Kindling model

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Kindling is a commonly used model for the development of seizures and epilepsy in which the duration and behavioral involvement of induced seizures increases after seizures are induced repeatedly.[1] The kindling model was first proposed in the late 1960s by Goddard and colleagues.[2] Although kindling is a widely used model, its applicability to human epilepsy is controversial.[1]





Historical perspective[edit]

Already in the 1950s and 1960s, numerous authors recognized the seizure-inducing potential of focal stimulation.[6] Here, Delgado and Sevillano demonstrated that repeated low-intensity stimuli to the hippocampus could lead to progressive increase of electrically evoked seizure activity.[7] Yet, it was not until the late 1960s that Graham Goddard recognized the potential importance of this phenomenon and coined the term 'kindling'.[8] Further research by Goddard on the characteristics of the kindling phenomenon led to his conclusion that kindling can be used to model human epileptogenesis, learning and memory.[9] The publication of these results opened an complerely new niche for epilepsy research and has stimulated a significant amount of studies on the subject of kindling and its relevance to human epilepsy[6]

See also[edit]


  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bertram E (2007). "The relevance of kindling for human epilepsy". Epilepsia 48 (Supplement 2): 65–74. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01068.x. PMID 17571354. 
  2. ^ Sato M (2008). "Kindling: An experimental model of epilepsy" (PDF). Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 36 (4): 440–441. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1982.tb03123.x. 
  3. ^ a b c Abel MS, McCandless DW (1992). "The kindling model of epilepsy". In Adams RN, Baker GB, Baker JM, Bateson AN, Boisvert DPJ, Boulton AA, et al.. Neuromethods: Animal Models of Neurological Disease. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. pp. 153–155. ISBN 0-89603-211-6. 
  4. ^ PK Sahoo, KI Mathai, GV Ramdas, MN Swamy (2007). "The pathophysiology of post traumatic epilepsy" (PDF). Indian Journal of Neurotrauma 4 (1): 11–14. doi:10.1016/s0973-0508(07)80004-9.  Temkin NR, Jarell AD, Anderson GD (2001). "Antiepileptogenic agents: how close are we?". Drugs 61 (8): 1045–55. doi:10.2165/00003495-200161080-00002. PMID 11465868. 
  5. ^ Morimoto K, Fahnestock M, Racine RJ (May 2004). "Kindling and status epilepticus models of epilepsy: Rewiring the brain". Prog. Neurobiol. 73 (1): 1–60. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.03.009. PMID 15193778. 
  6. ^ a b McNamara JO, Byrne MC, Dasheiff RM, JG Fitz (1980). "The Kindling Model of Epilepsy; a Review". Progress in Neurobiology 15 (2): 139–59. doi:10.1016/0301-0082(80)90006-4. PMID 6109361. 
  7. ^ Delgado JMR and Sevillano M (1961). "Evolution of repeated hippocampal seizures in the cat". Electroenceph. clin. Neurophys 13 (2): 722–733. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(61)90104-3. 
  8. ^ Goddard GV (1967). "Development of epileptic seizures through brain stimulation at low intensity". Nature 3 (214): 1020–1. PMID 6055396. 
  9. ^ Goddard GV, McIntyre DC, Leech CK (1969). "A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation". Exp Neurol 25 (3): 295–330. doi:10.1016/0014-4886(69)90128-9. PMID 4981856.