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In keeping with its Mon roots, Brahma, the Hindu creator, is venerated at the temple in addition to Buddhism.
Wat I Khang.
Wat I Khang (; "Langurs' Temple") is a ruined 16th or 17th century temple named after the former prevalence of wild old world monkeys at the site prior to its excavation and restoration, which are known as "khang" in Thai.
It has a large, mostly intact "chedi".
Wat Nan Chang.
Wat Nan Chang (; "Nan Chang's Temple") is a ruined 16th or 17th century temple.
Excavated from 2002 to 2003, it primarily provides evidence of ancient flooding in the region, having been inundated by some 1.8 meters of sediment.
It is speculated that it was built to face a now dried up route of the Ping River, a major transportation and trade route of historic periods.
Wat Phaya Mangrai.
Wat Phaya Mangrai (; "Temple of King Mangrai") is named after the historic figure Mangrai the Great.
Very close to the south-eastern side of Wat Phrachao Ong Dam.
Wat Phrachao Ong Dam.
Wat Phrachao Ong Dam (; "Temple of the Black-Bodied Lord") is named after a burnt bronze Buddha image that was discovered at the site.
Very close to the north-western side of Wat Phaya Mangrai.
Wat Pu Pia.
Wat Pu Pia (; "Temple of Old Man Pia") is notable for its relatively good state of preservation, including some stucco work and an intact layout.
Wat That Khao.
Wat That Khao (; "Temple of the White Reliquary) is another ruined temple from the 16th or 17th century that is named after its formerly lime-plastered chedi.
Wat That Noi.
Wat That Noi (; "Temple of the Little Reliquary") is another ruined temple of the area, so named because of its restricted scale.
Blue Stream is a major trans-Black Sea gas pipeline that carries natural gas to Turkey from Russia.
The pipeline has been constructed by the Blue Stream Pipeline B.V., the Netherlands based joint venture of Russian Gazprom and Italian Eni.
The Blue Stream Pipeline B.V. is an owner of the subsea section of pipeline, including Beregovaya compressor station, while Gazprom owns and operates the Russian land section of the pipeline and the Turkish land section is owned and operated by the Turkish energy company BOTAŞ.
According to Gazprom the pipeline was built with the intent of diversifying Russian gas delivery routes to Turkey and avoiding third countries.
History.
Preparations of the pipeline project started in 1997.
In 1997, Gazprom and BOTAŞ signed a 25-year gas sale contract.
One of the political goals of the Blue Stream project was to block the path of rival countries aiming to use the territory of Turkey to bring gas from the Caspian area to Europe.
The construction of the Russian land section took place in 2001–2002 and the offshore section in 2001–2002.
The offshore section of the pipeline was built by Italian constructor Saipem and the Russian onshore section by Stroytransgaz, a subsidiary of Gazprom.
The offshore pipe was laid by the pipe-laying vessel Saipem 7000.
Gas flows from Russia to Turkey started in February 2003.
However, because of the price dispute between Russia and Turkey, the official inauguration ceremony at the Durusu gas metering station took place only on 17 November 2005.
Attending the inauguration were Russian President Vladimir Putin, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi.
Technical features.
Blue Stream full capacity is 16 billion cubic meters (bcm) of natural gas per year.
Total length of the pipeline is .
The Russia's land section is long from the Izobilnoye gas plant, Stavropol Krai, up to Arkhipo-Osipovka, Krasnodar Krai.
The land section consists of the Stavropolskaya and Krasnodarskaya compressor stations.
The offshore section is long laying from the Beregovaya compressor station in Arkhipo-Osipovka to the Durusu terminal locating from Samsun (Turkey).
Turkey's land section is long up to Ankara.
The pipeline uses pipes with different diameters: mainland section , mountainous section and submarine section .
The gas pressure in submarine section is .
Being laid in depths as low as , it is considered among the deepest subsea pipelines of this diameter.
Operations.
Gas from Blue Stream started to flow in February 2003, and the pipeline delivered 1.3 bcm to BOTAŞ in 2003.
Gas flows have progressively increased towards the pipeline's capacity of 16 bcm per year.
From 2010 to 2014, supplies averaged 14.1 bcm per year, with a high point of 14.7 bcm in 2012.
Contracts.
The contract signed in 1997 was for 365 bcm total.
A BOTAŞ contract for 5.75 bcm a year expires at the end of 2025, thus all 16 bcm expires end 2025.
Blue Stream 2.
Blue Stream 2 was first proposed in 2002.
In 2005, Vladimir Putin and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan discussed building a second line, and an expansion of the Blue Stream by the Samsun-Ceyhan link and by branch to southeast Europe.
This second pipeline, and extension of it up through Bulgaria, Serbia and Croatia to western Hungary was suggested after five countries planned to construct the Nabucco Pipeline from Turkey to Central and Western Europe.
However, this expansion was replaced by the South Stream project, which proposed laying subsea pipeline directly from Russia to Bulgaria, which in turn was later replaced by TurkStream.
In 2009, Russian prime minister Putin proposed a line parallel to Blue Stream 1 under the Black Sea, and further from Samsun to Ceyhan.
From Ceyhan natural gas would have been transported to Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Cyprus.
The export to Israel would have been through the proposed Ceyhan-Ashkelon subsea pipeline.
An immediate or cancel (IOC) order, also known as an "accept order", is a finance term used in investment banking or securities transactions that refers "an order to buy or sell a stock that must be executed immediately".
In case the entire order is not available at that moment for purchase a partial fulfillment is possible, but any portion of an IOC order that cannot be filled immediately is cancelled, eliminating the need for manual cancellation.
This "partial fulfillment" aspect is what differentiates IOC orders from all or none (AON) and fill or kill (FOK) orders, but the terms might be used interchangeably in some markets.
Benefits.
It is considered a "clean, quick, and easy way to acquire securities or goods [that] can save time and money" and the "chances of receiving at least a portion of the order within the time frame required is very good".
IOC orders are generally employed when ordering "large quantities of stock".
The term is also used to describe an order for goods, especially when vendors are concerned that "not all items and quantities can be honored within the amount of time required by the customer".
Placing an IOC order allows them to fill the order incrementally.
William Leonard Laurence (March 7, 1888 – March 19, 1977) was a Jewish American science journalist best known for his work at "The New York Times".
Born in the Russian Empire, he won two Pulitzer Prizes.
As the official historian of the Manhattan Project, he was the only journalist to witness the Trinity test and the atomic bombing of Nagasaki.
He is credited with coining the iconic term "Atomic Age," which became popular in the 1950s.
Infamously, he dismissed the destructive effects of radiation sickness as Japanese propaganda in "The New York Times".
Even though he had seen the effects first-hand, he had been on the War Department payroll, and was asked by United States military officials to do so in order to discredit earlier reports by independent journalist Wilfred Burchett, the first reporter on-site after the bombings.
Early life and career.
Laurence was born Leib Wolf Siew in Salantai, a small city in the Russian Empire that is now in Lithuania.
He emigrated to the United States in 1905, after participating in the Russian Revolution of 1905, and he soon changed his name, taking "William" after William Shakespeare, "Leonard" after Leonardo da Vinci, and "Lawrence" after a street he lived on in Roxbury, Massachusetts (but spelled with a "u" in reference to Friedrich Schiller's Laura).
Although he attended Harvard University (1908–1911; 1914–1915) and allegedly completed all coursework for an undergraduate degree in philosophy, Laurence "struggled academically and financially" throughout his studies; according to biographer Vincent Kiernan, his academic file contained "multiple complaints that he failed to repay loans from the university and individuals," while "holds on his account repeatedly interrupted his studies."
Following a September 1915 skirmish with roommate Benjamin Stolberg, Laurence was found guilty of assault and battery before being "released without having to spend any time in jail."
A subsequent May 1917 graduation attempt was thwarted due to another block on his account from residual debt.
(Laurence maintained in a later Columbia University oral history that his degree was not conferred due to his debt and a personality conflict with the dean of Harvard College.)
Following additional studies at the University of Besançon (1919) and Harvard Law School (1921), he received an LL.B. from the Boston University School of Law (which he seldom emphasized in press accounts) in 1925.
That same year, Laurence was "caught trying to take an examination in elementary German for a Harvard College student whom Laurence had been tutoring"; while he would aggressively lobby for the retroactive conferral of his Harvard degree and membership in the Harvard Club of New York City between 1937 and 1948 (claiming that he only took the exam amid the threat of suicide from the student while soliciting assistance at various junctures from Harvard College Dean Wilbur J. Bender, Harvard Board of Overseers member Ralph Lowell and University President James B. Conant), Bender eventually concluded that an exception to the cheating policy would have been inappropriate regardless of his status within the university.
A 1955 article about Laurence in the internal "Times Talk" newsletter asserted that he graduated from Harvard in 1915, while Laurence claimed to have graduated with honors in four years in a 1970 interview.
He became a naturalized US citizen in 1913.
During World War I, he served with the US Army Signal Corps.
Eschewing a legal career, he began working as a journalist for the "New York World" in 1926.
In 1930, he joined "The New York Times" and specialized when possible in reporting scientific issues.
He married Florence Davidow in 1931.
In 1934, Laurence co-founded the National Association of Science Writers, and in 1936, he covered the Harvard Tercenary Conference of Arts and Sciences; he and four other science reporters shared the 1937 Pulitzer Prize for Reporting for that work.
"Atomic Bill".
On May 5, 1940, Laurence published a front-page exclusive in the "New York Times" on successful attempts in isolating uranium-235 which were reported in "Physical Review", and outlined many (somewhat hyperbolic) claims about the possible future of nuclear power.
He had assembled it in part out of his own fear that Nazi Germany was attempting to develop atomic energy, and had hoped the article would galvanize a U.S. effort.
Though his article had no effect on the U.S. bomb program, it was passed to the Soviet mineralogist Vladimir Vernadsky by his son, George Vernadsky, a professor of history at Yale University, and motivated Vernadsky to urge Soviet authorities to embark on their own atomic program, and established one of the first commissions to formulate "a plan of measures which it would be necessary to realize in connection with the possibility of using intraatomic energy".
A Soviet atomic bomb project got started c. 1942; a full-scale Soviet atomic energy program began after the war.
On September 7, 1940, "The Saturday Evening Post" ran an article by Laurence on atomic fission, "The Atom Gives Up".
In 1943, government officials asked librarians nationwide to withdraw the issue.
In 1945, Major General Leslie Groves approached Jack Lockhart, Assistant Director of The Censorship Office, to serve as press release writer and official historian of the Manhattan Project.
Lockhart turned the role down and instead recommended Laurence.
In the spring of 1945, Groves met with Laurence, then aged 57, and later summoned him to the secret Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico by Groves to serve as the official historian of the Manhattan Project.
In this capacity he was also the author of many of the first official press releases about nuclear weapons, including some delivered by the Department of War and President Harry S. Truman.