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Temporal range: Middle Cambrian
Banffia constricta.JPG
artist's reconstruction
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Superphylum: ?Deuterostomia
Phylum: ?Vetulicolia
Shu, et al. 2001
Class: Banffozoa
Order: Banffidae
Genus: Banffia
Species: B. constricta

Banffia is a genus of animals described from Middle Cambrian fossils. The genus commemorates Banff, Alberta, near where the first fossil specimens were discovered. Its placement in higher taxa is controversial.


Banffia constricta is known from hundreds of fossils found in the Burgess Shales. It is up to 10 cm in length, and divided equally into anterior and posterior parts. The entire body is twisted in a clockwise spiral, as seen from the front. This is believed to be a secondary adaptation from an initial bilateral condition for a burrowing lifestyle. The anterior section is covered by two carapace-like un-mineralized shells that are fused together. A crown-like structure formed of three concentrate circular features surrounds the mouth. An antenna-form structure just posterior to the mouth may be a sensory organ. The posterior section is composed of 40 to 50 segments. The gut is straight, and the anus is at the terminal tip of the posterior section. The gut appears to have a series of diverticula or pouches.[1] A possible circulatory system is visible in the fossils.[2] B. constricta and its relative Skeemella were probably filter or deposit feeders.


There is no agreement on the classification of Banffia. B. constricta was assigned to the annelids by Walcott in 1911.[3] As of 2006, different proposals would place Banffia in Vetulicolia,[1][4] Arthropoda,[2] or Urochordata. While the body plan (equal anterior and posterior sections with segmentation) resembles that of the Vetulicolians, it is argued that the absence of gills and an endostyle, and the presence of gut diverticula makes Banffia unlikely to be a member of the deuterostomes. However, an apparent complete lack of appendages (aside from the antenna-like structures) makes B. constricta's placement within Arthropoda equally unlikely.

The species Banffia confusa, known from fossils from the Chengjiang shales, was originally assigned to this genus,[5] though, recent research shows that this species is not closely related to B. constricta, having been renamed as its junior synonym, Heteromorphus longicaudatus, and placed in a different class altogether, "Heteromorphida."[6] Later, Aldridge, et. al. resurrected B. confusa as Heteromorphus confusus, noting a variety of anatomical differences among the various specimens of Heteromorphus, suggesting that there may be more species recognized with more fossils discovered.[7]


  1. ^ a b Caron, J. B. (2007). "Banffia constricta, a putative vetulicolid from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 96 (2). doi:10.1017/S0263593300001255.  edit
  2. ^ a b Caron, Jean-Bernard. "The Limbless Animal Banffia constricta from the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian, Canada): A Stem-Group Arthropod?". Retrieved 6 November 2014. 
  3. ^ "WoRMS source details". World Registry of Marine Species. Retrieved 6 November 2014. 
  4. ^ "Vetulicolia". Retrieved 6 November 2014. 
  5. ^ "Banffia, An Enigmatic Fossil From The Chengjiang Biota". Retrieved 6 November 2014. 
  6. ^ Shu, Degan. "On the phylum Vetulicolia." Chinese Science Bulletin 50.20 (2005): 2342-2354.
  7. ^ Aldridge, Richard J., et al. "The systematics and phylogenetic relationships of vetulicolians." Palaeontology 50.1 (2007): 131-168.

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