

Your search found 27 Results

  1. 1

    Migrant behavior and the effects of regional prices: aspects of migrant selection in Colombia [tables]

    Schultz TP

    [Unpublished] 1983. Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, April 14-16, 1983. 3 p.

    If the preferences of potential migrants differ for activities and the structure of prices of these activities differ across regions, price variation may help to explain both who migrates and to where, and systematic behavioral differences between migrants and nonmigrants in consumption and investment, particularly as reflected in family size, child schooling, and child health. Colombia and Brazil are considered in the empirical analysis because these diverse countries involve traditional and dynamic frontier rural areas as well as urban centers where relative prices discourage high fertility and encourage schooling and health investments. (author's)
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  2. 2

    [Poverty and population growth] Pobreza y crecimiento poblacional.

    Temas de Poblacion. 1983 Jul; 9(16):4-5.

    In the mid-1970s, some 120 million Latin Americans were unable to satisfy their most basic material needs. 55 million of them were in extreme indigency, unable to satisfy their minimal food needs even by using their entire incomes for that purpose. The rapid rate of demographic growth in Latin America influences the growth of the poor strata, who in absolute and relative terms show the highest rates of population growth. Despite heterogeneity in the manifestations of poverty, the poor have certain traits in common: employment outside the modern sector, with low productivity and little hope of generating stable incomes, low consumption capability, and lack of political power. 1 of the great problems of economic development in Latin America is the exclusion of the poorest strata from employment in better paid jobs. The high rate of fertility and rapid population growth provoke a negative interaction between population and development, in which the poorest strata reproduce most rapidly, becoming even poorer. A program of family planning within a development effort providing employment and income is needed to mitigate the problem, and no avenue or effort of implementation should be neglected on ideological grounds. Between 1960-70, the share of the poorest 20% of the population declined from 3.1% to 2.5% of the toal income of the region, while that of the poorest 1/2 increased slightly from 13.4% to 13.9%. In 1970 the poorest 20% had a per capita income of about US $70/year. It has been estimated that the proportion of the poor in Latin America declined from 51% in 1960 to 40% in 1970 and 33% at present, but the absolute number of persons affected continues to increase.
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  3. 3
    Peer Reviewed

    Psychology's role in the conserving society.

    Oskamp S

    Population and Environment. 1983 Winter; 6(4):255-93.

    Because the earth's natural resources are finite and are growing increasingly more difficult to exploit, energy and resource conversation will soon become essential to our way of life. Psychologists and other social scientists can help in that transition, and recently they have begun to do relevant research in several areas; environmental pollution, recycling and solid wastes, reducing litter, and energy usage and conservation. Research approaches that have been used include studies of environmental and energy attitudes, behavioral research, social interaction studies, community conservation programs, and largescale consumer research. More work is especially needed on the topics of transportation energy use, industrial and commercial energy conservation, and community action campaigns. Research efforts should increasingly utilize measures of actual behavior and actual energy usage, longterm longitudinal approaches, realistic field settings, and cost effective procedures. In addition to doing research, psychologists can contribute to the advent of societal conservation through program evaluation studies, proposals for innovation, dissemination of validated scientific knowledge, and the offering of policy advice. (author's modified)
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  4. 4

    The adjustment of migrants to Seoul, Korea.

    Clark SC

    In: Goldscheider C, ed. Urban migrants in developing nations: patterns and problems of adjustment. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press, 1983. 47-90.

    Discussion focuses on the adjustments of migrants to Seoul, Korea, analyzing the variety of ways migrants differ from lifetime residents and how recent and longterm migrants differ from each other. The socioeconomic characteristics of movers and nonmovers include: father's occupation, age, sex, education, and marital status. Move related variables apply only to migrants and include: farm or nonfarm background, rural or urban origins of the last move, previous exposure to urban areas, age sex marital status at the time of the move, and whether the move was alone or with family. Adjustment was analyzed in terms of labor force and occupational patterns, employment in modern and large industries, income, consumption patterns, housing, social and personal situation, organizational and friendship networks, and traditionalism and personal satisfaction. Recent migrants to Seoul have approximately the same levels of employment as longterm migrants, 89.6 versus 90.6%. Among recent migrants there are more persons in school than unemployed; among longterm migrants there are considerably fewer enrolled in school, with most unemployed. Lifetime urban residents have fewer persons employed, less than 80% of the total, with both higher school enrollment and higher unemployment. The different age compositions of these migrant residence categories account in part for the observed differences. Only 37% of recent migrants are employed in modern industries compared to over 50% of lifetime urban residents. Longterm inmigrants resemble most closely the lifetime urban residents, with 48% in modern enterprises. Over 57% of those with prior urban exposure are employed in modern industries. Income differences have an important role in the adjustment of migrants in the urban setting as a consequence of employment patterns and as a condition for obtaining consumer objects. There are significant differences in the personal income of migrants compared to lifetime urban residents. When the control variables of age, education, and father's occupation are introduced these effects are statistically reduced. Overall, recent migrants show ownership of considerably fewer objects than both lifetime urban residents and longterm migrants. Both migrant groups are relatively disadvantaged in the quality of their housing compared to the lifetime urban residents, but the disadvantage is very slight. Of all the dimensions of social and personal adjustment considered, membership in formal or informal organizations is most clearly related to potential migrant marginality in the urban structure. The differential shown is very pronounced and the standard of lifetime urban residents is approached only by educationally motivated migrants and those with some prior urban exposure, yet the pattern of social participation varies more by sociodemographic characteristics than by migrant recency. No evidence exists in support of the hypothesis that migrants to the cities compare unfavorably with the lifetime urban residents in their traditional attitudes. Age and education account for most of the observed differences in traditional attitudes.
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  5. 5


    Goldscheider C


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  6. 6

    [Cuba, statistical profile, 1982] Cuba en cifras 1982.

    Cuba. Comite Estatal de Estadisticas

    [Havana], Cuba, Comite Estatal de Estadisticas, [1983]. 126 p.

    This edition of "Cuba in Figures" contains selected indicators for different sectors which characterize the development of the national economy over the past few years. The statistical indicators for 1982-82 should be considered preliminary. The 16 sections provide data on the territory and climate; population, including resident population by sex and age group, the working age population by sex, the resident population by sex for provinces and municipalities and by rural or urban residence, annual growth rate, sex ratio, population distribution by social groups, and demographic rates; total production and indicators of sectoral production; labor force distribution and average salary levels; industrial production and basic indicators for the sugar, fishing, and other industries and energy consumption; contruction and housing; investment by components and provinces; agriculture and animal husbandry, including production, growth, land use patterns, irrigation, and activity indicators; transport and communications including total income, passenger and cargo totals, and structure and indicators of communications activity; internal commerce; external commerce; communal and personal services; education; culture and art; public health, including facilities, manpower resources, consultations, immunizations, and morbidity rates for reportable illnesses; tourism; and sports.
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  7. 7

    [Bolivia: framework for population policy] Bolivia: marco referencial sobre politicas de poblacion.

    Carafa CR

    In: Luz y sombra de la vida: mortalidad y fecundidad en Bolivia [Light and dark of life: mortality and fertility in Bolivia], by Carlos Carafa, Gerardo Gonzalez, Valeria Ramirez, Rene Pereira, and Hugo Torrez La Paz, Bolivia, Proyecto Politicas de Poblacion, 1983. 1-42.

    Bolivia's population policy must be framed within 3 contexts: an economic and family structure which conditions production and reproduction; as part of Latin America, which is characterized by dependent development, structural heterogeneity, and social differentiation; and as a particlar socioeconomic structure with specific population dynamics. As a peripheral country subordinate to the developed capitalist nations, Bolivia has undergone a process of social differentiation. Mining, which has shaped the economy and society, is declining. Agriculture dominates in terms of jobs, but peasant farms cannot compete with agribusiness. A weak manufacturing sector and increasing urbanization have created vast underemployment and a swollen tertiary sector. Urban-rural disparities have widened. Only 2% of all rural health care needs are met; water and sewerage services are similarly deficient. As the main investor and largest employer, the government can guide development, but its policies have favored agroindustrial interests at the expense of the small farmer. These realities suggest the following working hypotheses: 1) the size, structure and growth of the population determines both the supply of labor and the demand for goods and services. 2) Bolivia's unbalanced occupational structure heightens class differences and disparities in life chances; reproductive patterns reflect the population's social and material circumstances. 3) Outmigration is the peasantry's response to the crisis of the rural areas; migratory movement follow economic activity. 4) Mortality and fertility differentials reflect socioeconomic and cultural differences; rural families see children as assets; 5) The costs fo bearing and raising children do not affect reproductive decisions among the peasantry. 6) Early marriages, low use of contraceptives, low education all interact to raise the fertility of peasant women; these factors are weaker among salaried workers. 7) Urbanization unleashes a number of changes which depress fertility; traditional values are eclipsed by the costs of childbearing. 8) Mortality risks are higher in the rural areas and affect all subgrups; urban areas exhibit greater variation. 9) Disparities in death and fertility rates suggest that different subgroups are at different stages of the demographic transition. Bolivia as a whole is in the 1st stage of this process.
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  8. 8

    [The decline in population growth, income distribution, and economic recession] Disminucion del crecimiento de la poblacion, distribucion de ingresos y recesion economica

    Banguero H

    Desarrollo y Sociedad. 1983 May; (11):19-44.

    This work uses Keynesian principles and an analysis of the Colombian population in the 1970s to argue that the Colombian policy of slowing population growth, which was adopted with the aim of improving the general welfare of the population, has had shortterm negative effects on effective demand and thus on the level of employment and welfare. These negative effects were caused by the inflexibility of income distribution, which prevented expansion of the internal market, complicated by the stagnant condition of the external sector and the budget deficit. The results of the Colombian case study demonstrate how the deceleration of population growth beginning in the 1960s had a significant impact on the levels of consumption and savings and on the patterns of consumption, leading to low levels of investment and little dynamism. Although the current Colombian economic recession is aggravated by contextual factors such as the world economic recession, the high cost of capital, the industrial recession, and declining food production among others, at the core of the crisis are longer term structural determinants such as the decline in the rate of population growth and the highly unequal distribution of income and wealth, which have contributed to a shrinking of the internal market for some types of goods. Given the unlikelihood of renewed rapid population growth, the Keynesian model suggests that the only alternative for increasing aggregate demand is state intervention through public spending and investment and reorientation of the financial system to achieve a dynamic redistribution of income. Based on these findings and on proposals of other analysts, a stragegy for revitalization is proposed which would imply a gradual income redistribution to allow increased consumption of mass produced goods by the low income groups. Direct consumption subsidies would be avoided because of their inflationary and import-expanding tendencies; rather, incentives and support would be provided to 3 productive sectors: traditional agriculture, small factories producing mass consumption goods, and construction of low income housing. The strategy would promote economic growth and expansion without further deterioration of income distribution, employment, and price stability. A simulation study demonstrated the advantages of such a strategy in relation to alternative strategies.
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  9. 9

    The economic consequences of declining population growth.

    Maillat D

    In: Council of Europe. Proceedings of the European Population Conference 1982 (Strasbourg, 21-24 September 1982). Strasbourg, France, Council of Europe, 1983. 291-313.

    The possible drawbacks and adverse effects of the current population trend of the fall in fertility and steady aging of the population were analyzed. Areas in which links may exist between the economy and population trends, which, in a European context, appeared most pertinent were chosen. It is generally considered that a reduction in the number of births well result in a reduction in certain areas of public expenditure. Thus, the "numbers" effect would appear to be favorable as far as public finance is concerned. Reduction in education expenditure could offset the increase in health expenditure. The education sector is rapidly affected by a decline in the number of births, and the impact of demographic fluctutations is felt for many years as the cohorts grow older. Germany, where the birth rate has fallen markedly, provides valuable information about what can happen in such a case and illustrates the need to adapt education facilities. Focus is on the number of pupils, demand for teachers it is possible that education costs may be somewhat reduced, health costs and social security contributions will definitely increase. The relationship between health expenditures and age can be depicted by means of a U-shaped curve. The largest consumers of medical care and advice are children under the age of 1 year and adults over the age of 65. A sudden fall in the birth rate may reduce health expenditure, but since the aging of the population continues inexorably, what is saved on the youngest will be used to care for the oldest. The underlying tendency imposed by the changes in the structure of population until the end of the century will be to reinforce the upward trend in expenditure. Social security expenditure clearly will be much more strongly affected by demographic trends than other forms of expenditure. There is no demographic reason why overall household consumption should fall since, assuming that there are no economic fluctuations, per capita income is likely to increase. With a declining population growth, the building of housing to meet demographic needs will also diminish. Since such facilities as schools, hospitals, housing, and transport, are generally planned from a longterm standpoint, decisions to build may be delayed, possibly indefinitely, because of variations in population size. If present demographic conditions persist, all regions should, in the long run and to varying degrees, experience population decline. The demographic conditions in which Europe is going to live will not necessarily damage production capacity, but they will make it more difficult to develope and adapt that capacity.
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  10. 10

    [Personal consumption and the mechanisms of population growth: a collection of articles] Lichnoe potreblenie v mekhanizme vosproizvodstva naseleniya: sbornik statei

    Kirtovskii IK; Netesin YN; Eglite PA

    Riga, USSR, Zinatne, 1983. 170 p.

    This collection of papers by different authors is concerned with socioeconomic aspects of population reproduction in the USSR. Topics considered include the functions of production and consumption under Socialism, the development of private consumption within the labor force as a means of raising social production, income and the formation of the labor potential of the family, the role of distribution ratios in population growth, some methodological issues involved in studying the regional impact of living standards on population growth, the relationship between family stability and selected material and social-psychological characteristics, and the employment of women and the education of children in society.
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  11. 11

    An empirical test of the effect of social security on fertility in the United States

    Swidler S

    American Economist. 1983 Fall; 27(2):50-7.

    The author attempts to estimate the effects of the social security program on fertility in the United States from 1933 to 1974. A fertility model based on the choice theoretic calculus is presented, "with the distinguishing feature that the childbearing cohort's utility depends on own consumption as well as consumption of their retired parents. In this framework, changes in social security affect household income, and thus fertility, directly, as well as indirectly due to substitution of social security for private intergenerational transfers." (EXCERPT)
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  12. 12

    [Dynamics of age structure, production and consumption] Dinamica de la estructura por edad, la produccion y el consumo.

    Rodriguez Mazorra O

    Habana, Cuba, Centro de Estudios Demograficos, Universidad de la Habana, 1983. 29 p. (Publicaciones de CEDEM, no. 51)

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  13. 13

    Age effects in work and consumption.

    Keyfitz N

    Laxenburg, Austria, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 1983. viii, 57 p. (WP-83-17)

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  14. 14

    Life-cycle stages, mobility, and metropolitan change: 2. A model of migration.

    Webber MJ

    Environment and Planning A. 1983 Mar; 15(3):307-17.

    It is shown how one dynamic element may be incorporated into operational urban models. That element is household mobility, caused by the evolution of households through stages in the life cycle. First, the paper is placed within the context of urban models next, a model is built and formally stated which incorporates the life-cycle process within the framework of dynamic operational urban models and then some implications of that model are drawn. (author's)
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  15. 15

    A disaggregate model of residential mobility and housing choice.

    Onaka J; Clark WA

    Geographical Analysis. 1983 Oct; 15(4):287-304.

    The independent but linked traditions of stock adjustment models of residential mobility and the hedonic theory of housing demand are brought together. The principal research findings of these traditions are reviewed, an application of the random utility model to housing choice and mobility decisions is proposed, and preliminary empirical results based on retrospective household surveys conducted in South Bend, Indiana, are reported. (author's)
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  16. 16

    Ethnic migration, assimilation, and consumption.

    Wallendorf M; Reilly MD

    Journal of Consumer Research. 1983 Dec; 10(3):292-302.

    The cultural assimilation of Mexican-Americans in the Southwest is assessed by comparing their food consumption patterns with those of income-matched Anglos living in the same region and those of income-matched Mexicans living in Mexico City. Rather than relying on self-report data as indicators of consumption patterns, data concerning the contents of the garbage of these three types of households are used. The results suggest that, contrary to predictions based on the traditional model of assimilation, Mexican-American consumption patterns are not a simple blending of Mexican and Anglo patterns. Rather, Mexican-American consumption patterns suggest the emergence of a unique cultural style. (author's)
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  17. 17

    Income, aspirations and fertility in rural areas of less developed countries.

    Mueller E

    [Unpublished] 1983. 40 p.

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  18. 18
    Peer Reviewed

    The present value of population growth in the western world.

    Simon JL

    Population Studies. 1983 Mar; 37(1):5-21.

    In conventional steady-state growth theory with technical progress exogenous, faster population growth causes lower consumption. This conclusion has influenced national policies. With technical progress endogenous, however, higher population growth causes higher consumption. Steady-state equilibrium analysis is not appropriate for policy decisions, though. Rather, appropriate analysis compares two or more growth rates beginning from equal initial positions, with comparison of the present value of consumption streams per person. In the paper the supply of and demand for knowledge is first analysed and the most plausible technical progress functions are derived. Various population growth rates are then simulated with different specifications and parameters. With virtually every variant, faster population growth shows better consumption with discount rates up to between five and ten per cent above the long-run adjusted riskless rate. With pensions included in the analysis, faster population growth would seem even more beneficial. Even at very high discount rates, lower population growth rates imply present values only a little higher than those for higher population growth rates. The advantage is overwhelmingly with higher population growth in this growth-theoretic analysis. (author's)
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  19. 19

    Population and environment: time is running out.

    Thomas H

    People. 1983; 10(1):3-5.

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  20. 20
    Peer Reviewed

    Caribbean family and household organization: some conceptual clarifications.

    Rubenstein H

    Journal of Comparative Family Studies. 1983 Autumn; 14(3):283-298.

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  21. 21

    New men.

    Prescott E

    American Demographics. 1983 Aug; 5(8):16-21, 45.

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  22. 22

    Counting on Wall Street.

    Nordberg OS

    American Demographics. 1983 Aug; 5(8):22-25.

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  23. 23

    How consumers spend.

    Robey B; Russell C

    American Demographics. 1983 Oct; 5(10):17-21.

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  24. 24

    Kingdom of Thailand.

    Spain D

    International Demographics. 1983 Dec; 2(12):4-9.

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  25. 25

    Consumption, family size, schooling and labour supply decisions: estimates of a linear expenditure system for Bangladesh.

    Khandker S; Butterfield D

    Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Program for Quantitative Studies in Economics and Population, McMaster University, 1983. 48 p. (QSEP research report, no. 77)

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