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(6) 3月15日、この日は、イデス・オヴ・マーチ（3月の中日）として、ローマでは知られていましたが、シーザーは、元老院の会議に出席しました。いつも通り、彼は護衛をつけていませんでした。途中、予言者 ─ 未来を告げる「真実の語り部」が、彼を止めて警告しました：「シーザー様、イデス・オヴ・マーチ（3月15日）にはお気をつけなさいまし。」（ローマ人は、月の中日を「イデス」と呼び; それは、たいてい15日に当たりました。）ディクタトル（独裁官）は、彼を無視して、歩いて行ってしまいました。しかし、彼が議場に到着すると、一団の元老院議員 ― 大部分が、彼が特赦したり、昇進させた古い友人や部下でした ― が、彼を取り囲みました。彼らは、素早く襲ってくると、ナイフを引く抜き、彼を突き刺し始めました。23個所の酷い傷から血を流しながら、シーザーは倒れて、彼が依頼した像：彼のライバルであり友人であったポンペイウスの像の台座の所で死にました。 (7) 愛情、賞賛、恐怖、憎悪のこれ程入り混じった強い感情をかき立てたこの男は、どんな人物だったのでしょうか？ (8) ジュリアス・シーザーは、貴族の家に生まれましたが、彼は常に平民の権利を支持しました。彼は、平民の大好きな政治家でした。彼らは、自分たちの要求を彼が理解し、気にかけてくれると信じていました。彼は、実際そうしました、しかし、彼は、聖人ではありませんでした。彼は、実際的で、強い意志があり、権力に飢えていました。世なれた抜け目のなさがあったので、彼はほとんど間違いをしませんでした、そして、彼は敵の間違いを利用する方法を知っていました。 (9) 紀元前60年に、ジュリアス・シーザーは、執政官になることを望みましたが、彼は、破れました。その時点までに、彼の政治経歴を築くために払わなければならなかった（あるいは、借りることができた）すべてを、彼はすでに費やしていました。彼は資金を必要としました、また、彼は援助を必要としました。それで、彼は、同様に何かを必要としていた他の2人の男と取引をしました：キケロの友人ポンぺイウスとローマで最も金持ちの男クラッススでした。この3人は、第1回三頭政治を組織しました。





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    お願いします (15) When Cicero was elected consul in 63 BCE, he was conceited enough to believe that his consulship would be the turning point for the ailing Republic. Could its troubles all be over? He thought so. Once elected, he opposed the populares, who supported the reforms of the Gracchi brothers. He spoke for the aristocrats in the Senate and tried to create an alliance of the rich─nobles and businessmen─against the poor. One popularis politician, Lucius Catiline, organized a rebellion. Cicero squelched it and executed the rebel leaders without a trial. He later paid a high price for his actions. His enemies watched and waited. In the end, Cicero's old friend Pompey deserted him and made new alliances. Cicero told him: “You have given us a strong hope of peace. We have this good news because of you. And I've told everyone so. But I must warn you that your old enemies are now posing as your friends.” (16) Pompey paid no attention to Cicero's words. By 60 BCE, he had teamed up with the popularis politician Julius Caesar and the millionaire Crassus. The three formed a triumvirate and shared the power among themselves. Together, they controlled the Senate, the people...Rome itself. Many Romans, including Cicero, were shocked to learn of it. But, arrogant as ever, Cicero refused to cooperate with this First Triumvirate. He called it “a three- headed monster.” Now Cicero's longtime enemies saw their chance, and they persuaded the Assembly to banish Cicero from Rome. Later Pompey intervened on his behalf, and Cicero was called back in 57 BCE. (17) Cicero stayed loyal to Pompey and fought at his side when a civil war broke out between Pompey and Caesar. Caesar won and became the most powerful man in Rome. After Pompey's death, Caesar pardoned Cicero and allowed him to return to his beloved Rome.

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    お願いします (11) In 48 BCE, while Cleopatra was away, Pompey came back to Egypt, this time fleeing from Julius Caesar. Since Pompey was Ptolemy's legal guardian, the general thought that the could count on the young king of Egypt to protect him. Instead, Ptolemy allowed his advisors to murder and behead the Roman general. (12) Caesar arrived in Alexandria four days later with 3,200 foot soldiers and 800 cavalrymen. After having Pompey's murderers executed, Caesar took over the royal palace and immediately began giving orders. This news reached Cleopatra in Syria, and she realized that control of Egypt hung in the balance. If power was changing hands, she did not intend to miss out. She smuggled herself back into Alexandria, passing though enemy lines rolled up in a carpet. She was delivered─in the carpet─to Caesar. Imagine his surprise when the carpet was unrolled, and there, before him, was the beautiful young queen of Egypt! (13) Caesar had summoned both Ptolemy and Cleopatra to appear before him. The next morning, when Ptolemy arrived at the palace, he discovered that Cleopatra had gotten there first. It soon became clear to 15-year-old Ptolemy that Caesar and Cleopatra had formed a close alliance. They had, in fact, become lovers. Ptolemy could easily see that Caesar would support Cleopatra's claim to the throne, not his. Shouting that he had been betrayed, Ptolemy stormed out into the streets of Alexandria and started to organize a mob against his sister. (14) Ptolemy gathered an army of 20,000 men. His troops surrounded Caesar, but the great Roman overcame them with his own troops and executed their general. The boy-king drowned in the Nile River while trying to escape.

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    お願いします (13) Marius defeated the foreign invaders, but the victory turned into a disaster for the Republic. Men who had once roamed the city in angry mobs now eagerly joined the army. There, they would be fed and paid. And they knew that after the war was over, their generals would give them a reward of land or money. No wonder the soldiers felt a greater loyalty to their generals than to the Roman state that had failed them! Ruthless generals took advantage of the situation. They led their armies against one another, each hoping to gain control of the city. These civil wars rocked the Republic again and again. (14) Cicero was determined to save the Roman Republic. He gathered strong allies, especially men who could recruit soldiers. One of the men whom he enlisted in the cause was Pompey, a powerful general. Pompey and Cicero had been friends since they were both 17 years old, and they had helped each other over the years. Cicero's orations in the Forum helped Pompey to gain support for his military ambitious. After Cicero spoke on Pompey's behalf, the Assembly gave Pompey a fleet of 500 ships and an army of 125,000 men to command against the pirates who threatened Rome in the eastern Mediterranean. He was victorious within a few months and became Rome's leading commander─thanks to Cicero's speech.

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