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An unfortunate part of winter sport is injury. At Dunsborough Physiotherapy Centre we provide sports rehabilitation for those recovering from injury, or following surgery. We supply, monitor, and appropriately progress rehabilitation programs specific to your sport, and associated injury. Our physiotherapists cutting edge techniques and technologies to deliver high quality physio rehabilitation services. Our physiotherapy staff have a wealth of knowledge and will not only treat your injury effectively, but also show you how to limit risk of recurrence. To visit the Dunsborough Physiotherapy Centre website (http://www.dunsborough physio.com.au) click / tap here Injury Statistics - Winter Sports Hockey Players are not immune to injury. Those aged 10 to 19 years account for 50% of injuries, mostly in the 15-19 year age group. Overuse injuries to the ankles and lower back are common. Acute injuries commonly affect the upper limb (mostly hand and forearm), the face, and lower limb (mostly ankle, foot and knee). Common types of injury include fractures, sprains / strains and bruising. Injury rates are higher at the start of the season. The rate of injury for community level hockey players is 15 injuries per 1,000 playing hours. One of the good news stories in relation to winter sports is that recent studies have indicated that the rates of injury in junior Australian football, particularly AFL Auskick, are very low. Common causes of injuries are being tackled, hit / struck by another player, hit by the ball, and falls. Injuries are more likely to occur in the first four weeks of the playing season. Injuries to the thigh, knee, lower leg and ankle are most common. Overuse injuries occur frequently among higher level and older players. Most soccer injuries affect the lower extremities and are caused by trauma, such as a collision with an opponent or landing awkwardly from a jump, though 1/4 to 1/3 of all soccer injuries are due to overuse and develop over a period of time. The rate of injury for soccer players is up to 35 injuries per 1,000 playing hours. The older the player, the more likely they are to get injured. The most common injuries in soccer are hamstring injury, ankle sprain, meniscal (knee cartilage) injury, hernia, and ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) tear. Netball is one of the most popular team sports in Australia. The rate of injury for netballers is 14 injuries per 1,000 hours played. Common causes of injuries are awkward landings, slips / falls, player contact / collision, overexertion, overuse, and being hit by the ball. Ankle, wrist, hand, finger and knee injuries occur frequently. The most common types of injuries are sprains, bruising, fractures and dislocations. A recent netball study found that not warming up before a game increases the risk of injury by 48%. Phone Dunsborough Physiotherapy Centre for an appointment: 97553600 Ben Liston of Dunsborough Physiotherapy Centre has over 25 years of physiotherapy experience. All Hydrotherapy Massage Therapy Real Time Ultrasound RICER Injury Management Snow Skiing And Snowboarding Injury Prevention SPRIG Program (Injury Prevention Program For Children And Adolescents) Surfing Injury Info Winter Sports Injury Info
About this image This is taken from Castle Hill looking down Bridge St. Castle Street is on the right, Bridge House on the left. Further away there is William Deacon's Bank slightly to the left and the Rutland Hotel on the left of the picture. Bagshaw Hall can be seen in the distance on the right. The perspective is not quite correct so some buildings seem to be in slightly the wrong place. There was a Saxon church in Bakewell in 920 and the churchyard is home to two 9th century Saxon crosses. The present church dates to the 12th century but only the west front and part of the north and south arcades of the nave survive from this period. The rest was built from 1220-40, with the spire added in 1340. The church was drastically renovated in 1840 - the spire, which was in danger of collapse, was completely rebuilt along with the central portion of the church. This image is one of a collection by the famous local antiquarian, Thomas Bateman, of Middleton by Youlgreave. (1821-1861). Bateman organized his collection by inserting them into a 4 volume copy of Lysons Magna Britannia, Derbyshire, creating a fascinating and unique illustrated record of the county. The purchase of the collection for Derbyshire Libraries was made possible by the generous bequest of Miss Frances Webb of Whaley Bridge, well known local historian, who died in December 2006.
Zirconia ceramics now is popular in the field of dental had tissue repaired because of its dense texture, abrasion resistance, smooth surface, good biocompatibility and chemical stability. Due to the increase of beautiful demand and consideration of the material toxicity and allergic reaction, the application of the whole porcelain crown is on the rise in recent years. Dental zirconia powder granulation is known as the toughness ceramic since it has stress induced phase transformation. Also, it’s a new type of all-ceramic material superior to alumina ceramic with high strength and good biocompatibility. Zirconia is dedicated to dental ceramics with its good permeability, high transparency and strong jade- feel, which can make white, bright, and clean, and high hardness teeth, so that it become extremely popular products on the market. As is known to all, repairing dental implants is not only focus on the restore function but also its aesthetic effect, when the dental implant is titanium, there will produce more or less the shadow or gray on the surface of the implant lip gum, which affects its aesthetic effect. At present, zirconia ceramics material can reproduce the natural tooth shape, maximum color and luster of artificial materials. Influenced by the mechanical behavior of dental ceramics because of its micro-structure and chemical composition, zirconia ceramics has a better mechanical performance as dental ceramic. Due to its stable chemical performance, zirconia ceramics can resist body fluids under the normal physiological metabolism without metamorphism, so the coating can be used for metal implant materials. The porous skeleton made by zirconia used for bone substitute material can withstand the load, on which surface layer overlies hydroxylapatite to promote bone conductibility and enhance the role of bioactive materials. Tags: Zirconia, zirconia ceramics, zirconia powder
I just read an article written by one of our distributors, explaining the use of Germicidal Ultraviolet Lamps in Food Safety Programs. This is great information, there are so many applications for germicidal ultraviolet light. Recent, deadly outbreaks of microorganisms showing up in ice-cream, caramel apples, cantaloupe, and peanuts have drawn national attention to the issue of food processing safety. In fact, 3,000 people die annually in the U.S. from food-borne diseases—out of a total 48 million who get sick, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. As a result, food manufacturers are now under more pressure than ever to monitor and clean up dangerous bacteria—like listeria and E. coli. Why? Because the culprit is often dirty equipment in food processing facilities. How Does Food Get Contaminated? According to FoodSafety.gov, food can get contaminated in any of the following 4 phases: During processing, food can be contaminated in several ways—such as running through old or dirty equipment, being chilled with contaminated water or ice, or mixing with animal waste particles. Ultraviolet Light—Growing in Popularity There are several ways to reduce risk of contamination in a food processing facility. One of these is by using a popular technology involving Germicidal Ultraviolet Lamps that produce ultraviolet light. STER-L-RAY® Germicidal Ultraviolet (UV) Lamps are shortwave, low pressure tubes that produce ultraviolet wavelengths lethal to microorganisms like bacteria, mold, virus, and algae. It’s a non-chemical approach to disinfection that is cleaner, faster, and more effective than other methods, and it effectively reduces (and even eliminates) deadly pathogens. Ultraviolet has been used for years to disinfect and sanitize drinking water, wastewater, air, and food contact surfaces—and was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the “cold pasteurization” of juice. It’s also a fast method—treating 4,000 liters of juice in only 24 seconds, according to Food Safety News. Read the full article by IBT INC. Industrial Solutions, “Are Ultraviolet Lamps Part of Your Food Safety Program?” To Shop Germicidal Ultraviolet Lamps, UV Water, Liquid and Wastewater Purifiers, and Air and Surface Sanitizers visit BuyUltraviolet.com
In Phoenix, motorists in passenger cars face a significant risk of getting hurt if they become involved in a collision with a truck driver. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety indicates that 70 percent of people who die in large truck crashes are occupants of cars other than the truck. Truck drivers have a responsibility to try to protect passengers from being killed in truck collisions by operating their vehicles safely. Trucks can get into all of the same types of collisions as any passenger car on the road. There are, however, three kinds of accidents that are either much more likely to happen in a truck or that can exclusively happen in a truck. Drivers need to be especially aware of these three kinds of crashes and must take extra precautions to prevent them because they can be among the deadliest of all truck accidents in Arizona. Preventing Three High-Risk Types of Truck Accidents One of the high risk types of truck accidents that truck drivers need to try to prevent is rollover accidents. Any car can rollover, but trucks are much more likely to roll over than typical passenger vehicles or even than SUVs. Trucks have a greater likelihood of rolling over because the vehicles can be top-heavy and because trucks have a high center of gravity. In many cases, trucks also aren't loaded properly and have unbalanced loads, which makes them even more likely to rollover. A paper from National Highway Traffic Safety Administration indicated that rollover accidents make up about 18 percent of collisions involving large trucks. Death is more likely in rollover accidents than in many other types of crashes. About 35 percent of fatal truck accidents are rollovers, which is a disproportionately high percentage compared with the total number of rollover collisions. Truck drivers could prevent many of these crashes by balancing loads and by traveling more slowly, especially around curves where centrifugal force can cause a truck to try to lean away from the curve. Another high risk type of crash is underride accidents. These happen in situations where cars end up going underneath the body of a truck, usually from the back but sometimes from the side. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety indicated that out of 1000 truck crashes studied, only 22 percent didn't involve an underride situation occurring. Prevention involves the use of effective underride guards on the back and side of trucks. Finally, a third type of high risk truck accident is a jackknife accident. Wikihow explains that these accidents happen when a trailer skids and goes out to the side, sometimes coming around to hit the tractor that was towing it before the skid happened. Drivers can lose control of their vehicle. Prevention of jackknife accidents involves keeping brakes in good condition, avoiding deceleration or hitting the brakes quickly when going down hill or around a curve, and being careful on slippery surfaces.
The ‘CNC’ in CNC Machine stands for Computer Numerical Control. A computer will usually convert a computer aided design (CAD) file into a numerical file called GCode. The numbers in the GCode file define the path of the cutter, laser, nozzle, or other mechanism that is being used to mill, etch, or build along that path. Tools that can be controlled in this mechanism include mills, 3D printers, lathes, grinders, and pick & place machines. Once the GCode is loaded onto the machine it must also be translated by a computer aided manufactuing (CAM) software that directs the machine. The automated nature of CNC machines means that tools can be manufactured with high precision and with less effort. One of the most common questions we receive from customers is “What do I need to build a CNC machine?” That is a tricky question to answer since there are so many variations of CNC machines but we’ll lay out some common parts here and some resources. If you’re building any kind of CNC machine a great resource for an open source build is Openbuilds.com and a couple of our favorite CNC machines on there are the OX CNC Machine (called the OX because it is STRONG) and the variation on the OX called the Ooznest OX. The electronics used in both builds is the CNC XPRO V3 which is the latest addition to our catalog and is an excellent 4-axis stepper motor controller and can be purchased at this link. This is one of our favorite controllers because it works well with open source softwares like GRBL (gcode interpreter), Google Sketchup, and SketchUCam. It also interfaces with a computer via FTDI serial USB which is a modern improvement over most RS232 connections you’ll find on other controllers. This controller is compatible with all 4-wire stepper motors up to 2.1A in load per motor/axis. The 4-wire NEMA 17 motors or the NEMA 23 4-wire shown here would work well for many applications. To complete the electronics for your CNC machine you may also want a few limit switches and a 12 or 24V switching power supply to power the controller and motors. Hopefully you found this guide helpful and if you have any questions or need assistance with product selection feel free to contact us at [email protected].
Hoping to add a few words beyond “mama” and “dada” to baby’s repertoire? A new study from the University of Missouri is pinpointing when and how to introduce new vocabulary to babies and toddlers. Unsurprisingly, as babies get older, they get better at understanding the meaning of words. “We found that babies’ abilities to accurately guess the meaning of new words increases between 18 and 30 months of age, and by 24 to 36 months, toddlers are able to accurately guess the meanings of new words at a significantly higher level,” says Judith Goodman, an associate professor in the MU School of Health Professions. But in that span of time, the cues needed to teach words change. In the study, researchers taught six new words to children between the ages of 18 and 36 months. The kids were given a word, and then asked to assign it to either an unfamiliar object or an item for which they already had a name. Older toddlers were better at guessing the correct meaning based on verbal context. For example, they could infer that “kiwi” was a food item after hearing the phrase “Sammy eats a kiwi.” But younger children were better at using social cues, like eye gaze, to understand meaning. Don’t whip out your old SAT vocab cards yet though; Goodman says that a limit exists in regards to how many new words toddlers can retain. A day after learning the six new words, most children really only remembered three. But that’s not reason to hold back from teaching baby new things. Make an effort to talk to him and point out the names of new objects, whether around the house or out and about. What words can your baby say right now?
Histopathology is concerned with the morphological study of the effect of disease on cells or tissues of the body. This study can take the form of one of three types of activity: The job of the histopathologist is to integrate clinical information with the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of tissues to answer questions posed by the clinicians. These questions will generally relate to diagnosis, treatment or prognosis. It is therefore essential that the histopathologist knows the parameters that will affect these decisions and spends the finite time and resources available to provide this key information. Opinions are communicated by constructing written reports; all histopathology reports have the same basic structure: · Macroscopic description · Microscopic description The role the histopathologist plays in determining patient management is best evidenced by their participation as key members of the Multi-Disciplinary Team. Attendance at these meeting is extremely useful and helps to reinforce the key information to be included in reports. Histology forms approximately 90% of the workload of most general Consultant Histopathologists. The specimens are generally either biopsies or resection specimens. Biopsies are processed by biomedical scientists in the laboratory, whereas resection specimens are usually ‘trimmed’ by consultants or trainees, according to standardised guidelines. For example, a specimen e.g. mastectomy, is booked in and taken to the cut-up room. The specimen is opened to allow optimal fixation by formalin. The specimen is next examined and slices of tissue placed in cassettes. The tissue is processed, embedded in paraffin wax and sections cut and placed onto glass slides. The case is then examined under the microscope and if required various special stains or immunohistochemical tests requested. Finally a report is written conveying the findings. In certain circumstances the surgical team may want to send tissue straight from theatre to the pathology lab for immediate assessment. The tissue is frozen allowing sections to be taken straight away with a microtome. Following microscopic assessment findings are phoned through to the surgeon. Cytology is the study of morphological characteristics of individual cells. The subject is divided into two key areas: · Cervical cytology: This branch of cytology is concerned with the interpretation of cervical smear cytology and is thus linked to the national cervical cancer screening programme. · Non-Gynaecolgical Cytology: This branch of cytology is concerned with the interpretation of all other cytology specimens e.g. ascitic fluid or pleural fluid. There are three types of post-mortem: · Hospital post-mortems: These are now few and far between. They are cases in which the cause of death is known, but the medical team have requested a post-mortem to answer specific questions. Consent is required and the examination may be limited. There may also be limitations on samples the pathologist is permitted to take. · Coroners post-mortems: The majority of post-mortems trainees perform are of this type. There are a number of situations when a death must be reported to the coroner. The coroner may request a post-mortem to answer a particular question, for example, what is the cause of death. A report is issued to the coroner and the pathologist may have to discuss the findings at inquest. · Forensic post-mortems: These are performed by a home office registered pathologists when there are suspicious circumstances surrounding a death. · Lab based specialty different from other specialities · A cerebral speciality with a wide range of interesting pathologies · Opportunities for subspecialisation · Close working with the multi-disciplinary team · New molecular and immunological techniques make it a cutting edge speciality · Ample opportunity for teaching and research · Largely routine working hours with little on-call · Although patient contact is generally very limited, opportunities do exist Personal qualities include: · Interpretative, analytical and critical thinking · Good problem-solving and decision-making · Enjoy working as part of a team · Good written and verbal communication skills · Williningess to engage in life long learning · Exceptional attention to detail · A degree of manual dexterity
Understanding the GED Test If you're planning to take the GED Test soon, you'll want to know how the test works and what the test measures since test knowledge is a good way to outline a course of study and improve your score. You'll also need a basic understanding of the GED test score and what score you'll need to earn your GED, the common term for the General Education Development credential. Understanding the GED Test The GED Test is actually a series of five tests, a 7.5-hour timed exam. The test series includes science, social studies, reading or language arts, writing and math. The individual tests in the series can be taken at different times. Once you pass an individual exam, you don't have to take it again. While most people have more questions or concerns about the math and writing tests, here's a review of all the tests in the five-part GED test series. For the science, social studies and reading tests, questions are designed to determine your ability to understand material, and then apply that understanding or knowledge by selecting the best answer among five multiple choice options. You'll need to read and understand short passages of information and then make inferences, evaluations and deductions to determine correct answers. The ability to understand information and apply reasoning skills are valuable for these tests. These abilities, along with common sense and judgment, are more important than memory, or the knowledge you remember from a basic skills class or high school. The math test is also a multiple-choice test. The test is divided into two parts; there are 25 questions on each part, with 45 minutes allowed for each section. Both parts of the math test require more background knowledge and ability in basic math skills. The test covers basic number operations, basic algebra and geometry, along with analysis of charts and data. Part of the math test requires use of a calculator to perform number operations. The calculator used is the Casio fx-260, and the official testing site will provide it for the test. But since not all calculators are alike, you'll want to become familiar with the fx-260 calculator functions required for the test, and re-learn or sharpen your math skills so you'll be ready. The writing test also has two parts. The first is a multiple-choice test about the mechanics of English usage such as sentence structure, verb tense, punctuation and grammar. The second part requires an original written essay, and requires you to make an explanation or present a point of view. The two-page essay must address a given prompt. Here's an example of a prompt: 'What is one career goal you hope to achieve in the next two years? In your essay, identify your primary career goal and explain how you plan to achieve it, using your experience, background and knowledge to support your essay.' Your essay scoring is based on essay organization, essay focus to the prompt and how well you develop your ideas. The essay is also measured on appropriate English mechanics such as grammar, punctuation, your choice of words and sentence structure. Timing for these tests is flexible. A total of 120 minutes is allowed, with 75 minutes slotted for the 50 questions in part one and 45 minutes slotted for the essay test. However, GED candidates who finish the first part in less time can devote the remaining time to the second part. Or, if you need more time for the first section and less for the second, you can use remaining time from the essay and return to the multiple-choice section of the writing test. Understanding the GED Test Score: A Basic Primer The standard scores for the GED tests range from a minimum of 200 to a maximum of 800 on each test. To pass, 60% is required. This means you'll want to score at least 410 on each GED test to pass it, and achieve an overall score of 450 for the five-test battery. The score for any single test can't be less than 410. But if some scores are lower, other GED tests need to be well above 410 so that the scores for all five GED tests average out to a minimum of 450. Once you're ready, you'll take the GED test at an official test center. The centers are located in all major cities across the U.S. and Canada. Even though some companies claim to offer the GED Test or a GED online, it's not possible. The GED is not given online, only at official test centers. International testing is also available. To find your test site center, and a list of official GED contacts, visit: http://www.passged.com/test_state.php#1/. Additional Resources -- The American Council on Education, the national administrative agency for the GED, provides free information online about testing, official test sites, GED scores, example test questions and GED transcripts. -- PassGED is an online community with free resources and support for GED students, instructors and programs sponsored by businesses, nonprofits and government. Free information and resources include test advice, study guides, student support, financial aid and an online message board for students and teachers. The website address is http://www.passGED.com/. -- PBS television station broadcasts GED courses and offers some free courses. Check your local listings for broadcast times. . By: Leonard Williams Homeschooling and Education Why College Education is so Crucial for Success - At this point in life I am a self-sufficient and independent person ready to take the next step in life. Top Tips When Shopping Online - Shopping online is something that is becoming increasingly popular. Can We Hide Our Sound - It has always been a wish of military designers to hide the sound of the equipment they build to insure its survivability on or above the battlefield. Gift baskets designed for women - Designing a gift basket for women is an indomitable task as it is a known fact that it is quite difficult to make out what exactly will be alluring to the female eye. US Navy SEALs Coins Real Story behind US Navy SEAL Coins - Think Navy Seals, and you think about Valor, Adventure, Bravery on the Battlefield, and, Commitment to the Country and its People.
File size calculation Millions of images are being shared via social media in the time it takes you to read this sentence: the data in an image can be transferred within an instant. How are we able to send images so quickly? In this section, you are going to discover why the size of an image matters, and how to calculate the file size of bitmap images. What is file size, and why is it important? As mentioned previously, file sizes range from bits, bytes, and kilobytes (the smallest sizes) to (and beyond) gigabytes, terabytes, and petabytes (the bigger ones). These days, fast internet connections have enabled us to transmit images quickly. If transmission time is important, the image should be as small as possible. File size factors The higher the number of pixels within an image, the more space you need to store it. More pixels = greater image file size The number of pixels in an image is known as its resolution. This is often represented as width × height and, in most operating systems, you can look it up in the image file properties Classroom Activity: find the resolution Ask your students to find the resolution of one or many images within a shared folder. In this way, you can smoothly introduce the topic of metadata. - Right-click (or ctrl+click if you’re using a Mac) on the emoji above - Save the image on your computer - Open the folder containing the image, and right-click (ctrl+click for a Mac) on the image - Click properties - Find the image height and width - Calculate the image resolution Along with the resolution, you may have found some other information about the image. This information is commonly known as metadata. When you take a photo with your phone, you might be storing more data than you expect. As well as the image itself, your phone may also save information such as the camera settings, the date and time, and possibly even your location! If you send the picture to a friend and they take a screenshot of it, the image data itself (the picture) won’t change, but some of the image properties (e.g. how the image was taken and when) will. Information on the properties of an image that aren’t part of the image is known as metadata. Metadata is information about the data, rather than the actual data itself. Teacher tip: consider asking students to think about what other types of metadata might be captured by various mobile apps. The second factor affecting image file size is bit depth. Bit depth is the storage space each pixel needs to represent the range of different colours. Imagine a black-and-white image. Each pixel can only be either black or white, so we can represent this image with two colours, and therefore with one binary bit: 1 = white, and 0 = black. A colour image needs more bits. \|Binary bits available for colour\|\|Number of colours we can represent for a pixel\| \|1\|\|2, black and white\| \|2\|\|4, e.g. black, white, and two greys\| Do you spot the pattern? What effect would this have on the image size? Images you take with online apps, for example Instagram or Snapchat, are likely to be stored with 16- or 24-bit colour depth. This means each pixel can use one of 65536 or 16.7 million colours, respectively. Wow! More colours = more bits needed = more file storage space required So if more colours mean a larger file size, why would we even use 24-bit colour depth? Imagine you’re working for a hot air balloon company and you want to create a digital advert to show off all your wonderful balloons. The advert will be seen by millions of people from all around the world. Here, using 24 bits (16.7 million colours) to create the most vibrant and accurate image on your advert makes complete sense! Image quality and small file size are two competing goals that must be balanced for every image. File size can be expressed as the resolution (the image width multiplied by the image height) multiplied by the bit depth (the number of bits needed to store colours). Image file size = resolution * bit depth Files usually also have some metadata, which increases the file size slightly, but we will ignore this for now. Activity: How big is your smiley? Your goal is to find the total size of the smiley image, inclusive of its bit depth. Once again, open up the smiley image you downloaded for this step’s first activity. - Find the resolution by multiplying the height by the width - Calculate the file size of the smiley image using the following bit depths: Share your answers in the comments. Activity: use Python to calculate image file size This Python script works out the width and height of an image: from PIL import Image im = Image.open('myimage.png') #path to image file width, height = im.size resolution = width * height print("The image resolution is: ", width, " x ", height) print("The resolution is: ", resolution) Can you extend the code to: - Calculate the resolution of another file? - Ask the user to input a fixed bit depth and then update your output calculation to include it? - Calculate the file sizes of all the images within a given folder? Research task: can you write/find some code to make the Python script automatically find the bit depth of the image(s)? This forum conversation might help get you going. Most importantly, get collaborative by sharing your code in the comments, ideally using pastebin to preserve the formatting.
Nearly half of American adults suffer from mild, moderate or severe gum disease. At his practice in Gaithersburg, Maryland, Michael J. Urban, DDS, diagnoses and treats this troublesome condition with both conservative and more involved procedures. Poor oral hygiene is the most common cause of gum disease, which can lead to bone loss or tooth loss if it progresses without professional intervention. If you notice bleeding, tender, or receding gums, call the office or use the online booking tool today. Gum disease refers to an infection or severe inflammation of the bone that holds your teeth in place. In most cases, gum disease leads to a variety of troublesome, if not painful symptoms, such as: If left untreated, gum disease can gradually worsen and lead to eventual tooth loss. When you notice clear signs of gum disease, it’s best to come in and see Dr. Urban for help on how to reverse the effects and curb the progression of gum disease. It’s very important to treat gum disease, especially early on, since it’s linked to an increased risk of serious health concerns, including heart disease and stroke. Gum disease is typically caused by poor oral hygiene habits, namely lackluster brushing and flossing. When you don’t brush and floss regularly, harmful bacteria from the food you eat can accumulate in pockets and on the surfaces of your teeth. Eventually, it can form into a sticky, colorless plaque. When plaque hardens, it turns into tartar that even your best brushing and flossing efforts can’t get rid of. Besides poor oral hygiene, there are also a number of risk factors that can increase your chances of getting gum disease, including smoking tobacco, diabetes, medications that decrease your flow of saliva, and genetic factors. Gum disease is typically treated conservatively with a procedure called scaling and root planing. The goal of scaling and root planing is to remove any tartar and reverse the progression of gum disease gradually. This deep cleaning involves two parts. During the scaling portion, Dr. Urban and his team use special dental instruments to carefully remove all the plaque and tartar on either side of your gum line. He makes sure to deep clean each pocket. After scaling, he performs root planing — the smoothing out of your teeth roots. This helps facilitate the reattaching of your teeth to the surrounding gums. In some cases, you may need more than one appointment for scaling and root planing. It often involves the use of a topical anesthetic to minimize any discomfort. The best way to prevent gum disease is to develop good oral hygiene habits at home and to maintain regular cleanings with the dental professionals at Dr. Urban’s office. If you’re diligent about brushing and flossing, that goes a long way towards avoiding plaque and tartar build-ups in your mouth. If you’ve noticed signs of gum disease or simply want to find out more about preventive care or treatment, call or use the online booking tool today and schedule an appointment with Dr. Urban.
primarily an airframe engineering and manufac- 2. There must be a means of limiting the maximum pressure differential to which the cabin walls will be subjected. This is provided by the cabin safety valve. 3. The aircraft must have an adequate supply of compressed air. This is provided through the compressor section of the jet engine. A separate compressor or supercharger is used on aircraft having reciprocating engines. On all jet aircraft, the air is taken directly from the compressor section of the jet engine. This is generally referred to as bleed air. 4. There must be a means of cooling the bleed air before it enters the cabin. This is provided by an aircraft refrigeration unit. 5. There must be a means of controlling the cabin pressure. This is provided by the cabin pressure regulator, which regulates the outflow of air from the cabin. In addition to the major components, various valves, controls, and other allied units are necessary to complete an aircraft pressurization and air-conditioning system. The design, construc- tion, and use of these components may vary somewhat with different manufacturers; however, the systems on all jet aircraft operate on the same principles. The system used as an example in this text is in the F-18 aircraft. The environmental control systems of most aircraft include cabin air conditioning and pressurization, equipment cooling, defogging, windshield washing and rain removal, and equip- ment pressurization subsystems. Coverage in this section is limited to air cycle cabin and equipment pressurization and air Bleed air is supplied by the last compressor section of each engine (fig. 3-1, a foldout at the end of this chapter). This bleed air flows from the engines through two engine bleed-air pressure regulation and shutoff valves. The valves are spring-loaded closed when the system is not in use. When air conditioning is selected, the valves open and regulate bleed air to a predetermined pressure. The bleed air then passes through two engine bleed-air check valves, which prevent reverse flow from one engine to the other. At this point the bleed air from both engines enters a common duct and flows through the engine bleed-air secondary pressure-regulating and shutoff valve. This valve is spring-loaded open and regulates the pressure of the combined flow of bleed air from both engines. The regulated bleed air then flows into the primary heat exchanger of the ACS. There are two overpressure switches (primary and secondary) incorporated in the system to prevent overpressure damage to system com- ponents in case of a pressure regulator mal- function. An air isolation valve is located in the system to provide a means of providing bleed air to the ACS when required and during cross starting of engines. These bleed-air components are discussed in the following paragraphs. Engine Bleed-Air Pressure Regulation and Shutoff Valve These two valves (fig. 3-1) act as system shutoff valves when air conditioning is not required. They are spring-loaded closed. When air conditioning is selected, an electric solenoid is energized, which unseats a poppet from the vent line. As air flows from the engine, a line downstream of the butterfly valve routes a small amount of the bleed air to the butterfly diaphragm. This air is called control air since its action on the diaphragm is the controlling force for the valve. As pressure builds on the diaphragm, it overcomes spring pressure holding the butterfly closed and the valve opens. As the bleed air passes through the valve, another line upstream of the butterfly routes bleed air to the regulator portion of the valve. As pressure builds and overcomes spring pressure, a poppet is reseated, allowing some of the control air pressure from the open side of the butterfly diaphragm to bleed off. Spring pressure can now start closing the butterfly, thus lowering the bleed-air pressure downstream of the butterfly. In this manner bleed-air pressure is controlled to 75 ± 15 psi. Engine Bleed-Air Check Valve These dual-flapper check valves are located downstream of the pressure regulator and shutoff valves (fig. 3-1). They prevent cross-flow of bleed air from one engine to the opposite engine in the event of single engine operation. Engine Bleed-Air Secondary Pressure-Regulating And Shutoff Valve This valve is located in the common ducting upstream of the bleed-air check valves (fig. 3-1).
Here’s a question: If your car broke down, would you feel comfortable fixing it yourself, even if you had no idea how an internal combustion engine works? I doubt it. Knowing the inner workings of a system is key to identifying problems within the system and even more important to fixing said problems. Think about it. When you are treating a person in cardiac arrest, your treatment decisions are guided by your knowledge of the circulatory system. How could you possibly correct deficiencies in the system, such as an arrested heart, if you lacked an understanding of the role the heart plays within the system? The same can be said of the respiratory system. The best way to devise a treatment strategy for patients in respiratory distress is to understand the basic mechanics of human respiration. So in an effort to better diagnose and treat those patients suffering from respiratory diseases, let’s review some of the basics of respiration. How the System Works The American College of Emergency Physicians breaks down the proper functioning of the respiratory system into five factors: 1. Ventilation – adequate bulk flow of gas into and out of the lungs 2. Distribution – the gas must be delivered to the lungs in order for gas exchange to take place 3. Diffusion – the alveoli must be able to engage in gas exchange 4. Perfusion – there must be adequate blood flow throughout the pulmonary vasculature for the alveoli to function 5. Circulation – the heart must be capable of pumping blood throughout the body, along with adequate amounts of hemoglobin for delivery of oxygen to the cells Now that you understand the overall system, let’s take a closer look at the mechanics and dynamics of breathing, which will come into play when we discuss the various types of respiratory diseases. There are four factors to keep in mind: 1. Elastance – without the bony thorax and the opposing forces created by the movement of the ribs, lung tissue, on its own, would collapse 2. Compliance – refers to the ease with which the thorax and lungs expand 3. Resistance – the amount of force needed to move a gas through a single capillary tube 4. Pressure gradients – allow for the bulk movement of gas into and out of the lungs Taken together, these four components of the respiratory system work in concert to ensure a suitable environment for respiration to take place. If any of these components are damaged or malfunctioning, gas exchange is compromised, and the patient will suffer. Obstructive vs. Restrictive If we think in terms of the mechanics of ventilation, we can divide respiratory diseases into two general categories, based on what phase of the respiratory cycle they impact. Obstructive diseases are those that cause difficulty moving air OUT of the lungs, resulting in an increase in airway resistance. They include: - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - Cystic fibrosis – a genetic disorder causing mucus buildup in the lungs - Bronchiectasis – chronic thickening of the bronchi due to inflammation and infection Restrictive diseases are those that cause difficulty moving air INTO the lungs, resulting in a loss of chest or lung compliance. They include: - Occupational lung diseases - Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - Atelectasis – collapse of the alveoli resulting in a decrease or absence of gas exchange - Chest-wall deformities or injuries - Neuromuscular diseases that affect breathing - Muscular dystrophies - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Myasthenia gravis Understanding the complexities of the respiratory system is the first step in diagnosing what is going on in your patients suffering from diseases that affect air exchange, leading to more precise treatment and better outcomes. 2011, Pollak, A., Ed. Critical Care Transport, American College of Emergency Physicians, Jones and Bartlett.
The Ukrainian National Lottery Company (UNL) conducted the first Ukrainian sociological survey in order to find out how many people understand the risks of developing gambling addiction and what problems they face. “There is a common practice in the world among national lottery operators called Responsible Gaming. It is developed by both the World Lotteries Association and the European State Lotteries Association, and is aimed at identifying and preventing problem gambling, researching, and many other activities, “- UNL General Director Andrei Bochkovsky said in an interview to RBC-Ukraine. According to Bochkovsky, the study, conducted in collaboration with the International Anti-Drug Association and the Center for Healthy Youth in 14 cities of Ukraine, turned out to be large-scale and gave a lot of useful information. It showed that 66% of players participate in lotteries about once a year, another 15% play once every two to three months. A fairly low percentage was at risk: only 2% of players play more than once a week. All aspects of social research can be found on the company’s website. Share of lotteries “Our logic is quite simple: we focus on a healthy and satisfied player. If a person plays more and more, then over time we lose a client. Not to mention that the standard of living of such a person can fall dramatically: dependent people have problems in the family, at work, with thinking and health. If we talk about benefits and safety, then our goal is not frequent, but regular play for small money. A lottery game should bring joy and give a chance to fulfill the dream of a player”, Mr. Bochkovskyi concluded.
A typical artists' paint or pigment color wheel includes the blue, red, and yellow primary colors. The corresponding secondary colors are green, orange, and violet. The tertiary colors are red–orange, red–violet, yellow–orange, yellow–green, blue–violet and blue–green. A color wheel based on RGB (red, green, blue) or RGV (red, green, violet) additive primaries has cyan, magenta, and yellow secondaries (cyan was previously known as cyan blue). Alternatively, the same arrangement of colors around a circle can be described as based on cyan, magenta, and yellow subtractive primaries, with red, green, and blue (or violet) being secondaries. Most color wheels are based on three primary colors, three secondary colors, and the six intermediates formed by mixing a primary with a secondary, known as tertiary colors, for a total of 12 main divisions; some add more intermediates, for 24 named colors. Other color wheels, however, are based on the four opponent colors, and may have four or eight main colors.
Peace processes and the role of national human rights institutions Peace processes and the role of national human rights institutions – that's the theme of a lecture to be delivered next month by Northern Ireland's Chief Commissioner for Human Rights, Prof Monica McWilliams. The lecture will explore the topic of peace processes and the role of national human rights institutions by drawing on the lessons learned in Northern Ireland in relation to human rights proposals from the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement and how these compare to the peace building elements of other peace agreements. The lecture will address the key human rights concerns, the independent role of the Human Rights Commission in a divided society and the key transitional justice issues such as a Bill of Rights and mechanisms for dealing with the past. The 2010 International Summer School Lecture, being staged by the Transitional Justice Institute and INCORE, will take place at 6.30pm on Wednesday 9 June 2010 in the Great Hall, Magee campus of UU (refreshments will be served from 6pm). Our blogs are written by Amnesty International staff, volunteers and other interested individuals, to encourage debate around human rights issues. They do not necessarily represent the views of Amnesty International.
PUBLISHED: 10:57 23 December 2010 \| UPDATED: 11:57 15 July 2015 An ornamental breed available as large fowl and bantam Origin: Asia (India) Classification: Heavy, soft feather Size: Large fowl Egg colour: Tinted Temperament: Sedate, easily tamed The King of Chickens, the Brahma was developed originally in America from the Asian Shanghai fowl and Indian Grey Chittagong, and there was much competition and debate between breeders until the official name of Brahmapootras was adopted (later shortened to its current spelling). Nine birds were imported to the UK in 1852 and presented to Queen Victoria. Upright and sedate birds, Brahmas are imposing in a garden setting. Though they possess the heavy leg and foot feathering typical of Asiatic breeds this does not seem to interfere with their otherwise fairly active nature. Colours include dark, light, white, gold, and buff Columbian. Easily tamed, they are ideal in the garden, as a low fence will contain them and they are very tolerant of each other, the cocks being relatively quiet (although by no means silent). Hens will lay a good quantity of small eggs throughout the winter when other breeds are not laying. The only downside to them is that, being large, they aren’t particularly suitable around small children, and do need quite a bit of room.
Learning outcomes of the course unit Knowledge of the main diagnostic methods for infantile deafness Course contents summary Audiometric strategy in infantile deafness Audiometric strategy in infantile deafness associated with other disabilities The role of objective audiometry ( ABR; ECoG) in the diagnosis of infantile Manuale di Audiologia Prof. Del Bo.
Crocodiles and Alligators by Rita Goldner As a kid, I didn’t have many books to read at home. My parents were avid readers, and owned collections of Shakespeare and the works of Rudyard Kipling, but not his children’s classics. Having six kids and a limited budget meant few children’s books. The public library was a favorite haunt of mine, and I remember the anthropomorphicfirst time I ventured to walk there by myself. I was very young, and it was a long walk, but kids in those days had a lot more freedom; parents weren’t afraid to let them out alone like they are today (probably with good reason). The first book I ever signed out by myself was a picture book about the differences between alligators and crocodiles. Even that far back, I was a naturalist, very intrigued by wildlife. Now I have a book for adults on the same subject, and one of the characters in my work-in-progress book, Rhonda’s Great Big Feet, is a crocodile. In the process of creating the character, my reference photos are helping my illustration process with details like color and foot shape. For body composition and positioning of limbs, however, I have to wing it, because this particular character is doing a back-stroke down the river, in a synchronized swim with one leg lifted, perpendicular to his body. (In case that isn’t challenging enough, the next illustration is a rhinoceros in a ballet pirouette.) You don’t find a lot of animals in nature in these poses for photo references. Even though my poses are anthropomorphic, I feel the closer I can get to natural body proportions, the funnier the illustration. Here are some fun facts I learned while researching my new character: - Crocodiles have been around for at least 240 million years - The smallest dwarf crocodiles are less than 5 feet, and the largest saltwater crocs are longer than 20 feet. - They eat only meat. They have 24 sharp teeth but can’t chew. They rip prey apart and swallow it whole. - They swallow stones to grind up the food in their stomachs and act as ballast. - The temperature of a crocodile’s nest determines whether the eggs will develop into males or females. For the eggs to hatch into male crocs, the temperature needs to be 31.6 degrees Celsius. If the temperature is higher or lower, females will hatch. - 99% of croc babies are taken by predators within the first year. - In the wild, they live to 50 or 60 years, and some even make it to 80 years. While crocs are found all over the globe, alligators are only in China and America. You can tell the difference one of two ways: (1) by color – they’re black, while crocs are grey-green; (2) by snout shape – an alligator’s snout is broad, while the croc’s is narrow and pointed. Both eat meat and fruit, and rarely attack humans. The really weird thing is that although the nest temperature also affects the sex of alligator hatchlings, the effect is actually different from that in a croc’s nest. If an alligator nest is 31 degrees Celsius, an equal number of males and females will be born. If it is warmer than 33 degrees Celsius, they’ll all be males. If it’s below 28 degrees Celsius, you’ll get all females. Wild animals’ evolution and adaptations fascinate me, which explains why I am always going down endless rabbit holes in my research – and reading way more than I have to. I’ll get this book finished yet, but it’ll take some discipline and time management! Thanks, and comments welcome! References for this blog: Rita Goldner is the author and illustrator of the children’s picture book, Orangutan: A Day in the Rainforest Canopy. Rita has also written and illustrated two eBooks, Jackson’s History Adventure and Jackson’s Aviation Adventure, in the Jackson’s Adventure series. For orangutan facts and images and to purchase the book (also available as an ebook), visit OrangutanDay.com. Or by the Kindle version here. Rita’s newest book, Making Marks on the World: A Storybook for Left- and Right-Handed Coloring, is available for purchase here. Works in progress: H2O Rides the Water Cycle, The Flying Artist, and Rose Colored. To view additional illustrations and Rita’s books in progress, visit Rita’s website. Contact Rita here. Follow Rita on Facebook. Subscribe to Rita’s newsletter, Orangutans and More! and receive a free coloring page of today’s illustration.
Papaya, which previously often called the fruit of the angels by Christopher Columbus, is a tropical fruit that originated from North America, mostly in Mexico. But, right in the moment, papaya fruit is widely grown all over the world which have tropic climate. Papaya plant can grow to the height of 30 meters and commonly has purple flowers and yellow fruits. We bet that you wouldn’t be surprised that papaya fruit contain a lot of benefits for your health because papaya fruit, like any other fruits, commonly known as the healthy foods. But, do you know that papaya leaf could also bring you totally diverse health benefits? In this article, we already have 20 health benefits that you could get for your body if you maximize the use of papaya leaves. - Reduce the Symptoms of Dengue If you’re experiencing some symptoms like fever, skin rash, headache, muscle and joint point, you are probably suffering from dengue. But, that is the common ones. If you’re experiencing any dangerous symptoms like blood plasma leakage, low platelet count, and bleeding, you’re probably suffering from the dangerous disease called hemorrhagic fever. Dengue fever is a deadly disease caused by the virus called Aedes mosquito Some studies indicate that papaya leaves contain enzymes like chymopapain and papain that can boost and normalize the platelet count and the liver damage caused by dengue disease and then it also will aid the recovery from dengue disease. Other health benefits of papaya leaf is its anti-malaria properties. Papaya leaves have been proven to be very efficient to prevent you from malaria. Some studies indicate that the bitter taste from papaya leaves can be very effective to get rid of malaria out of your body. So, you’re strongly suggested to drink some papaya leaf juice when you’re attacked by malaria. - Healthier Skin Do you know that papaya leaf contains higher Vitamin A and Vitamin C than the fruit? This high contain of Vitamin C means that papaya leaves could release antioxidant which will fight against free radicals. This antioxidant would be very beneficial to prevent your skin from any skin disease like acne, wrinkles, and heavy pigmentation. Your skin will always glow naturally, then it will boost your overall appearance and confidence too. - Fight Viral Infection Papaya leaf is also commonly known for its ability to fight against infection caused by virus such as common cold or influenza. The various components of vitamin like Vitamin A, Vitamin C, and Vitamin E will boost your immune system. Thus, papaya leaves can be very useful to keep you healthy and stay away from any viral infections. - Reduce Menstrual Pain Papaya leaves turn out to be a good solution during your menstrual period. Sometimes, it could be really painful when you’re in your menstrual period. To reduce the pain, you can use one papaya leaf, add some tamarind and salt, then add water to that mixture, and then boil it and simmer it. That ingredient has been proved to its efficacy to reduce the menstrual pain. 6 Curing Emphysema Emphysema is one of the deadly disease that comprises Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). This disease is widely associated with gradual damage of lung tissue, including the destruction of the alveoli. To prevent you from this emphysema disease, you need a sufficient amount of Vitamin D. Papaya leaves contain pretty high amounts of Vitamin D which will protect your body from disease associated with emphysema lung. - Cleansing Agent Papaya leaves could be very beneficial for cleansing agent, especially if you make the papaya leaves as a juice. Thanks to the compound called karpain that contained in papaya leaves. This karpain will prevent the growth of microorganism and other toxins from your body, thus it will make your skin become healthier because you will be avoided from skin problems like blemishes, pimples, and freckles. - Curing Eczema Papaya leaves could also be a good solution to treat against eczema disease. Eczema is one of the kind inflammation on the skin, which characterized by itchy, vesicular, weeping, and crusting patches. Papaya leaves turn out have a great ability as an anti-inflammatory, since it can cure your eczema. You could apply the papaya leaves to the area of your body that affected by the eczema after scrubbing. - Good for Hair Treatment Papaya leaf is also commonly used as a hair treatment in many salon or health care stores. Papaya leaves could bring a great benefit for your hair since it will add some shine if your hair, especially when you make these papaya leaves as a juice, and then you mix it up with honey or coconut milk. As already mentioned above, papaya leaves contain a compound called karpain. This karpain turns out to be a great source to get rid of dirt and oil out of the hair, as well as strengthening your hair without any side effects. So, rather than buying shampoo and throwing out your money, you need to consider this herbal plant as an anti-dandruff for your hair. - Regulate Menstruation Disorder Well, you already know that papaya leaves can be really helpful to reduce and alleviate your pain caused by menstruation. The good news is, papaya leaves could offer you more than that. Since papaya leaves have healing properties and very potent to balance your hormones, these leaves could help you reduce the pre-menstrual syndrome symptoms and also regulate the menstruation cycle. - Lowering the Sugar Blood Levels For everyone of you that might have some concerns related to diabetes diseases, this is a good news for you. Papaya leaves could stimulate the insulin activity in the body, thus it will help you to regulate the blood sugar levels and you’ll be more likely to avoid from diabetes disease. Also, papaya leaves could decrease the possibilities of having complications caused by diabetes like kidney damage. Papaya leaves also could reduce the oxidative stress that can lead to diabetes. - Increase Platelets Whenever you suffer from vitamins deficiency, dengue, or chemotherapy side effects, the amount of platelets in the body will be low. If these happen, you need to consume papaya leaves as soon as possible because these leaves can be beneficial to increase the amount of platelets in your body. A lot of research that conducted in around the world evidence that consuming papaya leaves could improve the amount of platelets in your body rapidly. - Inhibit the Growth of Bacteria One of the health benefits of papaya leaf is preventing the growth of bacteria, especially the bad bacteria that can cause some problems in your intestines. Some studies evidence that papaya leaves contain more than 50 active ingredients that can prevent you from bad bacteria. The karpain compound that contained in papaya leaves is one of the most important compounds that have responsibility to inhibit the growth of bad bacteria in your body. Tannin compound in papaya leaves also beneficial to inhibit the growth of worms that could be attached to your intestinal system. - Curing Gastric Ulcers According to research that published in The West Indian Medical Student, papaya leaves also contain compounds that can prevent you from gastric ulcers. The researchers found out that consuming papaya leaves can increase the activity of glutathione peroxidase, one of the important antioxidant which will fight against free radicals. The research on papaya leaves conducted in rats. They divided into two groups, one group of rats pre-treated with papaya leaves and the other one is not. The result of that research was the group of rats that have papaya leaves in their body shown less oxidative stress and had the reduction of ulcer formation compared with the other group. Papaya leaves contain more than 50 amino acids such as glutamate acid, glycine, valine, leucine, tryptophan, cysteine, histidine, and many more. All of these amino acids are commonly used as ingredients of commercial cosmetics in the department stores for the healthy and young looking skin. So, these papaya leaves is by far cheaper than those commercial cosmetics that sometimes can cause you some side effects. - Support the Digestive System It is revealed that papaya leaf could support the work of your digestive system. The papain, chymopapain, protease, and amylase enzymes that contained in papaya leaves will be very useful to break down the nutrients like protein, carbohydrate, and mineral from the food that you just ate, thus it will support the digestive system. This leaf will also protect you from digestive diseases or curing them because based on studies, papaya leaves contain anti-microbial agents by killing harmful bacteria called H.Pylori which will cause peptic ulcers. - Prevent Coronary Artery Disease Coronary artery disease could be possibly happen if you have a high amount of cholesterol levels in your body. To prevent you from this disease, you need a lot of Vitamin C that contained in papaya leaves, which then will release antioxidants that can boost the circulation of the blood flow in the body. These antioxidants from papaya leaves could really useful too to protect the health of your heart from coronary artery disease. - Prostate Enlargement Although this benefit needs further research, but papaya leaves, if you consume it as a tea, can be really useful to benign the prostate enlargement and every disease associated with prostate enlargement. - Anti-Cancer Properties This is probably one the most important benefits that the papaya leaves could offer for your health. Papaya leaves contain a compound called acetogenin. This compound is widely known for its efficacy against various types of cancer. There are many research that already proved that papaya leaf is an effective weapon for cancer. A study in Japan revealed that the cancer cells in the some people can be shut down when they are drinking papaya leaves concoction constantly in daili routine. A reseach that published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology showed that papaya leaf is one of the herbal cure that can protect you from human cancers in vitro such as breast cancer, lung cancer, and cervical cancer. Tips on How to Consume It Since papaya leaves contain tons of greatness for your body, you need to try this herbal plant as the remedy of various diseases that occur to you. But, some of you might be wondering how to serve it so you can get the full advantage of it. Here are some consumption tips for papaya leaves and the steps how to making it. - Papaya Leaves as Juice You can make papaya leaves as a juice, so you will enjoy it more when you’re consuming this healthy herbal pant. Here are some steps how to make papaya leaf juice. - Put your juicer and blender on - Add several papaya leaves, about 10 pieces of leaf might be enough. Add some water and then just blend it until the mixture of water and the leaves is smooth enough. - After that, pour it in a glass and you could drink it immediately. But, if you don’t want to consume it immediately, you can refrigerate it for up to 4 days after you make it. - You could add some sugars for taste, so it wouldn’t too bitter. - Papaya Leaves as Tea You can also make papaya leaves as a tea, this papaya tea would be a perfect variation if you want to try to drink papaya leaf other than a juice. Here are some steps on how to make it - Take several papaya leaves, 10 pieces of leaf could be enough, and then wash them and dried them. - Tear the papaya leaves apart, and then put them in a sauce pan. Add for about 2 liters of water. Boil it until the half of the water still remained. - Strain the liquid, discard the leaves and you can consume it immediately. But, if you don’t want to consume it immediately, you can put the papaya leaf juice in the refrigerator for up to 4 days since you make it. - Since the papaya leaf juice might be bitter and not everyone of you can stand the bitter taste of papaya leaf juice, you might add a little bit sugar or honey for some taste. - Papaya Leaves as Face Mask Other than consuming it as a beverage, you could also consume papaya leaves externally. Papaya leaves, as already stated in the health benefits section, can be very beneficial for your beauty skin. Here are some steps on how to apply papaya leaves as a facial mask. - Take several papaya leaves, 2 to 4 leaves might be sufficient. - Dried those papaya leaves naturally under the sun. - Tears the papaya leaves apart in small pieces. Sprinkle some honey to the mashed papaya leaves. - Apply those mashed mixture in all over your face. Wait for about 20 minutes. - After 20 minutes, wash your face with the cold water. Papaya Leaves Side Effects and Warnings Although papaya leaves will bring you tons of greatness for your health, but there are few side effects and warning related to these papaya leaves. Here are few side effects and warnings that you must consider before starting to consume papaya leaves, whether as a juice, tea, or apply it on your face. - Stimulate Some Allergies The papain enzyme that contained in papaya leaves is widely known for its side effects that can stimulate some allergies. According to a study published in the Journal Ugeskrift for Laeger, 10 out of 22 employers who were exposed by papain dust in the laboratory showed some allergy symptoms in their body, such as itchy eyes and runny nose. - Potentially Harmful for Pregnant Women There is a suggestion that you better not to consume papaya, especially taken by mouth, when you’re pregnant. There is some evidence that unprocessed papain, of the enzyme that can be found in papaya leaves, might be poisonous for the fetus and can cause the birth defects. Although further research still needed, but you’re strongly suggested to not consuming papaya leaves during your pregnancy. So, now you already know everything about papaya leaves. These leaves are truly good for the health of every part of your body, thus we strongly recommend you to give these leaves a try. But remember that these leaves have a bitter taste, so you need a little bid of sugar or honey to reduce the bitterness of it. Stay healthy with papaya leaves.
Pipe Diameter Size Calculator Software The Pipe Flow Wizard software will calculate the minimum internal pipe diameter that is required for a given flow rate and pressure condition. The software will consider the effect of pipe friction losses using the Darcy Weisbach equation, taking account of the pipe material, inner roughness of the pipe, the length of pipe, the fluid flow rate, the fluid density and the fluid viscosity. Pipe Size Diameter Calculator Screen Set the following values : - Internal roughness of the pipe. - Length of the pipe. - Valves, bends, and other fittings on the pipe. - Elevation change of the pipe (Rise or fall). - Available pressure at inlet of the pipe. - Select pressure units from drop down list - Fluid flow rate through the pipe. - Select flow rate units from drop down list. - Change the fluid data : Name, viscosity, density. Note: When running in trial mode the fluid data cannot be amended. The Pipe Flow Wizard software must be licensed before fluid data can be amended. Find Pipe Diameter Screen Results The Pipe Flow Wizard Software calculates the type of flow that will occur in the pipe (laminar flow or turbulent flow), the Reynold's number, the friction factor and the fluid velocity, to derive a minimum size for the internal diameter of the pipe. A pipe with a smaller internal diameter than the one calculated will not be able to support the specified flow rate for the given pressure conditions. Next: Pipe Length Calculator
What Are the Basic Teachings Attributed to Guru Nanak Devji? The most famous teachings attributed to Guru Nanak devji are that there is only one God, and that all human beings can have direct access to God with no need of rituals or priests. His most radical social teachings denounced the caste system and taught that everyone is equal, regardless of caste or gender. Guru Nanak (1469-1539) was one of the greatest religious innovators of all time and the founder of the Sikh religion. Guru Nanak’s birthday is celebrated by Sikhs on April 14th by the Nanakshahi calendar. (The date according to the lunar calendar changes annually but is usually in November.) Guru Nanak’s birth is celebrated on the day of Kartik Purnima as per Hindu lunar calendar. Celebrations start at Amrit Vela or between 3 am to 6am, when devotees recite hymns followed by kirtan or recital of scriptures. Akhand Path or a 48-hour non-stop reading of the Guru Granth Sahib at gurudwaras is held two days prior to the festival. Devotees carry a palanquin of the holy book and sing prayers. Special langars are organised which are open to devotees from all faiths. It features the signature Kada Prasad made using flour, ghee and sugar. Celebrations go on for three days and devotees visit Gurdwaras, seeking the blessings of Guru Nanak, eat langar and decorate their homes with diyas and lights. The festival serves as a reminder to devotees to follow the teachings and serve people. Nanak’s religious ideas draw on both Hindu and Islamic thought, but are far more than just a synthesis. Nanak was an original spiritual thinker and expressed his thoughts in extraordinary poetry that forms the basis of Sikh scripture. Little is known about the life of Nanak, but Sikh tradition has a much-loved set of stories or janam sakhis which relate various incidents from his life, and include many of his important teachings. Nanak was born about 40 miles from Lahore (now in Pakistan) in 1469. Sikh traditions teach that his birth and early years were marked with many events that demonstrated that God had marked him out for something special and was keeping an eye on him. His family was Hindu, but Nanak soon showed an advanced interest in religion and studied Islam and Hinduism extensively. As a child he demonstrated great ability as a poet and philosopher. One famous story about Guru Nanak tells of his rebellion at the age of eleven. At this age Hindu boys of his caste would start to wear the sacred thread to distinguish them. Nanak refused, saying that people should be distinguished by the things that they did, and their individual qualities, rather than by a thread. Nanak continued to demonstrate a radical spiritual streak – arguing with local holy men and sages, both Hindu and Muslim that external things like pilgrimages, penances, and poverty were of far less spiritual importance than internal changes to the individual’s soul. He worked for a while as an accountant but while still quite young decided to devote himself to spiritual matters. He was inspired by a powerful spiritual experience that gave him a vision of the true nature of God, and confirmed his idea that the way to spiritual growth was through meditation and through living in a way that reflected the presence of the divine within each human being. In 1496, although married and having a family, Nanak set out on a set of spiritual journeys through India, Tibet and Arabia that lasted nearly 30 years. He studied and debated with the learned men he met along the way and as his ideas took shape he began to teach a new route to spiritual fulfillment and the good life. The last part of his life was spent at Kartarpur in the Punjab, where he was joined by many disciples attracted by his teachings. In a significant decision, recently Indian Govt decided to build Kartarpur corridor, urged Pakistan to follow suit. The Union Cabinet, headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, approved the development of the Kartarpur corridor from Dera Baba Nanak in Punjab’s Gurdaspur district to the International Border. This will give Indian pilgrims easy access to the Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur on the banks of the Ravi River, in Pakistan, where Guru Nanak Dev spent 18 years. “The Kartarpur corridor will be implemented as an integrated development project with Government of India funding, to provide smooth and easy passage, with all the modern amenities. The government of India will put in place suitable facilities for smooth passage of pilgrims,” a press release said. “The government of Pakistan will be urged to recognise the sentiments of the Sikh community and to develop a corridor with suitable facilities in their territory as well,” it added. Punjab Minister Navjot Singh Sidhu welcomed the move and appealed to the Centre to write to the Pakistan government. “I hope the draft for the letter is ready as promised by Hon’ble EAM Sushma Ji”, he said. He also urged Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan to take reciprocal steps in opening the corridor in his country.
Giuseppe Archimboldo was an outstanding painter and decorator from Milan, as well as the grandson of the Archbishop of Milan. The artist lived in Italy of the 16th century and served the Habsburg dynasty in Bohemia and Austria, and during the reign of Ferdinand I in Vienna, he was appointed a portrait copyist. Later, when the eldest son Ferdinand I, Maximilian, inherited the throne, he became a court painter. He knew a lot about the benefits of products. He painted many paintings created from vegetables and fruits, of which he also created portraits of people. This portrait depicts Emperor Rudolph II in the form of the god of the seasons and the earthly fruits of Vertumnus, who was known in ancient Italy. Vertumnus was a god of transformation, a metamorphosis of natural abundance. This work by Giuseppe Archimboldo is one of the most famous of all the portraits of this emperor, due to the fact that this portrait of an Italian artist represents Rudolph II in the image of the fidgety god Vertumn from ancient Rome, which is composed of different berries, fruits and vegetables. The picture “Vertumn” is a half-length portrait of the emperor folded from a variety of fruits and vegetables that personify the vegetation and the gifts of nature. This canvas was appreciated by the emperor himself and generously rewarded the painter. A friend of the artist, scientist and writer Gregorio Camanini (Gregorio Camanini) described this picture: His eyes are like the star of Olympus, he called his chest air, his stomach – the earth, his legs – an abyss, and his robes seemed woven from fruits and grass. In the picture of this artist, fruits and vegetables make it possible to embody a certain idea and idea of the master. I would also like to note that this is not the only painting by Giuseppe in which he uses products to create his pictorial images.
IMAGE: Namibia Fact Check Reporting on the Namibia-Germany genocide settlement has bordered on misinforming and confusing in key respects. Namibia Fact Check has been monitoring media reporting on the issue of a settlement having been agreed to between the Namibian and German governments over the genocide perpetrated against the Ovaherero and Nama ethnic groups by German colonial-era forces during the period 1904-1908. Media reports since 27 May 2021 have stated that the German and Namibian governments have reached a settlement deal on the colonial-era genocide. The slew of reporting kicked off on 28 May 2021 following the issuing of a media statement by the German foreign ministry on behalf of German foreign minister Heiko Maas, in which Maas acknowledged that colonial Germany perpetrated genocide against the Ovaherero and Nama and mentioned that a monetary settlement had been agreed between the two governments. Importantly, since then, by 1 June 2021, no official response had been issued by the Namibian government to the statement of the German foreign minister. At the same time, news of the Namibian-German genocide settlement has attracted much discussion on various social media, in many cases inflaming emotions and reactions with misleading information around a topic that has been highly sensitive for a while. Who is speaking? One of the aspects in all the reporting that has not been adequately clarified to date, is the extent of the involvement of the affected communities in the negotiations between the two governments. The recent reporting also bears spotlighting on this issue. In the latest round of reporting, some reports have stated that affected communities were well represented by recognised traditional leaders and entities at the negotiation table, while other reporting has indicated that relevant traditional authorities and affected communities had consistently been sidelined. Much of the reporting has failed to make it clear who was at the table and why and who was not and why, in order to create a coherent picture of the relevant players for interested audiences. With regard to international reporting, Germany’s largest online news outlet, Der Spiegel, seemed to imply on 28 May 2021 that Ovaherero and Nama groups were on the whole in agreement with the settlement announced on that day because they had been part of the decision-making processes. Der Spiegel reported the German government line that: “Representatives of the Herero and Nama were also closely involved in the negotiation process on the Namibian side.” In fairness, Der Spiegel did acknowledge in an earlier article, on 17 May 2021, that some Ovaherero and Nama traditional leaders were opposed to the deal being struck between the two governments. In contrast, and also on 28 May 2021, the Washington Post reported: “Alfredo Hengari, spokesman for Namibian President Hage Geingob, said the announcement out of Berlin was the result of a ninth round of negotiations that began in 2015 over how Germany would move forward in making amends to victims’ descendants and repairing relations between the two countries. The process has drawn widespread criticism among victims’ descendants, who say they have been left out.” The underlined sentence, and entire article, clearly suggested that affected communities were not represented at the negotiation table. The implication being that the Namibian government negotiators had not consulted the traditional leaders or authorities of affected communities. However, an article published by the state-owned daily New Era on 27 May 2021 indicated that at least seven (7) traditional leaders or authorities recognised by the Namibian government – the Zeraeua Traditional Authority, the Maharero Royal House, the Kambazembi Traditional Authority, the Ovambanderu Traditional Authority, the Vaalgras Traditional Authority, the !Aman Traditional Authority, and the /Hai-/Khaua clan of Berseba – had been part of the negotiations or been consulted by Namibian negotiators. Similarly, on 31 May 2021, The Namibian reported that “traditional chiefs from the Maharero, Kambazembi, Gam and Zeraeua royal houses” – all of them recognised Ovaherero traditional authorities – had been “part of the negotiations delegation for Namibia”. Both local and international media have tended to approach the unrecognised Ovaherero Traditional Authority (OTA) and the Nama Traditional Leaders Association (NTLA) for comment, neither of which were part of the genocide negotiations. Much of the reporting also seemed to imply that all traditional leaders and authorities of affected communities, even those who had been part of the negotiations, had rejected the settlement that appeared to have been reached between the two countries. The implication here being that the Namibian government unilaterally agreed to a settlement with the German government. And yet, the 27 May 2021 New Era article stated: “The Ovambanderu Traditional Authority, Vaalgras Traditional Authority, !Aman Traditional Authority, the /Hai-/Khaua clan of Berseba and other minority traditional authorities allegedly agreed to the deal.” But voices from these traditional authorities that “allegedly agreed to the deal” have not been provided prominent space to state their sides. Another issue that has been confusingly handled, especially in international reporting, is the death toll of the 1904-1908 genocide perpetrated against the Ovaherero and Nama ethnic groups by German colonial-era forces. While the Washington Post reported: “Between 1904 and 1908, German colonial forces in what was then known as South-West Africa brutally quashed a rebellion spearheaded by the Herero and Nama tribes against the seizing of land and livestock by colonists, killing at least 65,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama. Researchers estimate that as many as 80 percent of the Herero and half of the Nama people were killed.” “It is thought up to 80% of the indigenous populations died during the genocide – with a death toll in the tens of thousands.” There surely is a big difference between 80% of the Ovaherero having been killed and 80% of the entire indigenous population of the territory at the time having been killed by the German colonial authorities?
Radiologic technologists are one of the largest groups of healthcare professionals in the world. In fact, they are the third-largest group of all health care professionals, the largest being nurses and the second-largest being doctors. In today’s job market, radiology techs are in high demand. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the employment of radiologic and MRI technologists is projected to grow seven percent from 2019 to 2029, faster than the average for all occupations. If you are thinking about becoming a radiologic technologist, it’s important that you familiarize yourself with the various roles that are available and how to become certified in diagnostic imaging. Radiologic technologists are sometimes referred to as radiologic technicians or x-ray technicians. Currently, there are over 200,000 radiologic technologists in the United States. What is a Radiologic Technologist? Radiologic technologists are medical professionals who are trained to capture images of the human anatomy using specialized medical equipment. They perform medical imaging to help doctors diagnose and treat pathology in the bodies of those with medical conditions. Also known more generally as radiographers, radiologic technologists are sometimes improperly referred to as x-ray technicians. While taking x-rays can be one of their jobs, x-ray tech is considered an outdated term. Historically radiologic technologists in the field of medical imaging have also been informally referred to as “techs” and “rad techs”. What’s the Difference Between a Radiology Technician, Radiologic Technologist, and Radiologist Assistant? The primary differentiator between a radiology technician, radiologic technologist, and radiologist assistant is the amount of education and training required for each role. Additionally, the ability to assume more responsibility and earn greater compensation is also a differentiator. A radiology technician typically holds a two-year degree from a trade school or community college. However, in some states, the completion of a certificate program is all that’s required. Radiology technicians may focus on taking x rays, but they are typically certified to operate other medical imaging equipment. Study time for a radiology technician is primarily focused on learning how to operate x-ray, mammography, and computed tomography (CT) equipment and position patients properly during the operation of these machines. The title radiology technician has been phased out in recent years with the role being consolidated under the broader title of a radiologic technologist. As of 2015, the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT), requires that all ARRT certified credentials have an associate’s for the following credentials: - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Nuclear Medicine Technology - Radiation Therapy - Vascular Sonography What’s an MRI vs x-ray? Also called radiographers, radiologic technologists have job duties similar to those of a radiology technician. Both roles are trained to position patients and properly operate imaging equipment. However, as of 2015, the ARRT requires all radiologic technologists to have an associate’s at a minimum. Many radiologic technologists hold a four-year bachelor’s degree from a radiologic program and are able to act in supervisor roles and earn a higher salary as opposed to a radiology technician who may have only completed a two-year associate’s degree. Radiologist assistants are radiologic technologists who have attained a master’s from a nationally recognized curriculum and completed a clinical preceptorship under a radiologist. RAs manage patients, perform assessments, and provide preliminary evaluations of test results to the supervising radiologist. What Do Radiologic Technologists Do? Radiologic technologists are responsible for: - explaining procedures to patients about the imaging process - physically positioning patients for imaging procedures - adjusting the machinery and capturing images properly - ensuring the accuracy and quality of the images captured Depending on what part of the body is being imaged, a radiographer may use different medical imaging tools. X-ray, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), CT (computed tomography), fluoroscopy, or sonography equipment may be used to capture the images needed to help a physician make a diagnosis or plan for a procedure. Radiologic technologists also administer doses of radiation to treat forms of cancer and other diseases. This is known as radiation therapy. They also assist physicians with procedures. These procedures, such as stent insertions and angioplasty, are used to treat blood vessels and heart disease without requiring invasive surgery. Radiology Tech Salary According to Salary.com, as of May 27, 2021, on average radiology tech earns about $57,352 annually in the United States. The range typically falls between $51,110 and $64,569 depending on experience and other factors. Glassdoor puts the average at approximately $53,871 while Zip Recruiter’s data points closer to $61.119 per year or about $29/hour. Radiologic technologists with a bachelors typically earn more than those with an associate’s or no degree. In fact, the average salary for a radiologic technologist with an associate’s degree is $53,222, while those with a bachelor’s degree earned $56,540 and $71,501 with a master’s degree, according to the American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT). Different modalities in which radiologic technologist specializes also make a difference in wages earned. For example, according to the ASRT, radiologic technologists working in bone densitometry earn an average annual salary of $62,042, compared to radiologic technologists working in vascular sonography at $69,794, breast sonography at $73,967), or PET/CT, SPEC/CT at $78,018. Where Do Radiologic Technologists Work? Radiologic technologists typically work in a hospital setting, although some may work at an imaging center or at a physician’s office. They must be able to stand on their feet for extended periods of time and may be required to render physical assistance to disabled persons. Most RTs work full-time to provide patient care. They may be required to be on-call or work overtime as necessary. Radiologic technologists are exposed to radioactive materials or equipment as an inherent part of their job of providing patient care. However, they are trained on the precautions to observe while working around radioactive materials during imaging procedures. They are also taught about the use of radiation protection to reduce the chance of inadvertent exposure to radiation. Radiologic technologists often wear protective shielding devices, such as a special lead-lined vest, gloves, and/or apron. Radiologic technologists are tested on a regular basis to monitor radioactive exposure to ensure that they have not been overexposed to radioactive materials. How Long Does it Take to Become a Radiologic Technologist? It takes about 2 years to become a radiologic technologist. - obtaining your associate’s - completing an ARRT-approved educational curriculum - meeting the ARRT ethics requirements - passing the ARRT exam Known as the Primary Eligibility Pathway, this allows you to earn your ARRT credentials in - Radiation Therapy - Vascular Sonography - Nuclear Medicine Technology - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) How to Become a Radiologic Technologist In order to become a radiologic technologist, you must first hold a high school diploma or equivalent. The typical route to becoming a radiologic technologist is through the completion of a curriculum that culminates in certification, obtaining an associate’s degree, or pursuing a bachelor’s degree. Candidates who apply for the certification and wish to register need to have excellent character and cannot behave in a way that is not becoming to the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists expectations and ethical behaviors. The candidate needs to know, understand, and conduct in accordance with the ARRT Rules and Regulations and Standards of Ethics. Candidates’ backgrounds are thoroughly checked, including checks and inquiries into any felonies, misdemeanors, convictions, criminal activities, court Martials, and any other delinquent issues that could be in violation of the ARRT Rules, Regulations, and Standards of Ethics. Minor problems such as traffic tickets that do not have a drug or alcohol conviction with them are not taken into consideration. There is a pre-application that new candidates can complete, which will allow them to decide what their ethics qualification is before they begin classes. The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) offers credentials in medical imaging, interventional procedures, and radiation therapy. The ARRT certifies and registers radiologic technologists in a range of disciplines by overseeing and administering education, ethics, and examination requirements. As of January 1, 2015, the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists requires candidates who wish to take the national certification examination to have earned an academic degree through a recognized institution. That academic degree must be, at a minimum, an associate’s degree. It does not have to be in radiologic science. Students seeking ARRT certification must have certain medical and practical classes that relate to being a radiologic tech. Before determining which classes to take, students need to determine what type of radiologic technologist they want to be once they have completed their education and training. These radiology tech categories are available to radiologic technologists: Once you have chosen your category, a list of classes will be created for you to take in a specific order to optimize your learning and time spent in the classroom. If after you’ve obtained your associate’s from an accredited institution you choose to pursue training through a certification program, you can expect to take six to twelve months to complete the training. Typical classes include classroom training as well as clinical practice. Associate of Applied Science Degree If you choose to obtain training by way of obtaining an associate’s degree, you may expect to take two years to complete the degree. Courses will include such things as patient interaction, anatomy, radiological exposure practices, radiologic procedures, and radiation protection. During the clinical portion of the coursework, you will be trained in how to provide proper patient care depending upon the diagnostic test requested by the attending physician. You will learn how to protect yourself and the patient from radiation during the procedure. You will also be instructed on how to accurately take a medical history and then record data into patient records. Some schools offer a bachelor’s degree in Radiologic Technology. Many schools offer this curriculum to students who have already obtained their certification as radiologic technologists as a means to expand their education. A bachelor’s degree will take approximately four years to complete. Part of the coursework for a bachelor’s curriculum includes general courses that are required of all bachelor’s candidates. These courses prepare the student for advanced problem solving, a skill that is highly desirable in most medical fields. They also help the student develop advanced communication skills that are also a necessary part of any occupation within the medical field. Regardless of your choice, you must be licensed or certified to work as a radiologic technologist. Returning Student Degree If you have a position in radiologic technology and wish to specialize in a particular area, you can obtain a post-primary certification in: - Breast Sonography - Computed Tomography - Vascular Sonography - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Vascular-Interventional Radiography - Quality Management - Cardiac-Interventional Radiography - Bone Densitometry Along with an ARRT certification, these radiologic technology categories require specified certificates and testing to be registered as this type of radiologic technologist. New requirements demand that students going for this type of degree need to complete 16 hours of education that is structured within a classroom or online. This requirement was introduced in January 2016. Once you have obtained the appropriate training and passed the ARRT certification examination, you are able to pursue licensing as an R.T. (radiologic technologist). Certification involves either passing an exam given by the state where you want to practice or passing the national examination that is administered by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT). The examination typically takes four hours to complete. The exams test your skills; both educational and ethical, along with everything you learned throughout your training. To apply for the certification tests, you need to contact their program chairs for the information. As a returning student, you can log onto the ARRT website and complete the applications for the exam you wish to take. When completing the applications, you should remember: - Students can send in the applications 3 months before their expected graduation date. - Dates, signatures, and pictures must be current up to 6 months prior to the receive date of the ARRT office. - Make certain the application fee is correct and included with the application. Once you have been accepted, you will receive a Candidate Status Report. This will give you testing information and a testing window in which to take the exam. It also gives you information on proving your identity at the testing site. You will be allowed three testing tries to pass during a three-year time frame. Requirements for licensing vary from state to state, so it is advisable to determine the individual state procedure for becoming licensed and/or certified before choosing the route for becoming a radiologic technologist. With advanced education, you can also pursue a career as a radiologist assistant. In this role, you’ll ultimately learn to perform many procedures that a radiologist would otherwise do. South College , OnlineLocation - Knoxville, TN, US 37909 Since South College was founded in 1882, we have focused on serving students who want hands-on, career-driven education that will have a meaningful impact on their lives and livelihoods.More than a ce... Read MoreProgramsCERT Magnetic Resonance ImagingAS RadiographyBS Health Science w/Con RadiographyCERT Computed Tomography Keiser University , OnlineLocation - Fort Myers, FL, US 33905 Since 1977, Keiser University has maintained a practical, hands-on approach to career-focused education to help our students achieve their personal and professional goals. Our student-ce...ProgramsBachelor of Science in Imaging Sciences - Imaging Administration Sullivan University , OnlineLocation - Louisville, KY, US 40205 Earn your degree from an accredited university by taking all of your classes online. Sullivan University Online delivers high quality online degree programs in an e-Learning environment that allows... Read MoreProgramsRadiologic TechnologyLimited Medical Radiography Diploma Is a Radiologic Technologist a Good Career? According to the US Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics, the job opportunities for radiologic technologists are expected to increase by 28% between 2010 and 2020. This growth rate is higher than the average based upon what is expected for other occupations. To grow in your career as a radiographer, you may decide to obtain additional training and certification in a more specialized field of radiologic technology. For example, as a radiologic technologist, you may decide to go into mammography, using specialized equipment to perform cancer screenings on breast tissue. Another area on the cutting edge of radiology is nuclear medicine. This specialty of radiology uses radioactive substances as part of the procedure to diagnose specific diseases. Once you obtain your radiologic technology certification, there are many ways to pursue advanced training and certification, dependent upon your interests. If you are already certified and looking for a new job, take a look at our guidelines for creating a solid radiologic technologist resume. The Future of Radiologic Technology Diagnostic imaging is a growing field. It offers many areas that can enhance your opportunity to pursue a higher salary and advancement. These advanced specialties include interventional radiography, computed tomography, advanced x-rays, and CT scans.
The Araripe Basin of north-east Brazil contains not one, but two fossil lagerstatten: the Santana and Crato Formations. Both are of late Lower Cretaceous age (Aptian-Albian) and yield diverse and excellently preserved angiosperms, gymnosperms, insects, crustaceans, fishes and tetrapods, including giant pterosaurs. The sedimentology of the Araripe Basin is varied and reflects a dynamic basin influenced by regional and global sea level changes, as well as climatic changes related to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and the break up of Gondwanaland. Until now little data on the geology of the Basin and on its (relatively easy) accessibility has been available in English. However, the beautiful fossils are comparatively well-known and widely available through commercial outlets all over the developed world. This book not only summarizes the fossil flora and fauna of the Araripe Basin, but is an attempt to place the fossils in a tectonic, sedimentological and paleoecological context.
The jaw allows the host to chew, speak, and move while being stabilized by the surrounding muscles that help the jaw structure. The other surrounding muscles that support the jaw are the neck muscles when food is consumed and swallowed. The lower jaw has joints on each side that connect to the upper part of the skull, while the surrounding muscles provide the motor function to the jaw. To that point, normal wear and tear or various factors can not only affect the joints and the surrounding muscles, but they can cause overlapping pain profiles to the tendons, organs, and jaw muscles that may potentially affect a person’s quality of life. Today’s article examines the lateral pterygoid muscle, how TMJ dysfunction and trigger points affect this muscle, and ways to manage TMJ dysfunction and trigger points in the jaw. We refer patients to certified providers who specialize in musculoskeletal treatments to aid individuals suffering from trigger point pain associated with TMJ dysfunction affecting the lateral pterygoid muscle. We also guide our patients by referring them to our associated medical providers based on their examination when appropriate. We ensure to find that education is the solution to asking our providers insightful questions. Dr. Jimenez DC observes this information as an educational service only. Disclaimer What Is The Lateral Pterygoid Muscle Have you heard popping sounds in your jaw when you open or close your mouth? Does your jaw feel stiff, and the pain travels down the neck? Does your jaw lock up, causing difficulty for you to open or close your mouth? Some of these symptom overlap with pain associated with the lateral pterygoid muscle. As part of the mastication muscles, the lateral pterygoid muscle is also a craniomandibular muscle that has a crucial role in the inferior temporal region. The lateral pterygoid muscle works together with the medial pterygoid muscle to provide functionality to the mandible or the lower jaw. The lateral pterygoid muscle also has nerves that branch off the trigeminal nerve and sends information to the brain. This information causes the muscles to move and function when food is consumed; however, when injuries or traumatic events affect the lateral pterygoid, it can disrupt the lower jaw structure and the surrounding muscles. How TMJ Dysfunction & Trigger Points Affect The Lateral Pterygoid When the lateral pterygoid is affected by TMJ (temporomandibular joint) dysfunction, studies reveal that many individuals often experience pain around the jaw causing limited jaw movement and pain in the lateral pterygoid muscles. When the lateral pterygoid muscles become overused due to excessive chewing or by traumatic forces that affect the jaw, it can cause the muscle fibers of the lateral pterygoid to develop tiny knots known as trigger points to affect the jawline. Trigger points cause pain symptoms associated with other chronic issues that cause jaw pain. When trigger points affect the lateral pterygoid, it can develop discomfort and pain in TMJ dysfunction. According to Dr. Janet G. Travell, M.D., many people with severe pain in their jaws may have myofascial pain syndrome from musculoskeletal disorders caused by active trigger points in the lateral pterygoid muscle. Since the lateral pterygoid is potentially involved with trigger points associated with TMJ dysfunction, studies reveal that the lateral pterygoid muscle may suffer from muscle atrophy while correlating with disc displacement associated with TMJ dysfunction. TMJ dysfunction is when the surrounding muscles and ligaments around the lower jaw are irritated from active trigger points. When a person suffers from TMJ dysfunction, the pterygoid muscles become stiff and cause pain-related symptoms affecting the jaw and the surrounding oral-facial region. Jaw Pain & TMJ Dysfunction-Video Have you been experiencing pain along your jawline? Do your jaw muscles feel stiff when your open or close your mouth? Have you heard popping sounds when you open your jaw, and it hurts? Many of these symptoms are associated with TMJ dysfunction affecting the lateral pterygoid muscle. The video above explains how TMJ disorder and jaw pain affect the body. Studies reveal that the activities of the lateral pterygoid muscle allow movement to the jaw for the host; however, when factors begin to affect the jaw and the lateral pterygoid muscle, it may lead to derangement and disc displacement in the TMJ. TMJ dysfunction associated with trigger points in the jaw may be combined with other factors that cause pain to the jaw and the rest of the body. This is known as somato-visceral pain, where the muscle affects the corresponding organ. TMJ dysfunction associated with trigger points is complex and challenging to diagnose since trigger points often mimic other chronic symptoms that may be potentially involved. Since the lateral pterygoid muscle has sensory-motor functions in the jaw, when the muscle becomes sensitive, those neuron signals become hypersensitive and cause disorganized muscular activation to the jaw; thus, determining factors in TMD (temporomandibular disorders) make an appearance. Luckily there are ways to manage TMJ dysfunction associated with trigger pain in the jaw from affecting anyone. Managing TMJ Dysfunction & Trigger Pain In The Jaw When a person is experiencing pain symptoms in the jaw from TMJ dysfunction associated with trigger point pain, many try to find various treatments to minimize the pain. Since trigger point pain in the jaw can cause referred pain associated with toothaches and tension-type headaches, the pain that a person is feeling can be confusing when there is no physical alteration. To that point, many people would take over-the-counter medicine to dull the pain. However, those who want to manage pain without medication can go to a musculoskeletal specialist that their primary doctor refers to, who can come up with a treatment plan catered to that person. Many musculoskeletal specialists, like chiropractors, can obtain the patient’s information on where they feel pain during the examination. Afterward, chiropractors can devise a solution through clinical thinking before applying the treatment to the patient’s pain. Some of the various techniques that a chiropractor utilizes for an individual dealing with jaw pain associated with trigger points include: - Stretch and spray: Where the lateral muscle is stretched and sprayed with a coolant to alleviate the trigger points. - Cervical spinal manipulation: Spinal adjustment to the cervical spine to loosen up stiff muscles surrounding the neck and lower jaw. - Heat compression: A hot pack is placed on the jaw to relax the muscles. When chiropractors utilize these techniques on the trigger points affecting the lateral pterygoid, it may potentially alleviate TMJ dysfunction symptoms associated with trigger points. The lateral pterygoid is part of the mastication muscles that work with the medial pterygoid muscle to stabilize the jaw and provide motor function when the host is chewing or speaking. When the lateral pterygoid muscle becomes overused through excessive chewing or being affected by traumatic factors can cause the development of pain symptoms associated with trigger points. Trigger points are tiny knots in the muscle that can cause referred pain to different locations in the body. When this happens, many individuals suffer from other chronic conditions associated with trigger points. One of them is TMJ dysfunction, where the surrounding muscles in the lower jaw become irritated and can make the jaw lock up. Fortunately, various treatments exist for many individuals to relieve trigger point pain associated with TMJ dysfunction affecting their jaws and help prevent the associated symptoms from progressing further. Litko, Monika, et al. “Correlation between the Lateral Pterygoid Muscle Attachment Type and Temporomandibular Joint Disc Position in Magnetic Resonance Imaging.” Dento Maxillo Facial Radiology, The British Institute of Radiology., Oct. 2016, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5595028/. Liu, Meng-Qi, et al. “Functional Changes of the Lateral Pterygoid Muscle in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders: A Pilot Magnetic Resonance Images Texture Study.” Chinese Medical Journal, Wolters Kluwer Health, 5 Mar. 2020, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7065862/. Lopes, Sérgio Lúcio Pereira de Castro, et al. “Lateral Pterygoid Muscle Volume and Migraine in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders.” Imaging Science in Dentistry, Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Mar. 2015, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4362986/. Rathee, Manu, and Prachi Jain. “Anatomy, Head and Neck, Lateral Pterygoid Muscle.” In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL), StatPearls Publishing, 29 Oct. 2021, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549799/. Professional Scope of Practice * The information herein on "TMJ Dysfunction On The Lateral Pterygoid Muscle" is not intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional, or licensed physician, and is not medical advice. We encourage you to make your own healthcare decisions based on your research and partnership with a qualified healthcare professional. Blog Information & Scope Discussions Our information scope is limited to Chiropractic, musculoskeletal, physical medicines, wellness, contributing etiological viscerosomatic disturbances within clinical presentations, associated somatovisceral reflex clinical dynamics, subluxation complexes, sensitive health issues, and/or functional medicine articles, topics, and discussions. We provide and present clinical collaboration with specialists from a wide array of disciplines. Each specialist is governed by their professional scope of practice and their jurisdiction of licensure. We use functional health & wellness protocols to treat and support care for the injuries or disorders of the musculoskeletal system. Our videos, posts, topics, subjects, and insights cover clinical matters, issues, and topics that relate to and support, directly or indirectly, our clinical scope of practice.* Our office has made a reasonable attempt to provide supportive citations and has identified the relevant research study or studies supporting our posts. We provide copies of supporting research studies available to regulatory boards and the public upon request. We understand that we cover matters that require an additional explanation of how it may assist in a particular care plan or treatment protocol; therefore, to further discuss the subject matter above, please feel free to ask Dr. Alex Jimenez DC or contact us at 915-850-0900. We are here to help you and your family. 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The planet Venus has returned to the early morning sky and has established itself as a dazzling morning lantern, emerging into view from beyond the east-southeast horizon before 5 a.m. local standard time. Just one month, on Jan. 8, was the day of its inferior conjunction — when it passed between the sun and Earth and made its transition from an evening to a morning object. A week later it had moved far enough away from the sun’s vicinity so that it was rising more than an hour before sunrise. And now Venus is much easier to sight, rising more than two hours before the sun. Related: The brightest planets in February’s night sky: How to see them (and when) Interestingly, for about the past week or so, I’ve been getting inquiries from those who arise early in the morning, on their way to work and school, asking what is that “dazzling white star,” which now precedes the rising sun? Perhaps, they were standing at a bus stop or a train platform when their attention was drawn to Venus. Often, they will follow up with the comment, “Just a week ago, it wasn’t there!” I suspect I’ll be getting an increasing number of such inquiries in the coming days ahead. Venus is now coming up in total darkness, about an hour before the first glimmer of dawn, while also shining at its pinnacle of brilliancy (magnitude –4.9). To give you an idea of just how radiant Venus is right now, it appears to gleam a full 25 times brighter than Sirius, the brightest of all stars. In fact, it’s so bright, that you might try sighting it on very clear days with the naked eye after sunrise. If you can keep track of where it is through sunup, you should still be able to see it as a tiny white “speck” against the blue daytime sky. And in places where there is no light pollution, Venus can even cast a faint but distinct shadow. During March and April, Venus will appear to slowly lower a bit in altitude in the predawn sky, but then from late April through about the middle of August, it will appear to rise at approximately the same time as the beginning of morning twilight, roughly two hours before sunrise. So, it pretty much will remain a fixture in our morning sky from now, right on through at least the middle of the summer. Celestial summit meetings As an added bonus, at intervals of approximately once a month, a lovely waning crescent moon will pass near to Venus, making for a head-turning sight in the pre-sunrise eastern sky. An especially attractive configuration will occur on the morning of April 27, when the moon will not only rendezvous with Venus, but the planet Jupiter as well. The three brightest objects of the night sky will form a very striking triangle that will be pointing down toward the east-southeast horizon; well worth setting your alarm to see! And on that very same morning, if you have high-power binoculars or a small telescope, train them on Venus, then scan roughly a half degree to its lower left and try to see if you can sight the most distant planet, Neptune. It won’t be easy though. Besides having to contend with the twilit sky background, Neptune — appearing as a tiny bluish star — will be about 63,000 times dimmer than Venus. You’ll have much better success on the mornings of April 30 and May 1, when Venus and Jupiter appear within a half-degree of each other, appearing as dazzling “double planet.” On April 30, this dynamic duo will appear low above the eastern horizon, dramatically ascending the sky side-by-side. On the following morning, Venus will have shifted to Jupiter’s lower left. Finally, the closest and most stunning of the moon-Venus pairings will come on the morning of June 26, when a 7% illuminated crescent moon will be positioned just a couple of degrees to Venus’s upper left. Now is also a fine time to examine the crescent of Venus in a telescope or even a pair of binoculars. A steady mounting for the binoculars — even just bracing them against the side of a tree — can make all the difference in the world. There are, in fact, some individuals with such acute vision who claim that they can actually see the crescent of Venus without any optical aid. If you’d like to test your own perception of vision on Venus, the best time to try it would be during bright twilight, say 15 to 30 minutes before sunrise. At that time, Venus will appear with far less glare against the background sky, giving your eyes a better opportunity to perceive its shape. As Venus slowly recedes from Earth in the coming weeks, its apparent size will appear to gradually diminish and its disk will become increasingly more illuminated. Right now, its crescent appears relatively large and slender, about one-quarter illuminated — rather similar in appearance to a five-day-old crescent moon. By April Fool’s Day (April 1), Venus will appear only half as large as it appears now and it will resemble a gibbous moon, slightly more than half illuminated. Thereafter, Venus will be a rather disappointing telescopic object, continuing to shrink down to just a small, albeit brilliant, widening gibbous disk. After mid-August, Venus’s slide back toward the sun will become more rapid, and by mid or late September it will finally disappear into the sunrise fires. It will sweep to a point on the far side of the sun — superior conjunction — on Oct. 22, and transition into the evening sky. Still, it is going take at least another month or so before it will begin to become noticeable again, this time very low near the west-southwest horizon shortly after sunset. Venus will then be at the start of a glorious evening apparition that will take us right on through the first half of the year 2023. Joe Rao serves as an instructor and guest lecturer at New York’s Hayden Planetarium. He writes about astronomy for Natural History magazine, the Farmers’ Almanac and other publications. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.
Broccoli is a cool season crop that prefers full sun, but will tolerate some shade. It needs well-draining soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. To increase the fertility of your soil before planting, mix in up to four inches of mature compost. If your soil is in particularly poor condition, add additional high-nitrogen fertilizer to enrich the soil. Organic fertilizers like alfalfa, cottonseed meal, and aged manure are good choices when planting broccoli. For a spring or early summer harvest, start your broccoli indoors 6-8 weeks before your last frost date, and transplant the seedlings into the garden about 3 weeks before the last frost. Your transplants should ideally be about 4” tall when they go in the garden. For a fall harvest, find the days to maturity for the variety you’re growing, and then plant seeds that many days before your area’s first frost date. If you use floating row cover, you can cheat your planting date later by several weeks. In some climates, it’s possible to direct seed fall broccoli crops outdoors, but in hotter climates such as the Southeast, it’s often too hot out for cool season plants to thrive when fall seeding time rolls around. Starting your fall broccoli seeds under shade cloth or indoors in the AC may be best. When transplanting, space your plants 12-24” apart in rows 36” apart. Apply an organic mulch made of mature compost, leaves, or bark to keep weeds in check and soil temperature regulated. Broccoli plants have very shallow roots. If you disturb the soil, you may accidentally break roots and damage your broccoli plants. If weeds develop around the plants, suffocate them with mulch instead of plucking them from the ground to avoid disturbing the roots. Allow your plants between one and one and a half inches of water per week. Broccoli likes moist (but well-drained) soil. Make sure not to get the budding broccoli crowns wet when watering. Doing so causes them to mold. In particularly hot or dry conditions, increase the amount of water you give your plants. Fertilize your plants about three weeks to one month after transplanting. Fish emulsion works well for fertilizing broccoli plants. You want to harvest your broccoli crowns when the buds are tightly closed and dark green. Avoid waiting until the buds begin to flower into light green or yellow flowers. Cut the crown where it meets the stem using garden shears. Avoid breaking the crown off. A clean cut will better encourage new growth. With a healthy cut, the broccoli plant should grow more shoots from the sides of the stem. Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) is an insect-pollinated biennial that needs only very mild winter conditions to trigger flowering. To collect pure seed, isolate your broccoli by ½ mile from any other B. oleracea varieties that may be in flower at the same time. Collect seed from at least six different plants to ensure good vigor and genetic diversity. A common seed saving method among home gardeners is to harvest the main heads from the plants, then allow the side shoots to flower and go to seed. Pick seed pods off the plants as they turn brown and completely dry. You can open them and empty out the seeds by hand, or crush the pods all together and then winnow by pouring the seeds and chaff from one container to another in front of a fan. Make sure the seeds are completely dried before storing them in an airtight container in a dark and cool location.
Public and Private Behavioral Health Services Private psychiatric hospitals have been in operation way before their public counterparts. Public services developed out of the need to provide services to those individuals who either did not have access to behavioral services or lacked financial resources. “There is a difference in the mission and philosophy of care between a public and a private facility providing behavioral health services.” Do you agree or disagree with the above statement? How? Justify your answers with appropriate research and reasoning. Describe some of the similarities and differences between public and private facilities providing behavioral health services. Support your answer with relevant examples. Review a Psychiatric Hospital In today’s healthcare environment, behavioral health services are provided at both specialized psychiatric facilities as well as within a larger and more comprehensive hospital setting. Psychiatric hospitals are dedicated to the treatment of behavioral health disorders, whereas a general hospital provides an integrated model of mental and physical health. Search the Internet using the key words “division of mental health, developmental disabilities, and addictive diseases.” View the list of regional hospitals provided under the heading Regional Hospitals Listing. Choose any one of the psychiatric hospitals listed and review its organizational structure. Next, search the Internet to find a Web site on a local general services hospital and review its organizational structure. According to your understanding, are the organizational structures of both types of hospitals similar or different? How? Do you think a similar organizational structure should be followed for all hospitals? Why? Justify your answers with appropriate research and reasoning.
Asbestos is a risky substance broadly utilized in development and general trade. There are presently asbestos guidelines in each express that deny or possibly limit asbestos application. These guidelines may likewise incorporate provisos to cover wellbeing and security worries for anybody who are possibly in danger of asbestos openness. There are presently numerous nations carrying out asbestos regulation that cover the whole country. Some even have provincial guidelines that fluctuate. One significant variable of asbestos guidelines alludes to how ought to be treated materials from old developments that are found to have asbestos particles. Moving these materials might present wellbeing risk since the simple powder and buildup of old concrete and different materials might be breathed in by the people who will attempt to eliminate them. The guidelines additionally cover who can eliminate garbage, how they are to be taken out, and how should be managed these materials once they are securely eliminated. Limiting asbestos openness is the objective of having asbestos guidelines. One more area of asbestos rules is the order for asbestos testing. Normal spots are presently being tested for presence of asbestos or potentially how much asbestos tracked down in a specific spot. In the event that a specific spot is found to have asbestos material, a reduction plan might be formed to eliminate the perilous substance to stay away from openness asbestos testing Sydney. There are different points that asbestos guidelines cover, for example, the wellbeing of the specialists in offices where asbestos is utilized, how new asbestos fittings ought to be set up, what sort of materials might in any case be lawfully produced using asbestos, and who is approved to work with this substance. Workers for hire, handymen, rooftop and ground surface installers, and electrical experts are individuals who are at extraordinary gamble, and asbestos guidelines perceive these individuals and their positions. Neighborhood government specialists give duplicates of asbestos guidelines in their region and are made accessible for its occupants. There are organizations that take care of laborers’ security who can likewise give duplicates of asbestos guidelines, and the Public Natural Insurance. Individuals’ mindfulness on the perils of managing asbestos ought to be taken on a more significant level by the public authority. There ought to be distributions talking about additional the impacts of asbestos and how this substance ought to be taken care of. Giving free preparation programs on asbestos reduction to project workers ought to likewise be given by the nearby state run administrations, despite the fact that asbestos guidelines presently by and large require compulsory preparation for anybody responsible to be presented to asbestos strands at work.
The main objective of the project: - That young people with a communication disability get better opportunities to participate in the democratic debate on accessibility in Europe - That young communication impaired people learn to produce and communicate digitally - Learn how to communicate using digital accessibility The young adults will through the project support the implementation of the United Nations Disability Convention, the Marrakesh Treaty and the EU Accessibility Availability Acts, in cooperation with other young people with communication disabilities. DA4You will ensure that the young adults are heard and that they actively contribute to formulating future goals and resources in this area. Influence the political process of accessibility in Europe by including young adults with communication disabilities as experts and participants. Training for young adults with communication disabilities that enable them to use the digital media for communication and dissemination using their own produced content. Contribute to create competencies and skills of each young participant with communication disabilities to use digital media to actively participate in public debate. Development of structures and methods regarding the use of internet-based digital social platforms such as Facebook, Tweeter and Web sites in relation to accessibility, as well as the development of digital dialogue tools in relation to communication between organizations and individuals. DA4You will help to create better opportunities for the establishment of social-economic companies and jobs for young people with communication disabilities through exchange of good practice and cooperation with regional authorities. The project aims to enable young people with communication disabilities / vision, hearing and dyslexia, able to use digital media for communication and dissemination to support their active participation in the democratic processes in society and ensure influence.Target group is young adults with disabilities from 18 to 30 years with a focus on digital accessibility. Main group are visually impaired, hearing impaired and dyslexic, but the target group also contains groups of young people with disabilities who have digital communication problems for other reasons, such as autism, speech problems and physical disorders that cause communication problems. The project focuses on young people with a communication disability, on the basis that the young people are a target group that has grown up in the digital world and has a different media usage in relation to the older generation with similar disabilities. The young participants shall be future ambassadors in relation to others with a communication disability by disseminating knowledge about digital accessibility.
Khruschev Announces Soviet Union will Remove Missiles from Cuba in Radio Moscow Address After much deliberation between the Soviet Union and Kennedy's cabinet, Kennedy secretly agreed to remove all missiles set in Turkey on the border of the Soviet Union in exchange for Khrushchev removing all missiles in Cuba. At 9 a.m. on October 28, a new message from Khrushchev was broadcast on Radio Moscow. Khrushchev stated that, "the Soviet government, in addition to previously issued instructions on the cessation of further work at the building sites for the weapons, has issued a new order on the dismantling of the weapons which you describe as 'offensive' and their crating and return to the Soviet Union." Kennedy immediately responded, issuing a statement calling the letter "an important and constructive contribution to peace". He continued this with a formal letter: "I consider my letter to you of October twenty-seventh and your reply of today as firm undertakings on the part of both our governments which should be promptly carried out... The U.S. will make a statement in the framework of the Security Council in reference to Cuba as follows: it will declare that the United States of America will respect the inviolability of Cuban borders, its sovereignty, that it take the pledge not to interfere in internal affairs, not to intrude themselves and not to permit our territory to be used as a bridgehead for the invasion of Cuba, and will restrain those who would plan to carry an aggression against Cuba, either from U.S. territory or from the territory of other countries neighbouring to Cuba." The practical effect of this Kennedy-Khrushchev Pact was that it effectively strengthened Castro's position in Cuba in that he would not be invaded by the United States. It is possible that Khrushchev only placed the missiles in Cuba to get Kennedy to remove the missiles from Turkey and that the Soviets had no intention of resorting to nuclear war if they were out-gunned by the Americans. However, because the withdrawals from Turkey were not made public at the time, Khrushchev appeared to have lost the conflict and become weakened. The perception was that Kennedy had won the contest between the superpowers and Khrushchev had been humiliated. However, this is not entirely the case as both Kennedy and Khrushchev took every step to avoid full conflict despite the pressures of their governments. Khrushchev held power for another two years. IN MOSCOW, Khrushchev had gone to his dacha late on Saturday night to try to get some rest. Kennedy's letter was brought to him there the next morning. He immediately called all the members of the Presidium to the dacha to consider a reply. He argued that 'an immediate positive answer be given Kennedy as long as the United States guaranteed that neither it nor its allies would attack Cuba'. The Presidium agreed and since every minute was precious, it was decided to transmit the response in a broadcast over Radio Moscow. The announcer began reading the letter before Khrushchev and Rodion Malinovsky, the Defence Minister, had finished writing it. The crucial sentence read: 'The Soviet government, in addition to earlier instructions on the discontinuance of further work on the construction sites, has given a new order to dismantle the arms which you describe as offensive, and to crate and return them to the Soviet Union.' Kennedy got the news just as he was leaving for Mass. 'Thank God, it's all over,' he said. General Surikov was more lyrical. 'I came out of the bunker to a golden autumn afternoon and I wept unashamedly as I experienced joy such as I had not known since I survived the Great Patriotic War.' In Cuba, the Soviet forces began to ship the missiles and their warheads back to the Soviet Union. General Gribkov remembers: 'We told the Americans in advance how many missiles would be on what ships. On the open sea, US warships and helicopters approached our freighters so that they could see and count the missiles. For our military it was a public slap in the face.'
Wireless regulations establish licensing, certification and bandwidth requirements for devices that intentionally emit radiofrequency signals in the electromagnetic spectrum. Sources in C2P Our wireless topic in C2P covers laws, regulations and supporting documents applying to radio frequency spectrum allocation, with a primary focus on unlicensed areas of the spectrum typically reserved for short range, low power devices. These include: - Wireless accessories - Local area networking (LAN) - Internet-connected appliances (IoT) - Radio frequency identification (RFID) The content includes spectrum allocation tables and requirements for test standards, certification, registration, and approval. The covered devices typically use WiFi, Bluetooth, ZigBee or other low-power wireless communications standards. Our regulatory content in C2P is historically comprehensive with a robust QA process to ensure quality, consistency and accuracy. Below is a high level summary of our coverage for this topic: - USA: FCC Radio Frequency Devices Regulations, 47 CFR Part 15, 1989 - EU: Radio Equipment, Directive 2014/53/EU - Brazil’s Resolution No. 242 of November 30, 2000 - China: Regulation on Type Approval and Self-Declaration of Conformity for Radio Equipment, Consultation, March 2020 - China: Catalogue and Technical Requirements for Micro-power Short Range Radio Transmitting Equipment, Announcement No. 52, 2019 - IEEE 802.11x WLAN and 802.15 WPAN of Wireless Standards Learn more about our Regulatory Coverage Speak to one of our team today for more information on our regulatory content.
Scientists in France and Switzerland have performed molecular dynamics simulations to understand why some natural materials are able to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water. By unravelling these microscopic mechanisms, the team hope to yield insights that others can use when designing water purification systems. Complex, but often expensive, technologies for treating water exist, such as membrane filtration, activated carbon adsorption and electrocoagulation. Bio-based materials are also showing great promise as low cost adsorbents. Many of these are materials that would otherwise be thrown away and include nuts, fruit and vegetables peelings, seaweed, spent coffee grounds and tea leaves. A 2018 study from researchers in India used spent coffee grounds to remove lead and fluoride from contaminated water with an efficiency of around 90%.2 And in 2020, a team in Turkey showed that unmodified tea waste could remove four different heavy metals from water.3 Despite overwhelming evidence of their performance, natural materials have yet to be used on a large scale. ‘[The materials] are cheap, abundant and environmentally friendly. However, there has, hitherto, been little work describing attempts to experimentally characterise the microscopic nature of these natural trapping agents and related microscopic mechanisms. Why this contrast? Certainly, the complexity of these natural materials is one reason. For example, they each consist of thousands of different chemical components,’ comments Wanda Andreoni, from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL). Now, Andreoni and her colleagues have taken the first step towards understanding the capturing action of such materials by using simulations at the molecular level for the first time in this field. ‘We used state-of-the-art simulations that we have previously applied to a variety of systems and physicochemical processes,’ explains Andreoni. They decided to simulate how hemicellulose captures lead ions from water, as the polysaccharide occurs in many plant-based materials. Their results established that hemicellulose could easily take up lead ions from water via adsorption, whereas it was energetically expensive to release the ions back into water. They also reported a dual role for water, as a competitor of the polymer for the uptake of the metal ions, as well as a participant in the bound metal–polymer states. Annabella Selloni of Princeton University in the US, who develops computational tools to understand surfaces and interfaces for applications that include environmental remediation, says the research ‘provides a clear, detailed and convincing picture of a complex physical process of great relevance to the problem of water purification from toxic metals.’ She comments that the researchers combined clever modelling with several advanced computational methodologies, from first principles calculations and classical molecular dynamics to enhanced statistical sampling approaches. ‘In particular, key ingredients of the study are the collective variables used for the metadynamics simulations, which are effective descriptors essential for a correct analysis of the process. Using only two uniquely suited collective variables, the researchers were able to classify the different configurations of their system of several thousand atoms, distinguish the configurations where the metal ions act as contaminants in water from those where they have been captured and trapped by the organic material, and even provide quantitative estimates for adsorption/desorption barriers. All this information can be most useful for the design of water purification systems based on natural materials.’ The team is keen to draw scientists from different fields towards environmental remediation. ‘We believe that fundamental research should focus on crucial problems for society and it is high time to start and make use of state-of-the-art methods, both experimental and theoretical,’ comments Andreoni. ‘Support to our conviction comes from a similarly challenging field of research: medicinal chemistry and drug design. Biological systems on which drug design focuses are certainly not less complex than say spent coffee or banana peels. Still simplified model systems combined with computational methods – especially molecular dynamics – have played a very important role for progress in drug discovery. These same approaches should be used to tackle environmental problems.’ ‘Water purification is one of the most important challenges of the 21st century, as a large portion of our global population has no access to clean water,’ comments Wendy Lee Queen from EPFL, who has previously developed MOFs for water treatment, but wasn’t involved in this study. ‘Unfortunately, at the moment, there is little understanding of how adsorbents function in the extraction of a given contaminant from water. This work could help accelerate the design and discovery of optimal adsorbents for the extraction of highly toxic contaminants from water and make the water purification process more sustainable and accessible to all.’ 1 F Pietrucci, M Boero and W Andreoni, Chem. Sci., 2021, DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06204a (This article is open access.) 2 A N Babu et al, J. Environ. Manage., 2018, 218, 602 (DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.091) 3 H Çelebi, G Gök, O Gök, Sci Rep., 2020, 10, 17570 (DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74553-4) 1 Reader's comment
Women in Policy Making: Chief Theresa Kachindamoto Malawi has one of the highest rates of child marriage in the world. Fifty percent of the girls get married before turning 18. Theresa Kachindamoto is a senior tribal chief who is fighting to annull, and prevent, early child marriages in order to take girls back to school. Tribal leaders in Malawi are guardians of traditions, but they have the right and the power to change or abolish some cultural practices. Kachindamoto has annulled over 1000 marriages and has been nicknamed the ‘Terminator’ of child marriages. For many working in the area of gender equality in Africa, the very last and most stubborn bastion of change is within the realms of cultural practice. There exists a perception that as gatekeepers of cultural norms and beliefs, some community and traditional leaders serve as obstacles to the policy changes necessary to advance women’s human rights. Senior Chief, Theresa Kachindamoto, shatters this notion, embodying a common refrain in development work that “culture is not static”. She is equally vocal and effective in the policy space, as she is among communities in the Dedza region of Malawi, where she presides over a community of approximately 900, 000 people. Her advocacy on the issue of child marriage has contributed significantly to legislative changes, including the passing of the Marriage, Divorce and Family Relations Act, which sets the minimum age of marriage for boys and girls at 18, and the 2017 constitutional amendment that harmonised both laws. “When Malawi was adopting the minimum age of marriage at 18, I was in the forefront, attending different meetings to force the government to adopt this Act,” she says. “I was also sensitizing my communities, mainly during ceremonies, to understand the changes.” During her chieftainship, Chief Theresa has annulled 2, 549 child marriages, sending all children back to school. But before Chief Theresa even began her campaign to end child marriage, she challenged decades of cultural norms by simply being an African woman in a position of traditional authority. She has used this influence to create a more gender equitable climate among traditional communities. “When I was chosen to be the chief, there were no female chiefs within my area,” she says. “Since then, I have managed to convince the royal families to choose women, hence 55 women small chiefs have been selected during my term of chieftaincy. I consider my work on creating this gender balance among chiefs, as a great achievement. Even some male chiefs are now looking to me as a model in this respect. All chiefs play a role in the implementation of the by-laws that stop any development related to child marriage.” According to UNICEF, approximately 46% of girls in Malawi are married before the age of 18, while 9% marry before the age of 15. In a country with high rates of poverty and inequality, where the national poverty rate increased from 50.7% in 2010 to 51.5% in 2016, struggling families may view child marriage as a viable option out of poverty. Removing a cultural practice that many see as having a functional place in society, will inevitably leave a vacuum that could be replaced with an equally oppressive practice or sense of despair. Chief Theresa advocates for the chasm left by child marriage to be filled with education. This, however, has not always been eagerly embraced. “Parents bring their sons and daughter to my headquarters after they have been sent away from school due to outstanding fees,” she notes. “They ask me if I’m going to help their son or daughter financially as I was the major reason for terminating the marriage which could have helped them out of poverty.” In response to these very real concerns, and recognising that poverty is often a gendered experience with women bearing the brunt of economic hardship, Chief Theresa has been working with women to establish small businesses. She is also involved in an awareness campaign that demonstrates the importance of girls’ and boys’ education school, as well as the health-related dangers of early marriage, including complications experienced during childbirth. Chief Theresa’s work on the economic empowerment of women has been strongly influenced by Uganda and some of the initiatives underway in regards to female entrepreneurship. “I consider Uganda my model, especially when looking at the country’s African Queens and Women Cultural Leaders’ Network which brings together African Queens, Queen Mothers, Princesses and Women Cultural Leaders to help change the lives of women, girls and children in Africa. This network provide crucial support to women through entrepreneurship. In my opinion, the best way to achieve greater gender equality is to provide financial and civic education support to women so they can participate fully. My wish is to see this happening in more African countries.” This combination of practical solutions to poverty, policy advocacy and awareness raising, all underpinned by a vision of gender equality, has made Chief Theresa popular among her constituents. “I have a good community,” she says. “We sit down and discuss all beliefs that may destroy our beautiful society and those that may build our future nation. We agree to completely abolish bad cultures and promote good cultures and we agree to put by-laws into place that must be followed and signed by all stakeholders. No-one, not even the chief, will force an under-aged girl or boy into marriage.” Chief Theresa continues to work across sectors, meeting with small chiefs, NGOs and faith leaders to discuss gender issues. Policy change as a process is by no means easy. Implementation of policy is even more challenging. Chief Theresa knows that trying to working on policy change in most environments takes grit, much more so in those stubborn cultural hotspots where human rights and cultural beliefs often clash. Her advice to women entering the policy space is simple: stay strong and stick to your truth. “Changing people’s mind and views is not easy, you need to be strong whether you’re a man or a woman,” she says. “Young women who are considering entering the policy space should not expect quick or easy results. They must stick to the truth and think about the benefit to future generations. I always say God created us in the same image, hence opportunities and responsibilities should be the same.” This article was originally published on 27 Sept 2019 on www.africaportal.org. About the author Originally from the Caribbean twin-island of Trinidad and Tobago, Lisa-Anne Julien lived in New York and London before making Johannesburg her home in 2002. She has been a development consultant and writer for the past 17 years, having worked with several UN agencies, The Commission for Gender Equality in South Africa, and various international and national NGOs. Lisa-Anne is also a widely-published features writer and an award-winning short story writer. She recently published her first full-length novel If You Save Me. Lisa-Anne's author website is www.lisaannejulien.co.za. LOVER relies solely on volunteers and donations. Do you want the oldest Dutch feminist magazine to continue to exist? Help us by making a (one-time) donation. Every euro is very welcome and appreciated a lot. For more information, send an email to . More LOVER? Follow us on Twitter, Instagram, Linkedin and Facebook
Learning Objects: Promise versus Reality Joseph M. Scandura Creating standards for LOs has the potential of increasing opportunities for reuse. What a LO is, however, often depends on undisclosed assumptions regarding media, content and pedagogy. Abstract Syntax Trees (ASTs) (Scandura, 2003, 2005) offer one promising candidate for defining LOs. All knowledge can be represented as ASTs. Furthermore, LOs correspond to nodes in ASTs, making it possible to precisely define both media and content. It also has been shown recently that essentially any pedagogy can be defined independently of content (see TutorIT in Scandura, 2005). Nonetheless, we must be cautious. An inadequate ‘learning object” paradigm (SCORM, IMS) could easily become dominant – due to political or commercial clout – not technical superiority. At present, the best we can do is assume de facto standards for media. The danger lies in premature definition of standards for content and pedagogy.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), depression is the leading cause of disability and inability to work in the world and the most common mental disorder. Globally, more than 300 million people of all ages suffer from this disease. Every tenth patient visiting a GP for different symptoms has a full-blown depression, and others report depressive symptoms. Patients suffering from depression may experience severe, unjustified sadness, depression and numbness as well as subjective suffering and relentless anxiety. There are also disturbances of sleep, appetite, headaches, constipation, slowness of movement and thinking. Available drugs and psychotherapeutic interventions usually allow to reduce depressive symptoms. Unfortunately, despite the treatment, it is not possible to achieve satisfactory improvement and resolution of complaints in about 20% of patients. In other cases, pharmacological treatment is difficult due to physical condition of individuals and side effects after medications. In such a situation, non-invasive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain (abbreviated as rTMS) may be an effective, well-tolerated and safe form of depression treatment. What is Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)? rTMS is a non-invasive, painless and effective treatment for depression. It was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) in 2008 and 2015, respectively, and it is now a recognized treatment for depression both in the United States and in Clinical Centres in Europe. This method may be of particular use in people who have not been improved after drug treatment or when drugs have been poorly tolerated. Antidepressants and psychotherapy may be used in combination with rTMS. How does rTMS work? rTMS is a non-invasive procedure. The system generates a strong magnetic field which has the ability to penetrate through the skull to cerebral cortex. As a result, neurons and their synapses are stimulated. The therapy gives benefits by affecting the activity of neurotransmitters (natural substances responsible for the proper functioning of the brain), receptor activity, neuroplasticity and neurogenesis (the formation of new synaptic connections). In this way, it works just like antidepressants. What is the treatment procedure? The therapeutic effect is achieved by applying five therapy sessions a week for a period of 4 weeks. Each therapy session lasts 40 minutes. For the majority of patients, a noticeable effect of rTMS is usually apparent after 10 to 12 sessions. In our Clinic, we use the rTMS procedure in accordance with global, international guidelines. We carry out 20 therapeutic sessions (5 sessions a week), with the possibility of extending the therapy to 30 sessions if it is individually indicated. As patients progress through their therapy, they are regularly assessed and this may determine the eventual number of sessions. Antidepressants and psychotherapy may be used in combination with rTMS treatment. During rTMS session the patient sits in a comfortable reclining chair with a coil placed above the appropriate part of the brain for the treatment session to commence. This coil generates rapid magnetic pulses that feel like a tapping on the scalp and make a clicking sound. As they are not painful, during each session patients can listen to music, watch a film or simply sit back and relax, and after the session drive and resume their normal day. rTMS is a safe method of treatment, the medical qualification is carried out before the therapy, and the therapy itself is carried out by qualified personnel, under the supervision of a experienced physician. Who should avoid rTMS? The majority of people using rTMS do not suffer from any side effects. The treatment can be dangerous if you have a history of epilepsy or any condition or medication increasing the risk of seizures. It is also not suitable for people with any surgically implanted metal work in the brain or neck. People who shouldn’t get rTMS include those with: - aneurysm clips or coils - bullet fragments or shrapnel near the head - cardiac pacemakers or implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) - facial tattoos that have magnetic ink or ink that is sensitive to magnets - implanted stimulators - metal implants in the ears or eyes - stents in the neck or brain What are the possible side effects of rTMS? Pain isn’t a side effect of rTMS. However, people may describe the sensation of the magnetic pulse as uncomfortable. Some people describe this as a knocking or tapping feeling. The electromagnetic pulses can cause muscles in the face to tighten or tingle. The procedure is associated with mild to moderate side effects, including: - feelings of lightheadedness - mild headaches - tingling in the face, jaw, or scalp Though rare, rTMS does come with a small risk of seizures. Consultation and treatment cost On the day the rTMS treatment starts, an assessment is carried out by a psychiatrist to confirm that the treatment is appropriate and safe for you. This assessment is required even if you have previously been treated for rTMS. The cost of the consultation is included in the therapy cost. Should you have any further questions regarding the therapy itself, or require a consultation with an experienced psychiatrist, please do not hesitate to contact us via email, phone or fill in the contact form. The questions will be answered by our expert Jakub Kaźmierski, MD, PhD. +48 698 648 521 e-mail: [email protected] \|Course of treatment: 20 sessions € 1,500\| \|Additional sessions: € 50 each\| Our clinic is a tranquil and welcoming space where we focus on providing you with the highest level of care and treatment. We look forward to seeing patients from all over Poland and other European countries. Here you will find qualified and experienced English-speaking specialists offering world-standard diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric conditions. The clinic is discreetly and conveniently located in Łódź, Poland, very close to the city centre. Łódź – Poland’s third-largest city offers a wide range of accommodation possibilities at more-than-reasonable prices. You can choose from small privately owned apartments, studios, basic hotels to luxury ones. All are excellent value compared to other big cities, and many are housed in interesting historic buildings. Łódź is easily accessible by plane. Its small airport is 6km of the city centre. It’s serviced by low cost airlines, including Ryanair, and there are scheduled flights to destinations in the UK and Ireland (London Stansted, East Midlands and Dublin) and continental Europe (Munich and Athens). An easy alternative is flying to Warsaw (Warsaw Chopin Airport and Warsaw Modlin) as there are frequent and fast train connections with Łódź (1,5-hour journey). LONELY PLANET has announced Łodź as one of the top 10 value destinations in 2019. You can find out more about our city here: As the city has a lot to offer, it provides a relaxing environment in which you can focus on your recovery away from the stresses and strains of day-to-day life at home.
An antique finish refers to a type of surface treatment that is applied to an object or material to give it the appearance of an aged or antique item. This type of finish is commonly used in the manufacturing of furniture, home decor items, and architectural elements. Antique finishes are achieved through a variety of techniques, including distressing, glazing, and staining. Distressing involves intentionally damaging the surface of an object to create the appearance of wear and tear, while glazing and staining involve applying layers of pigmented or colored finishes to create depth and texture. The purpose of an antique finish is to give an object a sense of history and character, creating the appearance of an item that has been around for generations. Antique finishes can be used to complement a wide range of design styles, from traditional to rustic and even modern. Antique finishes are popular in the interior design industry, where they are used to add texture, depth, and interest to a space. They are often paired with other design elements, such as vintage or antique furnishings, to create a cohesive and harmonious look. Overall, an antique finish is a surface treatment that is used to give an object the appearance of an aged or antique item. It is achieved through a variety of techniques and is popular in the manufacturing of furniture, home decor items, and architectural elements, as well as in the interior design industry.
What is biomass gasification? Biomass gasification is a process that involves the conversion of solid biomass materials into a gaseous fuel known as syngas. What is syngas? Syngas is a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, which can be used as a fuel for heating, power generation, and other industrial applications. Biomass gasification is a promising technology that has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the dependence on fossil fuels. This process is considered a form of renewable energy since it uses organic materials that can be grown and replenished, such as wood, crop residues, and agricultural waste. Process of biomass gasification The process of biomass gasification involves four main stages: drying, pyrolysis, oxidation, and reduction. - During the first stage, the biomass material is heated to remove any moisture content. - Then, the material undergoes pyrolysis, which is the decomposition of organic materials under high temperatures in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis produces a solid char, liquid bio-oil, and a gas mixture called pyrolysis gas. - The pyrolysis gas undergoes further processing in the oxidation and reduction stages. In the oxidation stage, the gas mixture is exposed to oxygen to remove any remaining carbon monoxide and convert it into carbon dioxide. - Then, the gas mixture undergoes reduction, where it is exposed to steam or hydrogen to convert any remaining carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Equations for the main reactions involved in biomass gasification: Biomass + heat → dried biomass Biomass → Char + Tar + Pyrolysis gas What are pyrolysis gases? Pyrolysis gas = H2 + CO + CH4 + CO2 + other gases CO + 1/2 O2 → CO2 CO2 + H2 → CO + H2O CO2 + C → 2CO CO2 + H2 + heat → CO + H2O Overall reaction for syngas production: Biomass + Steam + Oxygen → Syngas (H2 + CO + CO2 + other gases) The final product of biomass gasification is syngas, which contains hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and other trace gases. The composition of the syngas can be adjusted by controlling the gasification process parameters, such as temperature, pressure, and residence time. Uses of syngas Syngas can be used as a fuel for power generation by burning it in a gas turbine or internal combustion engine. The heat generated from the combustion can be used to generate electricity or heat. Syngas can also be converted into other fuels such as methanol or diesel through additional processing. Advantages of biomass gasification Biomass gasification has several advantages compared to traditional forms of energy generation. It is a clean and renewable source of energy that reduces greenhouse gas emissions and the dependence on fossil fuels. It also provides a solution for the disposal of agricultural waste and other biomass materials. Biomass gasification is a promising technology that offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution for energy generation. The process has the potential to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels and provide a source of renewable energy that can be used for various industrial applications.
The hand-colored engraving titled "A view of the fire at the Tower of London as it appeared on the night of the 30th of October 1841" is a stunning depiction of the devastating fire that occurred at the iconic London landmark. The print shows a large fire in a building next to the Tower of London, with flames shooting from the building and engulfing the Tower itself. Soldiers and civilians are shown watching the fire from the street, with some figures performing firefighting tasks. The 1841 Tower of London fire was a catastrophic event that damaged much of the historic building. The fire started in a storehouse next to the Tower, and quickly spread to the main structure, causing significant damage to the iconic White Tower and other buildings within the complex. Despite the efforts of firefighters and soldiers, the fire raged for several hours before it was finally brought under control. In the end, the fire resulted in significant damage to the Tower, but thankfully no loss of life.
Making Europe Climate-Neutral by 2050 The European Union (E.U.) is undertaking initiatives to achieve its goal of becoming climate-neutral by 2050. This article offers a brief look at three key efforts: - The European Green Deal - The E.U. Taxonomy - The Sustainable Finance Package The European Green Deal In 2019, the E.U. published the European Green Deal (the “Green Deal”), with the central objective of having the E.U. become the first climate-neutral continent by 2050. The Green Deal’s goals extend across various sectors and its aim is to improve the overall quality of life for E.U. citizens, both present and future. Key actions are being taken across the following areas: - Climate – a key milestone in meeting the objectives of the Green Deal is the European Commission’s target of a 55% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 (compared to 1990 emission levels). - Energy – ensuring a secure, affordable and efficient energy supply to E.U. citizens, with greater reliance on renewable sources. - Agriculture – reducing the environmental impact of the E.U. food system and implementing a farm-to-fork strategy, which aims to make food systems fair, healthy and environmentally friendly. - Industry – harnessing the potential in global markets for low-emission technologies as well as sustainable products and services throughout the E.U. - Environment & Oceans – moving toward a more circular economy, which designs the cycles of production and consumption in a way that reduces the depletion of natural resources, tackles the amount of waste and pollution, and protects biodiversity and ecosystems. - Transport – overhauling the current arrangements around public transport to achieve a 90% reduction in transport-related greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. - Finance & Regional Development – ensuring a significant increase of financing to more sustainable investment and putting policies in place to encourage countries to implement greener investment strategies. - Research & Innovation – the launch of Horizon Europe, the E.U.’s key funding programme for initiatives which tackle global challenges. The E.U. Taxonomy The E.U. Taxonomy (the “Taxonomy”) will play an important role in reaching the European Commission’s 2030 target of reducing greenhouse emissions by 55%. The Taxonomy is a comprehensive, science-based classification system, establishing a list of environmentally sustainable economic activities. The aim of the Taxonomy is to help investors make more sustainable choices – ensuring investments are funnelled to where they are needed most, creating security for investors and reducing greenwashing. The Taxonomy Regulation came into force on 12 July 2020, and establishes six environmental objectives against which investment can be measured: - Climate change mitigation; - Climate change adaptation; - The sustainable use and protection of water and marine resources; - The transition to a circular economy; - Pollution prevention and control; and - The protection and restoration of biodiversity and ecosystems. Regulatory requirements on the climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation objectives above came into effect on 1 January 2022. The requirements for the remaining four objectives will come into effect on 1 January 2023. The Sustainable Finance Package On 21 April 2021, the European Commission published its Sustainable Finance Package containing three important sustainable finance legislative developments: - The E.U. Taxonomy Climate Delegated Act (the “First Delegated Act”), formally adopted on 4 June 2021, aims to support sustainable investment by providing clarity on which economic activities most contribute to meeting the E.U.’s environmental objectives. A second Delegated Act will be published this year and will outline the European Commission’s remaining objectives. - The proposal for a new Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) amends the existing reporting requirements of the Non-Financial Reporting Directive, which lays down the rules on disclosure of non-financial information by certain large companies; and - Six Amending Delegated Acts on fiduciary duties, investment and insurance advice will ensure that financial firms include sustainability in their procedures and their investment advice to clients. The European Green Deal was entered to make Europe a net-zero emitter of greenhouse gases by 2050 and hopes to demonstrate that economies can develop without increasing resource usage, even after the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The E.U. Taxonomy is ambitious and considered the most comprehensive and sophisticated initiative of its type. The U.K. is currently working on its own, separate taxonomy. With the disclosure regime as part of the Sustainable Finance Package now in effect, there will be a significant learning curve as investors move to meet the criteria set out and transition to financing greener projects. How EisnerAmper Ireland can help Our multidisciplinary team is on hand to help you chart your ESG journey. We help organisations navigate the ESG landscape and understand the applicable legislation and frameworks. Partner Governance, Risk & Compliance 6 The Courtyard Building Dublin, D18 CA22 The content above is provided for general information purposes only and is not intended to provide, nor does it constitute, professional advice on any particular matter. If you would like more information or would like to discuss any of the topics raised above, please contact the author(s). This article, Making Europe Climate-Neutral by 2050 first appeared on eisneramper.com.
Executive Summary: A Frayed and Fragmented System of Supports for Low-Income Adults Without Minor Children Current System Leaves Great Unmet Need, Lifts Few Out of Poverty Over 100 million people — about a third of the country’s population — are non-elderly adults who don’t have minor children in the family and don’t have severe disabilities. More than 1 in 8 of these adults are in poverty. "These adults need stronger supports to help meet essential needs, a problem that the hardships inflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic have magnified."Our system of economic and health supports — such as Medicaid, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), and refundable tax credits — is geared largely toward helping children and their parents, people with disabilities, and the elderly. The nation’s basic supports for low-income, non-elderly adults without children, particularly for those who do not meet a rigorous disability standard, are weak, fragmented, and often highly restrictive, leaving many of these individuals without help they need to afford the basics. These adults need stronger supports to help meet essential needs, a problem that the hardships inflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic have magnified. Compared to the larger population of non-elderly adults, low-income non-elderly adults are more likely to be young, have lower educational attainment, or have a disability that may not be severe enough to qualify for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) or Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) but nonetheless prevents or limits work. Due to systemic racism and other factors that have resulted in fewer educational and employment opportunities, non-elderly adults who identify as Black or Latino are more likely to have low incomes. Most of these adults who are able to work do so, but they often hold jobs with greater turnover and volatility that don’t pay high enough wages to enable these adults to meet basic needs such as adequate, nutritious food and safe, stable housing. Often these jobs also do not provide benefits like employer-based health insurance. The nation’s system of economic and health supports often leaves these adults unassisted or aided to only a small degree. While the current system of economic security programs reduces the number of non-elderly adults with minor children in poverty by 40 percent by lifting their family incomes above the poverty line, these programs reduce poverty by only 8 percent for non-elderly adults without minor children. (See Figure 1.) - Low-income, non-elderly adults not living with a minor child are more likely to lack health insurance (29 percent) than those living with children (24 percent). This problem is most severe in the 14 states that haven’t implemented the Affordable Care Act’s (ACA) Medicaid expansion, where these adults are ineligible for health insurance through Medicaid (unless they have a serious disability). - One in ten households without minor children experienced food insecurity in 2019. For the subset of this group that consists of low-income, non-elderly adults who aren’t living with minor children and don’t have a disability, food assistance is available through SNAP for only three months out of every 36 while they aren’t employed or participating in a work or training program at least half time, unless they live in an area temporarily exempt from this restriction because of elevated unemployment. - Some 9.3 million non-elderly adults not living with minor children both meet the eligibility criteria for federal rental assistance and pay more than half of their income for rent, but only 1.9 million of them — 1 in 5 — receive any such assistance. Housing assistance is very constrained due to funding limitations, resulting in large unmet need. - Workers without minor children are the only demographic group that contains people whom the federal tax system taxes into, or deeper into, poverty. That’s in part because they are eligible only for a tiny Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that is too small to offset the federal taxes (primarily payroll taxes) they owe, or are eligible for no EITC at all. - Only about half of the states have General Assistance programs that provide basic cash aid to very poor people without minor children in the home, and fewer than half of those states provide any such benefits to people who don’t have a disability or other specified barrier to employment. Many non-elderly adults without children have disabilities or illnesses that make working difficult. Most federal programs that provide benefits to individuals with disabilities, however — such as SSI and SSDI — generally provide benefits only to individuals with severe and long-lasting impairments. Many people with work-limiting impairments are ineligible for disability benefits despite being out of work or able to work only modest amounts. The federal government has left it up to states to decide whether to provide any cash assistance to low-income, non-elderly adults without children who don’t meet the disability standard for SSI and SSDI. If states do provide such help, it’s entirely up to them to decide how much to provide and under what conditions. Most states have never provided substantial support for this group. Moreover, income support for these individuals has weakened substantially over the past 30 years and continues to erode. The COVID-19 pandemic and the economic hardship it has caused have further exposed critical gaps in America’s system of economic and health supports. Low-income, non-elderly adults without children have been particularly hard hit, due to their low incomes and disproportionate employment in low-paid industries that have experienced larger job losses. In addition, Black, Latino, and Indigenous people as well as immigrants have been affected disproportionately by both the health crisis and its economic fallout. With millions of people unemployed or facing substantial income losses during the COVID-19 economic downturn, the lack of stronger economic and health supports for this group is having a particularly acute impact. Who Are the Low-Income, Non-Elderly Adults Without Children? In 2017, there were over 100 million 18- to 64-year-old adults in the United States without children in the family who didn’t receive Social Security or SSI. One in five had income below 200 percent of the official poverty line (about $25,500 annually for a single individual in 2017); 1 in 10 lived below 100 percent of the official poverty line (about $12,800 annually for a single individual in 2017). Using the Census Bureau’s Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM), 13.1 percent of non-elderly adults without children lived in poverty in 2017 after accounting for government benefits and certain expenses (such as out-of-pocket medical expenses). This group is more likely to experience poverty than are non-elderly adults with children, whose poverty rate under the SPM was 10.9 percent in 2017. The SPM poverty rate among children, themselves, was 13.6 percent. The slightly higher poverty rate for children than for non-elderly adults without children in part reflects the smaller family sizes for the latter group. The income level that puts families of one or two members above the SPM poverty line is low ($13,400 for a single individual) compared to the corresponding level for a larger family with children (the SPM poverty line for a family of four is $28,900). Supports for low-income, non-elderly adults without minor children are much less effective at lifting those adults above the poverty line than are the supports available to families with children. The population of low-income, non-elderly adults without children or disabilities is a dynamic one: employment status and economic status for any individual may change over time. In addition, disability may be short term or longer lasting and may vary in severity over time. And whether the adult has a child in their home may change as they or a child joins or moves out of a home. Low-income adults without children generally tend to be younger than all non-elderly adults without children: about 60 percent are under age 45, compared to 52 percent for all non-elderly adults. While the majority of non-elderly adults without children are white, Black and Latino people are overrepresented among those with low incomes, indicative of historical racism and other factors that have led to wide disparities and unequal treatment in housing, education, and employment. And while over one-third of all non-elderly adults without children have a college degree, low-income non-elderly adults without children are only about half as likely to have a college degree, which often limits their employment and economic opportunities. (See Figure 2.) Low-income non-elderly adults without children are also twice as likely as all non-elderly adults to have a disability that limits or prevents work. Eligibility for some programs is limited to people who are unable to work, and some programs’ definitions of disability do not account for certain physical, mental, or other health conditions that limit the kind or amount of work an individual can do. In some programs, eligibility for non-elderly people who aren’t employed is limited to people receiving SSI or SSDI. But SSI and SSDI have arduous (and lengthy) disability determination processes, and many people with disabilities don’t receive those benefits. Of the more than 46 million adults reporting a disability in 2014, only about 40 percent received cash assistance such as SSI or SSDI. Many did not qualify because their disability did not meet the strict criteria for these programs, which can relate to both the severity and the duration of an individual’s condition. If an adult is deemed able to work, they often are expected to work in order to qualify for benefits. In actuality, work status for this group fluctuates; many people work significant periods of time but also experience periods of joblessness. Work status for this group is better considered over time than at a single point in time. Most low-income, non-elderly adults who can work do so. Using the most recent longitudinal data from the Census Bureau’s Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), we examined the employment data pertaining to low-income, non-elderly adults who don’t have children in the family and don’t receive SSI or SSDI. (See Figure 3.) An adult may be out of work for a period of time for a variety of reasons, including health reasons, school attendance, or the need to care for a family member. Others cannot find work or have been laid off. People who are not working within a year are more likely to identify as having a disability than those who are working. If benefits are contingent on employment, non-elderly adults without children may find themselves ineligible for important assistance, including at times when they need it most. Educational attainment often plays a role in the availability of employment opportunities. For example, the SIPP data show that people who weren’t employed 12 months before or after the given month we examined tended to have less education than people who worked within that period. An adult’s educational attainment is the result of many factors, including their family’s income when they were children and the quality of the schools they attended. Due to racism and discrimination, people of color disproportionately face barriers to educational and employment opportunities. This is reflected in the SIPP data, which show that people of color were somewhat less likely than those identifying as white to work 12 months before or after a given month, though most people of every racial or ethnic group work. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic and recession have exacerbated systemic barriers to economic mobility that people of color face. Due to factors including the lack of adequate educational and employment opportunities, Black and Latino workers were more likely prior to the pandemic to be employed in low-paid industries that have seen disproportionately large job losses during the pandemic. Low-paid industries accounted for more than half of the jobs lost from February to December 2020, our analysis found. Similarly, people with a college degree have seen jobs return far more quickly than people without a college degree, exacerbating racial disparities in unemployment. Economic and Health Programs Often out of Reach for Low-Income Adults Without Children When these adults do receive assistance, health and economic security programs can increase their access to health insurance, their food security, and their housing stability, ultimately improving their health outcomes and economic well-being. For example, SNAP keeps millions of people out of poverty, reduces food insecurity, and has been linked to positive health outcomes among adults, such as fewer physician visits, fewer days missed due to illness, more positive self-assessments of health status, and a reduced likelihood of demonstrating psychological distress. In addition, the coverage provided by the ACA’s Medicaid expansion yields significant benefits for those who gain coverage, including improved access to health care, better financial security and economic mobility, and better health outcomes such as lower morbidity and mortality. Rental assistance is highly effective at reducing homelessness and housing instability among those receiving it, and by lowering rental costs, it allows low-income people to spend more on other basic needs like food and clothing. The EITC and General Assistance raise low incomes and reduce poverty. These programs reach far fewer adults without children than the number who need such assistance; many non-elderly adults without children receive little or no assistance despite experiencing serious hardship. Cash aid provided through General Assistance was never substantial and continues to erode, and uneven coverage and restrictive policies limit the ability of various federal economic and health supports to adequately address needs like food, housing, and health care. Although economic security programs reduce the number of non-elderly adults with minor children in poverty by 40 percent, these programs reduce poverty by only 8 percent for non-elderly adults without minor children. Strengthening these supports for non-elderly adults without children would be particularly important to improving the well-being of people of color and immigrants, who typically have fewer assets to fall back on during hard times. In addition, many immigrants with very low incomes are ineligible for various forms of public assistance due to their immigration status, including people with Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals or Temporary Protected status, people with temporary visas related to a variety of factors like schooling, people filling jobs needed in certain economic sectors, and lawful permanent residents who are in their first five years of having that status. These restrictions in accessing support place many immigrants and members of their families in an especially vulnerable situation amid the COVID-19’s pandemic and economic crisis. In other cases, lawfully present immigrants or members of their families are eligible for help from programs like SNAP or Medicaid but often forgo that assistance out of fear of the Trump Administration’s harsh “public charge” policies, which can place immigrants at risk if they receive those benefits despite being eligible for them. If immigrants and their family members are afraid to access help for which they qualify, they are more likely to face serious hardships like eviction, poor health outcomes, homelessness, and hunger. The economic and health programs discussed in this paper cover non-elderly adults without children to varying degrees, but the programs’ eligibility restrictions with respect to this population leave many adults in need with little or no assistance. Furthermore, the differences in eligibility across programs can be complex and cumbersome for people to understand and navigate. (See Table 1.) And wide variations across states mean that two otherwise-similar people living in different states may have varying types and levels of assistance available to them. Medicaid. States have the option to expand Medicaid coverage to low-income adults with incomes below 138 percent of the federal poverty level, or $17,608 for a single person in 2020. If a state does not adopt the expansion, then among adults who aren’t elderly, disabled, or in need of long-term care, only parents (often only parents with exceedingly low incomes) can qualify for Medicaid. Other non-elderly, non-disabled adults are generally ineligible for Medicaid in these states regardless of how low their incomes are or whether they have access to other coverage. Thirty-six states and Washington, D.C. have implemented the ACA Medicaid expansion, with two more states planning to implement it in the near future as a result of successful ballot initiatives in 2020. More than 15 million adults had health insurance coverage in 2019 through the Medicaid expansion. But an estimated 6.5 million more would have been covered had all states adopted the expansion. (The figures cited here include both adults with children and adults not raising children in their home.) SNAP. SNAP provides food assistance to nearly 5 million low-income working-age adults not living with minor children. Nearly 3 million of these individuals, those aged 18 to 49, face much tougher eligibility rules than other participants. In general, they can only receive SNAP benefits for three months out of every 36 months unless they are working or participating in a qualifying work program for at least 20 hours per week, regardless of the availability of work or training programs in their area. People who search diligently for work but can’t find it are cut off the program after three months despite their search efforts. States can waive the three-month time limit for this group for areas within the state that meet certain unemployment thresholds. In 2019, 34 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands had a waiver from this time limit in place in parts of the state with high unemployment. The time limit has been temporarily suspended nationally during the COVID-19 pandemic. Federal rental assistance. Rental assistance makes housing affordable by allowing low-income families to pay 30 percent of their income for housing, with a federal subsidy covering the rest. Rental assistance helps about 10 million renters keep a roof over their heads. It also helps people with disabilities; nearly half of the non-elderly (aged 18 to 61) adults without children receiving rental assistance have a disability. Insufficient funding prevents most people in need from receiving any help with the rent, however. Fewer than 1 in 5 eligible non-elderly adults without children receive any rental assistance. EITC. The Earned Income Tax Credit is a federal tax credit for low- and moderate-income households that increases in value as a person’s earnings rise (up to certain income thresholds); only households with earnings in that year qualify. The credit amount depends on whether tax filers have qualifying children (and if so, on the number of children). For people in certain income ranges, the credit amount also depends on marital status. (This part of the EITC structure is designed to address marriage-penalty issues.) The EITC boosts incomes and reduces poverty, but is far stronger for low-income families with children than for low-income working adults without children, who are eligible only for a small credit or none at all. Largely as a result of the EITC for these workers being so small, the federal tax code taxes about 5.8 million adults between the ages of 19 and 65 who aren’t raising children in their home into, or deeper into, poverty; the federal payroll (and in some cases, income) taxes these workers owe are larger than any EITC they receive. In addition to the federal EITC, some 29 states plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico have enacted their own versions of the EITC, which typically are set at a modest percentage of the federal EITC. General Assistance (GA). General cash assistance is entirely funded with state or local dollars. States can choose whether to have a program at all, and if so, they set their own eligibility criteria and benefit levels. Half the states do not provide any type of GA. Of the 25 states that do, only 11 provide any GA benefits to individuals who are deemed “employable,” meaning that they don’t have a disability or certain other barriers to work. State GA programs served fewer than a half million poor households in December 2019. Benefit levels are very low: maximum benefits fall below half the federal poverty level in most states with GA programs, and below a quarter of the federal poverty level in half of these states. Unemployment Insurance Can Help Recently Unemployed Workers Meet Needs We do not include Unemployment Insurance (UI) as one of the programs discussed in this report because it is a social insurance program for unemployed workers (regardless of the household’s overall income level) and not a benefit based on financial need. However, UI provides a cash benefit that many unemployed workers rely on to help meet basic needs and is an important economic security program — though one with significant gaps. UI provides a temporary, partial wage-replacement benefit for workers who lose their job for certain specified reasons. These reasons vary across states but always include workers who lose their job because an employer goes out of business or reduces staffing based on the employer’s need for workers. It is not generally available to those who quit their job, are new entrants into the labor force, or do not meet their state’s requirements for recent work history. Even with the additional weeks of benefits that the federal government usually provides in a period of high and prolonged unemployment, such as during the current economic downturn or the Great Recession, many workers exhaust all available benefits before finding a job. In non-recessionary times, UI does not reach most unemployed workers. It served fewer than 3 in 10 unemployed workers in an average month of 2018.a In such periods, some unemployed workers exhaust their benefits before finding a new job and many others do not get UI at all, due to outdated eligibility requirements that in some states exclude people such as unemployed workers looking for part-time work and those who leave work for compelling family reasons, like caring for an ill family member. In addition, many unemployed workers do not have sufficient recent earnings or hours of work to meet restrictive state requirements or are not covered at all. This last group includes people working in the gig economy — for example, rideshare drivers or those working through food delivery services — who generally cannot receive UI because they are classified as independent contractors and such workers aren’t in the UI system. Even for many of those who do receive UI benefits, the benefit level is low, generally replacing half or less of lost wages. States set many of the eligibility rules for UI and also set benefit-level formulas; both the share of jobless workers who qualify and benefit levels vary substantially across states. For example, the share of unemployed workers receiving UI prior to the pandemic ranged from a high of 57 percent in Massachusetts to a low of 9 percent in Mississippi.b In April 2020, average weekly benefits (not counting federal supplemental unemployment benefits then in effect for a temporary period) were about $333 nationwide but ranged from a low of $101 in Oklahoma to $531 in Massachusetts.c The CARES Act of March 2020 created temporary additional programs or benefits that expanded UI eligibility and the duration and amount of UI benefits. For example, the CARES Act created a Pandemic Unemployment Assistance program, available through the end of 2020 to unemployed workers normally excluded from UI, such as those who had to stop working to care for COVID-stricken relatives, those who didn’t have a long enough work history when they lost their jobs during this crisis, and those working in the gig economy. CARES also increased UI benefit levels substantially through July 2020 and added additional weeks of benefits through the end of 2020. The Emergency Coronavirus Relief bill enacted in in December extended the CARES Act provisions, including an increase in weekly benefits, into March 2021. These CARES Act provisions have temporarily made UI broader and more adequate. a “Application and Recipiency,” (chart), U.S. Department of Labor, https://oui.doleta.gov/unemploy/images/carousel/application_and_recipiency.png. b Michael Leachman and Jennifer Sullivan, “Some States Much Better Prepared Than Others for Recession,” CBPP, March 20, 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/some-states-much-better-prepared-than-others-for-recession c CBPP, “Policy Basics: Unemployment Insurance,” updated January 4, 2021, https://www.cbpp.org/research/economy/policy-basics-unemployment-insurance. Policymakers Can Strengthen Supports for Low-Income Adults The system of economic and health supports for low-income, non-elderly adults without children should be strengthened to close gaps in the current spotty system of assistance. These programs have the potential to substantially reduce financial, housing, and food hardship that many low-income, non-elderly adults without children face. This is especially urgent in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and economic downturn and the increased hardship that low-income households confront. To ensure households have the assistance they need when they fall on hard times, policymakers should: Expand program coverage and strengthen program benefits. Due to some programs’ limited coverage and benefits, many low-income non-elderly adults are receiving little or no assistance. Expanding program coverage and boosting benefits would provide greater assistance to this group and lift more people out of poverty. For example, all states should adopt the ACA’s Medicaid expansion for low-income adults (and federal policymakers should consider new financial incentives to encourage the remaining states to do so), and the federal government should modify the ACA marketplace coverage that’s offered to low-income adults to better ensure quality affordable coverage in states that continue to decline to expand Medicaid. Make assistance available to those who don’t have jobs. As described above, some programs make benefits available only to non-elderly adults who are employed or meet a strict definition of disability. This lack of assistance leaves many in need without help and overlooks key nuances about this population. Ultimately, more significant income assistance and fewer eligibility restrictions are needed to reduce poverty and hardship among this group. Reduce significant variation across states in program rules. Reducing the variation in access to programs and benefit amounts would allow low-income adults to receive more equal support, regardless of residence. Prevent further restrictions in eligibility and benefits. Some federal and state policymakers have proposed measures that would further restrict eligibility and benefits for key needs-based programs, lessening their ability to provide assistance and meet the needs of low-income adults. Given that economic and health programs can improve health, educational, and employment outcomes, while also alleviating hardship, policymakers should reject efforts to curb access to these benefits. This report’s chapters describe eligibility criteria, participation data, and measures of effectiveness for low-income, non-elderly adults without children across five types of health and economic security programs: Medicaid, SNAP, HUD rental assistance programs, the EITC, and state General Assistance programs. The table below briefly explains how each program defines and determines eligibility, the benefits available to participants, and variation among states in administering these programs. \|Economic and Health Supports Are Fragmented, Weak for Low-Income, Non-Elderly Adults Without Minor Children in the Family\| \|Program\|\|Eligibility Affecting Non-Elderly (18- to 64-year-old) Adults Without Minor Children in the Family\|\|Benefits\|\|State Variation\| \|Medicaid\|\|States have the option under the ACA’s Medicaid expansion to cover adults aged 19-64 with incomes at or below 138 percent of the federal poverty level — including adults who don’t have children living in the home and don’t otherwise qualify for Medicaid (i.e., they don’t have a federally recognized disability).\|\|Access to comprehensive health care that improves health outcomes, financial security, and economic mobility.\|\|Access to Medicaid for this group largely depends on whether a state has adopted the Medicaid expansion. Currently, 36 states and D.C. have implemented the Medicaid expansion, with future implementation anticipated in two more states as a result of the approval of ballot initiatives.\| \|Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)\|\|Otherwise-eligible adults aged 18-49 (who generally must have gross income below 130 percent of the federal poverty level) who aren’t physically or mentally unable to work, pregnant, or in a household with a minor child can receive SNAP benefits for only three months (out of every 36 months) in which they are not employed or participating in a qualifying work or training program for at least 20 hours per week. Searching for work but being unable to find work does not count as a qualifying work activity.\|\|Nutritional support to purchase food at designated SNAP retailers. In 2018, the average monthly benefit for one-person households consisting of adults aged 18-49 without minor children was $172.\|\|The three-month time limit can be lifted in some areas if the state receives a temporary waiver from the time limit, based on elevated unemployment in those areas. In 2019, 34 states, D.C., Guam, and the Virgin Islands had a waiver from the time limit in place, in most cases for part of the state.\| \|Federal Rental Assistance\|\|Adults aged 18-61 without minor children and with incomes at or below 80 percent of the local median income are eligible for housing assistance, but funding is limited. Due to insufficient funding, 7 million eligible households consisting of non-elderly adults without children that pay over half their income for rent are unable to receive any rental assistance. Available resources are targeted to individuals with disabilities; nearly half of non-elderly adults receiving rental assistance have a disability.\|\|Rental assistance makes housing affordable by allowing families to pay 30 percent of their income for housing, with a federal subsidy covering the rest.\|\|There are variations in how the program is administered by state and local housing agencies and in how those agencies use the program funding they receive. For example, state and local housing agencies administering Housing Choice Vouchers may choose to prioritize people with disabilities when taking renters from a waiting list for assisted housing.\| \|Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)\|\|Adults aged 25-64 who aren’t raising children in the home and who have earned income below a certain threshold (in 2020, $15,820 for someone who isn’t married, $21,710 for married couples).\|\|The EITC is a federal tax credit for low-income workers that raises their incomes and reduces poverty. There is a small EITC specifically for workers without children. It provided an average credit of $302 in 2018. Even with the credit, many in this group still owe net federal taxes, despite being below the poverty line.\|\|States can create their own version of the federal EITC to help low-income working people meet basic needs. Currently, 29 states, D.C., and Puerto Rico have enacted a state EITC, with varying inclusivity and credit amounts.\| \|State General Assistance (GA)\|\|Very low-income adults who are not elderly, do not have minor children in the home, and do not qualify for SSI (or are waiting for an SSI benefit determination) sometimes qualify for GA, depending on whether their state offers a GA program and, if so, its eligibility criteria. Available benefits may differ depending on whether an adult has some disability or barrier to employment.\|\|Basic cash assistance to supplement income and provide for basic needs. Benefit levels have eroded over the years, and eligibility has become much more restrictive in many states. Currently, benefits are below half the federal poverty level in most states with GA programs and below a quarter of the federal poverty level in half of these states.\|\|States determine whether or not to provide GA and which groups of individuals to serve. Currently, only 25 states have GA programs at all, and only 11 states provide benefits to individuals who do not have some disability or barrier to employment. Benefit levels vary from state to state.\| For the full version of this report, see https://www.cbpp.org/research/poverty-and-inequality/a-frayed-and-fragmented-system-of-supports-for-low-income-adults. In this chapter and the other chapters of this report, depending on the policy area or data available, we distinguish between the presence in the family unit of a non-elderly adult’s own children (or other children who are the adult’s dependents) and the presence of any children regardless of their relationship to the non-elderly adult. We use “low-income, non-elderly adults who don’t have minor children in the family” to broadly describe the group, irrespective of the specific program area. We use “low-income, non-elderly adults without children” in subsequent references. This paper makes extensive use of three poverty measures. The first is the Census Bureau’s official poverty measure (OPM). Under this measure, a person is considered poor if their family’s annual cash income before taxes is below a set of official poverty thresholds, often referred to as the official poverty line, which vary by the family’s size and age composition. We also use the Census Bureau’s Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM), a more comprehensive measure of poverty. To better measure family resources, the SPM counts cash income as well as non-cash benefits such as food and rental assistance, accounts for taxes paid (or tax credits received), and subtracts from income certain non-discretionary expenses such as out-of-pocket medical costs. In setting its poverty thresholds, the SPM also makes other adjustments to factor in differences in housing costs across the country. Lastly, we use the Department of Health and Human Services’ poverty guidelines. These poverty guidelines, also referred to as the federal poverty level, are a simplified version of the Census Bureau’s official poverty thresholds; these guidelines are used for administrative purposes such as in determining program eligibility and/or benefit levels in many health care, nutrition, and other basic assistance programs. In this chapter, we use the official poverty thresholds to define adults with low incomes when we discuss demographic and employment characteristics. We use the SPM poverty thresholds to analyze poverty trends. Finally, we utilize the federal poverty level when we reference the eligibility guidelines established for Medicaid, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, federal rental assistance, and General Assistance. This is compared to an uninsured rate of 7 percent for children. Medicaid income eligibility limits for children are considerably higher than those for non-elderly adults without disabilities — including non-elderly adults living with children — especially in states that haven’t adopted the ACA’s Medicaid expansion. The minimum Medicaid income limit for children is 138 percent of the federal poverty level, and in most states the income limit is substantially higher than that, especially when eligibility for the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) is taken into account. By contrast, in states that haven’t adopted the Medicaid expansion, the Medicaid income limit for non-elderly, non-disabled parents who live with children is only 41 percent of the federal poverty level in the median such state. Sharon Parrott et al., “More Relief Needed to Alleviate Hardship: Households Struggle to Afford Food, Pay Rent, Emerging Data Show,” CBPP, July 21, 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/poverty-and-inequality/more-relief-needed-to-alleviate-hardship. Analyses in this report using the U.S. Census Bureau’s Survey of Income and Participation (SIPP) exclude those receiving income from SSI or SSDI, while analyses using the CPS Annual Social and Economic Supplement exclude those who receive income from Social Security or SSI due to data limitations. When calculating the number of adults who do not receive Social Security and SSI, we also exclude those who receive early Social Security retirement benefits at ages 62, 63, and 64. CBPP analysis of U.S. Census Bureau’s March 2018 Current Population Survey (accessed via IPUMS-CPS). The weighted average official poverty threshold in 2017 for a one-person household is $12,752. We multiply this by 2 to estimate 200 percent of the poverty threshold in 2017 ($25,504). The SPM poverty rate is different from the official poverty line. See footnote 2. The SPM poverty rate for non-elderly adults with children cited here does not include non-elderly adults who do not have children in their SPM family unit but are living in a home that includes children. The figures in this paragraph use the Census Bureau’s Supplemental Poverty Measure. See footnote 1. While the analysis is for 2017, it uses anchored 2019 poverty thresholds. In 2019, the SPM poverty threshold for a two-adult, two-child family renting in an average-cost community was $28,881. In 2019, the SPM poverty threshold for a one-adult family with no children renting in an average-cost community was $13,386. CBPP analysis of U.S. Census Bureau’s March 2018 Current Population Survey (accessed via IPUMS-CPS). The figures in this paragraph use the Census Bureau’s official poverty thresholds. See footnote 2. “Policy Basics: Supplemental Security Income,” CBPP, February 6, 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/social-security/policy-basics-supplemental-security-income. “Policy Basics: Social Security Disability Insurance,” CBPP, July 29, 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/retirement-security/policy-basics-social-security-disability-insurance. It is not uncommon for an individual to be considered to have a disability under one set of disability criteria but not under another. For more, see Danielle M. Taylor, “Americans with Disabilities: 2014,” U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P70-152, November 2018, Table A-3, https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2018/demo/p70-152.pdf. The Census Bureau’s Survey of Income and Participation (SIPP) is a large-scale, national survey that collects information about household and individual income, program participation, labor force activity, and demographics. It is a longitudinal survey conducted over a multi-year period. Each panel of survey respondents lasts for four years, with each year referred to as a “wave.” The reference month for the analysis we conducted of the SIPP data is March 2015 (Wave 3 of the 2014 Panel). Our analysis is restricted to individuals who are aged 18-64, have no children in the family, and do not receive SSI or SSDI. We define low-income as below 200 percent of the U.S. Census Bureau’s official poverty thresholds. Chad Stone, “Jobs Report: Improvements Slowing, Jobs Hole Remains Deep,” CBPP, October 2, 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/blog/jobs-report-improvements-slowing-jobs-hole-remains-deep. “Tracking the COVID-19 Recession’s Effects on Food, Housing, and Employment Hardships,” CBPP, updated January 21, 2021, https://www.cbpp.org/research/poverty-and-inequality/tracking-the-covid-19-recessions-effects-on-food-housing-and. For a review of the literature, see Brynne Keith-Jennings, Joseph Llobrera, and Stacy Dean, “Links of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program With Food Insecurity, Poverty, and Health: Evidence and Potential,” American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 109, Issue 12, December 2019, https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305325. CBPP, “Chart Book: The Far-Reaching Benefits of the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid Expansion,” August 6, 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/chart-book-the-far-reaching-benefits-of-the-affordable-care-acts-medicaid. Will Fischer, Douglas Rice, and Alicia Mazzara, “Research Shows Rental Assistance Reduces Hardship and Provides Platform to Expand Opportunity for Low-Income Families,” CBPP, December 5, 2019, https://www.cbpp.org/research/housing/research-shows-rental-assistance-reduces-hardship-and-provides-platform-to-expand. CBPP analysis of U.S. Census Bureau’s March 2018 Current Population Survey (accessed via IPUMS-CPS). Corrections for underreported benefits from Department of Health and Human Services/Urban Institute Transfer Income Model (TRIM). The Department of Homeland Security and the Department of State issued immigration rules in 2019 that would make it much more difficult for people with low or modest means to emigrate to the United States and for people already here to gain permanent resident status or extend or modify their temporary status. The rule is in effect in most of the country for people applying for an immigration status. These complicated rules, along with other Trump Administration policies, have led many families that include immigrants to forgo Medicaid and other assistance programs for which they’re eligible despite the fact that a number of these immigrants and their families would not actually be affected by the rule. Federal rental assistance programs use a somewhat more expansive definition of disability than programs that require that a person receive SSI or SSDI to qualify as having a disability.
All of our printables are free and open for public use. They are all in .pdf format and you will need Adobe Acrobat Reader to view them on your computer, or you can learn more about Adobe Accessibility and using screen readers to read .pdf files. If you use any of our original printables on your own site, please credit www.wonderbaby.org as the original creator. Audio & Video Downloads We’ve searched the internet for the best audio and video resources about blindness, genetic testing, and disabilities. Most of the links below will take you to another site where you can watch or listen to the file. If the link will begin downloading a file directly to your computer, we let you know. - Genetic testing for LCA: Dr. Edwin Stone delivers a talk about genetic testing. - LCA gene therapy trials: The presentation to the NIH outlining future plans for gene therapy. (Clicking link will begin download.) - Carver Labs: Links to two presentations: “Large-scale, non-profit Genetic Testing for Inherited Eye Diseases” and “The Interdisciplinary Approach to Curing Blindness.” Education & Development Printables Looking for fun recreational resources for your special needs child? Check out this guide… Want to make your own Sensory Play Area? Here’s how… How do you organize your work out time with your baby? Read our article Let’s Play! Let’s Work! and download our chart below. We’ll help you develop your own Baby Workout Program. Ever wonder what your child is “supposed” to be doing by a certain age? You can download our development charts below – some are intended for sighted children and some are for visually impaired kids. Use these as a reference, but don’t take them too seriously! Are you the parent of a blind child? Are you teaching yourself Braille? Here are a couple of printables that will help you learn to read Braille by sight: - Braille Cheat Sheet: A blank sheet that you can use to record difficult contractions. Keep it with you while you’re studying. - Braille Alphabet & Numbers: A simple chart of the Braille alphabet and numbers. Post it on your refrigerator for quick reference. - Braille Alphabet Song: A fun and simple song developed by Carol Crozier and her granddaughter. What a cool way to learn braille! Use this helpful Sleep Chart to track your child’s sleep patterns: Learn about how parent’s typically respond and adjust to the news that their child is visually impaired with this printable: Looking for a fun Halloween costume you can easily make yourself? Check out how to make your own baby and daddy Pumpkin Costumes and download our templates below:
The goal of European waste-related legislation is to protect public health and the environment and, so far, it has had a significant impact. However, given the lack of precision of the definition of waste in the European Community Directive (European Council, 1993), each Member State makes a different interpretation of the definition of waste with regard to specific materials, resulting in trade barriers and the impact of this upon the recycling industry is not to be underestimated. Under the present European definition of waste, recoverable material is seen more as a potential pollutant than as a potential raw material (Bontoux and Leone, 1997). The Western European solid/liquid separation market was found to have amassed revenues worth 1.63 billion Euros in 2000 and demand for new and replacement equipment is expected to maintain growth rates in the short and medium term. The impressive range of applications using solid/liquid separation equipment is forecast to overcome the problem of competitive pricing in many market sectors, producing a Western European market valued 2.13 billion Euros by 2007 (Frost and Sullivan, 2001). According to Pongrácz and Pohjola (1997) waste can be classified into four classes: 1 Class 1: non-wanted things created not intended, or not avoided, with no purpose 2 Class 2: things that were given a finite purpose thus destined to become useless after fulfilling it 3 Class 3: things with well-defined purpose, but their performance ceased being acceptable 4 Class 4: things with well-defined purpose and acceptable performance, but their users failed to use them for the intended purpose. Although incineration is an effective way of treating municipal solid waste, the potential public health effects associated with stack emissions have become a major public concern. Some of the chemicals emitted are constituents of the waste, which move through the combustion chamber and are not captured by pollution control devices. Chemicals like polychlorinated dibenzo-p dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) emitted into the atmosphere as air emissions are directly transmitted to humans through inhalation. However, these chemicals can also be distributed in various media such as soil, vegetation, water, biota, etc. Therefore, human health can be indirectly affected through different pathways, such as drinking water or groundwater, skin absorption of the chemicals present in water, consuming contaminated foodstuffs and through ingestion and skin absorption of those chemicals adsorbed to soil (Meneses et al., 2004). Human health risk assessment requires identification of the pathways through which people can be potentially exposed to the chemicals of concern (PCDD/Fs in this case). The quantitative health risk assessment due to a PCDD/F exposure is considered as a combination of five parameters: 1 intake of contaminated soil (hand-to-mouth transfer) 2 ingestion of vegetables grown in the area under evaluation 3 inhalation of re-suspended soil particles 4 inhalation of both vapor and particle air concentration 5 dermal absorption (Meneses et al., 2004). In the policies of the EU and its Member States, biomass is expected to play a major role as a renewable energy source (EU, 1997). In the course of implementing this policy, it appeared that a large proportion of the resource base for biomass consists of waste. In the EU, both clean and contaminated biomass types may be used as fuels
3D printing is a kind of technology based on digital model file, which uses special wax material, powder metal or plastic and other adhesive materials to make 3D objects by printing layers of adhesive materials. So, what are the advantages of 3D printing technology over traditional manufacturing technology? 1. Affordable & Competitive Price The manufacturing cost of 3D printing for product structure complexity is very low. As far as traditional manufacturing is concerned, the more complex the shape of the object, the higher the manufacturing cost and the longer the time. However, 3D printing technology does not have to print a simple model for manufacturing a complex object, which breaks the traditional way of calculating manufacturing cost in manufacturing industry. Therefore, the more complex the product structure is, the more obvious the advantages of 3D printing technology will be. In the future, the cost of products will be fixed by simple materials and volume, while the cost of such as mold opening and fine grinding may not be There will be no coming. 2. Short production cycle Compared with the traditional production method, the injection molding process can achieve the mass production of items with the same shape, so it is very suitable for the mass production of standardized products. 3D printing only needs to input 3D image through the control terminal, parts can be printed and shipped on demand, without any transition or processing, raw materials can be printed into physical models, or even directly manufactured parts or molds, thus effectively shortening the product development cycle. The 3D printer of creative 3D production has been widely used in maker, architectural design, mold model design and other fields. 3. Small scale, customization and diversification The cost of 3D printing is relatively insensitive to scale. A ld-002 3D printer can print various shapes, print various 3D models with various raw materials, and the application object can be any industry, as long as these industries need models and circles. Therefore, it is not necessary to design special mold and configure special production equipment like traditional manufacturing. Therefore, 3D printing is more suitable for the production of small-scale, customized and diversified products, which shows the supply and demand relationship of traditional manufacturing, and can realize highly personalized production according to the objective demand. 4. Zero skill manufacturing Traditional craftsmen need to be apprentices for several years to master the skills they need. Mass production and computer-controlled manufacturing machines reduce the requirements for skills. However, traditional manufacturing machines still need skilled professionals to adjust and calibrate the machines. 3D printer can get various instructions from 3D data files, and it needs less operation skills than injection molding machine to do the same complex objects. Unskilled manufacturing has opened up a new business model, and can provide people with a new way of production in remote environment or extreme situations. What are the advantages of 3D printers: 3D printing is a new technology developing rapidly in the field of manufacturing industry. Compared with the traditional manufacturing industry, 3D printer has obvious advantages. It has become an effective method for manufacturing modern models, molds and parts, occupying unique advantages in aerospace, automobile processing, biomedicine, engineering construction, teaching and research. Source from: https://creality3dpro.store/
Because of the size of the field that Baseball is played on, the use of a softball would be irrational. IN baseball players use a smaller ball that's 9 oz I forgot the the circumfrance was.While a softball is 60% bigger. A baseball is smaller than a softball, and a softball is made of softer material (hence the name). Pro baseball players get on ESPN, become famous and make millions. Pro softball players get on ESPN2 at 1 in the morning and no one knows their names. 9 for both softball was originally started as an easy baseball game. no gloves needed. it has turned into the equivalent to baseball. just with a bigger ball. most baseball players have trouble playing softball Professional softball players are paid less than professional baseball players because softball is not as popular as baseball. Baseball has a much bigger market in the economy, as proven by the baseball stadiums, playing cards, t-shirts, and hats. Because of all the profits that these things generate, they are able to pay their players more. Softball does not have this kind of publicity, and there for the money that flows into the organizations involved in the sport do not draw as much money either. Because they do not draw as much revenue as the baseball organizations, they are not able to pay their players as much as baseball players get paid. there are none: women play softball 10 players that are to old to play baseball get together and drink beer. Female professional baseball does not exist, so no they don't however I am not sure if they have softball cards. In baseball, the ball is smaller and harder. You use a smaller sized bat than you do in softball. In softball, the ball is softer and bigger. The bat you use is bigger than the type of bat you use in baseball. It allows better grip and also prevents blisters 9 players same as baseball.
This new resource is called the Internet Archive Book Images and is available at https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/ Kalev Leetaru, an American Academic, has uploaded over 2.6 million pictures to Flickr, with searchable tags automatically added. Sourced from more than 600 million library book pages scanned in by the Internet Archive organisation making this a free resource. This releases images that would otherwise have been embedded in PDF or text searchable formats. The pictures range from 1500 to 1922, when copyright restrictions come into effect so are free to be copied and reused. There are exciting opportunities for the DiAL-e to explore some of the functionality associated with the scanning process, showing timelines and morphing of images. Leetaru’s reported to explore a project to link the resource to Wikipedia,which will enhance both and we’ll be watching that carefully. Kalev H. Leetaru is the Yahoo! Fellow in Residence of International Values, Communications Technology & the Global Internet at the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University in Washington, DC. – See more at: http://www.kalevleetaru.com/#sthash.N3QSsJ8E.dpuf
“Too strong a drink for moral babies, and should be labeled ‘poison’. ” was the how the Republic described Kate Chopin’s most famous novel The Awakening (Seyersted 174). This was the not only the view of one magazine, but it summarized the feelings of society as a whole. Chopin woke up people to the feelings and minds of women. Even though her ideas were controversial at first, slowly over the decades people began to accept them. Kate O’Flaherty Chopin was raised in St. Louis in the 1850’s and 1860’s. Chopin had a close relationship with her French grandmother which lead to her appreciation of French writers. When she was only five Chopin’s father, Thomas O’Flaherty died leaving her without a father figure. Eliza O’Flaherty, Chopin’s mother, was from there on the head of the household. Chopin grew up knowing that women could be strong and intelligent and that they did not have to be submissive creatures (Skaggs 2). She loved her mother and considered her “A woman of great beauty, intelligence, and personal magnetism” (Seyersted 14). Growing up around independent women, however, did not dissuade her from marriage. Her marriage to Oscar Chopin by all accounts was a happy one. Taking on the role of a high society lady as well as ife and new mother, Chopin fit in well with the New Orleans culture. She enjoyed the Louisiana atmosphere so well that most of her writings were based here. Chopin continued living in Louisiana raising her six young children until the sudden death of her husband brought her back to St. , Louis (Skaggs 3). Oscar Chopin died while their youngest child, Lelia was only three. Soon after Chopin moved her family to St. Louis to be with her dying mother. In the grief of her losses Chopin had to rediscover who she was. This challenge came out in her writing of heroines searching for self-understanding (Skaggs 3). No longer Eliza O’Flaherty’s daughter or Oscar Chopin’s wife, Kate Chopin was forced to find a new role for herself. Her new role would be a writer. A few key figures in her life influenced Chopin to write. Doctor Frederick Kolbemheyer was a life long friend on whose support she always relied. Raised in Austria and then exiled for his beliefs, Kolbemheyer was a philosopher and encouraged Chopin to read Darwin, Haxley, and Spencer. Their beliefs were very similar and he must have supported her when she denounced the Catholic religion after her mother’s death. The beloved friends wrote to each other often while Chopin was in Louisiana. Seeing the talent in her writing, Kolbemheyer encouraged Chopin to publish her letters. She admired him greatly and even named her son Frederick after him. (Taylor 147). There were three American women writers of the time that Chopin admired. When asked who would be a good model woman writer she responded, “I know of no one better than Miss Jewett to study for technique and nicety of construction. I don’t mention Mary E. Wilkins for she is a great genius and genius is not to be studied. ” (Taylor 163). Wilkins’s book Pembroke was condemned by society and Chopin must have been sympathetic when five years ater her own book The Awakening was also condemned. Chopin also looked up to Ruth McEnery Stuart and praised her work as being “True to nature,” and having a “wholesome human note” (Taylor 163). It is notable that later Chopin’s talent and style were to be compared to the works of these women whom she admired. The greatest influence on Chopin was the French writer Guy de Maupassant. Chopin describes Maupassant by writing, “Here was a man who escaped from tradition and authority … looked out upon life through his own being with his own eyes; and who, in a direct and simple was, told up what he saw. ” (Taylor 159). Chopin translated eight of his works and through him developed her style of writing. She shared his concept of a hero : “An isolated world-weary and misanthropic hero who revels in his own sensuality; who trusts in nature and distrusts human relationships, especially love; who experiences a sense of liberation through solitary walks and confidences in his writing… nd who is strongly drawn to death as a solution to the repetitive meaninglessness of life’s pleasures. (Taylor 160) This was the basic outline for the plot of The Awakening . The book starts with Edna, a New Orleans high society wife and mother ho was miserable with her life. While spending the summer in Grand Isle, Edna meets Mademoiselle Reiz whose music is the only thing in which Edna finds happiness. Through the music Edna awakens to the fact that she has the right to be happy. Finding Edna’s behavior unusual, her husband Mr. Pontellier takes the advice of a friend and leaves on a long business trip, giving Edna her space. On the isle she also meets Robert Lebrun who awakens her to a passion Mr. Pontellier could never give her. During the summer they fall deeply in love but Robert is scared of being condemned by society and flees to Mexico. (Bloom 11). After Robert leaves, Edna meets Alcee Arobin. Hopeful that Alcee will be like Robert, she takes him into her home. Once there Alcee becomes as controlling as Mr. Pontellier. Instead of helping her independence as Robert did, Alcee suppresses her and Edna again feels miserable. Robert returns and promises to wait for her to leave Alcee. He, however; changes his mind and mysteriously vanishes leaving a note saying; “Good-bye_because I love you” (Bloom 11). Consumed by a morbid depression and unable to even care for her children, suicide enters Edna’s mind. “There was no one thing in the world that she desired. There was no human being whom she wanted near her except Robert, and she even realized that the day would come when he, too, and the thought of him would melt out of her existence, leaving her alone. ” (Chopin 113). Edna then swam into the sea and drown (Boren 194). At the time of The Awakening’s publishing, society was very different than it is today. Victorian women had no right to vote and had little independence. Women were expected to accept their position at home and be satisfied with it. The public understanding was that “A woman’s personal life centers around home, husband, and children. ” (Nickerson 1). The Awakening hallenged this notion and critics were outraged by it. Critics of the time were brutal in telling the world exactly what they thought of Chopin’s controversial characters. In 1899 a reviewer for Public Opinion said he was “well satisfied with Edna’s suicide because she deserved to die for her immoral behavior” (Delaney 43). No one told of the affairs some women had then. Deyo expressed why this was, ” A fact … which we have all agreed shall not be acknowledged is as good as no fact at all. And it is disturbing – even indelicate- to mention it as something which, perhaps, does play an important part in the life behind the ask” (Seyersted 175). Even Chopin herself did not pity Edna, instead taking a detached view of the story. It has been suggested by Bloom that Chopin gives her sentiments through Edna’s doctor: ” Nature takes no account of moral consequences, of arbitrary conditions which we create, and which we feel obligated to maintain at any cost. ” (Bloom 23). The public outrage against the story went further than the critics words. The book was banned from the public library and her hometown of St. Louis shunned Chopin for writing it. She was denied membership in the fine arts club and was given no credit as writer even though her previous stories had been celebrated. Hurt and defeated after all that had occurred, Chopin wrote a public apology. It said that she was sorry that people found Edna offensive; but that when she began writing her story she did not know how Edna would evolve. She went on to say that by the time Edna’s story was laid out the book was almost complete. Chopin’s true friends stayed by her and Frederick encouraged her to write again. She only wrote one more story, “Charlie” in 1900 which wasn’t published until long after her death . After “Charlie” Chopin lived out of the public life until her young death at the ge of fifty-four in 1904 (Boren 207). Chopin was a writer truly ahead of her time. It was not until fifty years after her death that The Awakening began to be appreciated by society. The French were the first to recognize this work with admiration; in the 1950’s Contwell, Brooks, and Aronavon were the first to respect the book. In the sixties Chopin’s popularity grew thanks to the feminists. They looked toward Edna as a heroine out of her time for her sexual awakening. This does not mean that Chopin was a feminist. Chopin wrote objectively and distanced herself from feminist struggles. Felix Chopin stressed that she “was not interested in the woman’s suffrage movement” (Taylor 151). Anne Jones disagreed saying that Chopin “was fully conscious of the implicit contradictions between lady and artist and made the best of them, largely through irony” (Taylor 151). Recently The Awakening has been compared to the great heroic novels in history. Lewis Leary describes Edna as “A valiant women, worthy of place beside other fictional heroines who have tested emancipation and failed_Hawthorne’s Hester Pynne, Flaubert’s Emma Borary, or Henry James’ Isabel Archer. ” (Koloski 67). Joyce Reddel Ladensen calls it “a powerful story of one women’s education as antagonist against Victorian marriage and the social and psychological straight jacket it can produce (Skaggs 6). Chopin was a writer who was not afraid to write about the world as it really was. Her writings do more than just tell a story. The reactions to her writing gives an impression of the way of life was when the critics read her stories. As the reactions changed through the decades, the morals of society and the society itself change. Looking back on critics’ changing views, from outrage to admiration, it is easy to see how far this nation has come.
Logical operator not evaluating correctly 1 view (last 30 days) Show older comments Andrew on 26 Jan 2023 Answered: Star Strider on 26 Jan 2023 Given the provided array X, create an array Y that is: equal to 0 if the corresponding element of X is between -5 and +5, inclusive equal to -1 if the corresponding element of X is less than -5 equalt to +1 if the corresponding element of X is greater than 5 Here is what I have: Y = (~(X >= -5 & X <= 5) \| (-1*(X < -5)) \| (X>5)). Why is the X < -5 not evaluationg to -1? Star Strider on 26 Jan 2023 Only two comparisons are actually required here — X = linspace(-7, 7, 15); Y = -(X < -5) + (X > 5); Check_Result = [X; Y] More Answers (2) Walter Roberson on 26 Jan 2023 A\|B is an or test and returns a logical value -1 is nonzero which is considered true, and since you or everything together you are going to end up with logical true for those entries. Try adding the results of the computation Les Beckham on 26 Jan 2023 I would do this in separate steps. X = randi([-20, 20], [1 15]) Y = zeros(size(X)); Y(X < -5) = -1; Y(X > 5) = 1 Find more on Creating and Concatenating Matrices in Help Center and File Exchange Community Treasure Hunt Find the treasures in MATLAB Central and discover how the community can help you!Start Hunting!
More than one million abortions occur each year in Australia, which is a shocking image that is unknown to most people. The unambiguous truth is, they do not worry about the difficulties of being pregnant, abortion or even until they discovered me in these circumstances. The great news is that some steps are mentioning to minimize the danger of miscarriage. What Is A Miscarriage? In the initial condition, it is the damage of the fetus before it touches the 20th week of pregnancy. In most cases, abortion occurs within the first 12 weeks; it is at the maximum risk stage. Many people do not even understand what abortion is because they do not realize they are pregnant. Steps to prevent miscarriage from happening To reduce the risk of or prevent, any other kind of abortion, a few simple steps you need to follow. Exercise boosts the flow of blood over your body, your body and your fetus of oxygen and nutrient supply increases. What are the benefits of cbd oil for anxiety ?. Oxygen and nutrients needed for proper development of your unborn child. Probably know that 400mg folic acid per day taking at least 2-3 month prior you become pregnant. However, it would be best if you considered other essential nutrients is a balanced diet. Make sure that you have enough carbohydrates, vitamins, calcium and protein are getting even. Manage Your Weight Following the right ways, then you can control your weight. These ways are your body figure after pregnancy is not about to be simple to recover. Having pregnant is not showing any excuse for excessive eating. If you eat more and gain weight, your metabolism is slow, then reduce the flow of baby body power. Stress is terrible for your newborn baby. It reinforces your body control level. When it is published, it prevents your body to create other hormones. In some situation, you can damage the future of your baby, such as Taking Smoke & Alcohol, Taking Drugs, and Proper guideline.
Sebastian Franck was born on January 20th, 1499. He was ordained a Roman Catholic priest but in 1525 converted over to the Reformed Protestants and became a Gospel preacher. However, as time went on, he even left the Reformed movement and sympathized mostly with the Anabaptist sects, while never formally joining them. He agreed with the Anabaptists that the authentic external Church of the Apostles disappeared in its accommodation to the State during the era of Emperor Constantine, but could not agree with their attempts to re-establish external sacraments at all (not even Baptism). As a result of the collapse of the Apostolic Church in the early years, God has now resorted to sanctifying human beings purely by a spiritual means, particularly faith, repentance, self-denial, and perseverance. This could be achieved with or without organized religion, and since organized religion had gone defunct, it was God dealing directly with human beings that counted by his day. Continue reading Category Archives: Protestantism Against Remarriage After Adultery – St. Jerome on St. Fabiola (+399) In the years of 2014 to the present, the question of whether Catholics can re-marry after divorce has become much more talked about in light of the two Synods on the family and their subsequent Apostolic exhortation Amoris Laetitia. I cannot go into the details about what Pope Francis communicated with this document, but I can give a basic summary. Amoris Laetitia (Eng. The Joy of Love) reaffirms the Church’s moral doctrine on the purpose of human sexuality and conjugal relations, even explicitly referring to the need to appropriate the message of Pope St. Paul VI’s Encyclical Humane Vitae. The document also states that there are “no grounds for considering homosexual unions to be in any way similar or even remotely analogous to God’s plan for marriage and family” (251). On the matter of Catholics who have married in the Church but who have subsequently divorced and contracted a civil “marriage” while the first spouse is still alive, Pope Francis makes clear that this is contrary to the demands of the Gospel, and is objectively out of harmony with the Church’s understanding of marriage (303). To those who insist that they should be able to openly demand recognition, respect, and good-standing of their 2nd “marriage” as if it were awarded to them out of mercy, the Pope says they should be considered as persons seeking to flaunt an objective sin, and should consequently be subject to hearing the gospel again in order to be converted, or separated from the community in excommunication (297). With that said, the Pope still opened the door for Catholic “re-married” divorcees to receive Holy Communion (305, fn 351), not on the basis that re-marriage is acceptable or objectively good, but rather that, on a case by case basis, certain persons who are involved in these objectively sinful and unlawful relationships can be free even of grave and mortal guilt, thereby landing them in the venial category of transgressor. Causes for this are said to be difficult and complex circumstances which mitigate against a person’s level of culpability, reducing the severity of their guilt and sin before God (302). Continue reading On This [Heretical] Rock, I Will Build My Church? Without a doubt, the current state of affairs in Catholicism, and the Papacy in particular, has struck one of the greatest challenges for her apologists. Many people are driven to think there is a massive problem with the coherence of Catholic ecclesiology with regard to the Papacy. The problem can be illustrated by citing one of the Catholic Church’s most astute contemporary theologians today. Continue reading Does Paul Say That God Punished Jesus? A Second Look Catholic apologist Jimmy Akin has put out another article which seeks to undermine the doctrine of Penal Substitution. In this article, he opens up with what he believes is a summary of the doctrine – “..that the Father ‘poured out his wrath’ on Christ as He hung on the cross”. As my previous article responding to Akin made clear, there is a good way to hold to Penal Substitution, and I don’t think it has been interacted with in in Akin’s critiques. In this latest one, Akin focuses on the writings of St. Paul, particularly 2 Cor 5:21, Gal 3:13, and Romans 8:3-4. I recommend any to read it fully, and then compare what Akin has to say about these passages versus St. John Chrysostom and St. Thomas Aquinas. Chrysostom was born in Antioch (349 AD) to Greek parents, and grew to be a great orator (aka the Golden-Tongue) and expositor of Sacred Scripture. In fact, there are good grounds to believe that St. Thomas Aquinas said he would rather have St. Chrysostom’s commentary on St. Matthew than have the riches that would come from selling the city of Paris to the King of France. So here, the theologians of theologians, the Angelic Doctor himself, gives praise to the expository genius of this great 4th-century Saint from Antioch. And then following this, I will give Aquinas’ commentary on the Epistle to the Galatian churches. Continue reading
When a spiritual teacher uses extreme teaching methods like hitting, slapping, and beating or seduces a student using coercion, trauma can occur. Trauma is not voluntary. It’s an automatic response to a sense of threat orchestrated by the body and brain. Some people are more susceptible to trauma than others, as explained below. Buddhist communities need to understand trauma so judgment does not come into play when someone makes allegations of abuse, and compassion arises instead. Because judgment, denial, and aggression towards those who feel harmed, may worsen their trauma. That’s not to say that every person who complains has been traumatized, but many have. And trauma imprints and dysregulates the nervous system so trauma survivors can suffer symptoms for years to come. In addition, trauma is far more common than you might imagine, both development trauma, which originates in childhood, and shock trauma, which occurs in response to an overwhelming event that happens at any time during your life. An individual may not even realize how the imprints of trauma silently direct their life because trauma sometimes remains hidden within their unconscious mind. Many people who come to Buddhist centers carry a history of trauma, which can make them more susceptible to future trauma. These statistics on abuse begin to illuminate the scope of the problem, and they do not include the emotional damage that occurs from development trauma, which can occur from not having your emotional needs meant during your early years. Research by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has shown that one in five Americans was sexually molested as a child; one in four was beaten by a parent to the point of a mark being left on their body; and one in three couples engages in physical violence. A quarter of us grew up with alcoholic relatives, and one out of eight witnessed their mother being beaten or hit. Let’s look at the difference between developmental trauma and shock trauma, so we can better understand our own emotional wounds, extend a hand to others who have been impacted by trauma, and create healthy Buddhist Centers that protect people from trauma.
June 24th, 2011 09:47 AM ET Five diabetes myths, busted David Kendall, M.D., is the chief scientific and medical officer of the The American Diabetes Association. The group’s 71st Scientific Sessions begin Friday in San Diego, California, with presentations of the latest research, treatment recommendations and advances toward a cure for diabetes. Each year diabetes accounts for more deaths than breast cancer and AIDS combined. While diabetes (both type 1 and type 2) is ever more manageable because of advances in medication, a better understanding of blood glucose monitoring and new technologies for delivering insulin, uncontrolled or undiagnosed diabetes still remains the leading cause of blindness in adults, kidney failure and amputation. There are many myths about diabetes - myths that can do much harm. Many believe that diabetes is “just a touch of sugar,” or only something we develop in later life. Knowing the facts (and your own risk) can help all of us fight the misconceptions associated with this awful disease and ultimately stop diabetes. So take a minute to learn the facts about diabetes. The more we know, the better equipped we are to detect, prevent and treat diabetes and its deadly complications. 1) Myth: Diabetes is really no big deal. Fact: As I’ve already noted, diabetes causes more deaths a year than breast cancer and AIDS combined. The risk of heart problems is more than twice as high in people with diabetes and two out of three people with diabetes die from heart disease or stroke. Uncontrolled diabetes also leads to a host of other complications. 2) Myth: Eating too much sugar causes diabetes. Fact: There is no one food or nutrient that causes diabetes. Type 1 diabetes (where all of the body’s insulin producing cells are destroyed) develops both because of genetics and from poorly understood environmental triggers that result in the onset of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is the result of both genetic and lifestyle factors. There is no question that being overweight or obese increases your risk for developing type 2 diabetes. Weight gain occurs as a result of excess calories, and whether these calories come from a soda, breads, snacks or meat doesn’t generally matter. Because of genetics, some people gain weight more easily than others, but there is still an imbalance between calories eaten and those burned off. Because of the complex relationship between genetics, the environment and lifestyle, it is incorrect to say that sugar causes diabetes. 3) Myth: If you are overweight or obese, you will eventually develop type 2 diabetes. Fact: As we stated earlier, being overweight is a very important risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes. In fact, it is the most important modifiable risk factor. Other risk factors such as a family history of type 2 diabetes, ethnicity and age are things that you cannot change. It is also true that most overweight people never develop type 2 diabetes, and as many as one-fourth of people with type 2 diabetes are at a normal weight or only moderately overweight. The thing to keep in mind is that if you have a family history of diabetes, you should do your best to be physically active and eat a healthy diet. If you are overweight, losing about 7% of your weight (14 pounds for a 200 pound person) can help delay or prevent diabetes. 4) Myth: If you have diabetes, you can’t eat any bread, potatoes, pasta, fruit, sugar or dessert. Fact: This is a long-held misconception about the carbohydrates in food. With carbohydrates - and calories in general - it all comes back to portion sizes or how much you eat. Starchy foods and fruit can be included in a meal plan for people with diabetes. The best tip is to have no more than 1/4 of your plate from starchy foods like whole grain breads, cereals, pasta, rice or starchy vegetables like potatoes, yams, peas and corn. Fill half of your plate with low carbohydrate non-starchy vegetables like salad, broccoli, green beans or tomatoes. The last quarter of your plate is for fish, chicken, lean meats or meat substitutes. This helps to control the amount of carbohydrate that you eat while providing lots of fiber and healthy food choices. 5) Myth: People with diabetes can't eat sweets or chocolate. Fact: Sweet foods (including most dessert items), if eaten in small portions, can be eaten by people with diabetes. There is no such thing as a “off limit” food; however, the key is substituting in a sweet treat into an otherwise healthy meal plan. Everyone - diabetes or no diabetes - should avoid empty calories (those without real food value) and limit the total amount of calories they consume (and yes, most desserts are high in calories). 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Potassium deficiency or hypokalemia is a condition occurring due to the lack of enough potassium in the body. Potassium (K) is an electrolyte and mineral that is essential to maintain the electrolyte balance in the body. So, losing it due to prolonged diarrhea, vomiting, any underlying health condition, or taking any medication can result in hypokalemia. While the problem is simple, without proper medical assistance, it can cause severe complications. The condition can range from moderate to severe and you can see symptoms depending on the severity. When your body shows signs of hypokalemia, get the necessary help from the doctor to prevent the condition from causing severe complications. Read ahead to know more about it. About Potassium Deficiency Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient and electrolyte in the body. It is essential for a wide range of functions in your body. It is responsible for the muscle functioning in the body, including keeping your heart beating. So, potassium deficiency can trigger several issues in your body. How can you say you have hypokalemia? When your potassium levels fall below the normal range of 3.6 millimoles per liter (mmol/L), then you suffer from hypokalemia. But, when the levels fall to dangerously low levels of less than 2.5 mmol/L, then you suffer from severe hypokalemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. So, you need to observe your body for signs indicating the issue and get the necessary treatment. Symptoms Of Potassium Deficiency We have discussed what hypokalemia is. In normal cases, you never check the electrolyte levels during the routine blood tests. So, how can you detect if you are suffering from the condition? If you suffer from hypokalemia, you can see some symptoms. So, look out for the following symptoms that indicate the condition and get the necessary medical assistance. K is an important mineral/electrolyte for your body as it plays an important role in relaying messages from your brain to muscles. It aids in regulating your muscle contractions. Due to hypokalemia, your muscles in the intestines get affected. So, it results in the slowing of the passage of food as well as waste. As a result, you can suffer from constipation and bloating. One Of The Signs Of Potassium Deficiency: Muscle Weakness Hypokalemia can affect the muscles in the body. So, you can suffer from muscle weakness in your legs and arms. It leads to general muscle weakness and cramping. If you observe closely, people tend to lose a small amount of K when you sweat. It is the reason why you feel cramping or muscle weakness after staying out in a hot climate or intense physical activity. K is an essential nutrient for your body. It is present in the cells and tissue in your body. When you suffer from hypokalemia, it can affect a wide range of bodily functions. So, you can suffer from low energy levels. It causes both mental and physical fatigue. Develop High Blood Pressure Hypokalemia has a bad effect on your blood pressure. So, it can cause an increase in blood pressure in people who have high salt or sodium intake. It is because potassium has a significant role in relaxing your blood vessels. This action causes the lowering of blood pressure as it keeps the sodium-potassium balance in the body. So, most doctors suggest people include a diet low in sodium and an increased intake of the electrolyte to overcome hypokalemia. Your kidneys are responsible for flushing out the waste products from your body. It also regulates the fluid and electrolyte balance. So, kidneys maintain the sodium-potassium balance in your blood. It is achieved by passing the excess amount of electrolytes and waste through urine. When you suffer from moderate to severe hypokalemia, it can interfere with the kidney functions. So, it affects the fluid and electrolyte balance in the bloodstream. This results in increased urination, which is also known as polyuria. Muscle Paralysis Due To Potassium Deficiency People suffering from severe hypokalemia can suffer from muscle paralysis. It occurs due to the low levels of potassium. The reduced levels of the electrolyte can result in the inability of the muscles to contract properly. At times, the muscles stop working altogether. You can suffer from breathing problems due to severe hypokalemia. Since breathing properly requires the use of several muscles, hypokalemia can cause the muscles to weaken. It specifically affects the diaphragm. So, you find it difficult to take a deep breath or you can experience shortness of breath. One Of The Symptoms Of Potassium Deficiency: Irregular Heart Rhythms If you experience irregular heartbeat, then it indicates you suffer from hypokalemia. The electrolyte plays an important role in the contractions of all your muscles, including the muscles in your heart. Severe hypokalemia can cause irregular heart rhythms like: - Ventricular fibrillation - Ventricular tachycardia - Sinus bradycardia It is possible for the doctor to detect irregular heart rhythms by suggesting EKG (electrocardiogram) for the suspected patients. Causes Of Potassium Deficiency Your body can suffer from potassium deficiency due to several underlying reasons. Here are some of the most common reasons triggering hypokalemia. The most common cause of hypokalemia is the use of prescription medication to increase urination. The prescription medication referred to as diuretics or water pills are suggested for people suffering from heart disease or high blood pressure. So, you will lose excess salt from the urine to reduce blood pressure. It leads to the loss of potassium from the urine. Excessive Alcohol Use Acute and chronic alcohol consumption can affect potassium levels in your body. It is because drinking alcohol can affect normal kidney function. It can trigger kidney diseases along with the liver disease. With excess alcohol consumption, the structure and function of kidneys are affected. So, it affects the composition of fluids as well as electrolytes in the body. It can result in the deficiency of potassium as you pass the electrolyte from the urine. Potassium Deficiency Due To Kidney Disease People suffering from severe kidney disease can see potassium levels decreasing. In normal cases, kidneys work to flush off the excess salt and waste from your body. It also acts as a major route of potassium ion excretion. Limited potassium is expelled from the body for maintaining potassium regulation. With kidney disease, this function gets obstructed. So, it can lead to a reduction in potassium levels. Diabetic Ketoacidosis And Treatment People suffering from diabetes need to get medical assistance to control it. Without proper management, diabetes can cause a serious complication known as diabetic ketoacidosis. It is a condition occurring when the body produces high levels of ketones (blood acids). Due to the condition, your body fails to produce enough insulin. Insulin is the key factor in regulating the sugar levels in your blood. Sugar (glucose) is the main source of energy for your muscles and tissues. When your body fails to produce enough insulin, ketones tend to accumulate in the body. It causes the ketones to enter your urine. The condition can result in changes in electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate. Diabetic ketoacidosis is a medical emergency needing prompt medical attention. During the treatment, your doctor provides insulin and fluids through IV. This can cause potassium levels to go down. So, the low levels can put the activities of the vital organ at risk. Potassium Deficiency Due To Diarrhea When you suffer from water, loose, and frequent bowel movements, then it leads to several problems. Apart from dry mouth, dehydration, and other issues, you can also suffer from low potassium in your body. In some people, diarrhea is short-lived. So, it lasts for only a few days. But, long-lasting problem indicates the presence of some severe problem that needs immediate medical attention. Excessive Laxative Use The frequent use of laxatives continuously for several weeks or months can make cause issues with your colon. It decreases the colon’s ability to contract properly. So, it can worsen constipation or lead to diarrhea. It results in the loss of potassium from the stool, leading to its deficiency. When you sweat badly, you not just lose water content from your body but also the necessary electrolytes. So, you lose chloride, sodium, and potassium from the body due to sweating. So, when the body is losing a lot of water due to exercise, strenuous physical work, or any other health condition, you need to replace the electrolytes lost due to sweating. Else, you can suffer from hypokalemia. Folic Acid Deficiency Folate deficiency or the reduced intake of folic acid can result in hypokalemia in your body. It is because most of the foods rich in folic acids also contain potassium. Also, folate deficiency can result in diarrhea. So, it results in electrolyte imbalance in your body. Due to the hormonal disorder, you tend to develop high blood pressure. The condition usually occurs due to the production of a hormone known as aldosterone by your adrenal glands. The adrenal gland produces a number of hormones essential for your body, including aldosterone. Apart from increasing the blood pressure levels, the hormone can also trigger hypokalemia. Use Of Antibiotics While the use of antibiotics in normal doses may not affect the electrolyte levels in your body. But, in large doses, certain antibiotics can cause hypokalemia. It develops due to medication-induced renal potassium excretion. Here are some of the antibiotics causing hypokalemia when used in larger doses: The same effect also occurs when you take amphotericin B as well as aminoglycoside therapy. Potassium Deficiency Caused By Vomiting Vomiting the food or fluid contents can lead to hypokalemia. While your gastric fluid itself contains a little potassium, vomiting can result in metabolic alkalosis. It is the complex pathogenesis resulting in the excretion of the electrolytes from the body. So, it results in hypokalemia and its complications. Complications Of Potassium Deficiency Why is potassium deficiency a condition you need to take caution? Due to hypokalemia, you can experience other complications that prove fatal. So, you need medical intervention to deal with the condition. Never self-medicate and always follow the guidance of your doctor. The complications due to hypokalemia are: Due to hypokalemia, you can develop a condition known as tachycardia. It makes your heartbeat rise. So, it beats more than a hundred times per minute. When you suffer from hypokalemia, your myocardial cells can inhibit the sodium-potassium pump. So, it results in early abnormal depolarization of your cardiac myocyte. The flow of the electrolyte in and out of your heart cells aids in the heartbeat regulation. So, hypokalemia can result in heart palpitation due to altering the normal flow. It results in heart rhythm problems triggering quivering of the heart chambers instead of pumping blood. Due to the condition, you experience ventricular fibrillation. Periodic paralysis or temporary paralysis can occur due to hypokalemia. The condition is also referred to as hypokalemic periodic paralysis. Due to the condition you experience episodes of extreme muscle weakness. The condition begins in childhood or adolescence. It results in the episodes involve a temporary inability to move your muscles in the legs and arms. People experiencing the attack suffer from severe weakness or paralysis, resulting from hours to days. Acute Respiratory Failure Due to hypokalemia, you are at high risk of developing acute respiratory failure. It occurs due to fluid building up in the air sacs present in your lungs. It results in the failure to receive oxygen-rich blood to different organs in your body. See A Doctor For Potassium Deficiency If you are suffering from IBD (inflammatory bowel disease), then it is possible to suffer from hypokalemia. It is because IBD can cause severe vomiting or diarrhea. Due to the excess loss of fluid from the body, you can experience potassium deficiency. The condition is also common when you take certain medications for an underlying health condition. Therefore, the use of diuretics or laxatives can also result in the condition. But, when you see the symptoms of the condition, then consult your doctor immediately. Severe problems like irregular heart rhythms, breathing problems, or muscle paralysis needs immediate medical attention. So, never delay consulting a doctor. With proper medical attention, you can overcome the problems without any complications. Diagnosing Potassium Deficiency When you observe the symptoms mentioned above, seek an appointment with the doctor. While potassium deficiency may seem like a simple problem, it needs medical intervention to avoid serious complications. When you see a doctor, you need to undergo the following to evaluate your condition and get prompt assistance: Assessing Your Condition To determine the severity and extent of hypokalemia, your doctor tries to detect the actual cause of the condition. So, your doctor reviews the medical history of the patient. When you suffer from certain medical conditions or take medications to treat some underlying issue, it reduces the potassium levels in your body. By knowing the medical history as well as medications, your doctor can come to a conclusion. When a patient has clear symptoms like vomiting or diarrhea, it is easy to determine the cause of the condition. Your doctor can easily detect the issue when you take certain medications or other drugs. When the actual cause remains unclear, your doctor suggests tests. So, your doctor suggests the following: The majority of the time, your doctor determines the exact cause of the condition by reviewing medical history. The medical history gives detailed information regarding the medications you take and other health conditions that can cause the problem. In some cases, the doctor may not understand the actual cause of hypokalemia. In such cases, the doctor orders for urine tests. The test measures the excretion of the electrolyte/mineral in the urine to determine the exact cause of hypokalemia. You need to give a sample of your blood to detect the electrolyte levels in your body. So, the lab technician takes your blood sample and tests for the levels of calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium. It also measures the levels of potassium. Then, the doctor tries to identify the actual cause of hypokalemia. Hypokalemia can affect the heart muscles. So, it cannot function properly, which results in abnormal heart rhythms. If the doctor suspects hypokalemia, then an ECG (electrocardiography) can check for abnormal heart rhythms. Treatment For Potassium Deficiency The treatment for hypokalemia depends on the severity of the problem. If you have mild symptoms, then your doctor prescribes some medication and diet change. While severe cases need treatment in the hospital. So, after diagnosis, based on the symptoms you show and the levels of electrolyte in the body, you can undergo the following: Treatment For Mild Potassium Deficiency For mild cases of hypokalemia, you can consult a doctor to get the right recommendations. The suggested treatment options include: - Reducing the dose or stopping the medications causing hypokalemia. - Take daily potassium supplements. - Include foods like fruits and vegetables containing the electrolyte/mineral. - Take the medication prescribed by the doctor like angiotensin receptor blockers or angiotensin-converting enzyme. Treatment For Severe Cases Of Potassium Deficiency People suffering from severe cases of hypokalemia needs immediate medical treatment. So, your doctor recommends getting treatment in the hospital. It is important to monitor the treatment offered as excess levels of potassium can result in severe heart and muscle problems. So, while prescribing hypokalemia treatment, your healthcare provider maintains caution. Frequent checking is necessary to ensure the electrolyte levels stay in the normal range and never exceed. Here are the treatment steps followed by the doctor: Identify And Remove Causes Resulting In Potassium Deficiency It is essential to identify the underlying cause of severe hypokalemia. Therefore, proper diagnosis is necessary to detect the condition causing the problem. Based on the diagnosis, your doctor suggests appropriate treatment. For example, your doctor suggests taking medication to reduce or ease vomiting or diarrhea triggering hypokalemia. If medications induce the condition, then the healthcare professional changes the medication. Maintain The Electrolyte Balance To overcome hypokalemia, your doctors suggest taking potassium supplements. But, the healthcare professionals monitor the condition frequently as fixing hypokalemia too quickly can result in unwanted side effects like abnormal heart rhythms. In severe cases of hypokalemia, your doctor provides an IV drip for a controlled intake of the electrolyte. Controlled intake is essential to avoid any serious complications. Recommend Special Diet To Overcome Potassium Deficiency After you leave the hospital, your doctor specifies a diet to address hypokalemia. You need to follow the diet suggest or take supplements as recommended by the doctor. Make sure you take the supplements with lots of fluids. You need to take the supplements with or after your meals. In some cases, you suffer from magnesium loss along with hypokalemia. Therefore, you need to take magnesium supplements to overcome the loss. Prevent Potassium Deficiency Is it possible to prevent hypokalemia? When you suffer from diarrhea or vomiting, it is possible to lose the electrolyte balance. Underlying issues like IBD and the use of certain medications can also increase your risk of developing hypokalemia. So, you need to ensure you get enough potassium in your diet to overcome the loss. While the severity of hypokalemia depends on the symptoms you suffer, issues like heart problems, severe fatigue, muscle problems, and constipation can only make your hell hard. To avoid the condition from escalating, see a doctor. Get the necessary treatment. You can also include a potassium-rich diet to overcome the condition. Diet To Overcome Potassium Deficiency The best way to get enough potassium is to eat a varied diet that includes plenty of fruits and vegetables. According to doctors, you need to take K daily. The recommended daily intake of K can vary for men and women. Here are the actual required levels needed for your body You need to take 3400 milligrams (mg) For women, 2600 mg is necessary So, how can you get the necessary nutrients to avoid hypokalemia? A wide range of foods has K needed for your body. So, including vegetables, fruits, dairy products, meat, whole grains, and nuts can offer you the necessary nutrients to maintain the electrolyte balance. Your body can absorb 85% to 90% of the K you consume. If you are wondering how to eat get the necessary amount of K from the different food sources, here are some of the examples: - Include a half cup of dried apricots as it contains 1101 mg - East cooked lentils as it contains 731 mg/cup - Half cup of dried prunes contains 699 mg - Drink a cup of orange juice as it contains 496mg/cup - A medium-sized banana contains 422 mg - A cup of 1%-fat milk contains 366 mg - 1%-fat milk: 366 mg per cup - Eating 2 cups of spinach has 334 mg - 6 ounces of nonfat fruit yogurt contains 330 mg - Eating half a cup of cooked, chopped broccoli has 229 mg - Eat a cup of cooked brown rice as it has 154 mg/cup In order to avoid hypokalemia, you need to include a wide range of healthy food in your diet. A healthy diet can prevent the condition and keep you fit. You can easily treat potassium deficiency with the assistance of a healthcare team. With medical intervention, it is possible to detect the underlying medical condition triggering the condition. In moderate cases, you can control the electrolyte levels in the body through diet as well as supplements. So, make an appointment with your doctor as early as possible. With medical intervention at the right time, you can prevent hypokalemia from developing into serious complications that can affect your normal life. Make the right decision by choosing to see a doctor as early as possible and follow the instruction to keep away any serious health complications.View Article Sources
Climate Council warns of wet future for Oz Climate change, driven by burning fossil fuels, contributing to the Great Deluge, is consigning Australia to escalating climate disasters Most of Australia’s East Coast from Cape York south to the Victorian border has had over a meter of rain by the end of October — with the rains still continuing. Some of these areas have had more than 2 meters, and a few more than 3 meters! Many rainfall records have been smashed in all of the eastern states: Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania; leading to almost constant flooding through the whole area that is continuing today. The latest reports from the BOM tell us the rains will continue into summer. This is clearly a function of global warming. Physical laws dictate that as air temperatures rise, the air can carry more water vapor before it begins to condense as rain. Higher temperatures increase the rate of evaporation of water from soils and standing water – encouraging drought. Seemingly contradictory warmer air can precipitate more water in areas where it is raining. As the water condenses out as rain it also releases its ‘heat of fusion’ — and more heat is available to drive more extreme winds able to carry rain to high elevations before the rain freezes to fall back to Earth in devastating hail storms. Over larger areas there is also more energy available to fuel increasingly powerful cyclones. Increased water means increased plant growth, increased temperature increases the rate at which soils and vegetation dry out — ensuring ever more catastrophic wildfires. Ever more floods, fires and tempests cause increasing damage to infrastructure and people’s livelihoods and property until the catastrophes follow one another so closely that there are simply not physical or human resources left to repair the damage from one catastrophe before the next catastrophe causes even more damage. If the warming is not stopped this progression leads inevitably leads to social collapse (as we are already seeing in parts of the world), agricultural collapse (and famines as we are already beginning to see in Africa and the Middle East), ecological collapse (as we are already seeing in marine habitats with coral reef communities, kelp beds, sea grass meadows), and finally, population collapses when the land has literally been swept bare (areas in Africa are already on the edge of the cliff). With the collapse of society, humans will quickly lose the scientific and engineering capabilities to fight further climate change already dialed into the system, such that there will be little hope of avoiding near-term global mass extinction. Continuing ‘business as usual’ support of the fossil fuel industry more-or-less ensures this grim outcome. The Climate Council’s report, presented below, presents the facts and explains what they mean here in Australia, and some of the things we can to moderate and mitigate the expected damages. This is a good start, but I would be a silly liar if I said this was all we need to do in order to keep from utterly destroying our future. Vote Climate One will continue to do whatever we can do to encourage serious government leadership and action to fight climate change. Please do what you can to pressure your representatives to counteract the self-serving special interests who consume our resources and return little or nothing from the super-profits they take overseas. If we can help get climate savvy governments on the problems that really matter, they may be able to mobilize enough action so we can survive our accidental disruption of Earth’s Climate System so our kids and grandkids inherit a world they can live in…. Featured Image: Rainfall and Flooding 2022 – Queensland to Tasmania. Current year data from 1 January to 2 November, sourced from Bureau of Meteorology, 2022. Graphic from Chapter 2, The Great Deluge: Climate Extremes in Action, in the featured article.
Companies nowadays are always moving towards accessibility. One of the most important parts of making an environment accessible is understanding the needs of those you work with. Since earning an Associate Degree in American Sign Language (ASL) Interpreting, I have learned a lot about different solutions to improve communication, but not all are 100% effective. For example, a paper from the University of California San Diego mentions “gesture recognizing gloves,” which translate American Sign Language into English. However, the gloves have been critiqued and questioned by linguists, ASL experts and specialists, and the deaf and hard of hearing (HOH) community. They are worn by the signer who signs the words and is then roughly translated into English for the hearing person. There is no way for the hearing person to communicate back to the signer (unless they know sign language). How else can we keep the workplace accessible for the deaf and HOH? - Have your staff learn basic ASL. There are apps, classes, and books with easy-to-learn ASL basics. Even mastering the fingerspelling alphabet will allow you to have basic communication with a deaf or HOH person. - When in doubt, write it out! If you cannot establish effective communication with your deaf client, try writing back and forth. Making the effort to reach a basic understanding means a lot to a deaf or HOH person. - Make sure you have an interpreter available at the client’s request. According to the American with Disabilities Act, companies, “must provide auxiliary aids and services when needed to communicate effectively with people who have communication disabilities.” - Interpret your online presence. Since ASL is entirely separate from English, written English can sometimes be a struggle for the deaf and HOH community to understand. It becomes even more difficult when a website full of complicated words and ideas is involved. An interpretation video on your website would increase your accessibility. If you are interested in creating a video for your webpages, contact our video team! Educating yourself on the community will be the best way to make your work environment accessible. To learn more, here is a FAQ from the National Association of the Deaf.
How to Eat with the Ecosystem Supply and demand are the basis of our market driven economy. As consumers, we dictate our preferences through our purchasing habits, which signals companies to produce more of the products we like or attach value to. Our demand for products shapes their availability on the market. When we have more control over input availability, this way of thinking isn’t all bad. But when we consider aquatic resources – where the main production engine is the ecosystem rather than a factory – this way of thinking can become problematic. Most of the time, consumers want the same species repeatedly: salmon, tuna, shrimp, crab and some sort of mild, white fleshed fish (pollock, cod, and hake are a few examples to name here). As the laws of supply and demand hold true in seafood production, we have seen fishing and aquaculture industries focus their production on these popular species, ensuring we have a steady and growing supply year-round. This has put undue pressure on our ecosystems. Nature has provided us with an astounding variety of aquatic species to sustain ourselves, and yet we eat a shockingly small variety, particularly in North America. Eating with the ecosystem has emerged to redefine how we shape demand for seafood products. It is a way to help us ensure we do not put any undue pressure on any single species or ecosystem, but rather focus our attention to what nature is providing in abundance at that moment in time. Aligning our consumption habits to the inherent variability of an ecosystem may be a novel concept, but this kind of flexibility is imperative if we are to continue to provide access to healthy and nutritious seafood now and into the future. Many Ocean Wise Seafood partners are working to encourage more people to eat with the ecosystem. We first learned about ‘eating with the ecosystem’ from our long-time partners at Skipper Otto Community Supported Fishery. In the fall of 2019, they published an insightful blog thanking their members for being accommodating of the ebbs and flows of production variability in many of the species that call B.C. waters home. This way of thinking allows Skipper Otto to provide the full range of species B.C. has to offer to their members across Canada. Eating with the ecosystem is also a way to bring awareness to how our eating habits impact the ecosystem. While top predators like tuna, swordfish, salmon and halibut are prized for their flavour and texture, these fish shouldn’t be hitting your plates every day. Whether they are farmed or wild caught, it simply takes more energy to produce protein from these sources. Incorporating more herbivorous fish and filter feeders like mussels, clams and oysters more often can help contribute to your goals of eating more mindfully and according to the needs of aquatic ecosystems. At Ocean Wise Seafood, we are in this for the long run. We believe both sustainable wild capture fisheries and sustainable aquaculture are essential for maintaining global access to nutritious, healthy protein. This year, we hope you join us in thinking more broadly about ecosystem impacts, and being more mindful about where your seafood is coming from.
Old Pueblo Archaeology Center offers guided tours to real archaeological sites for classrooms and other organized children’s groups. Heritage sites that can be visited in this program include a choice of the Picture Rocks petroglyphs site, Los Morteros Hohokam Village, or Vista del Rio Hohokam Village. Picture Rocks Petroglyphs Site. Situated in the Tucson Mountains foothills along the northwestern edge of Tucson, this site contains hundreds of ancient rock symbols created by the Hohokam Indians including dancing human-like figures, whimsical animals, abstract depictions, and at least one design that was used as a calendar to mark the changes of the seasons. Los Morteros Hohokam Village. Hohokam Indians lived and farmed at this ancient village site in the northwestern Tucson metropolitan area between AD 850 and 1300. The core of the site that is now preserved in a Pima County conservation park encompasses thousands of artifacts, a large Hohokam ballcourt, pithouses, refuse mounds, petroglyphs, and the bedrock mortars that inspired the site’s name, “Los Morteros” (Spanish for “the mortars”). Vista del Rio Hohokam Village. A portion of this Indian village site, which originally covered nearly a quarter of a square mile, is now partly preserved in a city park in eastern Tucson. Archaeological excavations discovered Hohokam pithouses, fire hearths, outdoor pits, arranged-rock features, and artifacts dating between AD 1100 and 1150. The park includes interpretive signs about the Hohokam occupation, and there are artifacts and traces of the archaeological features still visible on the surface. The youth tour is a guided visit only. It does not include archaeological excavation, and participants are not allowed to collect artifacts. Each tour takes about one hour, not including travel time to and from the archaeological site. Tours are subject to availability of a qualified tour leader and of the owner’s permission to visit the property on the requested tour date. For a foldable brochure that provides details about the Tours for Youth program please [click here]. To schedule a site tour, call Old Pueblo’s office at 520-798-1201.
School: Solon High School Teacher: Laura Fitch City: Solon, Ohio As Voyager 2 flew by Uranus in 1986, it was able map 40% of Titania, Uranus's largest moon. Claiming the spot of the eighth largest moon in our Solar System, Titania is filled with canyons, rupes, and craters, the largest being Gertude which reaches 326 kilometers. This indicates its potential geological activeness. However, it is less cratered than Oberon, suggesting a younger surface which could be attributed to early endogenic resurfacing events. Another interesting discovery made by infrared spectroscopy is the presence of carbon dioxide, possibly attributed to carbonates or organic material influenced by ultraviolet radiation. Because carbon dioxide collected at the poles warms during the summer, it moves to equatorial regions and opposite poles in a process called sublimation. This causes the creation of the carbon cycle, somewhat like the one here on Earth. With the exception of Voyager 2 in 1986, no other spacecraft has visited Titania. Considering the intriguing discoveries made with just several images, imagine what could be discovered if another mission was sent. Although the condition of Titania's icy mantle or possible hydrothermal vents is not known, more in-depth explorations could mean the answer to our burning questions.
So versatile, and such a perfect accompaniment to meat. Such comfortable food. Despite what you might have heard, potatoes are not from Ireland. Scientists believe they come from the Lake Titicaca, Peru, area, at about 12,500 feet above sea level, where they were first cultivated by Inca Indians 8,000 years ago. The International Potato Center in Lima, founded in 1971, maintains the world’s largest collection of potato seeds: More than 4,500. Spanish conquistadors brought them back to Europe in the 1500s and today they are the world’s fouth most important food source, after wheat, corn, and rice, according to William Roca, a geneticist at the Center. They grow underground, bulbous parts of the plant’s roots called tubers. The flesh is usually white, but it can also be yellowish, purple, or even red. The skin is not only the familiar tan and brown, but red, purple, blue, pink with yellow spots, and yellow with pink spots, and it gets thicker with age. Loaded with starch and sugars, they get sweeter with age. The skin is usually edible if washed thoroughly, and it should be eaten because many of the nutrients are in the skins or just under them. The three categories of potatoes For cooking purposes, potatoes can be divided into three categories: - Starchy potatoes. These are low in moisture and high in starch, and they are especially good for baking, mashing, frying, and roasting, but they are not very good for boiling because they can disintegrate if boiled too long. When they are cooked their texture is dry and floury. Most common is the Russet Burbank from Idaho. King Edward is another common variety. - Waxy potatoes. These are good, all-purpose spuds because they have moderate moisture and starch. When boiled they get soft around the edges but hold their shape, making them especially good for potato salads and casseroles. Most red-skinned potatoes are waxy. Yukon Gold is a popular example. - New potatoes. These are young spuds harvested in late winter and early spring. They are usually small, about golf ball size, thin skinned, and low in moisture and starch. They are best for boiling, skin and all. Use these in stews, soups, or boiled, buttered, and sprinkled with parsley or your favorite herb. Many of the fingerling potatoes are new potatoes. The all-purpose potato. All this understood, there is one potato that comes close to being the all-purpose spud, good for practically any use, it’s the Yukon Gold. Developed in 1966 at University of Guelph in Canada and released to the public in 1980, they are medium sized with a tan skin and a pale, cream color. They are medium starch and that makes them soft enough for mashing and sturdy enough for stews. In addition to its versatility under a variety of cooking conditions, it has a winning mild buttery flavor. Yukon Golds, hands down, are my faves. Buying and handling potatoes Buying potatoes. Try to buy potatoes individually rather than by the bag so you can inspect them. When selecting potatoes, try to pick those that are firm, without sprouts, and with no bruises, scars, or green patches. Greenish potatoes can have a mild toxin, solanine, but in such minute amounts there is nothing to worry about. To be safe, discard any potatoes that have green patches. Storing potatoes. Potatoes should be stored in the cool and dark, but not frozen. Ideal storage temp is 40-45°F at 95% humidity. Root cellars and crawl spaces are good. In the fridge the starches turn to sugar quicker, and the cold can also darken the meat. Potatoes and onions go together well on the dinner plate, but not in storage. They each emit a gas that can spoil the other. Put them in paper bags, not plastic bags. The need to breathe or they can rot. Quality control. After you wash them or peel them, sniff them! If they smell moldy or musty, throw them out. Cleaning potatoes. Potatoes grow underground and come out of the ground covered in dirt. They are cleaned before sold, but there can still be a bit of dirt and microbial contamination, so they need to be scrubbed vigorously. Most cookbooks recommend a brush, but I prefer a scrubby sponge that has no residual soap in it. If you plan to eat the skin, cut out the bad spots, but you can leave in the eyes. Sniff them carefully and discard any that smell musty. Green, sprouted, or wrinkled potatoes. Fresh firm and properly stored potatoes are safe to eat. As they age, they can develop green spots, the eyes can sprout, they can get wrinkly and soft. When this happens they can develop compounds called glycoalkaloids (GAs) which can be toxic. Most people will be unharmed by small quantities of GAs, but some may react poorly. In addition, the starches may start converting to sugars in these older potatoes. Removing the sprouts and the meat around them will remove toxins. Do not eat potato sprouts. Green spots are harmless chlorophyl, but they can be an indicator of the presence of toxins. As always, when in doubt, throw it out. The color of the pan matters! The potatoes below were peeled, lightly coated in oil, and cooked in lightweight baking pans about the same thickness and weight. The potatoes on the left were cooked in a stainless steel pan and the ones on the right were cooked in a steel pan coated with black enamel. As you can see, the black pan absorbed and transmitted more heat doing a better job of browning the potatoes. That’s why a black car is hotter than a white car on a summer day. Even though there isn’t much visible light in the oven, the radiation from the heat works like light and will not be absorbed as well by a shiny or white pan. Cookie bakers learn that the darker the pan the browner the cookie bottoms, as do pizza bakers. According to the AmazingRibs.com science advisor Prof. Greg Blonder “Likewise, a clear Pyrex pie plate transmits infrared energy the glass to brown crust a bit more quickly, which is why so many cornbread recipes call for a clear pan. Otherwise a low thermal conductivity Pyrex pan cooks more slowly than a high conductivity aluminum pan (200 times more conductive than glass), or cast iron (50 times more conductive than glass). Other properties impact browning, such as the mass of the pans (if they were preheated) and their position in the oven.” High quality websites are expensive to run. If you help us, we’ll pay you back bigtime with an ad-free experience and a lot of freebies! Millions come to AmazingRibs.com every month for high quality tested recipes, tips on technique, science, mythbusting, product reviews, and inspiration. But it is expensive to run a website with more than 2,000 pages and we don’t have a big corporate partner to subsidize us. Our most important source of sustenance is people who join our Pitmaster Club. But please don’t think of it as a donation. Members get MANY great benefits. We block all third-party ads, we give members free ebooks, magazines, interviews, webinars, more recipes, a monthly sweepstakes with prizes worth up to $2,000, discounts on products, and best of all a community of like-minded cooks free of flame wars. Click below to see all the benefits, take a free 30 day trial, and help keep this site alive. Post comments and questions below 1) Please try the search box at the top of every page before you ask for help. 2) Try to post your question to the appropriate page. 3) Tell us everything we need to know to help such as the type of cooker and thermometer. Dial thermometers are often off by as much as 50°F so if you are not using a good digital thermometer we probably can’t help you with time and temp questions. Please read this article about thermometers. 4) If you are a member of the Pitmaster Club, your comments login is probably different. 5) Posts with links in them may not appear immediately.
Description & Technical information Manufacturers and workshops appeared rather late in China compared to Persia, although there definitely must have been a domestic handicraft. Large pieces appeared in the late 17th and beginning 18th century and were (in limited editions) made for temples or palaces. Around 1900 more big sizes were produced on request of the West. But slowly by slowly, the mass production would put an end to the refinement and subtlety. Fifty years later one can say that the Chinese rug production had completely lost its identity. It had no message to deliver, only technique. Contemporary production is experiencing a new possibilities and mostly follows the expectations of the western market. Date: Around 1900 Period: 1850-1900, 19th century Medium: warp and weft: cotton, pile: wool Dimensions: 172 x 94 cm (67⁷/₁₀ x 37⁰/₁ inches) Discover the gallery Carpets and Textiles More Works From This Gallery
The Ocean's Natural Way to Stop Climate Change with Dr. Jess Adkins In October, the New England Aquarium Lecture Series and the Lorenz Center of the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences at MIT present the John Carlson Lecture Series featuring Dr. Jess Adkins. With the burning of fossil fuels, the human race is conducting an experiment of unprecedented magnitude—carbon dioxide (CO2) is warming the planet and we are not sure how this will turn out. Even as we move to electrify the economy and leave fossil fuels behind, we must find ways to remove CO2 from the Earth’s atmosphere to avoid the worst outcomes of climate change. Reducing CO2 emissions alone is no longer enough. In this talk, Dr. Adkins—a chemical oceanographer who studies the history of the Earth’s climate—will share how a project that started with the basic science question of ‘How quickly do corals dissolve when the ocean acidifies?’ turned into a possible way to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at scale. This event is free and open to the public. Doors open at 5:30 p.m. with exhibits from MIT students and climate scientists in the Simons Theatre lobby. ABOUT THE SPEAKER Dr. Jess Adkins is the Smits Family Professor of Geochemistry and Global Environmental Science in the California Institute of Technology's Department of Environmental Science and Engineering. As a chemical oceanographer, Dr. Adkins focuses on geochemical investigations of past climates using corals, sediments, and their interstitial waters; rate of deep ocean circulation and its relation to mechanisms of rapid climate changes; metals as tracers of environmental processes; and radiocarbon and U-series chronology. After completing a bachelor's degree in chemistry at Haverford College, Dr. Adkins earned his Ph.D. studying chemical oceanography, paleoclimatology, and geochemistry in the MIT – Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program. He joined the faculty of the California Institute of Technology in 2000. ABOUT THE EVENT The John Carlson Lecture Series communicates exciting new results in climate science to the general public. Free of charge and open to the general public, the lecture is made possible by a generous gift from MIT alumnus John H. Carlson to the Lorenz Center in the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, MIT, and is presented in partnership with the New England Aquarium and the Lowell Institute.
Researchers from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine have found that Hispanic children from immigrant families reported fewer exposures to adverse childhood experiences than did Hispanic children from U.S.-native families. Adverse childhood experiences, or ACEs, are broadly defined as experiences of abuse, exposure to violence, or family dysfunction. These experiences can include parental divorce, domestic violence, economic hardship, and discrimination. The researchers say ACEs can contribute to lifelong negative effects on health and health care disparities, and previous studies have linked poor child and adult health outcomes to poverty and ACEs. The findings, published in the October issue of the journal Pediatrics, offer new insight into the potentially higher childhood resilience among children from immigrant families supported by strong community networks and a sense of cultural identity, says Lisa DeCamp, an assistant professor of pediatrics at the School of Medicine and the study's senior author. For the study, a child from an immigrant family was defined as a foreign-born child, or a U.S.-born child with at least one foreign-born parent. Using data from 2011 to 2012 gathered for the U.S. National Survey of Children's Health, the study included a total of 12,612 parent-identified Hispanic children, 66 percent of whom were from immigrant families. Parents answered a questionnaire that listed nine ACEs, indicating whether their child had been exposed to each. (The researchers note that these kinds of parental surveys may not adequately reflect the breadth of traumas children may be exposed to.) The researchers found that although more children in immigrant families experienced poverty compared to children in U.S.-native families (80 versus 47 percent), fewer reported high exposure to ACEs (16 percent versus 30 percent). Additionally, immigrant families reported a higher prevalence of no ACE exposure than did U.S.-native families (53 versus 44 percent). The researchers found that immigrant children experienced less exposure to parental divorce (11.9 percent versus 44 percent). After accounting for different variables such as children's age, parental education levels, household income, and family structure, the differences remained. "This points to two possible explanations: There are protective measures we don't see, such as resilience, or we're not asking the right questions that address adverse experiences specific to immigrant children such as fear of deportation of separation," says Tania Caballero, a pediatrics research and clinical fellow at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the paper's first author. Both DeCamp and Caballero are part of the Johns Hopkins Children's Center. Because Hispanic children currently account for a quarter of all children in the United States, and Hispanics are projected to be the largest ethnic group in the U.S. in 25 to 30 years, DeCamp says it's crucial to think ahead to identify likely traumas and protective factors specific to them. "Children coming from immigrant families often come from difficult circumstances, and these are children we hope will succeed," DeCamp says.Read more from Hopkins Medicine Posted in Health, Politics+Society Tagged immigration, child development
Joseph Campbell was a professor of literature at Sarah Lawrence College, and wrote extensively about comparative mythology. His “hero’s journey” theory has been extremely influential. This book is a collection of his lectures and writings on the Arthurian adventures and Grail Quests of the Middle Ages, specifically the “Matter of Britain” stories of the 12th and 13th centuries. These are the stories, or the basis of the stories, of Arthur’s court and its knights and ladies that we are most familiar with, and have nothing to do with the probable historical Arthur figure of the late 5th/early 6th centuries who may have led the Celtic Britons in resistance against the invading Saxons. If the historical Arthur existed, Arthur would have most likely been a nickname or title, not his name. And that’s not the Arthur Campbell was interested in. He was in it for the mythology, the fantastical adventures, the stories of the Grail, the Fisher King, the Dolorous Stroke, Tristan and Isolde. He makes it fascinating. In these lectures, essays, and his previously unpublished master’s thesis, “A Study of the Dolorous Stroke,” he traces the origins of these myths and legends, the sources in Celtic mythology, influences from Greek, Islamic, and Indian myths and poetry, and the transition from originally religious mythology to perhaps the first secular mythology, influencing and influenced by the emerging customs of courtly love. That Greek mythology would have influenced European poetry and story-telling is of course just a given. Islamic influence is also not very surprising, given that much of Spain was occupied by Muslims who had conquered the territory. I was initially quite startled by the idea of Indian influence. That seemed a reach–until I reminded myself of the Silk Road and the trade and communication between Muslims in Europe and the Middle East, and Muslims in India. The contributions to one of the most popular, influential, and lasting story cycles of Europe was truly not just international, but from the entire Eurasian world. That’s part of why we see repeated themes told differently, including the “dolorous stroke” that wounded the Fisher King and made his kingdom a wasteland until the true and proper knight arrived to set things right, occurring several different times, with kings of different names. And while the “dolorous stroke” is most often from a spear, sometimes it’s a sword. There are even echoes of some of the Arthurian themes in African stories from cultures distant enough to wonder if this is influence, or an underlying theme arising in more than one culture. It’s interesting, complex, not always an easy read, but well worth the time and the effort. Highly recommended. (New World Library, 2022)
Your email address will be used for Wildy’s marketing materials only. We will never give your email address to any third party. Special Discounts for Pupils, Newly Called & Students Browse Secondhand Online Divided into two parts, this book on human rights first offers an alternative history of natural law, in which natural rights are represented as the eternal human struggle to resist oppression and to fight for a society in which people are no longer degraded or despised. At the time of their birth in the 18th century and again in the popular uprisings of the 1990s, human rights became the dominant critique of law and society. The radical rhetoric of rights doctrine's symbolic value and its apparently endless expansive potential, has led to its adoption by governments and individuals alike seeking to justify their actions on moral grounds, and has undermined its radical edge.;Part two examines the philosophical logic of rights. The classical critiques of Kant, Burke, Hegel and Marx illuminate traditional approaches to the concept of human rights. The work of Heidegger, Sartre and psychoanalysis is used to deconstruct the metaphysical essentialism of both universalists and cultural relativists. Finally, through a consideration of the ethics of otherness and with reference to recent human rights violations, it is argued that the end of human rights is to judge law and politics from a moral standpoint which both transcends the present and is historically relevant.;This is a comprehensive examination of the discourse and practice of human rights. Using examples of ethically justified foreign policy and war in Eastern Europe, the book argues that human rights will end unless their utopian ideal is reassessed and introduced into practice.
An ensign used by British naval and merchant ships, the Red Ensign is the British flag initially favored by the colonists, and all designs of American flags descended from this banner. First used by George Washington on January 1, 1776, this modification of the British Red Ensign became in effect the first national flag of the United States. Rattlesnake flags were very popular with the colonists, particularly the more militant ones. This variation of the "Don't Tread on Me" theme was used by Rhode Island naval figure Esek Hopkins. This is the flag design that legend says was created by Betsy Ross for George Washington. Although most modern historians doubt the story, it has become a vital part of American History One of the original 13 star flags, the "Stars and Stripes" was probably the most commonly used variant. This unique flag was carried into battle by Vermont troops at the Battle of Bennington in 1777. The American Stripes flag was flown on American Merchant Ships during the Revolutionary era. This unique flag was flown at the headquarters of General Washington during most of the Revolutionary War. This flag was flown over the Bonhomme Richard, the ship commanded by Captain John Paul Jones, during his epic duel in the North Sea with the British frigate the Serapis. This flag was flown by Colonial troops at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in North Carolina in 1781. After the addition of Vermont and Kentucky to the Union in the early 1790s, the official flag of the United States became the 15 star, 15 stripe flag. It was used until 1818. This was the flag whose presence on the flagpole of Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland inspired Francis Scott Key to write the poem "The Star Spangled Banner." The poem was later put to music and in 1931 became our national anthem.
This election year has produced 17 Republican presidential candidates, which on its surface may appear to give the party a competitive advantage. Evolution, however, disagrees. A new study by Michigan State University researcher Arend Hintze and appearing in the current issue of Scientific Reports, says the delicate balance of some, but not too much, competition optimally drives the evolution of decision-making strategies. “Competition has a unique relationship with our decision-making strategies as humans,” said Hintze, an assistant professor at MSU. “Modest competition is a strong driver of good decision-making, but over-competition won’t lead to the best outcome.” Hintze found that strong competition, like that of the presidential candidate field, may cause humans to evolve quick decision strategies that sacrifice accuracy in order to be faster to the punch than competitors. Weaker competition, however, causes humans to evolve decision strategies to become more thoughtful and to do more research when seeking answers. “More competition necessitates quicker, less accurate decisions,” he said. “To prevent competitors from choosing first, we may rely on minimal information to make a decision. The downside of this strategy is the risk of ending up with the inferior option.” Away from the presidential spotlight, hermit crabs are constantly using this evolutionary skill. As the they grow, they need new, larger shells. In areas with a small crab population, crabs will inspect new shells carefully, even trying them on before committing to a new home. More crabs mean more competition. In crowded areas, crabs come across new shells and make snap decisions to wear them. Some crabs even cling to others before they shed their shells to lay claim to them. Hintze found that this excessive competition drives the evolution of split-second decision-making, even if that decision is not the most beneficial. In the race for the presidency, this might be seen in quick-response decisions or reactions as candidates fight for media coverage and relevancy. The strong competition might push candidates to comment on a topic or issue without proper planning because they are driven to mention it before their competitors. This drive is the adaptive result of evolution, according to Hintze. “Making quick decisions in light of competition is not irrational,” he said. “It’s the sign of an evolved organism to know when to rely on a hunch, even though the hunch might not be the best choice.” Thus, in order to get the best possible candidate for the presidential election, and to focus more on the topics that matter, the candidates should compete with one another less for the best results, he added.
When we start to examine addiction and how it takes its hold on our society, we must be weary not to limit ourselves to the scope of just drugs and alcohol. In fact, recent phycological studies have shown that there are several similarities to chemical dependency and outside issues such as gambling. Understanding how they exhibit similar negative behaviors and damaging consequences, lets us know that we can indeed employ common solutions to help those who suffer from a gambling problem find recovery. Before we grasp a firm understanding of gambling as an addiction, we have to consider that there are essentially two forms of gambling problems; problem gambling and pathological gambling. Problem gambling is when the desire to gamble is very strong despite past negative consequences. This is also sometimes referred to as “compulsive gambling.” We would view it just as we would view someone who would be within the “problem using” or “problem drinking” stage of their drug or alcohol use, often times called the contemplation stage. However, people who would fall under the pathological gambling category are dealing with a far more severe problem, often times in need of a more clinical approach. Pathological gambling, much like chemical dependency, exhibits every common symptom ranging from preoccupation with thoughts of gambling or finding ways of gambling, past efforts to stop gambling but unable to, giving up social responsibilities or professional obligations to actively gamble or seek means to gamble with and even express signs of irritability and distress from not gambling much like withdrawals. Unlike substances such as alcohol and drugs, pathological gambling often becomes habit forming almost immediately, typically referred to as “swiftness.” This primarily has to do with the environment one finds themselves engaging in gambling, namely casinos. The high intensity and the urgency stressed in the atmosphere makes one more susceptible to have urgency stressed onto their use, and therefore quick acting. Compare that with, let us say a bar, where the drinker may frequent the establish two or three times a week at the start and then gradually starts frequenting the establishment every night. Pathological gambling is also more insidious than most use of drugs and alcohol, essentially because the behaviors and actions of an intoxicated person are more quickly recognized than someone with a gambling issue. It also makes the loved ones realize that their addict needs help sooner. Usually it is not until financial ramifications start becoming present in a person’s personal or family life do they realize there is a problem. Gambling addiction is a disease exactly like any other addiction. And just like with any other addiction, it is important for us to realize that there is a solution. By examination of behaviors and consequences, the gambling addict can be susceptible to a clinical approach and therefore can find recovery, just like any other addict. However, just like with any other addiction, they have to want to get help. They have to understand their actions are hurting themselves and the ones they love the most. Before they reach that point, and commit to getting some help, the healing cannot begin. In turn, they have to realize that there are people in their life to encourage them with love and support to finding freedom from their gambling addiction. -J. Dalton Williams
Puppy Love: It’s official! Having a pet is good for your heart While all animal lovers know instinctively that living with a pet can lift their spirits, a new scientific statement from the American Heart Association confirms it is literally good for the heart. Based on many studies, the statement correlates pet ownership with reductions in blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and obesity risk, while potentially also reducing the body’s reaction to stress. This is because pets “probably provide a calming effect” on their owners, says the statement’s lead author, the cardiologist and Baylor College of Medicine professor Glenn Levine. “This leads to less release of adrenaline-like chemicals and less increase in heart rate and blood pressure.” These benefits apply to owners of all types of pets, but dogs especially—because “regular aerobic activity, such as walking, is associated with a decreased risk of heart disease,” Levine explains. The statement cites a study in which dog owners were found to be 54 percent more likely than non-dog-owners to perform AHA-recommended levels of daily physical activity. These benefits do not apply only to healthy pet owners with no heart-disease history: pet owners with past or current cardiovascular problems tend to show longer survival rates than their petless counterparts. Nonetheless, the AHA warns against acquiring pets merely for medical reasons. Even a scientific organization knows that it’s all about the love.
I see this morning that the Army Corps of Engineers has decided to seek another path for the controversial pipeline through North Dakota. This is a victory for the thousands of people who’ve been actively resisting the construction of that pipeline. I don’t know much about the engineering or property details of the pipeline. I don’t know much about how many jobs, or how much lower the price of gasoline would be if the pipeline were built. I don’t know how badly the pipeline would have jeopardized local water supplies. Those are all important considerations. What I do know is that the people who live there didn’t want it, and in a democracy that ought to matter. For once, it has. Yesterday’s decision isn’t the last word. the Army Corps is just saying it needs to look for alternative routes for the pipeline. It may eventually say the controversial route is the only one. This may just be a ploy to get the protesters to disperse so the ‘dozers can roll. But at least for today, the folks at Standing Rock can catch a breath. There is a solar-powered scooter with a camera trundling around on the surface of Mars. It is called “Curiosity” and since August of 2012 it has been taking pictures and sending them back to Earth. The most recent batch of pictures are “stunning” or “glorious” if you ask USAToday or Fox News. I would not say such things if I were them. The surface of Mars, as the picture clearly shows, is dismal, dry and forbidding: A few days ago, several sources, including “Universe Today,“ reported that Curiosity is getting close to an RSL. Recurring slope lineae are dark streaks on the surface of Mars that are periodically observed by telescope and are thought to be a possible source of water, or as the more scientific sources have it, “liquid water.” These recurring slope lineae are narrow, dark markings on steep slopes that appear and incrementally lengthen during warm seasons on low-albedo surfaces. The lineae fade in cooler seasons and recur over multiple Mars years. Recurring slope lineae were initially reported to appear and lengthen at mid-latitudes in the late southern spring and summer and are more common on equator-facing slopes where and when the peak surface temperatures are higher. None of that proves there is water on Mars, though perhaps there is. Either way, NASA has resolved to re-route Curiosity to keep it away. There may be Earth bacteria on the rover, and they don’t want to contaminate the as yet unseen Martian flora and fauna. Now, I hasten to say that taking measures to protect water, air and earth is a noble thing. I approve of NASA’s decision and I think it speaks well of humans that they act responsibly toward this distant planet. What I DON”T understand, is why humans don’t take better care of our own planet. I’ll take planet Earth any day. Spend a few moments browsing with this New York Times interactive water quality dataset. You can choose a state from the drop-down menu, and then zoom in to your home community to see if there are any polluters near you. (I should note that the dataset is a few years old and evidently has not been kept up to date.) After studying it a while, I AM sure that it is a joke of one sort or another. I looked at Indiana and learned that the fourth worst polluter (judging on number of violations) is . . . . wait for it . . . a catholic convent! The #1 polluter in Indiana is the small town municipal water system of Austin. Most of the large industrial enterprises across the state either are missing or are association with zero violations. Better information on water quality is found at the US Geological Survey. The problems aren’t limited to Flint, Michigan. And water quality isn’t the only issue. Recently 14 members of the Standing Rock Sioux were arrested for trying to keep a pipeline off their land. Now, I’m aware that the pipeline would bring fuel to US consumers. I’m aware there are already lots of pipelines and that they are pretty safe. I understand that wild animals scared by the pipeline are free to run wild in the other direction. I’m aware of all the reasons in favor of the pipelines. But if the land belongs to the Standing Rock Nation, the pipeline it should not be forced on them. (A federal judge decided earlier today to deny the Sioux’ request.) Anyway, my question here is a simple one. How is it even possible that mankind looks to outer space with such fascination and hope, and yet so many people act with such disdain toward what is quite obviously the jewel of the Universe?
A Burnt Child Dreads the Fire Meaning Definition: People avoid the things that have hurt them. Origin of A Burnt Child Dreads the Fire This proverb appeared in the year 1320. It was in a collection of proverbs called The Proverbs of Hendyng. The original wording and spelling was brend child fur dreadeth. Examples of A Burnt Child Dreads the Fire In this example, a college student remembers that his friend lied to him in the past. He won’t let his friend hurt him with lies again. Karl: That was a great party we had! Frank: Yeah, it was. Now, all we have left to do is clean up the mess all of our friends left. Karl: Okay. Why don’t you start cleaning now, and I’ll come help you in about 20 minutes? I have to run a quick errand before I can start. Frank: Absolutely not. Karl: What? Why not? Frank: You said the same thing the last time we had a party. You told me that you would help me clean up in a few minutes, and then you disappeared for three days! I had to clean up everything by myself. Karl: I apologized for that. It won’t happen again. Frank: I’m sorry, Karl. A burnt child dreads the fire. I can’t take the chance that you’ll do it again, so I won’t let you leave until this apartment is clean. In this example, two friends use the idiom at an outdoor concert. Lily: Hey! I bought some funnel cake from that vendor over there. Do you want some? Grace: No, thanks. Unfortunately, I can’t eat food at concerts or fairs. The food at those types of places always makes me sick. Lily: But this is a different concert than those other ones. How do you know you’ll get sick if you eat food from here? Grace: A burnt child dreads the fire. I can’t risk food poisoning again, even if the food does look and smell delicious. You go ahead and eat it all. Lily: Okay. If you’re sure. In the below excerpt, a phone company is very careful. This is because they made a mistake before and don’t want to make it again. - Samsung suffered a great deal this year with rampant battery explosions of Note 7. Thanks to Galaxy S7, the situation got tackled and the reputation was saved to a great extent. A burnt child dreads the fire and the Korean giant is being extremely cautious at every step to avoid any trouble in future. –TechPLZ This excerpt is about a sport called kabaddi. The article uses the proverb to explain how a kabaddi team lost. After that, they worked extra hard to avoid losing again. A burnt child dreads the fire. India’s growth in stature at the 2016 Kabaddi World Cup has been a classic case of that. Coming into the competition as defending champions and heavy favourites, there was an air of invincibility about Anup Kumar’s side. But in the very first game, South Korea shattered that notion by handing them a 34-32 defeat. –First Post The phrase a burnt child dreads the fire is a way to explain that those who are hurt or scared often try very hard not to be hurt or scared in the same way again. They are more cautious than others.
Missing links and a look at the Romer’s gap The term “missing link” was coined in Darwin’s time and was used to denote the “hypothetical organisms that linked different groups, and especially humans with anthropoid apes.” Perhaps the most famous “missing links” are those linking humans to our more ape-like ancestors. The term “missing link” is misleading, however, because it supposes that all creatures are linked in a hierarchy or Chain of Being when the case is rather that all creatures share common ancestors. The term also implies that there are certain links that are missing and thus disprove the theory of evolution. Modern scientists speak of transitional forms instead of “missing links.” Cotner and Moore define a transitional form as: “An organism having anatomical features intermediate between those of two major groups of organisms in an evolutionary sequence. Transitional forms show evolutionary sequences between lineages by having characteristics of ancestral and newer lineages. Since all populations are in evolutionary transition, a transitional form represents a particular evolutionary stage that is recognized in hindsight.” Why don’t we find something halfway between a hippo and a whale, then? Miller explains that transitional fossils are retrospective: “For example, transitional forms are not to be found between living whales and their closest living relatives the hippos, but between whales and their common ancestors with the hippos. Such forms will be unlike anything living today. Transitional forms are found by moving down the tree of life into the past, not by trying to jump from limb to limb.” Keith B. Miller addresses two errors with regard to the fossil record and missing links: “There are two opposite errors that need to be countered about the fossil record: (1) that it is so incomplete as to be of no value in interpreting patterns and trends in the history of life, and (2) that it is so good that we should expect a relatively complete record of the details of evolutionary transitions within most or all lineages.” David H. Bailey states that many of the gaps pointed out by creationists have been filled over the past few decades. Dawkins states that “for a large number of fossils, a good cause can be made that every one of them is an intermediate between something and something else.” It is true that there are gaps in the fossil record, but that is exactly what one would expect if one takes into consideration the difficult process of fossilization and the amount of strata which have been excavated. A rare occurrence known as fossil Lagerstätten took place where one encounters thick layers of fossil-rich rock. These are very rare indeed. Organisms that lack hard parts (eg. Ediacaran organisms, sponges, plants) have very little hope to be fossilized and even when an organism has hard parts, dissolution and recrystallization could erase any traces of fossilization. Erosion and changes in the formation of rock can also destroy fossil evidence. Terrestrial organisms are less likely to be fossilized than those in aquatic environments, because sediments in water increase the chances of fossilization. Even when there are fossil-rich layers, these may be situated in inaccessible places, e.g. on the bottom of the sea or in the subsurface. Long-lived and abundant species stand a bigger chance of being preserved in the fossil record than short-lived or scarce species. For example, a fossil impala would be more probable than a fossil aardvark. As Charles Darwin stated: “The crust of the earth is a vast museum; but the natural collections have been imperfectly made, and only at long intervals of time.” One famous gap in the fossil record is called Romer’s gap and spans from the end of the Devonian period (about 360 million years ago) and the early Carboniferous period (about 340 million years ago). This gap basically correlates to the evolution of fish into amphibians. Several of these transitional forms have been discovered: - Eusthenopteron foordi, discovered in 1881 in a collection of Canadian fossils, is an example from the late Devonian period. At the bases if its fins, this creature had bones which are analogous to those of terrestrial animals. Eusthenopteron looked like a fish and probably spent its life in water. - Panderichthys rhombolepis is another specimen from the Devonian. It had less fins and thicker ribs than fish. Thicker ribs are needed to support the body when the creature is out of the water, but Panderichthys probably lived mostly in water. - Ichthyostega stensioei and Acanthostega gunnari looked like fish with legs. Their cranial structure and skeletons resembled that of a fish, but their ribs were even thicker than those of Panderichthys. Both creatures could breathe air. Between the two, Ichthyostega probably spent more time on land than Acanthostega and moved like a seal does on land. Ictheostega would be the first known vertebrate that did not move like a fish. In fish, the hyomandibular bone serves to support the gills. This bone corresponds to the ear bone in mammals, also called the stapes. In Acanthostega the stapes resemble the hyomandibular bone of a fish and could not vibrate, thus rendering it useless for the purposes of hearing. Later, in the Carboniferous period, amphibians possessed a hyomandibular bone that could be used for hearing. - Tiktaalik roseae was discovered in 2004 and had amphibian-like skull, neck, ribs, elbows, wrists, and fingers, yet had fins, scales, and gills like a fish. It could probably prop itself up using the elbows, wrists, and fingers. Tiktaalik did not have gill plates and could thus move its head from side to side. Also see: http://waitbutwhy.com/2013/12/your-ancestor-is-jellyfish.html for a cute family history Bailey, D H 2010. Creationism and intelligent design: Scientific and theological difficulties. Dialogue: A journal of Mormon Thought 43/3, 62-81. Cotner, S & Moore, R 2011. Arguing for evolution: An encyclopedia for understanding science. Greenwood: Santa Barbara. Daintith, J & Martin, E (eds.) 2010. Oxford dictionary of science. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Darwin, C 1909. Origin of species. New York: P F Collier and Son. Dawkins, R 2009. The greatest show on earth: The evidence for evolution. London: Bantam Press. Miller, K B 2003. Common descent, transitional forms, and the fossil record, in Miller, K B (ed.) Perspectives on an evolving creation. Grand Rapids: William B Eerdmans.152-181. Rice, S A 2007. Encyclopedia of evolution. New York: Facts on File.
A 3-D "printer" that can create an entire pizza using nothing more than various powders? Sounds like something from a Star Trek film, but it's actually a lot closer to reality. Anjan Contractor, a senior mechanical engineer at Systems and Materials Research Corporation (SMRC) in Austin, Texas, is in the process of building a 3-D food printer with a $125,000 grant he received from NASA under its Small Business Innovation Research program, Quartz reported. The idea is to create a prototype for a universal food synthesizer that will make food with an extended shelf life for space travel. Contractor has already created a food printer that prints with chocolate. "The way we are working on it is, all the carbs, proteins and macro and micro nutrients are in powder form," Contractor told Quartz. "We take moisture out, and in that form it will last maybe 30 years." Those powders could be made out of any number of materials, according to TNO Research, a firm that has outlined substances that can be used to create edible meals. Some of these materials include algae, duckweed, grass, lupine seeds, beet leaves and insects. Pizza will be one of the first items printed because of its natural layers of ingredients. First, a layer of dough will be printed and baked at the same time using a heated plate at the bottom of the printer. A layer of tomato base will follow -- made of powder, water and oil -- then a protein layer will top the pizza. Each meal will be made using customizable software, which Contractor wants to keep open source for sharing. A pizza made of powders consisting of algae and insects may not sound appetizing, but it could help combat world hunger and dramatically curb food waste. Contractor said his ultimate plan is to have someone buy the technology and turn it into a business. Who knows? Maybe in 30 years, each new home will be outfitted with a 3-D food printer instead of a microwave.
Sources: The Library of Congress Country Studies; CIA World Factbook The Iranian navy has always been the smallest of the three services, having about 14,500 personnel in 1986, down from 30,000 in 1979. Throughout the 1970s, the role of the navy had expanded as Iran recognized the need to defend the region's vital sea-lanes (see table 10, Appendix). In 1977 the bulk of the fleet was shifted from Khorramshahr to the newly completed base at Bandar-e Abbas, the new naval headquarters. Bushehr was the other main base; smaller facilities were located at Khorramshahr, Khark Island, and Bandar-e Khomeini (formerly known as Bandar-e Shahpur). Bandar-e Anzelli (formerly known as Bandar-e Pahlavi) was the major training base and home of the small Caspian fleet, which consisted of a few patrol boats and a minesweeper. The naval base at Bandar Beheshti (formerly known as Chah Bahar) on the Gulf of Oman had been under construction since the late 1970s and in late 1987 still was not completed. Smaller facilities were located near the Strait of Hormuz. The Navy's airborne component, including an antisubmarine warfare (ASW) and minesweeping helicopter squadron and a transport battalion, continued to operate in 1986 despite wartime losses. Of six P-3F Orion antisubmarine aircraft, perhaps two remained operational, and of twenty SH-3D ASW helicopters, possibly only ten were airworthy. Despite overall losses, the navy increased the number of its marine battalions from two to three between 1979 and 1986. Entirely of foreign origin, Iran's naval fleet has suffered major losses since the beginning of the war, when it was made up of American- and British-made destroyers and frigates, and some sixty smaller vessels and one of the largest Hovercraft fleets in the world. The Hovercraft had been expressly chosen to operate in the shallow waters of the Persian Gulf and proved useful in the 1971 occupation of Abu Musa and the Tunbs. After the cancellation of foreign orders in 1979, the rapid matériel advance of the navy was halted. For example, the shah's government had ordered six Spruance-class destroyers equipped for antiaircraft operations and three diesel-powered Tang-class submarines from the United States. Washington canceled the sale of these vessels, selling the submarines to Turkey and absorbing the destroyers into the United States Navy. In 1979 Khomeini also canceled an order for six type-209 submarines from West Germany. What naval vessels remained in 1987 suffered from two major problems--lack of maintenance and lack of spare parts. After the departure of British-United States maintenance teams, the Iranian navy conducted only limited repairs, despite the availability of a completed Fleet Maintenance Unit at Bandar-e Abbas; consequently, several ships were laid up. Lack of spare parts also plagued the navy more than other services, because Western naval equipment was less widely available on world arms markets than other equipment. Iran's ambitious plans for escort and patrol capabilities in the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean may not be realized until the Bandar Beheshti naval facility is completed. The country's interest in navigation through the Strait of Hormuz has not diminished, as the contemplated deployment of Chinese-made Silkworm HY-2 surface-to-surface missiles on Larak Island in 1987 clearly indicated. This development underscored Iran's interest in Gulf waters and the navy's role, along with that of Pasdaran units, in protecting them or in denying them to others. Data as of December 1987 NOTE: The information regarding Iran on this page is re-published from The Library of Congress Country Studies and the CIA World Factbook. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Iran Navy information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Iran Navy should be addressed to the Library of Congress and the CIA.
What is an efficiency rating? An efficiency rating is a unit of measure developed by the U.S. Department of Energy to rate the energy efficiency of a piece of equipment. The higher the efficiency rating, the more efficient the equipment is. If you have a boiler, do you need a separate hot water heater? No, the hot water is heated directly by the coil in the boiler. What is an expansion tank used for? Where is it located? An expansion tank is used on a boiler, as the water heats up it expands and needs a place to go. Usually the expansion tank is located above the boiler and holds more than 2 gallons of water. Why would an expansion tank need to be drained? How is this done? If all the setting are correct on a boiler the expansion tank should never need to be drained. The tank constantly has water in it so ever if you drain it water will flow back into the tank. To drain the tank, you need to open the relief valve at the bottom of the tank, hook up a tube and drain. What is the difference between a hot water and steam boiler? A hot water boiler has an expansion tank and a steam boiler has a sight glass. Why do you need to purge the system? What is involved? You would need to purge a system because air is in the lines and water is not flowing to the radiators. By using a key from a hardware store, open the valve on the radiator until you get a steady stream of water. You will need to start at the first floor radiators and work your way up. Boiler systems have a pressure/temperature settings that are visible on the boiler, what are the proper settings? What temperature/pressure is dangerous and should the CSR advise the customer to shut off the unit? A steam boiler's pressure gauge should read about 4-5lbs and a hot water boiler's gauge should read about 12-15lbs. The temperature should be less than 200 degrees and if it reaches 250 degrees the unit should be shut down. Can a crack in a boiler be patched, or does the entire unit need to be replaced? If a boiler has a crack, it cannot be patched, and it will need to be replaced. Where is the emergency switch located? When should this be used? The emergency switch is usually located at the basement's exit, at the top of the steps or near a back door. This switch is identical to a light switch, but it usually has a red switch plate. It should only be used when you need to cut the electricity to the furnace or boiler in case of a problem. Where is the reset button located? Why should you only press it one time? The reset button is always red and is usually located on or near the burner. On systems that are 40 years old or older, the reset button is located on the smoke pipe. When the reset button is pressed it causes fuel to flow into the system. It is a bad idea to press the reset multiple times, because it can cause the system to flood. What is a prime and start? Is this procedure different for a furnace than a boiler? A break in the fuel line or an empty fuel tank would make it necessary for a technician to perform a prime and start on a furnace or boiler. To do this, the technician must first trace the oil line to the pump and loosen the bleeder valve. Then he must attach an oil line to the pump, press the reset button on the system, and allow the line to run until there is a steady stream of oil reaching the furnace or boiler. This process is the same for both a furnace and a boiler.
Mark and I began blogging about schools and ecosystems because we were frustrated with the business model of school reform. As we wrote in our original schools and ecosystems manifesto, “applying an industrial-growth model” to school design doesn’t work– at least not for students and teachers. We proposed that viewing schools as ecosystems might help us design more humane and effective educational reforms than those currently on offer. Sadly, it doesn’t seem like that’s the direction education reform will take in New York State anytime soon. In case you hadn’t heard, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo wants to subject public school teachers to be a new evaluation scale wherein student standardized test scores will be the core measure of a teacher’s quality. Cuomo also wants a merit pay system wherein teacher pay would be linked to student test scores. Merit pay and value-added assessment: these are common proposals from advocates of the business model. Their merits have been roundly debated elsewhere, so our readers likely already have a position on each of these management tools. What you might not know, however, is that both of these common management techniques have their roots in American chattel slavery. Caitlin C. Rosenthal, a fellow at that hotbed of radicalism known as Harvard Business School, has been researching the connections between modern management and the techniques that slaveowners used to track and improve their slaves’ productivity. Rosenthal has found that having a captive workforce allowed slaveowners to experiment with a wide variety of management techniques. Among these, merit pay: “This led owners to experiment with ways of increasing the pace of labor, Rosenthal explains, such as holding contests with small cash prizes for those who picked the most cotton, and then requiring the winners to pick that much cotton from there on out. Slave narratives describe how others used the data to calculate punishment, meting out whippings according to how many pounds each picker fell short. Similar incentive plans reappeared in early twentieth-century factories, with managers dangling the promise of cash rewards if their workers reached certain production levels.” Slaveowners also pioneered the art of measuring employee value as a function of productivity: “Starting in the late 1840s, [slave-managing innovator] Thomas Affleck’s account books instructed planters to record depreciation or appreciation of slaves on their annual balance sheet. In 1861, for example, another Mississippi planter priced his 48-year-old foreman, Hercules, at $500; recorded the worth of Middleton, a 26-year-old top-producing field hand, at $1,500; and gave 9-month-old George Washington a value of $150. At the end of the year, he repeated this process, adjusting for changes in health and market prices, and the difference in price was recorded on the final balance sheet. These account books played a role in reducing slaves to ‘human capital,’ Rosenthal says, allowing owners who were removed from day-to-day operations to see their slaves as assets, as interchangeable units of production in a ledger, instead of as people.” Much of this is hardly surprising. After all: “The evolution of modern management is usually associated with good old-fashioned intelligence and ingenuity—’a glorious parade of inventions that goes from textile looms to the computer,’ Rosenthal says. But in reality, it’s much messier than that. Capitalism is not just about the free market; it was also built on the backs of slaves who were literally the opposite of free. Perhaps I’m being generous, but I’d like to assume that when Cuomo and other business-minded reformers propose using merit pay and value-added assessment of employees, they’re unaware that they’re proposing slaveowner management techniques. Now that this troubling history is out there, let’s hope they’ll reconsider before advocating tools used to build and maintain one of America’s most brutal and repugnant institutions.
Review: The Edupunks' Guide, by Anya Kamenetz I have now had the chance to read The Edupunks' Guide and can now form some opinions based on what I've seen. And if I were forced to summarize my critique in a nutshell, it would be this. Edupunk, as described by the putative subculture, is the idea of 'learning by doing it yourself'. The Edupunks' Guide, however, describes 'do-it-yourself learning'. The failure to appreciate the difference is a significant weakness of the booklet. Let me explain. Suppose a person wanted to learn Thai cooking. Following the Edupunks' Guide, she would find some recipes using Google, perhaps find a Khan-style course, and if very lucky, a Thai cooking Google group. I would recommend the Vegan Black Metal Chef series - good tunes, and good food. By contrast, the edupunk way is to cook Thai food, and in so doing, learn how to be a good chef. There's no right or wrong way to go about it - the main thing is to get one's hands dirty and actually learn from the experience. In so doing, a person might take a course, search for recipes, ask for help, or - in the style of the underrated film 'The Raman Girl' or that overrated film 'The Karate Kid' - find a mentor to show you how to steam noodles. Now based on the discussion that has already taken place in this iDC forum, I would expect Anya Kamemetz's first response to be something along the lines of "I know that; I do encourage learning by doing." And no doubt that's what was intended, but that is not in fact what the booklet does. The structure and focus of the booklet is entirely toward the 'do-it-yourself learning' model. Here's Anya Kamenetz on learning to cook: A simple example is learning to make pizza. A few years ago, you may have had to take a class or at least buy a cookbook. Today you can put “how to make a pizza” into YouTube and within minutes, you’re watching a video that shows you how to fling the dough! (p. 2)But watching a video instead of watching a person (or taking a class) isn't what makes something edupunk. It's the act of taking matters into your own hands, and making pizza for yourself, instead of buying frozen or ordering delivery. And it's more than that: it's growing your own wheat, grinding your own flower, growing mushrooms and peppers, and grinding your own pepperoni. None of this is suggested anywhere in thge guide. Which is unfortunate, because it's misrepresenting what has overall been a pretty good movement. Kamenetz has what may only be described as a very naive understanding of education (including online education). Here's her representation: What DO we mean by education, exactly? There are three big buckets of benefit that an educational institution, like a college, historically provides.Notice how 'what we mean' by an education becomes the 'three big buckets of benefit' provided by educational institutions. The idea here is that if you can just provide these benefits for yourself, you'll be educated. And that, in turn, is what defines the overall structure of the booklet - section A focuses on the content, skills and knowledge; section B focuses on degrees and credentials; and section C focuses on networks, peers and mentors. And preceding these, the 'DIY Educational Manual' offers seven 'how-to' guides to learning online. - Content - the skills and knowledge. The subjects, the majors. You could think of this as the “what” of education. - Socialization - learning about yourself, developing your potential, forming relationships with peers and mentors. The “how.” - Accreditation - earning that diploma or other proof that will allow you to signal your achievement to the world, and with luck get a better job. The “why.” (p.3) The section of the book that comes closest to what we are discussing here, and what could have been the most valuable contribution, is the section on what the DIY movement is, exactly. This, for example, is great: DIY, or Do-It-Yourself, is a movement about self-reliance and empowerment. DIY communities help each other get the knowledge and tools they need to solve problems and accomplish goals on their own without being told how to act or being forced to spend a lot of money. That can mean growing your own food, fixing your own car, publishing your own writing or putting on your own rock show. (p.3)That's very good. Not perfect, but very good. I wouldn't say the reason people embrace DIY is to save money. Often, doing things yourself can end up being a lot more expensive - just ask anyone who has built his own car. And it's not about not being told how to act. Most DIYers will take direction willingly, if it accords with what they are trying to do. But DIY is about self-reliance and empowerment, and more, it is about a passion for the thing, a desire to know, a desire to create or to control, a desire to get behind the surface appearance of things. That's why it is so disappointing to read this: In the case of DIY education, it means getting the knowledge you need at the time you need it, with enough guidance so you don’t get lost, but without unnecessary restrictions. DIY doesn’t mean that you do it all alone. It means that the resources are in your hands and you’re driving the process. (p.3)Kamenetz simply doesn't understand what 'the process' is, which is why she is so mistaken about what it means to say 'you’re driving the process'. Education isn't about 'getting the knowledge'. It's not about 'getting' anything, except maybe a degree (about which we'll talk below). It's about becoming something - whether that something is a painter, carpenter, computer programmer or physicist. And becoming something is so much more than getting the 'big buckets of benefits' from educational institutions. Now if your interest is in DIY education - that is, an interest in the educational process itself - then the logical next step is to do what edupunks have in fact done: to create and experiment with the design of courses online, to create their own courses. This is what Jim Groom (who coined the term, 'edupunk') has done with digital storytelling (ds106) - he has taken the idea of a traditional university course, disassembled it, and then inserted his students into the story telling process. His second version of the course - the 'summer of Oblivion' - had his student weave narratives in and around the narrative about 'Dr. Oblivion' he created to teach the course. And this is what George Siemens, Rita Kop, Dave Cormier and I have done over a series of six or so Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) since 2008. Again, we have disassembled the educational process, put the tools into the hands of the course participants, and then invited them to recreate the course along 'connectivist' principles. In offering learning this way we are being edupunk, as are the course participants who created Second Life environments, Google groups, concept maps and illustrations, Twitter hashtags, online forums, in-person meetings, and more. We in these courses don't learn by reading, we don't learn by accessing course materials or watching videos, we learn by doing, by actually creating the distributed network that eventually became these courses. Now of course, not everybody wants to learn storytelling or how to create an online course. People are interested in every discipline under the sun, and the way of approaching and learning in each discipline is unique to that discipline. People interested in carpentry build spice racks, then bookshelves, then cabins, and learn about mitre joints and toe-rails as they go along. People who want to be philosophers read a lot, and try tentative arguments in fan forums, gradually over time finding out about and being admitted to the insider circles where Fodor and Searle and Pylyshyn (for example) play. It's hard to learn this way; in fact, it's harder than going to college. The educational system as it is currently structured is intended to offer a set of short cuts - access to qualified practitioners, creation of custom peer networks, guided and scaffolded practice - for a certain price. The system isn't (as suggested in Kamenetz's booklet) about imposing sets of restrictions and making things more expensive. It's about offering the greatest reach in the shortest time. It allows those willing and able to invest themselves full-time to master the basics of a discipline relatively quickly, so they can obtain employment and begin the real learning they will need to undertake in order to become expert. And this is what Kamenetz simply misunderstands about traditional learning - that the greatest of the 'bucket of benefits' isn't provided by the college at all, but by the student. It is this full-time immersion into a discipline that helps someone become the sort of person who can, over time, be an expert in that discipline. You can't just get the 'benefits' offered by a college and somehow 'acquire' an education without that commitment, without that immersion, without that dedication. Kamenetz's version of DIY education depicts it as a quick and inexpensive short-cut -- the exact opposite of what it actually is. Oh, and how. The seven how-to guides are each capsule examples of what I have been saying. Take the first section, how to "do research online" (p.7). It becomes pretty apparent from the advice (which begins "start with Google" and continues through search terms and hashtags) that by "research" Kamenetz means something like "find stuff." As a guide to web-search, the page might offer reasonable novice-level instruction (which would be quickly superseded by practice). As a guide to "research" it is dangerously misleading. What is research, anyways? An education in the disciplines that actually do research (which is, in fact, most of them) would suggest that it a structured method employed in order to identify causes or offer explanations of things. The historical researcher isn't interested simply in the fact that Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, she wants to know why he launched such a dangerous undertaking, what happened, what were the causes of its failure, and what the experience teaches us about the French, the Russians, and the nature of empires in general. And that is why Tolstoy's War and Peace is such a remarkable work. He doesn't just tell a story, he offers a thesis about the great events of the time, a thesis that has been expounded and studied by researchers of literature. Where is any of this in Kamenetz's guide? Where is the understanding that research needs to have a plan and a method, that it needs to ask questions, and set criteria for what would constitute answers to those questions? Where is the distinction between different types of research, such as experimental research, say, and literature reviews? Shouldn't Kamenetz have advised people who want to research online to first learn how to research, and maybe suggested some examples of successful research, and places where people could practice their own research? No, instead we get "A successful online research session will leave you with 20 open tabs or windows at the top of your screen." (p.7) That's not advice; that's a travesty of advice. Or consider the second how-to section, "write a personal learning plan." Having a plan is good; having several is even better (I cannot count the number of times my back-up plan has become my plan!). What we are given here are not plans. Consider these "goals" offered as examples: “I want steady professional employment in the field of sustainability.”These barely - if at all - count as goals. Kamenetz may as well have quoted six-year olds and given as examples "I want to ride a rocket ship" or "I want to be a fireman." A goal is something concrete, with a clear indicator of success, typically with a time frame, and described in terms of the effort being undertaken. “I want to start a business that feeds my love of jewellery.” “I want to combine teaching English with travel.” (p.8) Attempting to clarify the first of the three goals given above would reveal, for example, that there is no such thing as 'the field of sustainability'. It would be necessary to describe employment as an environmental scientist, climate researcher, alternative energy engineer, or some such thing. So we would expect a goal to read something like "I want to qualify and obtain employment as a solar power designer by 2020." Ah, but don't take my advice here. There's a lot of good material on identifying and setting goals, both online and off. This guide refers to none of it. It's as though Kamenetz is just making this up as she goes along. Or maybe depending on people like Weezie Yancey-Siegel, whose 'learning goal' Kamenetz cites as follows: To try out more of a self-designed, experiential approach to learning. Along the way, I hope to create something new and spark further social change in the area of education, social media, global citizenship, and general do-gooding. (p. 10)Her 'plan' consists of watching TED videos, reading some books, meditating, watching 'fictional films', and the like. We don't know why, for example, she supposes reading 'Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance' will help here, except that it was (maybe) recommended by Amazon. We don't know why she recommends viewing Nathan Myhrvold on shooting mosquitoes out of the sky with lasers. Her 'plan' is what most of us would call 'a year off'. And in fact, she is taking a year off her very traditional studies as a sophomore undergrad at Pitzer College in Southern California, majoring in International/Intercultural Studies. And her actual plan is to "create a new popular resource that I have realized does not exist at the moment. My hope is that my book and the varied profiles of bold 'eduventurists' will inspire other young people like myself to take their own leap into the unknown world of experiential, alternative learning." Should I go on? How about 'how-to' number three, "teach yourself online", where step number 1 and step number 4 are both "ask a question", step number 3 is "do some serious reading", and step number 2 is "zero in on unfamiliar words, phrases, symbols or expressions." Yes, there's a sidebar that says "the process wouldn’t be complete until he tried to do it himself" - but there's no sense of learning from example, learning from experience, iterative and scaffolded practice, experimentation, documentation and note-taking - all the usual accoutrements of do-it-yourself learning. Take a popular do-it-yourself instance, for example, learning to program online. Thousands - maybe millions - of people has taught themselves how to write software. The way they learned (the way I learned) does not in any way resemble the advice Kamenetz gives. Aspiring programmers look at what other programmers have done and read the explanations (at this point Kamanetz should gave Google-searched for 'worked examples', but she didn't). They experiment with the code, changing variables, adding functions, to learn how what they do creates new outcomes. They start with something simple (print "Hello world") move on to something more complex ("bubble sort") and engaging ("game of life") long before they, say, write their own word processor or database software. They begin as apprentices, debugging and proposing fixes on other open source projects, forking and extending when they get their legs, always trying out and sharing their work in the public forum, critiquing and accepting criticism. This doesn't just teach them programming, it teaches them how to think like a programmer, how to measure success, how to define the optimal. None of this is in the programming books - it's what Polanyi would call 'tacit knowledge' or Kuhn would call 'knowing how to solve the problems at the end of the chapter'. All of which Kamenetz would know, if she had researched instead of just performing some Google searches. It's as though Kamentetz has read about do-it-yourself learning, online or otherwise, but has never done it, much less tried to facilitate it. The remaining how-to guides (there's no need to deconstruct them all) are equally superficial and misleading. Defending her work in the iDC discussion list, Kamenetz has turned to a general defense of the idea of DIY learning, and suggested that her critics are entrenched academics with their own interests to protect. "So who's really uncomfortable with what I'm saying and how I'm saying it?" she asks. "A small subset of academics. People whose paychecks are currently signed by the academy. People for whom the transformation of education is a matter of academic interest in the narrow sense--you may be interested in informal, uncodable and untranslatable forms of self-learning, Marco, but there is no indication on RateMyProfessor.com that you refuse to give grades or credits." Of the names I have cited above - Groom, Cormier, Siemens, Kop - only one (Groom) is employed as a university professor. The rest of us - myself included - are employed in other endeavours (and yes, we are employed - there's no law saying edupunks have to be penniless bums). And of the other people I could cite in the same context, some are professors but the majority are practitioners of one sort or another - technologists, designers, consultants, researchers, programmers, etc. It is ironic - and typical - that Kamenetz would join an academics' mailing list, and then complain that all the members are academics. But let's look more seriously at what she is describing in these posts as edupunk. It appears to be, "how to get a degree quickly." The 'why' from above. She writes (ibid), "For a large proportion of people right now--as for a large proportion, if not the entirety, of the people on this list--that journey will include earning a credential from a recognized institution." She observes "the American Association of State Colleges and Universities, and some people in the Department of Ed, and not a few community college leaders across the country, have been quite friendly to what I'm saying." And "Government cuts to higher education are the reality of the world we live in, and DIY approaches can help maximize the resources that remain." She is free to hold her views, but that's not edupunk - it's not punk of any sort. It's establishment thinking combined with a good dose of offloading costs. Maybe it's good educational advice (it's not... but I digress) but it is definitely not edupunk. It's not even a good - or particularly informed - discussion of learning in the 21st century. I don't want to conclude by recommending my own work, but I will, because Kamenetz is obviously not familiar with any of the ideas and trends characterizing edupunk, do-it-yourself, informal, online, or community-based learning. Accordingly, I offer 'The Future of Online Learning - Ten Years On' as a comprehensive summary and insight into the technologies and trends she is trying to describe. Views Today: 0 Total: 306. SUBSCRIBE TO OLDAILY DONATE TO DOWNES.CA Web - Today's OLDaily Web - This Week's OLWeekly Email - Subscribe RSS - Individual Posts RSS - Combined version JSON - OLDaily National Research Council Canada All My Articles Stephen's Web and OLDaily Half an Hour Blog Google Plus Page Huffington Post Blog
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Temple of Isis at Pompeii: Statue of Sarapis from the Capitoline museum: Two of the statues I recently viewed in Italy really convinced me (as they have others such as Fleischer and LiDonnici) that the protuberances were usually understood not as breasts but as part of the costume which decorated the statue of Artemis Ephesia. This is a statue you can now see in the Capitoline museum in Rome. This statue has many of the same characteristics that we found in the other statues in my series here (arrangement of arms and legs, decoration of Artemis’ outfit with animals) with one very important exception: the use of two different colours of stone in the carving of the statue. The artist that carved this statue, those who commissioned it, and likely many who viewed it considered the protrusions on Artemis’ front not as breasts (which would need to be black here to match the skin of her feet and arms) but as part of the clothing decoration. Clearly these are not breasts. As Fleischer and others note, it is likely that the artist was representing an earlier statue of Artemis Ephesia (perhaps a statue of dark wood) which was literally dressed in special garments on particular occasions (dressing and feeding statues was somewhat common in certain cultural circles in antiquity). The artist chose to distinguish the earlier statue itself from the clothing and paraphernalia that decorated that statue by using two different colours of stone, and the bumps on her front are part of the costume here. That this understanding of the protrusions was not just an anomaly is confirmed by another artist’s rendition found in Neapolis, which is now preserved in the national museum in Naples (inventory no. 6278): So although church fathers such as Jerome and Minucius Felix later tended to generalize about the “multi-breasted” Artemis (Minucius Felix, Octavius 22.5; Jerome, Commentary on the Epistle to Ephesus proem), this characterization in late antiquity arose less from common perceptions among worshippers of this goddess and more from Christian propaganda aimed at presenting “paganism” as ridiculous or bizarre. What exactly these objects are is at this point generally unanswerable, but what is clear is that they are part of Artemis Ephesia’s outfit, not her body. As you’ll see by comparing the photo here with my previous post on this Artemis, there are certain elements that repeat themselves in the images of Artemis Ephesia from about the mid-second century BCE on into the Roman era. She is pictured standing upright with legs together, with upper arms tight against the body, and with her lower arms outstretched. The statues have elaborate costumes decorated with animals, and there are those mysterious protuberances that have led to characterizations of this deity as the many-breasted goddess. As in the previous statue I posted, these elements are also evident in the statue above that is now housed in the Vatican museum in Rome. Here you find a crowned Artemis with garments decorated with lions on the upper arms and deer-like creatures lining the front. Mythological and other figures appear on her sides and on her upper chest. Although far from conclusive, there are hints here that the artist of this piece (and those who viewed this Artemis) may not have thought of the protuberances as breasts, since they are considerably low (and another statue of Artemis Ephesia which is now in the Antikenmuseum in Basel, Switzerland has even more clearly low-hanging protuberances that miss the chest area altogether). The next statue photos will provide more conclusive suggestions regarding this issue. Stay tuned. My discussions of the statues are informed by the important work of Robert Fleischer, Artemis von Ephesos und verwandte Kultstatuen aus Anatolien und Syrien (EPRO 35; Leiden: Brill, 1973) and by Lynn R. LiDonnici, “The Images of Artemis Ephesia and Greco-Roman Worship: A Reconsideration,” Harvard Theological Review 85 (1992), 389-415. Here is perhaps the best known statue of Artemis Ephesia (or Artemis of Ephesus) as preserved in the Selçuk Archeological Museum (room C, inv. 718) near the ancient site of Ephesus: After my recent trip to the Naples archeological museum, I now have a number of depictions of Artemis Ephesia and other gods and goddesses in photo form. So I will be making a series of posts on Greco-Roman deities. As I discuss in the current series in the podcast (Honouring the Gods in the Roman Empire), there were many different local understandings and depictions of a particular god: in other words, there were many Dionysoses, Zeuses, and Artemises. Often one Zeus would be distinguished from another Zeus by an epithet: for example, there was a Zeus Soter (“Saviour Zeus”), a Zeus Brontos (“Thunderer Zeus”), and a Zeus Polieus (City-protecting Zeus). One local understanding of Zeus could be distinguished from another through art, in the depiction of the specific form of the god in statues. Artemis of Ephesus is just one local way in which this goddess was understood. You can hear more about her in episode 4.2 of the podcast. This Artemis Ephesia is consistently depicted as associated with nature and the wild, as the animals integrated within her garb and the deer at her side indicate. And she is also always depicted with the strange protuberances which you will see in each of the photos I post. There is some debate as to what these are. Are they multiple breasts? This may indicate notions of fertility and Artemis’ oversight over birth and life. Are they part of Artemis’ outfit here (perhaps a garment made using bull-testicles, as some scholars suggest)? Was this similar to an outfit worn by Artemis Ephesia’s main priestess and representative? Did interpretations of these objects vary even among ancient observers and sculptors? Actually, some of the photos I will show subsequently help to answer this mystery about the multiple breast-like objects. More statues of this mysterious goddess to come!
Rear view of Erdington Hall; Image from Harrison & Willis 1879 The Great Jennens Case from Google Books, a work now in the public domain Side view of Erdington Hall; image courtesy of the Birmingham History Forum William was described as a “crusty old bachelor” and a miser, but he had amassed a fortune that some called the largest of any commoner in Britain. And he left no heirs, and no will. His death touched off a feeding frenzy among lawyers on two continents that lasted 135 years. The “Great Jennens Case” became such a symbol of legal dissipation and frivolity that Charles Dickens used it as the basis for the “Jarndyce and Jarndyce” case in his 1852 novel Bleak House. In 1882 The New York Times published an article entitled "A Miserly Monte Cristo. The Enormous Wealth of William Jennings and the Great Interest Many Have Therein" (subscription required). The article describes William Jennings' character: Hospitality and generous, open-handedness are reported as having been characteristics of the Birmingham branch of his family, but William had no such unthrifty vices. He seemed to live mainly for the purpose of accumulating wealth, remained a bachelor all his life that he might better devote his whole attention to money getting, and died at last without making a will. The article went on to moralize about his behavior: Of course if he had ever stopped to reflect about it he probably would have seen that a little carelessness or even mild prodigality would hardly have been likely to bring him to the poor house ... himself taking all the trouble of going over all his household bills rather than going to the expense of hiring a steward, making a row if he discovered a few shillings of extra expenditure. According to T. Mark James's research, entitled The Humphrey Jennings Estate Fraud, the estate had essentially been settled by 1821 with the family of Lord Curzon (later made Earl Howe) getting the bulk of the real estate. But that didn't stop several rival groups of Jennings descendants in America from trying to get their hands on the fortune. My branch of the Jennings clan, from Amelia County, Virginia, started agitating for their portion in 1849. How these groups of Jennings got swindled by scam-artists and lawyers is a story for another day.
Erin Taylor, December 2014 I feel like a real Cotton Mather (a Puritan joke of pitiable proportions) to suggest this so close to Thanksgiving, but today, as I read the story of Hannah Duston, I wondered why we never considered another possible killer. Goodwife Hannah Duston lived in the western, frontier town of Haverhill, Massachusetts, at the very end of the seventeenth century. Her home was overtaken by natives on a retaliatory warpath. The men took Hannah, her attending midwife (for Hannah had just delivered six days prior), and then “brained…against a nearby apple tree” her infant daughter who was…wait for it….named Martha (Davis, 45). Hannah eventually escaped – a gruesome tale that can he read here. Obviously, Martha was a common name. As were Indian raids and hostage taking. Many hostage colonists were incorporated into native communities, often as servants. Others were ransomed off, back to their English communities or enemies such as the French. Alden Vaughan and Daniel Richter summed that more than 1600 regional colonists were kidnapped between 1675 and 1763. Bloody interactions with native peoples were certainly a more common colonial experience and expectation than any turkey-centered feasting. Indeed, Alice’s adulthood would have been marked by outright wars, raids, and murdering on both sides. However, there is absolutely zero indication that an Indian came into the Bishop home and slaughtered Martha. Undoubtedly, the jurors and Governor Bradford would have made such a possibility public knowledge. For this scenario to be feasible, we have to imagine the Bishops not living in a town setting like Barnstable or Plymouth where houses sat very close together. As Plymouth Colony expanded and new lands were settled, this is, admittedly, a possibility. But it still doesn’t make a great deal of sense. Why would Alice confess to the crime rather than point the finger? What about the knife? Did the murdering native arrive empty handed and pick up the kitchen knife? Or was he (or, she?) in possession of English tableware and chose that over a tomahawk to kill Martha? Not likely. Why Martha and not Alice, Abigail, and Damaris as well? Why leave the weapon behind? It’s also uncomfortable for me — the granddaughter of a Cherokee orphan whose ancestors were forcefully marched into Oklahoma on the Trail of Tears. I’m a little sensitive about Eurocentric notions of “savage” and “civilized.” Perhaps that is why, after five years on this project, this possibility just occurred to me. I think we will likely set this scenario aside – lacking motive and incriminating evidence. It is similar to the same tangential and desperate hypothesizing that Alice was an Indian herself, somehow captured and put into colonial service. There is growing scholarship on women’s experiences of being kidnapped by Native Americans – John Demos’s The Unredeemed Captive (1995) won a National Book Award. We encourage Plymouth researchers to learn about how the newcomers interacted with native communities.
Learn how the steamboats that navigated the Red River were designed to transport goods, not people in this video from the Steamboats on the Red series. Cargo transported included food, farm implements, wagons, livestock, imported goods, and immigrants; but with all that weight in a very shallow river, running aground was a frequent problem. Looking at the shallow twists and turns of the Red River, it’s hard to imagine that steam-powered paddlewheel boats were once the most important transportation link between St. Paul, Minnesota, and Winnipeg, Manitoba. From the first in 1859 to the last that sank in 1909, Red River steamboats hauled thousands of settlers and millions of tons of freight across the border between the United States and Canada. Although it lasted barely 50 years, the age of the steamboat forged a commercial network between the two countries that exists to this day in the Interstate-29 corridor. Learn more at the Prairie Public web site.
1. When teachers believe that grading in a differentiated classroom is difficult, if not impossible, what are the issues and concerns fueling that belief? 2. The authors assert that the primary goal of grading and reporting is to communicate to important audiences, such as students and parents, high-quality feedback to support the learning process and to encourage learner success. - To what extent do present grading and reporting practices effectively communicate? To what extent are they accurate and fair? - In what ways do current grading practices achieve that goal for academically diverse student populations? - In what ways do current grading practices fall short of achieving that goal for academically diverse student populations? In other words, for whom do current grading practices “work” and for whom do they “not work”? 3. The chapter offers six principles of effective grading and reporting. Examine them individually and discuss which students might learn more effectively if the principle were reflected in grading and reporting procedures—and which students suffer when they are not. Be sure to take into account the impact of grading practices on student motivation. 4. In what ways might reporting three factors — student achievement of goals, progress toward those goals, and work habits in pursuit of those goals — improve student motivation? Student performance? Parent understanding of student work? Teacher satisfaction with reporting? 5. Review Figure 8.1. What big ideas unify Understanding by Design, Differentiation, and effective grading practice?
The Cross House ABOVE: You are looking at the second-floor Sewing Room of the Cross House, designed by architect Charles W. Squires. In 1894, when the Cross House was built, a “sewing” room was traditionally a wife’s domain, or a Wife Cave in today’s terminology. A library was a husband’s domain. A sewing room was used by the woman of the house to, yes, sew, but more importantly it would also have been used as a nursery, a school (for when the children of the household were young), the private retreat of a wife, a place for a wife to confer with the cook and housekeeper, and a private place to entertain close friends of a wife. You see the balcony to the right? It is not a balcony, actually, but rather a porch inserted into the body of the house. It was open to the south and east, and through huge, almost circular, arched openings. Quite dramatic. You will also note that at the south end of the Sewing Room (the bottom of the plan) there are four windows. Two face south, one west (left), and one east (the one overlooking the porch). But…where is the door to the porch? I have owned the house for eight months and just discovered this very strange detail. I mean, did Mr. Squires really expect the first mistress of the Cross House, Susan Cross, to open a window, duck down, and crawl through a window to access her south-facing porch? How very very odd. You see on the above drawing numbers at each window: 38 x 26 – 2 This means two sashes 38-inches by 26-inches. T 40 x 22 This mean one transom window 40-inches by 22-inches. When I first noticed a window rather than a door (on the drawing) opening onto the porch, I just assumed this a mistake. Perhaps Mr. Squires, you know, had a little too much wine that night while at his drafting table? But the physical evidence supports that the drawing was correct. In the late 1920s the second-floor of the Cross House was converted into three apartments. In 1950 the house was made into the Palace Motel (New & Modern!). It was at this time, I surmise, that the Sewing Room porch was enclosed. Its huge almost circular windows were infilled, and two small windows inserted. The east window of the sewing room was converted to a door opening so that one could gain access to a new walk-in closet (formerly the porch). In 1999, when Debbi and Bob Rodak purchased the house, Bob’s first goal was to reopen the porch. The infill walls and their two mean windows were torn out. ABOVE: The 1894 blueprint. You can see the arched open porch to the right. The window inside the arch is actually in a wall BEHIND the arch, and lights the bathroom (although the window was not installed as shown). ABOVE: The 1920s apartment conversion plan. The bathroom is now a kitchen. The closet a bath. And the porch is still a porch, and still with no door. Very. Very. Strange. ABOVE: The Cross House in 1999, just after Debbi and Bob Rodak purchased it. Those crazy kids! The house was boarded up and circled by a six-foot-high chain-link fence. Very grim. Anyway, if you note just above the porte-cochere (bottom left), you will see at the corner two almost circular openings which have been infilled with lap siding and two small windows. These openings were once open, and this is the porch off the sewing room — image courtesy of Bob Rodak. ABOVE: You can clearly see the infilled openings — image courtesy of Bob Rodak. ABOVE: From inside one can clearly see the infilled round openings. A sacrilege! A scandal! — image courtesy of Bob Rodak. ABOVE: One of the very first things Bob did was to re-open the porch, enclosed (presumably) since the 1920s. God love ’em. — image courtesy of Bob Rodak. ABOVE: A wonder! A glory! The porch, reopened. Bob put large sheets of glass in the openings so that the porch could be used in all weather. — image courtesy of Bob Rodak. So, did Susan Cross really have to open a window, duck down, and crawl through the window to access her south-facing porch? All the extant physical evidence supports this — surreal — conjecture. Had a door originally been on the east wall, it would have certainly been of the same width and height as the two other doors on the east Sewing Room wall. But no. The opening today matches the width and height of the three adjacent windows, thus (seemingly) confirming that the original 1894 drawing is correct: this was a window. As further proof, the two vertical pieces of interior trim have been lengthened, and exactly the length required to transform a window into a door. This is kinda slam-dunk evidence that the current door opening was originally a window, as stated on the 1894 drawings. It can be reasonably assumed that somebody soon realized how totally idiotic it was to have a glorious south-facing porch that one could not easily access. So, the window sashes were ripped out (as well as the stained-glass transom), the opening cut down to the floor, and — presto! — a proper entrance to the glorious porch was now at hand. Was this done minutes after Susan Cross moved into the house? One can almost hear her: “Mr. Squires! WHAT is this ridiculous window doing where a door should be?” I would have been on her side, and would have loved to have heard Mr. Squires explain that away! Initially, I liked the porch’s huge glass panels installed by Bob. Then I visited one of my neighbors. He also has a second floor porch, and it is open to weather. It is wonderful, and felt totally different than being behind glass. Then I also thought: Gee. I have a lot of interior rooms. A lot. But I have no covered outdoor space on the second floor. And in an instant I knew: I would fully reopen the porch by removing the glass panels. I am not, however, such a damn fool as to restore the original east Sewing Room window. No. Thank. You. Instead, I plan to recreate the lost stained-glass transom (its mate is directly to the west, thus assuring an accurate copy), and will install a pair of French doors under the transom to access the —open!!!!!! — porch. I look forward to sitting on the porch, with a glass of wine, and offering a toast to Susan Cross.
The implant contains nanoparticles that can be designed to test for different substances, including metabolites such as glucose and oxygen that are associated with tumor growth. It can also track the effects of cancer drugs: Once inside a patient, the implant could reveal how much of a certain cancer drug has reached the tumor, helping doctors determine whether a treatment is working in a particular patient. "You really want to have some sort of rapid measure of whether it's working or not, or whether you should go on to the next (drug)," said Michael Cima, the Sumitomo Electric Industries Professor of Engineering in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the leader of the research team. Such nanoparticles have been used before, but for the first time, the MIT researchers have encased the nanoparticles in a silicone delivery device, allowing them to remain in patients' bodies for an extended period of time. The device can be implanted directly into a tumor, allowing researchers to get a more direct look at what is happening in the tumor over time. With blood testing, which is now commonly used to track chemotherapy progress, it's hard to tell if cancer drugs are reaching their intended targets, says Grace Kim, a graduate student in the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology and one of the researchers working on the implant. That's because the system of blood vessels surrounding tumors is complicated, and you can't trust that drugs present in the blood have also reached the tumor, according to Kim. The new technique, known as implanted magnetic sensing, makes use of detection nanoparticles composed of iron oxide and coated with a sugar called dextran. Antibodies specific to the target molecules are attached to the surface of the particles. When the target molecules are present, they bind to the particles and cause them to clump together. That clumping can be detected by MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). The nanoparticles are trapped inside the silicone device, which is sealed off by a porous membrane. The membrane allows molecules smaller than 30 nm to get in, but the detection particles are too big to get out. The device can be engineered to test for many things at the same time, leading Kim to offer a turkey-based analogy. "When you're cooking a turkey, you can take the temperature with a thermometer," she said. "But with something like this, instead of just taking the temperature, you can find out about the moisture, the saltiness, and whether there's enough rosemary." In addition to monitoring the presence of chemotherapy drugs, the device could also be used to check whether a tumor is growing or shrinking, or whether it has spread to other locations, by sensing the amount and location of tumor markers. The next step for the research group is to start more extensive preclinical testing. They will be looking for a hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), that can be considered a marker for cancer because it is produced by tumors but not normally found in healthy individuals (unless they are pregnant). The researchers are now preparing a paper on the work and have presented their findings at recent meetings of the European Cancer Society and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Other MIT researchers involved in the project are Karen Daniel, a graduate student in chemical engineering, Christophoros Vassiliou, a graduate student in electrical engineering and computer science, and Noel Elman, a postdoctoral associate in the Materials Processing Center. Lee Josephson, an associate professor at the Center for Molecular Imaging Research at Massachusetts General Hospital, is also contributing to the project. This work is funded by the National Cancer Institute through the MIT-Harvard Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence. Elizabeth A. Thomson \| MIT News Office Correct connections are crucial 26.06.2017 \| Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin One gene closer to regenerative therapy for muscular disorders 01.06.2017 \| Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center An international team of scientists has proposed a new multi-disciplinary approach in which an array of new technologies will allow us to map biodiversity and the risks that wildlife is facing at the scale of whole landscapes. The findings are published in Nature Ecology and Evolution. This international research is led by the Kunming Institute of Zoology from China, University of East Anglia, University of Leicester and the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research. Using a combination of satellite and ground data, the team proposes that it is now possible to map biodiversity with an accuracy that has not been previously... Heatwaves in the Arctic, longer periods of vegetation in Europe, severe floods in West Africa – starting in 2021, scientists want to explore the emissions of the greenhouse gas methane with the German-French satellite MERLIN. This is made possible by a new robust laser system of the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT in Aachen, which achieves unprecedented measurement accuracy. Methane is primarily the result of the decomposition of organic matter. The gas has a 25 times greater warming potential than carbon dioxide, but is not as... Hydrogen is regarded as the energy source of the future: It is produced with solar power and can be used to generate heat and electricity in fuel cells. Empa researchers have now succeeded in decoding the movement of hydrogen ions in crystals – a key step towards more efficient energy conversion in the hydrogen industry of tomorrow. As charge carriers, electrons and ions play the leading role in electrochemical energy storage devices and converters such as batteries and fuel cells. Proton... Scientists from the Excellence Cluster Universe at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich have establised "Cosmowebportal", a unique data centre for cosmological simulations located at the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ) of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. The complete results of a series of large hydrodynamical cosmological simulations are available, with data volumes typically exceeding several hundred terabytes. Scientists worldwide can interactively explore these complex simulations via a web interface and directly access the results. With current telescopes, scientists can observe our Universe’s galaxies and galaxy clusters and their distribution along an invisible cosmic web. From the... Temperature measurements possible even on the smallest scale / Molecular ruby for use in material sciences, biology, and medicine Chemists at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) in cooperation with researchers of the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)... 19.06.2017 \| Event News 13.06.2017 \| Event News 13.06.2017 \| Event News 26.06.2017 \| Life Sciences 26.06.2017 \| Physics and Astronomy 26.06.2017 \| Information Technology
It is governed and operated by the SEA (Space Elevator Authority), and generates 30% of New Angeles' economy.It is also the main method of transportation for helium-3 canisters descending from the moon, so its value goes beyond mere credits. Halfway up the Beanstalk is Midway Station, which has a substantial NBN presence, as does the Challenger Planetoid, the station at the summit of the space elevator. Travelers can then reach the moon via the Challenger Memorial Ferry. Most of the workers who operate and maintain the Beanstalk are refugees from the Martian War. After suspicion fell on Dejah Thoris following the murder of James Standish in the Freetown mining colony, Martian workers shut down the Beanstalk in an act of civil disobedience. This is an event in the mystery "Freetown Fright", and also forms the plot of the novel Golem. Travelers use beanpods to travel between stations. From The Root, a pod takes 60 minutes to reach Midway Station. There, passengers disembark and either stay to conduct business, or transfer to another beanpod that continues the journey to Challenger Station (which takes another hour). A downstalk trip (departing from Challenger) takes the same amount of time. Construction workers and engineers laughed at Weyland's idea, nicknaming his project "The Beanstalk", taking inspiration from the famous fairy tale Jack and the Beanstalk. Initial construction began 31 000 kilometers above the Earth's surface at an orbital station now known as Midway Station. Constructorbots built a meter-wide buckyweave strap that descended down through the sky to the planet's surface. Simultaneously, another buckyweave strap was being built upwards in perfect balance. The elevator tube was built around the strap, and reached a final circumference of 20 meters when construction was completed in the year 2X35. They said it couldn't be built. That it was a fantasy. That Jack Weyland was a fool, and he had bought the fools in Washington too. But year after year the buckyweave grew, and ‘they’ stopped talking.
Heel pain in children and adolescence: is the most common osteochondrosis (disease that affects the bone growth). Osteochondrosis is seen only in children and teens whose bones are still growing of the foot. Sever’s disease or Apophysitis is a common condition that afflicts children usually between the ages of 8 to 15 years old. Often this is confused with plantar fasciitis which is rare in children. This is a condition of inflammation of the heel’s growth plates. The exact cause of Severs disease is not completely understood. It is thought to be associated with an overuse type injury, in which repetitive stress from the Achilles tendon causes a portion of the growth plate to pull away from the heel. In medical terms, this is described as cyclic, micro-avulsion type fractures to the calcaneal apophyses. Adolescents suffering from Sever?s disease usually complain of pain at the back of their heel which is often worse after exercising. It is most common between the ages of 10-12 in boys and 8-10 in girls due to the rapid growth spurts that occur during this time. It can however happen anytime up until the age of 15. Whilst most people present with pain worse in one foot, it is very common to have symptoms in both feet. In Sever’s disease, heel pain can be in one or both heels. It usually starts after a child begins a new sports season or a new sport. Your child may walk with a limp. The pain may increase when he or she runs or jumps. He or she may have a tendency to tiptoe. Your child’s heel may hurt if you squeeze both sides toward the very back. This is called the squeeze test. Your doctor may also find that your child’s heel tendons have become tight. Non Surgical Treatment The initial treatment is rest, relieve the pain and treat the underlying cause. The foot and ankle should be rested so that the apophysis it is not being continually ?injured?. A small heel (sorbothane heel insert) raise can used to raise the heel and take the stretch off the Achilles tendon. It may be sufficient to stop your child playing sport but some children require a short period of bed or couch rest. Some children find resting very difficult and require the use of braces or plasters or boots to slow them down. Using crutches is advised. Severs is usually caused by tight muscles. A stretching program should be followed usually supervised by a physiotherapist. The stretching program may need to be undertaken up to 5 times a day. If flat feet are a problems orthotics (insoles) should be used. The pain should be controlled by rest (limiting activity) and ice (icing the painful area 3-4 times a day – making sure the skin is not burnt), Simple pain killers can be used such as paracetamol as well as anti-inflammatory tablets and cream. Severs disease usually goes away with time. When your child stops growing, the pain and swelling should go away because the growing (weak) area fuses and becomes solid bone which is very strong. Sever?s disease is self-recovering, meaning that it will go away on its own when the foot is used less or when the bone is through growing. The condition is not expected to create any long-term disability, and expected to subside in 2-8 weeks. Some orthopedic surgeons will put the affected foot in a cast to immobilize it. However, while the disease does subside quickly, it can recur, for example at the s It is more common in boys, although occurs in girls as well. The average age of symptom onset is 9-11.
"Iowa Women in the WPA is the first survey of how Iowa women fared under the WPA during the Great Depression. No similar study has been written for any other state. The WPA was the Works Progress Administration (later changed to the Works Projects Administration), an agency created by executive order of President Franklin D. Roosevelt to replace direct-relief programs with meaningful employment. It created a variety of projects designed to provide jobs that would preserve the skills of trained workers and also give untrained workers skills that could be transferred to private employment. Louise Noun describes the WPA projects open to women in Iowa - from sewing, cooking, and cleaning to professional and cultural work - and evaluates how the programs carried out the WPA s sometimes idealistic goals."--BOOK JACKET.
Better living through nature Nothing imparts the taste of fall quite like the crisp flavor of a fresh apple. This popular fruit has a lot more to offer than taste, however. Packed with antioxidants and other healthy substances, apples boast a variety of health benefits, giving credence to the phrase “an apple a day keeps the doctor away.” Apples are a major source of flavonoids and polyphenols, antioxidant-like compounds that protect plants from disease, UV light and other stress and which, when eaten by humans, can reduce the risk of many chronic diseases. The majority of polyphenols found in apples are located in the fruit’s skin—making it critical to eat the whole fruit in order to derive the health benefits. (Apple juice and applesauce don’t have the same benefits.) Generally, the deeper red an apple’s skin is, the more antioxidants it contains, which is why Red Delicious apples are now recognized as one of healthiest varieties to eat. Studies have shown that eating apples on a regular basis can help prevent or inhibit various types of cancer, including breast cancer, lung cancer and colon cancer. A recent study by a Cornell University professor found that rats given fresh apple extracts had fewer, smaller and less malignant breast tumors than rats who were not given apples. Blood Sugar Regulation Good news for diabetics! Early research shows that eating apples can help regulate blood sugar. Quercetin and other flavonoids in apples inhibit certain enzymes that normally break down carbohydrates into simple sugars, preventing excess sugar from entering our bloodstreams. Polyphenols found in apples also reduce the rate at which glucose is absorbed from our digestive tracks and stimulates the pancreas to produce more insulin, which helps reduce the sugar load in our bloodstreams. A recent study found that women who ate dried apples every day for six months had a 23 percent decrease in levels of bad cholesterol and a 4 percent increase in levels of good cholesterol. Pectin, a water-soluble fiber found in apples, binds to cholesterol in the gut and prevents it from entering the bloodstream. Although apples provide many health benefits, conventionally grown apples are laden with pesticides, earning them the top spot on the Environmental Working Group’s Dirty Dozen list. To derive the health benefits of apples without the toxic side effects, source your apples from a local farmer whose growing methods you’re familiar with, or buy organic. Images (top to bottom): Photo By emilyonasunday/Courtesy Flickr; Photo By Andrew Morrell Photography/Courtesy Flickr
Recognizing Disease in Rose Bushes There are several type diseases that rosarians will need to be familiar with. Just like the symptoms of the common cold, these can be easily diagnosed, and most treated to maintain heathy plants. As a general rule diseases that affect roses are not unlike those that affect humans. They can also be classed usually into either a viral, fungal, or bacterial. Listed below are some examples of some types that I have seen while growing roses. Keep in mind this is not an exhaustive list, however, it will get you started in the right direction. \|Mosaic\|\|Black Spot\|\|Crown Gall\| As you can see my experience is with more fungus type diseases than viral or bacterial. That is a good thing because as a general rule there is no cure for either of the listed viral or bacterial diseases. Since we can't do a lot with those let's talk about them first. Mosaic is a viral disease that causes the leaves to become streaked or spotted with yellow or light green. These leaves may curl and the plants are sometimes stunted. This condition is usually seen in low humidity climates, usually along the West coast. Unfortunately there is no cure for this disease. If the condition is limited there are chances the plant will grow out of the condition. If the condition is severe, the plants should be destroyed. If not destroyed the plants could spread the disease to other plants next to them. Crown Gall is a bacterial disease that appears usually at the base of the plant around the bud union, or on the trunk. It appears to be a corky substance that will turn brown and harden as it ages. Crown gall can often times be found also on root systems, however, these growths are usually caught by the grower and the plant is not allowed to be shipped. Like viral diseases, crown gall is un-treatable. The growth can be removed, however, chances are it will eventually return. Plants with this disease will usually be stunted in their growth habits. If the growth is removed care should be taken to sterilize equipment to prevent spreading to other plants. Back to Top Now that we have looked at a couple of diseases that we have little control over lets look into some we can control. Just like humans plants have cells that need water and nutrients. Some people say plants need love also. I usually see too many plants to walk around talking to all of them but if you want fantastic roses, I don't see where it would hurt. Back to the physical stuff. When plants are healthy it stands to reason they are less susceptible to contracting diseases. Just as we are less susceptible to catch a cold if our immune system is at its best . Roses need plenty of water, fertilize, and sunshine to make them healthy. That, in the nutshell is the key to great roses. A well balanced diet and spray program will eliminate most of the following diseases. Roses don't take a lot of time, they just take a little time more frequently than some other plants do. Black Spot is a fungus that is perhaps one of the worst "thorns in the flesh" that we see here in the south. This disease appears as black spots on the leaves usually followed by a yellow halo around it. The spots will get larger and eventually begin to grow together. Eventually the leaf will fall off. This will continue until the plant is completely defoliated. This condition is more prevalent in areas where the humidity is high. Roses need a lot of water, however, they don't like it to stay on their leaves. The best way to prevent and treat this disease is to conduct a regular spray program. Once the leaves are spotted they cannot be reversed. Infected leaves should be removed and discarded so nearby plants will not be infected. The disease can be stopped with a good rose fungicide. I recommend finding at least two different fungicides and spray the plants at 7 to 10 day intervals to eradicate the disease. Once under control the plants should be re treated at least every 14 days throughout the growing season. Botrytis Blight will cause the leaves, stems, and new growth to turn black. The buds will cause the buds to turn black and not open. One way to identify botrytis noticing a gray fuzzy growth up and down the canes. This disease usually appears during rainy cool weather. It is also triggered if plants are watered too late in the evening and allowed to be wet during cool nights. The best way to control botrytis is by getting the plants dry. Remember, roses like plenty of water, just not on their leaves, and most especially not during cool nights. Canker is a fungal disease that appears as a red, brown, or black spots that are sunken and elongated up and down the canes. This disease usually appears around early to mid spring. Cracks may appear in the spots and the spots may eventually enlarge to encircle the canes, killing them. This is a widespread disease, usually caused by mechanical injury to the canes. There is no chemical preventatives or controls for this disease. Simply remove the infected canes. Back to Top Downey Mildew is a nightmare in greenhouse operations. This because the very thing that is needed can not be provided. Plenty of air circulation and warm dry weather. This is another disease similar to black spot. At first, the plants will display the same black spots as symptoms. If conditions are right, I have seen a whole greenhouse loose its leaves in two days. Luckily the average gardener does not have to deal with this disease. The time to look for downey mildew is in the spring when the nights are cool and we are seeing damp weather. If infected spray with a good fungicide and prune infected canes to prevent spreading. Powdery Mildew is a fugal disease that appears as a dusty white or gray powder that coats the leaves and canes. Powdery mildew will cause the leaves to curl and hinder the buds from opening properly. Powdery mildew is most commonly seen when the days are warm and the nights are cool. The best treatment for this disease is a good fungicide spray program. A dormant spray of lime-sulfur in early spring will help to prevent powdery mildew before the leaves appear. Irrigating early in the morning will help to prevent this disease also by allowing the plants to dry before nightfall. If the disease does occur, spray fungicides containing sulfur every 7 to 14 days and prune infected areas. Rust is a fungal disease that causes the tops of the leaves to turn pale green or yellow while the underside will get spots of orange powder. Infected leaves will wilt or curl. This disease is most prevalent in cool humid climates. The best treatment again is a good fungicide spray program, while watering early in the day to prevent damp canes in the evening hours. Back to Top - Home
A few millennia ago, civilizations depended on their knowledge of the stars to navigate the seas, plant and harvest crops, and keep time in general. In addition to the fixed stars – those points of light that dependably reign the celestial sphere – they recognized there were stars that wandered. As early as 14 BC the Babylonians had already observed the 5 "ancient" planets, naming them after their deities. Today we know them as Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. The greatest scientific advances have been founded on observation, but our observational skills now are more often tasked with arguably smaller objectives: is the stoplight red or green? is that the exit sign? where did I put my glasses? As light pollution clouds our vision of the sky above, we feel fortunate when we notice the brightest objects in the night sky, whether it's Arcturus or Sirius, the constellation Orion, or Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Perhaps it's only for geeks like me to get excited at a chance to see Mercury. Because Mercury is never farther than 28º from the Sun, not only is Mercury rarely observable in the night sky but, due to the angle of Earth's ecliptic, it's even harder to see in northern temperate latitudes. Still, I like to imagine ancient astronomers getting a little excited too. After all, the Babylonians and even the Greeks gave Mercury two different names, one for his evening apparition and another for his morning apparition; for some time, they may not have been certain it was one and the same planet. At Indigo Night, we call Mercury "elusive," our way of capturing the trickster-like quality of this planet that slips back and forth like the ancient messenger between the regnant Sun and the night sky. And for the next few days, given clear skies at sunset, you too can exercise an observational skill honed by our ancestors as Mercury shines during its greatest eastern elongation from the Sun. Let tonight's slender waxing crescent moon be your guide to locating this fellow member of our solar system, as both will be visible after the Sun's rays have disappeared. Start looking to the west-south-west about 45 minutes after the sun has set this evening. If you're fortunate, you'll find the moon, illuminated 2%, in Capricornus just slightly to the west of Mercury in Aquarius. If tonight fails, look again Saturday. The moon will be higher, following Mercury, but the arch of its "bow" will be pointing in the right direction.
Some Wacky Web Tales that are like Mad Libs include “Adventures Abroad,” “How to Make a Snowman,” “Learn to Be a Rock Star” and “A Trip to the Art Museum.” Like Mad Libs, Wacky Web Tales has kids fill in word blanks with nonsensical and hilarious results.Continue Reading “Adventure Abroad” has kids fill in blanks for a description of a country, though the results are more funny than factual. Paragraphs in the story describe the nation’s notable features, the best time to visit and the behavior of the locals. “How to Make a Snowman” is a unique story that takes the form of a recipe. After filling in the blanks for ingredients and portions, kids are treated to humorous instructions for making a snowman. The story is particularly focused of quantities and measurements, making useful for kids who are learning about numbers. In “Learn to Be a Rock Star,” kids enter their own names and enroll themselves in a school for rock stars. In the first section of the story, they learn to play and sing like rock stars. In the second, they gather an entourage. Finally, they put on a rock concert. “A Trip to the Museum” takes readers on a journey through the world of art. Kids fill in blanks to create humorous descriptions of paintings, sculptures and the gift shop.Learn more about K-12
NASA's New Horizons mission to Pluto has returned its first color image of the dwarf planet and its largest moon, Charon. 730 Recent Stories Giant storms on Saturn known as "Great White Spots" may be caused by moisture in the planet's atmosphere, researchers say. NASA predicts that the total phase of the lunar eclipse will only last about 5 minutes, making it the shortest lunar eclipse of the century. Dark matter may not be part of a "dark sector" of particles that mirrors regular matter, as some theories suggest, say scientists studying collisions of galaxy clusters. Jupiter may have acted like a giant wrecking ball in the newborn solar system, roaming in to destroy an early generation of inner planets before retreating to its current orbit, researchers say. Astronauts hoping to sip drinks in style may soon have an open-top cocktail glass to look forward to. "The solar system is now looking like a pretty soggy place." said NASA's director of planetary science. The sun unleashed its first superpowerful flare of the year on Wednesday, and the intense eruption was aimed directly at Earth, space weather experts say. Although the Martian surface is now cold and dry, there is evidence suggesting that rivers, lakes and seas covered the Red Planet billions of years ago. Astronomers have discovered the largest and most luminous black hole ever seen — an ancient monster with a mass about 12 billion times that of the sun — that dates back to when the universe was less than 1 billion years old. The idea of building a lunar outpost has long captured people's imaginations. But what would it really be like to live on the moon? Scientists created a video tour of the spiral galaxy NGC 7714 getting twisted out of shape after coming too close to a cosmic neighbor. A European spacecraft orbiting a comet continues to beam incredible photos of the icy, dusty cosmic body back to Earth. Evidence of bacteria living 12 miles underground proves the resiliency of life and a heightened possibility of life on other planets. Alien planets that orbit close to their parent stars may be at high risk of the ultimate hot-cold scenario, with one side stuck in permanent daylight while the other shrouded in everlasting night. But a thin atmosphere may be enough to save a planet ... SpaceX will attempt one of the boldest maneuvers in the history of rocketry early Tuesday morning (Jan. 6) during a supply mission to the International Space Station for NASA, and you can watch the attempt live online. The California-based private sp... Venus may have once possessed strange oceans of carbon dioxide fluid that helped shape the planet's surface, researchers say. Venus is often described as Earth's twin planet because it is the world closest to Earth in size, mass, distance and chemica... It may only take brushing your teeth to help you feel connected to the cosmos. New research suggests that fluorine, an element in toothpaste, may have been forged billions of years ago inside stars that are now long dead. Fluorine is commonly found i... Astronomers have spotted a new object emerging from the ashes of a recently deceased star. The stellar post-mortem, which is recounted in two new videos, may also solve a mystery surrounding the unexpected shape of the star's explosive remains, scien... The discovery is helping scientists better understand when and how the red planet lost the water that may have once covered much of its surface. NASA's Curiosity rover has recently made a surprising find on Mars that could help scientists get one step closer to figuring out if the Red Planet has ever supported life. The largest sunspot to appear on Earth's nearest star in more than two decades is once again pointed at the planet, and it will likely kick-start solar storms, NASA scientists say. Like most Americans back on the ground, astronauts aboard the International Space Station will celebrate Turkey Day with a feast. "Starshade" technology that could help astronomers find and characterize rocky, Earth-like alien worlds was put to the test earlier this year in the Nevada desert.
The current system of using Latin to name biological organisms was developed by Carl von Linne, more commonly known by his pen name Linnaeus, about 250 years ago. (His Species Plantarum was published in 1753.) This system is known as the Linnaean binomial system of nomenclature. In this system, biological organisms, such as plants, are given two latinized names, the Latin binomial or so-called "scientific name". The first name represents the and the second name is termed the The generic name in combination with the specific epithet constitutes the species name. Thus each species has a two part name or binomial. The custom of using latinized names and spelling originated from medieval scholarship and the use of Latin in most botanical publications until the middle of the nineteenth century. In this binomial system, humans are known taxonomically as: (Latin: homo, man; sapiens, wise or knowing; hence, "wise man" or "knowing man") The tree species that is commonly known in North America as red maple has been given the Latin binomial of Acer rubrum. Red Maple = Acer rubrum The red maple is in the "maple" genus, which is called Acer, and its specific epithet is rubrum, which is Latin for red. Therefore, the binomial name for this species is Acer rubrum. Of course plants are named with reference to more or less similar plants, for example other Acer, and in doing so are placed into a number of increasingly broader taxonomic ranks or taxa (singular, taxon). An example is shown below: Planta -- plants (~326,000 species) Tracheobionta -- vascular plants (~287,000) Magnoliophyta -- angiosperms, flowering plants (~259,000) Magnoliopsida -- dicotyledons (~199,000) Rosidae -- flowers with separate petals (~58,000) Sapindales -- woody, lobed or compound leaves (~5,700) Aceraceae -- (now Sapindaceae) opposite leaves, winged samara; mostly maples (~152) Acer L. -- maples (~150) Acer rubrum L. -- red maple (1) You might argue that we should just use the so-called "common names" of plants, since it would be much simpler, especially since few people can read or speak Latin. Thus we could all agree that the name for red maple is Red Maple, this would be an English binomial system. However, there are problems with using common names, such as: - "Common names" are often common only to a localized region. The Red Maple is commonly called the Scarlet or Swamp Maple in some areas. The tree Nyssa sylvatica, which is native to the eastern US, has at least four common names (i.e., Sour Gum, Black Gum, Black Tupelo, Pepperidge). In England the white waterlily has 15 common names, and if you include the common German, French, and Dutch names it has over 240 names! - Sometimes the same common name is used in different regions to identify completely different plants. A plant in Georgia called ironweed is of the genus Sidai, whereas in the Midwest ironweed refers to a plant in the genus Vernonia. - Common names usually do not provide information on generic or family relationships, they tend to be independent of other names. In fact common names may suggest erroneous relationships between plants. For example, only one of the following plants is a "true cedar", i.e., of the genus Cedrus: Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), Port Orford Cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata), Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), and Deodar Cedar (Cedrus deodara). Some plants, especially those that are rare, do not have common names. Or more correctly, they lack common names in English, most may have been named by native people familiar with a given plant. Since we now frequently interact with people all over the globe, using a myriad of languages, a single, agreed upon name for an organism is a great advantage. Thus the success of the Linnaean binomial system. A Latin binomial name (the "scientific name") is italicized or underlined, the genus is capitalized and the specific epithet is usually not capitalized. However, the specific epithet may be capitalized if it is, - derived from a person's name (e.g., Spiraea douglasii or Spiraea Douglasii - after David Douglas), or - from a vernacular name (e.g., Picea omorika or Picea Omorika - the Balkan name for spruce), or - from a generic name (e.g., Picea abies or Picea Abies - where Abies is the genus name of Fir). The tree commonly known as Sugar Maple, has the scientific name Acer saccharum, but is should be written as: Acer saccharum or Acer saccharum, However, sometime you might see it written as: Acer saccharum Marsh. or Acer saccharum Marsh. The abbreviated name following the plant name (i.e., Marsh.) is the name of the "authority" or "author", the individual who first named the plant "scientifically", in this case Humphrey Marshall. Similarly, the scientific name of the white oak is written as Quercus alba L. here the the letter "L" is used to identify Linnaeus as the authority. In most nursery and landscaping literature the authority name does not accompany the scientific name. Sometimes it is possible to obtain offspring or progeny from crossing plants of different species, for example say two species of Maple (Acer). Frequently a × (the multiplication sign) is used in a scientific name of such hybrid plants. The strawberry of commerce is a hybrid, the result of a chance cross between plants of two strawberry (Fragaria) species, Fragaria chiloensis and Fragaria virginiana. The scientific name of the commercial strawberry is, Fragaria × ananassa, with the × indicating that it is a hybrid. (The proper designation is Fragaria ×ananassa, with no space between the × and the specific epithet, however, this sometimes causes confusion since the × may be read as the letter "x".) Occasionally plants in different genera have been hybridized, resulting in a intergeneric hybrid. For example, English Ivy (Hedera helix) was successfully crossed with Japanese Fatsia (Fatsia japonica), and the resulting plant has the common name Fatshedera; its botanical name is The × before the genus name indicates that this plant is a hybrid of two genera. In his book, Botanical Latin, William Stearn, stated the following: "Botanical Latin is essentially a written language, but the scientific names of plants often occur in speech. How they are pronounced really matters little provided they sound pleasant and are understandable by all concerned. This is most likely to be attained by pronouncing them in accordance with the rules of classical Latin pronunciation. There are, however, several systems, since people tend to pronounce Latin words by analogy with words of their own language" (p. 53). An example of this difference is shown in two "authoritatve" pronunciations of Acer saccharinum, the Silver Maple: A-ser sak-kar-I-num (American) AY-ser sak-a-REE-num (British) and for the David Maple, Acer davidii: A-ser da-VID-ee-I (American) AY-ser da-VID-ee-ee (British) For more information on this topic, please refer to one of Stearn's books or to an article in the magazine, Horticulture (Fisher, 2000). - Weakly defined as a more or less closely related and definable group of organisms (plants) comprising one or more species. A genus is an aggregate of closely related species. - The species have more characteristics in common with each other than they do with species of other genera in the same family. Similarity of flowers and fruits is the most widely used feature of comparison. - A genus may contain a single species (e.g., Ginkgo) or more than 100 (e.g., Rosa). - This is difficult to define, more a concept than an absolute entity. Sometimes defined as a group of individual organisms (plants) that are fundamentally alike. - Ideally a species should be separated by distinct morphological differences from other closely related species. This is necessary for a practical classification that can be used by others. - All the individuals in a given species are not identical. Think of it as a population in which any character might be expressed to different degrees in each individual. Humans are classified as the single species Homo sapiens, but we certainly are not morphologically identical. Check this idea out by taking a stroll in the woods and examine plants of a single species. - Species is abbreviated sp. (singular) or spp. (plural). Variety (Latin, varietas): - In the botanical sense, variety is a population of plants of a species that display marked differences in nature, and these differences are transmitted by seed (i.e., inherited). - Variety, abbreviated var. is subordinate to species. A variety name is written in lower case, italicized or underlined, and is preceded by the abbreviation var. For example, the common honeylocust in the wild has thorns, but thornless plants are also found. The honeylocust is whereas the thornless honeylocust is named (triacanthos = three spined, inermis = unarmed, i.e., lacking thorns ). - Sometimes subspecies (abbreviated ssp. or subsp.) is used in place of variety. Their use depends upon the taxonomic "school" of the writer. Form (Latin, forma): - Used to recognize and describe sporadic variations, such as the occasional white flowered plant in a normally purple-flowered species. For example: the flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) in nature usually has white flowers, but pink flowered plants occur. They might be referred to as: However, some might consider if a "variety" characteristic and use: - The term form is apparently little used by present-day taxonomists, but it is still used in the horticultural literature. - A relatively modern term, coined by L.H. Bailey, derived from the term "cultivated variety". - It is defined as an assemblage of cultivated plants which is clearly distinguished by one or more characters, and which when reproduced (sexually or asexually) retains its distinguishing characteristics. - A well known cultivar of Norway Maple (Acer platanoides) is the purple leafed 'Crimson King'. So the plant would be named as follows: Note the single quotes on either side of the cultivar name, which in not italicized or underlined. - At one time the term cultivar was abbreviated as cv. and a plant could also be named as shown below (single quotes deleted). However this is no longer a valid alternative. Acer platanoides cv. Crimson King - According to international rules [International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)] cultivar names coined since 1959 should be in a modern language, i.e., they should not be Latin or Latinised, as many were in the past. Patents and Trademarks: - Patents give exclusive rights (i.e., protection) to an inventor to make, use, and sell his/her invention. Introduced plants can be patented. For 20 years after the date indicated on the patent, only the patent holder may commercially raise or sell a patented plant. Others may do so through license or royalty agreements with the patent holder. An example of a patented plant: An unusual plant was discovered in June 1968 in a large field of 120,000 seedlings of the Common or Eastern Ninebark species, Physocarpus opulifolius, growing in the Kordes Nursery, near Hamburg in Germany. The plant had reddish foliage which contrasted markedly with the typically green foliaged plants of this speces. The unique plant was patented as Physocarpus opulifolius `Monlo` (see below). The following is from the U.S Patent and Tradmark Office: United States Patent PP11,211 Kordes, et al February 8, 2000 Physocarpus opulifolius `Monlo` A new and distinct selection of Ninebark, Physocarpus opulifolius, which shall be referred to hereinafter as cultivar `Monlo`. Cultivar `Monlo` differs distinctively from other Physocarpus opulifolius plants by possessing a unique combination of an outstanding cold hardy shrub with intense foliage color throughout the seasons peaking in summer to a maroon red and contrasting to the creamy-white flowers. Inventors: Kordes; Gunter (Bilsen, DE), Schadendorf; Hans (Ellerbek, DE) Assignee: Monrovia (Azusa, CA) Appl. No.: 09/006,709 Filed: January 14, 1998 Trademarks offer another, and simpler, form of protection. The name of a plant can be trademarked and such names cannot be used as a name for any other similar plant or product. Trademarked plant names are indicated by use of trademark (™) or registered trademark (®) designations (e.g., Betula nigra Heritage™) and the usage of such names is legally controlled and may continue indefinitely. However, laws governing their usage may vary from state to state. Physocarpus opulifolius 'Monlo' was patented (see above) then the name, DIABOLO, was trademarked. The following is from the U.S Patent and Tradmark Office: Word Mark DIABOLO Goods and Services IC 031. US 001 046. G & S: LIVE ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. FIRST USE: 19980225. FIRST USE IN COMMERCE: 19980225 Mark Drawing Code (1) TYPED DRAWING Serial Number 75449439 Filing Date March 11, 1998 Current Filing Basis 1A Original Filing Basis 1A Published for Opposition November 10, 1998 Registration Number 2241622 Registration Date April 27, 1999 Owner (REGISTRANT) MONROVIA NURSERY COMPANY CORPORATION CALIFORNIA 18331 EAST FOOTHILL BOULEVARD AZUSA CALIFORNIA 91702 Assignment Recorded ASSIGNMENT RECORDED Type of Mark TRADEMARK Affidavit Text SECT 15. SECT 8 (6-YR). SECTION 8(10-YR) 20081121. Renewal 1ST RENEWAL 20081121 Live/Dead Indicator LIVE Thus these plants are now sold under the name Physocarpus opulifolius Diabolo®. Monrovia Nursery obtained the name Diabolo® from the originator of the plant, Kordes Nursery in Germany. The word diabolo is derived from the Latin, diabolus, and Greek, diabollos, words for devil, not the Spanish diablo. However, the name frequently seen in nursery commerce in the US is the incorrect name Diablo, probably because of the familiarity of that name in Hispanic culture. - A cultivar name is considered descriptive of the plant, and it may be registered with the International Code of Nomenclature. A trademark name cannot be used in the Code of Nomenclature . Thus, a unique or novel name must be created in addition to the cultivar name to establish a trademark. Trademark names are considered "brand names", similar to Air Jordan being a brand of athletic shoes, and have no taxonomic validity. Furthermore, if a trademark name is used in international registers or printed matter as a cultivar name, the name becomes generic and losses the protection status for the inventor (breeder). - Thus, a trademarked plant often may have a trademark name and a cultivar name. In this case, the cultivar name is sometimes considered a "nonsense" name in that it is rarely used in commerce. The trademark name is the name promoted commercially. However, the so-called nonsense cultivar name is the name used in the Code of Nomenclature. Nursery catalogs (and instructors) are sometimes not careful as to a plant's correct cultivar or trademark name. These names get confused and misused, with trademarks frequently designated as cultivar names. An example of name confusion is shown with the names for the popular Red Sunset selection of Red Maple (Acer rubrum) developed at the Frank J. Schmidt nursery in Boring, Oregon. This maple is trademarked Red Sunset®, hence, Acer rubrum Red Sunset® and its cultivar name is 'Franksred', hence, Acer rubrum 'Franksred' but it is sometimes incorrectly designated in nursery catalogs as, Acer rubrum 'Red Sunset' or even Acer rubrum 'Red Sunset'® Coombes, A.J. 1985. Dictionary of plant names. Timber Press, Portland, Ore. Dirr, M. A. 1990. Manual of woody landscape plants, 4th Edition, Stipes Pub. Co., Champaign, Ill. Dirr, M. A. 1998. Manual of woody landscape plants, 5th Edition, Stipes Pub. Co., Champaign, Ill. Dirr, M. A. 2009. Manual of woody landscape plants, 6th Edition, Stipes Pub. Co., Champaign, Ill. Fisher, T. 2000. How do you say that? A guide to pronouncing botanical Latin. Horticulture 97:41-42, 44. Hyman, R., and R. Pankhurst. 1995. Plants and their names: a concise dictionary. Oxford University Press, New York. Jacobson, A.L. 1996. North American Landscape Trees. 722 p., Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, Calif. Jones, S. B., and A. E. Luchsinger. 1979. Plant systematics. McGraw-Hill, New York. Stearn, W. T. 1973. Botanical Latin. David & Charles, Newton Abbot, England.
Things Parents Can Do To Help Child Who Stutters 1. Accept your child and his speech. Realize that he is doing the best he can, right now. 2. Speak at a normal or slightly slower rate of speech. Resist the urge to speak rapidly or rush your speech. 3. Reduce length and complexity of your sentences, especially when your child is having a particularly disfluent day. 4. Take two 5-minute periods each day to practice pausing for about one second before responding to your child’s questions. 5. Let your child select the topic of conversation and then after he speaks; rephrase his remarks to let him know he communicated effectively; for example, child says, “I like the dog.” Parent says, “Yes, I like the dog too, he is very friendly.” 6. Spend some time together each day in enjoyable, nonverbal activities (playing catch, swimming, just having fun together). Things Teachers Can Do Six (6) SOURCES for NETWORKING
The Battle of Franklin Kentuckian John Bell Hood was the youngest of the full Confederate Generals. When promoted to Commander of the Army of the Tennessee on July 17, 1864, he was very likely addicted to painkillers such as opium, paregoric, laudanum, and morphine sulfate. All this heavy dope was widely available to officers during the Civil War. He was in constant pain; his arm had been severely wounded at Gettysburg, and he subsequently lost a leg at Chickamauga, so that he had to be strapped into the saddle. While Sherman burned his way to the sea unopposed, General Hood gathered 40,000 troops in Florence Alabama with a desperate plan. He would march his soldiers through middle Tennessee, hopefully picking up more recruits along the way. First, he would smash Schofield's army of 30,000 which was marching north from Pulaski, and then move on to Nashville to take on General Thomas. The idea was absurd but these were desperate times. Nashville had been captured almost three years previous. The city served as the supply depot for the ongoing Union thrust into the Confederate heartland and was extremely well fortified. If Schofield's army could make it to Nashville, they would have a combined force of over 60,000 men. So if this plan was going to work, Hood could not let that happen. One quarter of his soldiers were virtually barefoot, but if he could fight the two armies separately and whip them before they joined, he could march unchallenged to the Ohio and then turn east to join Lee in the defense of Richmond. Of course, from there they could march on Washington! He was thinking big. On the way north through middle Tennessee during this campaign, Irish General Patrick Cleburne stopped at a church in Maury County, and was heard to make an odd comment at the cemetery of Saint John's Church to the effect that, "it is almost worth dying for to be buried in such a beautiful place." This was over three years into it and the war was getting old. Even the vets, maybe expecially the vets, were getting exhausted. Cleburne had recently proposed drafting black slaves into the Confederate Army in return for their emancipation, a move he felt would simultaneously increase the size of the army and silence abolitionist support for the Federal war effort. The proposal caused quite a backlash in the south and influenced President Jefferson Davis to select J.B. Hood over Cleburne to lead the Army of Tennessee. It had already been said of Hood that he had the heart of a lion and a head of wood. At Franklin he would have his chance to prove the latter. Forrest's men reached a road junction of the Columbia Pike minutes before Schofield's advance units at Spring Hill, and skirmished with Wilson's Federal cavalry. Being low on ammunition, he pulled back. Other units had contact with the Federals as well, and Hood's army had arrived in time to cut off the Federal retreat, but because of some mix up in orders, the Rebels failed to establish their lines across the Pike; they simply posted pickets and called it a night. It had been a very long day. General Hood had even fallen off his horse. The Federals could not believe their luck as they tip-toed on past the Rebel camps. toward Franklin. Hood apparently thought the gap was closed for the night and that the Glorious Battle of Spring Hill would be fought in the morning. Although he never really took responsibility for it, in neglecting to obtain a clear understanding of what was actually happening before retiring, General Hood allowed Schofield's entire army, a seven mile long affair, to pass toward Franklin unmolested. Confederate campfires were so close to the road that some Federal soldiers wandered over to them to light their pipes and were captured. Others were simply turned back toward their friends. At breakfast the next morning, after realizing that the Union army had passed by his men during the night, Hood was absolutely pissed and blaming everyone. As one Texas lieutenant remarked, "The most charitable explanation is that the gods of war injected confusion into the heads of our leaders." The ailing General hustled everyone off to Franklin where his old roomate Schofield was already well entrenched on the high ground south of the Harpeth River. Captain Schofield would eventually rise to commander in chief of the US army, (1888-1895) but his ambitions were more immediate. On this bright November morning, all his attention was directed to the task of protecting his position until he could safely get his army north of the Harpeth and join with General Thomas at Nashville. His men had been at work since dawn extending and enlarging the earthworks which had been prepared in previous years and they were in an excellent defensive position befor noon. Schofield was being cautious now because he could not believe his luck at having slipped by the enemy in the dark with a seven mile parade of men, mules and squeaky wagons. Arriving at Winstead Hill to the south of town, the Confederate troops saw the Harpeth Valley spread before them. Two miles of flat field, cleared of obstructions, lay between them and the Yanks who were more than ready behind breastworks on the high ground south of the River. Over sixty pieces of artillery were dug in and pointing south. Hood was determined to prevent the two Federal armies from joining, but unfortunately, he was too late. This combined with his stubborness would prove to be catastrophic. He lowered his field glasses and said, "We will make the fight." His officers could not believe it. General Cheatham, rarely sober, was the first one to speak up and say, "I do not like the looks of this fight. The enemy has an excellent position and is well fortified." Nathan Bedford Forrest expressed that the plan was futile and offered to flank the Federal left. As if to say, "No, that is what they expectus to do," Hood insisted on a frontal assault against the Federal breastworks and was in no mood to hear anything else. Cleburne and various other generals expressed that this would lead to a needless loss of life. Hood insisted that the men were in need of discipline, that they had been spoiled by previous commanders and should not be intimidated by the Federal trenches and massed artillery. His final orders were, "Drive the enemy from his position into the river at all hazards." Frontal attacks of well defended positions on high ground had resulted in disaster again and again during the Civil War. The new weaponry was much more accurate and deadly at a distance and made a terrible mess of men employing tactics which were designed for the days of muskets and flintlocks. Hood had already seen this repeatedly, but his mind was conditioned by his own luck at beating the odds in Virginia and the honor that was accorded him for these exploits. He had also been there for the debacle of Pickett's charge. The young macho General on too much heavy dope would have been better served to flank the entrenchments. Forrest suggested it and Schofield expected it because it was really the only move that might have effectively given them a chance for victory. In the end, the Army of Tennessee was practically destroyed. 6,252 Confederate casualties to the Union's 2,326. In four hours Hood had lost more men than had died on both sides at Shiloh, more than Burnside had lost at Fredericksburg. Half of Hood's regimental commanders, fifty-four, were killed, and thirteen generals. The slain lay seven deep in places near the breastworks. General Patrick Cleburne had been shot through the heart, and was temporarily interred in the cemetery of St. Johns which he had so admired just a few days earlier. The holocaust at Franklin essentially ended the war in the western theater. As Private Sam Watkins from Columbia Tennessee wrote, "The death-angel was there to gather its last harvest. It was the grand coronation of death."
Mikhail Gorbachev was the final president of the Soviet Union, serving from March 1990 to December 1991. He introduced policies that were considered revolutionary and directly influenced the removal of the Communist Party from leadership of the country.Continue Reading Gorbachev grew up on a farm, but he would eventually attend Moscow State University and earn a degree in law. He joined the Communist Party during this time, rising through the ranks and being appointed to the Politburo in 1979. He became its General Secretary in 1985. Gorbachev's rapid rise gave him many opportunities to travel abroad, and this may have influenced his policies. Starting in 1985, he gradually began introducing the guiding concepts of glasnost (transparency in government), perestroika (political and economic reform), demokratizatsiya (multi-candidate elections) and uskoreniye (social and economic development). These reforms were centered on shoring up the country's economy. Gorbachev was elected as the President of the Soviet Union in 1990, as he was the only candidate on the ballot. Gorbachev's presidency was marked by increased dialogue with other nations and increased freedoms for Soviet citizens domestically. His economic policies were problematic, however, leading to financial ruin for the country. He was ousted in a coup in August of 1991, and the Soviet Union was dissolved shortly after.Learn more about Modern History
How Pakistan's Media Is Defending Democracy On 11 May 2013, the first free democratic elections were held in Pakistan since the country gained independence in 1947. Despite terror threats from the Taliban, the Election Commission said that 60 per cent of voters took part, compared with 43.7 per cent in 2008. This is one of the best results in the history of Pakistan. How would you assess the role played by the media during the election in Pakistan? And to what extent did the Pakistani media influence the electoral process and its results? Fauzia Shaheen: We saw that the media played a major role throughout the whole electoral process. For example, when voters were filling in their forms, the Election Commission asked them horrendous questions about their qualifications and religious beliefs. The media exposed vote-rigging in a number of polling stations in different constituencies on several TV channels, websites and newspapers. Thanks to the power of the media, the Election Commission had to repoll in these constituencies; nobody could deny what had happened in those videos. This is how the media regulated and controlled the elections. On polling day, at least 29 people died during attacks and more than 90 were injured. More than 620,000 policemen, members of the paramilitary and soldiers were mobilised to ensure security on the day. Do you think that the media can be considered a power that is capable of reducing violence, controlling political processes and spreading and ensuring democracy in Pakistan? Shaheen: Of course. One could say that to a certain extent, the media has become the guarantor of democracy. After all, as you know, this is the first time in the history of Pakistan that democratic elections were held and people cast votes. The politicians and the corruption are to blame: during the whole last year of the election process, many people thought that the military or some politician or non-state actor would destroy the process, but the media made sure it went ahead. In the wake of the elections, the media exerted pressure on different parts of society and emphasised that the elections had to be held in the country because it is a democratic requirement. The media also exposed many politicians who did things they should not have done. So these are the elements of a democracy and evidence of a strengthening of democracy in a country. What role does civil society play in Pakistan and what is its relationship with the media? Shaheen: Over the last five to eight years, civil society in Pakistan has become very vibrant and strong. It has a role to play in the strengthening of democracy and the protection of human rights. It is also becoming very vocal: activists are taking to the streets and using blogs and social media to protest about different issues, for example against the Blasphemy law, or expressing their solidarity with Mumtaz Qadri. Qadri was imprisoned in 2011 because he killed Punjab Governor Salman Taseer for having expressed his opposition to the country's blasphemy law. Before that, he was the governor's bodyguard and was responsible for his security. Taseer's murder shocked liberal Pakistanis, but Qadri was supported by radical Islamic parties. For them, the murderer was a national hero. His supporters used social networks to fight for his cause and claim his freedom. In rural areas, however, social activists are not as strong as they are in urban centres. Over 50–60 per cent of Pakistan's population lives in rural areas. There is widespread poverty and a lack of education in rural areas; the economic situation there is poor and there is an electricity crisis. Most of the urban centres, on the other hand, are strong and the people there are well-educated; they protest. What role do women play in the media? Shaheen: Three per cent of the people working in the media in Pakistan today are women. When I started my career as a journalist, there were very few female editors in Pakistan. Newspapers and channels gave them stereotypical "female" stories to cover, like showbiz, entertainment and kitchen stories. So my main motive in setting up the Women Media Centre was to empower women through training to play their rightful role in media and society. I think that women are more intelligent than male reporters; they are more sensible and they are very hard working. My female trainees work in different departments, for example they are doing political, war zone and conflict reporting, and they are covering the elections. How does the rest of society react to your initiative? And what about men? Shaheen: Well, we still face a lot of problems because we are still a male-dominated society in all areas. In rural areas, women work on farms all day, but they are not paid for their work. In urban centres, women have jobs, but they still face problems. Society has been changing very slowly, and the media is playing a very important role because it exposes different cases of human rights violations. Nevertheless, women still face many challenges because this is an Islamic country. We are still compelled to go backwards; we cannot go forward; we cannot live independently; we cannot fulfil our wishes and we have to follow our family and society customs. Is the press in Pakistan free? Shaheen: Yes, there is freedom of the press. However, as we discussed this morning, there is also self-censorship. In Karachi, for example, we cannot write anything about the political party MQM, which is known for its involvement in various violent and criminal activities in the city of Karachi. Nor can we write anything negative about the Taliban or Islamic extremism. Generally, however, with the exception of a few special cases, the state does not interfere in blogging. What is your wish for the future of the media in Pakistan? Shaheen: I want to see woman working in the media on an equal basis. Actually, more and more women are entering the media. At university, 90 per cent of those studying journalism are women, but it is the opposite in the media, where 90 per cent are men and only 10 per cent are women. However, media channels are realising that women are more sensible and hard working and they are starting to recruit them. When I started out as a journalist, editors, newspapers or newsrooms did not recruit women. But now, one newsroom has hired more than ten women, so the number of women has been increasing in recent years. Interview conducted by Julie Schwannecke © Qantara.de 2013 Editor: Aingeal Flanagan/Qantara.de Fauzia Shaheen is President of the Women Media Centre and Chief Editor of Dastak News Magazine in Karachi, Pakistan. The Woman Media Centre (WMC) is a non-profit organisation. Its core function is to carry out research and to train and educate media women. Furthermore, it aims to provide a professional environment for women journalists and to raise awareness of democratic and civic issues from their perspective.
George Bernard Shaw on the Meaning of Solidarity and Suffering as Our Supreme Conduit to Empathy “What you yourself can suffer is the utmost that can be suffered on earth. If you starve to death you experience all the starvation that ever has been or ever can be.” By Maria Popova “Try to exclude the possibility of suffering which the order of nature and the existence of free wills involve, and you find that you have excluded life itself,” C.S. Lewis wrote in contemplating how suffering confers agency upon life. But what is the use of our agency if we can’t enlist it in ameliorating our suffering? The counterintuitive relationship between the two is what George Bernard Shaw (July 26, 1856–November 2, 1950) examines in a portion of The Intelligent Woman’s Guide to Socialism and Capitalism (public library) — a clever and surprisingly timeless treatise published in 1928, shortly after Shaw received the Nobel Prize in Literature. Don’t let the title trigger an aversive reflex — Shaw was an ingenious playwright, and his title was an ingenious dramatic device. By addressing the book to this particular imaginary reader in an era when civic and educational opportunities for women were limited, Shaw was giving his actual reader permission to start from scratch; he was giving himself permission to clear the slate in order to reexamine and redefine his subject, stripping politics of the limiting labels slapped onto it — socialism, communism, capitalism — to reflect on its proper purpose in human life. Among his central concerns is how society — the civic and political ecosystem to which we belong — can begin to address and alleviate the perennial problem of human suffering, brought into ever-sharper relief by inequality. Nearly a century later, this aspect of Shaw’s treatise comes alive anew, particularly his counterintuitive point about the nature of human suffering and human wellbeing — a point so poignant and perceptive that it impressed even Borges, who cited it in his masterful meditation on time. Shaw writes: And now a last word as to your own spiritual centre. All through this book, we have been thinking of the public, and of our two selves as members of the public. This is our duty as citizens; but it may drive us mad if we begin to think of public evils as millionfold evils. They are nothing of the kind. What you yourself can suffer is the utmost that can be suffered on earth. If you starve to death you experience all the starvation that ever has been or ever can be. If ten thousand other women starve to death with you, their suffering is not increased by a single pang: their share in your fate does not make you ten thousand times as angry, nor prolong your suffering ten thousand times. Therefore do not be oppressed by “the frightful sum of human suffering”: there is no sum: two lean women are not twice as lean as one nor two fat women twice as fat as one. Poverty and pain are not cumulative: you must not let your spirit be crushed by the fancy that it is. If you can stand the suffering of one person you can fortify yourself with the reflection that the suffering of a million is no worse: nobody has more than one stomach to fill nor one frame to be stretched on the rack. But while suffering isn’t cumulative, Shaw argues, wellbeing is, and therefore so is the opportunity to contribute to our collective wellbeing. He writes: A thousand healthy, happy, honorable women are not each a thousand times as healthy, happy, or honorable as one; but they can co-operate to increase the health, happiness, and honor possible for each of them. The Intelligent Woman’s Guide to Socialism and Capitalism remains a superb primer on the ideas and ideologies that shaped the modern world and laid the foundations of the social, political, and cultural systems that govern our lives today. Complement this particular portion with Nietzsche on why a fulfilling life requires embracing rather than running from suffering, Simone Weil on how to make use of our suffering, and Borges on collective tragedy and collective joy, then revisit Shaw on the paradox of marriage. Published September 22, 2016

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