Triggering activity

The astrophysicists used telescopes in Hawaii and France to acquire high-resolution observations of emission from ionized calcium (Ca II) in the parent stars of the four hot Jupiters. The emission comes from a star's hot, magnetically heated chromosphere, a thin layer of gas above the cooler stellar surface. The observations let the team calculate how much energy was being released in the stars' calcium emission. 

Said Shkolnik, "We used the power estimates to calculate magnetic field strengths for the planets using a theory for how the planets' magnetic fields interact with the stellar magnetic fields." 

Cauley explained, "Magnetic fields like to be in a state of low energy. If you twist or stretch the field like a rubber band, this increases the energy stored in the magnetic field." Hot Jupiters orbit very close to their parent stars and so the planet's magnetic field can twist and stretch the star's magnetic field.

"When this happens," Cauley said, "energy can be released as the two fields reconnect, and this heats the star's atmosphere, increasing the calcium emission."

Probing deep

Astrophysicists have suspected that hot Jupiters would, like our own Jupiter, have magnetic fields produced deep inside them. The new observations provide the first probe of the internal dynamics of these massive planets.

"This is the first estimate of the magnetic field strengths for these planets based on observations, so it's a huge jump in our knowledge," Shkolnik noted. "It's giving us a better understanding of what is happening inside these planets."

She adds that it should also help researchers who model the internal dynamos of hot Jupiters. "We knew nothing about their magnetic fields — or any other exoplanet magnetic fields — and now we have estimates for four actual systems."

Surprisingly powerful

The field strengths, the team says, are larger than one would expect considering only the rotation and age of the planet. The standard dynamo theory of planetary magnetic fields predicts field strengths for the sampled planets that are much smaller than what the team found.

Instead, the observations support the idea that planetary magnetic fields depend on the amount of heat moving through the planet's interior. Because they are absorbing a lot of extra energy from their host stars, hot Jupiters should have larger magnetic fields than planets of similar mass and rotation rate.

"We are pleased to see how well the magnitude of the field values corresponded to those predicted by the internal heat flux theory," Shkolnik said. "This may also help us work toward a clearer understanding of magnetic fields around temperate rocky planets."

Robert Burnham

Science writer, School of Earth and Space Exploration