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// Copyright 2015 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// found in the LICENSE file.
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <vector>
#include "base/macros.h"
#include "base/time/time.h"
#include "media/base/media_export.h"
namespace media {
// Estimates whether a given frame duration and render interval length have a
// render cadence which would allow for optimal uniformity of displayed frame
// durations over time.
// Cadence is the ideal repeating frame pattern for a group of frames; currently
// VideoCadenceEstimator supports N-frame ([a1:a2:..:aN]) cadences where N <= 5.
// Details on what this means are below.
// The perfect cadence of a set of frames is the ratio of the frame duration to
// render interval length. I.e. for 30fps in 60Hz the cadence would be (1/30) /
// (1/60) = 60 / 30 = 2. It's common that this is not an exact integer, e.g.,
// 29.974fps in 60Hz which would have a cadence of (1/29.974) / (1/60) =
// ~2.0029.
// The perfect cadence is always a real number. All N-cadences [a1:a2:..:aN]
// where aK is an integer are an approximation of the perfect cadence; i.e. the
// average of [a1:..:aN] will approximately equal the perfect cadence. When N=1
// we have a 1-frame cadence, when N=2, we have a 2-frame cadence, etc.
// For single frame cadence we just round the perfect cadence (~2.0029 in the
// previous example) to the nearest integer value (2 in this case; which is
// denoted as a cadence of [2]). If the delta between those values is small we
// can choose to render frames for the integer number of render intervals;
// shortening or lengthening the actual rendered frame duration. Doing so
// ensures each frame gets an optimal amount of display time.
// For N-frame cadence, the idea is similar, we just round the perfect cadence
// to some K/N, where K is an integer, and distribute [floor(K/N), floor(K/N)+1]
// into the cadence vector as evenly as possible. For example, 23.97fps in
// 60Hz, the perfect cadence is 2.50313, we can round it to 2.5 = 5/2, and we
// can then construct the cadence vector as [2:3].
// The delta between the perfect cadence and the rounded cadence leads to drift
// over time of the actual VideoFrame timestamp relative to its rendered time,
// so we perform some calculations to ensure we only use a cadence when it will
// take some time to drift an undesirable amount; see CalculateCadence() for
// details on how this calculation is made.
// In practice this works out to the following for common setups if we use
// cadence based selection:
// 29.5fps in 60Hz, ~17ms max drift => exhausted in ~1 second.
// 29.9fps in 60Hz, ~17ms max drift => exhausted in ~16.4 seconds.
// 24fps in 59.9Hz, ~21ms max drift => exhausted in ~12.6 seconds.
// 24.9fps in 60Hz, ~20ms max drift => exhausted in ~4.0 seconds.
// 59.9fps in 60Hz, ~8.3ms max drift => exhausted in ~8.2 seconds.
// 24.9fps in 50Hz, ~20ms max drift => exhausted in ~20.5 seconds.
// 120fps in 59.9Hz, ~8.3ms max drift => exhausted in ~8.2 seconds.
class MEDIA_EXPORT VideoCadenceEstimator {
using Cadence = std::vector<int>;
// As mentioned in the introduction, the determination of whether to clamp to
// a given cadence is based on how long it takes before a frame would have to
// be dropped or repeated to compensate for reaching the maximum acceptable
// drift; this time length is controlled by |minimum_time_until_max_drift|.
explicit VideoCadenceEstimator(base::TimeDelta minimum_time_until_max_drift);
// Clears stored cadence information.
void Reset();
// Updates the estimates for |cadence_| based on the given values as described
// in the introduction above.
// Clients should call this and then update the cadence for all frames via the
// GetCadenceForFrame() method if the cadence changes.
// Cadence changes will not take affect until enough render intervals have
// elapsed. For the purposes of hysteresis, each UpdateCadenceEstimate() call
// is assumed to elapse one |render_interval| worth of time.
// Returns true if the cadence has changed since the last call.
bool UpdateCadenceEstimate(base::TimeDelta render_interval,
base::TimeDelta frame_duration,
base::TimeDelta frame_duration_deviation,
base::TimeDelta max_acceptable_drift);
// Returns true if a useful cadence was found.
bool has_cadence() const { return !cadence_.empty(); }
// Given a |frame_number|, where zero is the most recently rendered frame,
// returns the ideal cadence for that frame.
// Note: Callers must track the base |frame_number| relative to all frames
// rendered or removed after the first frame for which cadence is detected.
// The first frame after cadence is detected has a |frame_number| of 0.
// Frames which come in before the last rendered frame should be ignored in
// terms of impact to the base |frame_number|.
int GetCadenceForFrame(uint64_t frame_number) const;
void set_cadence_hysteresis_threshold_for_testing(base::TimeDelta threshold) {
cadence_hysteresis_threshold_ = threshold;
size_t cadence_size_for_testing() const { return cadence_.size(); }
std::string GetCadenceForTesting() const { return CadenceToString(cadence_); }
// Attempts to find an N-frame cadence. Returns the cadence vector if cadence
// is found and sets |time_until_max_drift| for the computed cadence. If
// multiple cadences satisfying the max drift constraint exist, we are going
// to return the one with largest |time_until_max_drift|.
// For details on the math and algorithm, see
Cadence CalculateCadence(base::TimeDelta render_interval,
base::TimeDelta frame_duration,
base::TimeDelta max_acceptable_drift,
base::TimeDelta* time_until_max_drift) const;
// Converts a cadence vector into a human readable string of the form
// "[a: b: ...: z]".
std::string CadenceToString(const Cadence& cadence) const;
// The approximate best N-frame cadence for all frames seen thus far; updated
// by UpdateCadenceEstimate(). Empty when no cadence has been detected.
Cadence cadence_;
// Used as hysteresis to prevent oscillation between cadence approximations
// for spurious blips in the render interval or frame duration.
// Once a new cadence is detected, |render_intervals_cadence_held_| is
// incremented for each UpdateCadenceEstimate() call where |cadence_| matches
// |pending_cadence_|. |render_intervals_cadence_held_| is cleared when a
// "new" cadence matches |cadence_| or |pending_cadence_|.
// Once |kMinimumCadenceDurationMs| is exceeded in render intervals, the
// detected cadence is set in |cadence_|.
Cadence pending_cadence_;
int render_intervals_cadence_held_;
base::TimeDelta cadence_hysteresis_threshold_;
// Tracks how many times cadence has switched during a given playback, used to
// histogram the number of cadence changes in a playback.
bool first_update_call_;
int cadence_changes_;
// The minimum amount of time allowed before a glitch occurs before confirming
// cadence for a given render interval and frame duration.
const base::TimeDelta minimum_time_until_max_drift_;
bool is_variable_frame_rate_;
} // namespace media