// Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
//
// Copyright 2018 Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
//
// Portions Copyright 2017 The Chromium OS Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE-BSD-3-Clause file.
//
// Copyright © 2019 Intel Corporation
//
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 AND BSD-3-Clause
//

use crate::config::CpusConfig;
#[cfg(feature = "guest_debug")]
use crate::coredump::{
    CpuElf64Writable, CpuSegment, CpuState as DumpCpusState, DumpState, Elf64Writable,
    GuestDebuggableError, NoteDescType, X86_64ElfPrStatus, X86_64UserRegs, COREDUMP_NAME_SIZE,
    NT_PRSTATUS,
};
use crate::device_manager::DeviceManager;
#[cfg(feature = "gdb")]
use crate::gdb::{get_raw_tid, Debuggable, DebuggableError};
use crate::memory_manager::MemoryManager;
use crate::seccomp_filters::{get_seccomp_filter, Thread};
#[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
use crate::vm::physical_bits;
use crate::GuestMemoryMmap;
use crate::CPU_MANAGER_SNAPSHOT_ID;
use acpi_tables::{aml, aml::Aml, sdt::Sdt};
use anyhow::anyhow;
use arch::EntryPoint;
use arch::NumaNodes;
use devices::interrupt_controller::InterruptController;
#[cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", feature = "gdb"))]
use gdbstub_arch::x86::reg::{X86SegmentRegs, X86_64CoreRegs};
#[cfg(feature = "guest_debug")]
use hypervisor::arch::x86::msr_index;
#[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
use hypervisor::kvm::kvm_bindings;
#[cfg(feature = "tdx")]
use hypervisor::kvm::{TdxExitDetails, TdxExitStatus};
#[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
use hypervisor::x86_64::CpuId;
#[cfg(feature = "guest_debug")]
use hypervisor::x86_64::{MsrEntries, MsrEntry};
#[cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", feature = "gdb"))]
use hypervisor::x86_64::{SpecialRegisters, StandardRegisters};
use hypervisor::{CpuState, HypervisorCpuError, VmExit, VmOps};
use libc::{c_void, siginfo_t};
#[cfg(feature = "guest_debug")]
use linux_loader::elf::Elf64_Nhdr;
use seccompiler::{apply_filter, SeccompAction};
use std::collections::BTreeMap;
#[cfg(feature = "guest_debug")]
use std::io::Write;
#[cfg(feature = "guest_debug")]
use std::mem::size_of;
use std::os::unix::thread::JoinHandleExt;
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
use std::sync::{Arc, Barrier, Mutex};
use std::{cmp, io, result, thread};
use thiserror::Error;
use vm_device::BusDevice;
#[cfg(feature = "guest_debug")]
use vm_memory::ByteValued;
#[cfg(feature = "gdb")]
use vm_memory::{Bytes, GuestAddressSpace};
use vm_memory::{GuestAddress, GuestMemoryAtomic};
use vm_migration::{
    Migratable, MigratableError, Pausable, Snapshot, SnapshotDataSection, Snapshottable,
    Transportable,
};
use vmm_sys_util::eventfd::EventFd;
use vmm_sys_util::signal::{register_signal_handler, SIGRTMIN};

pub const CPU_MANAGER_ACPI_SIZE: usize = 0xc;

#[derive(Debug, Error)]
pub enum Error {
    #[error("Error creating vCPU: {0}")]
    VcpuCreate(#[source] anyhow::Error),

    #[error("Error running bCPU: {0}")]
    VcpuRun(#[source] anyhow::Error),

    #[error("Error spawning vCPU thread: {0}")]
    VcpuSpawn(#[source] io::Error),

    #[error("Error generating common CPUID: {0}")]
    CommonCpuId(#[source] arch::Error),

    #[error("Error configuring vCPU: {0}")]
    VcpuConfiguration(#[source] arch::Error),

    #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
    #[error("Error fetching preferred target: {0}")]
    VcpuArmPreferredTarget(#[source] hypervisor::HypervisorVmError),

    #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
    #[error("Error initialising vCPU: {0}")]
    VcpuArmInit(#[source] hypervisor::HypervisorCpuError),

    #[error("Failed to join on vCPU threads: {0:?}")]
    ThreadCleanup(std::boxed::Box<dyn std::any::Any + std::marker::Send>),

    #[error("Error adding CpuManager to MMIO bus: {0}")]
    BusError(#[source] vm_device::BusError),

    #[error("Requested vCPUs exceed maximum")]
    DesiredVCpuCountExceedsMax,

    #[error("Cannot create seccomp filter: {0}")]
    CreateSeccompFilter(#[source] seccompiler::Error),

    #[error("Cannot apply seccomp filter: {0}")]
    ApplySeccompFilter(#[source] seccompiler::Error),

    #[error("Error starting vCPU after restore: {0}")]
    StartRestoreVcpu(#[source] anyhow::Error),

    #[error("Unexpected VmExit")]
    UnexpectedVmExit,

    #[error("Failed to allocate MMIO address for CpuManager")]
    AllocateMmmioAddress,

    #[cfg(feature = "tdx")]
    #[error("Error initializing TDX: {0}")]
    InitializeTdx(#[source] hypervisor::HypervisorCpuError),

    #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
    #[error("Error initializing PMU: {0}")]
    InitPmu(#[source] hypervisor::HypervisorCpuError),

    #[cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", feature = "gdb"))]
    #[error("Error during CPU debug: {0}")]
    CpuDebug(#[source] hypervisor::HypervisorCpuError),

    #[cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", feature = "gdb"))]
    #[error("Error translating virtual address: {0}")]
    TranslateVirtualAddress(#[source] hypervisor::HypervisorCpuError),

    #[cfg(all(feature = "amx", target_arch = "x86_64"))]
    #[error("Error setting up AMX: {0}")]
    AmxEnable(#[source] anyhow::Error),
}
pub type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Error>;

#[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
#[allow(dead_code)]
#[repr(packed)]
struct LocalApic {
    pub r#type: u8,
    pub length: u8,
    pub processor_id: u8,
    pub apic_id: u8,
    pub flags: u32,
}

#[allow(dead_code)]
#[repr(packed)]
#[derive(Default)]
struct Ioapic {
    pub r#type: u8,
    pub length: u8,
    pub ioapic_id: u8,
    _reserved: u8,
    pub apic_address: u32,
    pub gsi_base: u32,
}

#[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
#[allow(dead_code)]
#[repr(packed)]
struct GicC {
    pub r#type: u8,
    pub length: u8,
    pub reserved0: u16,
    pub cpu_interface_number: u32,
    pub uid: u32,
    pub flags: u32,
    pub parking_version: u32,
    pub performance_interrupt: u32,
    pub parked_address: u64,
    pub base_address: u64,
    pub gicv_base_address: u64,
    pub gich_base_address: u64,
    pub vgic_interrupt: u32,
    pub gicr_base_address: u64,
    pub mpidr: u64,
    pub proc_power_effi_class: u8,
    pub reserved1: u8,
    pub spe_overflow_interrupt: u16,
}

#[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
#[allow(dead_code)]
#[repr(packed)]
struct GicD {
    pub r#type: u8,
    pub length: u8,
    pub reserved0: u16,
    pub gic_id: u32,
    pub base_address: u64,
    pub global_irq_base: u32,
    pub version: u8,
    pub reserved1: [u8; 3],
}

#[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
#[allow(dead_code)]
#[repr(packed)]
struct GicR {
    pub r#type: u8,
    pub length: u8,
    pub reserved: u16,
    pub base_address: u64,
    pub range_length: u32,
}

#[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
#[allow(dead_code)]
#[repr(packed)]
struct GicIts {
    pub r#type: u8,
    pub length: u8,
    pub reserved0: u16,
    pub translation_id: u32,
    pub base_address: u64,
    pub reserved1: u32,
}

#[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
#[allow(dead_code)]
#[repr(packed)]
struct ProcessorHierarchyNode {
    pub r#type: u8,
    pub length: u8,
    pub reserved: u16,
    pub flags: u32,
    pub parent: u32,
    pub acpi_processor_id: u32,
    pub num_private_resources: u32,
}

#[allow(dead_code)]
#[repr(packed)]
#[derive(Default)]
struct InterruptSourceOverride {
    pub r#type: u8,
    pub length: u8,
    pub bus: u8,
    pub source: u8,
    pub gsi: u32,
    pub flags: u16,
}

#[cfg(feature = "guest_debug")]
macro_rules! round_up {
    ($n:expr,$d:expr) => {
        (($n / ($d + 1)) + 1) * $d
    };
}

/// A wrapper around creating and using a kvm-based VCPU.
pub struct Vcpu {
    // The hypervisor abstracted CPU.
    vcpu: Arc<dyn hypervisor::Vcpu>,
    id: u8,
    #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
    mpidr: u64,
    saved_state: Option<CpuState>,
}

impl Vcpu {
    /// Constructs a new VCPU for `vm`.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `id` - Represents the CPU number between [0, max vcpus).
    /// * `vm` - The virtual machine this vcpu will get attached to.
    /// * `vm_ops` - Optional object for exit handling.
    pub fn new(
        id: u8,
        vm: &Arc<dyn hypervisor::Vm>,
        vm_ops: Option<Arc<dyn VmOps>>,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        let vcpu = vm
            .create_vcpu(id, vm_ops)
            .map_err(|e| Error::VcpuCreate(e.into()))?;
        // Initially the cpuid per vCPU is the one supported by this VM.
        Ok(Vcpu {
            vcpu,
            id,
            #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
            mpidr: 0,
            saved_state: None,
        })
    }

    /// Configures a vcpu and should be called once per vcpu when created.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `kernel_entry_point` - Kernel entry point address in guest memory and boot protocol used.
    /// * `vm_memory` - Guest memory.
    /// * `cpuid` - (x86_64) CpuId, wrapper over the `kvm_cpuid2` structure.
    pub fn configure(
        &mut self,
        #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")] vm: &Arc<dyn hypervisor::Vm>,
        kernel_entry_point: Option<EntryPoint>,
        #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")] vm_memory: &GuestMemoryAtomic<GuestMemoryMmap>,
        #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")] cpuid: CpuId,
        #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")] kvm_hyperv: bool,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
        {
            self.init(vm)?;
            self.mpidr = arch::configure_vcpu(&self.vcpu, self.id, kernel_entry_point)
                .map_err(Error::VcpuConfiguration)?;
        }
        info!("Configuring vCPU: cpu_id = {}", self.id);
        #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
        arch::configure_vcpu(
            &self.vcpu,
            self.id,
            kernel_entry_point,
            vm_memory,
            cpuid,
            kvm_hyperv,
        )
        .map_err(Error::VcpuConfiguration)?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Gets the MPIDR register value.
    #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
    pub fn get_mpidr(&self) -> u64 {
        self.mpidr
    }

    /// Gets the saved vCPU state.
    #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
    pub fn get_saved_state(&self) -> Option<CpuState> {
        self.saved_state.clone()
    }

    /// Initializes an aarch64 specific vcpu for booting Linux.
    #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
    pub fn init(&self, vm: &Arc<dyn hypervisor::Vm>) -> Result<()> {
        let mut kvi: kvm_bindings::kvm_vcpu_init = kvm_bindings::kvm_vcpu_init::default();

        // This reads back the kernel's preferred target type.
        vm.get_preferred_target(&mut kvi)
            .map_err(Error::VcpuArmPreferredTarget)?;
        // We already checked that the capability is supported.
        kvi.features[0] |= 1 << kvm_bindings::KVM_ARM_VCPU_PSCI_0_2;
        kvi.features[0] |= 1 << kvm_bindings::KVM_ARM_VCPU_PMU_V3;
        // Non-boot cpus are powered off initially.
        if self.id > 0 {
            kvi.features[0] |= 1 << kvm_bindings::KVM_ARM_VCPU_POWER_OFF;
        }
        self.vcpu.vcpu_init(&kvi).map_err(Error::VcpuArmInit)
    }

    /// Runs the VCPU until it exits, returning the reason.
    ///
    /// Note that the state of the VCPU and associated VM must be setup first for this to do
    /// anything useful.
    pub fn run(&self) -> std::result::Result<VmExit, HypervisorCpuError> {
        self.vcpu.run()
    }
}

const VCPU_SNAPSHOT_ID: &str = "vcpu";
impl Pausable for Vcpu {}
impl Snapshottable for Vcpu {
    fn id(&self) -> String {
        VCPU_SNAPSHOT_ID.to_string()
    }

    fn snapshot(&mut self) -> std::result::Result<Snapshot, MigratableError> {
        let saved_state = self
            .vcpu
            .state()
            .map_err(|e| MigratableError::Pause(anyhow!("Could not get vCPU state {:?}", e)))?;

        let mut vcpu_snapshot = Snapshot::new(&format!("{}", self.id));
        vcpu_snapshot.add_data_section(SnapshotDataSection::new_from_state(
            VCPU_SNAPSHOT_ID,
            &saved_state,
        )?);

        self.saved_state = Some(saved_state);

        Ok(vcpu_snapshot)
    }

    fn restore(&mut self, snapshot: Snapshot) -> std::result::Result<(), MigratableError> {
        let saved_state: CpuState = snapshot.to_state(VCPU_SNAPSHOT_ID)?;

        self.vcpu
            .set_state(&saved_state)
            .map_err(|e| MigratableError::Pause(anyhow!("Could not set the vCPU state {:?}", e)))?;

        self.saved_state = Some(saved_state);

        Ok(())
    }
}

pub struct CpuManager {
    config: CpusConfig,
    #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "aarch64", allow(dead_code))]
    interrupt_controller: Option<Arc<Mutex<dyn InterruptController>>>,
    #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "aarch64", allow(dead_code))]
    vm_memory: GuestMemoryAtomic<GuestMemoryMmap>,
    #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
    cpuid: CpuId,
    #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "aarch64", allow(dead_code))]
    vm: Arc<dyn hypervisor::Vm>,
    vcpus_kill_signalled: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    vcpus_pause_signalled: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    exit_evt: EventFd,
    #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "aarch64", allow(dead_code))]
    reset_evt: EventFd,
    #[cfg(feature = "gdb")]
    vm_debug_evt: EventFd,
    vcpu_states: Vec<VcpuState>,
    selected_cpu: u8,
    vcpus: Vec<Arc<Mutex<Vcpu>>>,
    seccomp_action: SeccompAction,
    vm_ops: Arc<dyn VmOps>,
    #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "aarch64", allow(dead_code))]
    acpi_address: Option<GuestAddress>,
    proximity_domain_per_cpu: BTreeMap<u8, u32>,
    affinity: BTreeMap<u8, Vec<u8>>,
    dynamic: bool,
}

const CPU_ENABLE_FLAG: usize = 0;
const CPU_INSERTING_FLAG: usize = 1;
const CPU_REMOVING_FLAG: usize = 2;
const CPU_EJECT_FLAG: usize = 3;

const CPU_STATUS_OFFSET: u64 = 4;
const CPU_SELECTION_OFFSET: u64 = 0;

impl BusDevice for CpuManager {
    fn read(&mut self, _base: u64, offset: u64, data: &mut [u8]) {
        // The Linux kernel, quite reasonably, doesn't zero the memory it gives us.
        data.fill(0);

        match offset {
            CPU_SELECTION_OFFSET => {
                data[0] = self.selected_cpu;
            }
            CPU_STATUS_OFFSET => {
                if self.selected_cpu < self.max_vcpus() {
                    let state = &self.vcpu_states[usize::from(self.selected_cpu)];
                    if state.active() {
                        data[0] |= 1 << CPU_ENABLE_FLAG;
                    }
                    if state.inserting {
                        data[0] |= 1 << CPU_INSERTING_FLAG;
                    }
                    if state.removing {
                        data[0] |= 1 << CPU_REMOVING_FLAG;
                    }
                } else {
                    warn!("Out of range vCPU id: {}", self.selected_cpu);
                }
            }
            _ => {
                warn!(
                    "Unexpected offset for accessing CPU manager device: {:#}",
                    offset
                );
            }
        }
    }

    fn write(&mut self, _base: u64, offset: u64, data: &[u8]) -> Option<Arc<Barrier>> {
        match offset {
            CPU_SELECTION_OFFSET => {
                self.selected_cpu = data[0];
            }
            CPU_STATUS_OFFSET => {
                if self.selected_cpu < self.max_vcpus() {
                    let state = &mut self.vcpu_states[usize::from(self.selected_cpu)];
                    // The ACPI code writes back a 1 to acknowledge the insertion
                    if (data[0] & (1 << CPU_INSERTING_FLAG) == 1 << CPU_INSERTING_FLAG)
                        && state.inserting
                    {
                        state.inserting = false;
                    }
                    // Ditto for removal
                    if (data[0] & (1 << CPU_REMOVING_FLAG) == 1 << CPU_REMOVING_FLAG)
                        && state.removing
                    {
                        state.removing = false;
                    }
                    // Trigger removal of vCPU
                    if data[0] & (1 << CPU_EJECT_FLAG) == 1 << CPU_EJECT_FLAG {
                        if let Err(e) = self.remove_vcpu(self.selected_cpu) {
                            error!("Error removing vCPU: {:?}", e);
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    warn!("Out of range vCPU id: {}", self.selected_cpu);
                }
            }
            _ => {
                warn!(
                    "Unexpected offset for accessing CPU manager device: {:#}",
                    offset
                );
            }
        }
        None
    }
}

#[derive(Default)]
struct VcpuState {
    inserting: bool,
    removing: bool,
    handle: Option<thread::JoinHandle<()>>,
    kill: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    vcpu_run_interrupted: Arc<AtomicBool>,
}

impl VcpuState {
    fn active(&self) -> bool {
        self.handle.is_some()
    }

    fn signal_thread(&self) {
        if let Some(handle) = self.handle.as_ref() {
            loop {
                unsafe {
                    libc::pthread_kill(handle.as_pthread_t() as _, SIGRTMIN());
                }
                if self.vcpu_run_interrupted.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                    break;
                } else {
                    // This is more effective than thread::yield_now() at
                    // avoiding a priority inversion with the vCPU thread
                    thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(1));
                }
            }
        }
    }

    fn join_thread(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        if let Some(handle) = self.handle.take() {
            handle.join().map_err(Error::ThreadCleanup)?
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn unpark_thread(&self) {
        if let Some(handle) = self.handle.as_ref() {
            handle.thread().unpark()
        }
    }
}

impl CpuManager {
    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub fn new(
        config: &CpusConfig,
        device_manager: &Arc<Mutex<DeviceManager>>,
        memory_manager: &Arc<Mutex<MemoryManager>>,
        vm: Arc<dyn hypervisor::Vm>,
        exit_evt: EventFd,
        reset_evt: EventFd,
        #[cfg(feature = "gdb")] vm_debug_evt: EventFd,
        hypervisor: Arc<dyn hypervisor::Hypervisor>,
        seccomp_action: SeccompAction,
        vm_ops: Arc<dyn VmOps>,
        #[cfg(feature = "tdx")] tdx_enabled: bool,
        numa_nodes: &NumaNodes,
    ) -> Result<Arc<Mutex<CpuManager>>> {
        let guest_memory = memory_manager.lock().unwrap().guest_memory();
        let mut vcpu_states = Vec::with_capacity(usize::from(config.max_vcpus));
        vcpu_states.resize_with(usize::from(config.max_vcpus), VcpuState::default);

        #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
        let sgx_epc_sections = memory_manager
            .lock()
            .unwrap()
            .sgx_epc_region()
            .as_ref()
            .map(|sgx_epc_region| sgx_epc_region.epc_sections().values().cloned().collect());
        #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
        let cpuid = {
            let phys_bits = physical_bits(config.max_phys_bits);
            arch::generate_common_cpuid(
                hypervisor,
                config
                    .topology
                    .clone()
                    .map(|t| (t.threads_per_core, t.cores_per_die, t.dies_per_package)),
                sgx_epc_sections,
                phys_bits,
                config.kvm_hyperv,
                #[cfg(feature = "tdx")]
                tdx_enabled,
            )
            .map_err(Error::CommonCpuId)?
        };
        #[cfg(all(feature = "amx", target_arch = "x86_64"))]
        if config.features.amx {
            const ARCH_GET_XCOMP_GUEST_PERM: usize = 0x1024;
            const ARCH_REQ_XCOMP_GUEST_PERM: usize = 0x1025;
            const XFEATURE_XTILEDATA: usize = 18;
            const XFEATURE_XTILEDATA_MASK: usize = 1 << XFEATURE_XTILEDATA;

            // This is safe as the syscall is only modifing kernel internal
            // data structures that the kernel is itself expected to safeguard.
            let amx_tile = unsafe {
                libc::syscall(
                    libc::SYS_arch_prctl,
                    ARCH_REQ_XCOMP_GUEST_PERM,
                    XFEATURE_XTILEDATA,
                )
            };

            if amx_tile != 0 {
                return Err(Error::AmxEnable(anyhow!("Guest AMX usage not supported")));
            } else {
                // This is safe as the mask being modified (not marked mutable as it is
                // modified in unsafe only which is permitted) isn't in use elsewhere.
                let mask: usize = 0;
                let result = unsafe {
                    libc::syscall(libc::SYS_arch_prctl, ARCH_GET_XCOMP_GUEST_PERM, &mask)
                };
                if result != 0 || (mask & XFEATURE_XTILEDATA_MASK) != XFEATURE_XTILEDATA_MASK {
                    return Err(Error::AmxEnable(anyhow!("Guest AMX usage not supported")));
                }
            }
        }

        let device_manager = device_manager.lock().unwrap();

        let proximity_domain_per_cpu: BTreeMap<u8, u32> = {
            let mut cpu_list = Vec::new();
            for (proximity_domain, numa_node) in numa_nodes.iter() {
                for cpu in numa_node.cpus.iter() {
                    cpu_list.push((*cpu, *proximity_domain))
                }
            }
            cpu_list
        }
        .into_iter()
        .collect();

        let affinity = if let Some(cpu_affinity) = config.affinity.as_ref() {
            cpu_affinity
                .iter()
                .map(|a| (a.vcpu, a.host_cpus.clone()))
                .collect()
        } else {
            BTreeMap::new()
        };

        #[cfg(feature = "tdx")]
        let dynamic = !tdx_enabled;
        #[cfg(not(feature = "tdx"))]
        let dynamic = true;

        let acpi_address = if dynamic {
            Some(
                device_manager
                    .allocator()
                    .lock()
                    .unwrap()
                    .allocate_platform_mmio_addresses(None, CPU_MANAGER_ACPI_SIZE as u64, None)
                    .ok_or(Error::AllocateMmmioAddress)?,
            )
        } else {
            None
        };

        let cpu_manager = Arc::new(Mutex::new(CpuManager {
            config: config.clone(),
            interrupt_controller: device_manager.interrupt_controller().clone(),
            vm_memory: guest_memory,
            #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
            cpuid,
            vm,
            vcpus_kill_signalled: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
            vcpus_pause_signalled: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
            vcpu_states,
            exit_evt,
            reset_evt,
            #[cfg(feature = "gdb")]
            vm_debug_evt,
            selected_cpu: 0,
            vcpus: Vec::with_capacity(usize::from(config.max_vcpus)),
            seccomp_action,
            vm_ops,
            acpi_address,
            proximity_domain_per_cpu,
            affinity,
            dynamic,
        }));

        if let Some(acpi_address) = acpi_address {
            device_manager
                .mmio_bus()
                .insert(
                    cpu_manager.clone(),
                    acpi_address.0,
                    CPU_MANAGER_ACPI_SIZE as u64,
                )
                .map_err(Error::BusError)?;
        }

        Ok(cpu_manager)
    }

    fn create_vcpu(
        &mut self,
        cpu_id: u8,
        entry_point: Option<EntryPoint>,
        snapshot: Option<Snapshot>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        info!("Creating vCPU: cpu_id = {}", cpu_id);

        let mut vcpu = Vcpu::new(cpu_id, &self.vm, Some(self.vm_ops.clone()))?;

        if let Some(snapshot) = snapshot {
            // AArch64 vCPUs should be initialized after created.
            #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
            vcpu.init(&self.vm)?;

            vcpu.restore(snapshot).expect("Failed to restore vCPU");
        } else {
            #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
            vcpu.configure(
                entry_point,
                &self.vm_memory,
                self.cpuid.clone(),
                self.config.kvm_hyperv,
            )
            .expect("Failed to configure vCPU");

            #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
            vcpu.configure(&self.vm, entry_point)
                .expect("Failed to configure vCPU");
        }

        // Adding vCPU to the CpuManager's vCPU list.
        let vcpu = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vcpu));
        self.vcpus.push(vcpu);

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Only create new vCPUs if there aren't any inactive ones to reuse
    fn create_vcpus(&mut self, desired_vcpus: u8, entry_point: Option<EntryPoint>) -> Result<()> {
        info!(
            "Request to create new vCPUs: desired = {}, max = {}, allocated = {}, present = {}",
            desired_vcpus,
            self.config.max_vcpus,
            self.vcpus.len(),
            self.present_vcpus()
        );

        if desired_vcpus > self.config.max_vcpus {
            return Err(Error::DesiredVCpuCountExceedsMax);
        }

        // Only create vCPUs in excess of all the allocated vCPUs.
        for cpu_id in self.vcpus.len() as u8..desired_vcpus {
            self.create_vcpu(cpu_id, entry_point, None)?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
    pub fn init_pmu(&self, irq: u32) -> Result<bool> {
        let cpu_attr = kvm_bindings::kvm_device_attr {
            group: kvm_bindings::KVM_ARM_VCPU_PMU_V3_CTRL,
            attr: u64::from(kvm_bindings::KVM_ARM_VCPU_PMU_V3_INIT),
            addr: 0x0,
            flags: 0,
        };

        for cpu in self.vcpus.iter() {
            let tmp = irq;
            let cpu_attr_irq = kvm_bindings::kvm_device_attr {
                group: kvm_bindings::KVM_ARM_VCPU_PMU_V3_CTRL,
                attr: u64::from(kvm_bindings::KVM_ARM_VCPU_PMU_V3_IRQ),
                addr: &tmp as *const u32 as u64,
                flags: 0,
            };

            // Check if PMU attr is available, if not, log the information.
            if cpu.lock().unwrap().vcpu.has_vcpu_attr(&cpu_attr).is_ok() {
                // Set irq for PMU
                cpu.lock()
                    .unwrap()
                    .vcpu
                    .set_vcpu_attr(&cpu_attr_irq)
                    .map_err(Error::InitPmu)?;

                // Init PMU
                cpu.lock()
                    .unwrap()
                    .vcpu
                    .set_vcpu_attr(&cpu_attr)
                    .map_err(Error::InitPmu)?;
            } else {
                debug!(
                    "PMU attribute is not supported in vCPU{}, skip PMU init!",
                    cpu.lock().unwrap().id
                );
                return Ok(false);
            }
        }

        Ok(true)
    }

    fn start_vcpu(
        &mut self,
        vcpu: Arc<Mutex<Vcpu>>,
        vcpu_id: u8,
        vcpu_thread_barrier: Arc<Barrier>,
        inserting: bool,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let reset_evt = self.reset_evt.try_clone().unwrap();
        let exit_evt = self.exit_evt.try_clone().unwrap();
        #[cfg(feature = "gdb")]
        let vm_debug_evt = self.vm_debug_evt.try_clone().unwrap();
        let panic_exit_evt = self.exit_evt.try_clone().unwrap();
        let vcpu_kill_signalled = self.vcpus_kill_signalled.clone();
        let vcpu_pause_signalled = self.vcpus_pause_signalled.clone();

        let vcpu_kill = self.vcpu_states[usize::from(vcpu_id)].kill.clone();
        let vcpu_run_interrupted = self.vcpu_states[usize::from(vcpu_id)]
            .vcpu_run_interrupted
            .clone();
        let panic_vcpu_run_interrupted = vcpu_run_interrupted.clone();

        // Prepare the CPU set the current vCPU is expected to run onto.
        let cpuset = self.affinity.get(&vcpu_id).map(|host_cpus| {
            let mut cpuset: libc::cpu_set_t = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
            unsafe { libc::CPU_ZERO(&mut cpuset) };
            for host_cpu in host_cpus {
                unsafe { libc::CPU_SET(*host_cpu as usize, &mut cpuset) };
            }
            cpuset
        });

        // Retrieve seccomp filter for vcpu thread
        let vcpu_seccomp_filter = get_seccomp_filter(&self.seccomp_action, Thread::Vcpu)
            .map_err(Error::CreateSeccompFilter)?;

        #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
        let interrupt_controller_clone = self.interrupt_controller.as_ref().cloned();

        info!("Starting vCPU: cpu_id = {}", vcpu_id);

        let handle = Some(
            thread::Builder::new()
                .name(format!("vcpu{}", vcpu_id))
                .spawn(move || {
                    // Schedule the thread to run on the expected CPU set
                    if let Some(cpuset) = cpuset.as_ref() {
                        let ret = unsafe {
                            libc::sched_setaffinity(
                                0,
                                std::mem::size_of::<libc::cpu_set_t>(),
                                cpuset as *const libc::cpu_set_t,
                            )
                        };

                        if ret != 0 {
                            error!(
                                "Failed scheduling the vCPU {} on the expected CPU set: {}",
                                vcpu_id,
                                io::Error::last_os_error()
                            );
                            return;
                        }
                    }

                    // Apply seccomp filter for vcpu thread.
                    if !vcpu_seccomp_filter.is_empty() {
                        if let Err(e) =
                            apply_filter(&vcpu_seccomp_filter).map_err(Error::ApplySeccompFilter)
                        {
                            error!("Error applying seccomp filter: {:?}", e);
                            return;
                        }
                    }
                    extern "C" fn handle_signal(_: i32, _: *mut siginfo_t, _: *mut c_void) {}
                    // This uses an async signal safe handler to kill the vcpu handles.
                    register_signal_handler(SIGRTMIN(), handle_signal)
                        .expect("Failed to register vcpu signal handler");
                    // Block until all CPUs are ready.
                    vcpu_thread_barrier.wait();

                    std::panic::catch_unwind(move || {
                        loop {
                            // If we are being told to pause, we park the thread
                            // until the pause boolean is toggled.
                            // The resume operation is responsible for toggling
                            // the boolean and unpark the thread.
                            // We enter a loop because park() could spuriously
                            // return. We will then park() again unless the
                            // pause boolean has been toggled.

                            // Need to use Ordering::SeqCst as we have multiple
                            // loads and stores to different atomics and we need
                            // to see them in a consistent order in all threads

                            if vcpu_pause_signalled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                                // As a pause can be caused by PIO & MMIO exits then we need to ensure they are
                                // completed by returning to KVM_RUN. From the kernel docs:
                                //
                                // For KVM_EXIT_IO, KVM_EXIT_MMIO, KVM_EXIT_OSI, KVM_EXIT_PAPR, KVM_EXIT_XEN,
                                // KVM_EXIT_EPR, KVM_EXIT_X86_RDMSR and KVM_EXIT_X86_WRMSR the corresponding
                                // operations are complete (and guest state is consistent) only after userspace
                                // has re-entered the kernel with KVM_RUN.  The kernel side will first finish
                                // incomplete operations and then check for pending signals.
                                // The pending state of the operation is not preserved in state which is
                                // visible to userspace, thus userspace should ensure that the operation is
                                // completed before performing a live migration.  Userspace can re-enter the
                                // guest with an unmasked signal pending or with the immediate_exit field set
                                // to complete pending operations without allowing any further instructions
                                // to be executed.

                                #[cfg(feature = "kvm")]
                                {
                                    vcpu.lock().as_ref().unwrap().vcpu.set_immediate_exit(true);
                                    if !matches!(vcpu.lock().unwrap().run(), Ok(VmExit::Ignore)) {
                                        error!("Unexpected VM exit on \"immediate_exit\" run");
                                        break;
                                    }
                                    vcpu.lock().as_ref().unwrap().vcpu.set_immediate_exit(false);
                                }

                                vcpu_run_interrupted.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
                                while vcpu_pause_signalled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                                    thread::park();
                                }
                                vcpu_run_interrupted.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
                            }

                            // We've been told to terminate
                            if vcpu_kill_signalled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                                || vcpu_kill.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                            {
                                vcpu_run_interrupted.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
                                break;
                            }

                            #[cfg(feature = "tdx")]
                            let mut vcpu = vcpu.lock().unwrap();
                            #[cfg(not(feature = "tdx"))]
                            let vcpu = vcpu.lock().unwrap();
                            // vcpu.run() returns false on a triple-fault so trigger a reset
                            match vcpu.run() {
                                Ok(run) => match run {
                                    #[cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", feature = "kvm"))]
                                    VmExit::Debug => {
                                        info!("VmExit::Debug");
                                        #[cfg(feature = "gdb")]
                                        {
                                            vcpu_pause_signalled.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
                                            let raw_tid = get_raw_tid(vcpu_id as usize);
                                            vm_debug_evt.write(raw_tid as u64).unwrap();
                                        }
                                    }
                                    #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
                                    VmExit::IoapicEoi(vector) => {
                                        if let Some(interrupt_controller) =
                                            &interrupt_controller_clone
                                        {
                                            interrupt_controller
                                                .lock()
                                                .unwrap()
                                                .end_of_interrupt(vector);
                                        }
                                    }
                                    VmExit::Ignore => {}
                                    VmExit::Hyperv => {}
                                    VmExit::Reset => {
                                        info!("VmExit::Reset");
                                        vcpu_run_interrupted.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
                                        reset_evt.write(1).unwrap();
                                        break;
                                    }
                                    VmExit::Shutdown => {
                                        info!("VmExit::Shutdown");
                                        vcpu_run_interrupted.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
                                        exit_evt.write(1).unwrap();
                                        break;
                                    }
                                    #[cfg(feature = "tdx")]
                                    VmExit::Tdx => {
                                        if let Some(vcpu) = Arc::get_mut(&mut vcpu.vcpu) {
                                            match vcpu.get_tdx_exit_details() {
                                                Ok(details) => match details {
                                                    TdxExitDetails::GetQuote => warn!("TDG_VP_VMCALL_GET_QUOTE not supported"),
                                                    TdxExitDetails::SetupEventNotifyInterrupt => {
                                                        warn!("TDG_VP_VMCALL_SETUP_EVENT_NOTIFY_INTERRUPT not supported")
                                                    }
                                                },
                                                Err(e) => error!("Unexpected TDX VMCALL: {}", e),
                                            }
                                            vcpu.set_tdx_status(TdxExitStatus::InvalidOperand);
                                        } else {
                                            // We should never reach this code as
                                            // this means the design from the code
                                            // is wrong.
                                            unreachable!("Couldn't get a mutable reference from Arc<dyn Vcpu> as there are multiple instances");
                                        }
                                    }
                                    _ => {
                                        error!(
                                            "VCPU generated error: {:?}",
                                            Error::UnexpectedVmExit
                                        );
                                        break;
                                    }
                                },

                                Err(e) => {
                                    error!("VCPU generated error: {:?}", Error::VcpuRun(e.into()));
                                    break;
                                }
                            }

                            // We've been told to terminate
                            if vcpu_kill_signalled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                                || vcpu_kill.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                            {
                                vcpu_run_interrupted.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    })
                    .or_else(|_| {
                        panic_vcpu_run_interrupted.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
                        error!("vCPU thread panicked");
                        panic_exit_evt.write(1)
                    })
                    .ok();
                })
                .map_err(Error::VcpuSpawn)?,
        );

        // On hot plug calls into this function entry_point is None. It is for
        // those hotplug CPU additions that we need to set the inserting flag.
        self.vcpu_states[usize::from(vcpu_id)].handle = handle;
        self.vcpu_states[usize::from(vcpu_id)].inserting = inserting;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Start up as many vCPUs threads as needed to reach `desired_vcpus`
    fn activate_vcpus(&mut self, desired_vcpus: u8, inserting: bool) -> Result<()> {
        if desired_vcpus > self.config.max_vcpus {
            return Err(Error::DesiredVCpuCountExceedsMax);
        }

        let vcpu_thread_barrier = Arc::new(Barrier::new(
            (desired_vcpus - self.present_vcpus() + 1) as usize,
        ));

        info!(
            "Starting vCPUs: desired = {}, allocated = {}, present = {}",
            desired_vcpus,
            self.vcpus.len(),
            self.present_vcpus()
        );

        // This reuses any inactive vCPUs as well as any that were newly created
        for vcpu_id in self.present_vcpus()..desired_vcpus {
            let vcpu = Arc::clone(&self.vcpus[vcpu_id as usize]);
            self.start_vcpu(vcpu, vcpu_id, vcpu_thread_barrier.clone(), inserting)?;
        }

        // Unblock all CPU threads.
        vcpu_thread_barrier.wait();
        Ok(())
    }

    fn mark_vcpus_for_removal(&mut self, desired_vcpus: u8) {
        // Mark vCPUs for removal, actual removal happens on ejection
        for cpu_id in desired_vcpus..self.present_vcpus() {
            self.vcpu_states[usize::from(cpu_id)].removing = true;
        }
    }

    fn remove_vcpu(&mut self, cpu_id: u8) -> Result<()> {
        info!("Removing vCPU: cpu_id = {}", cpu_id);
        let mut state = &mut self.vcpu_states[usize::from(cpu_id)];
        state.kill.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
        state.signal_thread();
        state.join_thread()?;
        state.handle = None;

        // Once the thread has exited, clear the "kill" so that it can reused
        state.kill.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);

        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn create_boot_vcpus(&mut self, entry_point: Option<EntryPoint>) -> Result<()> {
        self.create_vcpus(self.boot_vcpus(), entry_point)
    }

    // Starts all the vCPUs that the VM is booting with. Blocks until all vCPUs are running.
    pub fn start_boot_vcpus(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        self.activate_vcpus(self.boot_vcpus(), false)
    }

    pub fn start_restored_vcpus(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        let vcpu_numbers = self.vcpus.len() as u8;
        let vcpu_thread_barrier = Arc::new(Barrier::new((vcpu_numbers + 1) as usize));
        // Restore the vCPUs in "paused" state.
        self.vcpus_pause_signalled.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);

        for vcpu_id in 0..vcpu_numbers {
            let vcpu = Arc::clone(&self.vcpus[vcpu_id as usize]);

            self.start_vcpu(vcpu, vcpu_id, vcpu_thread_barrier.clone(), false)
                .map_err(|e| {
                    Error::StartRestoreVcpu(anyhow!("Failed to start restored vCPUs: {:#?}", e))
                })?;
        }
        // Unblock all restored CPU threads.
        vcpu_thread_barrier.wait();
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn resize(&mut self, desired_vcpus: u8) -> Result<bool> {
        if desired_vcpus.cmp(&self.present_vcpus()) == cmp::Ordering::Equal {
            return Ok(false);
        }

        if !self.dynamic {
            return Ok(false);
        }

        match desired_vcpus.cmp(&self.present_vcpus()) {
            cmp::Ordering::Greater => {
                self.create_vcpus(desired_vcpus, None)?;
                self.activate_vcpus(desired_vcpus, true)?;
                Ok(true)
            }
            cmp::Ordering::Less => {
                self.mark_vcpus_for_removal(desired_vcpus);
                Ok(true)
            }
            _ => Ok(false),
        }
    }

    pub fn shutdown(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        // Tell the vCPUs to stop themselves next time they go through the loop
        self.vcpus_kill_signalled.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);

        // Toggle the vCPUs pause boolean
        self.vcpus_pause_signalled.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);

        // Unpark all the VCPU threads.
        for state in self.vcpu_states.iter() {
            state.unpark_thread();
        }

        // Signal to the spawned threads (vCPUs and console signal handler). For the vCPU threads
        // this will interrupt the KVM_RUN ioctl() allowing the loop to check the boolean set
        // above.
        for state in self.vcpu_states.iter() {
            state.signal_thread();
        }

        // Wait for all the threads to finish. This removes the state from the vector.
        for mut state in self.vcpu_states.drain(..) {
            state.join_thread()?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "tdx")]
    pub fn initialize_tdx(&self, hob_address: u64) -> Result<()> {
        for vcpu in &self.vcpus {
            vcpu.lock()
                .unwrap()
                .vcpu
                .tdx_init(hob_address)
                .map_err(Error::InitializeTdx)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn boot_vcpus(&self) -> u8 {
        self.config.boot_vcpus
    }

    pub fn max_vcpus(&self) -> u8 {
        self.config.max_vcpus
    }

    #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
    pub fn common_cpuid(&self) -> CpuId {
        self.cpuid.clone()
    }

    fn present_vcpus(&self) -> u8 {
        self.vcpu_states
            .iter()
            .fold(0, |acc, state| acc + state.active() as u8)
    }

    #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
    pub fn get_mpidrs(&self) -> Vec<u64> {
        self.vcpus
            .iter()
            .map(|cpu| cpu.lock().unwrap().get_mpidr())
            .collect()
    }

    #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
    pub fn get_saved_states(&self) -> Vec<CpuState> {
        self.vcpus
            .iter()
            .map(|cpu| cpu.lock().unwrap().get_saved_state().unwrap())
            .collect()
    }

    #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
    pub fn get_vcpu_topology(&self) -> Option<(u8, u8, u8)> {
        self.config
            .topology
            .clone()
            .map(|t| (t.threads_per_core, t.cores_per_die, t.packages))
    }

    pub fn create_madt(&self) -> Sdt {
        use crate::acpi;
        // This is also checked in the commandline parsing.
        assert!(self.config.boot_vcpus <= self.config.max_vcpus);

        let mut madt = Sdt::new(*b"APIC", 44, 5, *b"CLOUDH", *b"CHMADT  ", 1);
        #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
        {
            madt.write(36, arch::layout::APIC_START);

            for cpu in 0..self.config.max_vcpus {
                let lapic = LocalApic {
                    r#type: acpi::ACPI_APIC_PROCESSOR,
                    length: 8,
                    processor_id: cpu,
                    apic_id: cpu,
                    flags: if cpu < self.config.boot_vcpus {
                        1 << MADT_CPU_ENABLE_FLAG
                    } else {
                        0
                    },
                };
                madt.append(lapic);
            }

            madt.append(Ioapic {
                r#type: acpi::ACPI_APIC_IO,
                length: 12,
                ioapic_id: 0,
                apic_address: arch::layout::IOAPIC_START.0 as u32,
                gsi_base: 0,
                ..Default::default()
            });

            madt.append(InterruptSourceOverride {
                r#type: acpi::ACPI_APIC_XRUPT_OVERRIDE,
                length: 10,
                bus: 0,
                source: 4,
                gsi: 4,
                flags: 0,
            });
        }

        #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
        {
            use vm_memory::Address;
            /* Notes:
             * Ignore Local Interrupt Controller Address at byte offset 36 of MADT table.
             */

            // See section 5.2.12.14 GIC CPU Interface (GICC) Structure in ACPI spec.
            for cpu in 0..self.config.boot_vcpus {
                let vcpu = &self.vcpus[cpu as usize];
                let mpidr = vcpu.lock().unwrap().get_mpidr();
                /* ARMv8 MPIDR format:
                     Bits [63:40] Must be zero
                     Bits [39:32] Aff3 : Match Aff3 of target processor MPIDR
                     Bits [31:24] Must be zero
                     Bits [23:16] Aff2 : Match Aff2 of target processor MPIDR
                     Bits [15:8] Aff1 : Match Aff1 of target processor MPIDR
                     Bits [7:0] Aff0 : Match Aff0 of target processor MPIDR
                */
                let mpidr_mask = 0xff_00ff_ffff;
                let gicc = GicC {
                    r#type: acpi::ACPI_APIC_GENERIC_CPU_INTERFACE,
                    length: 80,
                    reserved0: 0,
                    cpu_interface_number: cpu as u32,
                    uid: cpu as u32,
                    flags: 1,
                    parking_version: 0,
                    performance_interrupt: 0,
                    parked_address: 0,
                    base_address: 0,
                    gicv_base_address: 0,
                    gich_base_address: 0,
                    vgic_interrupt: 0,
                    gicr_base_address: 0,
                    mpidr: mpidr & mpidr_mask,
                    proc_power_effi_class: 0,
                    reserved1: 0,
                    spe_overflow_interrupt: 0,
                };

                madt.append(gicc);
            }

            // GIC Distributor structure. See section 5.2.12.15 in ACPI spec.
            let gicd = GicD {
                r#type: acpi::ACPI_APIC_GENERIC_DISTRIBUTOR,
                length: 24,
                reserved0: 0,
                gic_id: 0,
                base_address: arch::layout::MAPPED_IO_START.raw_value() - 0x0001_0000,
                global_irq_base: 0,
                version: 3,
                reserved1: [0; 3],
            };
            madt.append(gicd);

            // See 5.2.12.17 GIC Redistributor (GICR) Structure in ACPI spec.
            let gicr_size: u32 = 0x0001_0000 * 2 * (self.config.boot_vcpus as u32);
            let gicr_base: u64 =
                arch::layout::MAPPED_IO_START.raw_value() - 0x0001_0000 - gicr_size as u64;
            let gicr = GicR {
                r#type: acpi::ACPI_APIC_GENERIC_REDISTRIBUTOR,
                length: 16,
                reserved: 0,
                base_address: gicr_base,
                range_length: gicr_size,
            };
            madt.append(gicr);

            // See 5.2.12.18 GIC Interrupt Translation Service (ITS) Structure in ACPI spec.
            let gicits = GicIts {
                r#type: acpi::ACPI_APIC_GENERIC_TRANSLATOR,
                length: 20,
                reserved0: 0,
                translation_id: 0,
                base_address: gicr_base - 2 * 0x0001_0000,
                reserved1: 0,
            };
            madt.append(gicits);

            madt.update_checksum();
        }

        madt
    }

    #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
    pub fn create_pptt(&self) -> Sdt {
        let pptt_start = 0;
        let mut cpus = 0;
        let mut uid = 0;
        // If topology is not specified, the default setting is:
        // 1 package, multiple cores, 1 thread per core
        // This is also the behavior when PPTT is missing.
        let (threads_per_core, cores_per_package, packages) =
            self.get_vcpu_topology().unwrap_or((1, self.max_vcpus(), 1));

        let mut pptt = Sdt::new(*b"PPTT", 36, 2, *b"CLOUDH", *b"CHPPTT  ", 1);

        for cluster_idx in 0..packages {
            if cpus < self.config.boot_vcpus as usize {
                let cluster_offset = pptt.len() - pptt_start;
                let cluster_hierarchy_node = ProcessorHierarchyNode {
                    r#type: 0,
                    length: 20,
                    reserved: 0,
                    flags: 0x2,
                    parent: 0,
                    acpi_processor_id: cluster_idx as u32,
                    num_private_resources: 0,
                };
                pptt.append(cluster_hierarchy_node);

                for core_idx in 0..cores_per_package {
                    let core_offset = pptt.len() - pptt_start;

                    if threads_per_core > 1 {
                        let core_hierarchy_node = ProcessorHierarchyNode {
                            r#type: 0,
                            length: 20,
                            reserved: 0,
                            flags: 0x2,
                            parent: cluster_offset as u32,
                            acpi_processor_id: core_idx as u32,
                            num_private_resources: 0,
                        };
                        pptt.append(core_hierarchy_node);

                        for _thread_idx in 0..threads_per_core {
                            let thread_hierarchy_node = ProcessorHierarchyNode {
                                r#type: 0,
                                length: 20,
                                reserved: 0,
                                flags: 0xE,
                                parent: core_offset as u32,
                                acpi_processor_id: uid as u32,
                                num_private_resources: 0,
                            };
                            pptt.append(thread_hierarchy_node);
                            uid += 1;
                        }
                    } else {
                        let thread_hierarchy_node = ProcessorHierarchyNode {
                            r#type: 0,
                            length: 20,
                            reserved: 0,
                            flags: 0xA,
                            parent: cluster_offset as u32,
                            acpi_processor_id: uid as u32,
                            num_private_resources: 0,
                        };
                        pptt.append(thread_hierarchy_node);
                        uid += 1;
                    }
                }
                cpus += (cores_per_package * threads_per_core) as usize;
            }
        }

        pptt.update_checksum();
        pptt
    }

    #[cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", feature = "gdb"))]
    fn get_regs(&self, cpu_id: u8) -> Result<StandardRegisters> {
        self.vcpus[usize::from(cpu_id)]
            .lock()
            .unwrap()
            .vcpu
            .get_regs()
            .map_err(Error::CpuDebug)
    }

    #[cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", feature = "gdb"))]
    fn set_regs(&self, cpu_id: u8, regs: &StandardRegisters) -> Result<()> {
        self.vcpus[usize::from(cpu_id)]
            .lock()
            .unwrap()
            .vcpu
            .set_regs(regs)
            .map_err(Error::CpuDebug)
    }

    #[cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", feature = "gdb"))]
    fn get_sregs(&self, cpu_id: u8) -> Result<SpecialRegisters> {
        self.vcpus[usize::from(cpu_id)]
            .lock()
            .unwrap()
            .vcpu
            .get_sregs()
            .map_err(Error::CpuDebug)
    }

    #[cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", feature = "gdb"))]
    fn set_sregs(&self, cpu_id: u8, sregs: &SpecialRegisters) -> Result<()> {
        self.vcpus[usize::from(cpu_id)]
            .lock()
            .unwrap()
            .vcpu
            .set_sregs(sregs)
            .map_err(Error::CpuDebug)
    }

    #[cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", feature = "gdb"))]
    fn translate_gva(&self, cpu_id: u8, gva: u64) -> Result<u64> {
        let (gpa, _) = self.vcpus[usize::from(cpu_id)]
            .lock()
            .unwrap()
            .vcpu
            .translate_gva(gva, /* flags: unused */ 0)
            .map_err(Error::TranslateVirtualAddress)?;
        Ok(gpa)
    }

    pub fn vcpus_paused(&self) -> bool {
        self.vcpus_pause_signalled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
    }
}

struct Cpu {
    cpu_id: u8,
    proximity_domain: u32,
    dynamic: bool,
}

#[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
const MADT_CPU_ENABLE_FLAG: usize = 0;

impl Cpu {
    #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
    fn generate_mat(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
        let lapic = LocalApic {
            r#type: 0,
            length: 8,
            processor_id: self.cpu_id,
            apic_id: self.cpu_id,
            flags: 1 << MADT_CPU_ENABLE_FLAG,
        };

        let mut mat_data: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
        mat_data.resize(std::mem::size_of_val(&lapic), 0);
        unsafe { *(mat_data.as_mut_ptr() as *mut LocalApic) = lapic };

        mat_data
    }
}

impl Aml for Cpu {
    fn append_aml_bytes(&self, bytes: &mut Vec<u8>) {
        #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
        let mat_data: Vec<u8> = self.generate_mat();
        #[allow(clippy::if_same_then_else)]
        if self.dynamic {
            aml::Device::new(
                format!("C{:03}", self.cpu_id).as_str().into(),
                vec![
                    &aml::Name::new("_HID".into(), &"ACPI0007"),
                    &aml::Name::new("_UID".into(), &self.cpu_id),
                    // Currently, AArch64 cannot support following fields.
                    /*
                    _STA return value:
                    Bit [0] – Set if the device is present.
                    Bit [1] – Set if the device is enabled and decoding its resources.
                    Bit [2] – Set if the device should be shown in the UI.
                    Bit [3] – Set if the device is functioning properly (cleared if device failed its diagnostics).
                    Bit [4] – Set if the battery is present.
                    Bits [31:5] – Reserved (must be cleared).
                    */
                    #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
                    &aml::Method::new(
                        "_STA".into(),
                        0,
                        false,
                        // Call into CSTA method which will interrogate device
                        vec![&aml::Return::new(&aml::MethodCall::new(
                            "CSTA".into(),
                            vec![&self.cpu_id],
                        ))],
                    ),
                    &aml::Method::new(
                        "_PXM".into(),
                        0,
                        false,
                        vec![&aml::Return::new(&self.proximity_domain)],
                    ),
                    // The Linux kernel expects every CPU device to have a _MAT entry
                    // containing the LAPIC for this processor with the enabled bit set
                    // even it if is disabled in the MADT (non-boot CPU)
                    #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
                    &aml::Name::new("_MAT".into(), &aml::Buffer::new(mat_data)),
                    // Trigger CPU ejection
                    #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
                    &aml::Method::new(
                        "_EJ0".into(),
                        1,
                        false,
                        // Call into CEJ0 method which will actually eject device
                        vec![&aml::MethodCall::new("CEJ0".into(), vec![&self.cpu_id])],
                    ),
                ],
            )
            .append_aml_bytes(bytes);
        } else {
            aml::Device::new(
                format!("C{:03}", self.cpu_id).as_str().into(),
                vec![
                    &aml::Name::new("_HID".into(), &"ACPI0007"),
                    &aml::Name::new("_UID".into(), &self.cpu_id),
                    #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
                    &aml::Method::new(
                        "_STA".into(),
                        0,
                        false,
                        // Mark CPU present see CSTA implementation
                        vec![&aml::Return::new(&0xfu8)],
                    ),
                    &aml::Method::new(
                        "_PXM".into(),
                        0,
                        false,
                        vec![&aml::Return::new(&self.proximity_domain)],
                    ),
                    // The Linux kernel expects every CPU device to have a _MAT entry
                    // containing the LAPIC for this processor with the enabled bit set
                    // even it if is disabled in the MADT (non-boot CPU)
                    #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
                    &aml::Name::new("_MAT".into(), &aml::Buffer::new(mat_data)),
                ],
            )
            .append_aml_bytes(bytes);
        }
    }
}

struct CpuNotify {
    cpu_id: u8,
}

impl Aml for CpuNotify {
    fn append_aml_bytes(&self, bytes: &mut Vec<u8>) {
        let object = aml::Path::new(&format!("C{:03}", self.cpu_id));
        aml::If::new(
            &aml::Equal::new(&aml::Arg(0), &self.cpu_id),
            vec![&aml::Notify::new(&object, &aml::Arg(1))],
        )
        .append_aml_bytes(bytes)
    }
}

struct CpuMethods {
    max_vcpus: u8,
    dynamic: bool,
}

impl Aml for CpuMethods {
    fn append_aml_bytes(&self, bytes: &mut Vec<u8>) {
        if self.dynamic {
            // CPU status method
            aml::Method::new(
                "CSTA".into(),
                1,
                true,
                vec![
                    // Take lock defined above
                    &aml::Acquire::new("\\_SB_.PRES.CPLK".into(), 0xffff),
                    // Write CPU number (in first argument) to I/O port via field
                    &aml::Store::new(&aml::Path::new("\\_SB_.PRES.CSEL"), &aml::Arg(0)),
                    &aml::Store::new(&aml::Local(0), &aml::ZERO),
                    // Check if CPEN bit is set, if so make the local variable 0xf (see _STA for details of meaning)
                    &aml::If::new(
                        &aml::Equal::new(&aml::Path::new("\\_SB_.PRES.CPEN"), &aml::ONE),
                        vec![&aml::Store::new(&aml::Local(0), &0xfu8)],
                    ),
                    // Release lock
                    &aml::Release::new("\\_SB_.PRES.CPLK".into()),
                    // Return 0 or 0xf
                    &aml::Return::new(&aml::Local(0)),
                ],
            )
            .append_aml_bytes(bytes);

            let mut cpu_notifies = Vec::new();
            for cpu_id in 0..self.max_vcpus {
                cpu_notifies.push(CpuNotify { cpu_id });
            }

            let mut cpu_notifies_refs: Vec<&dyn aml::Aml> = Vec::new();
            for cpu_id in 0..self.max_vcpus {
                cpu_notifies_refs.push(&cpu_notifies[usize::from(cpu_id)]);
            }

            aml::Method::new("CTFY".into(), 2, true, cpu_notifies_refs).append_aml_bytes(bytes);

            aml::Method::new(
                "CEJ0".into(),
                1,
                true,
                vec![
                    &aml::Acquire::new("\\_SB_.PRES.CPLK".into(), 0xffff),
                    // Write CPU number (in first argument) to I/O port via field
                    &aml::Store::new(&aml::Path::new("\\_SB_.PRES.CSEL"), &aml::Arg(0)),
                    // Set CEJ0 bit
                    &aml::Store::new(&aml::Path::new("\\_SB_.PRES.CEJ0"), &aml::ONE),
                    &aml::Release::new("\\_SB_.PRES.CPLK".into()),
                ],
            )
            .append_aml_bytes(bytes);

            aml::Method::new(
                "CSCN".into(),
                0,
                true,
                vec![
                    // Take lock defined above
                    &aml::Acquire::new("\\_SB_.PRES.CPLK".into(), 0xffff),
                    &aml::Store::new(&aml::Local(0), &aml::ZERO),
                    &aml::While::new(
                        &aml::LessThan::new(&aml::Local(0), &self.max_vcpus),
                        vec![
                            // Write CPU number (in first argument) to I/O port via field
                            &aml::Store::new(&aml::Path::new("\\_SB_.PRES.CSEL"), &aml::Local(0)),
                            // Check if CINS bit is set
                            &aml::If::new(
                                &aml::Equal::new(&aml::Path::new("\\_SB_.PRES.CINS"), &aml::ONE),
                                // Notify device if it is
                                vec![
                                    &aml::MethodCall::new(
                                        "CTFY".into(),
                                        vec![&aml::Local(0), &aml::ONE],
                                    ),
                                    // Reset CINS bit
                                    &aml::Store::new(
                                        &aml::Path::new("\\_SB_.PRES.CINS"),
                                        &aml::ONE,
                                    ),
                                ],
                            ),
                            // Check if CRMV bit is set
                            &aml::If::new(
                                &aml::Equal::new(&aml::Path::new("\\_SB_.PRES.CRMV"), &aml::ONE),
                                // Notify device if it is (with the eject constant 0x3)
                                vec![
                                    &aml::MethodCall::new(
                                        "CTFY".into(),
                                        vec![&aml::Local(0), &3u8],
                                    ),
                                    // Reset CRMV bit
                                    &aml::Store::new(
                                        &aml::Path::new("\\_SB_.PRES.CRMV"),
                                        &aml::ONE,
                                    ),
                                ],
                            ),
                            &aml::Add::new(&aml::Local(0), &aml::Local(0), &aml::ONE),
                        ],
                    ),
                    // Release lock
                    &aml::Release::new("\\_SB_.PRES.CPLK".into()),
                ],
            )
            .append_aml_bytes(bytes)
        } else {
            aml::Method::new("CSCN".into(), 0, true, vec![]).append_aml_bytes(bytes)
        }
    }
}

impl Aml for CpuManager {
    fn append_aml_bytes(&self, bytes: &mut Vec<u8>) {
        #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
        if let Some(acpi_address) = self.acpi_address {
            // CPU hotplug controller
            aml::Device::new(
                "_SB_.PRES".into(),
                vec![
                    &aml::Name::new("_HID".into(), &aml::EisaName::new("PNP0A06")),
                    &aml::Name::new("_UID".into(), &"CPU Hotplug Controller"),
                    // Mutex to protect concurrent access as we write to choose CPU and then read back status
                    &aml::Mutex::new("CPLK".into(), 0),
                    &aml::Name::new(
                        "_CRS".into(),
                        &aml::ResourceTemplate::new(vec![&aml::AddressSpace::new_memory(
                            aml::AddressSpaceCachable::NotCacheable,
                            true,
                            acpi_address.0 as u64,
                            acpi_address.0 + CPU_MANAGER_ACPI_SIZE as u64 - 1,
                        )]),
                    ),
                    // OpRegion and Fields map MMIO range into individual field values
                    &aml::OpRegion::new(
                        "PRST".into(),
                        aml::OpRegionSpace::SystemMemory,
                        acpi_address.0 as usize,
                        CPU_MANAGER_ACPI_SIZE,
                    ),
                    &aml::Field::new(
                        "PRST".into(),
                        aml::FieldAccessType::Byte,
                        aml::FieldUpdateRule::WriteAsZeroes,
                        vec![
                            aml::FieldEntry::Reserved(32),
                            aml::FieldEntry::Named(*b"CPEN", 1),
                            aml::FieldEntry::Named(*b"CINS", 1),
                            aml::FieldEntry::Named(*b"CRMV", 1),
                            aml::FieldEntry::Named(*b"CEJ0", 1),
                            aml::FieldEntry::Reserved(4),
                            aml::FieldEntry::Named(*b"CCMD", 8),
                        ],
                    ),
                    &aml::Field::new(
                        "PRST".into(),
                        aml::FieldAccessType::DWord,
                        aml::FieldUpdateRule::Preserve,
                        vec![
                            aml::FieldEntry::Named(*b"CSEL", 32),
                            aml::FieldEntry::Reserved(32),
                            aml::FieldEntry::Named(*b"CDAT", 32),
                        ],
                    ),
                ],
            )
            .append_aml_bytes(bytes);
        }

        // CPU devices
        let hid = aml::Name::new("_HID".into(), &"ACPI0010");
        let uid = aml::Name::new("_CID".into(), &aml::EisaName::new("PNP0A05"));
        // Bundle methods together under a common object
        let methods = CpuMethods {
            max_vcpus: self.config.max_vcpus,
            dynamic: self.dynamic,
        };
        let mut cpu_data_inner: Vec<&dyn aml::Aml> = vec![&hid, &uid, &methods];

        let mut cpu_devices = Vec::new();
        for cpu_id in 0..self.config.max_vcpus {
            let proximity_domain = *self.proximity_domain_per_cpu.get(&cpu_id).unwrap_or(&0);
            let cpu_device = Cpu {
                cpu_id,
                proximity_domain,
                dynamic: self.dynamic,
            };

            cpu_devices.push(cpu_device);
        }

        for cpu_device in cpu_devices.iter() {
            cpu_data_inner.push(cpu_device);
        }

        aml::Device::new("_SB_.CPUS".into(), cpu_data_inner).append_aml_bytes(bytes)
    }
}

impl Pausable for CpuManager {
    fn pause(&mut self) -> std::result::Result<(), MigratableError> {
        // Tell the vCPUs to pause themselves next time they exit
        self.vcpus_pause_signalled.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);

        // Signal to the spawned threads (vCPUs and console signal handler). For the vCPU threads
        // this will interrupt the KVM_RUN ioctl() allowing the loop to check the boolean set
        // above.
        for state in self.vcpu_states.iter() {
            state.signal_thread();
        }

        for vcpu in self.vcpus.iter() {
            let mut vcpu = vcpu.lock().unwrap();
            vcpu.pause()?;
            #[cfg(all(feature = "kvm", target_arch = "x86_64"))]
            if !self.config.kvm_hyperv {
                vcpu.vcpu.notify_guest_clock_paused().map_err(|e| {
                    MigratableError::Pause(anyhow!(
                        "Could not notify guest it has been paused {:?}",
                        e
                    ))
                })?;
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn resume(&mut self) -> std::result::Result<(), MigratableError> {
        for vcpu in self.vcpus.iter() {
            vcpu.lock().unwrap().resume()?;
        }

        // Toggle the vCPUs pause boolean
        self.vcpus_pause_signalled.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);

        // Unpark all the VCPU threads.
        // Once unparked, the next thing they will do is checking for the pause
        // boolean. Since it'll be set to false, they will exit their pause loop
        // and go back to vmx root.
        for state in self.vcpu_states.iter() {
            state.unpark_thread();
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

impl Snapshottable for CpuManager {
    fn id(&self) -> String {
        CPU_MANAGER_SNAPSHOT_ID.to_string()
    }

    fn snapshot(&mut self) -> std::result::Result<Snapshot, MigratableError> {
        let mut cpu_manager_snapshot = Snapshot::new(CPU_MANAGER_SNAPSHOT_ID);

        // The CpuManager snapshot is a collection of all vCPUs snapshots.
        for vcpu in &self.vcpus {
            let cpu_snapshot = vcpu.lock().unwrap().snapshot()?;
            cpu_manager_snapshot.add_snapshot(cpu_snapshot);
        }

        Ok(cpu_manager_snapshot)
    }

    fn restore(&mut self, snapshot: Snapshot) -> std::result::Result<(), MigratableError> {
        for (cpu_id, snapshot) in snapshot.snapshots.iter() {
            info!("Restoring VCPU {}", cpu_id);
            self.create_vcpu(cpu_id.parse::<u8>().unwrap(), None, Some(*snapshot.clone()))
                .map_err(|e| MigratableError::Restore(anyhow!("Could not create vCPU {:?}", e)))?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }
}

impl Transportable for CpuManager {}
impl Migratable for CpuManager {}

#[cfg(feature = "gdb")]
impl Debuggable for CpuManager {
    #[cfg(feature = "kvm")]
    fn set_guest_debug(
        &self,
        cpu_id: usize,
        addrs: &[GuestAddress],
        singlestep: bool,
    ) -> std::result::Result<(), DebuggableError> {
        self.vcpus[cpu_id]
            .lock()
            .unwrap()
            .vcpu
            .set_guest_debug(addrs, singlestep)
            .map_err(DebuggableError::SetDebug)
    }

    fn debug_pause(&mut self) -> std::result::Result<(), DebuggableError> {
        Ok(())
    }

    fn debug_resume(&mut self) -> std::result::Result<(), DebuggableError> {
        Ok(())
    }

    #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
    fn read_regs(&self, cpu_id: usize) -> std::result::Result<X86_64CoreRegs, DebuggableError> {
        // General registers: RAX, RBX, RCX, RDX, RSI, RDI, RBP, RSP, r8-r15
        let gregs = self
            .get_regs(cpu_id as u8)
            .map_err(DebuggableError::ReadRegs)?;
        let regs = [
            gregs.rax, gregs.rbx, gregs.rcx, gregs.rdx, gregs.rsi, gregs.rdi, gregs.rbp, gregs.rsp,
            gregs.r8, gregs.r9, gregs.r10, gregs.r11, gregs.r12, gregs.r13, gregs.r14, gregs.r15,
        ];

        // GDB exposes 32-bit eflags instead of 64-bit rflags.
        // https://github.com/bminor/binutils-gdb/blob/master/gdb/features/i386/64bit-core.xml
        let eflags = gregs.rflags as u32;
        let rip = gregs.rip;

        // Segment registers: CS, SS, DS, ES, FS, GS
        let sregs = self
            .get_sregs(cpu_id as u8)
            .map_err(DebuggableError::ReadRegs)?;
        let segments = X86SegmentRegs {
            cs: sregs.cs.selector as u32,
            ss: sregs.ss.selector as u32,
            ds: sregs.ds.selector as u32,
            es: sregs.es.selector as u32,
            fs: sregs.fs.selector as u32,
            gs: sregs.gs.selector as u32,
        };

        // TODO: Add other registers

        Ok(X86_64CoreRegs {
            regs,
            eflags,
            rip,
            segments,
            ..Default::default()
        })
    }

    #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
    fn write_regs(
        &self,
        cpu_id: usize,
        regs: &X86_64CoreRegs,
    ) -> std::result::Result<(), DebuggableError> {
        let orig_gregs = self
            .get_regs(cpu_id as u8)
            .map_err(DebuggableError::ReadRegs)?;
        let gregs = StandardRegisters {
            rax: regs.regs[0],
            rbx: regs.regs[1],
            rcx: regs.regs[2],
            rdx: regs.regs[3],
            rsi: regs.regs[4],
            rdi: regs.regs[5],
            rbp: regs.regs[6],
            rsp: regs.regs[7],
            r8: regs.regs[8],
            r9: regs.regs[9],
            r10: regs.regs[10],
            r11: regs.regs[11],
            r12: regs.regs[12],
            r13: regs.regs[13],
            r14: regs.regs[14],
            r15: regs.regs[15],
            rip: regs.rip,
            // Update the lower 32-bit of rflags.
            rflags: (orig_gregs.rflags & !(u32::MAX as u64)) | (regs.eflags as u64),
        };

        self.set_regs(cpu_id as u8, &gregs)
            .map_err(DebuggableError::WriteRegs)?;

        // Segment registers: CS, SS, DS, ES, FS, GS
        // Since GDB care only selectors, we call get_sregs() first.
        let mut sregs = self
            .get_sregs(cpu_id as u8)
            .map_err(DebuggableError::ReadRegs)?;
        sregs.cs.selector = regs.segments.cs as u16;
        sregs.ss.selector = regs.segments.ss as u16;
        sregs.ds.selector = regs.segments.ds as u16;
        sregs.es.selector = regs.segments.es as u16;
        sregs.fs.selector = regs.segments.fs as u16;
        sregs.gs.selector = regs.segments.gs as u16;

        self.set_sregs(cpu_id as u8, &sregs)
            .map_err(DebuggableError::WriteRegs)?;

        // TODO: Add other registers

        Ok(())
    }

    #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
    fn read_mem(
        &self,
        cpu_id: usize,
        vaddr: GuestAddress,
        len: usize,
    ) -> std::result::Result<Vec<u8>, DebuggableError> {
        let mut buf = vec![0; len];
        let mut total_read = 0_u64;

        while total_read < len as u64 {
            let gaddr = vaddr.0 + total_read;
            let paddr = match self.translate_gva(cpu_id as u8, gaddr) {
                Ok(paddr) => paddr,
                Err(_) if gaddr == u64::MIN => gaddr, // Silently return GVA as GPA if GVA == 0.
                Err(e) => return Err(DebuggableError::TranslateGva(e)),
            };
            let psize = arch::PAGE_SIZE as u64;
            let read_len = std::cmp::min(len as u64 - total_read, psize - (paddr & (psize - 1)));
            self.vm_memory
                .memory()
                .read(
                    &mut buf[total_read as usize..total_read as usize + read_len as usize],
                    GuestAddress(paddr),
                )
                .map_err(DebuggableError::ReadMem)?;
            total_read += read_len;
        }
        Ok(buf)
    }

    #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
    fn write_mem(
        &self,
        cpu_id: usize,
        vaddr: &GuestAddress,
        data: &[u8],
    ) -> std::result::Result<(), DebuggableError> {
        let mut total_written = 0_u64;

        while total_written < data.len() as u64 {
            let gaddr = vaddr.0 + total_written;
            let paddr = match self.translate_gva(cpu_id as u8, gaddr) {
                Ok(paddr) => paddr,
                Err(_) if gaddr == u64::MIN => gaddr, // Silently return GVA as GPA if GVA == 0.
                Err(e) => return Err(DebuggableError::TranslateGva(e)),
            };
            let psize = arch::PAGE_SIZE as u64;
            let write_len = std::cmp::min(
                data.len() as u64 - total_written,
                psize - (paddr & (psize - 1)),
            );
            self.vm_memory
                .memory()
                .write(
                    &data[total_written as usize..total_written as usize + write_len as usize],
                    GuestAddress(paddr),
                )
                .map_err(DebuggableError::WriteMem)?;
            total_written += write_len;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn active_vcpus(&self) -> usize {
        self.present_vcpus() as usize
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "guest_debug")]
impl Elf64Writable for CpuManager {}

#[cfg(feature = "guest_debug")]
impl CpuElf64Writable for CpuManager {
    fn cpu_write_elf64_note(
        &mut self,
        dump_state: &DumpState,
    ) -> std::result::Result<(), GuestDebuggableError> {
        let mut coredump_file = dump_state.file.as_ref().unwrap();
        for vcpu in &self.vcpus {
            let note_size = self.get_note_size(NoteDescType::Elf, 1);
            let mut pos: usize = 0;
            let mut buf = vec![0; note_size as usize];
            let descsz = size_of::<X86_64ElfPrStatus>();
            let vcpu_id = vcpu.lock().unwrap().id;

            let note = Elf64_Nhdr {
                n_namesz: COREDUMP_NAME_SIZE,
                n_descsz: descsz as u32,
                n_type: NT_PRSTATUS,
            };

            let bytes: &[u8] = note.as_slice();
            buf.splice(0.., bytes.to_vec());
            pos += round_up!(size_of::<Elf64_Nhdr>(), 4);
            buf.resize(pos + 4, 0);
            buf.splice(pos.., "CORE".to_string().into_bytes());

            pos += round_up!(COREDUMP_NAME_SIZE as usize, 4);
            buf.resize(pos + 32 + 4, 0);
            let pid = vcpu_id as u64;
            let bytes: &[u8] = pid.as_slice();
            buf.splice(pos + 32.., bytes.to_vec()); /* pr_pid */

            pos += descsz - size_of::<X86_64UserRegs>() - size_of::<u64>();

            let orig_rax: u64 = 0;
            let gregs = self.vcpus[usize::from(vcpu_id)]
                .lock()
                .unwrap()
                .vcpu
                .get_regs()
                .map_err(|_e| GuestDebuggableError::Coredump(anyhow!("get regs failed")))?;

            let regs1 = [
                gregs.r15, gregs.r14, gregs.r13, gregs.r12, gregs.rbp, gregs.rbx, gregs.r11,
                gregs.r10,
            ];
            let regs2 = [
                gregs.r9, gregs.r8, gregs.rax, gregs.rcx, gregs.rdx, gregs.rsi, gregs.rdi, orig_rax,
            ];

            let sregs = self.vcpus[usize::from(vcpu_id)]
                .lock()
                .unwrap()
                .vcpu
                .get_sregs()
                .map_err(|_e| GuestDebuggableError::Coredump(anyhow!("get sregs failed")))?;

            debug!(
                "rip 0x{:x} rsp 0x{:x} gs 0x{:x} cs 0x{:x} ss 0x{:x} ds 0x{:x}",
                gregs.rip,
                gregs.rsp,
                sregs.gs.base,
                sregs.cs.selector,
                sregs.ss.selector,
                sregs.ds.selector,
            );

            let regs = X86_64UserRegs {
                regs1,
                regs2,
                rip: gregs.rip,
                cs: sregs.cs.selector as u64,
                eflags: gregs.rflags,
                rsp: gregs.rsp,
                ss: sregs.ss.selector as u64,
                fs_base: sregs.fs.base as u64,
                gs_base: sregs.gs.base as u64,
                ds: sregs.ds.selector as u64,
                es: sregs.es.selector as u64,
                fs: sregs.fs.selector as u64,
                gs: sregs.gs.selector as u64,
            };

            // let bytes: &[u8] = unsafe { any_as_u8_slice(&regs) };
            let bytes: &[u8] = regs.as_slice();
            buf.resize(note_size as usize, 0);
            buf.splice(pos.., bytes.to_vec());
            buf.resize(note_size as usize, 0);

            coredump_file
                .write(&buf)
                .map_err(GuestDebuggableError::CoredumpFile)?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn cpu_write_vmm_note(
        &mut self,
        dump_state: &DumpState,
    ) -> std::result::Result<(), GuestDebuggableError> {
        let mut coredump_file = dump_state.file.as_ref().unwrap();
        for vcpu in &self.vcpus {
            let note_size = self.get_note_size(NoteDescType::Vmm, 1);
            let mut pos: usize = 0;
            let mut buf = vec![0; note_size as usize];
            let descsz = size_of::<DumpCpusState>();
            let vcpu_id = vcpu.lock().unwrap().id;

            let note = Elf64_Nhdr {
                n_namesz: COREDUMP_NAME_SIZE,
                n_descsz: descsz as u32,
                n_type: 0,
            };

            let bytes: &[u8] = note.as_slice();
            buf.splice(0.., bytes.to_vec());
            pos += round_up!(size_of::<Elf64_Nhdr>(), 4);

            buf.resize(pos + 4, 0);
            buf.splice(pos.., "QEMU".to_string().into_bytes());

            pos += round_up!(COREDUMP_NAME_SIZE as usize, 4);

            let gregs = self.vcpus[usize::from(vcpu_id)]
                .lock()
                .unwrap()
                .vcpu
                .get_regs()
                .map_err(|_e| GuestDebuggableError::Coredump(anyhow!("get regs failed")))?;

            let regs1 = [
                gregs.rax, gregs.rbx, gregs.rcx, gregs.rdx, gregs.rsi, gregs.rdi, gregs.rsp,
                gregs.rbp,
            ];

            let regs2 = [
                gregs.r8, gregs.r9, gregs.r10, gregs.r11, gregs.r12, gregs.r13, gregs.r14,
                gregs.r15,
            ];

            let sregs = self.vcpus[usize::from(vcpu_id)]
                .lock()
                .unwrap()
                .vcpu
                .get_sregs()
                .map_err(|_e| GuestDebuggableError::Coredump(anyhow!("get sregs failed")))?;

            let mut msrs = MsrEntries::from_entries(&[MsrEntry {
                index: msr_index::MSR_KERNEL_GS_BASE,
                ..Default::default()
            }])
            .map_err(|_e| GuestDebuggableError::Coredump(anyhow!("get msr failed")))?;

            self.vcpus[vcpu_id as usize]
                .lock()
                .unwrap()
                .vcpu
                .get_msrs(&mut msrs)
                .map_err(|_e| GuestDebuggableError::Coredump(anyhow!("get msr failed")))?;
            let kernel_gs_base = msrs.as_slice()[0].data;

            let cs = CpuSegment::new(sregs.cs);
            let ds = CpuSegment::new(sregs.ds);
            let es = CpuSegment::new(sregs.es);
            let fs = CpuSegment::new(sregs.fs);
            let gs = CpuSegment::new(sregs.gs);
            let ss = CpuSegment::new(sregs.ss);
            let ldt = CpuSegment::new(sregs.ldt);
            let tr = CpuSegment::new(sregs.tr);
            let gdt = CpuSegment::new_from_table(sregs.gdt);
            let idt = CpuSegment::new_from_table(sregs.idt);
            let cr = [sregs.cr0, sregs.cr8, sregs.cr2, sregs.cr3, sregs.cr4];
            let regs = DumpCpusState {
                version: 1,
                size: size_of::<DumpCpusState>() as u32,
                regs1,
                regs2,
                rip: gregs.rip,
                rflags: gregs.rflags,
                cs,
                ds,
                es,
                fs,
                gs,
                ss,
                ldt,
                tr,
                gdt,
                idt,
                cr,
                kernel_gs_base,
            };

            let bytes: &[u8] = regs.as_slice();
            buf.resize(note_size as usize, 0);
            buf.splice(pos.., bytes.to_vec());
            buf.resize(note_size as usize, 0);

            coredump_file
                .write(&buf)
                .map_err(GuestDebuggableError::CoredumpFile)?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }
}

#[cfg(all(feature = "kvm", target_arch = "x86_64"))]
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use arch::x86_64::interrupts::*;
    use arch::x86_64::regs::*;
    use hypervisor::x86_64::{FpuState, LapicState, StandardRegisters};

    #[test]
    fn test_setlint() {
        let hv = hypervisor::new().unwrap();
        let vm = hv.create_vm().expect("new VM fd creation failed");
        assert!(hv.check_required_extensions().is_ok());
        // Calling get_lapic will fail if there is no irqchip before hand.
        assert!(vm.create_irq_chip().is_ok());
        let vcpu = vm.create_vcpu(0, None).unwrap();
        let klapic_before: LapicState = vcpu.get_lapic().unwrap();

        // Compute the value that is expected to represent LVT0 and LVT1.
        let lint0 = get_klapic_reg(&klapic_before, APIC_LVT0);
        let lint1 = get_klapic_reg(&klapic_before, APIC_LVT1);
        let lint0_mode_expected = set_apic_delivery_mode(lint0, APIC_MODE_EXTINT);
        let lint1_mode_expected = set_apic_delivery_mode(lint1, APIC_MODE_NMI);

        set_lint(&vcpu).unwrap();

        // Compute the value that represents LVT0 and LVT1 after set_lint.
        let klapic_actual: LapicState = vcpu.get_lapic().unwrap();
        let lint0_mode_actual = get_klapic_reg(&klapic_actual, APIC_LVT0);
        let lint1_mode_actual = get_klapic_reg(&klapic_actual, APIC_LVT1);
        assert_eq!(lint0_mode_expected, lint0_mode_actual);
        assert_eq!(lint1_mode_expected, lint1_mode_actual);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_setup_fpu() {
        let hv = hypervisor::new().unwrap();
        let vm = hv.create_vm().expect("new VM fd creation failed");
        let vcpu = vm.create_vcpu(0, None).unwrap();
        setup_fpu(&vcpu).unwrap();

        let expected_fpu: FpuState = FpuState {
            fcw: 0x37f,
            mxcsr: 0x1f80,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let actual_fpu: FpuState = vcpu.get_fpu().unwrap();
        // TODO: auto-generate kvm related structures with PartialEq on.
        assert_eq!(expected_fpu.fcw, actual_fpu.fcw);
        // Setting the mxcsr register from FpuState inside setup_fpu does not influence anything.
        // See 'kvm_arch_vcpu_ioctl_set_fpu' from arch/x86/kvm/x86.c.
        // The mxcsr will stay 0 and the assert below fails. Decide whether or not we should
        // remove it at all.
        // assert!(expected_fpu.mxcsr == actual_fpu.mxcsr);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_setup_msrs() {
        use hypervisor::arch::x86::msr_index;
        use hypervisor::x86_64::{MsrEntries, MsrEntry};

        let hv = hypervisor::new().unwrap();
        let vm = hv.create_vm().expect("new VM fd creation failed");
        let vcpu = vm.create_vcpu(0, None).unwrap();
        setup_msrs(&vcpu).unwrap();

        // This test will check against the last MSR entry configured (the tenth one).
        // See create_msr_entries for details.
        let mut msrs = MsrEntries::from_entries(&[MsrEntry {
            index: msr_index::MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE,
            ..Default::default()
        }])
        .unwrap();

        // get_msrs returns the number of msrs that it succeed in reading. We only want to read 1
        // in this test case scenario.
        let read_msrs = vcpu.get_msrs(&mut msrs).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(read_msrs, 1);

        // Official entries that were setup when we did setup_msrs. We need to assert that the
        // tenth one (i.e the one with index msr_index::MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE has the data we
        // expect.
        let entry_vec = hypervisor::x86_64::boot_msr_entries();
        assert_eq!(entry_vec.as_slice()[9], msrs.as_slice()[0]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_setup_regs() {
        let hv = hypervisor::new().unwrap();
        let vm = hv.create_vm().expect("new VM fd creation failed");
        let vcpu = vm.create_vcpu(0, None).unwrap();

        let expected_regs: StandardRegisters = StandardRegisters {
            rflags: 0x0000000000000002u64,
            rbx: arch::layout::PVH_INFO_START.0,
            rip: 1,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        setup_regs(&vcpu, expected_regs.rip).unwrap();

        let actual_regs: StandardRegisters = vcpu.get_regs().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(actual_regs, expected_regs);
    }
}

#[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use arch::layout;
    use hypervisor::kvm::aarch64::{is_system_register, MPIDR_EL1};
    use hypervisor::kvm::kvm_bindings::{
        kvm_one_reg, kvm_regs, kvm_vcpu_init, user_pt_regs, KVM_REG_ARM64, KVM_REG_ARM64_SYSREG,
        KVM_REG_ARM_CORE, KVM_REG_SIZE_U64,
    };
    use hypervisor::{arm64_core_reg_id, offset__of};
    use std::mem;

    #[test]
    fn test_setup_regs() {
        let hv = hypervisor::new().unwrap();
        let vm = hv.create_vm().unwrap();
        let vcpu = vm.create_vcpu(0, None).unwrap();

        let res = vcpu.setup_regs(0, 0x0, layout::FDT_START.0);
        // Must fail when vcpu is not initialized yet.
        assert!(res.is_err());

        let mut kvi: kvm_vcpu_init = kvm_vcpu_init::default();
        vm.get_preferred_target(&mut kvi).unwrap();
        vcpu.vcpu_init(&kvi).unwrap();

        assert!(vcpu.setup_regs(0, 0x0, layout::FDT_START.0).is_ok());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_read_mpidr() {
        let hv = hypervisor::new().unwrap();
        let vm = hv.create_vm().unwrap();
        let vcpu = vm.create_vcpu(0, None).unwrap();
        let mut kvi: kvm_vcpu_init = kvm_vcpu_init::default();
        vm.get_preferred_target(&mut kvi).unwrap();

        // Must fail when vcpu is not initialized yet.
        assert!(vcpu.read_mpidr().is_err());

        vcpu.vcpu_init(&kvi).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(vcpu.read_mpidr().unwrap(), 0x80000000);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_system_register() {
        let offset = offset__of!(user_pt_regs, pc);
        let regid = arm64_core_reg_id!(KVM_REG_SIZE_U64, offset);
        assert!(!is_system_register(regid));
        let regid = KVM_REG_ARM64 as u64 | KVM_REG_SIZE_U64 as u64 | KVM_REG_ARM64_SYSREG as u64;
        assert!(is_system_register(regid));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_save_restore_core_regs() {
        let hv = hypervisor::new().unwrap();
        let vm = hv.create_vm().unwrap();
        let vcpu = vm.create_vcpu(0, None).unwrap();
        let mut kvi: kvm_vcpu_init = kvm_vcpu_init::default();
        vm.get_preferred_target(&mut kvi).unwrap();

        // Must fail when vcpu is not initialized yet.
        let mut state = kvm_regs::default();
        let res = vcpu.core_registers(&mut state);
        assert!(res.is_err());
        assert_eq!(
            format!("{}", res.unwrap_err()),
            "Failed to get core register: Exec format error (os error 8)"
        );

        let res = vcpu.set_core_registers(&state);
        assert!(res.is_err());
        assert_eq!(
            format!("{}", res.unwrap_err()),
            "Failed to set core register: Exec format error (os error 8)"
        );

        vcpu.vcpu_init(&kvi).unwrap();
        assert!(vcpu.core_registers(&mut state).is_ok());
        assert_eq!(state.regs.pstate, 0x3C5);

        assert!(vcpu.set_core_registers(&state).is_ok());
        let off = offset__of!(user_pt_regs, pstate);
        let pstate = vcpu
            .get_reg(arm64_core_reg_id!(KVM_REG_SIZE_U64, off))
            .expect("Failed to call kvm get one reg");
        assert_eq!(state.regs.pstate, pstate);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_save_restore_system_regs() {
        let hv = hypervisor::new().unwrap();
        let vm = hv.create_vm().unwrap();
        let vcpu = vm.create_vcpu(0, None).unwrap();
        let mut kvi: kvm_vcpu_init = kvm_vcpu_init::default();
        vm.get_preferred_target(&mut kvi).unwrap();

        // Must fail when vcpu is not initialized yet.
        let mut state: Vec<kvm_one_reg> = Vec::new();
        let res = vcpu.system_registers(&mut state);
        assert!(res.is_err());
        assert_eq!(
            format!("{}", res.unwrap_err()),
            "Failed to retrieve list of registers: Exec format error (os error 8)"
        );

        state.push(kvm_one_reg {
            id: MPIDR_EL1,
            addr: 0x00,
        });
        let res = vcpu.set_system_registers(&state);
        assert!(res.is_err());
        assert_eq!(
            format!("{}", res.unwrap_err()),
            "Failed to set system register: Exec format error (os error 8)"
        );

        vcpu.vcpu_init(&kvi).unwrap();
        assert!(vcpu.system_registers(&mut state).is_ok());
        let initial_mpidr: u64 = vcpu.read_mpidr().expect("Fail to read mpidr");
        assert!(state.contains(&kvm_one_reg {
            id: MPIDR_EL1,
            addr: initial_mpidr
        }));

        assert!(vcpu.set_system_registers(&state).is_ok());
        let mpidr: u64 = vcpu.read_mpidr().expect("Fail to read mpidr");
        assert_eq!(initial_mpidr, mpidr);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_set_mpstate() {
        let hv = hypervisor::new().unwrap();
        let vm = hv.create_vm().unwrap();
        let vcpu = vm.create_vcpu(0, None).unwrap();
        let mut kvi: kvm_vcpu_init = kvm_vcpu_init::default();
        vm.get_preferred_target(&mut kvi).unwrap();

        let res = vcpu.get_mp_state();
        assert!(res.is_ok());
        assert!(vcpu.set_mp_state(res.unwrap()).is_ok());
    }
}
