Should See Buy a Book of Tickets for Each Member of Your Family and See These Pictures FREE. Have your Tickets Reserved at the Raymer Pharmacy. Next Wednesday Next Saturday Triangle Feature Vitagraph Feature Keystone Comedy. Big V Comedy. | 0.494735 | -0.469929 | 1,071 | 4,319 | 159 | -1 | Port Facilities | false |
99,979 | communique_pp_cour_de_cassation_-_soulard.txt_1 | French Open Data | Various open data | - COMMUNIQUÉ – Transparence préalable à la nomination du premier président de la Cour de cassation
A l’issue de sa séance du 4 mai 2022 et après avoir auditionné l’ensemble des candidats, la formation du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature compétente pour les magistrats du siège envisage de proposer au Président de la République de nommer Monsieur Christophe Soulard au poste de premier président de la Cour de cassation en remplacement de Madame la première présidente Chantal Arens, en fonction jusqu’au 30 juin 2022. Le premier président de la Cour de cassation, « premier magistrat de France » est à la tête de la plus haute juridiction de l’ordre judiciaire français. Outre ses fonctions au sein de la Cour, il préside la formation du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature compétente pour les magistrats du siège et le conseil d’administration de l’Ecole nationale de la magistrature. Christophe Soulard - © Cour de cassation
Monsieur Christophe Soulard, né le 14 septembre 1957 à Paris, est actuellement président de la chambre criminelle de la Cour de cassation. Après avoir débuté sa carrière en 1985 comme juge au tribunal de grande instance de Metz chargé du service civil du tribunal d’instance, il intègre en 1989 le cabinet du président de la Cour de justice de l’Union Européenne en tant que référendaire chargé des fonctions de lecteur d’arrêts. En 1992, il est choisi pour créer et diriger le « Centre européen de la magistrature et des professions juridiques », centre situé au Luxembourg et destiné à former au droit européen les magistrats, fonctionnaires et avocats des Etats membres de l’Union européenne et des pays candidats à l’adhésion. En 1998, il rejoint la chambre criminelle de la Cour de cassation comme conseiller référendaire à la section économique et financière où il reste 10 ans avant d’être nommé premier viceprésident au tribunal de grande instance de Metz, à la tête de la première chambre civile et chargé de la coordination du service civil. En 2012, il est nommé conseiller à la chambre criminelle de la Cour de cassation. Nommé doyen de cette chambre en 2015, il en prend la présidence en 2017. Monsieur Christophe Soulard a participé à de nombreuses commissions. Il a été président de la commission de conciliation de l’expertise douanière de 1999 à 2008, membre du Comité du contentieux fiscal, douanier et des changes de 2012 à 2015 et membre de la commission des sanctions de l’Autorité des marchés financiers de 2012 à 2017. Il a été plus de 12 ans professeur associé à l’université Robert Schuman de Strasbourg et à l’université de Lorraine où il a enseigné le droit communautaire, le droit douanier et la procédure civile. Il est l’auteur de nombreuses publications en droit pénal et procédure pénale, droit douanier et droit de l’Union européenne. Dans sa note de présentation adressée au Conseil supérieur de la magistrature en amont de son audition, Monsieur Christophe Soulard a indiqué que la légitimité de l’institution judiciaire reposait sur « la qualité des décisions que rendent les cours et tribunaux ». A ce titre, la Cour de cassation, chargée « d’assurer l’uniformité de l’interprétation » tout en tenant compte « de la jurisprudence des tribunaux judiciaires », doit selon lui s’astreindre à toujours « mieux évaluer les conséquences de ses décisions, à mieux expliquer, à écouter, et, le cas échéant, à ajuster sa jurisprudence ». Favorable à « la diffusion d’une culture judiciaire au sein de l’administration » et à une « meilleure identification des contours de la mission des magistrats dans leurs interactions avec l’administration ou tout pouvoir institutionnel », il souhaite une plus grande ouverture de la Cour de cassation lorsque celle-ci est confrontée à des questions fondamentales « d’ordre éthique, économique ou social » nécessitant une réponse collective et solennelle. Il considère que le premier président de la Cour de cassation doit « s’exprimer à la radio et à la télévision pour expliquer le travail du juge et porter la parole collective du CSM, notamment sur les questions relatives à la responsabilité et à l’indépendance des magistrats ». Il souhaite ainsi incarner une « force collective » contribuant à convaincre de la fonction essentielle de l’institution judiciaire dans une démocratie. Le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature se réunira à nouveau pour arrêter définitivement sa décision le 12 mai 2022.
2. | 0.391454 | -0.6643 | 684 | 2,777 | 238 | -1 | Government Documents | false |
99,980 | US-8104405-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Automotive hands-free apparatus
ABSTRACT
An automotive hands-free apparatus, connectable via wireless connection with a portable phone, has the capability of temporarily disconnecting a wireless communication line to this portable phone in response to a user's input instructing disconnection of the communication line to this portable phone.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from earlier Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-72766 filed on Mar. 15, 2004 so that the description of which is incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an automotive hands-free apparatus capable of communicating via wireless connection with a portable phone.
Conventionally, it is known that a hands-free apparatus is installed in an automotive vehicle as a device connectable with a portable phone based on the protocol of Bluetooth or other wireless communication. A portable phone connecting with this hands-free apparatus, when receives a voice signal from a telephone terminal equipment of other telephone user, can transmit the received voice signal via wireless connection to the hands-free apparatus. The automotive hands-free apparatus outputs the received voice signal via a speaker as audible voice. Furthermore, the automotive hands-free apparatus can receive a voice signal through a microphone which picks up the voice of a user (i.e. occupant) of this vehicle. Then, the automotive hands-free apparatus transmits this voice signal as a transmitted voice signal via wireless connection to the connected portable phone. The portable phone receives the transmitted voice signal, and transmits the transmitted voice signal to the telephone terminal equipment of other telephone user.
For example, the Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2002-171337 discloses this kind of conventional automotive hands-free apparatus capable of performing wireless communication with a portable phone. An automotive hands-free apparatus having the capability of establishing a wireless communication line with a portable phone is advantageous in that the user can remote control his/her portable phone in a bag and accordingly the usability of the portable phone can be improved.
However, there is the possibility that an occupant in a vehicle may want to concentrate in driving the vehicle and is accordingly reluctant to respond to any incoming call in such a situation that the automotive hands-free apparatus and the portable phone are connected to each other via wireless connection. In such a case, the occupant can select a manner mode beforehand for his/her portable phone to bring the portable phone into a soundless condition, so that the portable phone cannot generate the sound when it receives an incoming call. Furthermore, if the communication line between the portable phone and the automotive hands-free apparatus is disconnected, the occupant will not be bothered with the sound of any incoming call.
However, the above described prior art document is based on a technique requiring a user to operate the portable phone to disconnect the communication line between the portable phone and the hands-free apparatus. This will force the occupant to pick his/her portable phone out of a bag or the like, and will not improve the usability of the portable phone.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In view of the above-described problems, the present invention has an object to provide an automotive hands-free apparatus which is connectable via wireless connection with a portable phone and is capable of disconnecting a communication line between the portable phone and the automotive hands-free apparatus without requiring any operation done by the user on the portable phone.
In order to accomplish the above and other related, objects, the present invention provides an automotive hands-free apparatus installed in an automotive vehicle, which is connectable via wireless connection with a portable phone. The automotive hands-free apparatus of this invention inputs a received voice signal via the wireless connection from other telephone terminal equipment communicating with the portable phone and outputs the received voice signal as audible voice. Furthermore, the automotive hands-free apparatus inputs a transmitted voice signal to be transmitted to other telephone terminal equipment based on the voice of a user in the automotive vehicle and transmits the transmitted voice signal via the wireless connection to the portable phone. Moreover, the automotive hands-free apparatus of this invention includes an input accepting means for receiving an input from the user and a disconnecting means for disconnecting the wireless connection when the input accepting means receives a user's input instructing disconnection of the wireless connection.
According to the arrangement of the automotive hands-free apparatus of this invention, the user can disconnect the wireless communication line between the portable phone and the automotive hands-free apparatus without making any operation on the portable phone.
Furthermore, it is preferable that the automotive hands-free apparatus of the present invention further includes a reconnecting means for restoring the wireless connection to the portable phone when the input accepting means receives a user's input instructing reconnection of the wireless connection to the portable phone whose wireless connection has been disconnected by the disconnecting means.
Furthermore, according to the automotive hands-free apparatus of the present invention, it is preferable that the input accepting means requires one or two-step action of user's input operation for accepting user's input instructing reconnection of the wireless connection to the portable phone, in a case that the wireless connection to this portable phone has been disconnected by the disconnecting means. With this arrangement, the user can easily accomplish the reconnection of a required communication line by making a simple operation on the automotive hands-free apparatus.
Furthermore, it is preferable that the automotive hands-free apparatus of the present invention further includes a display unit which displays reconnection information together with other information. The reconnection information indicates the presence of the portable phone whose wireless connection has been disconnected by the disconnecting means, and this portable phone is a candidate of reconnection performed by the reconnecting means. With this arrangement, the user can visually confirm the presence of any reconnection candidate.
Furthermore, it is preferable that the automotive hands-free apparatus of the present invention further includes a connection request accepting means. The connection request accepting means causes the display unit to erase the reconnection information in response to a connection request received from other portable phone, under a condition that the display unit is displaying the reconnection information. Furthermore, the connection request accepting means establishes wireless connection to the other portable phone sending the connection request.
Furthermore, according to the automotive hands-free apparatus of the present invention, it is preferable that the reconnection information displayed by the display unit is a predetermined image. The input accepting means accepts a touch input from the user through a touch panel superimposed on a display screen of the display unit. And, the reconnecting means restores the wireless connection to the portable phone whose wireless connection has been disconnected by the disconnecting means when the input accepting means confirms that the user touches a predetermined portion on the touch panel corresponding to the predetermined image.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description which is to be read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a telephone communication system in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an arrangement of an automotive hands-free apparatus in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a view showing a display unit performing display of a connection setting screen in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a program executed by CPU when a user touches a button overlapped with a BT mark on the connection setting screen in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing a program for displaying the BT mark in a specific screen other than the connection setting screen in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a view showing a display unit displaying an example of the BT mark in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a view showing a dark BT mark and a light BT mark in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing a reconnection program in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing an external device connecting program in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 10 is a sequence diagram showing an operation of the automotive hands-free apparatus in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Hereinafter, a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be explained hereinafter with reference to attached drawings. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a telephone communication system in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
An automotive hands-free apparatus 1 is installed in an automotive vehicle. A user of this automotive vehicle carries a portable phone 2. When the user is in a vehicle compartment, the automotive hands-free apparatus 1 can communicate with the portable phone 2 of the user based on the Bluetooth wireless connection.
In this case, under a condition that the portable phone 2 of the user is connected to the automotive hands-free apparatus 1, the portable phone 2 can receive a voice signal via a telephone communication network 3 from a telephone terminal equipment 4 of other telephone user. The portable phone 2 transmits the received voice signal via wireless connection to the automotive hands-free apparatus 1. The automotive hands-free apparatus 1 outputs the received voice signal through a speaker as audible voice. Furthermore, the automotive hands-free apparatus 1 can receive a voice signal through a microphone which picks up the voice of a user (i.e. occupant) of this vehicle. The automotive hands-free apparatus 1 transmits this voice signal as a transmitted voice signal via wireless connection to the portable phone 2 under the condition that the portable phone 2 is connected to the automotive hands-free apparatus 1. The portable phone 2 receives this transmitted voice signal, and transmits this transmitted voice signal via the telephone communication network 3 to the telephone terminal equipment 4 of other telephone user. In this manner, the automotive hands-free apparatus 1 of this embodiment enables the user to communicate with other telephone user carrying telephone terminal equipment 4 via the portable phone 2 and the telephone communication network 3.
FIG. 2 shows an arrangement of the automotive hands-free apparatus 1 performing the above-described operations. The automotive hands-free apparatus 1 includes a Bluetooth communication section 11, a display unit 12, an input unit 13, a voice processing section 14, a speaker 15, a microphone 16, a CPU 17, a flash memory 18, and a RAM 19.
The Bluetooth communication section 11, which is basically operable according to the control of CPU 17, is capable of realizing wireless connection with the portable phone 2 or other portable phones. The Bluetooth communication section 11 has a Bluetooth antenna (not shown) to receive a signal from a portable phone of another user, and executes various processing for the received signal, such as amplification, frequency conversion, demodulation, and A/D conversion, in compliance with the predetermined Bluetooth wireless communication protocol. The result of the processing performed in the Bluetooth communication section 11 is sent to the CPU 17.
Furthermore, the Bluetooth communication section 11 inputs data from the CPU 17, and executes various processing for the received data, such as D/A conversion, modulation, frequency conversion, amplification, in compliance with the predetermined Bluetooth wireless communication protocol. The signal representing the result of the processing performed in the Bluetooth communication section 11 is transmitted via the Bluetooth antenna to the portable phone of another user. Moreover, the Bluetooth communication section 11 can disconnect the communication line to the currently communicating portable phone according to the control of CPU 17.
The display unit 12, including a liquid crystal display device, can display the display data produced from the CPU 17 on its display screen.
The input unit 13, including push buttons or comparable mechanical switches and a touch panel overlapping with the display screen of the display unit 12, can send an input signal to the CPU 17 based on user's operation applied on the push buttons or the touch panel.
The voice processing section 14 can convert a digital voice signal entered from the CPU 17 into an analog voice signal and then output the converted analog voice signal to the speaker 15. Furthermore, the voice processing section 14 can convert an analog voice signal entered from the microphone 16 into a digital voice signal and output the converted digital voice signal to the CPU 17.
The CPU 17 can execute a program read out of the flash memory 18. Furthermore, the CPU 17 executes various operations based on the executing program, the signal entered from the Bluetooth communication section 11, the signal entered from the input unit 13, and the digital voice signal entered from the voice processing section 14. Furthermore, if necessary, the CPU 17 can write or read information into or from the. RAM 19, and output a transmit signal to the Bluetooth communication section 11 and also output a digital voice data to the voice processing section 14. Furthermore, if necessary, the CPU 17 can control connection and disconnection of the Bluetooth communication section 11 with other portable phone.
A hands-free communication program is one of the programs being read out from the flash memory 18 and executed by the CPU 17. When the Bluetooth communication section 11 is connection by wireless with the portable phone 2, the hands-free communication program enables the CPU 17 to realize the following operations.
First of all, when the portable phone 2 receives an incoming call, the portable phone 2 transmits a signal indicating acceptance of this incoming call by wireless to the CPU 17. The CPU 17, in response to the signal received from the portable phone 2 and user's (i.e. vehicle occupant's) permission entered through the input unit 13, transmits a signal instructing initiation of communication relating to the incoming call to the portable phone 2 via the Bluetooth communication section 11. The portable phone 2, when receives the signal returned from the CPU 17, establishes a communication line and notifies the CPU 17 of this establishment via the Bluetooth communication section 11. The CPU 17 receives this notification and realizes communication with the telephone terminal equipment 4, by using the established communication line.
Furthermore, when the user enters a telephone number through the input unit 13, the CPU 17 receives a signal indicating user's intent to make a telephone call to this telephone number. In this case, the CPU 17 instructs the portable phone 2 to call the telephone terminal equipment 4 of this telephone number via the Bluetooth communication section 11. The portable phone 2 calls telephone terminal equipment 4 in response to this instruction. Then, the portable phone 2 transmits a notification indicating establishment of the communication line to the telephone terminal equipment 4 to the CPU 17 via the Bluetooth communication section 11. The CPU 17 realizes communication with the telephone terminal equipment 4 by using the established communication line in response to this notification.
Hereinafter, realization of communication with the telephone terminal equipment 4 is explained in more detail. When the portable phone 2 receives a voice signal from the telephone terminal equipment 4, the portable phone 2 transmits the received voice signal via wireless connection to the automotive hands-free apparatus 1. Then, the CPU 17 outputs the received voice signal, as a digital voice signal, to the voice processing section 14. The speaker 15 outputs the received voice. Furthermore, the CPU 17 receives a voice signal, i.e. digital voice data, of the vehicle occupant via the microphone 16 and the voice processing section 14. The CPU 17 transmits this voice signal, as a transmitted voice signal, via wireless connection to the portable phone 2. When the portable phone 2 receives this transmitted voice signal, the portable phone 2 transmits this transmitted voice signal to the telephone terminal equipment 4 of other telephone user via the telephone communication network 3. Accordingly, the automotive hands-free apparatus 1 of this embodiment enables the vehicle occupant to communicate with the user of the telephone terminal equipment 4 via the portable phone 2 and the telephone communication network 3.
Furthermore, the CPU 17 of this embodiment executes a Bluetooth connection setting program other than the above-described hands-free communication program. The CPU 17 executes the Bluetooth connection setting program in response to predetermined steps of operations performed by the occupant through the input unit 13. By executing the Bluetooth connection setting program, the CPU 17 can cause the display unit 12 to display a connection setting screen.
FIG. 3 shows a connection setting screen displayed by the display unit 12. The display unit 12 displays character strings of predetermined messages on its display screen 121, such as “TELEPHONE SELECTION AND DISCONNECTION” and “PLEASE SELECT A TELEPHONE” shown in FIG. 3, to encourage the user (i.e. vehicle occupant) to select a portable phone to be connected or disconnected by the Bluetooth communication section 11. Furthermore, the display unit 12 displays a plurality of buttons, i.e. A button 122, B button 123, C button 124, D button 125, E button 126, and F button 127. Each button corresponds to a portable phone having been registered beforehand in the flash memory 1.8 of the automotive hands-free apparatus 1. In FIG. 3, a predetermined image (hereinafter, referred to BT mark) 128 is superimposed on the display of A button 122. The BT mark 128 indicates the state of Bluetooth connection. According to the condition shown in FIG. 3, the Bluetooth communication section 11 is presently connecting via wireless connection with the portable phone corresponding to the button A.
The occupant can select each of these plural (i.e. A through F) buttons by touching a corresponding display position on the touch panel of the input unit 13. When the occupant touches one of A through F buttons on the touch panel, the CPU 17 identifies the button having been selected by the touch of the occupant. And, the CPU 17 executes the processing based on the identified button.
More specifically, when the occupant touches any button on which no BT mark is superimposed, the CPU 1.7 controls the Bluetooth communication section 11 to disconnect the communication line to the currently communicating portable phone. Furthermore, the CPU 17 controls the Bluetooth communication section 11 to connect a communication line to the portable phone corresponding to the button selected by the occupant.
Furthermore, when the occupant touches the button on which the BT mark 128 is superimposed, the CPU 17 executes a program shown in FIG. 4. First in step 310, the CPU 17 controls the display unit 12 to execute a Bluetooth: connection disconnecting inquiry display. More specifically, the CPU 17 causes the display unit 12 to display a predetermined screen which encourages the occupant to select either “connection” or “disconnection”. Then, the CPU 17 waits for a while until the occupant operates the input unit 13 to enter his/her preference.
If any selection is entered by the occupant, the CPU 17 proceeds to the next step 320 to make a judgment as to whether or not the occupant's selection is disconnection. When the judgment result in step 320 is NO, it means that the occupant requests maintaining the present communication line. Accordingly, the CPU 17 terminates this routine.
When the occupant's selection is “disconnection” (i.e. YES in step 320), the CPU 17 proceeds to the next step 330 to temporarily disconnect the Bluetooth connection. More specifically, the CPU 17 controls the Bluetooth communication section 11 to disconnect the present wireless connection. Then, the CPU 17 stores reconnection candidate information in the RAM 19 which is identification data representing the portable phone whose wireless connection is just disconnected.
Next, the CPU 17 proceeds to step 340 to set a BT flag to 1. The BT flag is a variable secured in a predetermined memory region of the RAM 19. The value of this BT flag is used in the display processing of the BT mark 128 in a later-described program. The BT flag is a variable indicating the present state of wireless connection of the automotive hands-free apparatus 1. When the BT flag is 0, the wireless connection of the automotive hands-free apparatus 1 is completely disconnected. When the BT flag is 1, the wireless connection of the automotive hands-free apparatus 1 is temporarily disconnected. When the BT flag is 2, the wireless connection of the automotive hands-free apparatus 1 is established. In this case, the expression “the state of wireless connection being temporarily disconnected” represents the condition that the automotive hands-free apparatus 1 can restore the state of wireless connection to the previous connecting condition having been disconnected immediately before by a simple occupant's operation (for example, one- or two-step action). In this respect, “the state of wireless connection being temporarily disconnected” can be referred to as a hold condition of wireless connection.
After finishing the step 340, the CPU 17 terminates the routine of the program shown in FIG. 4.
Through the execution of the above-described program, the CPU 17 can disconnect the wireless connection based on the occupant's intent entered from the input unit 13 when the occupant requests disconnection of wireless connection. According to the above-described operation of the automotive hands-free apparatus 1 being connected by wireless with the portable phone 2, the automotive hands-free apparatus 1 can disconnect the connection between the portable phone 2 and the automotive hands-free apparatus 1 without requiring any operation of the portable phone 2.
Next, a program for displaying the BT mark in a specific screen other than the above-described connection setting screen will be explained. FIG. 5 shows a flowchart of this program. The CPU 17 executes this program at short intervals (e.g. at the cycle of 0.1 sec).
First of all, in step 510, the CPU 17 reads out the value of BT flag stored in the RAM 19.
Next, the CPU 17 proceeds to step 520 to make a judgment as to whether the value of readout BT flag is 0 or 1, or 2.
When the BT flag is 2, the CPU 17 proceeds to step 560 to control the display unit 12 to display a dark BT mark.
FIG. 6 shows a practical example of this BT mark displayed by the display unit 12. More specifically, when the CPU 17 executes the step 520, a BT mark 130 is displayed in a telephone status display section 129 provided as a small area positioned at the upper right portion on the display screen 121. Although not shown in the drawing, the CPU 17 causes the display unit 12 to display information relating to the radio wave environment of wireless communication in the telephone status displaying section 129 together with the display of BT mark 130. Furthermore, the CPU 17 can display information of a telephone number list or the like in other region of the display screen 121 (although not shown in FIG. 6). For the purpose of clearly indicating the region of the telephone status displaying section 129, FIG. 6 shows a rectangular dotted frame although the actual display unit does not displays such a frame.
After finishing the step 560, the CPU 17 terminates the routine of the program shown in FIG. 5.
When the BT flag is 1 in step 520, the CPU 17 proceeds to step 540 to control the display unit 12 to display a light BT mark. The display position of the light BT mark is the same as the position of BT mark 130 shown in FIG. 6. FIG. 7 shows a dark BT mark 131 to be displayed in step 560 and a light BT mark 132 to be displayed in step 540. As apparent from FIG. 7, lightness of the light BT mark 132 should be discriminable compared with the dark BT mark 131.
After finishing the step 540, the CPU 17 terminates the routine of the program shown in FIG. 5.
When the BT flag is 0 in step 520, the CPU 17 proceeds to step 530 to control the display unit 12 to display no BT mark. More specifically, the CPU 17 causes the display unit 12 to stop displaying the dark or light BT mark if such a mark is displayed in the telephone status displaying section 129 as a result of preceding execution in the step 540 or step 560. After finishing the step 530, the CPU 17 terminates the routine of the program shown in FIG. 5.
By repetitively executing the program shown in FIG. 5, the display unit 12 always displays the dark BT mark together with other information in the telephone status displaying section 129, i.e. in a small region on the display screen 121 of the display unit 12, when the BT flag is 2, i.e. when the wireless connection is established between the automotive hands-free apparatus 11 and the portable phone. Furthermore, the display unit 12 always displays the light BT mark together with other information in the telephone status displaying section 129, when the BT flag is 1, i.e. when the wireless connection is temporarily disconnected between the automotive hands-free apparatus 1 and the portable phone.
According to the display method of this embodiment, the occupant can visually confirm the presence of the portable phone 2 as a reconnection object (i.e. candidate) or as a presently communicating object.
FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing a reconnection program. The CPU 17 executes this reconnection program periodically (e.g. at the cycle of 1 second). First of all, in step 810, the CPU 17 makes a judgment as to whether or not the occupant touches the light Bluetooth mark. More specifically, when the BT flag is 1 and the occupant touches a predetermined position of the touch panel where the light Bluetooth mark is displayed, i.e. the position of the BT mark 130 in the telephone status displaying section 129 on the display screen 121 shown in FIG. 6, the CPU 17 confirms the occupant's intent to select the light BT mark. In other cases, the CPU 17 suspends the decision with respect to occupant's touch to the light BT mark. The CPU 17 repetitively executes the step 810 until the decision of occupant's touch to the light BT mark is made.
When the occupant has touched the light BT mark, the CPU 17 proceeds to step 820 to control the display unit 12 to execute condition change inquiry display. More specifically, the condition change inquiry displayed by the display unit 12 encourages the occupant to select one of a plurality of options: such as, re-establishing the wireless connection; completely disconnecting the wireless connection; and continuing the hold condition.
Furthermore, this embodiment enables the occupant to select a desirable option by making a simple operation (e.g. one-step action) on the input unit 13. For example, the display unit 12 displays three buttons on the touch panel, so as to correspond to the above described three selectable options. When the occupant touches any one of the displayed buttons, the CPU 17 can decide that the occupant has selected the option corresponding to the touched button.
In this step 820, the CPU 17 waits for a while until selection of a desirable option is made by the occupant. When the occupant's selection is confirmed, the CPU 17 proceeds to the next step 830.
In step 830, the CPU 17 makes a judgment as to whether the occupant's selection is “complete disconnection” or “reconnection”, or “continued hold condition.” When the occupant's selection is “continued hold condition”, the CPU 17 terminates the execution of the reconnection program shown in FIG. 8.
When the occupant's selection is “complete disconnection”, the CPU 17 proceeds to step 840 to reset the BT flag to 0 and erase the reconnection candidate information from the RAM 19. Then, the CPU 17 terminates the execution of the reconnection program shown in FIG. 8.
When the occupant's selection is “reconnection”, the CPU 17 proceeds to step 850 to control the Bluetooth communication section 11 to restore the connection to the portable phone which is memorized in the reconnection candidate information as a portable phone whose wireless connection has been disconnected immediately before.
Subsequently, the CPU 17 proceeds to step 860 to set the BT flag to 2. Then, after accomplishing the processing of step-860, the CPU 17 terminates the execution of the reconnection program shown in FIG. 8.
As apparent from the foregoing description, when the CPU 17 executes the above-described reconnection program in a situation that the wireless connection is in the hold condition, the occupant can easily change the wireless connection from the hold condition to the established condition by touching the light BT mark and also by making a simple operation (e.g. one-step action) instructing the reconnection, namely by making two-step operations in total.
As apparent from the foregoing description, this embodiment enables the user to realize reconnection of wireless connection by making a simple operation on the automotive hands-free apparatus 1.
Next, the external device connecting program executed by the CPU 17 will be explained. FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing this program. The CPU 17 executes the external device connecting program repetitively (e.g. at the cycle of 1 second), only when the BT flag is 1.
First of all, in step 910, the CPU 17 makes a judgment as to whether or not any connection request is entered from other portable phone to the Bluetooth communication section 11. In this case, “other portable phone” does not include the portable phone memorized in the reconnection candidate information. When there is no connection request, the CPU 17 terminates the execution of the external device connecting program shown in FIG. 9.
When any connection request is entered from other portable phone to the Bluetooth communication section 11, the CPU 17 proceeds to the next step 920 to control the Bluetooth communication section 11 to establish a communication line to the portable phone having sent the connection request.
Next, in step 930, the CPU 17 sets the BT flag to 2 and erases the reconnection candidate information from the RAM 19.
After accomplishing the processing of step 930, the CPU 17 terminates the execution of the external device connecting program shown in FIG. 9.
As apparent from the foregoing description, the CPU 17 executes the above-described external device connecting program in a situation that the wireless connection is in the hold condition. If any connection request is received from other portable phone in this holding condition, the CPU 17 can completely disconnect the currently holding connection and newly establish wireless connection to other portable phone having sent the connection request.
FIG. 10 is a sequence diagram showing an example of the operation performed by the above-described automotive hands-free apparatus 1.
First, when the wireless connection is established between the automotive hands-free apparatus 1 and a portable phone A (i.e. process 110), the occupant may instruct through the input unit 13 to temporarily disconnect the connection to the portable phone A. In this case, the Bluetooth communication section 11 of the automotive hands-free apparatus 1 transmits a disconnection request signal 120 to the portable phone A and subsequently receives a disconnection response signal 130 returned from the portable phone A. Then, the automotive hands-free apparatus 1 accomplishes disconnecting the portable phone 2.
If a connection request 140 is sent from a portable phone B other than the portable phone A in the connection hold condition, the Bluetooth communication section 11 of the automotive hands-free apparatus can execute the processing of FIG. 9 to cancel the connection hold condition between the automotive hands-free apparatus 1 and the portable phone A. Then, the Bluetooth communication section 11 can send a connection response 150 to the portable phone 2 to newly establish the connection to the portable phone B.
In the above-described embodiment, the input unit 13 corresponds to the input accepting means of the present invention.
Furthermore, by executing the program shown in FIG. 4, the CPU 17 can function as the disconnecting means of the present invention.
Furthermore, by executing the processing of steps 850 and 860 in FIG. 8, the CPU 1.7 can function as the reconnecting means of the present invention.
Furthermore, by executing the program shown in FIG. 9, the CPU 17 can arrange the connection request accepting means of the present invention.
1. An automotive hands-free apparatus installed in an automotive vehicle and connectable via wireless connection with a portable phone, for inputting a received voice signal via said wireless connection from other telephone terminal equipment communicating with said portable phone and outputting the received voice signal as audible voice, and further for inputting a transmitted voice signal to be transmitted to said other telephone terminal equipment based on voice of a user in said automotive vehicle and transmitting the transmitted voice signal via said wireless connection to said portable phone, said automotive hands-free apparatus comprising: input accepting means for receiving an input from said user; and disconnecting means for disconnecting said wireless connection when input accepting means receives a user's input instructing disconnection of said wireless connection.
2. The automotive hands-free apparatus in accordance with claim 1, further comprising reconnecting means for restoring said wireless connection to said portable phone when said input accepting means receives a user's input instructing reconnection of the wireless connection to said portable phone whose wireless connection has been disconnected by said disconnecting means.
3. The automotive hands-free apparatus in accordance with claim 2, wherein said input accepting means requires one or two-step action of user's input operation for accepting said user's input instructing reconnection of the wireless connection to said portable phone whose wireless connection has been disconnected by said disconnecting means.
4. The automotive hands-free apparatus in accordance with claim 2, further comprising a display unit which displays reconnection information together with other information, wherein said reconnection information indicates the presence of the portable phone whose wireless connection has been disconnected by said disconnecting means, and said portable phone is a candidate of reconnection performed by said reconnecting means.
5. The automotive hands-free apparatus in accordance with claim 4, further comprising connection request accepting means for causing said display unit to erase said reconnection information in response to a connection request received from other portable phone under a condition that said display unit is displaying said reconnection information, and for establishing wireless connection to said other portable phone sending said connection request.
6. The automotive hands-free apparatus in accordance with claim 4, wherein the reconnection information displayed by said display unit is a predetermined image, said input accepting means accepts a touch input from said user through a touch panel superimposed on a display screen of said display unit, and said reconnecting means restores the wireless connection to said portable phone whose wireless connection has been disconnected by said disconnecting means when said input accepting means confirms that said user touches a predetermined portion on said touch panel corresponding to said predetermined image..
| 0.821396 | 0.020814 | 2,106 | 8,436 | 123 | -1 | Device Controls and Communication | false |
99,981 | recueildestrait06aust_6 | French-PD-diverse | Public Domain | Art. VII. Der Transport solcher, aus deutschen Bundesstaaten oder auch aus anderen Ländern auszuliefern, Individuen wird in jenen Bundesstaaten, welche sie als Zwischengebiete berühren, unbehindert gestattet werden; im Übrigen unterliegt diese Verpflichtung zur Durchlieferung denselben Ausnahmen und Beschränkungen, welche im Artikel I, Ziffer 1 bis 3 festgesetzt sind. Art. VIII. Die Verhafteten und die mit zu übergenden Gegenstände werden auf dem Wege nach dem Bundesstaat, an welchen die Auslieferung erfolgt, ebenso versorgt und behandelt, und es wird in gleicher Weise Vergütung geleistet, wie dies für die eigenen Untertanen in denjenigen Staaten vorgeschrieben ist, von welchen die Auslieferung vollzogen wird, oder durch welche der Transport führt. Art. IX. Von der ausliefernden Behörde ist ein Transport-Ausweis auszufertigen und mit dem Verhafteten zu übergeben. Diejenigen Staaten, durch welche der Transport führt, haben die auf ihrem Gebiete erwachsenen Kosten vorschussweise zu bezahlen, dieselben auf dem Transport-Ausweis quittieren zu lassen und so dem nachstehenden Staate in Anrechnung zu bringen, welcher letztere bei der Auslieferung an die requirierende Behörde durch diese den vollen Ersatz erhält. Art. X. Durch die vorstehende Übereinkunft werden die zwischen einzelnen deutschen Staaten bestehenden Auslieferungsverträge in soweit ausser Wirksamkeit gesetzt, als dieselben Bestimmungen enthalten, welche mit den durch diese Übereinkunft begründeten gegenseitigen Verpflichtungen im Widerspruch stehen, oder nicht etwa besondere Verabredungen über den Vollzug von Auslieferungen und die Kosten derselben in sich fassen. Die Erneuerung der mit auswärtigen Staaten bestehenden Auslieferungsverträge wird in einer mit dem Inhalt dieser Übereinkunft übereinstimmenden Weise erstrebt werden. Art. XI. Auf das Gebiet des Herzogtums Limburg findet dieser Bundesbeschluss keine Anwendung. Graf Buol-Schauenstein m. p. ARRÊTÉ DE LA CONFÉDÉRATION GERMANIQUE. 1854. Erlass des Ministeriums der auswärtigen Angelegenheiten und des Kriegsministeriums und des Armee-Ober-Commando vom 9. Juli 1855, wirksam für alle Kronländer des österreichischen Kaiserstaates, womit das zwischen Österreich und mehreren deutschen Bundesregierungen erweiterte Übereinkommen, bezüglich der gegenseitigen Auslieferung gemeiner Verbrecher, kundgemacht wird. (B. G. R. 1855, Nr. 124.) Die kaiserlich-österreichische Regierung ist mit den nachbenannten deutschen Bundesregierungen, nämlich mit den Regierungen von Preußen, Bayern, Königreich Sachsen, Hannover, Württemberg, Baden, Kurhessen, Großherzogtum Hessen, Hessen-Homburg, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Oldenburg, Sachsen-Weimar, Sachsen-Meiningen, Sachsen-Altenburg, Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha, Braunschweig, Nassau, Anhalt Dessau-Cothen, Anhalt-Bernburg, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schaumburg-Lippe, Lippe, Waldeck, Reuss ältere Linie, Reuss jüngere Linie, dann den freien Städten Lübeck, Frankfurt, Bremen und Hamburg, dahin gekommen, die Bestimmungen des in der dritten Sitzung der deutschen Bundesversammlung vom 26. Januar 1854 gefassten Beschlusses, wegen gegenseitiger Auslieferung gemeiner Verbrecher auf dem deutschen Bundesgebiet (Reichsgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 4 1854, XXVI. Stück, Nr. 76, S. 289), auch auf die nicht zum deutschen Bund gehörigen Kronländer des österreichischen Kaiserstaates auszudehnen, so dass also die Bestimmungen dieses Bundesbeschlusses auch auf jene Fälle völlig Anwendung finden sollen, in welchen das gemeine Verbrechen oder Vergehen, wegen dessen durch eine kaiserlich-österreichische Behörde von einer der obbenannten deutschen Regierungen die Auslieferung eines Individuums begehrt wird, in einem nicht zum deutschen Bund gehörigen Kronlande des österreichischen Kaiserreiches oder von den Angehörigen eines solchen Kronlandes begangen wurde, sowie umgekehrt auch auf den Fall, wenn eine der vorgedachten deutschen Regierungen nach Massgabe des erwähnten Bundesbeschlusses von der kaiserlich-österreichischen Regierung die Auslieferung eines Individuums in Anspruch nimmt, welches sich in einem nicht zum deutschen Bund gehörigen Kronlande des österreichischen Kaiserstaates aufhält. Insbesondere ist noch hiebei mit der königlich-preußischen Regierung verabredet worden, dass die Bestimmungen des gegenwärtigen Übereinkomms auch auf die Landesteile Preußens, welche nicht zum deutschen Bund gehören, ihre Anwendung finden sollen; auch ist in den zwischen der kaiserlich-österreichischen Regierung und dem Senate der freien Stadt Bremen und Hamburg ausgewechselten Declarionen noch ausdrücklich festgesetzt worden, dass das vorstehende Übereinkommen, unbeschädigt des einer jeden der genannten Regierungen von Österreich, Bremen und Hamburg reservierten Rechts, geschlossen wurde, dem Auslieferungsgesuch die ihr angemessene Folge zu geben, falls das auszuliefernde Individuum Angehöriger eines nicht zum deutschen Bund gehörigen dritten Staates sein sollte. Welches hiemit den bezeichneten k.k. Behörden zur Kenntnis gegeben wird. Grat Buol-Schauenstein, tp. Krauss, p. Bmiberg, p. G. L. Erlass der Ministerien der auswärtigen Angelegenheiten und der Justiz und des Armee-Ober-Commando vom 9. Juli 1830, wirksam für alle Kronländer des österreichischen Kaiserstaates, womit ein zwischen Österreich und mehreren deutschen Regierungen erklärtes Übereinkommen, bezüglich der gegenseitigen Auslieferung sowohl gemeiner als politischer Verbrecher, kundgemacht wird. (R. G. Bl., 1855, Nr. 125.) Die kaiserlich-österreichische Regierung ist mit den nach benannten deutschen Bundesregierungen, nämlich mit den Regierungen von Bayern, Königreich Sachsen, Hannover, Württemberg, Baden, Kurhessen, Großherzogtum Hessen, Hessen-Homburg, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Oldenburg, Sachsen-Weimar, Sachsen-Meiningen, Sachsen-Altenburg, Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha, Braunschweig, Nassau, Anhalt-Dessau-Cothen, Anhalt-Bernburg, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schaumburg-Lippe, Lippe, Waldeck, Reuss ältere Linie, Reuss jüngere Linie und Frankfurt, dahin übergekommen, nicht allein die Bestimmungen des in der dritten Sitzung der deutschen Bundesversammlung vom 26. Januar 1854 gefassten Beschlusses, wegen gegenseitiger Auslieferung gemeiner Verbrecher auf dem deutschen Bundesgebiete (siehe die Nummer 124 des Landes-Regierungsblattes), sondern auch die Bestimmungen des Bandesbeschlusses vom 18. August 1836, bezüglich der Auslieferung sogenannter politischer Verbrecher (siehe Justiz-Gesetzessammlung vom Jahre 1837, Nr. 236, S. 149, und Nr. 239, S. 152, dann vom Jahre 1839, Nr. 346, S. 333), auch auf die nicht zum deutschen Bund gehörigen Kronländer des österreichischen Kaiserstaates auszudehnen, so dass also die Bestimmungen dieser beiden Bundesbeschlüsse auch auf jene Fälle vollkommene Anwendung finden sollen, in welchen das Verbrechen oder Vergehen, wegen dessen die Auslieferung eines Individuums begehrt wird, in einem nicht zum deutschen Bund gehörigen Kronlande des österreichischen Kaiserstaates oder von den Angehörigen eines solchen Kronlandes begangen wurde, sowie umgekehrt auch auf den Fall, wenn eine der oben benannten Regierungen nach Massgabe des einen oder des anderen der oben erwähnten Bundesbeschlüsse von der kaiserlich-österreichischen Regierung die Auslieferung eines Individuums in Anspruch nimmt, welches sich in einem nicht zum deutschen Bund gehörigen Kronlande des österreichischen Kaiserstaates aufhält. Uebrigens wurde mit der königlichen und der großherzoglichen sachsischen, sowie mit den herzoglichen sachsischen Regierungen noch ausdrücklich verabredet, dass hierdurch an den durch die Zoll-, Handels und Steuerverträge vom 19. Februar und 4. April 1853 und das zu denselben gehörige Zollkartell übernommenen Verpflichtungen nichts geändert werden soll. Welches hiemit den gegenwärtigen k. k. Behörden zur Kenntnis gegeben wird. Graviol-Schackenstein. Kraussm. Bamberg m. p., G.M. 579. 8 Février 1854. Convention entre les États riverains de l'Elbe concernant la navigation sur cette rivière, avec une rectification postérieure en date du 6 Août 1855. (R. G. B., -1854, Nr. 128.) Erlass des Finanzministeriums vom 29. April 1854, womit das, mit Allerhöchster Entschließung vom 6. März 1854 genehmigte, von den Elbufer-Staaten bei der dritten Elbeschiffahrts-Revisions-Commission vereinbarte Schlussprotokoll, nebst dem alphabetischen Verzeichnis der im Elbezoll ermäßigten und elbezollfreien Warenartikel kundgemacht wird. Seine k. k. Apostolische Majestät haben mit Allerhöchster Entschließung vom 6. März 1854 das, von den Elbufer-Staaten bei der dritten Elbeschiffahrts-Revisions-Commission vereinbarte 1854 Schlussprotokoll vom 8. Februar 1854 Allergnadigst zu genehmigen und zu ratifizieren geruht. In Folge dieser Allerhöchsten Resolution wird das genannte Schlussprotokoll nebst dem alphabetischen Verzeichnis der im Elbezoll ermäßigten und elbezollfreien Warenartikel hiermit veröffentlicht. Die in dem Schlussprotokoll angeführten Elbezoll-Ermäßigungen haben zwar auf Österreich keine Anwendung, da die Elbezölle mit Allerhöchster Entschließung vom 4. Mai 1850 (Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt, Nr. 184, vom Jahre 1850) ganzlich aufgehoben worden; die Bestimmungen der §§. 1, 4, 6, 7, 10 und 11 dieses Protokolls treten aber am 1. Juni 1854 in Wirksamkeit, in soweit nicht für einige derselben ein anderweitiger Termin besonders festgestellt ist. Baumgartner m. p. Schluss-Protokoll der dritten Elbeschiffahrts-Revision-Commission. In Folge der bisherigen Verhandlungen der dritten Elbe Schifffahrts Revisions Commission sind die Bevollmächtigten, namlich: Für Österreich: der kaiserl. königl. General-Gonsul bei der freien und Hansestadt Hamburg, Ernst Merck, Für Preußen: der königl. geheime Ober-Finanzrat und Provinzial-Steuerdirector für die Provinz Sachsen, Ludwig Alexander von Jordan, Für Sachsen: der königl. Zoll und Steuerdirector und Zoll Vereins-Bevollmächtigter, Albert von Zahn, Für Hannover: der königl. Ober-Steuerrat Johann Carl Hermann Rasch, Für Dänemark: der königl. Amtmann, Kammerherr Carl Ludwig von Warnstedt, Für Mecklenburg: der großherzogl. Regierungs und geheime Legationsrat Dr. Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Prosch, Für Anhalt-Dessau-Köthen und Anhalt-Bernburg: der herzogl. Anhalt-Bernburgische Regierungsrat Heinrich Hempel, Für Lübeck, wegen des Mitbesitzes von Bergedorf: der Syndicus Dr. Peter Ludwig Elder, Für Hamburg: Dr. Adolph Soetbeer, unter Vorbehalt der Genehmigung ihrer Regierungen, schließlich übereinstimmend über nachstehende Punkte eingekommen. 9* 1854 CONVENTION POUR LA NAVIGATION DE L'ELBE. Zurückgabe ungültig gewordener Schiffspatente. §. 1. Zum Artikel IV der Elbeschiffahrts-Acte vom 23. Juni 1821 und zu den §§. 11 und 13 der Additional-Acte vom 13. April 1844. In jedem Schiffspatent ist ein Vermerk aufzunehmen, wodurch dem Schiffsführer, unter Androhung einer Strafe bis zu 10 Thaler, für den Fall eintretender Ungültigkeit des Patentes die Zurückgabe desselben binnen vier Wochen, vom Eintritt der Ungültigkeit an gerechnet, an die Ausstellungsbehörde zur Pflicht gemacht wird. Verringerung der Elbe-Zoll-Hebestellen durch Zusammenlegung derselben. §. 2. Zu den Artikeln IX und XVI der Elbeschiffahrts-Acte und zu den §§. 23, 24, 25 und 30 der Additional-Acte. Eine Zusammenlegung der bestehenden, in einem und demselben oder in mehreren benachbarten Elbeuferstaaten belegenen Elbezoll-Hebestellen zur gemeinschaftlichen Zollerehebung für die in dieser Weise vereinigten Zollstellen bleibt der freien Entscheidung der einzelnen Regierungen, beziehungsweise der darüberschiefenden Vereinbarung vorbehalten, und soll, dasselben in Folge einer solchen Zusammenlegung die Zölle für die mehreren, wenn auch von den Schiffen noch nicht berührten Zollstrecken im Voraus zu entrichten sind, den Zahlungspflichtigen ein Widerspruchsrecht hiergegen nicht zu stehen. Die betreffend des Eintritts der Zollpflicht in den verschiedenen Zollstrecken im §. 24 der Additional-Acte getroffene Bestimmung erleidet hierdurch keine Abänderung. Elbezoll-Ermäßigungen. §. 3. Zum Artikel X der Elbeschiffahrts-Acte und dem §. 26 der Additional-Acte. Samtliche Elbeuferstaaten werden nachbemerkte Ermäßigungen des Elbezolles eintreten, beziehungweise fortbestehen lassen, nämlich: auf die Hälfte des Normalsatzes: Baumwolle, Blei und Zinkweis in der Niederfahrt, Gichtorien (sparirte) in der Niederfahrt, Eisenwaren und Maschinentheile in der Auffahrt, Haae und Felle, feine Holzwaaren und hölzerne Spielwaaren, chromsaures Kali, Krapp, Krappwurzeln und Garancine, Papier in der Auffahrt, Porzellan in der Auffahrt, Reis, Rub-, Lein und Mohn-Oel, Salpeter (anderer als roher Sudsee-Salpeter), Schellack, Schmalz und Zafferan, trockene Stofffrüchte; CONVENTION POUR LA NAVIGATION DE L'ELBE. 4 33 Terpentin und Terpentin-Oel, Terra catechu und japonica, Wein, Steinen und Cremor tartari, Zunderhölzer und Zündrequisiten; auf ein Viertel des Normalsatzes: Arsenik, Baum-Oel, Bettfedern, Brot, Butter in Holzgebinden, Cacaoschalen, Dividivi, Druckerschwarz, Eisenwaren und Maschinentheile in der Niederfahrt, Farbeholz und Quercitron, Federweis, gepokeltes und geräuchertes Fleisch, rohes Fischbein, Hanf-Oel, Harze und Gummen aller Art, Karden, Kartoffelmehl, Kupfer und Messing, Leinen, reine und gemischte, einschließlich Pack- und Sacklein in der Niederfahrt, Mahagony und andere fremde Nutzhölzer, auch Korkholz und rohe Stücke, sowie alle nicht anderweitig besonders tarifte auslandische Rohr-Arten, Manufactur-Waaren aller Art (gewebte Stoffe) in der Niederfahrt, Palm und Cocos-Oel, Papier in der Niederfahrt, Porzellan in der Niederfahrt, Radix alcannae, Salpeter und Salzsäure, Schwefelsäure (Vitriol-Oel), Spiegel in Rahmen, Stärke, Sumach, Syrup, Waid und Wachs, Wolle (Schaf- und Lammwolle, Gerberwolle, Flockwolle, Scheuerwolle, Tuch oder Wolle-Füller, Zupf- oder Schuddy-Wolle); auf ein Fünftel des Normalsatzes: Bleizucker, Knochenkohle, mit Ausnahme der auf 740 ermäßigten Beinschwarz, Oelkuchen, Pottasche, Schwefel, Soda, Thran; auf ein Zehntel des Normalsatzes: Backobst und trockene Beeren, Caput mortuum, Erdfarben und Farbenerde, Graphit, Heringe, Runkelrübensirup, Sudsee-Salpeter (roher); auf ein Zwanzigstel des Normalsatzes: Asphalt; auf ein Vierzigstel des Normalsatzes: gebrauchte Knochenkohle, soweit sie lose im Schiff oder sonst unverpackt versandt wird, in der Niederfahrt. Die vorstehenden Zoll-Ermäßigungen sollen bis zum 81. Dezember 1859 und, wenn sechs Monate vor dem Ablauf dieser Zeitraumes keine der beteiligten Regierungen den anderen mittels offizieller Erklärung ihre Absicht, die Wirkung derselben aufzuahren, zu lassen, noch drei Jahre hinaus und so fortdauernd von drei zu drei Jahren in Kraft und Anwendung bleiben. Ein alphabetisches Verzeichnis der von den vorstehenden Zoll-Ermäßigungen betroffenen Waarenartikel wird von den Regierungen bekannt gemacht werden. Preußen, Sachsen und Anhalt werden für die Dauer der gedachten Zollermäßigungen dieselben Elbezoll-Befreiungen und Elbezoll-Ermäßigungen, welche sie in Bezug auf ihre Elbe zoll-Quoten zur Zeit gewährten, fortbestehen lassen und beziehungsweise auf die vorgenannten, im Zolle ermäßigten Gegenstände verhältnismäßig ausdehnen. Österreich wird während der Dauer der Übereinkunft die von der administrativen Wege bewilligte Zollfreiheit auf seiner Elbestrecke fortdauern lassen, nur in Bezug des Holzes in der Talfahrt wird weitere Verfügung vorbehalten. Revision der Dampfschiffe. Zum Artikel XIX der Elbeschiffahrts-Acte und zu dem darauf bezüglichen Separat-Artikel der Additional-Acte. Die im Separat-Artikel der Additional-Acte vom 13. April 1844 zum Artikel XIX der Elbeschiffahrts-Acte zu Gunsten der Dampfschiffahrt vereinbarten Bestimmungen behalten für die Dauer des im §. 5 des gegenwärtigen Schlussprotokolls gedachten Staatsvertrages vom 20. Dezember 1853 ihren unveränderten Bestand. Revisions-Verfahren bei Wilstiberge. Zum Artikel XXIII der Elbeschiffahrts-Acte und §. 35 der Additional-Acte. Nach Ablauf des am 30. August 1843 zwischen den Regierungen von Preußen, Sachsen, Hannover, Dänemark und Mecklenburg-Schwerin abgeschlossenen Vertrages über das Revisionsverfahren auf der Elbe, ist hierüber zwischen den genannten Regierungen am 20. Dezember 1853 für die Zeit vom 1. Januar 1854 bis zum 31. Dezember 1865 aufs Neue ein Vertrag vereinbart worden, durch welchen die Regierungen von Hannover, Dänemark und Mecklenburg-Schwerin, die Fälle dringenden Verdachts der Defraude ausgenommen, auf die eigene spezielle Revision derjenigen Schiffe und Flotten, welche das preussische Haupt-Zollamt Wittenberge passieren und dort unmittelbar oder durch die Begleitschein-Contrôle einer speziellen Revision unterworfen werden, für die Dauer des Vertrages in soweit verzichtet haben, als solche nicht — nach dem Eintritt Hannovers in den Zollverein — bei einer dazu befugten hannoverschen Zoll- oder Steuerstelle vorzunehmen ist. Verfahren bei unvermeidlicher Störung der Schiffahrt durch Strombauwerke. §. 6. Zum Artikel XXVIII der Elbeschiffahrts-Acte und §. 55 der Additional-Acte. In Fällen, wenn bei Strom und Uferbauwerke eine, wenn auch nur zeitweilig Einwirkung auf den ungestörten und ununterbrochenen Betrieb der Elbeschiffahrt hervortritt, werden die betreffenden Regierungen dem Angriff und der Ausführung solcher Bauten vorständige, rechtzeitige und den Schiffahrtstreibenden aller Uferstaaten ausreichend zugängliche Bekanntmachungen vorausgehen lassen. Stromschau. §. 7. Zum Artikel XXVIII der Elbeschiffahrts-Acte und §. 56 der Additional-Acte. Die jedesmalige Elbeschiffahrts-Revision-Commission (Artikel XXX der Elbeschiffahrts-Acte und §. 56 der Additional-Acte) ist verpflichtet, einen Beschluss darüber zu vermitteln, ob und zu welcher Zeit bis zum Zusammentreffen der nächsten Revision-Commission eine gemeinschaftliche Befahrung und Untersuchung des Elbestroms durch Hydrotechniker aller Uferstaaten stattfinden soll. Zu der also beschlossenen Stromschau soll sodann auf die Aufforderung derjenigen Regierung geschritten werden, welcher die Zusammenberufung der Revision-Commission obliegt, und soll dieselbe in der Regel dem Zusammentreffen der letzteren unmittelbar vorausgehen. Die nächste Stromschau soll im Laufe des Jahres 1858 in der dazu geeigneten Jahreszeit statt haben. Zeit und Ort der nächsten Revision-Commission. Zum Artikel XXX der Elbeschiffahrts-Acte und §. 157 der Additional-Acte. Die vierte Revision-Commission wird im Laufe des Jahres 1858 in Hamburg zusammentreten. Dieselbe hat vor Beendigung ihrer Beratungen Zeit und Ort der nächsten Zusammenkunft festzustellen. Sollten dringende Veranlassungen vorkommen, so werden die Uferstaaten sich auch vor Ablauf der verabredeten Frist übers die Zusammentreffen einer Revision-Commission verstünden. Erhebungsweise des Esslinger Zolles. Zu der Anlage II. der Elbeschiffahrts-Acte und Anlage E. der Additional-Acte. Statt der früheren Erhebungsweise des Esslinger Zolles mit 4 Schilling Hamburger Courant pro Schiffslast von 4000 Pfund brutto (Hamburger Gewicht) und einer geringen Schreibgebühr ist, unter Zustimmung aller beteiligten Regierungen, die Erneuerung dieses Zolles mit 41/2 Schilling Courant, den Thaler des Jahres 1854 zu 40 Schilling gerechnet, pro Last à 40 Zentner Elbezollgewicht eingetreten, wobei die Entrichtung einer besonderen Schreibgebühr nicht mehr stattfindet. Einfuhrung von Dienstbuchern für die Schiffsleute. A. §. 10. Zu §. 5 der Additional-Acte und §§. 23 und 29 der Übereinkunft vom 13. April 1844 wegen der schiffahrts- und strompolizeilichen Vorschriften für die Elbe. 1. Zum Zwecke der Einführung von Dienstbüchern für die Schiffsleute, die die Elbe zwischen Melnik und Hamburg befahrende Schiffe, sollen die in der Anlage A. enthaltenen Vorschriften mit dem 1. Juli 1854 zur Ausführung kommen und von den Regierungen dazu notwendigen Anordnungen rechtzeitig getroffen werden. 2. Die nach dem der Anlage A. beigefügten Formularen vor schriftmäßig ausgefüllten Dienstbücher sollen für ihre Inhaber, so lange dieselben sich bei den Schiffen, auf welche ihr Dienst sich bezieht, befinden, als gentlemanlicher persönlicher Ausweis in allen Elbeufserstaaten angenommen werden. 3. Jeder Uferstaat steht es frei, für die von seinen Behörden auszufertigenden Dienstbücher der Schiffer aus seinem eigenen Gebiet, außer den dermalten verabredeten Erfordernissen, noch besondere Zusätze vorzuschreiben. 4. Für die Dienstbücher soll nur ein, die Anschaffungskosten etwa deckender Preis erhoben werden, jede Eintragung in dieselben aber, sowie jede darin vorzunehmende amtliche Begleichung, gebührenfrei geschehen. Einführung von Nachtsignalen für die Dampfschiffe. §.11. Zu den §§. 8, 14 und 17 der Übereinkunft vom 13, April 1844 wegen der schiffahrts- und strompolizeilichen Vorschriften. Die in Artikel 8, 14 und 17 der Übereinkunft vom 13. April 1844 wegen schifffahrts und strompolizeilicher Vorzens enthaltenen Bestimmungen über Signalisierung mittels erleuchteter Laternen bei Nacht oder dichtem Nebel werden in Bezug der oberhalb Hamburg oder Harburg die Elbe befahrenden Dampfschiffe, wie folgt, erweitert und verändert: 1. Vom 1. Juli 1854 an soll jedes Dampfschiff, vom Eintritt der Nacht an, sowie bei dichtem Nebel, folgende Laternen führen: a) Wenn es in Bewegung ist: ein helles weißes Licht oben am Mast (an einer Stange) oder oben vorne am Schornstein, ein grünes Licht an der Steuerbordseite (rechts), ein rotes Licht an der Backbordseite (links); b) Wenn es vor Anker liegt: ein gewöhnliches helles Licht oben am Mast (an einer Stange) oder oben vorne am Schornstein; CONVENTION POUR LA NAVIGATION DE L'ELBE. 2. Die Laternen müssen so eingerichtet sein, dass das Licht 1854 gleichmäßig, ungebrochen und klar scheint. 3. Die Seitenlaternen mit farbigem Licht sind vorne am Radkasten anzubringen und nach der Seite des Schiffdecks mit mindestens drei Fuß hohen Schirmen zu versehen, damit das Licht der einen Seite nicht der anderen nicht gesehen werden kann. Die Anwendung der vorstehend angeordneten Zeichen ergibt sich aus der in der Anlage B beigefügten Erläuterung. 4. Uebrigens bleiben die in der Übereinkunft vom 13. April 1844 enthaltenen Vorschriften, namentlich über die Zeichen mittels der Glocke oder der Dampfpfeife, und über die Beleuchtung der Segelschiffe bei Nacht oder dichtem Nebel, in Kraft. §. 12. Die vorstehend vereinbarten Bestimmungen sollen, in soweit nicht für einige derselben ein anderweitiger Termin besonders festgestellt ist, vom 1. April 1854 an in Kraft und Wirksamkeit treten, und werden insbesondere auch die vereinbarten Elbezoll-Ermäßigungen, soweit selbige nicht schon bisher faktisch gewährt sind, von diesem Zeitpunkt an einzuführen sein. Die vorbehaltene Genehmigung des gegenwärtigen Schlussprotokolls wird binnen vier Wochen in der Art erfolgen, dass darunter von jeder beteiligten Regierung nur eine, zur dem nachstigenden Hinterlegung in dem Archiv der dritten Elb-Eschiffahrts-Revisions-Commission bestimmte Urkunde auszustellen ist. Die königlich preußische Regierung wird diese Urkunde von Seiten der anderen Regierungen entgegennehmen und letztere davon benachrichtigen, sobald die Genehmigung allseits erfolgt ist. So geschehen Magdeburg, den achten Februar 1854. (L. S.) Ernst Merck. (L. S.) Louis Alexander von Jordan. (L. S.) Albert von Zahn. (L. S.) Johann Carl Hermann Rasch. (L. S.) Carl Ludwig von Warnstedt. (L. S.) Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Prosch. (L. S.) Heinrich Hempel. (L. S.) Peter Ludwig Elder. (L. S.) Adolph Soetbeer. Anlage A. Jeder Dienstmann auf einem Elb- oder Flossenschiff (Lehrling, Junge, Schiffsknecht, Zugknecht, Heizer, Geselle, Malrose, Bootsmann, Steuermann) muss mit einem Dienstbuch nach dem anliegenden Muster versehen sein und dasselbe auf jeder Reise bei sich führen. Die zur Ausstellung der Dienstbücher zuständigen Behörden, welche jede Uferstaat für sein Gebiet zur öffentlichen Kenntnis bringen wird, haben in jedem von ihnen auszugebenden Dienstbuch, vor Aushändigung desselben, das Signalement des Inhabers, nachdem dessen Identität nachgewiesen worden sein wird, vollständig einzutragen. Schiffseigner, Schiffer oder Flossführer haben bei jeder Annahme eines Dienstmannes sich dessen Dienstbuch vorlegen zu lassen und darin über das einzugehende Dienstverhältnis das Erforderliche einzutragen. Die Befolgung dieser Vorschrift in Beziehung auf schon vor Erlassung derselben eingegangene Dienstverhältnisse ist binnen drei Monaten nachzuholen. Der Dienstmann darf in seinem Dienstbuch keine Änderungen oder Zusätze machen, oder durch Unberechtigte machen lassen. Das Dienstbuch muss sowohl dem Dienstherrn als einer jeden Polizeibehörde auf Verlangen jederzeit vorgelegt werden. Den Polizeibehörden in Hamburg und Bremerhaven, es ob, Beschwerden des Dienstmannes liber ein demselben erteiltes oder verweigertes Zeugnis zu erledigen und die dadurch etwa herbeigeführten Änderungen und Zusätze im Dienstbuch nachzutragen. Auf jedem Elbeschiff ist ein Verzeichnis der Personen, welche auf demselben im Dienst getreten sind, zu führen und aufzubewahren. Dem Namen jedes entlassenen Dienstmannes ist eine Bemerkung über Anfang und Ende seiner Dienstzeit und eine wörtliche Abschrift des ihm bei seinem Abgang erteilten Zeugnisses beizusetzen. Jenes Verzeichnis ist jeder Schifffahrts und Polizeibehörde an der Elbe auf Verlangen zur Einsicht vorzulegen. Übertretungen der obigen Vorschriften werden nach Massgabe des Artikel XXX der, die Erlassung der schiffahrts- und strompolizeilichen Vorschriften für die Elbe betreffenden, Übereinkunft vom 13. April 1844 bestraft. Dienstbuch für den (Schiffsgenossen, Schiffsjungen etc.) Ausgefertigt zu den 18 (Unterschrift der ausfertigenden Behörde.) CONVENTION POUR LA NAVIGATION DE L'ELBE. 139 Bezeichnung des Inhabers. 1854 Name : Geburtsort: Haarfarbe: Alter: Augenfarbe: Besondere Zeichen: Eigenhändige Unterschrift des Inhabers: (Vor und Zuname.) Unterzeichnet in Gegenwart und attestiert von dem Beamten: Abdruck der Verordnung ddo. wegen Einführung von Dienstbüchern für die Dienstleute auf den Elbe-Fahrzeugen. Zeugennummer 1854 Name des Schiffseigners oder Schiffsführers (Flossfuhrers) und des von ihm geführten Schiffes. Ausgabe, unter welchem Datum und von welcher Behörde ihm das Patent erteilt ist. Tag des Dienstantrittes. Inhaber dient als auf die Zeit von gegen einen Lohn von Tag der Dienstbeendigung. Angabe des Entlassungsgrundes. Eigenhändige mit vollem Namen zu unterschreibendes Zeugnis des Schiffseigners oder Schiffsführers (Flossfuhrers) liber Be tragen und Originalität des Dienstmannes. Bemerkung der Polizeibehörde. Zeugennummer uno CONVENTION POUR LA NAVIGATION DE L'ELBE. 1854 Anlage B. Erklärungen in Betreff der Anwendung der farbigen Lichter auf Dampfschiffen während der Nacht, zur Verhinderung des Ansegelns. 1. Stellung. In dieser wird das Dampfschiff A nur das rothe Licht des Darapfschiffes B in dessen 3 hier angedeuteten Stellungen sehen kdnnen. — A wird daher sicher seyn, dass B ihm die Backbord Roth. seite zQwendet und dass es in einer oder der anderen Bichtung vom Steuerbord nach Backbord (von rechts nach links) hin an ihm Yorilbersegelt. A wird demnach — wenn die Schiffe sich so nahe sind, dass ein Ansegeln zu befilrchten steht — mit Sicherheit sein Ruder Backbord legen und klar werden. Auf der anderen Seite wird das Dampfschiff B in jeder seiner drei Stellungen das grtine, rothe und Mastlicht von A in Form eines Dreiecks sehen, und daraus entnehmen, dass sich ihm ein Dampf schiff nâhert, wonach es dann seine Anordnungen treffen kann. Es bedarf kaum der Erwâhnung, dass das Mastlicht in jeder Stellung nach vorne zu sehen ist. 2. Stellung. Hier wird A nur das griine Licht von B sehen, und daraus entnehmen, dass B in der Bich tung von Backbord nach Steuer bord an ihm voriibergeht. Auf "^ der anderen Seite werden die drei Lichter von A^ die sâmmtlich fur B sichtbar sind, diesem zeigen, ^,1 dass es nach ihm hinsteuert. r^ CONVENTION POUR LA NAVIGAT. DE L'ELBE. 141 3. Stellung. 1854 A und B werden nur die beiderseitigen rothen Lichler sehen, Griin. .c ~ A Roth. Rolh. D Griin, da die Schirme die griinen bedecken. Beide Schiffe werden daher Backbord an einander vorîlbergehen. 4. Stellung. Hier werden A und B nur die beiderseitigen griinen Lfchter Grun B Roth D sehen, indem die Schirme die rothen bedecken. Sie fahren daher Steuerbord an einander vortiber. 5. Stellung. Die Stellung erheischt ganz besondere Vorsicht. Dass das rote Licht für A und das grüne Licht für B sichtbar ist, wird beiden anzeigen, dass sie sich in schiefen Blickrichtungen einander nähern. A muss daher sein Ruder nach der allgemeinen Regel der folgenden Stellung Backbord legen. Stellung 6. Hier werden die beiden farbigen Lichter, die beiden Fahrzeuge sichtbar sind, anzeigen, dass sie gerade auf einander lossegeln. In dieser Stellung wird die bereits allgemein angenommene Regel befolgt, dass beide das Ruder Backbord legen. Es ist notwendig, die farbigen Lichter innenbords mit einem Schirm von Holz oder Segeltuch zu versehen, um dem vorzubeugen, dass sie beide zugleich noch von einer anderen Richtung, als der von Vorn her gesehen werden. Dies ist von Wichtigkeit, weil sonst jede Berechnung aufhört, was die angeführten Stellungen zur Genugtuung betrifft. Sind die farbigen Lichter hingegen mit Schirmen versehen, so ist kein Irrtum in Bezug auf die Richtung des Laufs der Schiffe möglich. Tarif des Normal-Elbezolles. Uferstaaten für deren Rechnung der Elbezoll erhoben wird. Bezeichnung der Strecken. Zu entrichtender Elbezoll vom Elbezoll-Centner = 50 Kilogramm in Courant zum 4 Thalerfuß, 1 Gulden. 30 Sgr. = 360 Pf. Für die ganze Strecke. Für die einzelnen Strecken. Thl. 1Sgr. Pf. eines jeden Uferstaates. Thl. 1Sgr. Pf. Oesterreich. Sachsen. Preußen. Anhalt-Bernburg a) für die ganze Strecke von Melnik bis zur sachsischen Grenze. b) für die Strecke von Melnik bis Aussig. c) für die Strecke von Aussig bis zur sachsischen Grenze. a) für die ganze Strecke von der böhmischen bis zur preußischen Grenze. b) für die Strecke von der böhmischen Grenze bis Pirna. Für die Strecke von Pirna bis Dresden Für die Strecke von Dresden bis an die preußische Grenze Für die ganze Strecke von der sächsischen bis zur mecklenburgischen Grenze Für die Strecke von der sächsischen bis zur anhaltischen Grenze Für die Strecke von der anhaltischen bis zur mecklenburgischen Grenze Für das Tochheimer Geleit Aus dem Anhaltischen bis nach Dornburg (Anhalt) Für den Kurs von und nach Schnakenburg und Gegend Für die Berührung des Geleits von Goswig Für die ganze Strecke von der preußischen Grenze bis zum Boitzenburger Geleit Für die Berührung des Geleits von Schnakenburg Für die Berührung des Geleits von Hitzacker Für die Berührung des Geleits von Bleckede Für die ganze Strecke Für die Berührung des Geleits von Domitz Für die Berührung des Geleits von Boitzenburg Für die Berührung des Geleits von Lauenburg Summe für die Strecke von Melnik bis Hamburg Zu entrichtenden Elbezoll vom Elbezoll-Centner = 30 Kilogramm in Courant zum 14 Thalerfuß, 1 Thlr. Für die ganze Strecke eines jeden Uferstaates Für die einzelnen Strecken Thl. 15 Sgr. 1 Pf. Thl. 15 Sgr. 1 Pf. Bemerkung: Der von Esslingen früher nach Hamburg verlegte Zoll wird nur von stromaufwärts aus Hamburg abgehenden Schiffen mit Kilo in Courant - den Thlr. nach dem 4 Thalerfuß à 40 p gerechnet, - pro 40 Elbezoll Centner entrichtet. 4854 Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der im Elbezolle ermäßigten und freien Waarenartikel. Anmerkungen. 1. Ware, deren declarierte Benennung in diesem alphabetischen Verzeichnis nicht aufgeführt ist, unterliegt, falls jene Benennung unzweifelhaft mit einer in diesem Verzeichnis aufgeführten Waarenbenennung gleichbedeutend oder darunter begriffen ist, dem der letzteren beigesetzten Zollsätze, anderenfalls aber dem Normalsatz. 2. Ware mehrerer Gattungen, durcheinander verpackt, unterliegt, falls die verschiedenen Waarengattungen und deren Quantitäten nicht durch spezielle Revision ermittelt sind und der Schiffsführer diese Ermittlung nicht ausdrücklich verlangt, demjenigen Zolle, welcher die am höchsten tariflierte der in der Verpackung befindlichen Waarengattungen trifft. 3. Die in Gemäßheit des Schlussprotokolls der dritten Elbeschiffs-Revisions-Commission, dd. Magdeburg, den 8. Februar 1854, bis auf Weiteres bestehenden Elbezoll-Ermäßigungen sind mit einem Sternchen bezeichnet. Gegenstände. Abfall von Baumwolle — von der Gold und Silber bearbeitung (Münzkrätze). Abfälle von Horn (Hornschränke). — von Leder (Leimleder) .. — von Sandstein (Steingrits) .. — von der Zuckerfabrikation (Knochenschäume oder Zuckererde; gebrauchte Knochenkohle, lose im Schiff oder sonst unverpackt (in der Niederfahrt)). Abziehsteine (feine Wetzsteine). Acajouholz .. Achsen, holzerne, mit und ohne Eisenbeschlag. Ackerdoppen (Eckerdoppen) gemahlene und ungemahlene. Ackergerät, holzernes, mit und ohne Eisenbeschlag. Äpfel, siehe Obst. Ahornholz, siehe Holz. Akazienholz, siehe Holz. Alabaster, roher, auch geschliffener in Platten etc. Alaun, auch gebrannter Alaunerde. Alaunstein. All (Bier) in Fässern oder in Flaschen. Alkanna. Alquifoux (Hafnererde, Bleiglanz). Alumen luteum (gebrannter Alaun). Ambossen. Amidum (Kraftmehl). Angorafelle. Anis (excl. Sternanis). Anker und Ankerketten. Antimonialblei (Hartblei). Antimonerz. Apfelbaumholz, siehe Holz. Aprikosen, siehe Obst. Arcot (geschmolzenes Messing). Armenische Erde (Bolus). Arsenik aller Art. Arsenikerz oder Arsenikkies. Artischocken, frische Asbest (Federweiß) Asche, gemeine Holz- und Pflanzen, auch Torf und Stein kohlenasche, sowohl ausgeklaute als unausgelaugte .... Asche (Pott), gewöhnliche; auch Drusen-, Perl-, Stein und Waidasche; desgleichen Bleiasche Aschenkalk oder Kalkasche Asphalt (Judenpech) Asphaltplatten Asphaltsteine CONVENTION POUR LA NAVIGATION DE L'ELBE. Gegenstände. Gegenstande. Augenstein (weisser Vitriol) .... Austerschalen Backobst (getrocknetes Obst). Backsteine Balge (wie Haute und Felle) .... Bärenfelle Barlappsamen (Semen Lykopodium), roh und gemahlen Baum zum Verpflanzen Bambusstocke, rohe Bänderisen Bandholz, als unverarbeitete Bandstöcke und verarbeitete Tonnenbande Bandstöcke Barden (Wallfisch-) Barilla (rohe Soda) Basait Bast (Baumrinde) zum Flechten von Matten Bastmatten zu Emballagen Bauholz, auch abgebundenes Baumrinde, siehe Holzborke. Bau-Oel Bauwoll, rohe; desgleichen karbonisierte Baumwollgarn in der Niederfahrt, siehe Manufacturwaaren. Beeren: a) frische (mit Ausnahme der Wachholderbeeren) b) getrocknete zum Genuss (Flieder-, Heidel-, Preiselbeeren etc.); desgleichen Kreuzbeeren; auch frische und trockene Wachholderbeeren Beinschwarz Benzoeharz Berberisholz und Berberiswurzeln Berggelb (Oker) Bergpech (Erdpech) Bergroth (Farbenerde) Bergthee Besen, aus Reisig (Birkenbesen etc.), engl. Haidbesen Bettfedern Bienenerde (Bienenkeule, Bienenergut, Abfallvorrat der Wachsbereitung) .... Bienenkorbe oder Bienenstöcke, leere Bier, aller Art, sowohl in Fässern als in Flaschen oder Kegeln Bierkästen, glaserne, mit und ohne Metalldeckel - lederne (gemeine irdene). Bimsstein, sowohl roher wie geschlammter und geformter Binsen Binsenmatten zu Emballagen Birkenrinde Birnen, siehe Obst. Birnbaumholz, siehe Holz. Biscuit, siehe Porzellan. Blauholz, siehe Farbeholz. Blätter, siehe Blumen. Blech : Eisenblech aller Art, ein schliesslich des gefirnissten und verzinnten Blechstreifen , eiserne, zu Fass bandern Blei, rohes, in Blocken, Mulden, Platten, RoUen etc., auch al tes ; dessgl. Antimonialblei (Hartblei) * Bleiasche Bleichpulver (Ghlorkalk) Bleierde , Bleierz , Bleiglanz (roh und gemahlen) Bleiglatte Bleiplatten *Bleiweiss, in der Niederfahrt. *Bleizucker Blumen, Blatter und BlUthen, frische Blut von geschlachtetem Vieh, sowohl fliissiges als einge trocknetes Blutstein, roh und gemahlen .. Bockhorner Bockshornsamen (foenum grae cum), gemahlen und unge mahlen Bôhmische Steine, unechte(Glas fliisse zur Nachahmung echter Steine) Bbttcherwaaren , grobe (neue und gebrauchte), mit und ohne eiserne Reifen Bohlen y. 7,0 74 /20 75 7,0 74 ya y4 y5 y.o VI. 10 146 CONVENTION POUR LA NAVIGAT. DE L'ELBE. 1854 Gegenstande. a o Gegenstande. Bohnen (Feld und Garten-), griine — trockene *Bolus Bomben Bomben-Morser Borke, siehe Holzborke. Borsten, Schweins Boysalz (Seesalz) Branntweinspulig Bratpfannen, eiserne, gegossene — irdene Braunkohien * Braunroth, Rûckstânde bei che mischen Arbeiten *Braunstein, roh und gemahlen Breihan (Bier), in Fâssern, Fla schen oder Kriigen Brein (Hirse) Brennholz Brennstahl (Cementstahl) Brettbâume, Bretter, Bretter klôtze , von europâischem Holze *Brot Briickenwagen, siehe Maschinen. Brucheisen, altes Bruchglas *Bruchkupfer u. Bruchmessing Bruchsteine Brunnenrohren, siehe Rohren. Bucheckern , Buchkerne ...... Buchenholz, siehe Holz. *Buchsbaumholz Buchweizen oder Heidekorn .. *Bucher, siehe Papier. Biiffelhorner Bugspriete Busch aller Art Butter, die nicht in Tonnen oder anderen Holzgebinden , son dern unverpackt oder in Tôpfen oder Korben versandt wird * — in Holzgebinden * Cacaoschalen * Campecheholz , s. Farbeholz. Canariensamen Candiskistenbretter (buchene). Capellasche (Gekratz) *Caput mortuum (Todtenkopf). Carboliene (künstliches Brenn… /20 V4 % Va V40 % Vio V10 Va 74 /20 74 %0 74 740 74 74 75 70 70 74 74 760 76 70 material aus Steinkohlen, Theer etc.) Gatzel(Gummi elasticum)Zedernholz (siehe Holzer, aus) Cernent, roher oder gerosteter, gemahlener Stein (Puzzolanerde, Tufstein, Trass, Ziegelcement), ebenfalls mit Harzen und anderen Materialien, prepariert, Mastix etc. Cernent Cementstahl Champignons, frische Ghili-Salpeter, siehe Südsee Salpeter. Chinchillafelle Chloralk, trockener, flüssiger, auch Chloralkwasser Chromerz in Stücken oder gemahlen. Chromsaures Kali Cichorien, gebrannte, pulverisierte, in der Niederfahrt Cichorienwurzeln, grüne auch geschnittene und getrocknete Cinders Citronenschalen Clavierholz, ungebohltes von europäischem Holz gehobelter, dergleichen Cokoas Coalsopal (Gummiharz) Colcothar (caput mortuum) Coriander Cornelholz, siehe Holz. Cremor Tartari Cucumern (Gurken), frische. Cumin (römischer Knollen) Gurkume Cyderessig Dachpfannen (Dachziegel) Dachplatten, siehe Platten. Dachrinnen, siehe Rinnen. Dachrohr Dachschiefer Dachschindeln, Dachspann… Dachziegel Dachsfelle Dageleg (Birkentheer) Dampfmaschinen, siehe Maschinen. Datteln, 1 Vj CONVENTION POUR LA NAVIGATION DE L'ELBE. Gegenstande. Gegenstände. Dauben (Fassholz) Deckelholz, siehe Resonanzbretter. Dielen Dillsamen Dinkel oder Spelz Dividivi (Libidibi) Doder (Leindotter) Doppel-Vitriol (gemischter Vitriol) Dornschlag Dosse (Hanf) Draht: Eisen und Stahl-Draht. Drahtsaiten (Clavierdraht), siehe Draht. Drehbanke, hölzerne Druckerschwarze Drusen Drusenasche (Weinhernasche) Dünger, als: Mist, Stoppeln etc. Düngesalz Ebenholz Ebereschenbeeren (Vogelbeeren), frische Eckerdoppler, gemahlene und ungemahlene Effecten der Reisenden Eggen, siehe Ackergerüste. Eibenholz, siehe Holz. Eicheln Eichenholz, siehe Holz. Eichenrinde Eier Eis , Eisen und Stahl und daraus ver fertigte Gegenstande : a) altes Brucheisen , alte , abge nutzteund zerbrocheneEisen bahnschienen, Eisenfeile und Hammerschlag , auch alte ei serne Nagel 6) Roh-Eisen aller Art • (daher auch Osemund) ; Luppeneisen (gefrischtes Eisen in der Ge stalt vonLuppenod. Kuchen); geschmiedetes Eisen in Stâ ben , auch wenn es zu feine ren Sorten (Quadrateisen , fa çonnirtes Eisen etc.) verarbei tet ist; Reckeisen,Beifeneisen, Rundeisen, Eisenbahnschie nen; Roh-, Cernent-, Guss-, Vin 'A 'Ao 74 Vô 'A 740 Va '20 740 74 A /20 y, frei 75 7io frei Frisch-, Gerbe-, raffinirterund Rundstahl ; dessgleichenEisen, welches zu groben Bestand theilen von Maschinen und Wagen (Kurbeln, Achsen, Rad kranzen u. dgl.) roh vorge schmiedet ist; Eisenblech aller Art, einschliesslich des gefir nissten und verzinnten ; Band eisen, Platten, Ambosse, An ker und Ankerketten, Bomben, Eisen und Stahldraht, dess gleichen grobe Gusseisen waaren in Oefen, Platten, Git tern etc. ; auch Gewichte, KUppen, Kesseln, Kugeln etc. von Gusseisen, endlich ge gossene eiserne Nagel Eisen , schwefelsaures ( Eisen vitriol ) Eisenbahnschienen Eisenbahnstûhle Eisenblech (schwarzes , gefir nisstes und weisses) Eisendraht Eisenerz oder Eisenstein Eisenfeile oder Eisenfeilspane .. Eisenkies oder Schwefelkies .. Eisenplatten, gegossene, ge schmiedete und gewalzte . .. Eisenvitriol Eisenwaaren, s. Eisen u. Stahl etc. * — sonstige, in der Auffahrt. — sonstige, in der Niederfahrt Elendthier-Geweihe Emballage , gebrauchte , als : Leinwand , Flanellstucke etc.. Erbsen , griine — trockene Erdapfel Erdbeeren Erdbirnen Erden und Erze: a) gemeine Erde, als: Ziegel erde, Lehm, Mergel, Sand und Gjand oder Steinkies, auch Giesssand (Formsand), gewaschener, geriebener, ge schlemmter ; ferner Streusand, auch gefârbter, Silbersand etc. und spanischer Sand; Thon-, Porzellan-, Pfeifen und Topfer CONVENTION POUR LA NAVIGATION DE L'ELBE. 1854 Gegenstande. Gehen, auch Zuckerbäcker und Walkererde; Alaunstein und Alaunerde; Schwerspath (schwefelsaure Schwererde) in kristallisierte Stücken; in gleichen Galmeistein, Vitriol Erz (Vitriolkies) und Erzschlacken a) Erdfarben und Farbenerden, als: galbe, grüne, rote, braune Erde, Bergroth, Bolus, Kreide, weisse, schwarze, rote, rohe, gemahlene und geschliffene, Oker (Berggelb); Rothstein (Rothgelb); fernergepochter, gemahlener und zu Farbe bereits getretener Schwerspath; in gleichen Talk oder Talkerde, Terra di Siena, Terra Sigillata, Tripel, auch metallische Mineralerden c) Erze aller Art (mit Ausschluss der unter a) schon genannten) in kristallisierte Stücken oder gemahlen, namentlich: Arsenikerz oder Arsenikkies, Bleierz (Bleierde, Bleiglanz, Glasurerz etc.), Chromerz, Eisenerz oder Eisenstein (Blutstein, Glaskopf etc.), Eisenerz oder Schwefelkies, Gussersatz, Kobalt, Kobaltspeis, Kupfererz (Kupferlasur etc.), Schmirgel, Spiessglanzerz etc.; in gleichem Zinkischer Ofenbruch (tutia) Erdenwaaren: gewöhnliche Topferwaaren jeder Art, mit Einschluss von Tabakspfeifen, Schmelztiegel und Knicker oder Steinschusser, auch tönernen Zuckerformen mit und ohne Holzbanden; in gleichem Fayance, Steingut, Siderolith und Wedgewoodwaaren Erdharze, Erdmandeln, wie Cichorienwurzeln, Erdpflanzen (Erdpflücker) Erdpeckkitt (Asphalt) Erlenholz, siehe Holz. Erze, siehe Erden und Erze. Eschenholz, siehe Holz. Esparsette, s. Klee und Kleesaat. Essig aller Art Fachser (Schosslingen von Baum- und Reben) Fässer, leere, auch Fassstabe von zerlegten Gebinden und Fässern, in gleichem leere Fässer, welche zum Tragen der Holzflöße dienen Farbehölzer aller Art, in Blocken; desselben gemahlen oder geraspelt Farben und Tuschkästen Faschinen Fassdauben (Fassstabe, Fassholz) Fassstabe von zerlegten Gebinden und Fässern Fayence Federvieh Federn, Bett Federweiß Feigen Feldfrüchte, siehe Getreide, Gras, Gartengewachse, Stroh. Feldspath Feigen, bearbeitete — rohe (Felgenholz), vom Stellmacher noch nicht bearbeitet Felle aller Art, zur Lederbereitung — aller Art, zur Pelzwerkbereitung Fenchel Fensterglas Fensterrahmen, holzerne, ohne Glas und Farbe Fett, von Rind und Schafvieh (Talg) Feuerschwamm, roh und bereitet Feuersteine, rohe Fichtenholz, siehe Holz. Fichtenrinde Fichtensamen Fischbein, rohes Fische: lebendige und frische. Zu welchen letzteren auch die, bloss zur Erhaltung auf dem Transporte mit Salz belegt, enthalten sind, wenn sie in Korben eingehen Fischleim Flacheisen Flachs Flaschen, von Glas, auch der gleichen Korbflaschen Flaschen von Thon Flaschenkeller Flaschenzüge Flechsen (Thierflechsen) Flechtweiden Fleisch, geräuchertes und gepöbelt Fliederbeeren, siehe Beeren. Fliederblüten, frische Fliegenstein Fliesen, aus Sandstein — aus Thon gebrannt — aus Marmor Flintglas Flockenwolle (Abfall beim Spinnen), siehe Wolle. Flussspath, roher Foenum Graecum (Bockshornsamen, Siebenzehnten), roh und gemahlen Formerarbeit aus Topferthon, Fayence oder Steingut Formsand (Giesssand), roh, gewaschen, gerieben oder geschlammert Fournière von europäischem Holz: — ungehobelte — gehobelte dergleichen … — andere, siehe ausser-europäische Holzer. Fraueneisen, Frauenglas Frischstahl Früchte, siehe Getreide, Obst, Gartengewachse. Fruchtkerne von Obstfrüchten. Fuchsbalge Futterpflanzen Futterschwingen Ganse *Gallipot Gallitzenstein Gallapfel Gallerte für den Fabrikgebrauch (Leimgallerte) Gallus (Gallapfel) Galmei und Galmeistein *Garancine *Garkupfer Garlenerde Gartengewächse etc.: a) Frische, entfroren, als: Gemüse und Krautarten; Gurken, Melonen, Salat etc.; Karotten; Riiben und andere essbaren Wurzeln; ferner Chorionwurzeln, grüne, auch geschnittene und getrocknete; ebenfalls Runkelriiben und Runkelriibenblätter, sowohl grün als getrocknet b) Sauerkraut (Trockene Erbsen und Bohnen, siehe Getreide und Hülsenfrüchte.) Geflügel, lebende Vögel und geschlachtetes Federwild, auch Federvieh Geigenholz, s. Resonanzbretter. Gekratzt (Münzgekratzt) *Gelbholz, siehe Farbeholz. Gelbwurzeln (Curcuma) Gemshorn Gemüse, s. Gartengewächse. Gerberlohe *Gerberwolle, s. Wolle. Gerbestahl Gerste, auch gemalzte — geschaltete, gerollte (Graupen) Gestrauch zum Verpflanzen Getreide und Hülsenfrüchte, als: Bohnen, Buchweizen, Erbsen, Gerste, Hafer, Hirse, Korn (Roggen), Linsen, Mais, Spelt, Weizen, Wicken, auch Getreide in Stroh Getreidekörner, geschrotet oder geschaltet Gewächse, frische zum Verpflanzen *Gewehre aller Art, wie Eisenwaaren. Gewehr (Hörner) Gewichte von Gusseisen Giessand (Formsand), im rohen Zustande oder gewaschen, gerieben, geschlemmt Gips, roher — gebrannter Gipsmehl Gitter, eiserne, gegossene Gläser, optische (Brenngläser, Brillengläser etc.), unfasst Glatte (Blei-, Silber und Goldglätte) Glas und Glaswaaren ohne Unterschied, mit Einschluss von Kronleuchterbehang, Glasschwanze, Glaskörben, auch wenn sie an Faden gereiht sind, Glasknopfen, auch dergl. mit Metalldüsen versehenen oder in Metall gefassten, Glasflossen, Glasgespinnen, Glasmasse (die aus dem Hafen ausgestochene zu unregelmäßigen Stücken erkaltete Fritte für die Kunstglasbläserie), Glasschmelz, Glastropfen, ungefassten optischen Gläsern (Brenngläser, Brillengläser usw.), unechten bohmischen Steinen (Glasfritte zur Nachahmung echter Steine), belegtem Spiegelglas, glässernen Bierkrügen mit und ohne Metalldeckel, ingl. Flaschenkeller und sonstige Glaswaren mit Nebenbestandteilen, Glasbehälge zu Kronleuchtern, Glasbrocken, Glasbruch, Gasfritte. Gegenstände, Glasgalle, Glasgeschirr, Glasgespinnen, Glasglanz (Streuglanz), Glasknopfe, auch dergl. mit Metallöffnen versehene oder in Metall gefasst, Glaskopf (Eisenerz), Glasmasse (die aus dem Hafen ausgestochene zu unregelmäßigen Stücken erkaltete Fritte für die Kunstglasbläserie), Glasperlen, Glaskorallen, auch wenn sie an Federn gereiht sind, Glasschaum, Glasschmelz, Glasscherben, Glastropfen, Glasurerz, Glasurmasse, grobe (eine Komposition von Kieselerde, Bleioxid und Alkali), Glaswaren, siehe Glas, Goldglatte, Grabsteine, in solchen durch höhere künstlerische Bearbeitung hervorgebrachte Kunstwerke, hierunter nicht beirgt werden: a) von Marmor, geschliffenem Granit oder Porphyr, b) von Sandstein, Gratzen (Münzgekritz, Abfälle von der Gold und Silberbearbeitung), Grand, Granit, geschliffener in Blocken oder Platten, Grappen (grobe Gusseisenwaren), Graphit, in Stücken oder gemahlen, Gras, Graupen, Gries und Grietze von allen Getreidearten, Griesmehl, Griffel von Schiefer (Schieferstifte), Grietze, Guajakholz, Guano, Guineakörner, Gummen aller Art, Gummiharze, Gurken, frische, Gusseisen in Gansen und Masseln, Gusseisenwaren, siehe Gusseisenwaren. CONVENTION POUR LA NAVIGATION DE L'ELBE. Gusseisenwaren, siehe Guss Eisenwaren. Gusserz Gussstahl Gusswaren aus Gusseisen, groß, als: Öfen, Platten, Kessel, Gitter u. s. w. Gutta Percha Haare und Borsten von Schweinen, Ziegen, Pferden und Rindvieh Hackerling (Hacksel) Hauten aller Art, zur Lederbereitung Hausmittel aller Art, zur Pelzwerkbereitung Hafer Hafergritze Hafnererz (Alquifoux) Hagebutten, siehe Obst. Hammerschlag Handmühlen, siehe Maschinen. Hanf und Hanfsaat Hanföl Harfen Siebe, holzene Harken, holzene Hartblei Harze aller Art Hasenfelle Hausgeräthe, wie Waaren aus dem Material, woraus sie gefertigt sind. Heede (Werg) Heidekorn (Buchweizengritzen) Heidelbeeren, siehe Beeren. Hemmschuhe, holzene Heringe Heu Heusamen Hexenmehl (Einstreupulver, Senfel Lycopodii) Himbeeren, siehe Beeren. Himten Hirscheeweih Hobelbanke, holzene Hobelgestelle Hobelspane Hölzer, außereuropäische aller Art, für Drechsler, Tischler u. s. w., in Blocken und Bohlen; dgl. in geschnittenen Fournieren Horn, siehe Horn. Hohlglas Hollandisch Roth (Braunroth) Holz und Holzwaaren: a) Brennholz und Busch aller Art, Faschinen, Wellen (Brandbusch, Reisig), Stubben, auch Hobel und Sägespanen, desgl. Holzrinden zur Feuerung; Ferner Besen aus Reisig (Birkenbesen u. s. w.) und Heibesen. a) europäisches Bau und Nutzholz, als: Balken, Sparren, Krummholz, Pfahlholz und Zimmerholz aller Art, Masten, Bugsprieten, Spieren, Stangen und Stocken, Splitt u. Rundholz, Säge-waren (Bohlen, Bretter, Dielen, Latten, Planken u. s. w.), Dachspänen und Schindeln, Stabholz für Böttcher, gleichfalls Band- oder Reifenholz (unverarbeitete Bandstücke und fertige Tonnenbände), rohe (vom Stellmacher noch nicht bearbeitete) Speichen und Felgen, auch Korbrüten (geschaltete und ungeschaltete), ungehobeltes Resonanzbretter, ungehobeltes Claviaturholz. b) gröbere Holzwaaren mit oder ohne Eisenbeschlag, namentlich: Acker-, Schiffs und sonstige ganz große holzene Geräte, als: Dreh- und Hobelbänke, auch Bohr-, Hobel- und Sägergestelle, Futterschwingen, Harfensiebe, Harken, Hemmschuhe, Joche, Kornfeger, Kornmasse, Kornwannen, Leitern, Mulden- und Schaufeln, Eggen, Pfähle, Karren, Leiterwagen u. Holzschlitten, Holzschuhe, Sattelschüze, Schusterleisten, Stiefelknechte, Sensenbäume, Sensenstreicher, Ruder, Tröge und Krippen; große Böttcherwaaren, leere Fässer u. Tonnen aller Art, Staben von zerlegten Gebinden und Fässern, auch Tonnen, welche zum Tragen der Holzflosszeuge dienen; leere Kisten, Kasten und Schachteln, mit Ausnahme der gebeizten, gefarbten u. s. w.; ganz große Korbflechtwaaren von ungeschalteten Rüthen, Baumwurzen u. s. w. "Fastagen und dgl., auch leere Bienenkorbe; Maschinen; Wagner oder Rädermacher-Arbeiten, auch ganz grobe Tischlerwaren, bloss aus Holz mit oder ohne Eisenbeschlag bestehend (jedoch nicht gefarbte, gebeizte, polierte oder lackierte, auch nicht mit Leder oder Polsterarbeit verbundene); Clavierholz (bloss behobelte und librigens rohe Holzstücke, aus welchen Claviershölzer geschnitten werden sollen); Fussbodentafeln oder Parquetten; ingleichen Fourniere und Resonanzbretter, gehobelte europäischen Holzes; Schuster- und Schwertfegerspäne, auch Siebrander. Holzaschen, Holzborke und Baumrinden: a) Lohkuchen oder ausgelaugte Lohe als Brennmaterial b) Eichenborke und Lohrinde, auch Birken-, Fichten-, Ulmen-, Weiden und Rosskastanien-Baumrinde, ingleichen Baumrinde zum Flechten von Matten c) Holzrinden zur Feuerung... Holzflechterarbeit, siehe Korb- und Mattenschleicherwaaren. Holzkohlen, Holzrinden, siehe Holzborke. Holzschuhe, Holzwaaren, siehe Holz, feine; dgl. sogenannte Nürnberger Waaren. Hondurasholz, s. Farbeholz. Hopfen. Horn: Hörner und Füssil (Klauen) von Rindvieh, Bockhörner und Schaffüssil, so wie alle zu einer weiteren Bearbeitung bestimmten Hornspitzen und Hornplatten; ingleichen Hirschgeweihe usw. und Hornspäne. Huano. Hühner. Hulsenfrüchte. Hufe. Hyalithglas. Jacarandaholz. Japanische Erde. Iltisfelle. Inselt (Talg). Inventarienstücke der Schiffe behufs der Fahrt. Joche (Vorrichtung zum Ziehen). Johannisbeeren, siehe Beeren. Erdenzeug, siehe Erdenwaaren. Judenpech (Asphalt). Kacheln. Kahne. Kalberhaare. Kase, frische (kleine Handkase für den Marktverkehr). Kaff. Kalbfelle. Kali, chromsaures. Kalk und Gips: a) roher Kalkstein, Muschelschalen zum Kalkbrennen, auch Gipsstein oder Gipserde. b) gebrannter Gips, Gipsmehl, auch Wiener Kalk (fein geriebener Kalkmergel). Gegenstände. Sis a o Gebräuchliche. a cQ o m co o c) chlorsaurer, essigsaurer und salzsaurer Kalk. Kalkascher. Kalksteine. Kaninchenfelle. Kanonen und Bombenmörser, so wohl eiserne als metallene." | 0.387302 | -0.659256 | 684 | 2,776 | 238 | -1 | Government Documents | false |
99,982 | github_open_source_100_2_8351 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import * as React from 'react';
import { Link } from 'react-router';
export const Header: React.StatelessComponent<{}> = () => {
return (
<nav className="navbar navbar-toggleable-md navbar-light bg-faded navbar-inverse bg-primary fixed-top">
<button className="navbar-toggler navbar-toggler-right" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarNav" aria-controls="navbarNav" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation">
<span className="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
</button>
<a className="navbar-brand" href="#">Navbar</a>
<div className="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarNav">
<ul className="navbar-nav">
<li className="nav-item active">
<Link className="nav-link" to="/">Home</Link>
</li>
<li className="nav-item">
<Link className="nav-link" to="/todo">todo</Link>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav>
);
/**
*
* Example of navbarr
*
return (
<nav className="navbar navbar-toggleable-md navbar-light bg-faded navbar-inverse bg-primary">
<button className="navbar-toggler navbar-toggler-right" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarNav" aria-controls="navbarNav" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation">
<span className="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
</button>
<a className="navbar-brand" href="#">Navbar</a>
<div className="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarNav">
<ul className="navbar-nav">
<li className="nav-item active">
<Link className="nav-link" to="/">Home</Link>
</li>
<li className="nav-item">
<Link className="nav-link" to="/todo">todo</Link>
</li>
<li className="nav-item">
<a className="nav-link" href="#">Pricing</a>
</li>
<li className="nav-item">
<a className="nav-link disabled" href="#">Disabled</a>
</li>
<li className="nav-item btn-group">
<a className="dropdown-toggle nav-link" id="dropdownMenu1" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
Dropdown
</a>
<div className="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdownMenu1">
<a className="dropdown-item" href="#">Action</a>
<a className="dropdown-item" href="#">Another action</a>
<a className="dropdown-item" href="#">Something else here</a>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav>
);
*/
}
| 0.107364 | 0.704048 | 3,491 | 14,022 | 70 | 70 | React Components & Styling | false |
99,983 | sn83045211_1918-06-08_1_5_2 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | 7... . ,-... . r, '.. j. 1" .... ' J. J. Hoar. Bieslln lunu.mic. uotim lunurr liu I.IKCI1 a 11. J.,.h. lli..M Rnar . u ..1 .. . .i-.ir" -fc-- -" - New York hotels: R. Uerns-il. Drrslln. Mrs. J J. Brown. Martha Washington, 11, u. iinar, taresun. the matter under consideration and In due course the Frazlers, tho Provaiih, the Osthelmers and the Kuglers will know whether it Is "men, as usual' or women who shall serve the courses and garner he tips. Verily there Is much In war and conservation to take tho joy out of life. PETITIONS are coming to Washing ton from many Philadelphia cove nanters In support of a bill introduced by Mr. Campbell, of Pittsburgh, to per mit the President to Issue commissions for military and navul .service to those who' may qualify, ''but who dissent from the Constitution of the United States' because It falls to acknowledge "Al-1 mighty God as the source of ajl au thority In civil government'' Many of these petitions comefroin up Kensing ton way and from other sections where the members of th"e Reformed Presby terian Church. prevalU It Is eald that the young men of this Church desire to have their minds relieved so that they may enter the military service without doing, violence to their consci entious scruples against taking an oath to the Constitution. The petition ers claim to be Intensely ,loyali to the Government and seek te.eerve la the rmy,.,fcy.tLthejr ,-rtM,ln;;t.OMl-. -. II, IV,II. !', M. Molzari. Grund. H. MuFfhamv, Continental. ". P. Newell Wellington. Mrs. C. P. Newell. Wellington. H. I Peabody. Continental, W, H. Hmeart. Continental. T. r. Tolbert, Grand. O. P. R'cke-. St. Prancla. E. J, M. Cofrv. Cumbrlnd. J S. Davis Fells Portland. Mrs. J. S. Davis, Portland. M. Epstein, Flanders. C. J. Fischer, Latham. H. F. Oller, Woodward. Mrs. H. F. Oller, Woodward. H. P. Oller, Collingwood. O. William Howard, St. Francis. Miss E. McMullen, Martha Washington. L. L. Fown, in Vancouver. O. V. Barnes, Ritchey. T. C. Romer, Felix Portland. Mrs. T. C. Romer, Felix Portland. Mrs. T. C. Romer, Felix Portland. Mrs. A. T. Tritman, Webster. Trad Representatives Illumann's Miss Criseola, seorcette dressmaker Mr. Kamels, dressmaker 15 East Twenty-sixth Street. Mr. M. A. Tolle, H. R. Lansdown. Sporting goods: 380 Fifth Avenue. Hure Fit Dress Company, Moyer, Hotel Grand. J. Wanannker, O. Cressman, muslin underwear, Infants' wear, waists, Hots! presidents, skirts, costumes and misses' suits and coats. Broadwater and Tenth Street. J. Harn P. We offer a number of modern apartment houses on Orange Terrace East of 55th Street (Half Block South of Baltimore Avenue) We are offering the balance at a very attractive price for immediate acceptance. By living in one apartment, the house is equipped with six rooms and spacious porch. The house is built throughout of the best materials and contains every modern convenience. A call or postal will bring complete details of our cooperative work. Logan Trust Company of Philadelphia, 1431-33 Chestnut Street. | 0.441824 | -0.626771 | 750 | 3,036 | 238 | -1 | Government Documents | false |
99,984 | universitymusic16elsogoog_4 | English-PD | Public Domain | WHAT I THINK OF THE MODERN ART OF SONG By Lilu Lehmann-Kausch Wagner's Unconscious Influence — His Intentions Unheeded^ Transitory Spell of Song — The Critics — Both German and Italian Schools Necessary — Practice of Scales — General Suggestions — Qualifications of the Artist nPHE art of song will always be the same — only, ^ nowadays, much less must be learned than here- tofore, and of this fact the singers of the period make good use. And, unfortunately, I must confess that Wagner has unconsciously exercised a great influence upon incapables (Nichtskonner). In former times, particularly when Mozart was concerned, and, indeed, all the old Italian masters — Bellini, Donizetti, and Verdi (the latter in his early works) — it was required that every voice, whether soprano, alto, bass, or tenor, should be of extensive range, have good execution, a trill, etc. Wagner has, happily, swept away all these needs from the opera ; but the fact that now that each syllable has a note the music is easier to sing, fosters the belief that, to sing Wagner's music well, one has only to enunciate distinctly. Why should one practise fioriture and trills? Many dramatic songstresses, in- deed, regard it as a shame to make a simple mordente : to do this might make people believe they were colora- tura vocaUsts. 72 VOCAL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS 73 I, on the contrary, consider that one cannot sing Wagner well without singing Mozart well, and vice versa. True it is that Wagner makes great demands upon the voice; but possessing his sunken orchestra, he could take much license, and that his intentions are not heeded everywhere is certainly no fault of his. If all his piano and pianissimo signs were observed by conductors, orchestra, and singers, the public would marvel how singable Wagner can be. I shall cite here, in support of my assertion, only one instance, the '*Death Announcement" (Die Todesverkiindigung) in **Die Walkiire." For the Valkyr herself, the scene is conceived as a vision, her answers to Siegmund being marked pp, for the orchestra. And what occurs habit- ually? The orchestra blares forth as though it were trumpeting on the day of judgment. I do not share, as to Wagner, the views of extrem- ists, and every reasonable artist must reject them* Every genius has its incomparable sparks from above, but even geniuses are only men, and perfection is not of this world. Why should I exalt to heaven one man in particular, where so many exist, and so much that is great has been achieved? There is room for all, but the place of each must be won and held, which last is often the most difficult of accompHshment. What is really great and sublime remains; what is small, or made imposing by artificiality, is borne away by the unceasing flight of time. Shall we go back to the past? We shall always go back to the ancient traditions as long as these are left us. Every art, call it what we will, has rested for thousands of years upon a firm basis, which none that lay claim to artistic worth may disregard. Painting \ 74 VOCAL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS and sculpture have in this respect an advantage: their creations remain, everlasting, visible exemplars and incentives to effort. The singer, unhappily, creates but for the moment; little that he does so impresses as to extend its influence over years. We learn of it only by narration ; we cannot hear it more. The art of song exerts its spell at once, and can stir the heart to the depths, but in the other respect it is in truth ill-favored. As in every branch of art, there are now, in the art of song, but few distii^^uished personalities. Only bom coloratura songstresses can sing Mozart. How few learn to sing his music, how few teach it; and so it gocst Through the advancement of wretched be- ginners, brought forward by conscienceless agents and ignorant managers who have the good will of the critics, the public is educated is stupidity. The public feels that this is good, and that bad; and yet it in- voluntarily asks if what it reads — exactly the reverse of its own right feeling — must not be more accurate because set down by a critic; and it requires all the energy of one's character to hold to one's opinion or to defend it. In ten different newspapers one can read, concerning the same person or work, the most varying opinions ; a comparison compels merriment. The critics, too, seek to earn their bread, especially in Germany. How many can write an ordinary critique ? Most of them cannot sing a note; they depend upon their divine infallibility ; works, performances repre- senting years of activity, industry, and pains, are judged according to good or ill humor, and often dis- missed with a sorry jest, while the tentatively interest- ing critic exalts a wretched production to the skies VOCAL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS 75 This endures not, for what is beautiful and worthy re- mains victorious; but the judgment of the public is made no better. I have learned that among the critics are artists and unprejudiced men — ^particularly in America. There critics have publicly thanked artists — e.g., Niemann — for what the artist taught them; this has inspired me with profound respect for the writer in question. But how seldom is the public taught to judge, how seldom the artist amiably enlightened ! It would be difficult for me to express myself brief- ly on the subject of instruction in the art of song; the theme appeals to me so strongly that I fear I should be carried too far in my utterances. I will touch on but a few points. Most people have a wrong concep- tion of method. Some claim that the Italian is the best, others the German. Both schools, when good, rest on the same basis; they are in fact one and the same. Perhaps some people understand, nowadays, by the "German school," Wagner singing; by the "Italian," the ornate style. The layman may hold these different conceptions ; to the artist, whether Ger- man or Italian, these schools have no separate exist- ence. A good songstress must be mistress of both. This mastery is attainable through industry, endeav- or, and thought, and, in my opinion, whoever does not attain it can lay no claim to the title of artist. I make no exceptions ; this applies to singers as well as to songstresses. The sole difference between the old and the new methods of instruction is that formerly eight years were devoted to the study of song and acting, while now a pupil is brought out in a twelve- month. Scarcely anything can be accomplished in this length of time. 76 VOCAL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS I remember Rossi's telling me that he studied Ham- let eight years before essaying the part on the boards. Others attempt it in four weeks, and the result is and remains a failure, unless a God-gifted genius atones for much by the divine spark. A real genius, however, begins his study only when he apprehends the defects of a conception and is not satisfied to obey the momen- tary impulse of feeling. To create a role, to breathe Ufe into it, to master it physically, to grow with it, to sing one's self into it, requires years; and when one has filled it a hundred times, one still smoothes down roughnesses, striving all the while to maintain propor- tion, greatness, dignity. How many heed all this at present ? The study of difficult exercises, the sustaining of tones, long breathing exercises, are gone out of fash- ion, and the scales, they say, tax the strength too severely. Yet whoever sings the scales well can sing everything easily, and therein lies the secret of keeping one's voice young and fresh to an advanced age. My mother often told me : "No one will give you a penny merely to sing in tune and by heart. When you have sung through a great role you should be fresh enough to begin anew. The practice of scales will never weary you ; on the contrary, they are as needful to good sing- ing as is the air to breathing." I noted all this. **A singer, too," she said, "should always have one upper and one lower tone more at her command than she requires." As the study of song is difficult and exacting, the mind and body of the singer require much repose. Much speech should be avoided, for nothing injures the voice in the same degree. Two hours' conscien- VOCAL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS 77 tious daily practice is sufficient. Social functions should be avoided; a regular life led; abundant out-of-door exercise taken, and early hours for retiring kept to. Good, solid food should be partaken of in modera- tion; moderation and limitation are words made for the life and work of an artist. The term artist is much abused. I am often pained for others, as well as for myself, when I see men and women that have had a long artistic career and have risen far above their contemporaries by genius and toil, named in the same breath with those barely out of school, to say nothing of having accomplished any- thing in art. This should not be. The title "artist" should be held sacred by the public and the critics, a title of honor, to be obtained only by years of service ; then would greater efforts be put forth to acquire it, and many a youth wear a humbler mien. At sixteen no one, however extraordinary one's talent, can be an artist. A man must have struggled with destiny, and striven as man and artist, to become conscious of his highest aims. How shall love, grief, hatred, revenge, or compassion be depicted by him that has not known these feelings ? Genius can accomplish much, but will discover this to be unattainable; then the artist must work diligently to make good his shortcomings. We must ourselves behold and experience, ere we, dignified in tone, word, bearing, and expression, give back from the stage sentiments and emotions. But our managers want artists of sixteen summers. They will never find them ; body and mind are at that age alike imma- ture, and will never meet the demands of an intelligent audience. No songstress until she is thirty, no singer until he is thirty-five, can achieve anything potent. 78 VOCAL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS What do I like to sing? Everything that is noble and beautiftd. Among my roles I like most Fidelio, Donna Anna, and Isolde. Isolde enfolds all that is known as womanly feeling; for me she most em- bodies woman, although sinning woman. I can merge myself in her feeling, and that is the highest that an artist can claim for her creative power. Isolde is not a part: she is a complete being, ein ganser Mensch. What would I not do for Mozart ? I love him as one loves the sunbeams that warm, that one inhales with rapture. Wagner often cleaves my heart in twain; his is the life of a great man, with its heights and its depths. Yet it seems to me that we are indebted to Wagner not only for his works, but also for a far better understanding of Beethoven, and even more of Gluck, who is as yet not nearly comprehended. It is not a very gracious task to give advice to young artists; one may give one's best, and not be heeded. Above all things, I should counsel industry, industry, and again industry. With this, and voice, tal- ent, endurance, capability in all directions, a sound body, and boundless aptitude, the student in time may accomplish something. GREAT VOCALISTS GREAT VOCALISTS CHAPTER I FROM THE BEGINNINGS OF OPERA TO CATALANI Early Exponents of Vocal Art — Francesca Cuzzoni — Farinelli — Catterina Gabrielli — Madeleine Sophie Arnould — Gas- pare Pacchierotti — Gertrude Elisabeth Mara — ^Antoinette Cccile Saint-Huberty — Elizabeth Billington — ^A List of Other Noted Artists. npHAT there is ample evidence of the influence of "^ vocal music among ancient peoples — whether in religious procession, bardic recital, or dramatic chorus — ^is abundantly shown in the historical section of the present series. There, also, it appears that during the ' Middle Ages vocal music continued to play its part in the life of European nations. It was kept alive largely in one of two ways — ^by the services of the Church, or by the minstrel who appeared under various names and by whom several more or less distinct phases were developed. Here and there a name emerges, such as that of Taillefer, whose martial chant rang forth to lead the invading host of Normans at the battle of Senlac; or Wolfram, whose poetic gifts have been celebrated by Wagner in "Tannhauser." It is not, however, until the establishment of opera that a record 8i 8a VCX^AL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS of great singers begins sufficiently authentic and de- tailed to supply material for definite biography. It was in 1600 at Florence that the first r^;ular pub- lic performance of opera was given. The growth of opera on the Continent and in Great Britain was rapid, and this soon became the most elaborate and lavish of all forms of public entertainment. The impetus that it gave to the development of musical art was great, and through it most of the historic singers have risen to eminence. As Italy was the original home of operz and center of instruction in the art of song, the im- portant vocalists were at first largely of Italian origin. In France, however, progress was rapid, and a French school of opera, with its own methods and traditions, shortly came into being. In Germany and Great Britain, also, native singers gradually arose. In Lon- don the opera soon became extremely popular, and the choicest talent was secured from abroad by means of most liberal inducements. It has seemed best to give, in this opening chapter, a brief biographical survey of the leading early ex- ponents of the vocal art. The selection of names has been carefully made from an extensive list, and in- cludes those who played the most distinguished parts in that stage of musical evolution and to whom testi- mony and tradition have assigned a peculiar place. The arrangement is chronological. In addition to the names that we have here treated at some length, we have also given a list of a few others in regard to whom the reader may find full in- formation in musical encyclopedias and other works of reference. This preliminary chapter is followed by several others of which each is concerned with one of VOCAL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS 83 the great names identified with opera, from Catalani to Jenny Lind ; and the section is concluded by a chap- ter devoted to a few artists of more recent times whose names have already become classic in the annals of song. Certain rather definite limits having been set to the extent of this portion of the work, many well-known singers have necessarily been omitted. Furthermore, it has been deemed impossible to accord any space to operatic favorites of the present, to whom no deci- sive position can as yet be assigned. Francesca Cuzzoni. — ^This great contralto was bom at Parma (or, according to others, at Modena) about 1700, received her first instruction f rom Lanzi, a noted master, and became one of the most famous singers of the eighteenth century. She made her debut at Venice with Faustina Bordoni in 1719 in Gasparini's "Lama- no," being described as "virtuosa di camera" of the Grand Duchess of Tuscany; and she appeared again, with Bordoni and Bemacchi, in the "Pentimento Gene- roso," in the same year and at the same place. After singing on most of the principal stages of Italy she went to England. On her first arrival there she mar- ried Sandoni, a harpsichord-master and composer of some eminence. Her first appearance in London was on January 12, 1722, as Teofane in Handel's "Otho." Her singing of her first air, a slow one, "Falsa im- magine," fixed her reputation. A story is told about this song which illustrates her character as well as that of Handel. At rehearsal she took a dislike to the air, and refused to sing it ; whereupon Handel seized her by the waist, and swore he would throw her out of the window if she persisted. She gave way, and in ICAL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS song achieved one of lier greatest triumphs. bucccaa ollowed her in "Coriolano," in "Flavio," and in "Farn.ice"; and she became a popniar favorite. In the following year she sang in "Vespasiano" and "Giulio ;esare," and her triumphal career was con- tinued i: "Calfumia," "Tamerlane," and "Artaserse"; and in ' Rodelinda" (1725) she created one of her most successful parts, gaining great reputation by her tender singing of the song "Ho perduto il caro sposo." French applause met her in "Dario," "Elpidia," "Elisa," "Scipio," and finally "Alessandro" (HandelJ, when she first encountered, on the English stage, the redoubtable Bordoni. In this opera her style and that of her rival were skillfully contrasted by the com- poser ; but the contest was the first of a series which did the Italian opera much harm. In 1727 she created a great effect in the song "Sen vola" ("Admeto"), which displayed her warbling style. Her next part was in "Astyanax." The violence of party feeling had now become so great that, when the admirers of Cu2zoni applauded, those of Bordoni hissed; and vice versa. This culminated during the performance of "Astyanax," when shrill and discor- dant noises were added to the uproar, in spite of the presence of the Princess Caroline. Lady Pembroke headed the Cuzzonists, and was lampooned in the fol- lowing epigram : Upon Lady Pembroke's pbouoting the cat-cau.3 of Faustina. Old poets sing that beasti did dance Whenever Orpheus pla/d. So to Faustina's charming voice Wise Pembroke's asses bray'd. VOCAL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS 85 At the close of the season, the directors, troubled by the endless disputes of the rivals, decided to offer Faustina one guinea a year more than the salary of Cuzzoni. The latter had been persuaded to take a solemn oath that she would not accept less than her enemy, and so found herself unengaged. About this time she yielded to the invitation of Count Kinsky, and went to Vienna. She sang at court with great eclat; but her arrogant demands prevented her from getting an engagement at the theater. At Venice she next sang at one theater, while Faus- tina performed at another. In London again, a few years later (1734), she appeared in Porpora's "Ariad- ne"; and, with FarinelH, Senesino, and Montagnana, in "Artaserse" as Mandane, and also in other operas. Hawkins says that she returned again in 1748, and sang in "Mitridate"; but this is not recorded by Bur- ney, who puts her third visit in 1750, when she had a benefit concert (May 18). The concert was a failure, and she disappeared again. She then passed some time in Holland, where she soon fell into debt, and was thrown into prison. Gradually she paid her debts by occasional performances given by the permission of the governor of the prison, and returned to Bologna, where she was obliged to support herself by making buttons. She died there in poverty in 1770. It was difficult to decide whether she excelled more in slow or in rapid airs. A "native, warble" enabled her to execute divisions with such facility as to con- ceal their difficulty. So grateful and touching was her natural tone that she rendered pathetic whatever she sang, when she had the opportunity to unfold the whole volume of her voice. Her power of conducting, 86 VOCAL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS sustaining, increasing, and diminishing her notes by minute degrees acquired for her, among professors, the credit of being a complete mistress of her art. Her trill was perfect: she had a creative fancy, and a command of tempo rubato. Her high notes were un- rivaled in clearness and sweetness, and her intonation was so absolutely true that she seemed incapable of singing out of tune. She had a compass of two oc- taves, C to C in alt. Her style was unaffected, simple, and sympathetic. As an actress she was cold, dressed badly, and her figure was short and ungraceful. Yet the fine ladies imitated the costume (brown silk, em- broidered with silver) which she wore in "Rodelinda," and it became the rage. There are no good portraits of her ; but she figures in several of the caricatures of the time, and notably in Hogarth's ''Masquerades and Operas," where she is the singer to whom the Earl of Peterborough is presenting iiooo. CAitLO Farinelli. — ^The real name of this singer was Broschi. He was bom at Naples, January 24, 1705, according to his own statement made to Bumey, who saw him at Bologna in 1770. He soon left the care of his father, who taught him the rudiments, to enter the school of Porpora, of whom he was the first and most distinguished pupil. In spite of his explicit statement to Burney, it is not possible that Farinelli could have made his debut at Naples in 1720 at the age of fifteen in Metastasio's "Angelica e Medoro"; for the latter did not leave Rome till 1721, and "Angel- ica e Medoro" was not written before 1722. In that year Farinelli, already famous in Southern Italy under the name of il ragazzo (the boy), accompanied Por- pora to Rome, and made his first appearance there in VOCAL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS 87 "Eomene," composed by his master for the Teatro Aliberti. There was a German trumpet-player at that time in the capital, who excited the admiration of the Romans by his marvelous powers. For this artist Por- pora wrote an obbligato part to a song, in which his pupil vied with the instrument in holding and swelling a note of extraordinary length, purity, and volume. Although the virtuoso performed this in a wonderful manner, Farinelli excelled him in the duration, bril- liance, and gradual crescendo and diminuendo of the note, while he carried the enthusiasm of the audience to the highest pitch by the novelty and spontaneity of the trills and difficult variations which he introduced into the air. Having remained under the instruction of Porpora until 1724, Farinelli made his first journey to Vienna in that year. A year later he sang for the first time at Venice in Albinoni's "Didone abbandonata," libretto by Metastasio; and subsequently returned to Naples, where he achieved a triumph in a ''dramatic serenade" by Hasse, in which he sang with the celebrated song- stress Tesi. In 1726 he appeared in Ciampi's "Giro" at Milan; and then made his second visit to Rome, where he was anxiously expected. In 1727 he went to Bologna, where he met, for the first time, the famous Bernacchi, the "King of Singers.'* In a grand duo with Bemacchi, Farinelli poured forth all the beauties of his voice and style without reserve, and executed a number of most difficult passages, which were re- warded with tumultuous applause. Nothing daunted, Bemacchi replied in the same air, repeating every trill, roulade, or cadenza that had been sung by Farinelli. The latter, owning his defeat, entreated his conqueror roCAL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS : him some inslniclion, which Bemacchi, with equd. generosily, willingly consented to bestow; and thus was perfected the talent of one who has through tradition been ranked as perhaps the most remarkable singer who ever hved. After a second visit to Vienna, in 1728, Farinelli went several times to Venice, Rome, Naples, Piacenza, and Parma, meeting and vanquishing such formidable rivals as uizzi, Nicolini, Faustina, and Cuzzoni, and everywhere loaded with riches and honors. In 1731 he visited Vienna for the third time. It was at this point that he modified his style, from one of mere brilhance and bravura, which, like a true pupil of Porpora, he had hitherto practised, to one of pathos and simplicity. This change is said to have been sug- gested by the Emperor Charles VI. "You have," he said, "hitherto excited otily astonishment and admira- tion, but you have never touched the heart ; it would be easy to you to create emotion, if you would but be more simple and more expressive !" Farinelli adopted this admirable counsel, and became the most pathetic, as he was still the most britliant, of singers. Returning once more to Italy, he revisited with ever- increasing renown Venice, Rome, Ferrara, Lucca, and Turin. In 1734 he made his first journey to England. He arrived at the moment when the opposition to Handel, supported by the nobles, had established a rival opera, with Porpora for composer, and Senesino, who had quarreled with the great German, for princi- pal singer. The enterprise, however, did not succeed, but made debts to the amount of i 19,000. At this juncture Porpora naturally thought of his illustrious pupil, who obeyed the summons, and saved the house. VOCAL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS 89 He made his first appearance at the Lincoln's Inn Opera, in "Artaserse," the music of which was chiefly by Riccardo Broschi, his own brother, and Hasse. The favorite airs were "Pallido il sole," set by Hasse and sung by Senesino; "Per questo dolce amplesso," by the same, and "Son qual nave," by Broschi, both the latter being sung by Farinelli. In the last, composed specially for him, the first note was taken with such delicacy, swelled by minute degrees to such an amaz- ing volume, and afterward diminished in the same manner to a mere point, that it was applauded for full five minutes. After this, he set off with such bril- liance and rapidity of execution that it was most difficult for the violins of those days to accompany him. He sang also in "Onorio," "Polifemo," and other operas by Porpora; and excited an enthusiastic ad- miration among the dilettanti which finally culminated in the famous ejaculation of a lady in one of the boxes (perpetuated by Hogarth in the "Rake's Progress") — "One God and one Farinelli!" His salary was only £1500, yet during the three years (1734-36) which he spent in London, his income was not less than £5000 per annum. On his return to Italy, he built, out of a small part of the sums acquired there, "a very superb mansion, in which he dwelt, choosing to dignify it with the significant appellation of the English Folly.'* Toward the end of 1736 Farinelli set out for Spain, sta3ring a few months in France by the way ; where, in spite of the ignorance and prejudice against foreign singers which then distinguished the French, he achieved a great success. Louis XV gave him his portrait set in diamonds, and 500 louis d*or. Though 3CAL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS ;r, who had made engagements in London, in- tendca only a flying visit to Spain, his fonune kept him there nearly twenty-five years. He arrived in Madrid, as he had done in London, at a critical mo- ment. Philip V, a prey to melancholy depression, neglected the affairs of the state, and refused even to preside at the Council. The Queen, hearing of the arrival of Parinclh, determined to try the effect of his voice upon the King. She art nged a concert in the next room to that which the i ing occupied, and in- vited the singer to perform th ;re a few tender and pathetic airs. The success of the plan was instantane- ous and complete ; Philip was first struck, then moved, and finally overcome with pleasure. He sent for tlie artist, thanked him with effusion, and bade him name his reward. Farinelh, duly prepared, answered that his best reward would be to see the monarch return to the society of his court and to the cares of the state. Philip consented, allowing himself to be shaved for the first time for many weeks, and owed his cure to the powers of the great singer. The Queen, alive to this, succeeded in persuading the latter to remain at a salary of 50,000 francs, and Farinelli thus separated himself from the world of art forever. He related to Burney that during ten years, until the death of Philip V, he sang four songs to the King every night without change of any kind. Two of these were the "Pallido il sole" and "Per questo dolce am- plesso" of Hasse ; and the third, a minuet on which he improvised variations. He thus repeated about 3600 times the same things. It is not true that Farinelli was appointed prime minister by Philip ; but under Ferdinand VI, the successor of Philip, he enjoyed the VOCAL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS 91 position of first favorite, superior to that of any min- ister. This king was subject to the same infirmity as his father, and was similarly cured by Farinelli, as Saul was by David. His reward this time was the cross of Calatrava (1750), one of the highest orders in Spain. From this moment his power was unbound- ed, and exceeded that ever obtained by any other singer. Seeing the effect produced on the King by music, he easily persuaded him to establish an Italian opera at Buen-retiro, to which he invited some of the first artists of Italy. He himself was appointed the chief manager. He was also employed frequently in political affairs, and was consulted constantly by the minister La Enseiiada. In all his prosperity, Farinelli ever showed the great- est prudence, modesty, and moderation. Having one day heard an officer in the antechamber complain of the King's neglect of his thirty years' service, while riches were heaped on "a miserable actor," Farinelli begged a commission for the grumbler, observing mild- ly that he was wrong to tax the King with ingratitude. According to another anecdote, he once requested an embassy for a courtier, when the King asked him if he was not aware that this grandee was a particular enemy of his. "True," replied Farinelli ; "but this is how I desire to take my revenge upon him." Shortly after the accession of Charles III to the throne (1759), Farinelli received orders to leave the kingdom, owing probably to Charles's intention to sign the family pact with France and Naples, to which the singer had ever been opposed. He preserved his salary, but on condition that he should live at Bologna and not at Naples. Once more in Italy, after twenty- c )CAL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS fi.^ . i of exile, Farinelli found none of his friends remaining. Some were dead ; others had quitted the country. He passed the twenty remaining years of his life in a splendid palace, a mile from Bologna, contem- plating for hours the portraits of Philip V, Elisabeth, and Ferdinand. He received the visits of strangers courteously, and showed pleasure in conversing with them about the Spanish court. logna in 1771, though the viol d 'am our and hose instruments. He struments in which he lano made at Florence ctures by Murillo and )ortraits of his royal f, one by his friend Faustina Bordoni and ontradicting the story 'adre Martini to write When Burney saw him he no longer sang, he i i harpsichord, and composed had also a collection of kevc took great delight, especia in 1730; and a fine gallery • Ximenes, among which w patrons, and several of Amiconi, representing hii Metastasio. Fetis falls into an error ., of Farinelli's suggesting to th'. his "i-Iistory of Music," on the ground that he only returned to Italy in 1761, four years after the ap- pearance of the first volume, and had no previous rela- tions with the learned author. He was in correspond- ence with him certainly as early as April, 1756, when he writes in answer to a letter of Martini, and. after adverting to the death of Bernacchi, orders twenty- four copies of the "History," bound in red morocco, for presents to the Queen and other notabilities of the court. It is, therefore, quite possible that their corre- spondence originated even long before this. They re- mained in the closest intimacy until separated by the decease of Farinelli, July 15, 1782. VOCAL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS 93 Martinelli speaks in glowing terms of this great firtist, saying that he had seven or eight notes more than ordinary singers, and these perfectly sonorous, equal, and clear ; that he had also much knowledge of music, and was a worthy pupil of Porpora. Mancini, a great master of singing and a fellow-pupil of Bemac- chi with Farinelli, speaks of him with yet more en- thusiasm. "His voice," he says, "was thought a marvel, because it was so perfect, so powerful, so sonorous, and so rich in its extent, both in the high and the low parts of the register, that its equal has never been heard in our times. He was, moreover, endowed with a creative genius which inspired him with embellish- ments so new and so astonishing that no one was able to imitate them. The art of taking and keeping the breath, so softly and easily that no one could perceive it, began and died with him. The qualities in which he excelled were the evenness of his voice, the art of swelling its sound, the portamento, the union of the registers, a surprising agility, a graceful and pathetic style, and a shake as admirable as it was rare. There was no branch of the art which he did not carry to the highest pitch of perfection. . . . The successes which he obtained in his youth did not prevent him from continuing to study ; and this great artist applied himself with so much perseverance that he contrived to change in some measure his style and to acquire another and superior method, when his name was already famous and his fortune brilliant." Catterina Gabrielli. — Daughter of Prince Gabrielli's cook, Catterina was bom at Rome, Novem- ber 12, 1730. She became one of the most beautiful, accomplished, and capricious singers that ever lived. "AL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS : was fourteen the Prince, walking in his garaen :ard her singing a difficult song of Galuppi's, sent foi ler, and after listening to her performance promised her his protection and a musical education. She was ilaced first under Garcia, h Spagnolctto, and afterwai. under Porpora. A great success attended her debut (1747) as prima donna, at Lucca, in Galup- pi's "Sofonisba." Guadagni gave her some valuable instruction in the style in v .he himself excelled — the pure and correct cantabile. This she was there- fore now enabled to add to her own, which was the perfection of brilliant bravura, with a marvelous power of rapid execution and an ex(|uisitely delicate quality of tone. At other theaters in Italy she met with equal succe.ss, singing in 1750, at Naples, in JommelH's "Di- done," after which she went to Vienna. Here she finished her declamatory style under the teaching of Metastasio, and fascinated Francis I, who went to the opera only on her nights. Metastasio is said to have been not indifferent to the charms of this extraordinary singer, still known as la Cochetla or Cochettina, in memory of her origin ; but she did not respond. Her capricious treatment of her numerous adorers gave rise to hundreds of stories. In 1765 she quitted Vienna, laden with wealth, and went to Sicily, where she excited the same furor, and exhibited the same caprices. She was imprisoned by the King because she would not sing her part in the opera above a whisper. During the twelve days of her imprisonment, she gave sumptuous entertainments, paid the debts of poor prisoners, and distributed alms in profusion. Each evening she assembled the other inmates of the jail, to whom she sang her favorite 1 VOCAL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS 95 songs. The King was obliged to set her free, and her reputation with the public stood higher than ever. In 1768 she went to Russia, where she astonished Catha- rine II by demanding 5000 ducats as salary, a sum, as the Empress objected, larger than the pay of a field- marshal; to which Gabrielli simply replied, "Then let your field-marshals sing for you" — as Caffarelli once replied in similar circumstances. She appeared in London in the season of 1775-76. Burney says of her that "she had no indications of low birth in her countenance or deportment, which had all the grace and dignity of a Roman matron." The pub- lic was prejudiced against her by the stories current of her caprice ; and she remained during only one sea- son. Burney extols the precision and accuracy of her execution and intonation, and the thrilling quality of her voice. She appeared to him "the most intelligent and best-bred virtuosa with whom he had ever con- versed, not only on the subject of music, but on every subject concerning which a well-educated female, who had seen the world, might be expected to have informa- tion." She sang with Pacchierotti at Venice in 1777, and at Milan in 1780 with Marchesi, with whom she divided the public into two parties. After this, Gabriel- li retired to Rome with her sister Francesca, who had followed her everywhere as seconda donna. She died in April, 1796, of a neglected cold. Madeleine Sophie Arnould. — ^This famous actress and singer, and the original Iphigenie in Gluck's opera of "Iphigenie en Aulide," was born in Paris, February 14, 1744, in the same room in the Rue de Bethisy in which Admiral Coligny was murdered, August 24, 1572. The Princess of Modena, having heard the CAL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS [ in the church of Val de Grace, was so cr that she recommended her to the royal in- tendam of music. Against the will of her mother, Sophie became a member of the Chapelle Royale, and was tauffht comedy by Mile. Hippolyte Clairon, and singing r Mile. Tel. Madame de Pompadour on one occasion was so much struck by the young artist that she characteristically said, "With such talents you may become a princess " "^he r""'- "^er debut on December 15, 1757, and remained cxi m age till 1778, the most admired artist of the Paris Uptra. In that year she left the boards and retired to private hfe. Arnould was not less renowned for her wit and power of con- versation than for her ability as a singer and actor. A volume of table-talk, called "Amouldiana," contains a host of her caustic and witty speeches. At her house was long maintained a salon frequented by many per- sons of prominence. Her fame as an artist rests very largely on her connection with the operas of Gluck, She appeared with great success in the "Orphee" and "Alccste" as well as "Iphigcnie." In Gluck's subse- quent works her place was taken by a Mile. Levasseur. Her acting was quite as much admired as her singing, and Gluck's new ideas found in her an able inter- preter. She died in 1803. Gasparo Pacchierotti. — Perhaps this artist was the greatest singer of the second half of the eighteenth century. He was born in 1744 at Fabriano, near An- cona. Having been prepared for the career of a sopranist, he studied long and carefully before he began, at the age of sixteen, to sing secondary parts at Venice, Vienna, and Milan. Endowed with a vivid imagina- VOCAL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS 97 tion, uncommon intelligence, and profound sensibility, but having, on the other hand, a tall and lean figure, and a voice which, though strong in the lowest register and rising easily to the high C, was often uncertain and nasal, Pacchierotti required much determination and strength of character to overcome the defects, and take advantage of the qualities, with which he found himself provided by nature. This he accomplished only by painful and laborious study, retiring to a gar- ret in Venice, where he practised the most difficult ex- ercises which the masters of those days prescribed as necessary to the education of the voice. Success at last crowned his endeavors. Milan was the last place in which he sang a secon- dary role. Having returned to Venice in 1769, he took the place of Guarducci, primo musico at the San Benedetto, then the chief theater in that city. Suc- cessful here, he was immediately invited by the impre- sario of the opera at Palermo for the season of 1771. On the way thither he visited Naples, where he was informed that the celebrated prima donna De Amicis had protested against the proposition that she should sing with him, "a player of second parts." The Vene- tian minister, to whom he was recommended, com- forted him in this juncture, but only with the humiliat- ing permission to show his powers by singing two pieces, with full orchestra, at the San Carlo, before Lacillo, Piccinni, and Caffarelli, as judges. Here he was brilliantly successful, and was immediately offered his choice between the theaters of Palermo and Naples. He proudly chose the former, where he met the great De Amicis, and had to submit to another ordeal in a duet with her at the first general rehearsal of "Di- 3CAL MUSIC AND MUSICIANS Even De Ainids herself, however, was sur- prised into sincere and kindly admiration. | 0.359428 | -0.45057 | 1,131 | 4,567 | 212 | -1 | Biographies of People from History | false |
99,985 | 1854994_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | 980 So. 2d 1208 (2008)
Willie McGRIFF, Appellant,
v.
The STATE of Florida, Appellee.
No. 3D08-147.
District Court of Appeal of Florida, Third District.
April 30, 2008.
Willie McGriff, in proper person.
Bill McCollum, Attorney General, for appellee.
Before GERSTEN, C.J., and WELLS and SALTER, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Affirmed. See Joseph v. State, 976 So. 2d 94 (Fla. 3d DCA 2008).
| 0.336495 | -0.909627 | 170 | 725 | 36 | 36 | Court Cases | false |
99,986 | github_open_source_100_2_8352 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package xyz.somersames.service;
import xyz.somersames.dto.request.MongoQueryReqDto;
import java.util.List;
/**
* @author szh
* @create 2019-05-09 0:20
**/
public interface MongoService<T> {
/**
* 将JPS命令的数据保存至Mongo
* @param t
* @return
*/
Boolean save(T t);
List<T> query(MongoQueryReqDto reqDto);
}
| 0.47244 | 0.846154 | 3,823 | 15,198 | 293 | 293 | AWS EC2 & Route53 | false |
99,987 | sn82016014_1918-02-18_1_10_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | THE TOPEKA DAILY STATE JOURNAL MONDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 18, 1918 MATT. BRENNAN The Pawn of the Third Year finds me ready and willing to execute with tact, care, and a minimum of expenditure, every function pertaining to the final tribute to the departed. In the future, as in the past, I will serve you conscientiously and strive to carry out always your personal wishes in a careful and painstaking manner. I appreciate the patronage extended me during the past two years and will exert every effort to merit a continuance of it in this, my third year, and in the years to come. MATT. BRENNAN OFFICE PHONE 947 STIR UP TROUBLE Santa Fe Man Says Unions Break Promise to Nation. W. J. Taggard, Gatekeeper, Tells of Turmoil in Shops. From his column W THE TOPEKA STATE JOURNAL "ANYTHING TO GET MEMBERS" Opposition Faction to Organization Said To Be Growing. Attitude of Office Men Helps Create Situation. Affiliation of Santa Fe shop employees here with the American Federation of Labor is not being accomplished without dissension among the employees themselves, W. J. Haggard of the shops writes to the State Journal today. The attitude taken by office employees who are inclined to advance a "show me" attitude toward the labor organizers has had a certain tendency to help create the opposition faction in the shops, despite the fact that union officials claim 2,000 of the shop workers have been organized. Many employees who before the union movement started were favorable toward such a step have been moved to "think the matter over" by the attitude of the road officials who have been silent, it is pointed out. Both employees and labor officials, it is said, expected open opposition from the railroad company. A greater part of the opposition to the union movement by the faction of employees has become open. The State Journal today received the following letter from W. J. Taggard, 430 German avenue, a gatekeeper at the shops, who, in no uncertain terms, is opposed to the unionizing of the employees: "Strike in the face of the raise in the coal mines, although their wages were raised, they walked out. In the shipyards there have been strike after strike, now the carpenters are out and are going to call a general strike unless they get a raise and a closed shop. Chairman Hurley appealed to them calling their attention to the promises of the A. F. & L. in its recent convention, and now we are brought face to face with troubles here at home. "The Santa Fe above all other roads has stood the test of extra service. Its shops are now filled with cars from out." The roads undergoing repairs. The company has loaned engines to other lines. The shops are turning out more power per man than any other shops in the country. "The government, when it took hold of the railroads, appointed a wage commission to fix the wages of the men according to the class of work the men are doing, so all men on the railroads would receive a raise. This has already been decided upon. Union Leaders Take Credit. "The union leaders, knowing this to be true, are trying to take all the credit to themselves, and are telling the Santa Fe men that unless they join the union they will not get the raise. They are promising everything that will get a member for their union, with the result that where good will existed men are divided, quiet and order is turned into turmoil. "These labor leaders do place organization above the welfare of the nation. Why take advantage of this time to make trouble? "The leaders speaking in public preach loyalty and caution, ask their men to be quiet, but judging by the work and deeds of their followers, discord is the result of instruction given in private. "Fathers and mothers whose sons are in the army or soon will be: Do you want them slaughtered because of lack of supplies, due to lack of ships and railroad equipment, due to strikes. Loyalty Secret of Success. "I have three sons in the service, one in France, one in the navy, one in the navy yards. All three of them served their time as apprentices in the Santa Fe shops. They did not wait to be called. They left here last April. One of them was only 19 years old in July." "I have tried to serve my country the best I could. Have reared 14 children, nine of our own and five orphans. I have worked for wages all my life and supported my family by being loyal to my employers. I am now 60 years old, and it has been my experience that the smaller the family the harder they howl about hard times. "W. J. TAGGARD." PAID $2.60 FOR WHEAT Salina Grain Dealer Charged With Refusing to Take Government Price. Wichita, Kan., Feb. 18. Taylor Miller, a grain dealer, of Salina, bought 2,000 bushels of wheat for $2.60 a bushel last summer before the government set the price at $2 for No. 2 wheat to the farmer. He still has the wheat and it is charged he told an officer of the United States food administration he would let bugs eat the wheat rather than sell it for less than $2.60 a bushel. As a result, he was summoned before J. E. Parker, special attorney for the department of enforcement of the United States food administration in Washington, at the office of Walter P. Innes, Kansas administrator, on a charge of hoarding. He also was charged with failure to obtain a license to do business. At the same time H. W. Skinner, a wealthy farmer and grain dealer of Medicine Lodge, appeared here today for a hearing on revocation of his license. It was charged that Skinner boarded wheat, that he failed to make complete reports of wheat on hand, that his elevator refused to ship wheat to a mill when ordered. At the conclusion of the hearings, Parker referred the evidence in both cases to the department at Washington for final judgment. February 16, 1883. Colonel J. w. F. Hughes will be present ed with a gold medal bv the Republicans of bldorado. Kansas, for the position he took in the revolution last week. The PonnHftt hnnt. mo. this arnraw.n at 3 o'clock in the south corridor of the base- ueui or me capltol building. The corridor has been carpeted with matting. t, . k, ...,rr. . ... , " , " " Milium m i i n- , inirra- tlonal church last evening that listened to' hcucb uu me appointment os ine. new oard of commissioners. . I L. T. Yonnt. a member of the new board, j occupied a front seat at the meeting. The ' Kev p. s. McCabe and Charles Spencer i "r the old board were also in the audience. , -. - " iiie in late ana aioou up iu the rear. j 1 .... ..!... . . ' 1 i. . J UB ' oeen prepared stating that the temperance people looked to the new board for the enfo-cement of the pro- I hibltory law, bnt they were not presented j , i r hj-b ue-naea to wait nnui the members of the board take some action, : winning any criticism or accusations concerning what they will do. CHEERS THEM UP Houston Optimistic About Big Crop Prospects in 1918. Labor Problem Acute, but Sure It'll Be Overcome. - Washington, Feb. 18. Prediction that the country's farmers will over come this year, as they did last, diffi culties in respect to labor and other wise, is made by Secretary Houston of the department of agriculture, but ho stated that there should be no let up this year in efforts to better the record of last year and to conserve food. "It is clear that it will be economically wise and advantageous for the farmers of the nation to put forth their best efforts during the coming season to equal and, if possible, to exceed their record of last year," said the secretary in a statement. "In spite of the large production in many directions during 1917, the situation is not satisfactory. The supply of wheat in this nation and in the world is inadequate. Whether the war continues or not, the demand in this country, because of the increasing population and the needs of Europe, will be great. They will continue to be great for a considerable period even after peace returns. There will be an especially strong demand made on this country for meats and livestock. "In some respects the farm labor situation may not be quite so difficult as last year, although it will continue to be especially acute in certain sections. The cantonments have been built and there will not be a renewal of urgent demands in many sections for labor for such work. The draft regulations provide for the deferred classification of skilled farm labor. The population of the country has increased somewhat within the past year. The secretary of war has asked congress for power to furlough soldiers of the national army for agricultural service, if necessary. Urges Labor Co-operation. "Bearing these matters in mind, it seems likely that the farmers by exercising their talent for cooperation and organization with such assistance as can be furnished by governmental and other agencies, will again be able to overcome the difficulties. The departments of agriculture and labor are continuing to develop their organizations to assist farmers in securing the labor needed in their operations. They are especially planning to assist in the transfer of labor from community to community and from state to state. "Specific suggestions are now under consideration for the spring campaign and will be made public in the near future." - NEW CAMP ORDERS Women Are Allowed at Funston. Only on Certain Days. Camp Funston, Kan., Feb. 18. A new bulletin has been issued from division headquarters in regard to passes for women within the camp. The new orders differ little from those issued before, except provisions are made for women visiting at the Kansas and Nebraska regimental club houses for enlisted men. This paragraph heads the order: "The governing principle regarding permits for women to visit Camp Funston should be recognized as: 'Women are not permitted in camp.' " As before, the first Saturday in each month will be women's visiting day, and from 10 a.m. until thirty minutes after "retreat that day, women will be permitted in all parts of the camp, including the barracks. Organizations may serve lunch to visitors the cost to be settled by payment to the company fund. So the mothers, wives, and children will be allowed to go to the soldiers' "chow" occasionally. Except on the first Saturday of each month, women visitors to the camp will be restricted to the following places: Between 7:30 a.m. and 6:30 p.m., the Golden Belt highway, hostess house, division headquarters' office building, Union Pacific station, and those parts of the Depot street and Sixth street between the station and the hostess house. Between 5:30 and 9:30 in the evening, women will be permitted in the hostess house and at the adjacent electric car station. They will be required, however, to leave camp by way of the electric cars or by vehicles on the Golden Belt highway. SINGLE TAXER SPEAKS John Z. White Before Current Topic Club Tonight. Visit Our Diamond Disc Hall Visit Our Diamond Disc Hall The Court's Decision. Regarding the Distribution of Trading Stamps The District Court of Shawnee County, both judges Bitting, has handed down a decision to the effect that our present method of giving and redeeming Trading Stamps is in full accord with the new statute as passed by the Legislature in 1917. We ask our patrons to please take note thereof. Early Stowing of New Spring Millinery Though hat shapes of 1918 generally continue the narrow silhouette of the garments by being narrow of brim and rather high, we have developed styles variously designed for the different types of women. It is this very diversity of modes that makes our present early showing so extremely interesting for those who appreciate individuality in attire. Blankets At Very Inviting Prices Buying Blankets now is a safe investment and one that will most assuredly pay dividends. Without question, Blankets will be much higher priced next Fall. If you buy now, you will be buying wisely. At these prices, all economical housekeepers should take immediate inventory of their stock and purchase a year's supply at once. 55-72 Gray Cotton Blankets $1.39 pair 64-76 Gray and Tan Blankets $1.95 pair 64-80 Gray and Tan Blankets $2.25 pair 70-80 Gray and Tan Blankets $2.95 pair 72-84 Gray and Tan Blankets $3.50 pair 72-80 Gray (extra heavy) Blankets $3.75 pair 66-80 Gray and Tan wool finish Blankets $3.50 pair 72-84 Gray and Tan wool finish Blankets $4.50 pair 64-76 Fancy Plaid Blankets $3.75 pair Simple Way To Take Off Fat There can be nothing simpler than taking a convenient little tablet four times each day until your weight is reduced to normal. That's all just purchase a case of Marmola Prescription Tablets from your druggist for if you prefer, send 7-V to Marmola Co. 514 Woodward Ave., Detroit, Mich. and follow directions. No dieting, no exercise. Eat what you want, be as lazy as you like and keep on getting slimmer. Any of the best part of Marmola Prescription Tablets is their harmless mess. That is your absolute safeguard. Advertisement. John Z. White, famous advocate of the single tax idea, will be the speaker of the evening at the meeting of the Current Topic club at the Central T. M. C. A tonight. Following the current Topic club Meeting he will speak to an open meeting in the Y.M.C.A. at 8 o'clock. White will hold an informal meeting this morning in the governor's office and tomorrow morning will lecture to the class in political economy at Washburn college. White is in Topeka under the auspices of the Henry George lecture association. USE NEW ROUND HOUSE Union Pacific Has Completed St. Louis; at Marysville, Kan. Marysville, Kan., Feb. 18. The first section of the Union Pacific round-about route is now in operation. WHY WOMEN DREAD OLD AGE Don't worry about being in other people's way when you are getting on in years. Keep your body in good condition and you can be as healthy and hearty in your old days as you were when a kid, and everyone will be glad to see you. The kidneys and bladder are the causes of serious afflictions. Keep them clean and in proper working condition. Drive the poisonous wastes from the system and avoid uric acid accumulations. Take SOLID MEHAI. Haarlem Oil Capsules periodically and you will find that the system will always be in perfect working order. Your spirits will be enlivened, your muscle made strong and your face have once more the look of youth and health. There is only one guaranteed brand of Haarlem Oil Capsules. GOLD MEDAL. There are many fake on the market. It's sure to get the Original JOL, MEDAL Imported Haarlem oil Capsules. They are the only reliable. For sale by all first-class druggists. Advertisement. The house has been completed, including five stalls. The new turntable, said to be the largest on the Union Pacific road and 9 feet in diameter, operated with electric motor, is now in use. The railroad owns About sixty acres of ground here, of which more than thirty will be used for side tracks. The general belief here is that the KomaHer how good the quality of ijour work 0 No matter how true your 0 reputation as a quality prinhrr I Capper "Enqravinq nrill improve that quality CAXTOKGRAyiXG CO. I CAta tMinotsM mi oiis. w TSNKUIMIMI ---kJ saiaff - : r company will continue to make im provements in Marysville, which will in the near future place the town In the front ranks of the railroad's im portant division and business centers for both passenger and freight service.. | 0.545741 | -0.609928 | 817 | 3,170 | 152 | -1 | Newspaper Publications | false |
99,988 | 1423746_2013_2 | SEC | Public Domain | (a) Market Information
Monster Arts Inc. Common Stock, $0.001 par value, is traded on the OTCQB under the symbol: APPZ. The stock was first cleared for quotation on the OTCBQ on October 23, 2008. The following table sets forth the high and low intra-day prices per share of our common stock for the periods indicated, which information was provided by the OTC Markets. The quotations set forth below reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, markdown or commission and may not represent actual transactions.
Price adjusted for the 300:1 reverse stock split that took place on April 9, 2011.
(b) Holders of Common Stock
As of December 31, 2013, there were approximately 106 holders of record of our common stock and 29,201,615 shares issued and outstanding. As of April 15, 2013, there were approximately 267 holders of record of our common stock and 159,099,149 shares issued and outstanding. These figures take into effect our 300:1 reverse stock split that took place on April 9, 2011. The number of record holders was determined from the records of our transfer agent and does not include beneficial owners of our common stock whose shares are held in the names of various securities brokers, dealers, and registered clearing agencies. There is no trading market for the shares of our preferred stock.
(c) Dividends
We have not paid or declared any dividends on our common stock, nor do we anticipate paying any cash dividends or other distributions on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Any future dividends will be declared at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend, among other things, on our earnings, if any, our financial requirements for future operations and growth, and other facts as our board of directors may then deem appropriate.
(d) Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
Stock Options
On March 14, 2011, as part of the Strategic Alliance and Licensing agreement, the Company entered into a consulting agreement with SSL5, providing stock options and a seat on the Monster Offers board of directors to develop ongoing product strategy and development services. In accordance with the terms of the agreement, the consulting company is entitled to purchase a total of 6,667 (post-split) unregistered restricted shares of the Company over the term of the agreement of two years. Upon the completion of each 6-month period, a total of 1,667 shares (post-split) will become vested and available for purchase by the Consultant. The price of these shares will be at $0.3 (post-split) per share, or par value. In the event that the Company is sold or merged with another company, all remaining unvested shares will become fully vested immediately prior to any such transaction.
As of September 13, 2011, 1,667 (post-split) shares have fully vested in accordance with the agreement and were revalued at $12,192 using the Black-Scholes option pricing model based upon the following assumptions: term of 1.5 years, risk free interest rate of 0.21%, a dividend yield of 0% and a volatility rate of 183%.
A pro-rated portion of the unvested stock options for the service period from September 14 to December 31, 2011, totaling 973 (post-split) shares, have been valued at $2,245 using the Black-Scholes option pricing model based upon the following assumptions: term of 1.2 years, risk free interest rate of 0.45%, a dividend yield of 0% and a volatility rate of 216%.
As of March 13, 2012, 1,667 shares fully vested in accordance with the agreement and were revalued at $2,241 using the Black-Scholes option pricing model based upon the following assumptions: term of 1 year, risk free interest rate of 0.20%, a dividend yield of 0% and a volatility rate of 220%.
On May 12, 2012, the company entered into a consulting agreement with Thomas Cook Law Firm providing 150,000 stock options which were valued at $134,850. The options were valued using Black-Scholes option pricing model based upon the following assumptions: term of .25 years, risk free interest rate of 0.10%, a dividend yield of 0% and a volatility rate of 319%. All of the stock options were exercised in July of 2012.
On May 24, 2012, the company entered into a consulting agreement with Marlena Niemann providing 100,000 stock options which were valued at $124,900. The options were valued using Black-Scholes option pricing model based upon the following assumptions: term of .25 years, risk free interest rate of 0.21%, a dividend yield of 0% and a volatility rate of 318%. All of the stock options were exercised in September of 2012.
As of September 13, 2012, 1,667 shares fully vested in accordance with the agreement and were revalued at $1,424 using the Black-Scholes option pricing model based upon the following assumptions: term of .5 years, risk free interest rate of 0.13%, a dividend yield of 0% and a volatility rate of 299%.
A pro-rated portion of the unvested stock options for the service period from September 14 to December 31, 2012, totaling 972 shares, have been valued at $1,268 using the Black-Scholes option pricing model based upon the following assumptions: term of .2 years, risk free interest rate of 0.14%, a dividend yield of 0% and a volatility rate of 295%
The following summarizes pricing and term information for options issued that are outstanding as of December 31, 2013 and 2012:
The fair value of the options was based on the Black Scholes Model using the following assumptions:
The following activity occurred under the Company’s plans:
(e) Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
On February 14, 2012, the Company issued 10,753 shares of common stock to Asher Enterprises for the conversion of $10,000 in principal of outstanding convertible notes payable.
On February 23, 2012, the Company issued 834 shares of common stock to Iconosys to satisfy $35,825 of stock payable as part of the license agreement entered into on May 16, 2011.
On March 13, 2012, the Company issued 10,186 shares of common stock to Asher Enterprises for the conversion of $5,500 in principal of outstanding convertible notes payable.
On April 17, 2012, the Company issued 11,217 shares of common stock to Asher Enterprises for the conversion of $1,300 in principal of outstanding convertible notes payable and $831 in accreted discount.
In the second quarter of 2012, the Company had to take immediate action to settle the remaining principle balance of $73,500. Two related parties of the Company agreed to pay off the remaining balance using personally funds in return for the Company issuing 2,700,000 restricted common shares. (Further describe in Note 14).
On April 9, 2012, the Company issued 5,000 shares of its common stock for service rendered by a consultant. The shares were valued at the closing stock price on the date of issuance which was $1.95. This resulted in the Company recording an expense of $9,750.
On June 24, 2012, the Company issued 150,000 shares of its common stock for service rendered by a consultant. The shares were valued at the closing stock price on the date of issuance which was $1.25. This resulted in the Company recording an expense of $187,500.
On June 28, 2012 the Company issued 25,000 shares of its value common stock for service rendered by a consultant. The shares were valued at the closing stock price on the date of issuance which was $1.00. This resulted in the Company recording an expense of $25,000.
On July 1 and September 7, 2012, the Company issued a total of 250,000 shares for the exercise of 250,000 cashless stock options issued to two consultants in the previous quarter.
On November 9, 2012 the Company acquired Ad Shark Inc., through a share exchange agreement whereby the Company will issue 27,939,705 common shares in exchange for all the outstanding equity of Ad Shark, Inc (see note 7). As of December 31, 2012, no shares have been issued pertaining to the share exchange agreement. The Company has reported the issuable shares as a stock subscription payable on the balance sheet and statement of stockholders’ equity.
On November 27, 2012 the Company issued 5,000 shares to Tangier Investors as consideration for extending the outstanding note payable.
In the fourth quarter of 2012 the Company received $278,425 in cash from investors for the future issuance of 506,228 common shares. Of the $278,425 cash for stock, $15,000 was deposited directly into Iconosys bank account and was recorded as a loan receivable to related party on the balance sheet. The shares were not issued as of December 31, 2012 therefor were recorded as stock subscription payable.
In the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company issued 26,136,087 common shares of which 861,751 shares were for $454,300 cash ($278,425 received in 2012), 7,355,667 shares were to consultants for services, 14,775,358 shares were for the reduction of $128,083 in convertible debt and $82 of accrued interest, and 3,143,311 shares were for the conversion of 13,767,684 shares of Ad Shark. The shares to consultants were valued at the closing stock price on the date of the executed agreement. This resulted in a consulting expense of $814,275 being recorded for the year ended December 31, 2013. The uncompleted portions of the consulting contracts for future services were recorded as prepaid expenses (See Note 4 for further details). At December 31, 2013, the Company recorded $139,995 in prepaid expenses pursuant to future consulting services to be performed in 2014 pursuant to contract obligations. Of the 7,355,667 shares issued to consultants, 323,833 shares were incorrectly issued and later returned and cancelled.
(f) Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
We did not repurchase any of our equity securities during the years ended December 31, 2013 or 2012.
Item 6.
Item 6. Selected Financial Data.
Not applicable.
Item 7.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The Company is innovative software developer for mobile devices, smart TV, and set top boxes running iOS, Android, Windows and other platforms. The company is also involved in the travel industry through its online and mobile platform for consumers and paying members of Travel America Visitor Guide (TAVG), (Further described in Note 9).
We utilize proprietary technology that we have developed, acquired, and/or licensed to deploy our products and services.
Our primary services include the development of Smartphone and tablet apps for clients and ourselves. We sell and arrange to sell ours and our clients apps developed thru the online and mobile marketplaces Google Play, iTunes, Amazon AppStore, and Barnes & Noble Online Marketplace. The sales of our innovative apps are subject to a commission fee charged by the online partners mentioned above. From time to time, we partner with a client at a reduced rate to earn potentially longer term residual revenues for ourselves.
Going Concern
In our auditor's report for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2013 & 2012, our auditors expressed substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern. We anticipate incurring losses in the foreseeable future. We do not have an established source of revenue sufficient to cover our operating costs. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our ability to successfully compete, operate profitably and/or raise additional capital through other means. If we are unable to reverse our losses, we will have to discontinue operations.
Results of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2013 compared to the year ended December 31, 2012
We generated $32,568 in revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013 compared to $79,333 for the year ended December 31, 2012, a decrease of $46,765.
Selling, general and administrative expense. For the year ended December 31, 2013, selling, general and administrative expenses decreased to $80,399 from $101,264, approximately 20.6%. For the year ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 general and administrative expenses consisted of the following:
· For the year ended December 31, 2013, consulting expense increased to $991,122 as compared to $325,768 from the prior year, primarily as a result of a the expense related to stock being issued to consultants for services rendered to the Company.
· For the year ended December 31, 2013, we had wages of $177,642 compared to $55,456 from the prior year. Employee compensation increased primarily due to employment agreement with Wayne Irving.
· For the year ended December 31, 2013, marketing and promotions expense amounted to $17,097 as compared to $4,370 from the prior year. The increase was due to the Company improving its online presence.
·
For the year ended December 31, 2013, depreciation and amortization expense amounted to $44,974 as compared to $7,805 for the year ended December 31, 2012.
For the year ended December 31, 2013, professional fee expense decreased to $121,519 as compared to $212,731 from the prior year. Professional fee expense decreased primarily due to decrease in legal fees. The Company had high legal fees in 2012 due to the merger with Ad Shark, Inc.
· For the year ended December 31, 2013, Other income and expense which includes interest expense, derivative interest expense, interest income, financing expense, and debt forgiveness amounted to $21,878,158 as compared to $2,736,308 for the year ended December 31, 2012.
Interest expense. For the year ended December 31, 2013, interest expense increased to $14,950 as compared to $5,160 for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase was due to additional interest expense incurred from the outstanding notes payable.
Derivative interest expense. For the year ended December 31, 2013, derivative interest expense increased to $21,876,947 as compared to $0 for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase was due to the Black Scholes Method calculation used to compute the derivative liability regarding the outstanding convertible notes payable.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity is the ability of a company to generate adequate amounts of cash to meet its needs for cash. The following table provides certain selected balance sheet comparisons between December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012:
At December 31, 2013 our working capital decreased as compared to December 31, 2012 primarily as a result of an increase in derivative liability of $21,994,223 which was calculated using the Black Scholes Model based on our outstanding convertible notes payable.
Operating activities
Net cash used for continuing operating activities during fiscal 2013 was $524,613 as compared to $213,797 for fiscal 2012. Non-cash items totaling approximately $22,766,357 contributing to the net cash used in continuing operating activities for fiscal 2013 include:
• $3,050 in available-for-sale securities
• $21,876,947 in derivative interest expense
• $998,568 in stock issued for consulting services
• $298,745 pursuant to the Master Purchase Agreement with Iconosys
• $260,905 in stock options for services
• $44,974 in depreciation
• $6,737 in accrued interest receivable
• $18,356 in loan receivable from Iconosys
• $18,359 in deferred revenues from members agreements with TAVG
• $65,480 in accounts payable and accrued expenses
• $42,358in accounts payable and accrued expenses to related parties
• $9,847 in accrued interest from outstanding notes and loans payable
Net cash used for continuing operating activities during fiscal 2012 was $213,797 for fiscal 2012. Non-cash items totaling approximately $3,154,977 contributing to the net cash used in continuing operating activities for fiscal 2012 include:
• $100,000 in impairment expense
• $33,333 in license revenues- noncash
• $31,148 in financing fees from convertible notes payable
• $258,414 in stock issued for consulting services
• $134,291 in stock options for services
• $15,000 in stock issued for note extension
• $1,250 in bad debt
• $15,000 in discount on notes payable
• $2,700,000 from debt conversion related
• $35,825 in strategic alliance expense related to strategic alliance with SSL5
• $7,805 in depreciation and amortization
• $62,129 in accounts payable and accrued expenses
Investing activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $0 for both fiscal 2012and 2011.
Financing activities
Net cash provided by financing activities was $388,027 during fiscal 2013 as compared to $392,800 for fiscal 2012. During the fiscal 2013 period we collected $168,875 in cash from the sale of our common stock in 2012, $18,165 in proceeds from officer loans, $102,269 in payments against officer loan, $286,865 in proceeds from convertible notes, $10,161 in proceeds from notes payable, and $770 in payments against notes payable to a related party.
Future Financing
We anticipate continuing to rely on equity sales of our common shares in order to continue to fund our business operations. Issuance of additional shares will result in dilution to our existing shareholders. There is no assurance that we will achieve any of additional sales of our equity securities or arrange for debt or other financing to fund our exploration and development activities.
Summary of any product research and development that we will perform for the term of our plan of operation.
If the Company is successful in raising capital, it plans to spend approximately $250,000 over the next year on research and development costs associated with the completion of the EEG headset.
Expected purchase or sale of property and significant equipment
We do not anticipate the purchase or sale of any property or significant equipment; as such items are not required by us at this time.
Significant changes in the number of employees
As of December 31, 2013, we have three employees. We are dependent upon our officers and directors for our future business development. As our operations expand we anticipate the need to hire additional employees, consultants and professionals; however, the exact number is not quantifiable at this time.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results or operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Revenue Recognition: In accordance with ASC 605 and SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin 104, fee revenue is recognized in the period that the Company's advertiser customer generates a sale or other agreed-upon action on the Company's affiliate marketing networks or as a result of the Company's services, provided that no significant Company obligations remain, collection of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured, and the fees are fixed or determinable. All transactional services revenues are recognized on a gross basis in accordance with the provisions of ASC Subtopic 605-45, due to the fact that the Company is the primary obligor, and bears all credit risk to its customer, and publisher expenses that are directly related to a revenue-generating event are recorded as a component of commission paid-related party.
Recent Pronouncements
We have examined all other recent accounting pronouncements and believe that none of them will have a material impact on the financial statements of our company.
Item 7A.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.
Not applicable.
Item 8.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Our financial statements are contained in this filing, starting on page.
Item 9.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants On Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
CHANGES IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT
On January 20, 2014, the Company accepted the resignation of Patrick Rodgers, CPA, P.A. (“Rodgers”) from his engagement to be the independent certifying accountant for the Company.
Effective March 6, 2014, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board ("PCAOB") revoked the registration of Patrick Rodgers, CPA, PA. due to Rogers’ violations of PCAOB rules and auditing standards in auditing the financial statements and PCAOB rules and quality control standards with respect to Rogers’ clients; the Registrant was not one of the clients for which Rogers was sanctioned. You can find a copy of the order at http://pcaobus.org/Enforcement/Decisions/Documents/2014_Rodgers.pdf
Other than an explanatory paragraph included in Rodgers’ audit report for the Company's fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 relating to the uncertainty of the Company's ability to continue as a going concern, the audit report of Rodgers on the Company's financial statements for the last fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 through January 20, 2014, did not contain an adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion, nor was it qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope or accounting principles.
During the Company's 2012 fiscal year and through the date of this Current Report on Form 10-K there were no disagreements with Rodgers on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedure, which, if not resolved to the satisfaction of Rodgers, would have caused Rodgers to make reference to the subject matter of the disagreements in connection with their report, and (2) there were no “reportable events” as that term is defined in Item 304(a)(1)(v) of Regulation S-K.
On January 20, 2014, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the engagement of Terry L. Johnson, CPA, as the Company's independent accountant effective immediately to audit the Company’s financial statements and to perform reviews of interim financial statements. During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 through January 20, 2014 neither the Company nor anyone acting on its behalf consulted with Terry L. Johnson, CPA regarding (i) either the application of any accounting principles to a specific completed or contemplated transaction of the Company, or the type of audit opinion that might be rendered by Terry L. Johnson, CPA on the Company's financial statements; or (ii) any matter that was either the subject of a disagreement with Rodgers or a reportable event with respect to Rodgers. The Registrant provided Patrick Rodgers, CPA, PA with an exhibit 16.1 letter to sign but the firm refused to sign the letter.
The report of Terry L. Johnson, CPA on our financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 did not contain an adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion, nor were they modified as to uncertainty, audit scope or accounting principles, other than to state that there is substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern. During our fiscal years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, there were no disagreements between us and Terry L. Johnson, CPA, whether or not resolved, on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedure, which, if not resolved to the satisfaction of Terry L. Johnson, CPA, would have caused Terry L. Johnson, CPA to make reference thereto in their reports on our audited financial statements.
Item 9A(T).
Item 9A(T). Controls and Procedures.
(a) Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures
We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures” as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, our management recognized that disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of disclosure controls and procedures are met. Additionally, in designing disclosure controls and procedures, our management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible disclosure controls and procedures. The design of any disclosure controls and procedures also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Based on his evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective such that the information relating to our company, required to be disclosed in our Securities and Exchange Commission reports (i) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and (ii) is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework. Our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2013 our internal control over financial reporting is effective based on these criteria.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with our evaluation that occurred during our last fiscal quarter (our fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B.
Item 9B. Other Information.
None.
PART III
Item 10.
Item 10. Director, Executive Officer and Corporate Governance.
The following table sets forth certain information regarding our current director and executive officer. Our executive officers serve one-year terms. Set forth below are the names, ages and present principal occupations or employment, and material occupations, positions, offices or employments for the past five years of our current director and executive officer.
All directors hold office until the next annual meeting of stockholders of the Company and until their successors have been elected and qualified. Directors currently receive no fees for services provided in that capacity. The officers of the Company are elected annually and serve at the discretion of the Board of Directors.
Set forth below is a brief description of the background and business experience of our sole officer/director.
Biography of Wayne Irving, Director, Chairman, CEO, and Secretary
Mr. Irving is a pioneer in mobile communications technology. He is responsible for the recent development of certain new safety and lifestyle-related mobile applications for Smartphones, tablet computers and other Smart handheld devices. He is considered an innovator with respect to mobile marketing and advertising. In addition, he maintains a high visibility with the general public and is recognized as a leading authority in the areas of mobile app design and mobile marketing through his frequent public appearances, both at industry conferences and at charitable fundraising events with non-profit organizations and other causes relating to curbing the practices of TWD (texting while driving), as well through his continued media exposure in print, Internet, and on radio and television.
The following provides a summary of Wayne Irving II’s recent and past work experience:
Iconosys, Inc. (November 2009 - Present) -- Mr. Irving is a co-founder of Iconosys and currently holds the positions of director, Chairman, CEO and CFO with the same company. Iconosys develops apps and technologies for iOS and Android OS Smartphones tablet computers and other Smart handheld devices, is a member of the National Organization for Youth Safety (NOYS) and the maker of the widely used and well publicized DriveReply™, SMSW!sh™, Trick or Tracker®, Zombie Slasher®, Word Bully®, Latchkey Kid™, Guards Up™, My Receipt Manager™, Tax Deduction Tracker™, and My Max Speed™ Smartphone apps, and is developing technologies and technology-driven products for its clients with a goal toward designing apps that enrich, enhance, and ultimately make safer and more convenient, our day-to-day lives.
In 2010, Mr. Irving founded the outreach organization Text Kills®, making 2 cross country trips in a 36 foot, wrapped RV, spreading the word about the life threatening dangers from texting while driving. Since 2010, it is estimated that more than 100,000 persons have taken the pledge by signing the Text Kills bus, at more than 400 stops and events where Text Kills demonstrates and shares facts with teens, young adults, and the employees of corporations that hire Text Kills to present and share their insight and expertise in this area. Text Kills has presented at many events for Sempra Energy, Coca-Cola Bottling Company, and other organizations. The original founder of Mothers Against Drunk Drivers sits on Text Kills advisory board.
Showerpros.com, Inc. (August 2004 - January 2008) -- Mr. Irving started Showerpros.com in the summer of 2004 as a temporary departure from the Internet and financial markets. From 2004 through July 2007, Showerpros completed more than 800 bathroom and kitchen remodels in Orange County, CA and more than 2,000 total residential and commercial projects, including engaging in all facets of general contracting as a CA-licensed General Contractor. In August 2006, Showerpros was awarded and completed a 660 Kitchen Remodel projects in Las Vegas, NV, where apartments were being converted to condominiums. In the wake of the housing industry/remodeling industry's well chronicled collapsed in the middle of 2007, Mr. Irving left this business and re-entered the hi-tech and clean-tech worlds.
Agilon Products Group, Inc. (November 2001 - July 2002) -- In 2001, Agilon was formed as a business consulting project by Mr. Irving to explore opportunities in alternate industries such as biotechnology. This company's stated mission was to utilize lessons-learned by Mr. Irving in running Internet and hi-tech companies in guiding the business strategies of new start-up and entrepreneur-led consulting clients. In March of 2002, Mr. Irving arranged for the sale and financing of PrimeGen Biotech Corporation, a stem-cell research startup, to an investment group headed by Mr. Thomas Yuen, former CEO of SRS Labs and COO of AST Computer Company.
Solutions Media, Inc. (August 1998 - August 2000) -- Mr. Irving was Chairman and CEO of Solutions Media, a convergence technology company focused initially on developing solutions for interactive television and "smarter" devices. As the company evolved, special attention began to be paid to the media distribution methods that devices utilized in delivering content to the user. Spinrecords.com was Solutions Media's flagship product. Early investors in Solutions Media included NY-based NetGain, Goldman Sachs, and others. Solutions Media further offered technology and consulting-based solutions to a number of companies. In January of 2000, Mr. Irving negotiated and engaged ING Barrings to for an Initial Public Offering and bridge financing.
Cyber Office Technologies, Inc. (1997 - 1998) -- Mr. Irving was Information Security Manager of Cyber Office Technologies, a venture of DuPont, and in this capacity supported the development of a mid-level accounting software package, similar to Peachtree accounting.
Echolink Interactive (1996 - 1997) -- Mr. Irving was a Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator consulting with regard to help desk solutions for a 40-employee firm that managed approximately 100 web development clients.
United States Marine Corps (April 1991 - April 1996) -- Mr. Irving was a Marine Sergeant. While serving as Maintenance Management Chief, 1st Marine Regiment, 1st Marine Division, Mr. Irving managed and taught classes on the usage of several systems including Maintenance Management Systems and Publications Management Systems. In addition, in his position of authority in the S-4 office for 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines, as well as later for the Headquarters for 1st Marine Regiment, Wayne was responsible for writing and managing policies under the Commanding Officer's signature. Mr. Irving was meritoriously promoted 3 times and decorated 5 times for outstanding leadership in his field during his 5 years as a US Marine.
Education:
Mr. Irving studied mathematics and general educational subjects at Mira Costa College in Oceanside, CA (1994-1996) and later studied computer science and pre-medical subjects while attending University of San Diego (1996-1998), where he was also President of Alpha Epsilon Delta (the university's pre-medical student fraternity).
Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance
Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), requires our executive officer and director, and persons who beneficially own more than ten percent of our common stock, to file initial reports of ownership and reports of changes in ownership with the SEC. Executive officers, directors and greater than ten percent beneficial owners are required by SEC regulations to furnish us with copies of all Section 16(a) forms they file. Based upon a review of the copies of such forms furnished to us and written representations from our executive officer and director, we believe that as of the date of this report they were not current in their 16(a) reports.
Board of Directors
Our board of directors currently consists of only one member, Mr. Wayne Irving II.
Audit Committee
The Company does not presently have an Audit Committee. The Board sits as the Audit Committee. No qualified financial expert has been hired because the company is too small to afford such expense.
Committees and Procedures
1.The registrant has no standing audit, nominating and compensation committees of the Board of Directors, or committees performing similar functions. The Board acts itself in lieu of committees due to its small size.
2.The view of the board of directors is that it is appropriate for the registrant not to have such a committee because its directors participate in the consideration of director nominees and the board and the Company are small.
3.The members of the Board who acts as nominating committee is not independent, pursuant to the definition of independence of a national securities exchange registered pursuant to section 6(a) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 78f(a).
4.The nominating committee has no policy with regard to the consideration of any director candidates recommended by security holders, but the committee will consider director candidates recommended by security holders.
5.The basis for the view of the Board that it is appropriate for the registrant not to have such a policy is that there is no need to adopt a policy for a small company.
6.The nominating committee will consider candidates recommended by security holders, and by security holders in submitting such recommendations.
7.There are no specific, minimum qualifications that the nominating committee believes must be met by a nominee recommended by security holders except to find anyone willing to serve with a clean background.
8.The nominating committee's process for identifying and evaluation of nominees for director, including nominees recommended by security holders, is to find qualified persons willing to serve with a clean backgrounds. There are no differences in the manner in which the nominating committee evaluates nominees for director based on whether the nominee is recommended by a security holder, or found by the board.
Code of Ethics
In December 2008 we adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics which applies to our officers, directors, employees and consultants. This Code outlines the broad principles of ethical business conduct we adopted, covering subject areas such as:
• compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
• handling of books and records.
• public disclosure reporting.
• insider trading.
• discrimination and harassment.
• health and safety.
• conflicts of interest.
• competition and fair dealing; and
• protection of company assets.
Limitation of Liability of Directors
Pursuant to the Nevada General Corporation Law, our Articles of Incorporation exclude personal liability for our Directors for monetary damages based upon any violation of their fiduciary duties as Directors, except as to liability for any breach of the duty of loyalty, acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, or any transaction from which a Director receives an improper personal benefit. This exclusion of liability does not limit any right which a Director may have to be indemnified and does not affect any Director's liability under federal or applicable state securities laws. We have agreed to indemnify our directors against expenses, judgments, and amounts paid in settlement in connection with any claim against a Director if he acted in good faith and in a manner he believed to be in our best interests.
Nevada Anti-Takeover Law and Charter and By-law Provisions
The anti-takeover provisions of Sections 78.411 through 78.445 of the Nevada Corporation Law apply to Monster Arts, Inc Section 78.438 of the Nevada law prohibits the Company from merging with or selling more than 5% of our assets or stock to any shareholder who owns or owned more than 10% of any stock or any entity related to a 10% shareholder for three years after the date on which the shareholder acquired the Monster Arts, Inc., unless the transaction is approved by Monster Arts, Inc.'s Board of Directors. The provisions also prohibit the Company from completing any of the transactions described in the preceding sentence with a 10% shareholder who has held the shares more than three years and its related entities unless the transaction is approved by our Board of Directors or a majority of our shares, other than shares owned by that 10% shareholder or any related entity. These provisions could delay, defer or prevent a change in control of Monster Arts, Inc.
Compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act
Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, requires our executive officers and directors, and persons who beneficially own more than 10% of a registered class of our equity securities to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission initial statements of beneficial ownership, reports of changes in ownership and annual reports concerning their ownership of our common shares and other equity securities, on Forms 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Executive officers, directors and greater than 10% stockholders are required by the Securities and Exchange Commission regulations to furnish us with copies of all Section 16(a) reports they file. Based on our review of the copies of such forms received by us, and to the best of our knowledge, all executive officers, directors and persons holding greater than 10% of our issued and outstanding stock have filed the required reports in a timely manner during fiscal 2012.
Item 11.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The following table sets forth certain compensation information for: (i) each person who served as the chief executive officer of our company at any time during the last two years, regardless of compensation level, and (ii) each of our other executive officers, other than the chief executive officer, serving as an executive officer at any time during 2013 and 2012. The foregoing persons are collectively referred to herein as the "Named Executive Officers." Compensation information is shown for fiscal years 2013 and 2012.
Monster Arts, Inc. Summary Compensation Table
Note: (1) Wayne Irving II was appointed as an Officer and Director of the Company on May 15, 2012.
(2) Brandon M. Graham was appointed as the Company’s Chief Financial Officer on March 15, 2013. Mr Graham resigned as CFO on December 21, 2013.
(3) Vikram M Pattarkine, Ph.D. was appointed as Officers and/or Directors of the Company on November 9, 2012. He resigned on October 18, 2013.
(4.) William F. Povondra, Jr. was appointed as Officers and/or Directors of the Company on November 9, 2012. Mr. Povondra resigned as an officer of the Company effective February 13, 2013 and as a director effective February 20, 2013.
(5) Paul Gain resigned his position as CEO and Director of the Company on November 9, 2012.
We do not maintain key-man life insurance for our executive officer/director. We do not have any long-term compensation plans, stock option plans or employment agreements with our executive officer/director.
How Mr. Irvings compensation is determined
On August 1, 2011, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Ad Shark, entered into an employment agreement with its President Wayne Irving. The term of employment shall be three (3) years, commencing on the August 1, 2011 and terminating on July 31, 2014, or at a later mutually agreeable date. Salary compensation is to be paid at the rate of $88,500 annually, payable on a monthly basis. On the anniversary of employment, this rate will increase 5% annually. At December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company had accrued wages of $155,706 and $127,219, respectively which are included in accounts payable and accrued expenses balance. In the year ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company made cash payments to Wayne Irving totaling $64,437 and $0.
Stock Option Grants
We did not grant any stock options to the executive officer or director from inception through fiscal years end December 31, 2013 and 2012.
Outstanding Equity Awards at 2013 and 2012 Fiscal Year-End
We did not have any outstanding equity awards as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 to Company executives.
Stock Options Exercises for Fiscal 2013 and 2012
There were no options exercised by our named executive officer in fiscal year 2013 and 2012.
Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control
We have not entered into any compensatory plans or arrangements with respect to our named executive officer, which would in any way result in payments to such officer because of his resignation, retirement, or other termination of employment with us or our subsidiaries, or any change in control of, or a change in his responsibilities following a change in control.
Director Compensation
Our sole director, Wayne Irving II, was not paid any compensation during the fiscal year ending December 31, 2013 and 2012 for services relating to his duties as a member of the Board of Directors. The Company does not pay nor have a compensation plan with regards to services related to being a member of the Board of Directors.
Item 12.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of the date of this annual report on Form 10-K, which account for the 300:1 reverse split by (i) each Named Executive Officer, (ii) each member of our Board of Directors, (iii) each person deemed to be the beneficial owner of more than five percent (5%) of any class of our common stock, and (iv) all of our executive officers and directors as a group. Unless otherwise indicated, each person named in the following table is assumed to have sole voting power and investment power with respect to all shares of our common stock listed as owned by such person.
(1) Percent of Class is based on 159,099,149 common shares issued and outstanding as of April 15, 2013.
(2) Unless otherwise indicated, the address for each of these stockholders is c/o Monster Arts Inc., at 806 East Avenida Pico, Suite I-288, San Clemente, CA 92673.
We are not aware of any arrangements that may result in "changes in control" as that term is defined by the provisions of Item 403(c) of Regulation S-B.
We believe that all persons named have full voting and investment power with respect to the shares indicated, unless otherwise noted in the table. Under the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, a person (or group of persons) is deemed to be a "beneficial owner" of a security if he or she, directly or indirectly, has or shares the power to vote or to direct the voting of such security, or the power to dispose of or to direct the disposition of such security. Accordingly, more than one person may be deemed to be a beneficial owner of the same security. A person is also deemed to be a beneficial owner of any security, which that person has the right to acquire within 60 days, such as options or warrants to purchase our common stock.
Item 13.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
Loss on debt settlement with Asher Enterprises, Inc.
The Company issued 2,700,000 unregistered restricted shares of common stock to its chief executive officer Wayne Irving II, in return for him paying off 73,500 in convertible notes payable and forgiving $21,121 in shareholder loans (See Note 14 for further description).
Asset Purchase Agreement with Iconosys for TAVG
The Company approved the execution of certain asset purchase and domain name, web site content and trademark assignment agreement dated August 8, 2013 with Iconosys, Inc., a private California corporation which shares an officer with the Company. See Note 9 for further details.
Management Service Agreement with Iconosys
On July 16, 2013, the Company executed a management service agreement with a subdivision of Iconosys called Text Kills. Iconosys shares an officer with the Company. The Company will provide service and management support for Text Kills events which includes but is not limited to raising awareness, public education campaigns, and managing the Text Kills tour bus. In the year ended December 31, 2013 the Company recognized $5,387 of commission revenues from related parties relating to Text Kills.
Notes Payable to Related Parties
In 2012, the Company had certain debts paid directly by Iconosys, a private California corporation which shares an officer with the Company. The amounts paid on behalf of the Company totaled $13,250 as of December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012. They were recorded as a note payable to related party. The note payable has terms of 0% interest and is payable on demand.
Pursuant to the asset purchase agreement with Iconosys executed on August 8, 2013, further described in Note 8, the Company issued a promissory note to Iconosys in the amount of $45,000, due August 7, 2014, with annum interest of 4%.
At December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the Company had notes payable to related parties balance of $57,480 and $13,250.
Loan receivable to related party
The Company’s subsidiary, Ad Shark Inc., has a $300,000 line of credit agreement with Iconosys. The line of credit agreement has terms of 4%, payable on demand. Iconosys is a private California corporation which shares an officer with the Company. Mr. Irving was appointed CFO in May of 2012 and then appointed CEO in late 2012. Iconosys was at one time the parent company to Ad Shark, Inc. At December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the total loan receivable balance advanced to Iconosys is $290,532 and $452,362, respectively. At December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the accrued interest receivable to related party balance was $15,577 and $8,840, respectively.
Accounts payable & accrued expenses to related parties
Pursuant to the Asset Purchase Agreement with Iconosys, described in Note 8, the Company was to pay Iconosys $5,000 cash upon closing. The Company has yet to pay the $5,000 and has recorded it as accounts payable to related party.
An affiliate to the Company, Fan Apps, transferred $4,000 of their De Joya Griffith retainer balance to the Company to be used for accounting expenses. Fan Apps is a subsidiary of Iconosys which shares a common officer with the Company. The Company used the full $4,000 retainer balance in the year ended December 31, 2013. Iconosys, a private company that shares a common officer with the Company, paid $10,721 to Tangier Investors LLP for the benefit of the Company’s. There is no interest on the related party debt.
On August 1, 2011, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Ad Shark, entered into an employment agreement with its President Wayne Irving. The term of employment shall be three (3) years, commencing on the August 1, 2011 and terminating on July 31, 2014, or at a later mutually agreeable date. Salary compensation is to be paid at the rate of $88,500 annually, payable on a monthly basis. On the anniversary of employment, this rate will increase 5% annually. At December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company had accrued wages of $155,706 and $127,219, respectively which are included in accounts payable and accrued expenses balance. In the year ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company made cash payments to Wayne Irving totaling $64,437 and $0.
The accounts payable to related parties balance at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 was $169,577 and $0.
Loan from Officer
The Company was loaned money by Wayne Irving, the chief executive officer of the Company, with 0% interest and payable on demand. At December 31, 2013 and 2012 the loan from officer balance was $13,421 and $101,125.
| 0.05689 | -0.515327 | 993 | 4,035 | 29 | 29 | Financials & Corporate Structure | false |
99,989 | github_open_source_100_2_8353 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package cho.carbon.hc.copframe.utils.excel;
public class DefaultRowHandlerEvent implements RowHandlerEvent {
private boolean breakFlag = false;
public boolean isBreak() {
return this.breakFlag;
}
public void setTotalProgress(int rowCount) {
}
public void setCurrentProgress(int prevRowNum) {
}
} | 0.401313 | 0.65651 | 3,436 | 13,657 | 258 | -1 | Software Engineering Tools | false |
99,990 | http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b054268e-ddd8-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1_1 | Eurovoc | CC-By | C_2019319CS. 01002201. xml 23. 9. 2019 CS Úřední věstník Evropské unie C 319/22 Žádost o rozhodnutí o předběžné otázce podaná Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid (Španělsko) dne 11. února 2019 — Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid a Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la CGT v. Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid (Věc C-103/19) (2019/C 319/24) Jednací jazyk: španělština Předkládající soud Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid Účastníci původního řízení Žalobci: Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid a Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la C. G. T. Žalovaný: Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid Předběžné otázky 1) Je v souladu s rámcovou dohodou, která je přílohou směrnice 1999/70/ES (1), konkrétně s jejím ustanovením 5, body 6 a 8 jejího obecného odůvodnění a vlastními parametry, které stanoví rozsudek Soudního dvora (desátého senátu) ze dne 14. září 2016 (ECLI:EU:C:2016:679), právní úprava, která je předmětem tohoto řízení, tedy vyhláška Consejero de Sanidad č. 406/2017 ze dne 8. května 2017, která v návaznosti na obnovení po sobě jdoucích jmenování na dobu určitou v odvětví veřejné zdravotní péče, která se zakládají na vnitrostátních právních předpisech umožňujících obnovené jmenování za účelem pokrytí a zajištění služeb dočasné, přechodné či mimořádné povahy, když ve skutečnosti je obnovenými jmenováními pokrývaly stálé a dlouhodobé potřeby, přičemž nástroj stanovený v dané vyhlášce je změna povahy 9 126 pracovních míst, která se z příležitostných pracovních míst na dobu určitou stávají zastupováním na volném pracovním místě na dobu určitou, přičemž účelem řízení je integrovat uvedená pracovní místa do Oferta Pública de Empleo (veřejná nabídka zaměstnání) a tím ukončit pracovní poměry na dobu určitou? 2) Je správný výklad předkládajícího soudu, který má za to, že forma uplatňování popsaná a prováděná v čl. 9 odst. 3 Estatuto Marco (rámcový služební řád) prostřednictvím vyhlášky Consejero de Sanidad č. 406/2017 ze dne 8. května 2017 není v souladu s ustanovením 5, body 6 a 8 obecného odůvodnění, ani vlastními parametry, které stanoví rozsudek Soudního dvora (desátého senátu) ze dne 14. září 2016 (ECLI:EU:C:2016:679), neboť v návaznosti na zneužívání pracovních smluv na dobu určitou k pokrytí stálých potřeb a na uznání systémové chyby umožňuje, aby toto zneužívání nikdy nebylo sankcionováno, což je v rozporu s cíli směrnice a vede to k pokračování nepříznivého postavení zaměstnanců ve služebním poměru na dobu určitou? 3) Je správný výklad předkládajícího soudu týkající se ustanovení 5, bodů 6 a 8 obecného odůvodnění a vlastních parametrů, které stanoví rozsudek Soudního dvora (desátého senátu) ze dne 14. září 2016 (ECLI:EU:C:2016:679), založený na uvedeném rozsudku a konstatující, že vyhláška Consejero de Sanidad č. 406/2017 ze dne 8. května 2017 není v souladu s čl. 2 prvním pododstavcem směrnice 1999/70 v rozsahu, v němž španělský stát nezajišťuje výsledky stanovené ve směrnici, neboť v případech zneužití pracovní smlouvy na dobu určitou nenabízí účinné a rovnocenné záruky ochrany zaměstnanců za účelem řádného sankcionování daného zneužívání a odstranění důsledků porušení unijního práva, ponechává zneužívání bez sankce a dovoluje tak, aby směrnice Společenství nebyla v sektoru zdravotní péče uplatňována? 4) Jelikož vnitrostátní právní úprava ve veřejném sektoru absolutně zakazuje změnu opakovaného uzavírání smlouvy na dobu určitou na pracovní smlouvu na dobu neurčitou, nebo učinit zaměstnance, který je obětí takového zneužití smluv na dobu určitou, stálým zaměstnancem, a jelikož v dané vnitrostátní právní úpravě neexistuje účinné opatření k zabránění a případnému sankcionování zneužití opakovaného uzavření smluv na dobu určitou, je správné mít za to, jak usuzuje předkládající soud, že vyhláška Consejero de Sanidad 406/2017 ze dne 8. května 2017 (která opožděně provádí čl. 9 odst. 3 rámcového služebního řádu) a pozdější otevřené výběrové řízení nelze považovat za účinná opatření k zabránění a případnému sankcionování zneužití opakovaného uzavření smluv na dobu určitou, jelikož — jak se domnívá a znovu opakuje předkládající soud — to představuje vyhýbání se uplatňování a plnění cílů vyžadovaných samotnou směrnicí Společenství? 5) Vyhláška Consejero de Sanidad č. 406/2017 ze dne 8. května 2017 omezuje svoji působnost výhradně na příležitostné zaměstnance a ve vztahu k ostatním zaměstnancům, jejichž pracovní poměr na dobu určitou je nepřiměřeně dlouho opakován, administrativa nezkoumá ve lhůtách stanovených vnitrostátním právem důvody tohoto jevu, aby případně posoudila, zda je třeba vytvořit trvalé pracovní místo; v praxi to vede k tomu, že zaměstnanci jsou ponecháni v trvalé nejistotě, zneužívání zůstává bez sankce a zaměstnancům není nabízeno žádné účinné či rovnocenné opatření zaručující ochranu s cílem řádně sankcionovat uvedené zneužívání a odstranit důsledky porušování unijního práva. C_2019319BG. 01002201. xml 23. 9. 2019 BG Официален вестник на Европейския съюз C 319/22 Преюдициално запитване от Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo № 24 de Madrid (Испания), постъпило на 11 февруари 2019 г. — Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid и Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la CGT/Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid (Дело C-103/19) (2019/C 319/24) Език на производството: испански Запитваща юрисдикция Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo № 24 de Madrid Страни в главното производство Жалбоподатели: Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid и Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la C. G. T. Ответник: Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid Преюдициални въпроси 1) Съответства ли оспорваният нормативен акт, а именно Заповед 406/2017 от 8 май 2017 г. на регионалния министър на здравеопазването, на Рамковото споразумение, приложено към Директива 1999/70/ЕО (1), по-конкретно на клауза 5 от него, целите му, точки 6 и 8, както и на параметрите, установени в решение ECLI:EU:C:2016:679 на Съда (десети състав) от 14 септември 2016 г. , като се има предвид, че след подновяването на последователни срочни правоотношения в сектора на общественото здравеопазване — които правоотношения се основават на разпоредби от националното право, позволяващи подновявания, за да се обезпечи и осигури извършването на дейности с временен, непостоянен или извънреден характер, при положение че в действителност с тези правоотношения се задоволяват постоянни и трайни нужди — с въпросната заповед се преобразува видът на 9 126 длъжности, при което временно наетият нещатен работник се оказва временно нает на щатна длъжност работник, като целта на процедурата е тези длъжности да се включат в публична обява за свободни работни места и съответно временно наетия работник да се освободи? 2) Правилно ли е направеното от запитващата юрисдикция тълкуване, че начинът на прилагане на член 9, параграф 3 от Рамковите правила, който е описан в Заповед 406/2017 на регионалния министър на здравеопазването от 8 май 2017 г. и осъществяван чрез нея, не съответства на клауза 5 [от Рамковото споразумение], целите му, точки 6 и 8 от него, както и на параметрите, установени в решение ECLI:EU:C:2016:679 на Съда (десети състав) от 14 септември 2016 г. , тъй като след извършването на злоупотребата, произтичаща от използването на временни правоотношения с цел да се задоволят постоянни нужди, и признаването на структурния недостиг се допуска тази злоупотреба изобщо да не бъде санкционирана в противоречие с целите на посочената директива и неблагоприятното положение на временно наетите служители с нормативноустановен статут се запазва? 3) Правилно ли е направеното от запитващата юрисдикция тълкуване на клауза 5 [от Рамковото споразумение], целите му, точки 6 и 8 от него, както и на параметрите, установени в решение ECLI:EU:C:2016:679 на Съда (десети състав) от 14 септември 2016 г. , които са изложени в настоящото определение и дават основание да се счита, че Заповед 406/2017 на регионалния министър на здравеопазването от 8 май 2017 г. не съответства на член 2, първа алинея от Директива 1999/70, след като не гарантира постигането от испанската държава на определените в тази директива резултати, тъй като при наличие на злоупотреба при използването на срочни правоотношения не осигурява на работниците ефективни и равностойни гаранции за закрила с цел надлежно санкциониране на злоупотребата и отстраняване на последиците от нарушението на правото на Съюза, не предвижда санкции за злоупотребата и съответно позволява посочената директива да не се прилага в сектора на здравеопазването? 4) Правилно ли е тълкуването на запитващата юрисдикция — след като националната правна уредба съдържа абсолютна забрана в обществения сектор за преобразуване в трудов договор с неопределена продължителност на поредица от срочни трудови договори или за предоставяне на постоянен статут на работника, станал жертва на злоупотреба, без в тази национална правна уредба да е предвидена друга ефективна мярка, за да не се допусне, и ако е необходимо, да се санкционира злоупотребата при използването на последователни срочни трудови договори — че Заповед 406/2017 на регионалния министър на здравеопазването от 8 май 2017 г. (чрез която със закъснение се прилага член 9, параграф 3 от [Рамковите правила]) и последващата процедура по подбор не могат да се считат за ефективни мерки, за да не се допусне, и ако е необходимо, да се санкционира злоупотребата, произтичаща от използването на последователни срочни трудови договори, тъй като, както запитващата юрисдикция счита и повторно отбелязва, по този начин се заобикаля прилагането и изпълнението на целите на самата Директива? 5) Заповед 406/2017 на регионалния министър на здравеопазването от 8 май 2017 г. C_2019319LT. 01002201. xml 23. 9. 2019 LT Europos Sąjungos oficialusis leidinys C 319/22 2019 m. vasario 11 d. Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid (Ispanija) pateiktas prašymas priimti prejudicinį sprendimą byloje Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid y Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la CGT/Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid (Byla C-103/19) (2019/C 319/24) Proceso kalba: ispanų Prašymą priimti prejudicinį sprendimą pateikęs teismas Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid Šalys pagrindinėje byloje Pareiškėjos: Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid ir Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la CGT Atsakovė: Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid Prejudiciniai klausimai 1. Ar Direktyvos 1999/70/EB (1) priede pateiktą bendrąjį susitarimą, konkrečiai jo 5 punktą, bendrosios dalies 6 ir 8 punktus ir 2016 m. rugsėjo 14 d. Teisingumo Teismo (dešimtoji kolegija) sprendime (ECLI:EU:C:2016:679) nustatytus kriterijus atitinka apskųstas teisės aktas — 2017 m. gegužės 8 d. Sveikatos apsaugos ministerijos nutarimas Nr. 406/2017, kuriuo, visuomenės sveikatos sektoriuje atnaujinus paeiliui sudarytas terminuotas darbo sutartis, grindžiamas nacionalinės teisės nuostatomis, leidžiančiomis atnaujinti šias sutartis siekiant patenkinti laikino, pagalbinio arba išimtinio pobūdžio paslaugų poreikį ir užtikrinti jų teikimą, nors iš tikrųjų dirbant pagal jas buvo tenkinami nuolatiniai ir ilgalaikiai poreikiai, yra įgyvendinta priemonė, susijusi su 9 126 darbo vietų pobūdžio pakeitimu, t. y. pagalbiniai darbuotojai pagal terminuotas sutartis tapo statutiniais darbuotojais pagal terminuotas sutartis, o šio proceso tikslas — tas darbo vietas įtraukti į viešąjį darbo pasiūlymą ir taip nutraukti darbo santykius su darbuotojais pagal terminuotas sutartis? 2. Ar tinkamas šio teismo pateiktas aiškinimas, kad Estatuto Marco (Bendrasis statutas) 9 straipsnio 3 dalies įgyvendinimo būdas, nurodytas ir įgyvendintas 2017 m. gegužės 8 d. Sveikatos apsaugos ministerijos nutarime Nr. 406/2017, neatitinka bendrojo susitarimo 5 punkto, bendrosios dalies 6 ir 8 punktų ir 2016 m. rugsėjo 14 d. Teisingumo Teismo (dešimtoji kolegija) sprendime (ECLI:EU:C:2016:679) nustatytų kriterijų, nes gali būti niekada nenubausta už piktnaudžiavimą sudarant terminuotas darbo sutartis, kai siekiama patenkinti nuolatinius poreikius ir ištaisyti pripažintus struktūrinius trūkumus, ir taip neįgyvendinami direktyvos tikslai ir įtvirtinama situacija, nepalanki pagal terminuotą sutartį dirbantiems statutiniams darbuotojams? 3. Ar tinkamas šio teismo pateiktas aiškinimas, kad remiantis šioje nutartyje nurodytais bendrojo susitarimo 5 punktu, bendrosios dalies 6 ir 8 punktais ir 2016 m. rugsėjo 14 d. Teisingumo Teismo (dešimtoji kolegija) sprendime (ECLI:EU:C:2016:679) nustatytais kriterijais darytina išvada, jog 2017 m. gegužės 8 d. Sveikatos apsaugos ministerijos nutarimas Nr. C_2019319ES. 01002201. xml 23. 9. 2019 ES Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea C 319/22 Petición de decisión prejudicial presentada por el Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid (España) el 11 de febrero de 2019 — Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid y Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la CGT/Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid (Asunto C-103/19) (2019/C 319/24) Lengua de procedimiento: español Órgano jurisdiccional remitente Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid Partes en el procedimiento principal Demandantes: Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid y Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la C. G. T. Demandada: Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid Cuestiones prejudiciales 1) ¿Es conforme al Acuerdo Marco anexo a la Directiva 1999/70/CE (1), en concreto su cláusula 5, sus objetivos puntos 6 y 8 y los propios parámetros que fija la sentencia EU:C:2016:679 Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia (Sala Décima) de 14 de septiembre de 2016, la normativa que es objeto de recurso, Orden 406/2017, de 8 de mayo, del Consejero de Sanidad, que, tras la renovación de sucesivos nombramientos de duración determinada en el sector de la sanidad pública, nombramientos basados en disposiciones de derecho nacional que permitían renovaciones para cubrir y garantizar servicios de naturaleza temporal, coyuntural o extraordinaria, cuando la realidad era que con ellos se estaba cubriendo necesidades permanentes y estables, el instrumento que se articula es la conversión en la naturaleza de 9 126 plazas, pasando el trabajador de temporal eventual a temporal interino, siendo el fin del proceso que esas plazas se integren en Oferta Pública de Empleo y con ello el cese del trabajador temporal? 2) ¿Es correcta la interpretación que realiza esta juzgadora al entender que, la forma de aplicación que se describe y realiza del Articulo 9. 3 del Estatuto Marco, mediante la Orden 406/2017, de 8 de mayo, del Consejero de Sanidad, no es conforme con la Cláusula 5. a, sus objetivos puntos 6 y 8 ni de los propios parámetros que fija la sentencia EU:C:2016:679 Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia (Sala Décima) de 14 de septiembre de 2016, ya que tras el abuso en la contratación temporal para cubrir necesidades permanentes y reconocido el defecto estructural, permite que este abuso nunca sea sancionado, con incumplimiento de los objetivos de la Directiva y perpetuándose la situación desfavorable de los empleados estatutarios temporales? 3) ¿Es correcta la interpretación que realiza esta juzgadora de la Cláusula 5. a, sus objetivos puntos 6 y 8 y de los propios parámetros que fija la sentencia EU:C:2016:679 Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia (Sala Décima) de 14 de septiembre de 2016, que se fijan en el presente auto y llevan a considerar que la Orden 406/2017, de 8 de mayo, del Consejero de Sanidad, no se adecúa al artículo 2, párrafo primero de la Directiva 1999/70 en cuanto no garantiza el Estado Español los resultados fijados en la Directiva ya que supone que producido el abuso en la contratación de duración determinada, no ofrece garantías de protección a los trabajadores efectivas y equivalentes con objeto de sancionar debidamente dicho abuso y eliminar las consecuencias de la infracción del Derecho de la Unión, deja sin sanción el abuso, y por ello permite que en el sector sanitario la Directiva Comunitaria no sea aplicada? 4) Prohibiendo la normativa nacional de forma absoluta, en el sector público, transformar en un contrato de trabajo por tiempo indefinido una sucesión de contratos de trabajo de duración determinada, o dar fijeza al trabajador víctima de abuso, no existiendo en esa normativa nacional otra medida efectiva para evitar y, en su caso, sancionar la utilización abusiva de sucesivos contratos de trabajo de duración determinada ¿es correcto entender, como entiende esta juzgadora, que la Orden 406/2017, de 8 de mayo, del Consejero de Sanidad (aplicando el artículo 9. C_2019319RO. 01002201. xml 23. 9. 2019 RO Jurnalul Oficial al Uniunii Europene C 319/22 Cerere de decizie preliminară introdusă de Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid (Spania) la 11 februarie 2019 — Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid și Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la C. G. T. /Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid (Cauza C-103/19) (2019/C 319/24) Limba de procedură: spaniola Instanța de trimitere Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid Părțile din procedura principală Reclamanți: Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid și Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la C. G. T. Pârâtă: Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid Întrebările preliminare 1) Reglementarea care face obiectul acțiunii, și anume Ordinul nr. 406/2017 din 8 mai 2017 al Consejero de Sanidad [ministrul regional al sănătății], care — prin reînnoirea unor numiri succesive pe durată determinată în domeniul sănătății publice, numiri bazate pe dispoziții de drept național care permiteau reînnoirile pentru acoperirea și garantarea serviciilor de natură temporară, conjuncturală sau excepțională, deși, în realitate, prin numirile respective se acopereau necesități permanente și stabile — instituie un instrument care schimbă natura a 9 126 de locuri de muncă, astfel încât personalul statutar temporar ocazional devine personal statutar temporar interimar, cu consecința că aceste locuri de muncă sunt incluse în oferta publică de angajare, iar prin aceasta încetează raportul de muncă al lucrătorului temporar, este conformă cu acordul-cadru care figurează în anexă la Directiva 1999/70/CE (1), mai exact, cu clauza 5 a acestuia, cu considerațiile generale (6) și (8) ale acestuia și cu parametrii stabiliți în Hotărârea din 14 septembrie 2016 a Curții (Camera a zecea) (ECLI:EU:C:2016:679)? 2) Este corectă interpretarea efectuată de această instanță, conform căreia metoda de aplicare a articolului 9 alineatul 3 din statutul-cadru, descrisă și realizată prin Ordinul nr. 406/2017 din 8 mai 2017 al Consejero de Sanidad [ministrul regional al sănătății], nu este conformă cu clauza 5 din acordul-cadru, cu considerațiile generale (6) și (8) ale acestuia și cu parametrii stabiliți prin Hotărârea din 14 septembrie 2016 a Curții (Camera a zecea) (ECLI:EU:C:2016:679), deoarece, după abuzul privind angajarea pe durată determinată pentru acoperirea unor necesități permanente și după recunoașterea existenței acestui defect structural, permite ca acest abuz să nu fie sancționat niciodată, cu încălcarea obiectivelor directivei și perpetuându-se situația defavorabilă a personalului statutar temporar? 3) Este corectă interpretarea efectuată de această instanță cu privire la clauza 5 din acordul-cadru, la considerațiile generale (6) și (8) ale acestuia și la parametrii stabiliți prin Hotărârea din 14 septembrie 2016 a Curții (Camera a zecea) (ECLI:EU:C:2016:679), indicați în prezenta decizie, și care conduc la concluzia că Ordinul nr. 406/2017 din 8 mai 2017 al Consejero de Sanidad [ministrul regional al sănătății] nu este conform cu articolul 2 primul paragraf din Directiva 1999/90, deoarece statul spaniol nu garantează rezultatele stabilite în directivă, întrucât, în pofida existenței unui abuz privind angajarea pe durată determinată, acesta nu oferă garanții de protecție efective și echivalente a lucrătorilor în vederea sancționării corespunzătoare a abuzului respectiv și a eliminării consecințelor încălcării dreptului Uniunii, nu sancționează abuzul și, prin urmare, permite ca directiva comunitară să nu fie aplicată în sectorul medical? 4) Având în vedere că reglementarea națională interzice în mod absolut, în sectorul public, transformarea în contracte de muncă pe durată nedeterminată a unor contracte de muncă pe durată determinată succesive sau angajarea pe durată nedeterminată a lucrătorului care este victimă a abuzului și că reglementarea națională respectivă nu conține nicio altă măsură efectivă pentru evitarea și, dacă este cazul, pentru sancționarea utilizării abuzive a contractelor de muncă pe durată determinată succesive, este corect să se considere, astfel cum face această instanță, că Ordinul nr. 406/2017 din 8 mai 2017 al Consejero de Sanidad [ministrul regional al sănătății] (prin faptul că aplică în mod tardiv articolul 9 alineatul 3 din statutul-cadru) și procedura de recrutare desfășurată ulterior în condiții concurențiale nu pot fi considerate măsuri efective pentru evitarea și, după caz, sancționarea utilizării abuzive a unor contracte de muncă pe durată determinată succesive, deoarece prin intermediul acestora, astfel cum înțelege și reiterează această instanță, se eludează aplicarea și îndeplinirea obiectivelor prevăzute de directiva comunitară însăși? 5) În măsura în care Ordinul nr. C_2019319LV. 01002201. xml 23. 9. 2019 LV Eiropas Savienības Oficiālais Vēstnesis C 319/22 Lūgums sniegt prejudiciālu nolēmumu, ko 2019. gada 11. februārī iesniedza Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid (Spānija) — Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid un Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la CGT/Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid (Lieta C-103/19) (2019/C 319/24) Tiesvedības valoda — spāņu Iesniedzējtiesa Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid Pamatlietas puses Prasītājas: Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid un Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la C. G. T. Atbildētāja: Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid Prejudiciālie jautājumi 1) Vai Padomes Direktīvas 1999/70/EK (1) pielikumā esošajam Pamatnolīgumam, konkrētāk, tā 5. klauzulai, tā [vispārīgo apsvērumu] 6. un 8. punktam un parametriem, kas noteikti Tiesas (desmitā palāta) spriedumā, 2016. gada 14. septembris, lietā C-16/15 (EU:C:2016:679), atbilst tiesību akts, kas ir prasības priekšmets, proti, Consejero de Sanidad2017. gada 8. maija rīkojums 406/2017, kurā ir paredzēts, ka secīgu uz noteiktu laiku noslēgtu līgumus sabiedrības veselības nozarē atjaunošanas pamatā ir valsts tiesību akti, kuros līgumu atjaunošana ir atļauta, lai segtu un garantētu pagaidu, īstermiņa vai ārkārtas pakalpojumus, ja patiesībā ar tiem tika aptvertas pastāvīgas un ilglaicīgas vajadzības, paturot prātā, ka ar šo rīkojumu tika paredzēta 9 126 vietu pārveidošana, gadījuma rakstura darba izpildei nodarbināto līdzstrādnieku līgumus pārveidojot par pagaidu aizstājoša personāla līgumiem, un galu galā šīs vietas iekļaujot Valsts nodarbinātības piedāvājumā, un līdz ar to izbeidzot pagaidu darbinieka statusu? 2) Vai ir pareiza tiesas interpretācija, proti, ka piemērošanas veids, kas aprakstīts Pamatnolīguma 9. panta 3. punktā un noteikts ar Consejero de Sanidad2017. gada 8. maija rīkojumu 406/2017, ir pretrunā 5. klauzulai, tās [vispārīgo apsvērumu] 6. un 8. punkta mērķiem, parametriem, kas noteikti Tiesas (desmitā palāta) spriedumā, 2016. gada 14. septembris, lietā C-16/15 (EU:C:2016:679), jo, ļaunprātīgi izmantojot pagaidu darba līgumu noslēgšanu, lai segtu pastāvīgās vajadzības, un atzīstot strukturālas nepilnības, tiek pieļauta situācija, ka šī ļaunprātīgā izmantošana nekad netiek sodīta, neīstenojot Direktīvas mērķus un padarot mūžīgu pagaidu štatu darbinieku nelabvēlīgo situāciju? 3) Vai ir pareiza tāda šīs tiesas veiktā 5. klauzulas, tās [vispārīgo apsvērumu] 6. un 8. punkta un to parametru interpretācija, kas noteikti Tiesas (desmitā palāta) spriedumā, 2016. gada 14. septembris, lietā C-16/15 (EU:C:2016:679), kas tiek izmantota šajā rīkojumā un atbilstoši kurai tiek uzskatīts, ka Consejero de Sanidad2017. gada 8. maija rīkojums 406/2017 neatbilst Direktīvas 1999/70 2. C_2019319MT. 01002201. xml 23. 9. 2019 MT Il-Ġurnal Uffiċjali tal-Unjoni Ewropea C 319/22 Talba għal deċiżjoni preliminari mressqa mill-Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid (Spanja) fil-11 ta’ Frar 2019 — Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid u Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la CGT vs Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid (Kawża C-103/19) (2019/C 319/24) Lingwa tal-kawża: l-Ispanjol Qorti tar-rinviju Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid Partijiet fil-kawża prinċipali Rikorrenti: Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid u Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la C. G. T. Konvenuta: Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid Domandi preliminari 1) Il-leġiżlazzjoni nazzjonali inkwistjoni fil-kawża prinċipali, jiġifieri d-Deċiżjoni 406/2017 tat-8 ta’ Mejju 2017 tal-Consejero de Sanidad, li, wara t-tiġdid suċċessiv ta’ ħatriet għal żmien determinat fis-settur tas-saħħa pubblika, ħatriet ibbażati fuq dispożizzjonijiet tad-dritt nazzjonali li jippermettu tiġdid sabiex jiġu koperti u żgurati servizzi ta’ natura temporanja, ċirkostanzjali jew straordinarja, meta fil-fatt dawn il-ħatriet kienu jservu sabiex jiġu koperti bżonnijiet permanenti u fit-tul, fejn l-istrument ta’ implimentazzjoni jikkonsisti fit-trasformazzjoni tan-natura ta’ 9 126 impjieg, b’mod li l-ħaddiem għal żmien determinat okkażjonali jsir ħaddiem għal żmien determinat ad interim, bir-riżultat li tali pożizzjonijiet jiddaħħlu f’offerta pubblika ta’ impjieg u bil-konsegwenza li tintemm ir-relazzjoni ta’ impjieg mal-ħaddiem temporanju, hija konformi mal-Ftehim Qafas anness mad-Direttiva 1999/70/KE (1) b’mod partikolari l-Klawżola 5 tiegħu, il-punti 6 u 8 tal-kunsiderazzjonijiet ġenerali tiegħu u mal-kriterji li tistabbilixxi l-Qorti tal-Ġustizzja fis-sentenza tagħha tal-14 ta’ Settembru 2016, Pérez López (C-16/15, EU:C:2016:679)? 2) Hija korretta l-interpretazzjoni tal-preżenti qorti li l-forma ta’ applikazzjoni li hija deskritta u li ssir tal-Artikolu 9(3) tal-Ftehim Qafas, permezz tad-Deċiżjoni 406/2017 tat-8 ta’ Mejju 2017 tal-Consejero de Sanidad, ma hijiex konformi mal-Klawżola 5 [tal-Ftehim Qafas], mal-punti 6 u 8 tal-kunsiderazzjonijiet ġenerali tiegħu u lanqas mal-kriterji stabbiliti mill-Qorti tal-Ġustizzja [l-Għaxar Awla] fis-sentenza tagħha tal-14 ta’ Settembru 2016, Pérez López (C-16/15, EU:C:2016:679), sa fejn, f’sitwazzjoni fejn kien hemm użu abbużiv ta’ relazzjonijiet ta’ impjieg temporanji sabiex jiġu koperti bżonnijiet permanenti u fejn l-eżistenza ta’ nuqqasijiet strutturali hija magħrufa, tali applikazzjoni tippermetti li l-imsemmi abbuż ma jiġi ssanzjonat qatt, bi ksur tal-għanijiet ta’ din id-direttiva, u tinżamm is-sitwazzjoni sfavorevoli tal-impjegati temporanji? 3) Hija korretta l-interpretazzjoni mill-preżenti qorti tal-Klawżola 5 [tal-Ftehim Qafas], tal-punti 6 u 8 tal-kunsiderazzjonijiet ġenerali tiegħu kif ukoll tal-kriterji stabbiliti mill-Qorti tal-Ġustizzja fis-sentenza tagħha tal-14 ta’ Settembru 2016, Pérez López (C-16/15, EU:C:2016:679), f’dan id-digriet, fis-sens li d-Deċiżjoni 406/2017 ma hijiex konformi mal-ewwel paragrafu tal-Artikolu 2 tad-Direttiva 1999/70, sa fejn l-Istat Spanjol ma jiggarantixxix ir-riżultati imposti mid-direttiva, peress li, minħabba li sar użu abbużiv ta’ relazzjonijiet ta’ impjieg għal żmien determinat, il-ħaddiema ma ngħatawx garanziji effettivi u ekwivalenti ta’ protezzjoni sabiex jiġi ssanzjonat debitament dan l-abbuż u jitħassru l-konsegwenzi tal-ksur tad-dritt tal-Unjoni, l-użu abbużiv ma huwiex issanzjonat u jiġi għalhekk permess li d-Direttiva 1999/70 ma tapplikax fis-settur tas-saħħa? 4) Peress li fis-settur pubbliku l-leġiżlazzjoni nazzjonali tipprojbixxi b’mod assolut, il-bdil ta’ suċċessjoni ta’ kuntratti ta’ xogħol għal żmien determinat f’kuntratt ta’ xogħol għal żmien indeterminat jew li jingħata impjieg permanenti lil ħaddiem vittma ta’ abbuż f’dan il-qasam u li ma teżistix, f’din il-leġiżlazzjoni nazzjonali, miżura oħra effettiva sabiex jiġi evitat, u jekk ikun il-każ, issanzjonat l-użu abbużiv ta’ kuntratti ta’ xogħol għal żmien determinat suċċessivi, huwa korrett li jitqies, kif tagħmel din il-qorti, li d-Deċiżjoni 406/2017 (li tapplika l-Artikolu 9(3) tal-Ftehim Qafas tardivament), u l-proċess ta’ għażla f’kompetizzjoni ħielsa ulterjuri ma jistgħux jiġu kkunsidrati bħala li jikkostitwixxu miżuri effettivi sabiex jiġi evitat, u jekk ikun il-każ, issanzjonat l-użu abbużiv ta’ kuntratti ta’ xogħol għal żmien determinat, sa fejn, kif din il-qorti tqis u ttenni, tiġi evitata l-applikazzjoni u l-osservanza tal-għanijiet imposti mid-Direttiva 1999/70? 5) Għandu jiġi kkunsidrat li ma humiex issoddisfatti r-rekwiżiti stabbiliti mill-Qorti tal-Ġustizzja fis-sentenza tagħha tal-14 ta’ Settembru 2016, Pérez López (C-16/15, EU:C:2016:679), sa fejn, bi ksur tad-Direttiva 1999/70, id-Deċiżjoni 406/2017 tillimita l-kamp ta’ applikazzjoni tagħha biss għall-persunal awżiljarju, u, fir-rigward tal-ħaddiema temporanji l-oħra li r-relazzjoni ta’ impjieg tagħhom hija ta’ tul ta’ żmien eċċessiv, l-amministrazzjoni ma twettaqx, fit-termini indikati mil-leġiżlazzjoni nazzjonali, l-eżami tal-kawżi ta’ din is-sitwazzjoni sabiex jiġi ddeterminat jekk jaqbilx, jekk ikun il-każ, li tinħoloq pożizzjoni strutturali fil-lista ta’ pożizzjonijiet tal-istabbiliment, b’mod li s-sitwazzjoni ta’ prekarjetà ta’ dawn il-ħaddiema ssir fil-fatt permanenti, fejn dan l-abbuż ma huwiex issanzjonat u fejn ebda miżura ma hija applikata bil-għan li jiġu offerti lil dawn il-ħaddiema garanziji effettivi u ekwivalenti ta’ protezzjoni sabiex jiġi debitament issanzjonat dan l-abbuż u jitħassru l-konsegwenzi tal-ksur tad-dritt tal-Unjoni? (1) Direttiva tal-Kunsill 1999/70/KE tat-28 ta’ Ġunju 1999 dwar il-ftehim qafas dwar xogħol għal żmien fiss konkluż mill-ETUC, mill-UNICE u miċ-CEEP (ĠU Edizzjoni Speċjali bil-Malti, Kapitolu 5, Vol. C_2019319IT. 01002201. xml 23. 9. 2019 IT Gazzetta ufficiale dell'Unione europea C 319/22 Domanda di pronuncia pregiudiziale proposta dallo Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid (Spagna) l'11 febbraio 2019 — Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid e Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la CGT/Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid (Causa C-103/19) (2019/C 319/24) Lingua processuale: lo spagnolo Giudice del rinvio Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid Parti Ricorrenti: Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid e Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la CGT Resistente: Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid Questioni pregiudiziali 1) Se sia conforme all’accordo quadro allegato alla direttiva 1999/70/CE (1), in particolare alla sua clausola 5, ai suoi obiettivi [e ai] punti 6 e 8 [delle sue considerazioni generali] nonché ai parametri stabiliti dalla sentenza della Corte di giustizia (Decima Sezione) del 14 settembre 2016, Pérez López (C-16/15, EU:C:2016:679), la normativa oggetto del ricorso, vale a dire l’ordinanza 406/2017, dell’8 maggio, del Ministro regionale della Sanità, che, dopo il rinnovo di nomine a tempo determinato in successione nel settore pubblico sanitario, sulla base di disposizioni di diritto nazionale che consentivano i rinnovi finalizzati a fornire e garantire servizi di natura temporanea, congiunturale o straordinaria, quando in realtà con dette nomine si assolvevano esigenze permanenti e durevoli, ricorre alla trasformazione della natura di 9 126 posti, di modo che il lavoratore a tempo determinato occasionale diviene a tempo determinato ad interim, con il risultato che tali posti vengono inseriti in un’offerta pubblica di impiego e ne consegue la cessazione del servizio del lavoratore a tempo determinato. 2) Se sia corretta l’interpretazione del presente Giudice secondo cui la modalità di applicazione descritta dell’articolo 9, paragrafo 3, dello statuto quadro, e realizzata mediante l’ordinanza 406/2017, dell’8 maggio, del Ministro regionale della Sanità, non è conforme alla clausola 5 [dell’accordo quadro], agli obiettivi [e ai] punti 6 e 8 [delle considerazioni generali dello stesso] nonché ai parametri stabiliti dalla sentenza della Corte di giustizia (Decima Sezione) del 14 settembre 2016, Pérez López (C-16/15, EU:C:2016:679), in quanto, dopo l’abuso di contratti a tempo determinato per assolvere esigenze permanenti e una volta riconosciuta la carenza strutturale, consente che tale abuso non sia mai sanzionato, contravvenendo agli obiettivi della direttiva e perpetuando la situazione sfavorevole dei dipendenti statutari a tempo determinato. 3) Se sia corretta l’interpretazione data dal presente Giudice alla clausola 5 [dell’accordo quadro], agli obiettivi [e ai] punti 6 e 8 [delle considerazioni generali dello stesso] nonché ai parametri stabiliti dalla sentenza della Corte di giustizia (Decima Sezione) del 14 settembre 2016, Pérez López (C-16/15, EU:C:2016:679), indicati nella presente decisione e che inducono a ritenere che l’ordinanza 406/2017, dell’8 maggio, del Ministro regionale della Sanità non sia conforme all’articolo 2, primo comma, della direttiva 1999/70 in quanto lo Stato spagnolo non garantisce i risultati previsti in detta direttiva, dato che, una volta verificatosi l’abuso di contratti a tempo determinato, non si forniscono ai lavoratori garanzie di tutela effettive ed equivalenti per sanzionare debitamente detto abuso ed eliminare le conseguenze della violazione del diritto dell’Unione, non si sanziona l’abuso e si consente pertanto che la direttiva comunitaria non trovi applicazione nel settore sanitario. 4) Atteso che la normativa nazionale prevede il divieto assoluto, nel settore pubblico, di convertire in contratto di lavoro a tempo indeterminato una successione di contratti di lavoro a tempo determinato, o di stabilizzare il lavoratore vittima di abuso, e poiché detta normativa nazionale non prevede altre misure effettive per evitare e, se del caso, sanzionare l’utilizzo abusivo di successioni di contratti di lavoro a tempo determinato, se sia corretto ritenere, come ritiene il presente Giudice, che l’ordinanza 406/2017, dell’8 maggio, del Ministro regionale della Sanità (in quanto applica tardivamente l’articolo 9, paragrafo 3, [dello statuto] quadro) e il successivo processo di selezione aperto al pubblico non possano essere considerati misure effettive per evitare e, se del caso, sanzionare l’utilizzo abusivo di successioni di contratti di lavoro a tempo determinato, poiché in tal modo, ad avviso del presente Giudice e come già indicato, si eludono l’applicazione e l’attuazione degli obiettivi imposti dalla menzionata direttiva comunitaria. C_2019319SV. 01002201. xml 23. 9. 2019 SV Europeiska unionens officiella tidning C 319/22 Begäran om förhandsavgörande framställd av Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid (Spanien) den 11 februari 2019 — Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid y Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la CGT mot Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid (Mål C-103/19) (2019/C 319/24) Rättegångsspråk: spanska Hänskjutande domstol Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid Parter i det nationella målet Klagande: Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid y Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la C. G. T. Motpart: Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid Tolkningsfrågor 1. Är den lagstiftning som talan avser, det vill säga Consejero de Sanidads beslut 406/2017 av den 8 maj 2017, förenlig med det ramavtal som utgör bilaga till direktiv 1999/70/CE (1), närmare bestämt med klausul 5 och punkterna 6 och 8 i de allmänna övervägandena, samt med de parametrar som domstolen (tionde avdelningen) slog fast i sin dom av den 14 september 2016 (ECLI:EU:C:2016:679), i en situation i vilken visstidsutnämningar inom den offentliga vården successivt har förnyats med stöd av nationella bestämmelser som tillät förnyelse för att tillgodose och säkerställa tillfälliga, konjunkturbetingade eller extraordinära behov, när detta i själva verket skett för att tillgodose permanenta och varaktiga behov, och beslutet föreskriver en omvandling av anställningsformen för 9 126 tjänster, där extraanställda övergår till att bli vikarier och där dessa tjänster därefter utlyses offentligt och de tillfälligt anställda arbetstagarnas anställningar upphör? 2. Är det korrekt att, såsom den hänskjutande domstolen har gjort, tolka det sätt att tillämpa artikel 9. 3 i ramavtalet som beskrivs och används i Consejero de Sanidads beslut 406/2017 av den 8 maj 2017 så, att det inte är förenligt med klausul 5, punkterna 6 och 8 i de allmänna övervägandena eller med de parametrar som domstolen (tionde avdelningen) slog fast i sin dom av den 14 september 2016 (ECLI:EU:C:2016:679), eftersom detta beslut, efter det att tidsbegränsade anställningar har missbrukats för att tillgodose permanenta behov och de strukturella bristerna har erkänts, medger att detta missbruk aldrig beivras, vilket innebär att direktivets mål åsidosätts och den ogynnsamma situationen för tidsbegränsat anställda som omfattas av tjänsteföreskrifter upprätthålls? 3. Är det korrekt att, såsom den hänskjutande domstolen har gjort, tolka klausul 5, punkterna 6 och 8 i de allmänna övervägandena och de parametrar som domstolen (tionde avdelningen) slog fast i sin dom av den 14 september 2016 (ECLI:EU:C:2016:679) på det sätt som framgår av förevarande beslut, och som innebär att Consejero de Sanidads beslut 406/2017 av den 8 maj 2017 inte kan anses vara förenligt med artikel 2 första stycket i direktiv 1999/70, i den mån som spanska staten inte garanterar de resultat som föreskrivs i direktivet, eftersom beslutet innebär att arbetstagarna vid missbruk av tidsbegränsade anställningar inte erbjuds några effektiva och likvärdiga garantier för skydd för att på lämpligt sätt beivra missbruket och undanröja konsekvenserna av åsidosättandet av unionsrätten, samt att missbruket inte beivras, vilket innebär att direktivet inte tillämpas inom hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn? 4. Med beaktande av att den nationella lagstiftningen helt förbjuder att på varandra följande visstidsanställningar inom den offentliga sektorn omvandlas till tillsvidareanställningar eller att en arbetstagare som utsatts för missbruk erbjuds fast anställning, samt med beaktande av att det i den nationella lagstiftningen inte finns någon annan effektiv åtgärd för att förhindra och i förekommande fall beivra missbruk av visstidsanställningar, är det korrekt att tolka Consejero de Sanidads beslut 406/2017 av den 8 maj 2017 (i vilken artikel 9. 3 i ramavtalet försenat tillämpas), och det efterföljande urvalsförfarandet i fri konkurrens så, som den hänskjutande domstolen har gjort, att de inte kan anses vara effektiva åtgärder för att förhindra, och i förekommande fall beivra, missbruk av på varandra följande visstidsanställningar, eftersom det enligt den hänskjutande domstolens uppfattning, innebär att man undviker att tillämpa direktivet och att uppfylla dess mål? 5. Consejero de Sanidads beslut 406/2017 av den 8 maj 2017 omfattar enbart extraanställda arbetstagare och, vad gäller övriga tillfälligt anställda arbetstagare, vilka det fanns ett stort antal av under den tid som bestämmelserna avser, undersöker myndigheterna inte orsakerna till det för att ta ställning till om en fast tjänst bör inrättas inom personalstyrkan. Detta medför att arbetstagarnas otrygga anställningsförhållanden permanentas och att detta missbruk inte beivras, samt att det inte tillämpas några åtgärder som erbjuder garantier för deras skydd, varken effektiva eller likvärdiga, i syfte att på lämpligt vis beivra detta missbruk och undanröja konsekvenserna av åsidosättandet av unionsrätten. C_2019319PL. 01002201. xml 23. 9. 2019 PL Dziennik Urzędowy Unii Europejskiej C 319/22 Wniosek o wydanie orzeczenia w trybie prejudycjalnym złożony przez Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid (Hiszpania) w dniu 11 lutego 2019 r. — Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid y Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la CGT/Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid (Sprawa C-103/19) (2019/C 319/24) Język postępowania: hiszpański Sąd odsyłający Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid Strony w postępowaniu głównym Strona skarżąca: Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid i Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la C. G. T. Strona pozwana: Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid Pytania prejudycjalne 1) Czy będące przedmiotem skargi uregulowanie zawarte w zarządzeniu nr 406/2017 ministra zdrowia wspólnoty autonomicznej Madrytu z dnia 8 maja 2017 r. , na podstawie którego po odnowieniu powołania na czas określony w publicznym sektorze ochrony zdrowia, które to powołania dokonywane są na podstawie przepisów prawa krajowego zezwalających na odnowienie powołania w celu zapewnienia świadczenia usług o charakterze tymczasowym, koniunkturalnym lub nadzwyczajnym, podczas gdy w rzeczywistości służą one zaspokajaniu stałych i nieprzerwanych potrzeb, ma miejsce przekształcenie charakteru prawnego 9 126 stanowisk pracy z pracownika zatrudnionego na czas określony w celu wykonywania prac doraźnych na pracownika tymczasowego, zaś jego celem jest włączenie tych stanowisk pracy do Oferta Pública de Empleo [publicznej oferty zatrudnienia] i w rezultacie zaprzestanie zatrudniania pracownika na czas określony, jest zgodne z porozumieniem ramowym stanowiącym załącznik do dyrektywy 99/70/WE (1), a dokładnie z klauzulą 5 porozumienia ramowego, pkt 6 i 8 [postanowień ogólnych] porozumienia ramowego oraz ich wykładnią zawartą w wyroku Trybunału Sprawiedliwości (dziesiąta izba) z dnia 14 września 2016 r. , EU:C:2016:679? 2) Czy prawidłowa jest dokonana przez tutejszy sąd wykładnia, zgodnie z którą zasady stosowania wskazane w art. 9 ust. 3 statutu ramowego w przypadku zarządzenia nr 406/2017 ministra zdrowia wspólnoty autonomicznej Madrytu z dnia 8 maja 2017 r. nie są zgodne z klauzulą 5 porozumienia ramowego, pkt 6 i 8 [postanowień ogólnych] porozumienia ramowego oraz ich wykładnią zawartą w wyroku Trybunału (dziesiąta izba) z dnia 14 września 2016 r. , EU:C:2016:679, ponieważ po dokonaniu nadużycia stosowania zatrudnienia na czas określony w celu zaspokojenia stałych potrzeb i powstaniu nieprawidłowości strukturalnych pozwalają one na to, aby nadużycie to nigdy nie zostało ukarane, co narusza cele dyrektywy i utrwala niekorzystną sytuację pracowników statutowych zatrudnionych na czas określony? 3) Czy prawidłowa jest dokonana przez tutejszy sąd i zawarta w niniejszym postanowieniu wykładnia klauzuli 5 porozumienia ramowego, pkt 6 i 8 [postanowień ogólnych] porozumienia ramowego oraz ich wykładni zawartej w wyroku Trybunału (dziesiąta izba) z dnia 14 września 2016 r. , EU:C:2016:679, która prowadzi do wniosku, że zarządzenie nr 406/2017 ministra zdrowia wspólnoty autonomicznej Madrytu z dnia 8 maja 2017 r. nie jest zgodne z art. 2 akapit pierwszy dyrektywy 99/70 w zakresie, w jakim państwo hiszpańskie nie zapewnia realizacji celów określonych w tej dyrektywie, ponieważ w przypadku dokonania nadużycia stosowania umów na czas określony nie zapewnia skutecznych i równorzędnych gwarancji ochrony pracowników służących odpowiedniemu ukaraniu za wspomniane nadużycie i usunięciu skutków naruszenia prawa Unii, pozostawia dokonane nadużycie bez kary, a w rezultacie dopuszcza do tego, aby dyrektywa wspólnotowa nie była stosowana w sektorze ochrony zdrowia? 4) Biorąc pod uwagę, że uregulowanie krajowe całkowicie wyklucza możliwość dokonania w sektorze publicznym przekształcenia kolejnych umów o pracę na czas określony w umowę o pracę na czas nieokreślony lub zapewnienia stałego zatrudnienia pracownikowi będącemu ofiarą nadużycia, a także iż uregulowanie krajowe nie zapewnia innego skutecznego środka służącego ochronie, a w razie dokonania nadużycia sankcjonującego zawieranie z nadużyciem prawa kolejnych umów o pracę na czas określony, czy należy rozumieć, jak czyni to sąd, że zarządzenie nr 406/2017 ministra zdrowia wspólnoty autonomicznej Madrytu z dnia 8 maja 2017 r. (stosujące z opóźnieniem art. 9 ust. 3 porozumienia [statutu] ramowego) oraz późniejszy proces selekcji w ramach wolnej konkurencji nie mogą zostać uznane za skuteczne środki służące ochronie, a w razie dokonania nadużycia sankcjonujące zawieranie z nadużyciem prawa kolejnych umów o pracę na czas określony, ponieważ w ten sposób, jak uważa i co przywołuje tutejszy sąd, obchodzi się stosowanie dyrektywy i uniemożliwia osiągnięcie celów wymaganych przez dyrektywę wspólnotową? 5) Czy należy przyjąć, że wymogi zawarte w treści wyroku Trybunału Sprawiedliwości (dziesiąta izba) z dnia 14 września 2016 r. , EU:C:2016:679, nie zostały spełnione w zakresie, w jakim z naruszeniem [dyrektywy 99/70] zarządzenie nr 406/2017 ministra zdrowia wspólnoty autonomicznej Madrytu z dnia 8 maja 2017 r. C_2019319HR. 01002201. xml 23. 9. 2019 HR Službeni list Europske unije C 319/22 Zahtjev za prethodnu odluku koji je 11. veljače 2019. uputio Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid (Španjolska) — Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid i Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la CGT protiv Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid (predmet C-103/19) (2019/C 319/24) Jezik postupka: španjolski Sud koji je uputio zahtjev Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid Stranke glavnog postupka Tužitelji: Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid i Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la C. G. T. Tuženik: Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid Prethodna pitanja 1. Je li propis koji je predmet tužbe, odnosno Odluka ministra zdravstva 406/2017 od 8. svibnja, i u kojem se, nakon uzastopnih obnavljanja ugovora o radu na određeno vrijeme u sektoru javnog zdravstva na temelju odredbi nacionalnog prava koja ta obnavljanja dopuštaju kako bi se obuhvatilo i osiguralo pružanje usluga privremene, povremene ili izvanredne prirode, kada su se njima zapravo ispunjavale trajne i stalne potrebe, utvrđuje instrument kojim se mijenja priroda 9 126 radnih mjesta, pri čemu povremeni javni službenik postaje privremeni javni službenik, s ciljem da se ta radna mjesta uključe u popis slobodnih radnih mjesta u javnom sektoru i da prestane obavljanje funkcija radnika zaposlenih na određeno vrijeme, u skladu s Okvirnim sporazumom priloženim Direktivi 1999/70/EZ (1), konkretno njegovim člankom 5. točkama 6. i 8. , te samim parametrima utvrđenim u presudi Suda (deseto vijeće) od 14. rujna 2016. , ECLI:EU:C:2016:679? 2. Je li pravilno tumačenje ovog suda prema kojem način primjene članka 9. stavka 3. Estatuta Marco (Okvirni propis), kako je opisan u Odluci ministra zdravstva 406/2017 od 8. svibnja, nije u skladu s člankom 5. točkama 6. i 8. Okvirnog sporazuma ni samim parametrima utvrđenim u presudi Suda (deseto vijeće) od 14. rujna 2016. , ECLI:EU:C:2016:679, jer takva primjena omogućava da se za zlouporabu zapošljavanja na određeno vrijeme radi ispunjavanja trajnih potreba i priznati nedostatak u sustavu nikada ne izreknu kazne, što je protivno ciljevima Direktive i dovodi do zadržavanja nepovoljnog položaja javnih službenika zaposlenih na određeno vrijeme? 3. Je li pravilno tumačenje ovog suda u pogledu članka 5. točaka 6. i 8. te samih parametara utvrđenih u presudi Suda (deseto vijeće) od 14. rujna 2016. , ECLI:EU:C:2016:679, koji su utvrđeni u ovom predmetu i dovode do zaključka da Odluka ministra zdravstva 406/2017 od 8. svibnja nije u skladu s člankom 2. prvim stavkom Direktive 1999/70 jer španjolska država njome ne jamči ostvarivanje rezultata predviđenih Direktivom, s obzirom na to da se pretpostavlja da, ako dođe do zlouporabe zapošljavanja na određeno vrijeme, ona ne daje učinkovita i istovjetna jamstva za zaštitu radnika radi pravilnog kažnjavanja navedene zlouporabe i poništavanja posljedica povrede prava Unije, jer ne kažnjava zlouporabu i dopušta da se Direktiva Zajednice ne primjenjuje na zdravstveni sektor? 4. Budući da je nacionalnim propisima u javnom sektoru u potpunosti zabranjeno uzastopne ugovore o radu na određeno vrijeme promijeniti u ugovore o radu na neodređeno vrijeme niti radnika koji je žrtva zlouporabe zaposliti na neodređeno vrijeme i da u tom nacionalnom propisu ne postoji druga učinkovita mjera za sprečavanje i, po potrebi, kažnjavanje zlouporabe uzastopnih ugovora o radu na određeno vrijeme, je li pravilno smatrati, kao što smatra ovaj sud, da se Odluka ministra zdravstva 406/2017 od 8. svibnja (nepravodobnom primjenom članka 9. stavka 3. Okvirnog sporazuma) i kasniji natječaj otvoren za sve građane ne mogu smatrati učinkovitim mjerama za sprečavanje i, po potrebi, kažnjavanje zlouporabe uzastopnih ugovora o radu na određeno vrijeme jer se time, smatra i ističe ovaj sud, izbjegavaju primjena i postizanje ciljeva propisanih samom Direktivom Zajednice? 5. Budući da je područje primjene Odluke ministra zdravstva 406/2017 od 8. svibnja ograničeno isključivo na povremene radnike, a u odnosu na ostale radnike na određeno vrijeme koji su vezani ugovorom zbog povećanja opsega posla, u trajanju utvrđenom nacionalnim pravilom, uprava nije ispitala razloge na kojima se to temelji kako bi, po potrebi, ocijenila treba li u plan radnih mjesta uključiti strukturno radno mjesto tako da je, u stvarnosti, situacija neizvjesnosti radnikâ trajna, jer se zlouporaba ne kažnjava niti se na te radnike primjenjuje ijedna mjera koja daje učinkovita ili istovjetna jamstva za zaštitu radi pravilnog kažnjavanja navedene zlouporabe i poništavanja posljedica povrede prava Unije. Treba li na temelju toga smatrati da se u ranije opisanoj situaciji i protivno pravilima Zajednice ne poštuju zahtjevi iz sadržaja presude Suda od 14. rujna 2016. , ECLI:EU:C:2016:679? (1) Direktiva Vijeća 1999/70/EZ od 28. lipnja 1999. o Okvirnom sporazumu o radu na određeno vrijeme koji su sklopili ETUC, UNICE i CEEP SL 1999. , L 175, str. 43. (SL, posebno izdanje na hrvatskom jeziku, poglavlje 5. , svezak 4. C_2019319EL. 01002201. xml 23. 9. 2019 EL Επίσημη Εφημερίδα της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης C 319/22 Αίτηση προδικαστικής αποφάσεως την οποία υπέβαλε το Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid (Ισπανία) στις 11 Φεβρουαρίου 2019 — Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid και Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la CGT κατά Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid (Υπόθεση C-103/19) (2019/C 319/24) Γλώσσα διαδικασίας: η ισπανική Αιτούν δικαστήριο Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid Διάδικοι στην υπόθεση της κύριας δίκης Προσφεύγοντα: Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid και Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la C. G. T. Καθού: Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid Προδικαστικά ερωτήματα 1) Συνάδει προς την προσαρτώμενη στην οδηγία 1999/70/ΕΚ (1), συμφωνία-πλαίσιο, συγκεκριμένα προς τη ρήτρα 5 και προς τα σημεία 6 και 8 των γενικών παρατηρήσεων, καθώς και προς τις παραμέτρους που θέτει η απόφαση C-16/15 του Δικαστηρίου (δέκατο τμήμα) της 14ης Σεπτεμβρίου 2016 (ECLI:EU:C:2016:679), η προσβαλλόμενη εν προκειμένω ρύθμιση, ήτοι η απόφαση 406/2017 του Υπουργού Υγείας, της 8ης Μαΐου, με την οποία, κατόπιν διαδοχικών ανανεώσεων διορισμών ορισμένου χρόνου στον κλάδο της δημόσιας υγείας, διορισμών εδραζόμενων σε διατάξεις του εθνικού δικαίου που επέτρεπαν την ανανέωσή τους για την κάλυψη και διασφάλιση υπηρεσιών προσωρινής, συγκυριακής ή έκτακτης φύσεως, ενώ στην πραγματικότητα με τους διορισμούς αυτούς καλύπτονταν πάγιες και διαρκείς ανάγκες, μεταβάλλεται η φύση 9 126 θέσεων, με αποτέλεσμα οι μετακλητοί δημόσιοι υπάλληλοι ορισμένου χρόνου να καθίστανται αναπληρωτές δημόσιοι υπάλληλοι ορισμένου χρόνου, η δε διαδικασία καταλήγει στην ένταξη των θέσεων αυτών σε πράξη προγραμματισμού θέσεων εργασίας στη Δημόσια Διοίκηση και στη συνακόλουθη απόλυση των εργαζομένων ορισμένου χρόνου; 2) Είναι ορθή η εκ μέρους του αιτούντος δικαστηρίου ερμηνεία ότι ο περιγραφόμενος τρόπος με τον οποίον η απόφαση 406/2017 του Υπουργού Υγείας, της 8ης Μαΐου, εφαρμόζει το άρθρο 9, παράγραφος 3, του γενικού κανονισμού δεν συνάδει προς τη ρήτρα 5 και τα σημεία 6 και 8 των γενικών παρατηρήσεων της προσαρτώμενης στην οδηγία 1999/70/ΕΚ συμφωνίας-πλαισίου ούτε προς τις παραμέτρους που θέτει η απόφαση C-16/15 του Δικαστηρίου (δέκατο τμήμα) της 14ης Σεπτεμβρίου 2016 (ECLI:EU:C:2016:679), καθόσον, ενώ έχει λάβει χώρα καταχρηστική σύναψη συμβάσεων εργασίας ορισμένου χρόνου για την κάλυψη παγίων αναγκών και έχουν αναγνωριστεί οι διαρθρωτικές ελλείψεις, επιτρέπεται να παραμείνει ατιμώρητη η κατάχρηση αυτή, κατά παράβαση των στόχων της οδηγίας και με αποτέλεσμα να διαιωνίζεται η δυσμενής κατάσταση των δημοσίων υπαλλήλων ορισμένου χρόνου; 3) Είναι ορθή η εκτιθέμενη στην παρούσα διάταξη ερμηνεία από το αιτούν δικαστήριο της ρήτρας 5 και των σημείων 6 και 8 των γενικών παρατηρήσεων της προσαρτώμενης στην οδηγία 1999/70/ΕΚ συμφωνίας-πλαισίου καθώς και των παραμέτρων που θέτει η απόφαση C-16/15 του Δικαστηρίου (δέκατο τμήμα) της 14ης Σεπτεμβρίου 2016 (ECLI:EU:C:2016:679), κατά την οποία η απόφαση 406/2017 του Υπουργού Υγείας, της 8ης Μαΐου, δεν συνάδει προς το άρθρο 2, πρώτο εδάφιο, της οδηγίας 1990/70 στον βαθμό κατά τον οποίο το ισπανικό κράτος δεν εγγυάται την επίτευξη των αποτελεσμάτων που επιβάλλει η οδηγία, καθόσον κρίνεται ότι, ενώ έχει λάβει χώρα καταχρηστική σύναψη συμβάσεων εργασίας ορισμένου χρόνου, δεν παρέχονται στους εργαζομένους αποτελεσματικές και ισοδύναμες εγγυήσεις προστασίας ώστε να τιμωρηθεί δεόντως η εν λόγω κατάχρηση και να εξαλειφθούν οι συνέπειες της παραβάσεως του δικαίου της Ένωσης, δεν τιμωρείται η κατάχρηση και, ως εκ τούτου, επιτρέπεται η μη εφαρμογή στον κλάδο της υγείας της κοινοτικής οδηγίας; 4) Δεδομένου ότι η εθνική νομοθεσία απαγορεύει απολύτως, όσον αφορά τον δημόσιο τομέα, τη μετατροπή σε σύμβαση εργασίας αορίστου χρόνου μιας σειράς διαδοχικών συμβάσεων εργασίας ορισμένου χρόνου ή τη μονιμοποίηση του εργαζομένου που έχει αποτελέσει θύμα καταχρήσεως και δεδομένου ότι δεν υφίσταται στην ως άνω εθνική νομοθεσία άλλο αποτελεσματικό μέτρο προς αποτροπή της καταχρηστικής χρησιμοποίησης διαδοχικών συμβάσεων εργασίας ορισμένου χρόνου και, ενδεχομένως, προς επιβολή κυρώσεων για την εν λόγω καταχρηστική χρησιμοποίηση, είναι ορθή η ερμηνεία του αιτούντος δικαστηρίου κατά την οποία η απόφαση 406/2017 του Υπουργού Υγείας, της 8ης Μαΐου (με την οποία εφαρμόζεται καθυστερημένα το άρθρο 9, παράγραφος 3, του γενικού κανονισμού) και ο μεταγενέστερος ελεύθερος γενικός διαγωνισμός δεν μπορούν να θεωρηθούν αποτελεσματικά μέτρα προς αποτροπή της καταχρηστικής χρησιμοποίησης διαδοχικών συμβάσεων εργασίας ορισμένου χρόνου και, ενδεχομένως, προς επιβολή κυρώσεων για την εν λόγω καταχρηστική χρησιμοποίηση, καθόσον κατ’ αυτόν τον τρόπο, όπως εκτιμά και επισημαίνει το αιτούν δικαστήριο, παρακάμπτεται η εφαρμογή και εκπλήρωση των σκοπών της κοινοτικής οδηγίας; 5) Η απόφαση 406/2017 του Υπουργού Υγείας, της 8ης Μαΐου, περιορίζει το πεδίο εφαρμογής της αποκλειστικά στους μετακλητούς δημοσίους υπαλλήλους, όσον δε αφορά τους λοιπούς εργαζομένους ορισμένου χρόνου με υπερβολικά μακρά διάρκεια απασχολήσεως η Διοίκηση δεν εξετάζει, εντός των προβλεπομένων από την εθνική νομοθεσία προθεσμιών, τους λόγους για την παρατεταμένη αυτή διάρκεια προκειμένου να αξιολογήσει την ενδεχόμενη ανάγκη δημιουργίας οργανικών θέσεων, κατά τρόπον ώστε, στην πραγματικότητα, η κατάσταση επισφάλειας των εργαζομένων να καθίσταται μόνιμη, η κατάχρηση αυτή να παραμένει ατιμώρητη και να μην παρέχονται στους εργαζομένους αυτούς ούτε αποτελεσματικές ούτε ισοδύναμες εγγυήσεις προστασίας προκειμένου να τιμωρηθεί δεόντως η εν λόγω κατάχρηση και να εξαλειφθούν οι συνέπειες της παραβάσεως του δικαίου της Ένωσης. C_2019319NL. 01002201. xml 23. 9. 2019 NL Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie C 319/22 Verzoek om een prejudiciële beslissing ingediend door de Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo n. o 24 de Madrid (Spanje) op 11 februari 2019 — Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid en Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la CGT/Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid (Zaak C-103/19) (2019/C 319/24) Procestaal: Spaans Verwijzende rechter Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo n. o 24 de Madrid Partijen in het hoofdgeding Verzoekende partijen: Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid en Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la CGT Verwerende partij: Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid Prejudiciële vragen 1) Is litigieus besluit 406/2017 van de minister van volksgezondheid van 8 mei 2017, waarbij — na de verlenging van opeenvolgende aanstellingen voor bepaalde tijd in de openbare gezondheidszorg overeenkomstig nationale wettelijke bepalingen op grond waarvan verlenging mogelijk is om bepaalde werkzaamheden van tijdelijke, conjuncturele of buitengewone aard te verrichten, terwijl het in werkelijkheid ging om permanente en blijvende behoeften, — de aard van 9 126 arbeidsplaatsen is omgezet van aanstellingen van tijdelijk personeel op oproepbasis in aanstellingen van tijdelijk personeel ad interim teneinde die arbeidsplaatsen op te nemen in overheidsvacatures met als gevolg het ontslag van de tijdelijke werknemer, in overeenstemming met de raamovereenkomst in bijlage bij richtlijn 1999/70/EG (1), meer bepaald clausule 5, de doelstellingen in de punten 6 en 8 ervan en de in het arrest ECLI:EU:C:2016:679 van het Hof van Justitie (Tiende kamer) van 14 september 2016 vastgestelde criteria? 2) Is de verwijzende rechter terecht van oordeel dat de wijze waarop besluit 406/2017 van de minister van volksgezondheid van 8 mei 2017 artikel 9, lid 3, van het kaderstatuut beschrijft en toepast, niet in overeenstemming is met clausule 5 van de raamovereenkomst, met de doelstellingen in de punten 6 en 8 ervan en met de in het arrest ECL1:EU:C:2016:679 van het Hof van Justitie (Tiende kamer) van 14 september 2016 vastgestelde criteria, gelet op het feit dat dit besluit het na het misbruik bestaande in tijdelijke aanwerving om in permanente behoeften te voorzien en na de erkenning van het structurele tekort mogelijk maakt dat dit misbruik nooit wordt bestraft, waardoor de doelstellingen van de richtlijn worden geschonden en de ongunstige situatie van tijdelijk statutair personeel in stand wordt gehouden? 3) Is de uitlegging door de verwijzende rechter, zoals uiteengezet in deze verwijzingsbeslissing, van clausule 5 van de raamovereenkomst, van de doelstellingen in de punten 6 en 8 ervan en van de in het arrest ECLI:EU:C:2016:679 van het Hof van Justitie (Tiende kamer) van 14 september 2016 vastgestelde criteria, juist voor zover wordt geoordeeld dat besluit 406/2017 van de minister van volksgezondheid van 8 mei 2017 niet in overeenstemming is met artikel 2, eerste alinea, van richtlijn 1999/70, daar de Spaanse Staat de in de richtlijn bepaalde resultaten niet garandeert omdat er na het misbruik bestaande in de aanwerving voor bepaalde tijd geen effectieve en gelijkwaardige beschermingsgaranties aan de werknemers worden geboden om een dergelijk misbruik naar behoren te bestraffen en de gevolgen van de schending van het Unierecht ongedaan te maken, het misbruik onbestraft blijft en het dus mogelijk wordt gemaakt dat de EG-richtlijn niet wordt toegepast in de gezondheidssector? 4) Daar de nationale regeling absoluut verbiedt dat in de overheidssector opeenvolgende arbeidsovereenkomsten voor bepaalde tijd worden omgezet in een arbeidsovereenkomst voor onbepaalde tijd of dat de werknemer die het slachtoffer is van misbruik vast wordt aangesteld en zij evenmin een andere effectieve maatregel bevat waarmee misbruik als gevolg van het gebruik van opeenvolgende arbeidsovereenkomsten voor bepaalde tijd kan worden voorkomen en, in voorkomend geval, bestraft, mag worden aangenomen dat besluit 406/2017 van de minister van volksgezondheid van 8 mei 2017 (waarbij artikel 9, lid 3, van het kaderstatuut te laat wordt uitgevoerd) en de daaropvolgende, op mededinging gebaseerde selectieprocedure niet kunnen worden beschouwd als effectieve maatregelen waarmee misbruik als gevolg van het gebruik van opeenvolgende arbeidsovereenkomsten voor bepaalde tijd kan worden voorkomen en, in voorkomend geval, bestraft, omdat hierdoor de toepassing en de naleving van de in de EG-richtlijn vastgestelde doelstellingen worden omzeild, zoals de verwijzende rechter reeds heeft uiteengezet? 5) Besluit 406/2017 van de minister van volksgezondheid van 8 mei 2017 is uitsluitend van toepassing op werknemers op oproepbasis en de overheid onderzoekt wat betreft de overige tijdelijke werknemers die te lang aan de overheid gebonden zijn, de oorzaken hiervan niet binnen de in de nationale regeling vastgestelde termijnen om in voorkomend geval te beoordelen of de personeelsformatie moet worden uitgebreid met een structurele arbeidsplaats, zodat de precaire situatie van deze werknemers in werkelijkheid blijft bestaan, dit misbruik niet wordt bestraft en evenmin enige maatregel wordt toegepast die effectieve of gelijkwaardige beschermingsgaranties biedt om dat misbruik naar behoren te bestraffen en de gevolgen van de schending van het Unierecht ongedaan te maken. C_2019319PT. 01002201. xml 23. 9. 2019 PT Jornal Oficial da União Europeia C 319/22 Pedido de decisão prejudicial apresentado pelo Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo n. o 24 de Madrid (Espanha) em 11 de fevereiro de 2019 — Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid e Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la CGT/Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid (Processo C-103/19) (2019/C 319/24) Língua do processo: espanhol Órgão jurisdicional de reenvio Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo n. o 24 de Madrid Partes no processo principal Autores: Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid e Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la C. G. T Demandada: Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid Questões prejudiciais 1) É conforme com o Acordo-Quadro anexo à Diretiva 1999/70/CE (1), concretamente com o seu artigo 5. o, os n. os 6 e 8 das suas considerações gerais e os próprios parâmetros estabelecidos no Acórdão do Tribunal de Justiça (Décima Secção) de 14 de setembro de 2016, Pérez López, C-16/15, ECLI:EU:C:2016:679, a legislação objeto de recurso, a Orden 406/2017, de 8 de mayo, del Consejero de Sanidad, que, após a renovação de nomeações a termo certo sucessivas no setor público da saúde, nomeações essas assentes em disposições de direito nacional que permitiam renovações para cobrir e garantir serviços de natureza temporária, conjuntural ou extraordinária, quando, na realidade, as referidas necessidades eram permanentes e duradouras, determina a conversão de 9 126 postos de trabalho, passando o trabalhador recrutado a título temporário e eventual a trabalhador recrutado a título temporário e interino, resultando esse procedimento na integração desses postos de trabalho numa Oferta de Emprego Público e, concomitantemente, na cessação de funções do trabalhador recrutado a título temporário? 2) É correta a interpretação, deste tribunal, de que o modo de aplicação do artigo 9. o, n. o 3, da Lei do enquadramento jurídico do «pessoal estatutário» dos serviços de saúde ora descrita, efetuada pela Orden 406/2017, de 8 de mayo, del Consejero de Sanidad, não é conforme com o artigo 5. o [do Acordo-Quadro], com os n. os 6 e 8 das suas considerações gerais, nem com os próprios parâmetros estabelecidos no Acórdão do Tribunal de Justiça (Décima Secção) de 14 de setembro de 2016, Pérez López, C-16/15, ECLI:EU:C:2016:679, uma vez que, após o abuso na contratação a termo para satisfazer necessidades permanentes, e uma vez reconhecido o problema estrutural, permite que este abuso nunca seja punido, com incumprimento dos objetivos da diretiva e perpetuando-se a situação desfavorável dos trabalhadores «estatutários» recrutados a título temporário? 3) É correta a interpretação que este tribunal faz, no presente despacho, do artigo 5. o [do Acordo-Quadro], dos n. os 6 e 8, das suas considerações gerais e dos próprios parâmetros estabelecidos no Acórdão do Tribunal de Justiça (Décima Secção) de 14 de setembro de 2016, Pérez López, C-16/15, ECLI:EU:C:2016:679, no sentido de que a Orden 406/2017, de 8 de mayo, del Consejero de Sanidad, não respeita o artigo 2. o, primeiro parágrafo, da Diretiva 1999/70, porquanto o Estado Espanhol não garante os resultados impostos na diretiva, já que dele decorre que, uma vez ocorrido um abuso na contratação a termo e não sendo apresentadas garantias efetivas e equivalentes de proteção dos trabalhadores para punir devidamente esse abuso e eliminar as consequências da violação do direito da União, deixa por punir esse abuso, permitindo que a diretiva da União não seja aplicada no setor da saúde? 4) Uma vez que a legislação nacional proíbe de modo absoluto, no setor público, a conversão em contrato de trabalho sem termo de uma sucessão de contratos de trabalho a termo, ou que seja dado um vínculo permanente ao trabalhador vítima de abuso, e que não existe, nessa legislação nacional, outra medida efetiva para evitar e, se for caso disso, punir a utilização abusiva de sucessivos contratos de trabalho a termo, é correto entender, como faz este tribunal, que a Orden 406/2017, de 8 de mayo, del Consejero de Sanidad (aplicando tardiamente o artigo 9. o, n. o 3, do [«Estatuto-Quadro» (Ley 55/2003, de 16 de diciembre, del Estatuto Marco del personal estatutario de los servicios de salud) (Lei n. C_2019319DA. 01002201. xml 23. 9. 2019 DA Den Europæiske Unions Tidende C 319/22 Anmodning om præjudiciel afgørelse indgivet af Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid (Spanien) den 11. februar 2019 — Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid og Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la CGT mod Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid (Sag C-103/19) (2019/C 319/24) Processprog: spansk Den forelæggende ret Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo no 24 de Madrid Parter i hovedsagen Sagsøgere: Sindicato Único de Sanidad e Higiene de la Comunidad de Madrid og Sindicato de Sanidad de Madrid de la C. G. T. Sagsøgt: Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid Præjudicielle spørgsmål 1) Er den her omhandlede lovgivning, sundhedsministeriets bekendtgørelse 406/2017 af 8. maj 2017, som — efter en fornyelse af på hinanden følgende tidsbegrænsede ansættelseskontrakter inden for den offentlige sundhedssektor, hvilke ansættelseskontrakter støtter sig på bestemmelser i national ret, som tillader fornyelser med henblik på at dække og sikre tjenesteydelser af midlertidig, konjunkturbestemt eller ekstraordinær art, når det i virkeligheden forholdt sig sådan, at disse ansættelseskontrakter blev anvendt til konstant at dække permanente behov — iværksætter en foranstaltning i form af en ændring af karakteren af 9 126 stillinger, hvorved arbejdstageren konverteres fra midlertidigt hjælpepersonale til midlertidig vikar, idet målet med denne proces er, at disse stillinger omfattes af et offentligt udbud af stillinger, hvorved den midlertidige arbejdstagers stilling bringes til ophør, forenelig med rammeaftalen, der er optaget som bilag til direktiv 1999/70/EF (1), nærmere bestemt § 5 og punkt 6 og 8 i de generelle betragtninger hertil, og de kriterier, der er opstillet i Domstolens dom (Tiende Afdeling) ECLI:EU:C:2016:679 af 14. september 2016? 2) Har den forelæggende ret anlagt en korrekt fortolkning, idet retten er af den opfattelse, at den form for gennemførelse, der er beskrevet i og følger af rammevedtægtens artikel 9, stk. 3, ved sundhedsministeriets bekendtgørelse 406/2017 af 8. maj 2017, hverken er i overensstemmelse med rammeaftalens § 5 og punkt 6 og 8 i de generelle betragtninger hertil, eller de kriterier, der er opstillet i Domstolens dom (Tiende Afdeling) ECLI:EU:C:2016:679 af 14. | 0.125067 | -0.742279 | 548 | 2,120 | 39 | 39 | Judicial Appeals | false |
99,991 | 3216433_2 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Further, the majority’s reliance on Gallus v. Alexander, 371 Ark. 106, 263 S.W.3d
494 (2007), for the proposition that the issue of standing raised by an appellee is not
preserved for appeal in the absence of a cross-appeal is clearly misplaced. In the first place,
Arnold v. State, supra, a 2011 case, effectively overruled Gallus, a 2007 case, albeit sub
silencio. Likewise, the previously mentioned right-for-any-reason cases show that this
court’s practice of affirming the circuit court on an alternative basis is still valid. Finally,
Gallus’s legal underpinning does not support the proposition that the majority cites it for.
The Gallus court purports to rely on Lawson v. City of Mammoth Spring, 287 Ark. 12, 696
S.W.2d 712 (1985), for the proposition that a cross-appeal was required before this court
can consider an appellee’s argument concerning standing. The Lawson court made no such
holding. It merely recited that the City of Mammoth Spring had filed a cross-appeal, which
it rejected; it never stated that filing a cross-appeal was mandatory.
Standing is determined from the pleadings. See Reynolds v. Guardianship of Sears, 327
Ark. 770, 940 S.W.2d 483 (1997). Here, the first amended complaint recited only that
Judges Landers, Guthrie, and Johnson were of the age that would be affected by Arkansas
Code Annotated sections 24-8-215(c) and 24-8-710(b), and they and would “like” to seek
reelection. It further noted that Judge Looney “would have liked to seek reelection but
chose not to do so.”
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At the hearing on the appellants’ petition, no evidence was taken. I am mindful that,
in arguing the case, appellants’ counsel did mention that Judge Landers
has filed for reelection, he is unopposed, so if somebody votes for the unopposed
slate of candidates, he wins, he’s in. And he would take office, I guess, a new term
in January of 2017. So, I mean certainly I think he has standing.
He did not move to amend the pleadings or ask the trial court to take judicial notice of the
fact that Judge Landers was eligible to take office if he chose to forfeit his retirement benefits.
However, even assuming that he had, whether Judge Landers chooses to accept another
term over his retirement benefits is still “merely possible, speculative, contingent, or remote”
which cannot provide the necessary factual predicate for the grant of a declaratory judgment.
See Nelson v. Ark. Rural Med. Practice Loan & Scholarship Bd., supra.
I would dismiss this case because the litigants lacked standing.
HOWARD W. BRILL, Chief Justice, dissenting.
When you are old and gray and full of sleep,
And nodding by the fire, take down this book,
And slowly read, and dream of the soft look,
Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep . ..
William Butler Yeats, “When You Are Old,” lines 1–4.
I write a separate dissent to express other reasons why Arkansas Code Annotated
section 24-8-710 (Repl. 2014) is invalid. Quoting from Duncan v. Malcomb, 234 Ark. 146,
148, 351 S.W.2d 419, 420 (1961), this court stated, “Of course, it is elementary that equity
abhors forfeitures.” This well-established maxim, although first developed in the area of
creditors and mortgages, more broadly expresses fundamental principles of fairness that are
applicable in the instant case.
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Judge Landers graduated from law school and was admitted to the practice of law in
1971. He was elected as a circuit judge for the Thirteenth Circuit in 2004 and assumed the
bench in January 2005. He was reelected to the bench in 2010. In March 2016, the voters
of Calhoun, Cleveland, Columbia, Dallas, Ouachita, and Union Counties elected Judge
Landers to another six-year term as circuit judge. The Arkansas Judicial Retirement System
and its board of trustees state that Judge Landers has on January 2, 2017 a simple choice:
assume the bench and forfeit his pension or leave the bench and keep his full pension.
However, such an option is not a simple choice; it is a false choice. It is the classic Hobson’s
choice. In other words, it is not a real choice.
The statute mandating the forfeiture of judicial-retirement benefits, found at
Arkansas Code Annotated section 24-8-710, provides as follows:
(a) Any member who has a minimum of twenty (20) years of actual
service may retire regardless of age, and any judge or justice who has served
at least eight (8) years shall be eligible for benefits upon reaching age sixty-
five (65).
(b)(1) Any judge or justice who becomes seventy (70) years of age
during a term of office to which he or she has been elected may complete the
term without forfeiting his or her rights to retirement benefits under this
section.
(2)(A) Any judge or justice who is not eligible to retire at age seventy
(70) may continue to serve as judge or justice until the completion of the term
of office in which he or she has sufficient service to retire without losing his
or her retirement benefits.
(B) The judge or justice shall lose all retirement benefits if he or she
serves beyond the end of the term needed to get sufficient service to retire.
(3)(A) Otherwise, judges or justices must retire by their seventieth
birthday or lose their retirement benefits.
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(B) However, any active judge or justice who was serving prior to July
1, 1965, may continue to serve until any age and upon retirement shall be
eligible to receive retirement benefits.
Under this judicial-retirement statute, Judge Landers’s pension vested when he
turned sixty-five years of age. That pension was based on his mandatory contributions and
additional contributions from the state’s fiscal resources. If he had retired or left the bench,
he would have received the pension that he had earned.
In this case, the record indicates that never has a judge elected to forfeit the pension
and continue on the bench. Instead, some have retired; some have gone back into the
practice of law; some have become district judges. The reality of the judicial-retirement
system reveals the flawed nature of the false choice. The result is confiscatory. It harshly
penalizes those judges who wish to exercise their right to run for office again and to continue
to serve.
The majority suggests several reasons that the legislature might have considered in
adopting this retirement penalty. It suggests that the legislature might have intended to open
judicial positions to younger lawyers. However, the legislature did not set a general age limit
of sixty or sixty-five or seventy or seventy-five to serve. The majority suggests that the
legislature might have intended to keep “senile” judges, those over seventy, off the bench.
But the legislature did not adopt a competency test. Finally, the majority suggests that the
legislature might be troubled by the continued physical ability of judges to serve. But the
legislature did not adopt a physical test, similar to those for firefighters, police officers, and
military personnel.
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Most significantly, methods are in place to deal with judges who are mentally or
physically unable to carry on their duties. In 1988, the people adopted Amendment 66,
which created the independent Judicial Discipline and Disability Commission. The
Commission may investigate whether a judge has a mental or physical disability that prevents
the proper performance of judicial duties. Under the Constitution and the implementing
statutes, Arkansas Code Annotated 16-10-401 to -411 (Repl. 2010), the Commission may
recommend to this court that a judge “be retired.” In addition, with the goal of assisting
lawyers and judges at an earlier stage, in 2000 the Arkansas Supreme Court created the
Arkansas Lawyer Assistance Program (ALAP), now known as Judges and Lawyer Assistance
Program (JLAP). See In Re: Establishment of the Arkansas Lawyer Assistance Program, 343 Ark.
App’x 780 (2000). (per curiam). With assured confidentiality, it provides immediate and
continuing help to judges who suffer from physical or mental disabilities that result from
disease, age, or other factors that impair their ability to serve.
In reality, these statutory provisions serve to punish judges who wish to continue on
the bench. Thus, for the foregoing reasons, I would hold that Arkansas Code Annotated
section 24-8-710 is an impermissible forfeiture and a unconstitutional requirement for
judges. I would urge the legislature to find a more appropriate way, within the constitutional
guidelines, to assure a judiciary with the requisite qualifications.
As for Judge Landers, when he is old and gray and full of sleep, and nodding by the
fire, he can take down the decision of this court, and slowly read how he was forced to
leave the bench and how the wishes of the citizens of six Arkansas counties were ignored.
DANIELSON, J., joins.
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PAUL E. DANIELSON, Justice, dissenting. The General Assembly has declared
that it is the public policy of this state to provide retirement benefits to its judges in order
to “attract and retain highly capable members of the legal profession for service in the state
judiciary.” Ark. Code Ann. § 24-8-201 (Repl. 2014). The forfeiture provisions at issue in
this case—Arkansas Code Annotated sections 24-8-215(c) and 24-8-710(b) (Repl. 2014)—
achieve the exact opposite result. For all practical purposes, they guarantee the departure
of the most experienced and seasoned members of the Arkansas judiciary—including, of
course, the esteemed circuit judges who are the appellants in this case, three of whom were
recently reelected by the voters in their districts and now face essentially forced retirement
because the General Assembly believes it knows better than the voters. The forfeiture
provisions accomplish this goal in a way that offends the Arkansas Constitution and the
principle of equal protection. Accordingly, I dissent.
First, the majority correctly notes that, where the constitution itself prescribes in
detail the qualifications for office, the General Assembly may not add to or diminish them.
See, e.g., Mississippi Cty. v. Green, 200 Ark. 204, 138 S.W.2d 377 (1940). Regulation on
the subject inserted into the constitution operates as an implied restriction on the power of
the legislature to impose additional qualifications. See id. Stated simply, “[w]here specific
qualifications for office are listed in both the Arkansas Constitution and a statute, the
constitution controls and voids the statute.” Daniels v. Dennis, 365 Ark. 338, 340, 229
S.W.3d 880, 882 (2006). The majority likewise acknowledges that the General Assembly
cannot do indirectly what the constitution prohibits it from doing directly. See, e.g., Gravett
v. Villines, 314 Ark. 320, 862 S.W.2d 260 (1993); Cragar v. Thompson, 212 Ark. 178, 205
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S.W.2d 180 (1947). However, the majority fails to apply this principle and erroneously
concludes, without any real analysis, that the forfeiture provisions do not impose an indirect
qualification for holding judicial office. I cannot agree.
The maxim that the legislature cannot accomplish indirectly what it cannot
accomplish directly is more than a mere saying. This firmly established principle operates
as a restraint on the authority of the legislature, which, there can be no doubt, is a creature
of the constitution, owes its existence to the constitution, and derives its powers from the
constitution. See Rison v. Farr, 24 Ark. 161 (1865). In Rison, this court considered the
constitutionality of a legislative enactment that required a voter to take an oath that, among
other things, “he has not voluntarily borne arms against the United States or this state, nor
aided, directly or indirectly, the so-called confederate authorities since the 18th day of April,
1864.” Id. at 170. The court determined that this portion of the act was “repugnant to,
and in open conflict with the constitution, and in every point of view [was] an entrenchment
upon the rights secured by the fundamental law of this state, and [was] therefore absolutely
null and void.” Id. at 176. This was because the Arkansas Constitution fixed the
qualifications for voters, “and these qualifications cannot be added to by legislative
enactment.” Id. at 170. Importantly, this court made clear that an indirect addition of a
qualification is just as repugnant to the constitution as a direct one:
[A]lthough this part of the law is professedly enacted, “To provide the manner
of holding elections,” it is, in effect, nothing but a prohibition upon the right
to vote as secured by the constitution; and is of the same import as an
affirmative provision that no person who has voluntarily borne arms against
the United States, or this state, or aided the so-called confederate authorities,
since the 18th day of April, 1864, shall be allowed to vote at any election in
the state of Arkansas. And to admit that the legislature may do this, would be
to declare that part of the constitution which defines the qualifications of a
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voter, absolutely nugatory, and would turn section 2 of article IV, of our
constitution into the merest nonsense. And clearly, if the legislature cannot, by
direct legislation, prohibit those who possess the constitutional qualification to vote, from
exercising the elective franchise, that end cannot be accomplished by indirect legislation.
The legislature cannot, under color of regulating the manner of holding
elections, which to some extent that body has a right to do, impose such
restrictions as will have the effect to take away the right to vote as secured by
the constitution.
Id. at 172 (emphasis added).
Similarly, if the legislature cannot, by direct legislation, prohibit those who possess
the constitutional qualifications to hold judicial office from doing so, that end cannot be
accomplished by indirect legislation. The legislature cannot, under color of regulating
judicial-retirement benefits, which to some extent that body has a right to do, impose such
restrictions as will have the effect of denying eligibility for office. Rison is controlling, and
this court is not free to ignore a legislative overreach simply because the majority likes the
result. The forfeiture provisions are repugnant to the constitution because they indirectly
add a qualification for holding judicial office not found in amendment 80, section 16.
Moreover, the majority is incorrect in stating that a judge may “freely” seek
reelection and serve in office despite the application of the forfeiture provisions. The
majority is likewise wrong in suggesting that retirement benefits are entirely a matter of
grace bestowed by the General Assembly. It is settled Arkansas law that a retirement
allowance financed over a period of years by the joint contributions of the employer and
the employee represents compensation rather than a mere gratuity. See, e.g., Jones v. Cheney,
253 Ark. 926, 489 S.W.2d 785 (1973) (citing Daggett v. St. Francis Levee Dist., 226 Ark. 545,
291 S.W.2d 254 (1956)). As such, it is a vested right not subject to impairment. See id. To
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forfeit that right is not free.1 Furthermore, the proposition that the forfeiture provisions
merely govern eligibility for retirement benefits misses the point entirely; when a judge is
vested in the retirement system, his or her eligibility for retirement benefits has already been
established, not to mention his or her eligibility to hold judicial office.
Second, as the majority acknowledges, equal protection requires “that classification
rest on real and not feigned differences, that the distinctions have some relevance to the
purpose for which the classification is made, and that their treatment be not so disparate as
to be arbitrary.” Rose v. Ark. State Plant Bd., 363 Ark. 281, 293, 213 S.W.3d 607, 617
(2005). The forfeiture provisions simply do not pass this test. They do not prevent older
people in general from serving as judges; rather, they prevent older people with experience as
judges from continuing to serve as judges.
This is so because a person can run for and be elected as a judge for the first time
after attaining the age of seventy. Pursuant to sections 24-8-215(d) and 24-8-710(a), a judge
is not eligible for retirement benefits until he or she accumulates eight years of actual service.
Further, under sections 24-8-215(c)(2)(A) and 24-8-710(b)(2)(A), a judge who is not
eligible to retire at age seventy may continue to serve, without forfeiting retirement benefits,
until the completion of the term of office in which he or she has sufficient service to retire.
Consequently, a supreme court justice or court of appeals judge who takes office for the
first time at seventy years of age or even older is entitled to serve a full eight-year term
1
The majority seems to suggest that, because the appellants were aware of the
forfeiture provisions when they were elected, they are now estopped from challenging their
constitutionality. There is no support in the law for this notion.
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before being required to retire or forfeit benefits. A circuit judge elected at that age is
entitled to serve two full six-year terms—a total of twelve years—before being required to
retire or forfeit benefits. Alternatively, a person may serve one six-year term as a circuit
judge and one eight-year term as a supreme court justice or court of appeals judge—a total
of fourteen years—before being required to retire or forfeit benefits. Again, there is no age
limit on taking the bench as a first-time judge.
Clearly, the forfeiture provisions result in disparate treatment between those who are
elected at a relatively early age and those who are elected later in life. I recognize that
“perfection is by no means required” on rational-basis review. Vance v. Bradley, 440 U.S.
93, 108 (1979) (quoting Phillips Chem. Co. v. Dumas Indep. Sch. Dist., 361 U.S. 376, 385
(1960)). However, the forfeiture provisions are not merely underinclusive or
mathematically imprecise. The distinction between those elected earlier in life and those
elected later in life has no relevance to the purpose for which the classification was made,
and the treatment of those two groups is so disparate as to be arbitrary. See Rose, 363 Ark.
281, 213 S.W.3d 607. The law allows an eighty year old to take the bench for the first time
and, in certain circumstances, to serve until he or she is ninety-four years old. The fact that
the law also insists that our most experienced judges retire at age seventy demonstrates an
obvious equal-protection problem.2
2
Further evidence of the arbitrariness of the forfeiture provisions is that they do not
apply to district judges. See 2007 Ark. Acts 177 (abolishing Arkansas District Judge
Retirement System and transferring its powers, duties, and plan liabilities to Arkansas Public
Employees’ Retirement System). This distinction between district judges and all other
judges likewise has no relevance to the purpose for which the classification was made.
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In addition, I must point out a glaring inconsistency in the majority opinion. On
the one hand, it asserts that the forfeiture provisions do not impose an additional
qualification for holding judicial office because they do not impose a mandatory retirement
age; instead, they only encourage retirement by regulating eligibility for retirement benefits.3
On the other hand, in its analysis of the equal-protection issue, the majority cites several
cases addressing the constitutionality of provisions imposing a mandatory retirement age.
See, e.g., Gregory v. Ashcroft, 501 U.S. 452 (1991) (constitutional provision requiring judicial
retirement at age seventy); Vance, 440 U.S. 93 (legislation mandating retirement of
participants in the Foreign Service retirement system at age sixty); Massachusetts Bd. of Ret.
v. Murgia, 427 U.S. 307 (1976) (statute requiring retirement of uniformed police officers at
age fifty). The majority’s attempt to take two opposing positions in the same opinion
highlights the flaws in its reasoning. The majority cannot have it both ways. If the forfeiture
provisions impose a mandatory retirement age, they violate amendment 80 by adding a
qualification for holding judicial office. If they do not impose a mandatory retirement age,
but merely condition eligibility for benefits on retirement by age seventy, they violate equal
protection by resulting in disparate treatment.
In this same vein, the majority is simply wrong in its misleading implication that
other courts have unanimously upheld judicial-retirement provisions like those at issue here.
First, I can find no other case addressing a forfeiture provision promoting judicial retirement
3
The legislature apparently believes that the forfeiture provisions do more than just
encourage retirement: Arkansas Code Annotated section 24-8-224(a) explicitly
characterizes the forfeiture provisions as imposing a “mandatory retirement age.”
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at a certain age; it appears that Arkansas stands alone in conditioning eligibility for judicial-
retirement benefits on retirement by a certain age. Second, the vast majority of the cases
relied on by the majority, and by Justice Baker in her concurrence, involved constitutional
provisions imposing a mandatory retirement age. See Gregory, 501 U.S. 452 (addressing Art.
V, § 26 of the Missouri Constitution); Hatten v. Rains, 854 F.2d 687 (5th Cir. 1988)
(addressing Art. V, § 1-a of the Texas Constitution); Malmed v. Thornburgh, 621 F.2d 565
(3d Cir. 1980) (addressing Art. V, § 16(b) of the Pennsylvania Constitution); Rubino v.
Ghezzi, 512 F.2d 431 (2d Cir. 1975) (addressing Art. VI, § 25 of the New York State
Constitution); Lerner v. Corbett, 972 F. Supp. 2d 676 (M.D. Penn. 2013) (addressing Art. V,
§ 16(b) of the Pennsylvania Constitution); Zielasko v. Ohio, 693 F. Supp. 577 (N.D. Ohio
1988) (addressing Art. IV, § 6(C) of the Ohio Constitution); State v. Eyrich, 489 N.E.2d 259
(Ohio 1986) (addressing Art. IV, § 6(C) of the Ohio Constitution); Maresca v. Cuomo, 483
N.Y.S.2d 690 (N.Y. App. Div. 1984) (addressing Art. VI, § 25(b) of the New York State
Constitution); Aronstam v. Cashman, 325 A.2d 361 (Vt. 1974) (addressing Ch. II, § 28c of
the Vermont Constitution). By contrast, the forfeiture provisions at issue in this case are
acts of the legislature, and they actually conflict with our constitution, as previously explained
in this opinion.
The forfeiture provisions are unconstitutional. They conflict with amendment 80
by imposing an additional qualification for holding judicial office, and they suffer the added
infirmity of violating equal protection. Together, these provisions constitute one of the
most blatantly arbitrary, discriminatory, and punitive laws that I have ever seen. It is worth
noting that the forfeiture provisions do not apply to members of the legislative or executive
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branches or to other public officials; they apply only to certain judges. I do not profess to
know what happens to a society that runs off its best and brightest public servants, but it
cannot be good, and it certainly is not rational.
To accept the argument that the forfeiture provisions merely encourage retirement at
age seventy—or that they do anything short of requiring the retirement of the most
experienced members of our judiciary—is to indulge a complete and total fiction.
Encouragement is not an accurate descriptor of what the forfeiture provisions accomplish.
What they actually convey is: leave or we’ll steal your wallet. The assertion that the
forfeiture provisions do not impose a qualification for office because they only govern
eligibility for retirement benefits is a similar pretense. The fact of the matter is that the
judges who are the appellants in this case are eligible for retirement, and this law makes
them ineligible for doing something that everyone agrees they have an absolute
constitutional right to do. Retirement benefits are not a “matter of grace”; once they are
earned and vested, they represent compensation rather than a mere gratuity. See Jones, 253
Ark. 926, 489 S.W.2d 785. Therefore, the legislature is wrong in its apparent belief that
whatever it giveth, it can taketh away. Maybe it is because I am seventy years old myself,
but I think that the act of grace here is the long tenure of public service that these judges
have given the State of Arkansas, and to them I say thank you.
In my opinion, the majority’s analysis sets a dangerous precedent that will lead to
unintended consequences. Namely, the legislature could impose any number of
requirements for holding judicial office under the guise of regulating judicial-retirement
benefits. It could go so far as to condition eligibility for judicial-retirement benefits on
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having relevant preelection experience—for instance, by requiring twenty years’ experience
as a practicing lawyer and ten jury trials under one’s belt. This would quite obviously
constitute an additional qualification, but it would nonetheless pass constitutional muster
pursuant to this court’s decision today. Going forward, the majority’s ill-advised acceptance
of the pretenses upon which the forfeiture provisions rest gives the legislature free rein to
do indirectly what it cannot do directly. Today it is forced judicial retirement at age seventy,
but I can think of a host of other ways in which the analysis will be used to force a class of
people to do or not do something that they have every right to do.
The General Assembly may consider me aged and possibly even senile, but I can still
spot a constitutional violation when I see one.
BRILL, C.J., joins in this dissent.
Baker, Schulze & Murphy, by: J.G. “Gerry” Schulze, for appellants.
Leslie Rutledge, Att’y Gen., by: Colin R. Jorgensen, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.
36.
| 0.330293 | -0.91447 | 170 | 725 | 36 | 36 | Court Cases | false |
99,992 | github_open_source_100_2_8354 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /* eslint-disable no-undef */
describe('Create preset', () => {
let preset
let vitalSigns
beforeEach(() => {
cy.fixture('preset/create.json').then((json) => {
preset = json.data
vitalSigns = preset.vitalSigns
})
cy.server()
cy.route({
method: 'POST',
url: 'http://localhost:3001/api/presets',
status: 200,
response: 'fixture:preset/create.json'
})
cy.route({
method: 'GET',
url: 'http://localhost:3001/api/presets',
status: 200,
response: 'fixture:preset/list.json'
})
cy.route({
method: 'GET',
url: 'http://localhost:3001/api/presets/001',
status: 200,
response: 'fixture:preset/preset.json'
})
cy.login()
})
afterEach(() => {
cy.logout()
})
it('creates preset', () => {
cy.visit('/presets/new')
cy.contains('New Preset')
cy.contains('div', 'Title').find('input').first().type(preset.title)
cy.contains('div', 'Onset of symptoms').find('input').first().type(vitalSigns.oos)
cy.contains('div', 'AVPU').first('div[role="button"]').click()
cy.contains('div', vitalSigns.avpu).first('div[role="option"]').click()
cy.contains('div', 'Mobility').first('div[role="button"]').click()
cy.contains('div', vitalSigns.mobility).first('div[role="option"]').click()
cy.contains('div', 'Pulse').find('input').first().type(vitalSigns.pulse)
cy.contains('div', 'Blood pressure systolic').find('input').first().type(vitalSigns.bloodPressureSystolic)
cy.contains('div', 'Blood pressure diastolic').find('input').first().type(vitalSigns.bloodPressureDiastolic)
cy.contains('div', 'Respiratory rate').find('input').first().type(vitalSigns.respiratoryRate)
cy.contains('div', 'Oxygen saturation').find('input').first().type(vitalSigns.oxygenSaturation)
cy.contains('div', 'Capillary refill').find('input').first().type(vitalSigns.capillaryRefill)
cy.contains('div', 'Body temperature').find('input').first().type(vitalSigns.temperature)
cy.contains('div', 'Findings on examination').find('textarea').first().type(vitalSigns.expectations.foe)
cy.contains('div', 'Expected treatment').find('textarea').first().type(vitalSigns.expectations.treatmentExpected)
cy.contains('create').click()
cy.contains(preset.title)
cy.contains(preset.author.username)
cy.url().should('include', '/presets')
})
})
| 0.650615 | 0.720547 | 3,572 | 14,185 | 141 | -1 | React Testing Lab | false |
99,993 | US-201815979565-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Method of decreasing stress and deformation in a bulk tank
ABSTRACT
A dry bulk tank and a method of carrying a load and discharging a load therefrom. The dry bulk tank includes a tank assembly having a first wall that bounds and defines a first compartment for carrying a load therein and a second wall spaced outwardly from at least a portion of the first wall; wherein a second compartment is defined between the first wall and the second wall. The tank assembly includes an air piping system that is selectively actuated to place the first compartment and the second compartment under substantially similar or substantially equal air pressure. In one example the air piping system pumps air into the first compartment and the second compartment. In another example the air piping system evacuates air from the first and second compartments.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/648,694, filed on Mar. 27, 2018; the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND Technical Field
The technical field is related generally to bulk tankers or bulk or pneumatic tanks/trailers having a plurality of hoppers. More particularly, the technical field is related to such a tank or trailer having a first compartment for transporting a load therein, a second compartment that is located in abutting contact with the first compartment; and a system for placing the first compartment and second compartment under substantially similar or substantially equal pressure.
Background Information
Bulk tankers and bulk tank trailers or pneumatic tank trailers are amongst the many types of vehicles used for hauling materials over highways and the like. These tankers or tank trailers are used to transport bulk materials, particularly dry, particulate-type bulk materials from one location to another. The types of material transported in these vehicles may include foodstuffs such as sugar and flour, chemicals, silica, plastic pellets, and building materials such as sand or dry cement. The term “trailer” will be used throughout the rest of the specification to identify a bulk tank trailer that is used to transport materials. However, it should be understood that the terms “trailer”, “bulk tank trailer”, “tanker”, “tank”, “truck”, “vessel” or “vehicle” may be used interchangeably in this description.
The tankers or tank trailers typically include several hoppers or cones that facilitate the discharge of the bulk material from within the tank into a discharge pipe through which pressurized air is pumped to discharge the material to a rear end of the trailer. Valve assemblies are typically located at the bottom of the hoppers whereby the hoppers may be opened or closed to respectively allow the flow of the bulk particulate material from the hoppers into the discharge pipe and to cut off this flow.
The tank itself is a closeable vessel that has a number of manholes provided in a top region of the tank body. Each manhole includes a cover for closing off access to the manhole. The covers are removed when material is to be loaded into a storage compartment defined in the interior of the tank. The tanker or tank trailer is moved into a loading bay and is positioned so that the one or more manholes are aligned with overhead pipes or hoses that are connected to a source of the dry materials to be carried in the vessel. Once the tank's storage compartment is filled to the desired level, the covers are replaced on the manholes and the tanker or tank trailer will travel to its destination.
As indicated above, the bottom region of the tanker or tank trailer is formed into a plurality of hoppers that each terminate in an elongate discharge pipe that extends from the first hopper through to a rear end of the vessel. Each hopper connects via a T-connection to the discharge pipe. A butterfly valve and an aerator are typically provided proximate the T-connection between the hopper and the discharge pipe. The aerators keep the dry materials aerated and help ensure that the materials are fluidized, i.e., that they will flow in a similar manner to a liquid. The butterfly valves control whether there is fluid communication between the hopper and the discharge pipe. When the tanker arrives at its destination, the operator will connect the end of the discharge pipe to an inlet for a storage vessel for the transported dry materials. The operator will go through a series of steps of pressurizing the discharge pipe, aerating the load, opening the butterfly valves sequentially and emptying the transported material from the tank via the discharge pipe. The pressure within the tank and the discharge pipe has to be kept within a certain range to ensure that all the material will be evacuated from the storage compartment defined by the tanker body. Once basically all material has been removed from the storage compartment, the operator will use pressurized air fed from a top region of the tank to blow out the storage compartment to clean the same and will sequentially close the hoppers, shut down the aerators and stop the pressurization of the discharge pipe in a predetermined sequence that ensures safety of the operator and integrity of the tank. In other instances, instead of the tank being pressurized to remove the dry materials therefrom, a vacuum source may be connected to the end of the discharge pipe and a vacuum will be applied to the discharge pipe to suck the dry materials from the hoppers.
Such tankers or trailers typically include a relatively substantial or large frame on which the tank/hoppers are mounted. Such frames are relatively heavy, which may, for instance, decrease gas mileage or reduce the amount of cargo that may be carried in the tank while staying within government weight regulations.
SUMMARY
In one aspect, the present disclosure may provide a dry bulk tank for carrying a load; said dry bulk tank comprising a tank assembly; a first wall provided on the tank assembly; said first wall bounding and defining a first compartment that is adapted to carry a load therein; a second wall spaced outwardly from at least a portion of the first wall; wherein a second compartment is defined between the first wall and the second wall; and an air piping system engaged with the tank assembly; wherein the air piping system is selectively actuated to place the first compartment and the second compartment under substantially similar or substantially equal air pressure.
In one example the tank assembly comprises a vessel that is circular in lateral cross-section. In another example the tank assembly includes a front end housing and a central section that extends rearwardly from the front end housing; and wherein each of the front end housing and the central section are circular in lateral cross-section. The first compartment is defined in the central section and the second compartment is defined partially in the front end housing. In other embodiments the second compartment is also defined partially in the central section.
In other embodiments, the tank assembly further includes a rear end housing that extends rearwardly from the central section; and wherein the rear end housing is circular in lateral cross-section and wherein the second compartment is further defined at least partially in the rear end housing. The second compartment is sealed from contact with air located outside of the tank assembly. The air piping system places the first compartment and second compartment in fluid communication with each other. In one embodiment the air piping system is activatable to place the first and second compartments under pressure and may place the first and second compartments under substantially similar or substantially equal pressure simultaneously. In other embodiment the air piping system is activatable to place the first and second compartments under vacuum. The air piping system may be activatable to simultaneously place the first and second compartments under substantially similar or substantially equal vacuum. When the air piping system is activated the air pressure on a first side of a portion of the first wall in the first compartment is substantially similar or substantially equal to an air pressure on a second side of the portion of the first wall in the second compartment.
In one embodiment the dry bulk tank has a central section includes at least one hopper extending downwardly from a bottom of the central section; and wherein an interior of the at least one hopper forms a part of the first compartment; and wherein a lower region of the at least one hopper extends for a distance below the second compartment.
In another aspect, the present disclosure may provide a method of transporting and unloading dry bulk materials comprising providing a dry bulk tank trailer that includes a first compartment and a second compartment; wherein the first and second compartments are located on opposite sides of a portion of a wall that bounds and defines the first compartment; loading a quantity of dry bulk materials into the first compartment; substantially equalizing air pressure in the first compartment and in the second compartment; and unloading the dry bulk materials from the first compartment while the first and second compartments are under substantially similar or substantially equal air pressure.
In one embodiment substantially equalizing air pressure in the first compartment and the second compartment includes pumping air into the first compartment and the second compartment through an air piping system. The pumping of air into the first compartment and the second compartment occurs substantially simultaneously and pumping the air into the first compartment and the second compartment continues until the air pressure in each of the first and second compartments is from about 10 Psi up to about 15 Psi.
In another embodiment substantially equalizing air pressure in the first compartment and the second compartment includes vacuuming air from the first compartment and vacuuming air from the second compartment until there is substantially similar or substantially equal air pressure in the first and second compartments. The substantially equalizing of the air pressure includes simultaneously vacuuming air from the first compartment and from the second compartment.
In one example the method further comprises forming the dry bulk tank trailer as a vessel that is generally circular in cross-sectional shape when viewed from a front end or a rear end. In another example, the forming of the dry bulk tank includes providing a central section; providing a front end housing longitudinally in front of the central section; providing a rear end housing longitudinally behind the central section; forming the first compartment in the central section; and forming the second compartment partially in the front end housing. The method may further include forming the second compartment partially in the central section below the first compartment. The method in one example may further comprise forming one or more hoppers in the central section and forming the first compartment at least partially in each of the one or more hoppers; extending a portion of each of the one or more hoppers downwardly beyond the part of the second compartment that is located below the first compartment. The method may further comprise placing each of the one or more hoppers in fluid communication with a discharge pipe.
In one example the unloading of the first compartment includes opening a valve assembly on each of the one or more hoppers; and allowing the load in the first compartment to flow from the first compartment into the discharge pipe under pressure. The method may further comprise maintaining substantially similar or substantially equal pressure in the first and second compartments during unloading; and releasing pressure in the first and second compartments after unloading is completed.
In another aspect, the present disclosure may provide a dry bulk tank for transporting a load, said tank comprising a tank assembly having a front end and a rear end and defining a longitudinal axis therebetween; a plurality of ground-contacting wheels provided on the tank assembly; more than one sealable area provided in the tank assembly; a system for changing air pressure; wherein the system is in fluid communication with each of the more than one sealable area; wherein the system is selectively actuated to substantially equalize air pressure in the more than one sealable area. A first one of the more than one pressurized areas comprises a first compartment that is adapted to transport a load therein. A second one of the more than one pressurized areas is located in abutting contact with the first compartment. In one example the second one of the more than one pressurized areas is located forwardly of the first compartment. In another example, the second one of the more than one pressurized areas is located beneath the first compartment. In another example the second one of the more than one pressurized areas is located rearwardly of the first compartment. In another example the second one of the more than one pressurized areas is partially located forwardly of the first compartment; is partially located beneath a portion of the first compartment and is partially located rearwardly of the first compartment.
In one embodiment the tank assembly further comprises at least one hopper and wherein an interior compartment is defined in the at least one hopper and the interior compartment forms a part of the first compartment. In one example the at least one hopper may include a first hopper and a second hopper that are located adjacent each other and wherein a top region of the first hopper is joined to a top region of the second hopper; and wherein a portion of an exterior wall of the tank assembly extends between an exterior surface of the first hopper and an exterior surface of the second hopper.
In one example the dry bulk tank further comprises a rib provided inside the tank assembly; said rib being joined to the top regions of each of the first hopper and the second hopper. In one example the tank assembly is a vessel that is circular in lateral cross-section; and an exterior curved surface of the rib is generally U-shaped and is welded to a complementary interior curved surface of the vessel. The rib defines at least one aperture therein that extends between a front surface and a rear surface of the rib; and wherein a portion of the rib that includes the aperture is located within one of the more than one sealable area in the tank assembly. In one example the one of the more than one sealable area that includes the portion of the rib is located between an exterior surface of the first hopper and an exterior surface of the second hopper.
In one embodiment the system pumps air into the more than one sealable area. In another embodiment the system pumps air out of the more than one sealable area. The system includes piping running from an air intake pipe to each of the more than one sealable area. A first section of the piping terminates in an upper region of one of the more than one sealable area and wherein the one of the more than one sealable area is a first compartment adapted to carry a load therein; and wherein air pressure is applied into the first compartment through the first section of piping and from above the load carried in the storage container. The tank assembly may include at least one hopper extending downwardly from a bottom region of the tank assembly that forms part of the first compartment; wherein the at least one hopper defines an exit opening therein through which the load is removable from the first compartment; and wherein the more than one sealed areas includes a second sealed chamber that at least partially surrounds part of an exterior surface of the at least one hopper; and wherein a second section of piping terminates in the second sealed chamber and wherein air pressure is provided in the second sealed chamber through the second section of the piping and pushes upwardly against the air pressure in the at least one hopper.
In one example the system comprises an air intake pipe adapted to be operatively engaged with a pump; a top air pipe operatively engaged with the air intake pipe; a first valve operatively engaged with the air intake pipe, the first valve being selectively movable between an open position and a closed position; and wherein the top air pipe is selectively placeable in fluid communication each of the more than one sealable area when the first valve is in the open position.
In another aspect, the disclosure may provide a dry bulk tank for transporting a load, said tank comprising a tank assembly having a front end and a rear end and defining a longitudinal axis therebetween; a plurality of ground-contacting wheels provided on the tank assembly; more than one sealable area defined in the tank assembly; and a system for placing all of the more than one sealable area under substantially similar or substantially equal air pressure; and wherein one of the more than one sealable area is adapted to carry a load therein; and another of the more than one sealable area shares a wall in common with the one of the more than one areas that carries the load. In one example, the system pumps air into the more than one sealable area. In another example, the system evacuates air from the more than one sealable area.
In yet another aspect, the disclosure may provide a method of decreasing stress and deformation in a bulk tank trailer comprising forming an exterior wall of the bulk tank trailer into a cylinder; providing one or more hoppers that each individually extend through a region of a bottom end of the exterior wall; defining a first compartment in an interior of the cylinder at the one or more hoppers; defining a sealed compartment in abutting contact with the first compartment; and applying substantially similar or substantially equal air pressure to the first compartment and the sealed compartment. The providing of the one or more hoppers comprises providing a first hopper and a second hopper; and the method further comprises extending a section of the exterior wall of the cylinder between an exterior surface of the first hopper and an exterior surface of the second hopper. In one example, the applying of substantially similar or substantially equal air pressure includes pumping air into each of the first compartment and the sealed compartment. In another example, the applying of substantially similar or substantially equal air pressure includes vacuuming air from each of the first compartment and the sealed compartment.
In another aspect, the present invention may provide a method of minimizing relative movement between component parts of a tank trailer comprising providing a first compartment defined by a first exterior wall, said first compartment being adapted to retain a load therein; providing a second compartment defined by a second exterior wall; positioning the first compartment adjacent the second compartment such that a section of the first exterior wall and a section of the second exterior wall form a common wall that separates the first and second compartments; moving an air pressure in the first compartment and an air pressure in the second compartment in a same direction; and reducing movement in the common wall as the air pressure in the first compartment and the air pressure in the second compartment move toward a similar final air pressure. The method may further include reducing stress in the common wall as the air pressure in the first compartment and the air pressure in the second compartment move toward the similar final air pressure. The moving of the air pressure in the first compartment and moving of the air pressure in the second compartment in the same direction comprises increasing the air pressure in the first compartment and increasing the air pressure in the second compartment. The moving of the air pressure in the first compartment and moving the air pressure in the second compartment in the same direction comprises decreasing the air pressure in the first compartment and decreasing the air pressure in the second compartment. The method may further comprise creating a vacuum condition in the first compartment and creating a vacuum condition in the second compartment. The method may further comprise substantially equalizing air pressure in the first compartment and the second compartment. The moving of the air pressure in the first compartment and the air pressure in the second compartment in the same direction occurs during loading of the first compartment or during unloading of the first compartment. The method may further comprise applying a first force to the common wall with the air pressure in the first compartment and applying a second force to the common wall with the air pressure in the second compartment prior to moving the air pressure in the same direction; wherein the first force and the second force are of an unequal magnitude. In yet another aspect, the invention may provide a method of loading and unloading a dry bulk tank comprising providing a tank assembly defining a first compartment for carrying a load and a second compartment located vertically beneath at least a portion of the first compartment and in abutting contact with the first compartment; placing the first compartment and second compartment in fluid communication with a device for pressurizing air in the first and second compartments or with a device for creating a vacuum in the first and second compartments. The method may further comprise placing the first compartment in fluid communication with the second compartment utilizing an air piping system. The method may further comprise operatively engaging at least one valve with the air piping system; moving the at least one valve from a first position to a second position to place the first and second compartments under vacuum and moving the at least one valve from the second position to the first position to pressurize the first and second compartments. The method may further comprise automatically moving the at least one valve between the first and second positions. The moving of the at least one valve between the first and second positions includes utilizing an operator located on the ground alongside the tank assembly. The method may include creating a vacuum in the first and second compartment without the operator moving hoses between a front end and a back end of the tank assembly.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
A sample embodiment of the disclosure is set forth in the following description, is shown in the drawings and is particularly and distinctly pointed out and set forth in the appended claims. The accompanying drawings, which are fully incorporated herein and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate various examples, methods, and other example embodiments of various aspects of the disclosure. It will be appreciated that the illustrated element boundaries (e.g., boxes, groups of boxes, or other shapes) in the figures represent one example of the boundaries. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that in some examples one element may be designed as multiple elements or that multiple elements may be designed as one element. In some examples, an element shown as an internal component of another element may be implemented as an external component and vice versa. Furthermore, elements may not be drawn to scale.
FIG. 1 is a side elevation view of a PRIOR ART dry bulk tank;
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal cross-section of the PRIOR ART dry bulk tank taken along line 2-2 of FIG. 1 and with several components omitted for clarity of illustration;
FIG. 2A is a longitudinal cross-section of the PRIOR ART dry bulk tank taken along line 2-2 of FIG. 1 and with several components omitted for clarity of illustration; and showing the bulk material carrying region of the tank trailer;
FIG. 3 is a lateral cross-section of the PRIOR ART dry bulk tank taken along line 3-3 of FIG. 1 with several components omitted for clarity of illustration; and
FIG. 4 is a lateral cross-section of the PRIOR ART dry bulk tank taken along line 4-4 of FIG. 1 with several components omitted for clarity of illustration;
FIG. 5 is a side elevational view of a dry bulk tank in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 6 is a longitudinal cross-section taken along line 6-6 of FIG. 5 and showing the openings for piping used to pressurize the front end housing and bulk material carrying region;
FIG. 6A is a longitudinal cross-section of the dry bulk tank showing the pressurization of the front end housing and bulk material carrying region and the flow of air from the pressurized front end housing through the lower chamber to the rear end housing;
FIG. 7 is a lateral cross-section of the dry bulk tank taken along line 7-7 of FIG. 6;
FIG. 7A is an enlargement of the highlighted region of FIG. 7;
FIG. 8 is a lateral cross-section of the dry bulk tank taken along line 8-8 of FIG. 6;
FIG. 9 is a front elevation view of the dry bulk tank of FIG. 5;
FIG. 10 is executed in color and shows an ANSYS® Deformation Analysis of a PRIOR ART dry bulk tank (ANSYS® is a registered trademark of Ansys, Inc. of Canonsburg, Pa., USA);
FIG. 11 is executed in color and shows an ANSYS® Deformation Analysis of the dry bulk tank in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 12 is executed in color shows an ANSYS® Stress Analysis of a PRIOR ART dry bulk tank;
FIG. 13 is executed in color shows an ANSYS® Stress Analysis of the dry bulk tank in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. FIG. 17A is an enlarged side elevation of the front end of the dry bulk tank of FIG. 14 showing the air flow through the front end of the dry bulk tank when the tank is pressurized;
FIG. 17B is an enlarged front elevation of the dry bulk tank of FIG. 14 showing the air flow through the front end of the dry bulk tank when the tank is pressurized;
FIG. 17C is an enlarged rear elevation view of the dry bulk tank of FIG. 14; and
FIG. 18 is an enlarged side elevation of the front end of the dry bulk tank of FIG. 14 showing the air flow through the front end of the dry bulk tank when the tank is depressurized.
Similar numbers refer to similar parts throughout the drawings.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIGS. 1-4 show a PRIOR ART bulk tank trailer and FIGS. 5-9 show a first embodiment of a bulk tank trailer in accordance with the present disclosure. FIGS. 10 and 11 show a second embodiment of a bulk tank trailer in accordance with the present disclosure.
The term “trailer” will be used throughout the rest of the specification to reference either of the PRIOR ART bulk tank trailer or the bulk tank trailer in accordance with the present disclosure. However, it should be understood that the terms “trailer”, “bulk tank trailer”, “tanker”, “tank”, “truck”, or “vehicle” may be used interchangeably herein.
Referring to FIGS. 1-4, the PRIOR ART bulk tank trailer will be described in greater detail and is generally indicated in these figures by the reference number 10. Bulk tank trailer 10 may be similarly configured to a bulk tank trailer described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/056,496 filed Feb. 29, 2016 and assigned to the same Applicant as the present disclosure. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/056,496 is entitled “Pneumatic Tank with Tension Bar”, and the disclosure of this application is incorporated herein by reference.
Trailer 10 may be a towed vehicle which is towed by a towing vehicle such as an on-road tractor (not shown) whereby trailer 10 and the tractor may form a tractor trailer rig in the form of a dry bulk tanker to transport dry particulate or granular materials. Trailer 10 may have a front end 10 a and a rear end 10 b defining between them a longitudinal direction. Front end may be pivotally hitched to a rear end of tractor via a hitch member 12. Hitch member 12 may be any suitable type of hitch such as a fifth wheel hitch. Trailer 10 further includes a top 10 c, a bottom 10 d, a left side 10 e and a right side 10 f (FIG. 3). Top 10 c and bottom 10 d define a vertical direction therebetween and left and right sides 10 e, 10 f define a lateral direction therebetween.
For clarity, an explanation of some terms used herein is provided. Trailer 10 may have an imaginary axial center plane CP (FIGS. 3 and 4) which may be a vertical longitudinally extending plane cutting through the center of trailer 10 midway between the left and right sides 10 e and 10 f thereof. As is readily evident from the Figures, various components may be axially offset or spaced from center plane CP. The description of trailer 10 may make reference to certain components, sides, surfaces, points and the like as being inboard or outboard of one another, or this may be readily apparent from the Figures even without specific description. Such terms typically relate to the left or right halves of trailer 10 whereby, for instance, with regard to the left half (left of central plane CP), a first point which is outboard of a second point is further to the left than the second point or further outboard than the second point in a first or left outboard direction, and thus the second point is inboard of or to the right of the first point. Thus, within the left half, the first point is further outboard or further from center plane CP than is the second point. Likewise, with regard to the right half (right of central plane CP), a third point which is outboard of a fourth point is further to the right than the fourth point or further outboard than the fourth point in a second or right outboard direction, and thus the fourth point is inboard of or to the left of the third point. Thus, within the right half, the third point is further outboard or further from center plane CP than is the fourth point.
Various surfaces may be said to face axially inward or axially outward, which may respectively mean facing generally toward or away from the imaginary center plane CP. Thus, on the left half of trailer 10, a surface which faces axially inward may be said to face generally to the right or rightward, and a surface which faces axially outward may be said to face generally to the left or leftward. On the right half of trailer 10, a surface which faces axially inward may be said to face generally to the left or leftward, and a surface which faces axially outward may be said to face generally to the right or rightward.
Similarly, various components, surfaces etc. may be said to extend axially inward or axially outward, which may respectively mean extending generally toward or away from center plane CP. Thus, on the left half of trailer 10, a component that extends axially inward may be said to extend generally to the right or rightward, and a component that extends axially outward may be said to extend generally to the left or leftward. On the right half of trailer 10, a component that extends axially inward may be said to extend generally to the left or leftward, and a component etc. which extends axially outward may be said to extend generally to the right or rightward.
Further explanation is provided with respect to references to the longitudinal direction of trailer 10. Certain components of trailer 10 are further forward or rearward of other components, or may be at the same location along a longitudinal axis (where the longitudinal axis extends between front end 10 a and rear end 10 b. Thus, for example, a reference to two points, surfaces, components or the like being “at the same longitudinal position” or “at the same longitudinal location” means that the two points, surfaces, components or the like are at the same position along the longitudinal axis while they may be at different axial positions, that is, spaced to the left or right of one another, or spaced upwardly or downwardly of one another. Similarly, a reference to two points, surfaces, components or the like being “longitudinally adjacent” one another means that the two points, surfaces, components or the like are at or adjacent the same position along the longitudinal axis while they may be at different axial positions or spaced upwardly or downwardly of one another. It is also noted that the term U-shaped or U-shaped configuration may be used herein to mean an upright U-shape or U-shaped configuration and the term inverted U-shaped configuration may be used herein to mean an upside down U-shaped configuration.
With primary reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, trailer 10 comprises a rigid tank assembly 14 that includes a front end housing 16, a central section 18, and a rear end housing 20. Front end housing 16 extends forwardly from the central section 18 and rear end housing 20 extends rearwardly from the central section 18. Front end housing 16, central section 18 and rear end housing 20 are formed from a plurality of differently shaped sheet metal sections that are welded together to form the illustrated exterior shape of tank assembly 14.
Front end housing 16 forms a nose cone on tank assembly 14. Housing 16 includes an exterior wall 16 a that bounds and defines an interior front chamber 16 b. Wall 16 a defines one or more openings 16 c that place interior front chamber 16 b in fluid communication with the air that surrounds tank assembly 14. Front end housing 16 also includes one or more support walls 16 d therein that provide strength and rigidity to front end housing 16. Support wall 16 d as illustrated in FIG. 2 may also define an opening 16 e therein that allows air to flow between different interior sections of front end housing 16 that are divided by support wall 16 d. Air from outside tank assembly 14 may therefore freely circulate into, around and out of inter front chamber 16 b. Exterior wall 16 a defines an inlet 16 f therein, the purpose of which will be described later herein.
Central section 18 includes an inverted, generally U-shaped upper wall 18 a. The inverted generally U-shaped upper wall 18 a gives the tank assembly 14 a generally ovoid or elliptical shape when tank assembly 14 viewed in cross-section as in FIGS. 3 and 4. Upper wall 18 a bounds and defines a generally U-shaped interior space 18 b (when viewed in cross-section from a front or rear end of trailer 10). An inlet 18 c is defined in upper wall 18 a in a top region proximate the top 10 c of trailer 10. The top region of upper wall 18 a also defines one or more manhole openings 18 d therein. Inlet 18 c and manhole openings 18 d are in fluid communication with interior space 18 b. Manholes 18 e extend upwardly and outwardly from the top region of upper wall 18 a and covers 18 f are selectively engageable with manholes 18 e. When covers 18 f are removed then the manhole openings 18 d and thereby interior space 18 b are in fluid communication with the air surrounding trailer 10. When covers 18 f are engaged on manholes 18 e then interior space 18 b is no longer in fluid communication with the air surrounding trailer 10. In the figures, inlet 18 c is shown located forwardly of the forwardmost manhole 18 e but it will be understood the inlet 18 c may be provided in any suitable location on upper wall 18 a. The purpose of inlet 18 c will be described later herein.
Rear end housing 20 extends longitudinally rearwardly from central section 18. Rear end housing 20 has an exterior wall 20 a that bounds and defines an interior space 20 b. One or more openings 20 c may be defined in exterior wall 20 a and as a result air within interior space 20 b is in fluid communication with the air surrounding tank assembly 14. One or more vertical support walls 20 d extends from a top region of rear end housing 20 to a bottom region thereof. Support wall 20 d may define one or more openings 20 e therein so that the air in a first section of interior space 20 b and a second section of interior space 20 b can mix with the air outside tank assembly 14.
One or more hoppers are welded to and extend downwardly from a lower end of upper wall 18 a of central section 18. Trailer 10 may be configured with one, two, three, or more than three hoppers. As illustrated in FIGS. 1-4, trailer 10 includes a first hopper 22, a second hopper 24, and a third hopper 26. Center plane CP may cut through the axial center of each of hoppers midway between the left and right sides of trailer 10. First hopper 22 may be located closest to front end housing 16, second hopper 24 may be located longitudinally rearwardly of first hopper 22 and generally centrally relative to central section 18, and third hopper 26 may be located longitudinally rearwardly of second hopper 24 and closest to rear end housing 20. First, second and third hoppers 22, 24, 26 may be generally aligned along a longitudinal axis of tank assembly 14, where the longitudinal axis is aligned along central plane “CP” and extends from front end 10 a to rear end 10 b of trailer 10. Each hopper 22, 24, 26 may be formed with a truncated generally conical exterior wall that tapers in width from the lower end of upper wall 18 a towards a bottom 10 d of trailer 10. The term “conical” as used herein should be understood to describe a hopper that has a circumferential surface that is curved or that is partially comprised of curved surface and partially comprised of flat surfaces or that is entirely comprised of flat surfaces that are oriented at angles to each other. Hoppers 22, 24, 26 will be further described later herein.
As best seen in FIGS. 2 and 2A the conical exterior wall of first hopper includes a front region 22 a and an opposed rear region 22 b. An opening 22 c is defined at a bottom end of the conical exterior wall. The conical exterior wall of first hopper 22 bounds and defines an interior space 22 d and opening 22 c is in fluid communication with interior space 22 d. As illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 2A opening 22 c is also in fluid communication with the air surrounding trailer 10 although a valve assembly 34 (FIG. 1) is typically provided at the bottom end of first hopper 22 to close off access to interior space 22 d. Front region 22 a of the conical exterior wall of first hopper 22 angles forwardly and upwardly and is welded at its uppermost end to an interior surface of the top region of upper wall 18 a. The front region 22 a forms a rearmost wall of front end housing 16.
Referring still to FIGS. 2 and 2A, the conical exterior wall of second hopper 24 includes a front region 24 a and a rear region 24 b and an opening 24 c is defined in the bottom end of the conical wall. The conical exterior wall of second hopper 24 bounds and defines an interior space 24 d and opening 24 c is in fluid communication with interior space 24 d. As illustrated in these figures interior space 24 d is also in fluid communication with the air surrounding trailer 10 although a valve assembly 34 (FIG. 1) is typically provided at the bottom end of second hopper 24 to close off access to interior space 24 d.
An upper end of rear region 22 b of first hopper 22 and an upper end of front region 24 a of second hopper 24 may be welded to each other and to a first plate 28. First plate 28 extends transversely across the interior of tank assembly 14. The ends of first plate 28 are welded to opposing regions of the interior surface of upper wall 18 a. First plate 28 may be of a substantially constant height from an upper end 28 a thereof to a lower end 28 b thereof. First plate 28 may comprise a substantially solid and substantially uninterrupted piece of metal (i.e., substantially no holes, openings or slots being defined therein).
The conical exterior wall of third hopper 26 includes a front region 26 a and a rear region 26 b. An opening 26 c is defined in the bottom end of the conical wall. The conical exterior wall of third hopper 26 bounds and defines an interior space 26 d and opening 26 c is in fluid communication with interior space 26 d. As illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 2A opening 26 c is also in fluid communication with the air surrounding trailer 10 although a valve assembly 34 (FIG. 1) is typically provided at the bottom end of third hopper 26 to close off access to interior space 26 d.
An upper end of rear region 24 b of second hopper 24 and an upper end of front region 26 a of third hopper 26 may be welded to each other and to a second plate 30. Second plate 30 may be of a substantially identical configuration to first plate 28 and second plate 30 extends transversely across the interior of tank assembly 14 and the ends of second plate 30 are welded to opposing regions of the interior surface of upper wall 18 a. Second plate 30 may be of a substantially constant height from an upper end 30 a thereof to a lower end 30 b thereof. Second plate 30 may comprise a substantially solid and substantially uninterrupted piece of metal (i.e., substantially no holes, openings or slots being defined therein). First plate 28 and second plate 30 may be substantially parallel to each other and at right angles to the longitudinal axis of trailer 10. First plate 28 and second plate 30 are also longitudinally spaced a distance apart from each other. Most of first plate 28 and most of second plate 30 is located within the interior of tank assembly 14. However, a portion of first plate 28 projects downwardly from the junction between rear region 22 b of first hopper 22 and front region 24 a of second hopper 24 and a portion of second plate 30 projects downwardly from the junction between rear region 24 b of second hopper 24 and front region 26 a of third hopper 26. This can be seen in FIGS. 1 and 2A.
Rear region 26 b of third hopper 26 extends upwardly and rearwardly from the bottom 10 d of trailer 10 to the interior surface of a top region of upper wall 18. Rear region 26 b is welded to the interior surface of upper wall 18 and forms a rearmost wall of central section 18 and a frontmost wall of rear end housing 20.
Interior space 18 b defined by upper wall 18 a, interior space 22 d defined by first hopper 22, interior space 24 d defined by second hopper 24 and interior space 26 d defined by third hopper 26 form a storage compartment 32 for tank assembly 14. Storage compartment 32 is suitable for carrying dry bulk materials therein. The one or more manholes 18 e provide a way for dry bulk materials to be loaded into storage compartment 32 and the openings 22 c, 24 c, 24 d provide a way for those dry bulk materials to be removed from storage compartment 32.
| 0.809013 | -0.096121 | 1,849 | 7,411 | 118 | 118 | Mechanical fasteners | false |
99,994 | 2908568_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Darrell Andrew Moyers v. The State of Texas
IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-98-116-CR
     DARRELL ANDREW MOYERS,
                                                                                              Appellant
     v.
     THE STATE OF TEXAS,
                                                                                              Appellee
From the 40th District Court
Ellis County, Texas
Trial Court No. 23192CR
                                                                                                              Â
MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                                                                                              Â
      On March 31, 1998, a jury convicted Darrell Andrew Moyers of the offense of possession
of a controlled substance and assessed punishment at twelve yearsâ incarceration in the
Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice and a fine of $2,000.
Moyers filed a notice of appeal on April 30, 1998. Moyers has now filed a motion to
voluntarily dismiss his appeal.
      The appellate rule governing voluntary dismissals in criminal appeals states:
At any time before the appellate courtâs decision, the appellate court may dismiss the
appeal if the appellant withdraws his or her notice of appeal. The appellant and his or
her attorney must sign the written withdrawal and file it in duplicate with the appellate
clerk. . ..
Tex. R. App. P. 42.2(a).
      We have not issued a decision in this appeal. The motion is signed by both Moyers and
his attorney. Thus, the motion meets the requirements of the rules and is granted.
      Moyersâ appeal is dismissed.
                                                                               PER CURIAM
Before   Chief Justice Davis,
            Justice Cummings, and
            Justice Vance
Dismissed on appellant's motion
Opinion delivered and filed July 8, 1998
Do not publish
n:none'>Wiggins
v. Smith, 539
U.S. 510, 521, 123 S. Ct. 2527, 2535, 156 L. Ed. 2d 471 (2003). The
appellant must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that there is no
plausible professional reason for a specific act or omission. Â Bone v.
State, 77 S.W.3d
828, 836 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Â There is Âa strong presumption that counselÂs conduct
fell within a wide range of reasonable representation. Salinas v. State, 163 S.W.3d 734, 740 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Â[A]ny
allegation of ineffectiveness must be firmly founded in the record, and the
record must affirmatively demonstrate the alleged ineffectiveness.ÂÂ Thompson
v. State, 9
S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
Swain filed a sworn application for community
supervision asserting that he had never been convicted of a felony. SwainÂs
counsel did not call any witnesses to establish this assertion. Swain elected
not to testify and informed the trial court that no family members were
available to testify. The trial court admonished Swain that absent evidence of
eligibility, there would be no basis for including probation in the jury charge
and the jury would be instructed to impose a sentence of five to ninety-nine
years in prison. Swain acknowledged this fact. Defense counsel argued that
SwainÂs sworn application and criminal history consisting of three prior
misdemeanors could enable the jury to decide whether Swain had been convicted
of a felony. The trial court excluded probation from the jury charge.
In
reliance on our opinion in Ware v. State, Swain argues that trial
counselÂs failure to present evidence of his eligibility for probation
constitutes ineffective assistance. However, Ware addressed ineffective
assistance under the Duffy standard. See Ware, 875 S.W.2d 432, 436
(Tex. App.ÂWaco 1994, pet. refÂd). Duffy has since been abandoned
and Strickland now applies to both phases of trial. See Hernandez
v. State, 988
S.W.2d 770, 771-72 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
As
we noted in Ware, application of Strickland may result in a
different outcome, such as in the present proceeding. See Ware, 875 S.W.2d at 436.Â
Under Strickland, Swain has failed to overcome the presumption that
trial counselÂs conduct fell within the zone of Âreasonable representation.ÂÂ Salinas, 163 S.W.3d at
740. A
claim of ineffective assistance Âbased on counselÂs failure to call witnesses fails
in the absence of a showing that such witnesses were available to testify and that the
defendant would have benefitted
from their testimony.ÂÂ Wade v. State, 164 S.W.3d 788, 796 (Tex. App.ÂHouston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.) (citing Wilkerson
v. State, 726
S.W.2d 542, 551 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986); King v.
State, 649
S.W.2d 42, 44 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983)); see Cate v. State, 124 S.W.3d
922, 928 (Tex. App.ÂAmarillo 2004, pet. refÂd). Swain has not identified any
witnesses or evidence that should have been presented in support of his
eligibility for community supervision. Neither has Swain shown that any
witnesses were available to testify on his behalf.
Accordingly, Swain has failed to show that trial
counselÂs performance was deficient. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at
2064; see also Bone, 77 S.W.3d at 836. Because Swain cannot prove the first prong of the Strickland
test, he cannot prevail on his ineffective assistance claim and we need not
address the second prong of the Strickland test. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697, 104 S. Ct. at
2069; see also
Garcia v. State, 57 S.W.3d 436, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). Â We overrule SwainÂs second point of error.
Having overruled both of SwainÂs points of error,
we affirm the trial courtÂs judgment.
Â
FELIPE REYNA
Justice
Â
Before Chief Justice
Gray,
Justice
Vance, and
Justice
Reyna
(Chief
Justice Gray concurs in the result, but not the opinion, without a separate
opinion)
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed
July 18, 2007
Do not publish
[CRPM].
| 0.304644 | -0.94569 | 105 | 467 | 36 | 36 | Court Cases | false |
99,995 | jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl.NDIGCZAS018898_66909803_1 | Polish-PD | Public Domain | UK Abouament: kwartalnie: w ekspedycji . „ 180. 00 mk. 2 na poczcie . 18900 mk numer pojedyńczy 10.00 mk Za redakcję: Dzial urzędowy: Wychodzi 2 razy iyg. Starostwo: gg JACEK (Zaka) i nienrzędowy: Ogłoszenia przyjmuje sie do wtorku i piątku go Dział urzędowy = nieurzędowy. ` oźmin, sobota dnia 15-go kwietnia 1922 r. B. Kraszewski w Kożminie dz. 9 przedpoł. ||] Nakład własnej księgarni, Wrazie wypadków, spowodowan s ych siłą wyższą, przeszkód w za kładzie, strajków lub tym podobnych a maau Atm AN okeliczności wydawnictwo nie odpowiada za dostarczenie pisma, a abonenci nie mają prawa domagania się niedostarczonych numerów lub doodszkodowania. „Wesołego Alleluja" Życzy wszystkim swym abonentom i czy telnikom = A Wydawnictwo Nr. 181. Na skuńók pisma J. E, Arcybiskupa Gnieź: nieńskoPoznańskiego do Województwa oznajmiam, że, strzelanie w dzień Wielkanocny: w pobliżu kościołów (mianowicie w czasie odbywającej się rezurekcji) jest ze względu na bezpieczeństwo publiczne i na koniecz ność zachowania spokoju podczas nabożeństwa w myśl $3 360 11 i 367 8 k. k. niedozwolone. — L. dz. 2495/22 St I. — kwietnia 1922 r. Starosta. w z. Andrzejczak. Koźmin, dnia 12. Nr. 182. Poszukuje się od zaraz względnie od najpóże niej 15. kwietnia b. r. 1. pomocnika biurowego obeznanego ig prowadzeniem dzienników i ze spra wami rejestratury. 2. młodszego gońca biegłego w piśmie. Pierwszeństwo mają inwalidzi wojenni, Zgłoszenia ze życiorysem, metryką uro dzenia, świadectwem moralności. świadeot wem szkolnem i innemi świedectwami (cd _pisami uwierzytelnionymi) należy przesłać do Wydziału Powiatowego w Kożminie (Starostwo). L. dz. 8386/22 W. P. — Koźmin, dnia 27 marca 1922 r. Przewodniczący Wydziału Powiatowego. Czarnecki. P EE Zjazdu w Genui. (Rzp.) Genua, 10. kwietnia, Długi czas trwania pierwszego posiedzenia Zjazdu Genueńskiego i nie ograniczone repliki doprowadziły do przerwania go około godz. 7-ej wieczorem z powodu ogólnego wy czerpania wszystkich uczestników tego historycznego wstępu do wielkiego Zjazdu „Ogrom materjału utrudnia narazie zotjentowanie się i ustalenic głównych wytycznych tego posiedzenia. Jednak uchodzić może za rzecz pewną, że przemó wienie Ll: yd George'a, w którem podniósł on myśl prawdziwego pokoju światowego, wywarło dodatnie wrażenie. Pozatem również niektóre ustępy przemó wień Przewodnicząc go Delegacji Francuskiej Barthou i Belgijskiego Prezydenta Ministrów Theunisa przyjęto żywemi oklaskami. Cała trudność obrad tego Zjazdu ujawniła się już po przemówieniu Gziczerina, które. jak dotych czas; oceniane jest przez przedstawicieli poszczegól nych krajów z wielką rezerwą. W związku z tem ptzemówieniem rozpoczęła się wymiana zdań między Barthou a Cziczerinem, w którą wmieszał się kiika krotnie na swój żywy sposób Lloyd George oraz De | Eacta jako "Przewodniczący Zjada. p. Barthou, że na Zjeździe nie wolno przekraczać ustalonego porządku dziennego, w którym przewidzia no, że sprawa rozbrojenia nie powinna być w tych obradach poruszana, jest pierwszem zaznaczeniem ściśle określonego stanowiska Delegacji Francuskiej, która nie chce dopuścić do zatracenia właściwych gospodarczych celów Zjazdu w szerokich rozprawach polityezrych zupełnie bezcelowych. Sala posiedzeń konferencji genueńskiej Włoskie pisma przynoszą liczne szczegóły o wiel | kich przygotowaniach, które w Genui poczyniono ce lem godnego przyjęcia uczestników konferencji, Cho dzi o zapewnienie zupełnej wygody i komfortu — przedcwszysłkiem dziennikarzom, którzy w liczbie 250 przyjeżdżają do Genui. Zarząd miasta wynajął dla nich na. Via Gavoit duży dom, gdzie oni znajdą miłe pomieszczenie. Specjalny autobus będzie ich przy woził z tego hotelu do pałacu Patrone. Pałac ten jest zarezerwowany do wyłącznego użytku prasy. Zawiera on salę redakcyjną, cztery sale na zebrania, czytelnie, fotograficzne atelier, gabinety, toaleta, bar itd, Naturalnie nie brak biura pocztowego, a do te lefonicznych rozmów urządzono 35 kabin, z których można rozmawiać wprost z Berlinem, Londynem, Pa ryżem i Brukselą, Palazzo Patrone zawiera wspaniałe freski, Piasolli i jest ozdobione kosztownemi dywa nami i gobelinami w niezmiernie bogaty sposób. Około 300 metrów od „Palozzo Patrone* wnosi się „Palazzo Reale* na via Balbi, jednej z największych i nastarszych ulic miasta, W tym pałacu odbędzie się konferencja genueńska. Posiedzenia będą się od bywać w olbrzymie sali lustrzanej, do której prowadzi wspaniała galerja. Po prawej stronie tej galerji znaj duje się pyszna czytelnia z gabinetami z 15 wieku i wenecjańskiemi lustrami. Sala konferencji wychodzi na szeroką terasę, z której rozpościera się wspaniały widok na Genuę i imorze. Dawna królewska jadalnia została zmieniona na pyszny bufet, Cudowna sala tronowa, wybita starym genueńskim aksamitem będzie słażyć jako sala.posiedzeń dla komisji, zarówno jak królewski gabinet, w którym można podziwiać praw dziwego van Dycka i Rubensa. Sprawy polskie ZWROT MAJĄTKU POLSKIEGO. Moskwa, 2. 4. (Pat). Delegacja polska w mie szanej komisji specjalnej przyjęła kilkadziesiąt dzwo nów, znajdujących się ,w tutejszych składach. Dzwo ny te mają odjechać do kraju razem z najbliższym transportem przemysłowym. W bieżącym tygodniu mieli wyjechać do Niśnego Nowgorodu pełnomocnicy delegacji polskiej pp. Wierz biekij i Piekarski, w celu odbioru zbierów Towarzyst x Opieki nad zabytkami: jwzeszłości, Wyjazd. uległ kaj vce, na skutek niewydania z niewiauomych powo dów odpowiednich zarządzeń przez stronę rosyjską. Komunikaty Z poczty. Z powodu świąt Wielkiej Nocy bę dzie okienko zamknięte od 15. kwietnia godziny 2-ej | popołudniu do 17, kwietnia godziny 11-ej. Niedoręczalne przesyłki pocztowe. Coro cznie pozostaje w ruchu pocztowym wiele przesyłek, które nie mogą być doręczone, ponieważ nie można wypośrodkować ani odbiorcy ani też nadawcy. Wo bec tego zaleca się jaknajusiłniej szczególnie na czas wzmożonego ruchu przy nadchodzących świętach Wielkanocnych, aby na wszystkich przesyłkach listo wych oraz paczkach zamieszczano nadawcę a do paczek składano duplikat adresu. mw TE m ramarama Sterdzenia Druk: ZAKŁAD GRAFICZNY BDWARDA KRASZEWSKIEGO w KOŻMINIE|Dat, aF Telefon 84. KOŻMIASKIEGO Ogłoszenia: wiersz nonparelowy lub miejsce jego. wiersz reklamowy w dziale nieurzędowym. Dla ogłaszających z poza powiatu 50 *%/0 więcej Adres: telegraficzny: Orędownik Koźmin |Rok 35 Wiadomości miejscowe Kożmin. Do Chóru. Panienki które mają śpiewać na mszy św. co niedzielę i święta chęć o godzinie 9-tej mogą się zgłosić do organisty. Zgło- 1—3 godziny w po szenia przyjmuje codziennie od łudnie, geste, p. Kurkiewicz ul. Klasztorna 36 part. Rozmaitości Pięściarz na kazalnicy. Słynny pięścarz amerykański, niegdyś champion świata w bokserstwie, Jim Jeffries, zmienił zawód pięściarza na zawód kazno dziei. Jeffries przystąpił, mianowicie, do bardzo roz powszechnionej w Stanach Zjednoczonych sekty reli gijnej i tak się przejął jej naukami, że przed dwoma tygodniami wystąpił w Los Angelos publicznie jako jej kaznodzieja. Za tekst do pierwszego tego kazania swego były pięściarz obrał przykazanie: „Miłuj bliźniego swego jak siebie samego.* Nie wiadomo jednak, czy kazanie to ilustrował przykładami z dawnej swej karjery, kiedy to potężną pięścią miażdżył nosy i obijał prze» „ciwnikom swoim, Ogłoszenie małżeńskie 80_letniego starca, Niema chyba kraju pod słońcem, gdzieby związki małżeńskie pomiędzy osobami w wieku więcej niż dojrzałym były zjawiskiem tak powszedniem, jak Anglia. To też i p. Tomasz Holmes, ogrodnik, liczący już lat 80 skończonych, któremu jednak zawód jego za chował zdrowie, nie zawahał się ogłosić w dziennikach londyńskich, że poszukuje dozgonnej towarzyszki życia, Choć p. Holmes był już trzy razy żonaty, to jednak musiał wynieść z tych swoich związków mał żeńskich wspomnienia dodatnie, skoro zdecydował się stariąć po raz czwarty przed ołtarzem. | niktby nie uwierzył, że starzec ten otrzymał na swą propozycję aż 160 odpowiedzi! A jednak tak było, Najmłodsza z kandydatek do poślubienia 80-letniego ogrodnika liczyła lat 28, najstarsza zaś lat 88! Pan Holmes. wszelako wybrał drogę pośrednią, t. j. wdowę 66-letnią, niejaką p. Farrow. Ale wiek nauczył go ostrośności, ogrodnik więc nasz odpowiedział, pani “arrow, że choć podoba mu się bardzo z nadesłanej fotografii, niemniej stawia za warunek, aby wdowa prowadziła mu, przed ostateczną decyzją Z jego strony, przez pewien ` czas gospodarstwo domowe. Pani Farrow przyjęła warunek, skoro — jak donoszą dzien nikil ndyńskie — doszło małżeństwo do skutku i „młoda“ para odeszła od ołtarza kościółka wiejskiego rozpro mieniona, ściskając się czule za ręce, Karanie małżeństwem w Sjamie, Siamczycy: wynaleźli bardzo praktyczny sposób wyszukania męża dla „wysortowanych,* starych panien; a załatwiają na wet przez to równocześnie dwie kwestie, bo połączono sprawę tę z karami za przestępstwa. Kobieta siamska gdy dojdzie już do swych lat dojrzałych, a nie znajdzie żadnego odważnego młodzieńca, któryby pożądał jej ręki, ma prawo zgłosić się urzędownie celem wpisania się na listę tak zwanych „młodych córek króla.“ Chwalebina ta nazwa stąd pochodzi, że władza królewska obejmuje teraz troskę o pozyskanie małżonka. pac więc stawią przed sądem człowieka, który coś przewinił, skazują go na poślubienie jednej z „królewskich córek*. O ile przestępstwo było drobne, ma prawo wybrać sobie niewiastę stosownie do upodobania, lecz gdy zbroi coś większego, Sąd wyznacza mu któryś ze „starych kawałków,” bo król tych także stara się pozbyć. Mimo tei tak przedziwnie odstraszającej kary, prze stępstwa w Siamie są jednak zawsze dość liczne, by wydać za mąż wszystkie dziewice, z których żadna prawie nie osiada na koszu. Bluźnierca dotknięty ręką Bożą. Florencja, > Giacomelli, lat 24, Szedł w towarzystwie swego przyjaciela „ołnie na swój żywy sposób Lloyd George oraz De | = |, | | || oee | przyjaciela drogą niedaleko Grespiana i prowac niedaleko Grespiana i prowadził ze Najtrwalszą, najlżejszą, najdoskonalszą ogniotrwałą cementowo-azktestową patentowaną dachówkę | J. K OD U R, mistrz blacharski, przedsiębiorstwo pokrywania dachów 3 poleca GE PÓ FY mógł? się ruszyć z micjscn, domu. ZOE ROWY „PBN, A ADELS, r RZA 4 4 wan LR, E E 4 1 4 je bc As + y = sobą psa. Przechodząc koło ‘statui Matki Boskiej, Giacomelli szydził ze swego towarzysza, gdy ten zdjął "n >ożnie kapelusz i pozdrowił Panią Nieba i uchwy ciwszy swego psa, począł ucierać jego nos o statuę, W tej chwili dotknęła so ręka Boża i blużnierca nie Musiano go zwieżć do przywrócić przytomność lecz coś nowego zaszło Giacomelli począł szczekać jak pies. Wiele ludzi odwiedzilo już dom, w którym Giacomelli pozostali i było świadk:mi tego strasznego Doktorzy zdołali mu = widowiska. f = Stosunki średnowieczne 'pod Berlinem. 3 Ogólną sensacje budzi w Niemcze« li ciekawe odkrycic: od szeregu lat w pobliżu Berlina. ;uż pod Potsdamem, nad Hawelą jeziorem Schwielowsliem, w dobrach ry cerskich Petzów, istnieją stosunki iście średnowieczne. „Pan“ tych dóbr, von Kähne, człowisk stary, poważny, otoczony dużą rodziną, utrzymuje liczny dwór oddziel ną „kompanję* zbrojną, rządzi się jak w państwie udzielnym, nie licząc się z władzami, które unikają jego zamku jak zajowietrzonego. Dostęp do „państwa“ Petzów jest surowo wzbroniony. Na wszystkich dro gach do zamku widnieją napisy: „Wjeżdżać ani wcho "i handlem, będąc uciskany przez s «którego głową jest w Eczmiadzinie. dzić nie wolno! Tu się strzela!“ Stan ten trwa po dobno conajmniej od pół wieku. Nikt obcy tam nie zagląda. Ale. w_ostatnich latach zaczęły coraz częściej powtarzać się na gruntach pana von Kahna zabójstwa tajemnicze, Kto z przypadkiem z pośród ludności okolicznej zapuścił się w owe strony, zazwyczaj już nie wracał, przepadł bez wieści, w najlepszym razie kończyło się na poranieniu. Gdy zaś kto zwracał się do władz państwowych, zastawał tam już skargę o klu sownietwo Jub kradzież leśną, i nieraz, choć mu prze -~ stępstwa nie dowiedziono, szedł do kozy. Ludność okoliczna przed kilkunastu dniami odbyła wielką na radę, urzędownie zgłoszoną. Wzburzenie mieszkańców 12-tu wsi było tak wielkie, że przedstawicielom władz z trudem udało się powstrzymać tłum od udania się. na zamek Petzów, zrównania go z ziemią i wykona nia samosądu nad jego właścicielami, Uspokojono wzburzonych zapewnieniem, że „panowie* Kiibne będę DP. NMK EW NS OŁ W PSD t iy RURA) ; aresztowani i odpowiednio ukarani. Ale, jak donoszą pisma berlińskie, władze miejscowe beją się tknąć oskarżonych, tembardziej, że dawniejsze w tym kie runku próby zawsze kończyły się ostrą naganą ze strony władz wyższych Dotychczas władcy „Petzo wa“, pomimo nakazu starszego prokuratora, pozostają a wolności. Zupełnie jak w Xl-tem lub XII-tem stuleciu. : Nieoczekiwany napiwek, Pewien dziennikarz amerykański, bawiący obecnie w Paryżu, a będący, jak tylu z jego rodaków doskonałym bokserem, kazał w tych dniach — opowiada paryski „Excelsior* — zawieźć się dorożce samochodowej do rogatek Lauphine. Gdy dorożka tam stanęła, pomiędzy dziennikarzem amerykańskim a szoferem awinjonczikiem, wszczął się spór o napiwek. — A gdybym panu powiedział że jesteś złodzie jem — zawołał wreszcie rozgorączkowany awiończyk i zeskoczył z samochodu, gotów do walki, W odpowiedzi amerykanin wymierzył tak potężny cios pięścią nierozważnemu szoferowi, że awiończyk padł jak długi na ziemię, Zerwał się jednak, ale znów po waliła go poraz drugi i trzeci pięść przeciwnika. Wreszcie zrozpaczony, uderzył niespodzianie dziennikarza z taką siłą głową w żołądek, że tym razem amerykanin padł na chodnik ? W tej chwili zjawił się policjant i pomógłszy dźwignąć się z ziemi uderzonemu, wyjął notatnik z zanadrza, — Wniesie pan skargę na szofera? — spytał, szykując się do zapisania adresu cudzoziemca. — Ja? — zawołał zdumiony amerykanin. — Nigdy w życiu! Przeciwnie dam szoferowi dobry napiwek i zapraszam go do kawiarni, aby trącił się ze mną kieliszkiem, nauczył mnie bowiem nowego uderzenia, którego nie znałem! — Co za dziwacy, ci amerykanie ! — szepnął stróż bezpieczeństwa, widząc amerykanina zmierzającego w towarzystwie szofera do kawiarni. $, PO EO 7 0 nę: Ji 0» 4: toy ud WA TEA EG Pi My TEE WZW SE NC: ki LS By i y t t Wiadomości pozamiejscowe k Mogilno. (Nieszczęśliwy wypadek). 12-letni chłopiec z Mogilna Kasprzak, wskakiwał razem z in nymi na wolno idący pociąg towarowy, z którego kradli węgle, zrzucając je na drogę. Poślizgnąwszy się jednak, nieszczęśliwy chłopiec wpadł pod koła, które ucięły mu obie nogi. Leszno. (Anilbandyton) Pan Władysław Wie rzyńki, skonstruował aparat, który w czasach dzisiej szych może oddać niecenione usługi. Aparat ów, przy najlżejszej próbie spogwałcenia drzwi lub okien, aiar mując nietylko mieszkańców domu, ale i dalsze oto czenie, oświetla jaskrawo dużą przestrzeń a co naj ważniejsze, specjalnym nabojem ogłusza włamywacza, czyniąc go bezwładnym na kilka minut, tak, że można go związać bez obawy. To samo, jeśli kilku oprysz ków próbuje szczęścia. W każdym razie warto spró bować. Specjalnie zainteregować się tem winay koła finansowe, ułatwiając wynalazcy rozpowszechnienie je go aktualnego wynalazku, a sobie przysparzając pew nych korzyści, Bydgoszcz. (Wielkie złodziejstwa na kolei.) W ostatnich dniach wykryto pomiędzy funkcjonarjusza: kradali całe transporty kolejowe. Ze względu na pro= wadzone energicznie przez prokuratorję śledztwo zmu= szeni jesteśmy powstrzymać się od podawania bliż szych szczegółów; zaznaczyć jedynie możemy, iż do tychczas w ręce sprawiedliwości dostało się 16 wino wajców. Zachodziły podobno fakty, że naprz. wspaniały dywan perski, wartości prawie miljonowej, wspólnicy przy kradzieży krajali na części, aby łatwiej go było zabrać, lub też, aby każdy z nich miał choć ślad wielkiej zdobyczy. I za takie barbarzeństwo później skarb państwa musi zwracać właścicielom przesyłanych ła ounków całkowitą wartość skradzionych rzeczy; i ma tu Ministerstwo Kolci Państwowych nie wykazywać olbrzymiego, w grube miliardy idącego niedoboru? Ormianie w Polsce. ` : W naszej Polsce zamieszkują Ormianie, o których tu nieco chcę pomówić. " Ormianie czyli Armeńczycy pochodzą z kraju położonego pomiędzy Kurdystanem, Mezopotamią, Małą Azją i Aderbidżanem (Persją). Armenja rządzoną była aż do czasów średniowiecznych przez własnych królów, ale później utraciła na zawsze niezależność po lityczną i: obęcnie jest podzieloną między Rosję (*/e części), Turcję (*/ę części) i Persję (1/, część). W Armenji leży góra Ararat, na której wierz chołku stanął po potopie Korab Noego. +Ogólną liczbę Ormian podają na 3 do 4 miljonów, w, Armenji. mieszka ich około miljona, w Turcji Euro pejskiej około 400000, z+ czego: połowa w samym Konstantynopolu, w Rosji około 800000, w Persji 200.000, reszta rozproszona jest po innych państwach. -o Przyjąwszy chrześcijaństwo jeszcze w III. wieku po Chrystusie, tworzą oni oddzielny kościół armeński, Katolikos, mający siedzibę "' Lund armeński czyli ormiański żyjący przemysłem Persów, Greków, Tatarów i Turków we własnej ojczyźnie, szukał przy tułku w sąsiednich krajach, a pomiędzy innemi i w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Pierwsze wychodźtwo nastąpiło w roku 1061, kiedy sułtan turecki Alp-Arslan = zburzył miasto Annihakak (Annygród), stolicę Armenii _ wielkiej. Wówczas bowiem Ormianie w liczbie 20 000 ER przewodnictwem dwn książąt przybyli do Krymu ER w usi. Odtąd za obowiązek służenia zbrojnie przez trzy lata przeciwko Połowcom, otrzymawszy przywileje wolność zachowania swych praw i zwyczajów, roz mnożyli się znacznie na Rusi Podolu i Wołyniu. Leon, książe halicki, rozsypanych po swego. kraju Ormian sprowadził do nowo założonego przez się Lwowa, nadając im w nagrodę wierności i us wolność używania praw własuych i rozmaite swobody. -Gdy potem -Kazimierz Wielki Ruś czerwoną za wojował, zwrócił uwagę na licznie we Lwowie osiad łych Ormian, zaręczył im także narodowe ich prawa i swobody, oraz wolność religijną i wyznaczył 1367 r. Lwów na stolicę ich biskupa Grzegorza, , _. Prawa te i swobody potwierdziła im później kró lowa Jadwiga 1379 r. zwłaszcza gdy liczba Ormian przybywających do Lwowa, pomnożyła się znacznie po drugiem ich wychodźtwie z ojczyzny (1374 r.), a to skutkiem upadku Królestwa Armenji w Cylicji (w Małej Azji), ~ Ponowne potwierdzenie przywilejów swych otrzy _. mali Ormianie jeszcze od Władysława Jagiełły (1388 r.) "Władysława Warneńczyka (1440 i 1444 r.), Kazimie "rza Jagielończyka (1461 — 1464) i Aleksandra (1505) = r.. Czasy atoli Zygmuntowskie były najświetrieszą dla = niech epoką. Ormian lwowskich od wielu uciążliwych dla nich arty W roku 1510 Zygmunt I. oswobodził kułów prawa magdeburskiego, dozwalając im rządze nia się własnemi prawami, mniej więcej zastósowane ŚĆ, mi do praw połskich, ziemskich i miejskich. Statut ten zebrany z ich ustaw w Eczmia = dzinie zachowanych, zatwierdzony na sejmie piotr: = kowskim r. 1519, przetłomaczony został na język pol Armenji, różnych miejscach. ski około 1528 r. Ormianom sprzyjał także Jan Kazi-, mierz i często rozmaitemi obdarzał ich nadaniami, Zajmując się przeważnie handlem, położyli jednak rmianie niemałe też zasługi w zawodzie rycerskim i naukowym. Jako polscy dragomani (tłomacze) uży wani byli mianowicie w poselstwach do sultana tu reckiego, gdyż znali dobrze język turecki: Jednocząc się coraz więcej z narodem, pośród którego osiedli, przyjęli Ormianie już w drugiej poło wie XVI wieku strój i obyczaje polskie, a język polski zaprowadzili tak w sądzie, jak w życiu społecznem, zatrzymując swój własny tylko w obrzędach religijnych, jakkciwiek i tu, staraniem Jezuitów i Teatynów, z czasem został usunięty. Po podziale Polski, gdy Ormianie przeszli pod panowanie Austrji i porównani zostali z innymi miesz kańcami kraju, język ich rodowity jeszcze bardziej zacierać się zaczął. Ormianie osiadali także oprócz Lwowa chętnie i w innych miastach dawnej Polski, W XVII wieku byli już w Warszawie, a wcześniej nierównie, bo pod koniec XIII stulecia widzimy ich na Podolu, a miano wicie w okolicach Kamieńca. Obecnie znajdują się w b. gub. Podolskiej kościoły ormiańsko katolickie w miastach; Kamieńcu, Mohylowie, Bałcie i Raszkowie. Nabożeństwo jednak w: języku ormiańskim odbywa się tylko w jednym kościele kamienieckim, w innych zaś po łacinie. Kamieniec oddawna zawdzięczał swój handel i przemysł głównie Ormianom.: Gdy jednak w końcu wieku XVIII. żydzi wzięli nad nimi przewagę, Ormia nie znacznie podupadli i położeniem swem niczem się nie różnia od krajowców. Podobnaż asymilacja doko nała się we wszystkich stronach dawnej Rzeczypos politej. Przed ostatnim podziałem kraju liczono jeszcze Ormian w eałem państwie 8000; teraz w Galicji i Bu kowinie jest ich 5000. Ormianie przybyli do Polski, byli co do wyznania obrządku kościoła wschodniego, i podlegali — jak po wiedziano wyżej — patryarsze ormiańskiemu w Ecz miadzinie w Persji. Roku 1624 atoli gdy Melchize dech, patryarcha Armenji, opuściwszy Eczmiadzin, złożył papieżowi w Rzymie swe posłuszeństwo, i zo stał zamianowany arcybiskupem lwowskim obrzędu ormiańskiego, przystąpiła niejaka część Ormianin do unji z kościołem rzymskim. Roku 1684 powrócił nie jaki Ormianin Verdireski z Rzymu, gdzie się przez 14 lat naukom oddawał. Ten przyczynił się najstaran niej do zjednoczenia wszystkich w Polsce znajdują cych się Ormian z kościołem rzymskim, przyczem sobie tylko ten zwyczaj zawarowano, aby mszą św. odprawiano w języku ormiańskim. Na Bukowinie, przyległej na wschód od Małopolski, mieszkają Ormia nie dyzunici (tj. tacy, co się z kościołem rzymskim nie połączyli), którzy atoli ze swemi rodakami rzym skiego wyznania żyją w największej zgodzie i jedności. Z powierzchowności i obyczajów można łatwo Ormian poznać, a ponieważ się z innemi narodowoś ciami niechętnie łączą, przeto też zachowali swą wschodnią fizjonomję we wydatnych i ostro oznaczo nych rysach. W sposobie życia bardzo pracowici, trzeźwi i oszczędni, przyprowadziło wiele rodzin do znacznej zamożności, przyczem i ta cnota jest im właściwa, że się w potrzebie wzajemnie wspierają. "się zakłądaniem szkół. ` Pierwszym apostołem chrześciaństwa w Armenji był św. Tadeusz, który — jak mówi podanie — ochrzcił był króla Abgara i innych. Pewne jednak wiadomości o wprowadzeniu do Armenji wiary chfześ ciańskiej sięgają Il. wieku. Za późniejszych monarchów chrześcianie byli prześladowani. Na początku dopiero IV. wieku ustały prześladowania, gdy patryarcha Ś w. Grzegorz, zwany Oświecicielem, potomek rodu królewskiego (ur. 275 r.) nawrócił króla Tyrydata Wielkiego (301 r.) i większość narodu. Św. Grzegorz stał się rzeczywistym apostołem armeńskim i upamiętnił Po jego śmierci kościół armeńcki podupadł z powodu zdrożności ówczesnych monarchów. Zakwitnął atoli na nowo za czasów pa tryarchy Sahagena (lzaaka) w latach 390—440, głównie za przyczynieniem się św. Mesroba, twórcy arnień skiego pisma i piśmiennictwa. Staraniem jego prze tłomaczone zostało Pismo $w. podług kodeksu greckiego sprowadzonego z Efezu, oraz pisma Ojców Kościoła (greckich i syryjskich), a nadto utwory klasyków greckich. W tym czasie jednak wynikły także i spory z po wodu Nestorjanizmu (sekty), którego zwolennicy podobnież przetłomaczyli Pismo św na język armeński, W roku 521 za patryarchy Nerscsa odbył się wybór narodowy w Fejsanie, który potępił Nestorjanizm, przy jął stanowczo Monofizytyzm i utworzył samoistny kościół którego głową jest Katoliko s, mieszkający od 1440 r. w Eczmiadzinie, gdzie odbywają się także synody będące najwyższą władzą kościelną, Swoją supremację (najwyższą władzę) nad całym klerem armenskim zawdzięcza Katolikos między innemi i temu, że w katedrze eczmiadzińskiej znajduje się prawa ręka św. Grzegorza Oświeciciela. Dyzmicki kościół armeński naucza, że Duch św. pochodzi tylko od Ojca, unicki zaś wiedzy, że pochodzi od Ojca i Syna —uznaje tylko trzy pierwsze sobory powszechne — kiedy Unici uznawają wszystkie aż do Watykańskiego (1870 r); Chrzest odbywa się przez zanurzanie i łączy się z bierzmowaniem. — Ostatnie namaszczenie ołeiem Św. przyjmują tylko księża, inni. dopiero po śmierci; — oddaje cześć Świętym i zachó*' wuje Ściśle posty; — Nie wierzy w czyściec; — Święto Bożego Narodzenia obchudzi 6. stycznia, łącznie ze świętem Trzech Mędrców (Króli). Językiem liturgicznym (kościelnym) jest staro armeński. Zakonnicy trzymają się reguły św. Bazylego. Księża świeccy są żonaci z obowiązku, ale nie mogą się żenić po raz drugi, ludzie świeccy zaś tylko dwa razy. Do stolicy katolikosa każdy obowiązany odbyć pielgrzymkę choć raz w życiu. Armeński język używający pisma wprowadzonego przez św. Mesroba, należy do szczepu indoeuropej skiego i jest pośrednim pomiędzy indoirańskim a li tewsko-słowiańskiemi. Język staro-armeń ski, język literacki, uważany już dzisiaj być może za umarły, zaś nowo-armeński, dzielący się na dwie gru py narzeczy, wschodnią i zachodnią, obfituje w mnóst= wo wyrazów obcych, szczególnie tureckich. Najsławniejszymi Ormianami, którzy nazwisko swoje uwiecznili w Polsce, to X. Karól Antonie-. wicz, sławny kaznodzieja i poeta, który w r. 1852 umarł w Obrze pod Wolsztynem na cholerę, i X. Grzegórz Piramowicz, jeden z naszych najsław niejszych pedagogów za czasów Komisji Edukacyjnej. AR mi kolei w Bydgoszczy całą klikę złodziei, którzy o| w Spirewniku. nadleśnictwie Rytel, by wydobywać z ziemi pozostale pieńki. Zajęty pracą nie zauważył, że naraz z gąszczu wypadł dzik z 8 młodemi. Chciał się rzucić na niego. Nasz organista nie mając żadnej broni, w nogi. Świnia za nim. Robotnicy widząc to, i nie mając również broni, również dali drapaka, Or ganista zaczyna już tracić siły. Nareszcie napotkał drzewo. Z siłami młodzieniaszka wdrapał się na drzewo. Świnia atoli oo dołu zaczęła podgryzać drzewo. Organista w krzyk. Na szczęście jeden z robotników przytomniejszy, zdołał: sprowadzić na czas kogoś z strzelbą, który do rozbestwionej świni zaczął strzelać, Drzewo już się chwiało na wszystkie strony, Aczkolwiek jej nie zabił, jednakże spłoszył i uratował organiście życie, Ile się jednak przez ten czas najadł strachu, można sobie wystawić. A p oeeo (Wielki ogień w Zaka We wtorek około godz. 3 po poł. zaalarmowaną została chojnicka straż ogniowa do Charzykowa. Paliły się tam nad jeziorem położone a należące do rybaków _ budynki oraz składnice, należące do Vogta i Klemonta. Zanim straż tutejsza do Charzykowa przybyła budynki te padły pastwą płomieni, tak że do akcji wcale nie przyszło, Straty w budynkach i materjale rybackim 84 „znaczne i wynoszą 10 miljonów marek. Również i mistrz rzeżnicki Nass poniósł znaczne szkody, gdyż płomienie uszkodziły mu znacznie łodzie i łódź żaglową na brzegu jezioru. ciciel sklepu przy ulicy Dzikiej (w dzielnicy żydowskiej © w Warszawie) p. Izraela Łopata; nie lubił stosować się do obowiązujących przepisów i aby ukazać swoją neutralność, handlował w godzinach zakazanych. Po sterunkowy policji był jednak tak niegrzeczny, że żądał wyjaśnienia, diaczego to p. Łopata nie raczy się stogować do przepisów, obowiązujących wszystkich w Polsce. Na to xaś otrzymał dumną odpowiedź: „Tu nie Polska, lecz ulica Dżyka* i skiep pozostał nie zamknięty. Policjant sporządził protokół i właśnie w dniach ostatnich czcigodny obywatel ul. Dzikiej sta nął przed polskim sądem pokoju i został skazany na Rytel pow. chojnicki. (Organista w Opałach). Biedny obywatel Niezwykłego strachu najadł się — jak „Dz „ — powien organista, który wraz z robotnikami udał się do lasu "ialisębiotstolo AS Wykonuje wszelkie prace w mój zakres. wchodzące jak zakładanie ła zienek, wodociągów, kanaliza cji po dworach i budynkach prywatnych i dzwonków elektr. a ma ponese Wszelkie zlecenia wykonuje po cenach miesiąc aresztu i karę pieniążną. „dzikiego państwa“. Tu nie Polska a ulica Dzika. Pewien właś ERER E Si TD p Er J_ Blacharskie i Instalatorskie Specjalność Pokrywanie dachów wszelką bla B chą, papą pojedyńczo i podwój "nie, cementem drzewnem i na prawy starych zdemontowanych dachów i smolenie takowych na PW (4 bezkonkurencyjnych i z gwarancją = Koźmin, ul. Kaliska 3 SI > e» „2 ` Tu Zygmunt Szymański gy M Z w m Za P Zw (zy z P P my | pay TO, * mw è ww wawy pam umea ud w w tm = =æ taw 2 ts a "e a a om ua œa gumwą á Pana a waa enu EK ear 5” Lekcje = Ores Państw. Ześnietwo rew. Baszków pow. Xrotosz. |; Podług najnowszej mody Sprzeda w drodze publicznego przetargu dnia 22, s i Po. wykonuje kwietnia br. o godz. 9-tej przed poł. wszelką garderobę męską pod gwarancją gry fortepianu udziela poza domem przed biurem Kasy Leśnej w Baszkowie dobrego. wykonania, Przyjmuję także Kurkiewicz organista Koźmin ulica Klasztorna 36 part. Tutejszy Magistrat ma używaną sikawkę ' pozarną DEF" w dobrym stanie na sprzedaż. "UG Takowa nadaje się najwięcej na dwory | wzgl. dominje. Zgłoszenia przyjmuje | Magistrat Pogorzeli wszelkie poprawki, czyszczenie i odświe spoin ubrań. Wykonuje wszelkie paos zas: w najkrótszym czasie :-: :-: Walenty Majchrzak, krawiec męski Koźmin, ul. Kościuszki 3 drewno użytkowe z tegorocznych zrębów, — z ' okręgów ochronnych Lila, Rochy, Baszków, Helonopol i Rębichów około 1 szik, dębu — 1,98 ms 2, kl. b. 917 „ sosm. — 591,18 „ 2—4 kl. 29 „ drayów sosnowych 4. kl. 113 » w” » 2. dd 255 "” "” 99 3. 19 60 „ tyczek ,, A ,, | KUUNNOZZNNNUNUNDAKAZNZENNNNZAMNNNUBZCANUCUNONSNNNZOOANANUNUM o W W O A, Tanio do oddania nowe i używsne powózki z paten towemi osiami, wozy robocze i kul tywatory, Budowa wozów i bryczek Kazimierz Staszak "1 mp. użytkowanych szezap. sosnowych Warunki sprzeczitane będą przed terminem, Borek, pow. Koźmiński. Każdą ilość Towarzystwo Pożyczkowe w Rożminie Konto czekowe w Pocztowej Kasie Oszczędności w Po znaniu nr. 200558, w Polskiej Krajowej Kasie Pożyczkowej w Poznaniu i Ostrowie oraz w Banku Związku w Poznaniu i przyjmuje == Przewodniczących gmin uprasza się o opublikowanie powyższego ogłoszenia, aby umożliwić miejscowej ludności kupna drewna użytkowego dla własnych: potrzeb. Prosimy uwzględniać firmy |, ogłaszające w Orędowniku powiatu Koźmińskiego. centy, Ia wapna, cementu jak i inne artykuły budowlane ostarcza wagonowo po cenach jaknajniższych O S2C2 Ę gl no $ c F Agentura Handlowa płaci procent według umowy i załatwia szybko i tanio Władysław Jaworski i Ska. Koźmin, Tel. 56|— wszelkie sprawy wchodzące w zakres bankowości — ca; Ą F. VRE SS I z PRM a Z: > przybory do piecy u. samtl. eisernen Ofenieilen TZEEFEZEJEGEDEBGSCZGJERCJESCHJ ae AAA NNN ANA aN e) | BUDOWA PIECY| KACHELOFEN R A A > Wszelkie prace wykonuje pod gwarancją | Führe alle Arbeiten unter Garantie aus. R W. Siniecki, Koźmin Nowy Rynek 2 KAFLANYCH! |BAUGESCHAFT"! j (Po pscOEOESEJEZGSEZADACJZACJ-AGA OJEIOJEAEIEAZAOZAEJESJEJEE s» OTTS skład kafli i żelazne Ständiges Lager von Kacheln =, Polecam naŚwietaWielkanoene | TERM -~ po zniżonych cenach wanym siynne ze swej dobroci mw likiery własnego wyrobu rumy, koniaki i araki WĄZZZZZZZZZZKKAKZKKZZZZKKZZZAZAZIZKKZKIZZZEKIRII RLZ M d SENNEN ASAA i y TA BAR i SPER T KU K ; i wl . BY i Ą POWA » SA M Kae) 14/0. ZW Si, Hu s WO ASY (Z DA AG W m x i AR ko 4 Rok założenia 1887 S. p odlewski, Koźmin Nr. telefonu 20 Skład towarów kolonialnych, delikatesów i owoców południowych mt] Polecam: Wina górnowęgierskie z najlepszych Hoa piwszrzędrych producentów M Wielki wybór starych win węgierskich słodkich i wytrawnych Wina francuskie białe i czerwone renomowanej firmy J. Jadouin & Co., Cantenac-Margaux Wina mozelskie i reńskie . znakomitej jakości Wina portugalskie i hiszpańskie Wina musujące, niemieckie i francuskie szampany: Wina mszalne słodkie i wytrawne Koniaki rumy i araki LSEZEZEAZASEWEZEEJRZEJ Sio. | Z poważaniem : fällige Unterftükung Udhtungsvoll IF) [I | i TOMASZ WAŁĘSKI, Pogorzela | = -M A Szanownej Publiczności danoi najuDem geebrten Publitum ı von piai und przejmiej, że założyłem w Pogorzeli przy ulicy | Jlimgegend zut gefdiligen Rennfnisnab ne, dagid in Szpitalnej w domu pana Sierszulskiego Pogorzela, Spitalite. im Haufe des H. Siorszulski warsztat siodlarski cine Sattler und i tapicerski Tiupezier-ZBerliat.: Proszę o łaskawe poparcie, ręczę za tylko | etófjnet babe. Jndem ih nur reelle Ausführung PRLE wykonanie powierzonych mi zleceń | mit erteilter Aufträge zujihere, bitte ich um ge. | 0.448712 | -0.609468 | 814 | 3,164 | 240 | 240 | royalty biographies | false |
99,996 | US-19956008-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Vehicle seat belt guiding device
ABSTRACT
A vehicle seat belt guiding device is basically provided with a support portion and a seat belt guiding portion. The seat belt guiding portion includes a first seat belt guide surface extending for a prescribed length that is equal to or greater than a vehicle seat belt width, and a second guide portion includes a second seat belt guide surface extending for a prescribed length that is equal to or greater than half of the vehicle seat belt width. The second seat belt guide surface is angled upwardly with respect to the first seat belt guide surface to form a first acute angle and angled laterally with respect to the first seat belt guide surface to form a second acute angle, when the vehicle seat belt guiding device is in a seat belt in-use position.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a seat belt restraint system for restraining a seated occupant in the motor vehicle. More specifically, the present invention relates to a vehicle seat belt guiding device for guiding a shoulder belt portion of a seat belt restraint system.
2. Background Information
Most motor vehicles that are driven on a public road are required to have a seat belt restraint system for restraining a seated occupant. A variety of passive seat belt restraint systems have been proposed and put into practical use. Typically, a passive seat belt restraint system has seat belt webbing that restrains the seated occupant in both an area generally corresponding to the occupant's lap and an area generally corresponding to the occupant's torso. The seat belt webbing has a first end fixedly attached to the vehicle at a first point and a second end fixedly attached to the vehicle at a second point, with an intermediate portion of the seat belt webbing slidably attached to the vehicle at a third point by a D-ring.
Usually, the above mentioned seat belt restraint system has a retractor that is attached to one end of the seat belt webbing. The retractor includes a spool that receives the seat belt webbing for retraction or pay-out of seat belt webbing. The spool is used to wind up and store the seat belt webbing when the seat belt is not being used. Generally, the spool is also designed to payout the seat belt webbing until detection of an impact situation. In the case of an impact situation, the spool is locked to restrain the occupant via the seat belt.
Recently, retractors have also been designed to include a pretensioner, which is operatively coupled to the spool for taking up the seat belt webbing and eliminating slack when a potential impact situation is detected. In other words, the pretensioner of the retractor rapidly retracts the seat belt webbing onto the spool in response to a sensor detecting an impact situation to eliminate any slack in the seat belt, and thus, controls the physical space between the occupant and the seat belt webbing. In this manner, the occupant of the seat is pulled tightly into the seat before an impact situation arises in which the occupant moves forwardly relative to the seat. Also, retractors have been designed having one or more force limiting elements which are structured to allow the spool to rotate and payout the seat belt webbing upon reaching predetermined force levels between the occupant and seat belt. In this manner, the restraining force imposed on the occupant by the seat belt webbing can be limited in a controlled manner.
Typically, the D-ring is pivotally mounted so that the D-ring rotates from a seat belt stowed position to a seat belt in-use position. During a pretensioning situation (e.g., an impact situation) of the seat belt webbing, a force to the seat belt webbing tends to cause the D-ring to rotate downwardly. Once the D-ring stops rotating during a pretensioning, the seat belt webbing can slide along the guide slot of the D-ring such that bunching of the seat belt webbing can occur at one end of the guide slot of the D-ring. On the other hand, during payout situation of the seat belt webbing, a force from the seat belt webbing tends to cause the D-ring to rotate upwardly. Once the D-ring stops rotating during payout situation, the seat belt webbing can slide along the guide slot of the D-ring such that bunching of the seat belt webbing can occur at one end of the guide slot of the D-ring.
In view of the above, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure that there exists a need for an improved a vehicle seat belt guiding device. This invention addresses this need in the art as well as other needs, which will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In view of the state of the known technology for seat belt guiding devices, one object of the present invention is to provide a vehicle seat belt guiding device that supports the seat belt webbing and reduces the bunching of the seat belt webbing during payout situation or pretensioning situation.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a vehicle seat belt guiding device is basically provided with a support portion and a seat belt guiding portion. The seat belt guiding portion includes a first seat belt guide surface extending linearly for a prescribed length that is equal to or greater than a vehicle seat belt width, and a second seat belt guide surface extending linearly for a prescribed length that is equal to or greater than half of the vehicle seat belt width. The second seat belt guide surface is angled upwardly with respect to the first seat belt guide surface to form a first acute angle and angled laterally with respect to the first seat belt guide surface to form a second acute angle, when the vehicle seat belt guiding device is in a seat belt in-use position.
These and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which, taken in conjunction with the annexed drawings, discloses preferred embodiments.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Referring now to the attached drawings which form a part of this original disclosure:
FIG. 1 is a partial side view of a vehicle having a seat belt restraint system (shown in the seat belt stowed position) that uses a vehicle seat belt guiding device in accordance with a first embodiment;
FIG. 2 is a partial side view of the vehicle illustrated in FIG. 1, but with the seat belt restraint system being shown in the seat belt in-use position in accordance with the first embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of the vehicle seat belt guiding device in the seat belt stowed position with the seat belt webbing supported thereon in accordance with the first embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a front end elevational view of the vehicle seat belt guiding device in the seat belt stowed position with the seat belt webbing supported thereon in accordance with the first embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a side elevational view of the vehicle seat belt guiding device in the seat belt in-use position with the seat belt webbing supported thereon in accordance with the first embodiment;
FIG. 6 is a front end elevational view of the vehicle seat belt guiding device in the seat belt in-use position with the seat belt webbing supported thereon in accordance with the first embodiment;
FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic perspective view of the vehicle seat belt guiding device in the seat belt in-use position with the seat belt webbing supported thereon in accordance with the first embodiment;
FIG. 8 is a top plan view of the vehicle seat belt guiding device in the seat belt stowed position in accordance with the first embodiment without the seat belt webbing;
FIG. 9 is a top plan view of the vehicle seat belt guiding device in the seat belt in-use position in accordance with the first embodiment without the seat belt webbing;
FIG. 10 is a side elevational view of the first D-ring of the vehicle seat belt guiding device in accordance with the first embodiment;
FIG. 11 is a cross sectional view of the vehicle seat belt guiding device in the seat belt stowed position as seen along section line 11-11 of FIG. 3 in accordance with the first embodiment;
FIG. 12 is a side elevational view of the vehicle seat belt guiding device with the seat belt webbing supported thereon in the seat belt stowed position in accordance with a second embodiment;
FIG. 13 is a front end elevational view of the vehicle seat belt guiding device with the seat belt webbing supported thereon in the seat belt stowed position in accordance with the second embodiment;
FIG. 14 is a side elevational view of the vehicle seat belt guiding device with the seat belt webbing supported thereon in the seat belt in-use position in accordance with the second embodiment;
FIG. 15 is a front end elevational view of the vehicle seat belt guiding device with the seat belt webbing supported thereon in the seat belt in-use position in accordance with the second embodiment;
FIG. 16 is a top plan view of the vehicle seat belt guiding device in the seat belt stowed position in accordance with the second embodiment without the seat belt webbing;
FIG. 17 is a cross sectional view of the vehicle seat belt guiding device in the seat belt stowed position as seen along section line 17-17 of FIG. 16;
FIG. 18 is a side elevational view of the vehicle seat belt guiding device in the seat belt stowed position with the seat belt webbing supported thereon in accordance with a third embodiment;
FIG. 19 is a front end elevational view of the vehicle seat belt guiding device in the seat belt stowed position with the seat belt webbing supported thereon in accordance with the third embodiment;
FIG. 20 is a top plan view of the vehicle seat belt guiding device in the seat belt stowed position in accordance with the third embodiment;
FIG. 21 is a cross sectional view of the vehicle seat belt guiding device as seen along section line 21-21 of FIG. 20 in accordance with the third embodiment;
FIG. 22 is a side elevational view of the vehicle seat belt guiding device in the seat belt in-use position with the seat belt webbing supported thereon in accordance with the third embodiment;
FIG. 23 is a front end elevational view of the vehicle seat belt guiding device in the seat belt in-use position with the seat belt webbing supported thereon in accordance with the third embodiment;
FIG. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Selected embodiments of the present invention will now be explained with reference to the drawings. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure that the following descriptions of the embodiments of the present invention are provided for illustration only and not for the purpose of limiting the invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
Referring initially to FIGS. 1 and 2, a portion of a vehicle 10 is illustrated with a seat belt restraint system 12 that uses a vehicle seat belt guiding device 14 in accordance with a first embodiment. Basically, in addition to the vehicle seat belt guiding device 14, the seat belt restraint system 12 includes a buckle assembly 16, a seat belt webbing 18 and a retractor 20 (see, FIG. 2).
The buckle assembly 16 is fixedly attached to a seat 22 of the vehicle 10, or a floor of the vehicle 10, at an inbound side of the seat 22. In the illustrated embodiment, the buckle assembly 16 has an attachment part 24 fixedly attached at one end to the seat 22. The other (free) end of the attachment part 24 is provided with a buckle part 26 attached thereto. The seat belt webbing 18 has a first end attached to the retractor 20 that is fixedly attached to a vehicle pillar 30, and a second end fixedly attached to the vehicle pillar 30 by an anchor 32.
A seat belt tongue part 34 is slidably attached to the seat belt webbing 18 to divide the seat belt webbing 18 into a lap section 18 a and a torso section 18 b. The seat belt tongue part 34 is engageable with the buckle part 26. The vehicle seat belt guiding device 14 slidably supports the seat belt webbing 18 and thus further divides the torso section 18 b of the seat belt webbing 18 from a retractor connecting portion 18 c of the seat belt webbing 18. Preferably, the retractor 20 is an emergency locking type belt retractor that includes a pretensioner (not shown) for retracting one end of the seat belt webbing 18 in the event of an emergency. The precise structure of the retractor 20 is not important to the vehicle seat belt guiding device 14. Thus, any type of retractor can be utilized with the seat belt restraint system 12.
Referring now to FIGS. 3 to 11, the vehicle seat belt guiding device 14 will be discussed in more detail. The vehicle seat belt guiding device 14 of this embodiment basically includes a first D-ring 40, a second D-ring 42, a spacer 44 and a mounting bolt 46. The mounting bolt 46 attaches the first and second D-rings 40 and 42 to the vehicle pillar 30, which is a B-pillar in the illustrated embodiment. The first D-ring 40 is stationary, while the second D-ring 42 is movable with respect to the first D-ring 40 about a pivot axis A within a prescribed range of motion. In the illustrated embodiment, the pivot axis A coincides with the longitudinal axis of the mounting bolt 46.
As best seen in FIG. 10, the first D-ring 40 basically includes a first support portion 50 and a first seat belt guiding portion 52 with a seat belt guide slot 54 formed between the first support portion 50 and the first guide portion 52. Preferably, as seen in FIG. 11, the first support portion 50 and the first seat belt guiding portion 52 are formed by a metal plate that is coated with a hard plastic material. The first support portion 50 has a hole 56 for receiving the mounting bolt 46 therethrough. The first seat belt guiding portion 52 includes a straight bar member having a first seat belt guide surface 52 a that extends linearly for a prescribed length that is equal to or greater than a vehicle seat belt width. Thus, where the seat belt webbing 18 has a conventional or standard width of about two inches (1.8″ to 1.9″ to be more exact), the first guide surface 52 a extends linearly for two inches or slightly more than two inches. At each of the ends of the first guide surface 52 a is a curved surface 52 b. Basically, the curved surfaces 52 b also aid in providing an anti-bunching effect such as when the seat belt webbing 18 is pulled at a far angle or before the first D-ring 40 returns to the stowed position. The first D-ring 40 is basically a conventional D-ring that is commonly used for a vehicle seat belt.
As best seen in FIGS. 3 and 5, the second D-ring 42 basically includes a second support portion 60 and a second seat belt guiding portion 62 with a seat belt guide slot 64 formed between the second support portion 60 and the second guide portion 62. As seen in FIGS. 5 and 6, the second D-ring 42 pivots relative to the first D-ring 40 when the seat belt restraint system 12 is being used by an occupant of the vehicle 10. Thus, when the seat belt restraint system 12 is being used by an occupant of the vehicle 10, the second seat belt guiding portion 62 is angled upwardly and laterally with respect to the first seat belt guide surface 52 a to provide an anti-bunching feature. Preferably, the first seat belt guiding portion 52 is perpendicular to the retractor connecting portion 18 c of the seat belt webbing 18, while the second seat belt guiding portion 62 is perpendicular to the torso portion 18 b of the seat belt webbing 18, when the seat belt restraint system 12 is being used by an occupant of the vehicle 10. With this arrangement, the sliding directions of the seat belt webbing 18 with respect to the first and second seat belt guiding portions 52 and 62 are maintained substantially perpendicular during both a pretensioning operation of the retractor 20 and a payout operation of the retractor 20.
Preferably, as seen in FIG. 11, the second support portion 60 and the second seat belt guiding portion 62 are formed by a metal plate that is coated with a hard plastic material. The second support portion 60 has a hole 66 for receiving the mounting bolt 46 therethrough as best seen in FIG. 11. The second seat belt guiding portion 62 includes a straight bar member having a second seat belt guide surface 62 a that extends linearly for a prescribed length that is equal to or greater than a vehicle seat belt width. Thus, where the seat belt webbing 18 has a conventional or standard width of about two inches (1.8″ to 1.9″ to be more exact), the second seat belt guide surface 62 a extends linearly for two inches or slightly more than two inches. At each of the ends of the second seat belt guide surface 62 a is a curved surface 62 b. Basically, the curved surfaces 62 b also aid in providing an anti-bunching effect similar to the curved surfaces 52 b of the first D-ring 40.
When the vehicle seat belt guiding device 14 is mounted to the vehicle pillar 30, the mounting bolt 46 passes through the holes 56 and 66 of the support portions 50 and 60 and fixed to the vehicle pillar 30 so that the first D-ring 40 is stationary and the second D-ring 42 is movable. The mounting bolt 46 and the support portions 50 and 60 constitute a mounting portion of the vehicle seat belt guiding device 14 for supporting the seat belt guiding portions 52 and 62. The seat belt guiding portions 52 and 62 constitute a seat belt guiding portion of the vehicle seat belt guiding device 14 for supporting the seat belt webbing 18.
As seen in FIGS. 5 and 6, when the vehicle seat belt guiding device 14 is in a seat belt in-use position, the second D-ring 42 is pivoted to an in-use position where the second seat belt guide surface 62 a is angled upwardly with respect to the first seat belt guide surface 52 a to form a first acute angle θ and angled laterally with respect to the first seat belt guide surface 52 a to form a second acute angle α. When the vehicle seat belt guiding device 14 is in a seat belt stowed position, the second D-ring 42 is pivoted to the stowed position where the second seat belt guide surface 62 a is preferably aligned with the first seat belt guide surface 52 a as seen in a side elevational view (FIG. 3). In other words, the first acute angle θ becomes zero when the second D-ring 42 is in the stowed position.
The first and second acute angles θ and α can vary depending on the configuration and/or type of vehicle in which the vehicle seat belt guiding device 14 is being used with. Preferably, the first and second acute angles θ and α are in a range of 25 degrees to 45 degrees when the vehicle seat belt guiding device 14 is in the seat belt in-use position. In the case of a two door coupe type of vehicle, the first and second acute angles θ and α are more preferably in a range of 35 degrees to 45 degrees when the vehicle seat belt guiding device 14 is in a seat belt in-use position. In the case of a four door sedan type of vehicle, the first and second acute angles θ and α are more preferably in a range of 25 degrees to 35 degrees when the vehicle seat belt guiding device 14 is in a seat belt in-use position. Thus, in the case of a universal seat belt guiding device, the first and second acute angles θ and α can be set to 35 degrees when the vehicle seat belt guiding device 14 is in a seat belt in-use position.
Second Embodiment
Referring now to FIGS. 12 to 17, a vehicle seat belt guiding device 114 is illustrated in accordance with a second embodiment. The vehicle seat belt guiding device 114 replaces the vehicle seat belt guiding device 14 in the vehicle 10 of FIGS. 1 and 2. Thus, the vehicle seat belt guiding device 114 is attached to the vehicle pillar 30 with the seat belt webbing 18 slidably supported on the vehicle pillar 30 by the vehicle seat belt guiding device 114.
The vehicle seat belt guiding device 114 of this embodiment basically includes a first D-ring 140, a second D-ring 142, a spacer 144 and a mounting bolt 146. The mounting bolt 146 attaches the first and second D-rings 140 and 142 to the vehicle pillar 30. In this embodiment, both the first and second D-ring 140 and 142 are stationary with respect to the vehicle pillar 30. Thus, the first and second D-rings 140 and 142 do not move with respect to the vehicle pillar 30 during movement of the seat belt webbing 18.
The first D-ring 140 is identical to the first D-ring 40 of the first embodiment. The first D-ring 140 basically includes a first support portion 150 and a first seat belt guiding portion 152 with a seat belt guide slot 154 formed between the first support portion 150 and the first guide portion 152. The first support portion 150 has a hole 156 for receiving the mounting bolt 146 therethrough. The first seat belt guiding portion 152 includes a straight bar member having a first seat belt guide surface 152 a that extends linearly for a prescribed length that is equal to or greater than a vehicle seat belt width. Thus, where the seat belt webbing 18 has a conventional or standard width of about two inches (1.8″ to 1.9″ to be more exact), the first seat belt guide surface 152 a extends linearly for two inches or slightly more than two inches. At each of the ends of the first seat belt guide surface 152 a is a curved surface 152 b. The first D-ring 140 is basically a conventional D-ring that is commonly used for a vehicle seat belt.
The second D-ring 142 basically includes a second support portion 160 and a second seat belt guiding portion 162 with a seat belt guide slot 164 formed between the second support portion 160 and the second guide portion 162. The second support portion 160 has a hole 166 for receiving the mounting bolt 146 therethrough. The second seat belt guiding portion 162 includes a bent bar member having a second seat belt guide surface 162 a and a third seat belt guide surface 162 b. The second seat belt guide surface 162 a is angled upwardly and laterally with respect to the first and third seat belt guide surfaces 152 a and 162 b to provide an anti-bunching feature. The third seat belt guide surface 162 b is preferably aligned with and parallel to the first seat belt guide surface 152 a as viewed in a side elevational (FIG. 12). At each of the opposite ends of the second and third seat belt guide surfaces 162 a and 162 b is a curved surface 162 c. Thus, the bent bar member having the second and third seat belt guide surfaces 162 a and 162 b and the straight bar member having the first seat belt guide surface 152 a are separate elements disposed in a side by side relationship with respect to each other.
Each of the second and third scat belt guide surfaces 162 a and 162 b extends linearly for a prescribed length that is equal to or greater than a vehicle seat belt width such that in the seat belt in-use position, the seat belt webbing 18 is completely supported on the first and second seat belt guide surfaces 152 a and 162 a and does not contact the third seat belt guide surface 162 b. Also when in the seat belt stowed position, seat belt webbing 18 is completely supported on the first and third seat belt guide surfaces 152 a and 162 b and does not contact the second seat belt guide surface 162 a. Thus, where the seat belt webbing 18 has a conventional or standard width of about two inches (1.8″ to 1.9″ to be more exact), each of the second and third seat belt guide surfaces 162 a and 162 b extends linearly for two inches or slightly more than two inches. However, since the second and third seat belt guide surfaces 162 a and 162 b are contiguous, one or both of the second and third seat belt guide surfaces 162 a and 162 b could be made smaller than the width of a conventional or standard seat belt webbing. Preferably, the second seat belt guide surface 162 a extends linearly for a prescribed length that is at least equal to or greater than half of the conventional or standard vehicle seat belt width.
Thus, with vehicle seat belt guiding device 114, when the seat belt restraint system is being used by an occupant of the vehicle 10, the second seat belt guide surface 162 a is angled upwardly and laterally with respect to the first seat belt guide surface 152 a to provide an anti-bunching feature. Preferably, the first seat belt guiding portion 152 is perpendicular to the retractor connecting portion 18 c of the seat belt webbing 18, while the second seat belt guide surface 162 a is perpendicular to the torso portion 18 b of the seat belt webbing 18, when the seat belt restraint system is being used by an occupant of the vehicle 10. With this arrangement, the sliding directions of the seat belt webbing 18 with respect to the first and second seat belt guide surfaces 152 a and 162 a are maintained substantially perpendicular during both a pretensioning operation of the retractor 20 and a payout operation of the retractor 20. When the seat belt webbing 18 is released to be stowed, the seat belt webbing 18 slides from the second seat belt guide surface 162 a to the third seat belt guide surface 162 b. Thus, the seat belt webbing 18 moves out of the way to a generally vertical position.
The mounting bolt 146 and the support portions 150 and 160 constitute a mounting portion of the vehicle seat belt guiding device 114 for supporting the seat belt guiding portions 152 and 162. The seat belt guiding portions 152 and 162 constitute a seat belt guiding portion of the vehicle seat belt guiding device 114 for supporting the seat belt webbing 18.
Third Embodiment
Referring now to FIGS. 18 to 25, a vehicle seat belt guiding device 214 is illustrated in accordance with a third embodiment. The vehicle seat belt guiding device 214 replaces the vehicle seat belt guiding device 14 in the vehicle 10 of FIGS. 1 and 2. Thus, the vehicle seat belt guiding device 214 is attached to the vehicle pillar 30 with the seat belt webbing 18 slidably supported on the vehicle pillar 30 by the vehicle seat belt guiding device 214.
In this embodiment, the belt guiding device 214 basically includes a single D-ring 242, a spacer 244 and a mounting bolt 246. The mounting bolt 246 attaches the D-ring 242 to the vehicle pillar 30. In this embodiment, the D-ring 242 is stationary with respect to the vehicle pillar 30. Thus, the D-ring 242 does not move with respect to the vehicle pillar 30 during movement of the seat belt webbing 18.
The D-ring 242 basically includes a support portion 260, a first seat belt guiding portion 261 and a second seat belt guiding portion 262 with a seat belt guide slot 264 formed between the support portion 260 and the first and second guide portions 261 and 262. The support portion 260 has a hole 266 for receiving the mounting bolt 246 therethrough. The first and second guide portions 261 and 262 form a bent bar member with the first seat belt guiding portion 261 including a first seat belt guide surface 161 a and the second seat belt guiding portion 262 including a second seat belt guide surface 262 a. Thus, in this embodiment, the first and second seat belt guiding portions 261 and 262 are part of a single bent bar member such that the first and second guide surfaces 261 a and 262 are contiguous.
The first seat belt guide surface 261 a extends linearly for a first prescribed length that is equal to or greater than a vehicle seat belt width at the inbound facing side of the seat belt guide slot 264, while the second seat belt guide surface 262 a extends linearly for a second prescribed length that is equal to or greater than the vehicle seat belt width the inbound facing side of the seat belt guide slot 264. However, the second seat belt guide surface 262 a is narrower at the outbound facing side of the seat belt guide slot 264. The second seat belt guide surface 262 a is angled laterally and upwardly to form a first acute angle θ with respect to the first seat belt guide surface 261 a and a second acute angle α with respect to the first seat belt guide surface 261 a.
With this arrangement, the sliding directions of the seat belt webbing 18 with respect to the first and second seat belt guide surfaces 261 a and 262 a are maintained substantially perpendicular during both a pretensioning operation of the retractor 20 and a payout operation of the retractor 20. When the seat belt webbing 18 is released to be stowed, the seat belt webbing 18 slides from the second seat belt guide surface 262 a to the first seat belt guide surface 261 a. Thus, the general function of the belt guiding device 214 is the same as the prior embodiments, i.e., preventing bunching during of the seat belt webbing 18 during a pretensioning situation or a payout situation. In view of these similarities, between the belt guiding device 214 and the prior embodiments, the belt guiding device 214 will not be discussed in further detail.
General Interpretation of Terms
In understanding the scope of the present invention, the term “comprising” and its derivatives, as used herein, are intended to be open ended terms that specify the presence of the stated features, elements, components, groups, integers, and/or steps, but do not exclude the presence of other unstated features, elements, components, groups, integers and/or steps. The foregoing also applies to words having similar meanings such as the terms, “including”, “having” and their derivatives. Also, the terms “part,” “section,” “portion,” “member” or “element” when used in the singular can have the dual meaning of a single part or a plurality of parts. Also as used herein to describe the above embodiment(s), the following directional terms “forward”, “rearward”, “above”, “downward”, “vertical”, “horizontal”, “below” and “transverse” as well as any other similar directional terms refer to those directions of a vehicle equipped with a vehicle seat belt guiding device such as disclosed herein. Accordingly, these terms, as utilized to describe the present invention should be interpreted relative to a vehicle equipped with a vehicle seat belt guiding device such as disclosed herein. The terms of degree such as “substantially”, “about” and “approximately” as used herein mean a reasonable amount of deviation of the modified term such that the end result is not significantly changed.
While only selected embodiments have been chosen to illustrate the present invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure that various changes and modifications can be made herein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. For example, the size, shape, location or orientation of the various components can be changed as needed and/or desired. Components that are shown directly connected or contacting each other can have intermediate structures disposed between them. The functions of one element can be performed by two, and vice versa. The structures and functions of one embodiment can be adopted in another embodiment. It is not necessary for all advantages to be present in a particular embodiment at the same time. Every feature which is unique from the prior art, alone or in combination with other features, also should be considered a separate description of further inventions by the applicant, including the structural and/or functional concepts embodied by such feature(s). Thus, the foregoing descriptions of the embodiments according to the present invention are provided for illustration only, and not for the purpose of limiting the invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
1. A vehicle seat belt guiding device comprising: a mounting portion; and a seat belt guiding portion including a first seat belt guide surface extending for a prescribed length that is equal to or greater than a vehicle seat belt width, and a second guide portion including a second seat belt guide surface extending linearly for a prescribed length that is equal to or greater than half of the vehicle seat belt width, the second seat belt guide surface being angled upwardly with respect to the first seat belt guide surface to form a first acute angle and angled laterally with respect to the first seat belt guide surface to form a second acute angle, when the vehicle seat belt guiding device is in a seat belt in-use position.
2. The vehicle seat belt guiding device according to claim 1, wherein the first acute angle between the first and second seat belt guide surfaces is in a range of 25 degrees to 45 degrees when the vehicle seat belt guiding device is in a seat belt in-use position.
3. The vehicle seat belt guiding device according to claim 1, wherein the first acute angle between the first and second seat belt guide surfaces is in a range of 35 degrees to 45 degrees when the vehicle seat belt guiding device is in a seat belt in-use position.
4. The vehicle seat belt guiding device according to claim 1, wherein the first acute angle between the first and second seat belt guide surfaces is in a range of 25 degrees to 35 degrees when the vehicle seat belt guiding device is in a seat belt in-use position.
5. The vehicle seat belt guiding device according to claim 1, wherein the first acute angle between the first and second seat belt guide surfaces is 35 degrees when the vehicle seat belt guiding device is in a seat belt in-use position.
6. The vehicle seat belt guiding device according to claim 1, wherein the second acute angle between the first and second seat belt guide surfaces is in a range of 25 degrees to 45 degrees when the vehicle seat belt guiding device is in a seat belt in-use position.
7. The vehicle seat belt guiding device according to claim 1, wherein the second acute angle between the first and second seat belt guide surfaces is in a range of 35 degrees to 45 degrees when the vehicle seat belt guiding device is in a seat belt in-use position.
8. The vehicle seat belt guiding device according to claim 1, wherein the second acute angle between the first and second seat belt guide surfaces is in a range of 25 degrees to 35 degrees when the vehicle seat belt guiding device is in a seat belt in-use position.
9. The vehicle seat belt guiding device according to claim 1, wherein the second acute angle between the first and second seat belt guide surfaces is 35 degrees when the vehicle seat belt guiding device is in a seat belt in-use position.
10. The vehicle seat belt guiding device according to claim 2, wherein the second acute angle between the first and second seat belt guide surfaces is in a range of 25 degrees to 45 degrees when the vehicle seat belt guiding device is in a seat belt in-use position.
11. The vehicle seat belt guiding device according to claim 1, wherein the mounting portion and the seat belt guiding portion are formed by a first D-ring and a second D-ring, the first D-ring including a first support part of the mounting portion and the first seat belt guide surface of the seat belt guiding portion, and the second D-ring including a second support part of the mounting portion and the second seat belt guide surface of the seat belt guiding portion.
12. The vehicle seat belt guiding device according to claim 11, wherein the second D-ring is movable with respect to the first D-ring within a prescribed range of motion such that the second seat belt guide surface is angled upwardly with respect to the first seat belt guide surface when the vehicle seat belt guiding device is in a seat belt in-use position and the second seat belt guide surface is parallel with respect to the first seat belt guide surface when the vehicle seat belt guiding device is in a seat belt stow position.
13. The vehicle seat belt guiding device according to claim 12, wherein the first D-ring includes a straight bar member having the first seat belt guide surface; and the second D-ring includes a straight bar member having the second seat belt guide surface.
14. The vehicle seat belt guiding device according to claim 1, wherein the guide portion includes a third seat belt guide surface extending for a third prescribed length with the third seat belt guide surface being parallel to the first seat belt guide surface at least when in a seat belt in-use position.
15. The vehicle seat belt guiding device according to claim 14, wherein the mounting portion and the seat belt guiding portion are formed by a first D-ring and a second D-ring, the first D-ring including a first support part of the mounting portion and the first seat belt guide surface of the seat belt guiding portion, and the second D-ring including a second support part of the mounting portion and the second and third seat belt guide surfaces of the seat belt guiding portion.
16. The vehicle seat belt guiding device according to claim 15, wherein the first D-ring includes a straight bar member having the first seat belt guide surface with the first bar member being disposed at a first position; and the second D-ring includes a bent bar member having the second and third seat belt guide surfaces, the bent bar member being fixed at a second position such that the straight bar member and the bent bar member are separate elements with the first and third seat belt guide surfaces disposed in a side by side relationship with respect to each other.
17. The vehicle seat belt guiding device according to claim 1, wherein the first and second guide surfaces are part of a single bar member such that the first and second guide surfaces are contiguous..
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99,999 | arithmeticinplai00fish_3 | English-PD | Public Domain | Prices: $4. J Product by 2. J MULTIPLICATION, 61 The numbers being placed in order, as above, and according to the 6th Rule of this Chapter, after having shown a line under them, I begin with the first figure the multiplier, viz. 4, saying, 4 times 5 is 20, set down, and carry 2; then 4 times 6 is 24, and 2 is 26, that is 6, and carry 2; then 4 times 3, is, and 2 is 14; and so I have done with the figure 4. Then I go to the second figure in the multiplier, viz. 2a, multiply the multiplier 365 by that also; saying, see 5 is 10, I set down on, and carry 1, which of I set down on the figure 2 that I multiply by, and go back farther to the left hand, as was said before: Then on, saying, Twice 6 h 12, and 1 that I carry is 13, it is 3 and carry 1, and twice 3 is 6, and 1 has 7, and I have done with this figure of the multiplier also: if then I draw a line under these two produces, and add to together, and they make 8760 for answer. And the work is done, as may be seen in the Example and may be proved as before. Example 2. Let it be required to multiply by 28 c It 2 2 02 06 50 5507 1534804 e two fifths, i eng through all i line being drawn under b facing, 5 times 7 kSj7 figures of the multiplicand by 5, and rind its present to be 2637685, then I go to the next figure h multiplier viz. 8, and multiply all the fibres in multiplicand by that also; and lied the"prox P296; then I multiply the multiplicand %j the figure, viz. 2, and the product by that g S^H 62 MULTIPLICATION. Then drawing a line under these three products, I add them together, and find their total to be 15034804c for the true product fought; that is, I find that 28 times 527537 amounts to £50348045; as by the word above may be seen. VIII. Whenever the Multiply is such a number that any two numbers of the Multiplication Table; being multiplied together, make the said multiplier; as in the foregoing page, where the multiplier is 24, and made by multiplying 6 and 4 together. Then if you multiply the multiplicand by either of these numbers that is either 6 or 4, and then multiply that product by the other number, the last product must be the answer and the same with the other way. Product agreeable to the first Example; and so of any other. There are sometimes figures saved by this method, and there is no addition of products. Mere Examples* 476 4284 476 66710 115532 9^44 MULTIPLICATION. 63 56071592 275827 123 19725 168214776 I379I35 1 12143 [84 55l654 * 56071592 I93°789 2481443 6896805816 275827 S'44°68757j Ho w /0 porove Muksplieathn 6) the Cross* The common way ufed in fchools is this : they make rofs thus X, then add all the figures in the multipli- ed together, as in Addition, and call away the nines ijoft as they arife, and bear the remainder to the next Sure ;. when they come to the end of the line, they note ;\at remains after the nines are cad away, and fet fuch. nainder on the left fide of the crofs; then they do the ;ne by the multiplier, and note what remains there alio, .ting that on the right of the crofs; then they multiply ?m two figures together, and call the nines out of the bduft, fetting the remainder on the top of the crofs .* lly they call away the nines out of the prod 11 61, and if. le remainder be like the figure on the top of the crofs, by fet it down at the bottom, and conclude the work Iht. r'But this way of proof is not infallible, as I have ex- Jrienced many times ; but this may be faid for it, that la fum be done right it will never appear to be wrong I this way ;. but it many times makes a fum appear rfht when it is utterly falfe, and therefore not to be de- rided on as a certain proof. I'll givt one Example to ike the foregoing directions the more intelligible which ilbe one of the preceding fums fet down again hers, |. the fecond foregoing. 3 56071592 Multiplicand. X< !i3 Mdt'pllcr' I 6896805816 f.rodttk 64 MULTIPLICATION. Here, after having made the cross, thus X, I begin a multiplicand, its no matter at which end; But ril begin towards the left hand, saying, 5 8; and 6 is 1 1, /cad away 9, and there rests 2, and 2 and 7 is 9, and there rests nothing; then 1 anc 5 is 6 (mil's the 9) and 2 is 8, which I let on the left hand of the cross, as appears in the margin. Then the hot point, there remains 3 like wife, and 10 the work done. Note. That the figures on each side of the cross, being multiplied, make 48, and if you add them two figures together as they stand, and cast away the nines, the remainder will be the same; that instead of saying, how many nines in 48, you say, 8 and 4 is 1 2, the nines in 12 once, and there remains 3, as before. IX. The greatest difficulty in Multiplication is when there is a cipher, or ciphers, intermixed with the figures. In fuch cafes, only remember what was laid before in! the 7th Rule to move for every figure or cipher one place towards the left hand, and to take care that each: firft figure of the feveral products fland directly under it: refpective multiplier. An Example will make it eafy tc be undcriiood. Let it be required to multiply 507 1 09 84 by 4050607. Having fet the numbers down as before directed, with 1 jjurc under them, they fland thus ? 50710984 MultipVicancL , 4050607 Multiplier*. 354976888 3042659040 2535549200 2028439360 205410266767288, MULTIPLICATION, 65 Here I begin, faying, 7 times 4 is 28, Sec. and fo go rrou^h the multiplicand by 7, and find its product 54976888 ; then I come to a cipher, whicb I fet own under the fecond figure of the abi ••. mentioned roduct., viz. 8, then I multiply the multiplicand by the ext figure of the multiplier (viz, 6, in the fame line) aying, 6 times 4 is 24 : I fet down 4 next to the ci- >her, in the fame line, and it (lands under the third fi- gure in the laft product, jufl under its multiplier 6, and : fhd this product, or line, to be 3042659040. Then oming to another cipher, I fet it down jail under its 1»wn place, and go forward with the n&At figure 5 in the lame line, as before, faying, 5 times 4 is 20, &c. I fet lown the o, juft under 5 the multiplier, and find this >rodu6\ to be 2535549200. Then I come to another :ipher, and proceed as before, and find this laft line, or j)rodu£l, 2028439360. All which produces being ad- led together, make 2054:0266767288, for anfwer* See the foregoing work. Illgre Examples 7$ 643 71 327586 20604 6030 31457484 9827580 471862260 19655160 157287420 I97534358o 162037500084 X. When there is a cipher, or ciphers, in the multiplier towards the right hand, then let it, or them, backward from the place of units, towards the right hand and multiply by the significant figure, or figures, as usual; and afterwards annex the cipher, or ciphers, to the general product on the right, hand, as in the following Examples. Examples. 3*6 4762- 4795 20 7° 400 5-5° 3333 MULTIPLICATION. 746094 3600 729764 476000 4476564 2238282 2685938400 4378584 5108348 2919056 347367664000 3Q. When there are ciphers both in the multiplicand and multiplier, then omit the ciphers in both, till you have multiplied by the significant figures: MULTIPLICATION. and then join the ciphers in each to the product; as in these examples. Examples. Or, one line only. Examples* Multiply 456 789Q 3425 if* 12 11 •roducl: 50.16 86790 37675 In the firft of thefe, I fay, 1 i times 6 is 66, 6 and go ; and n times 5 is 55, and 6 is 61, 1 and go 6 ; and 1 times 4 is 44, and 6 is 50, as above; and fo.of therefh Multiply 1234 56789 3C762 3y 12 12 12 ?roducl: 14808 681468 369144, Here I fay, 1 2 times 4 is 4S, 8 and carry 4 ; and 1 z imes 3 is 36, and 4 is 40, o and go 4, Sec. When any number is to b* multiplied by 5, it may be :ontrac~t.ed by annexing a cipher to the number, and then ftalve it, becaufe 5 is the half of 10. And the rule holds good for brevity if a number is p be multiplied by 15. Example, Multiply 567 by 15, 5670 By 3, becauie 3 times 5 is 15* 8505 When you multiply by any of thefe. compound nunr-. rers, viz. 110, 120, 1100, or 1 209, then multiply as before, and annex the cipher afterwards. Examples* Multiply 3762 34567 ,46972 €^796 I IO 120, I I OO I2 00 ;^0du£t? 413820 4148040 51669200 Il6l5520P €3 MULTIPLICATION. Which way of multiplying is much better than the following. Or thus, 37^2 34567 120 1 ic 37620 3762 69134a 34567 413820 ^ 7148040 XII. To multiply by article numbers, viz. 13, 14, \$t Ice. to 20, to have the work in one line.. Example*. 74974 4578 1 3 1.8 974662 74974 24922 Or thus, 822204 45678 365424 974662 822204 Rule for the following Examples: Multiply each figure in the multiplicand by the unit figure of the multiplier, adding to each single product its back figure; and to the last figure add what you carry. As in the first Example, say 3 times 4 is 12, 2 and go 1; and three times 7 is 21; and 1 carried is 22, and 4 the second figure of the multiplicand is 26, 6 and go 2; and 3 times 9 is 27, and 2 is 29, and 7 the third figure, is 36, 6 and go 3; and 3 times 4 is 12, and 9, the third figure makes 24, 4 and earn; 2; then 3 times 7 is 21, and 2 is 23, and 4, the fourth figure, is 27, 7 and go 2; which 2 Add to the last 7, and it makes 9, as in the work. MULTIPLICATION. 69 In the two last Examples, I multiply by the unit figure |F the multiplier, and set the first figure of the product |he place forward to the right hand. XIII. To multiply by a mixt number, that is, a whole Umber joined with 2ifra8lony whether it be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, weight 5 828, the product by 3 69. the 4th part of the multiplicand 276. fnfw. 897,, hundred weight in all. Example 2. In 756 pieces of Stuff, Each 24A yards, how many yards ?; 3024 15 j 2 378, the half of the multiplicand ff&y. infku* 18522 yards in all. Example 3. In 63 fodder of Lead, Each 19J C. how many hundreds ? 567 $l|, the half of 63, the multiplicand; 1rtfw>- 122&1 hundred weight jnalh 7o MULTIPLICATION. If tlie multiplier had been accounted money, or icjj-/. 6a\ and the multiplicand 6$ integers, at that price, then the product would have been 1228^. 6d* or 61L 8jv 6d. I Example 4 x ohacco. Each 24C how manv hundreds I In 24 ca/ks of Tobacco 48 12, the half of 24* 6j the 4th part of 24* or half of ra, jfh/ku* 66 hundreds in a!L * It would have been the fame, if I had fald, 54 pair of ftockings, or any thing elfe at 2s. |, or 2/. 9//, (for qd* is § of a (hilling) then the product would have beea 66,;* $r 3/, 6jv Example 5, 224 French Crowns, At 54^/. ^ per Crown, 896 1 120 74 ~ the \ 01224 the multiplicand. Fence, 12170! Example 6. 340 grofs of Paileboards,, At 7^/.. y per grofs, cu-tlonu 2380 68, the j part of 340, Product, 2448 pence. This method of multiplying by a mixt number k of excellent ufe in a multitude of cafes, particularly in ex-. changing of money of different nations. MULTIPLICATION. XIV. I shall now show the excellent life of Multiplication, in answering all manner of questions that or rarely occur in business, where we have the price of the thing, and want to know the value of many things at that rate, and show that it performs the office and answers the work of questions in The Rule of Three Directions of that kind, but in a much conciliatory method, and more elegant manner; and that by such easy rules and directions that any one who understands Addition of money shall as readily cart up any thing this way as he may in a sum in that; for nothing mere is required here than to carry from one denomination to the next, exactly as we do here; and therefore it may be truly said, That this Rule reformeth the work of many Additions, as was hinted before. Example 1. How much is 3 times, 1 1 9 Multiplicand 3 yards of cloth, at 3 Multiplier. 1. 15 3 Prod, or Ahf. The Rule. Obferve always to multiply the price by the quantity, and the product is the answer. Here, say, 3 times 9 is 27 pence, which is, and 1 set down 3 days under the place of pence, and carry 2 days to the millings; then 3 times 11 is 33, and 2 days at 1 carry is 35, which 13 is 15s. I set down the 5s. under the shillings place, and set down the 1, a tie forward to the left hand; and so the question is answered, and found to amount to 1.5s. 1s. as by the work above. Now here is no more difficulty than 1. Addition, it being the same in and is a sure proof of the truth of this method. Example 2 Kov 1 Above. Example 3, What is 7 times 2 id. s. d. Or, 7 flone of Beef, at -19 price. 7 quantity. Here, say, 7 times 9 is 6d. that is, a. %d. /fet! down 3, and carry 5; and 7 times 1 is 7, and 5 is 12; which makes 12s. $d. for the answer. Example 4. What comes 9 ffc the left hand, as before; and the answer is 4½. $5. id. -}, as above. What come 10 times 1 1 6 to? By 10. of Nutmegs, at 1 tr; C</. - 10 Here, say, 10 times 6 is 60 pence, which is just 5½. set down o, and carry 5: then 10 times 1 1 is 1 ro, and is t 15 millings, which is 5½. 15s. for the answer. Example 6. How much is 1 1 times 1 7 6 By 11 Pifloles, at ditto 1 r 912 6 By here, 11 times 6 is 66 pence, which is 6½. Set down 6, and carry 5; then 1 times 7 is 77, and that 1 carries is 82, set down 2, and carry 6; through 1 times 1 is 1, and 8 is 19; and as they are so pigs (it being in the tens of millings) I take the haft of them which is 9, by 9, and 1 carry over, which I put to left-of the 2, set down before, and they make 12s, and the 9s at a proper distance towards the left and, as in the Example may be seen. Example 7 What comes 1 2 sheep to, at 1 3 4 Note, It is best to multiply the shillings as simple numbers, for every 10 carrying 1, &c. and then to halve the tens of shillings, which half is always so many pounds; and if they halve even, Set down a cipher in the tens of hills, place; but, then, let down a line in that place; instances of both may be observed in the two last sums. In the last sum, I said, 12 times 4 is 48 pence, or 4. 1 set down, and carry 4; then 3 times 12 is 3; and 4 is 40; 1 set down, and carry 4 for 4 tens; then 12 times 1 is 12, and 4 is 16, the half of 16 is 8, which is 8. For answer, as in the work. Some more Examples. I see, of Ginnamopat - 7. Sugar, at Here the 1 of 35 is 17 and 1 pair of Stockings, at 5. 7 C. of Hops, at jinfiv. 23 07 3 1 1 ounces of Silver, at o 5 £§ 11 4s/t» 1 z 4 6 -. - 44 8 . Jlnfafm *7 34 8 o(L per pali 9 8 J2 Anfzv. 5 16 O - 3 6 9 7 .rf«/w. 3 o oj MULTIPLICATION. C pipes of- Wine, at per pipe 24 15 o 10 Anfiv, 247 i^o O yards of Flannel , at 1 2 6 Jtf 7 0 34 6 9 C, of TftUovp,.ifr- ere the ] of 3 1 is i 5 and -^* 15 10 6 XV. When the quantity exceeds 12, iind two numbers, he Multiplication Table, which being Multiplied toge- fer will make the quantity: then multiply the price by one the numbers (it matters not which you multiply firitby) £ then that produel by the other number, and the iait }duu will be the anfwer. Example 1. /. s\ ch - tVfrat is !^ times 4. 6 ? iS gallons of Brandy 3 the ift multiplier, Lfr 6J. ^r gallon; — ■ 13 6 the id prod, by 3, 6 the 2d multiplier, -rfa/W. 4 01 othe laft prod, by 6. ■fee / find this quantity two ways (as many timer, apens) viz. either by 3 and by 6, or by 2 and by 9; ither of them multiplied together, make, the qaantity,. ;6 MULTIPLICATION, I u tt. 4 6 2 9 0 9 — — ~~-~«~ .—•. 4 i c Here i$ the anfwer produced by 2 and y, 4*5 abotjj Example 2. /. /. J. How much is 3 2 times, r, 32 of Tea, 9^ 1, 2 pound, Or, 32 ft, of Tea, The 2nd, multiplier, 8. Here the numbers are 4 and 8; 4 times 8 making 32 the quantity; wherefore / begins and fay 4 times 2 is 8 farthings, which being j nil 2cL /carry it to the pence; then 4 times 9 is 36, and 2 is 38 pence, which is 3$. and 2 J. /letdown 2 and carry 3-f. Sec. After / have multiplied by 4, / find that Product to be 3/. 3^. 2/. which multiplies by 8, the other number, and find the first product, or answer, to be 23/, zs. as in the work may be seen. What is 120 times 19 Or, 120 quarters of Corn, at figs. 5d. 10 ps% quarter J — — — , '; 16 8 12 1 lei MULTIPLICATION. Here 10 times 12 makes 120 the quantity, wherefore multiply first by 10, and that produce is 9.16x. 8d, which multiply by the other number 12, and that producer is 18. For the answer, 77, C. of Madder, at - 3 15 6 Here 11 times 7 makes the quantity; when come to multiply by the second multiplier, viz.: 11, Here 3 times 5 is 15, the quantity 2 1 yards of Tabby, at M:2 L s. j. 2 1 3 6 3 5 4 1 1 7 2 0 1 5 3 5 1 1 7 2 0 1 5 3 Jnf.6 04 3 7* MULTIPLICATION". K n J> 72 gallons of Wine, at ~ 5 4 6 Here 6 times 1 2 makes the quantity; 1 2 1 2 0 . or, 8 times 9 makes 72 like wife. 1-2 Anj\ 19 04 o 8 lib. of Nutmegs, at - - 12 3 | 9 Here 9 times 9 makes the quantity. 9, 49 3 i XVI. When the quantity is such a number that no two numbers in the Table can be found to answer it, then multiply by two such numbers as come nearest to the number given, as before; and for the number wanting, to make up the number given, multiply the price of one by the number that is wanting, and add it to the other product, and the total will be the answer. Example I s. cL 39 C. of Cur Grant at per. firkins of Butter, at; 00 17 6 7 Here the two numbers that corne neared 6 02 6 are 7 times 1 1, which is 77, 1 1 67 07- 6 The price multiplied by 2, 01 15 o that are wanting. *— ifcfof? Examples* 57 grofs of Pipes, at per grofs? 1 grofs wanting,. /. j. <£ I A, 7 09 4 8 03 J4 8 00 01 4. ^%C 03 j 6- o 3d multiplication; 76 C. I of Ship-Bifcuit, at TOK /. J. </. £« 13 6 4- 6 01 0 12 48 1 2 0 02 14 0 00 06 9 00 03 4^ ; AnJ. 5* 16 1 1 - 3 5 4- 7 R7,-. I 04 2 \ 12 i The price -multiplied by 4. The £ of 1 35. 6</. for the \ G. The I of ditto, for the J 0.^ 87 ells of Holland,.. at- Here 7 times 12 is 84* and % is 87 14 10 6 The price multiplied by 3. - 10 4 \ I ^/. 15 00 10 I ' If I had multiplied by 11 times 8, which is 88, and fubtradled the price of I'from the product, the remainder would have been the anfwer," as before. /, s. d 97 C. I of Cheefe, at per C. 25 6 1 8 jo 04 o 1 2 12 2 OQ O For the 1 C. wanting, The half of the price for the \ C. Anf 124 06 J MULTIPLICATION. Si Thus, by the various examples foregoing, is manifestly seen, that when the price of one thing is given, the price of many, at the same rate, may be found by Multiplication only; and sooner and much handfomer, than by the Rule of Three. Larger sums may be made up this way as well as small, observing the directions following. When your sum is 1, 2, 3, or more hundreds, always multiply the price by 10, and then that product by 10 also, which produces the value of one hundred; then multiply that product by the number of hundreds, whether 2, 3, 4, or 5, &c. and that product is the value of so many hundreds as there are; then for the tens, whether 20, 30, 40, &c. multiply that product which gives the price of 10, either by 2, 3, 4, or 5, as the tens may happen, which Place under the last product, without drawing a line; and for the units always multiply the price by them, whether 2,3, 4, &c. and set that also just under the former products, so that you will have three lines to add together, and the total of them is always the answer. An Example, or two, will make it easy to be understood. What is 648 times of indigo? The value of 10, /. s. cl at ditto ? 4 6 10 2 05 c 10 The value of 100, The number of hundreds 22 10 The value of 60c, . 13 c co o 600 i lie pri;..c of 10, multiplied by 4, 9 00 o 40 1 he price multiplied by 8, ' 1 16 o § dnfv:> 145 16 o 2z MULTIPLICATION. Firft, I multiply 4jv, 6<r/. the price, by 10, and that produces zl. $s. for the price of 10 ; alfo I multiply the laid 2/. p. the price of 10, by 10 again, and that pro- duces 22L lev. for the value of ico ; then I multiply the value of 100 by 6, the number of hundreds, and that product is the value of 600, being 135!- oj\ od. where- fore I am now only to find out the value of 48 ; for the fotir tens in 48, I multiply the price of 10, viz. 2/. $s* by 4, and that product (hews the value of 40, which is 9/. then for the 8 units, in- the 48, I multiply the firii price, vl? t 4J-, 6d, and that product gives the value of 8, ^rhich is it. 16s. All which, being added together (that h9 only the three lines that have no line of repara- tion between them) make 145A 16s. od, for anfwer, And thus may any fum be done, let it be as large as it , will 5 only when the futp confift* of thoufands you have^ 4 .lines to add together; but when of hundreds, but 3. Example 2 c , 155 ells of Holland, at The value of in? The value of ice, ] l 09 2 The number oi bunjtredsj ,. 3 The value of 3.C0 34 07 6 The value pf i.g rmil. by 5 : 5 14 7 Thepri-by 5,.^,, - 0 1 1 fs 3CO JO 5 MULTIPLICATION' Example 3. 966 lb. of Bohea Tea, at 14 5 IO Fhe value of io, 7 04 2 10 Hie value of ico, 72 oi 8 Hie number of hundreds, - o Hie value of 900 - 648 15 o The value of 10 mult, by 6, 43 05 o "he price of 1 mult, by 6, 4 c6 6 /. si cL J254 gallons of Rum, at 03 5 10 he price of 1 o, - 1 14 2 10 he price of 100, - 17 01 8 10 900 60 6 4nf. 696 06 6 066 Example 4. he price of 1 oeo, - 1 70 i'6 8 fie number of thoufands, 8 be value of 8000, - x 366 ij~ 8000 ievalueoficomuk.by9, 1J3 ,5 0. ■levalueof iomuJt.by5, 8 Jo IO 50 ae price mult, by 4 units, o 13 8 4 -<&/"• i529 12 10 89^4 S4 MULTIPLICATION. I have infilled the longer on this excellent method, that it might be well underftood ; not only for its ele- gant, expeditious, and facile difpatch of ordinary^jpairs, but for its utility in contracting many operations mother Rules, as The Rule of Three, &c.^ I know it is not cufiomary to introduce any thing of this kind to be learnt fo early; imagining (it may be) the fcholar not capable of underftanding them till he has made farther advances in Arithmetic ; but fince they are only Multiplication, the foregoing methods pjoperly belong to the Rule, and may well be taught in it, efpe- cially fmce they are of fuch excellent ufe in all manner ofbufmefs, and maybe of fervice to force whofe lei f lire or ability admit df no larger improvements in Arithmetic. Quantities of weight, meafure, &c. are expeditioufly found by this method of multiplying by component parts. Examples, Q In 64 barrel's of Anchovies, each 30] lb. how many pounds ? .Multiply by 8 and Anf<ii\ \ 952 In 56 firkins of Butter, each 56 lb. how many pounds ? Multiply by 7 and 8 jnfov. 3 136 C. qrs, lb. In 98 cafks of Capers, each .3 3 14 how many hundreds, &c. 10> 9> atl<* Jn/kv. 379 3 Q In i 04 bars of Spanifh Silver, each 461 oz. how. many ouncel I * o, I o, ana 4- drfvr* 4810 DIVISION. $| In 4.8 packs of Linen each 4225 ells Flernifh, how many ells Flemifh ? 6 and 8. Anfwer, 20 2 800 might here also show the method of Cross Multiplication, or multiplying (hillings and pence, by (hillings and pence, or feet and inches by feet and inches (it being all one) and some other methods in Practical Multiplication, but there being too much of Division used with them, shall defer them till I come to another place. CHAP. V. DIVISION, DIVISION is a Rule by which we discover: how often one number is contained in another; It if it were acted, How often is 8 contained in 48? If he answer would be 6 times. It likewise serveth to bring small denominations into greater; as farthings into pounds, and pounds weight into tons weight, &c. This rule is comprehended under 3 certain branches, and one uncertain, viz. 1. The Dividend, or number given to be divided. 2. The Republik, or number given to divide. By the number of equal parts (hewing how often the divider is contained in the Divided). The Remainder after the work is en elect; which is always the last name or quality with the divider. The Divided part of the work is less than the Divided part if the work be right, and this is the uncertain branch, because there is some lie's a Remainder, and sometimes not Divided. Divided is either single, or compound. Sometimes the Divided part of the work is divided. Anfwered by the Multiplication Table; as if 54 were to be divided by 6, the answer would be 9; for 6 is contained 9 times in 54, here 5413 the Dividend, 6 the Divifor, and 9 is the Quotient or answer. Compound Division is when the Dividend consists of many places or figures, and the Divifor of one or more figures. As if 365, the days in a year, were to be divided by 7, the days in a week; 365 is the dividend, 7 they divifor, 52 and familiar examples render it easy to the smallest capacity. And as in Multiplication, so in this Rule shall endeavour at some new improvements; discovering that many things in this Rule may be abridged, and show its excellence use in answering many questions, which seem to require a more progressive knowledge in Arithmetic. Example 1. Let it be required to divide 7420 by 5. In order to which place my dividend (or sum to be divided into 5 equal parts or shares) thus, 7420. Then I place my dividend for 5, before the dividend, with a crooked line before it, and a straight line drawn underneath it, thus; 7420. DIVISION, S Then proceed according to the Rule; and, first, I say, "I see, saying, how many times 5, the dividend, can I have in 7, the first figure of the dividend, and the answer is once, which I place under the line, just under the 7 5 then, according to the Rule, I multiply, saying once 5, the dividend is 5; then, as the Rule directs, I subscribe, saying, "From 7, and there remains 2, which are two tens, which I suppose (land before the next figure in the dividend) viz, 4, and so makes it 24." 5)7420 for a new dividual. Thee again ly^i, faying, how ma- • ny times 5, the divifor,, can /have in 24, the dividual, and the anfwer is 4 times, which /place under the line., juft under 4, the fecond figure in the dividend ; then I multiply », faying, 4 times. 5 (the divifor) is 20, which I fubtrafi from 24, and there refts 4, which being 4 tens^ makes the next figure 2, in the dividend, to be 42, Then again \feck how many times 5 / can have in 42, and the anfwer is 8 times, which / put under the line, juft under 2, the third figure in the dividend 1 then I multiply, faying, 8 times 5 h 40, which / fubtraft from 42, and there remains 2, which 2 tens make the cipher in the dividend to be 20 \ then / fay, how many times 5, the divifor, in 20, and the anfwer is 4 times ^ then 4 times 5 (the divifor) is 20, from 20, and there re-. mains nothing. And fo the work is done, as by the fol- lowing Example. Divifor, 5)7420 Dividend. 1484 Shzotitnty or Anfwer. So that/ find by the. work, that 5 is contained in 7420 juft 1484 times : or, if the dividend had been fo many Shillings or pounds to be parted among 5 perfons,. each perfon mud have had fp many fhiilings or pounds., for hit &are, • r 16 DIVISION. V. When the figure of your dividend is lefs than the diviior^or firfl figure of your divifor, then make the firft two figures of the dividend your dividual, and work as before. Example, Divide 4263 gallons of wine among 7 perfons. Having set down the dividend for the work, as before, with the dividend before it, thus, 9263 BhndencL 609 £>uctieni> I proceed, saying, how many times 7, the divifor, can I have in 4, the first figure of the dividend; and knowing / cannot take 7 out of 4, / take? it out of 42, the first two figures of the dividend, and the answer is 6 times, which / put just under 2, the second 'figure of the dividend, and then multiply, by, 6 times 7 (the divifor) is 42, and there remains nothing: Then the sevens that are in 6 (for you must never take more than one figure or cipher at a time out of the dividend, except you are obliged to do it at first / cannot take, wherefore / put a cipher for the quotient, under 6 and the 6 remains as so many tens, and makes the next or last figure in the dividend 3. To be 63. Then the sevens in 63, 9 times, and the work is done: and the quotient is 609, or 609 gallons for each man's future. The Proof. To prove this or any other sum in division, multiply the quotient by the divifor, and if the product is like the dividend, the work is right: but observe, whenever there is a remainder, such remainder must be taken in, or abided to the product. Example* 7)4263 609 7 •t-63 pr**A E I VVT S I O N. 89 Here / fay, 7 times 91s 63 5 3 and carry 6, then 7 times 0 is nothing, but 6 is 6 ; laftly9 7 times 6 is 42 : fo that 1 find this product to be the very fame figures with the dividend, therefore the */ork is right. So likewife as Multiplication proves Divifion, doth Divifion. prove Multiplication. For if you divide the product by the multiplier, the quotient, if the work is right, will be the fame with the multiplicand ; as thus : In proving the laft mm, 609 is the multiplicand, and 4263 is the product, and 7 the multiplier. Now if the product 4263 be divided by 7, the multiplier, the quoti- ent will be 609 the multiplicand, as may be feen in the foregoing work. Example*. .Divide 97961 pieces of Eight among 9 men* u 9)97961 108844. -^stfrn 9 97961 Proof. Here, say, the nines in 9, once, which put under the line, just under 9 in the dividend, and then I multiply, saying, once 9 from 9, and there remains nothing then the nines in 7 none, wherefore I set down a o in the quotient, just under 7, and the 7 remains, and makes the next figure in the dividend to be 79. Then the nines in 79 are 8, then 8 times 9 is 72, from 79, and there remains 7, which makes the next figure 6, in the dividend, to be 76; then the nines in 76 are 8, 8 times 9 is 72, from 76, and there remains 4, which makes the next and last figure in the dividend to be 41; then the nines in 41 are 4, 4 times 9 is 36, from 41, and there remains 5, which is the remainder, and may be set at some small dance from the quotient, towards the right. With the divifor, under it, thus: so that "are 5 parts of ci over, besides 10884, that -co. 90 DIVISION. and is called a fraction, and signifies, that each person ought to have five-ninths of a piece of eight, more to his share. What has been already said for instruction, to divide by a single figure, I think sufficient to any intelligent person, and therefore shall only add some Examples for the learner's practice, and so proceed forward in the Rule. Examples for Practice: Division, 6)9654 7)4702 5)44044 Quotient, 1609 671 8808 | Rem, 4)578°2 9)345678 6)407060 14450 in the following Examples. By 1 1/45678 3 1/379600 Quotient 3558 TJ- 33°5%6 h 12 12 Proof, 42697 3967°4° In the first Example, I say, the elevens in 45, 4 times; the elevens in 16, once; the elevens in 57, 5 times; the elevens in 28, twice, and there remains 6; and the quotient is 4152, as by the Example. | 0.548797 | -0.246695 | 1,585 | 6,243 | 61 | -1 | Curves and Equations | false |
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