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Introduction Cambodia
Following a five-year struggle, Communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh in 1975 and ordered evacuation of all cities and towns; over 1 million displaced people died from execution or enforced hardships. A 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove Khmer Rouge into countryside and touched off almost 20 years of fighting. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some semblance of normalcy as did rapid diminishment of Khmer Rouge in mid-1990s. A coalition government, formed after national elections in 1998, brought renewed political stability and surrender of remaining Khmer Rouge forces in 1998.
Geography Cambodia
Southeastern Asia, bordering Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos
Geographic coordinates:
13 00 N, 105 00 E
Map references:
Southeast Asia
total: 181,040 sq km
land: 176,520 sq km
water: 4,520 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Oklahoma
Land boundaries:
total: 2,572 km
443 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 NM
territorial sea: 12 NM
continental shelf: 200 NM
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m
highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m
Natural resources:
Land use:
arable land: 20.96%
permanent crops: 0.61%
other: 78.43% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land:
2,700 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:
monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts
Environment - current issues:
illegal logging activities throughout country and strip mining for gems in western region along border with Thailand have resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in particular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, a majority of population does not have access to potable water; toxic waste delivery from Taiwan sparked unrest in Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville) in December 1998
Environment - international agreements:
signed, but not ratified: Law of Sea, Marine Dumping
Geography - note:
a land of paddies and forests dominated by Mekong River and Tonle Sap
People Cambodia
Total Population:
Age structure:
Median age:
total: 19.2 years
male: 18.4 years
female: 20 years (2002)
Population growth rate:
1.8% (2003 est.)
Birth rate:
27.28 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Death rate:
9.26 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Net migration rate:
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.59 male(s)/female
Population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 75.94 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 84.96 deaths/1,000 live births
Life Expectancy:
Population: 57.92 years
male: 55.49 years
female: 60.47 years (2003 est.)
Total fertility rate:
3.58 children born/woman (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
2.7% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
170,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
12,000 (2001 est.)
noun: Cambodian(s)
adjective: Cambodian
Ethnic groups:
Theravada Buddhist 95%, other 5%
Khmer (official) 95%, French, English
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Population: 69.9%
male: 80.5%
female: 60.3% (2003 est.)
Government Cambodia
Country name:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Cambodia
conventional short form: Cambodia
local short form: Kampuchea
local long form: Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea
former: Khmer Republic, Kampuchea Republic
Government type:
multiparty democracy under a constitutional monarchy established in September 1993
Phnom Penh
Administrative divisions:
9 November 1953 (from France)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 9 November (1953)
promulgated 21 September 1993
Legal system:
primarily a civil law mixture of French-influenced codes from United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) period, royal decrees, and acts of legislature, with influences of customary law and remnants of communist legal theory; increasing influence of common law in recent years
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by monarch
elections: none; monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council; following legislative elections, a member of majority party or majority coalition is named prime minister by Chairman of National Assembly and appointed by king
Legislative branch:
bicameral consists of National Assembly (122 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and Senate (61 seats; two members appointed by monarch, two elected by National Assembly, and 57 elected by "functional constituencies"; members serve five-year terms)
elections: National Assembly - last held 27 July 2003 (next to be held in July 2007); Senate - last held 2 March 1999 (next to be held in 2004)
Judicial branch:
Supreme Council of Magistracy (provided for in constitution and formed in December 1997); Supreme Court (and lower courts) exercises judicial authority
Political parties and leaders:
Political pressure groups and leaders:
International organization participation:
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador ROLAND ENG
FAX: [1] (202) 726-8381
telephone: [1] (202) 726-7742
chancery: 4530 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011
Diplomatic representation from US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Charles Aaron RAY
embassy: 27 EO Street 240, Phnom Penh
mailing address: Box P, APO AP 96546
telephone: [855] (23) 216-436/438
FAX: [855] (23) 216-437/811
Flag description:
Economy Cambodia
Economy - overview:
Cambodia's economy slowed dramatically in 1997-1998 due to regional economic crisis, civil violence, and political infighting. Foreign investment and tourism fell off. In 1999, first full year of peace in 30 years, progress previously made on economic reforms and growth resumed at 5.0%. Despite severe flooding, GDP grew at 5.0% in 2000, 6.3% in 2001, and 5.2% in 2002. Tourism previously Cambodia's fastest growing industry, with arrivals up 34% in 2000 and up another 40% in 2001 before September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in US. Even given these stout growth estimates, long-term development of economy after decades of war remains a daunting challenge. population lacks education and productive skills, particularly in poverty-ridden countryside, which suffers from an almost total lack of basic infrastructure. Fear of renewed political instability and corruption within government discourage foreign investment and delay foreign aid. government is addressing these issues with assistance from bilateral and multilateral donors.
buying power parity - $20.42 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
4.5% (2002 est.)
GDP - per capita:
buying power parity - $1,600 (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 40%
industry: 20%
services: 40% (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line:
36% (1997 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2.9%
highest 10%: 33.8% (1997)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
40.4 (1997)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.3% (2002 est.)
Labor force:
6 million (1998 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 80% (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate:
2.8% (1999 est.)
revenues: $396 million
expenditures: $607 million, includes capital expenditures of $254 million (2001 est.)
Industrial production growth rate:
16% (2001 est.)
Electricity - production:
119 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 65%
hydro: 35%
other: 0% (2001)
nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption:
110.6 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2001)
Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:
3,600 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:
NA (2001)
Oil - imports:
NA (2001)
Agriculture - products:
rice, rubber, corn, vegetables
$1.38 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Exports - commodities:
timber, garments, rubber, rice, fish
Exports - partners:
US 60.2%, Germany 9.1%, UK 7.1%, Singapore 4.4% (2002)
$1.73 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Imports - commodities:
Imports - partners:
Thailand 24.8%, Singapore 16.9%, China 12.1%, Hong Kong 10.9%, South Korea 5.5%, Vietnam 5.2% (2002)
Debt - external:
$829 million (1999 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:
riel (KHR)
Currency code:
Exchange rates:
Fiscal year:
calendar year
Communications Cambodia
Telephones - main lines in use:
21,800 (mid-1998)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
80,000 (2000)
Telephone system:
domestic: NA
Radio broadcast stations:
AM 7, FM 3, shortwave 3 (1999)
1.34 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:
6 (2003)
94,000 (1997)
Internet country code:
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)
Internet users:
10,000 (2002)
Transportation Cambodia
total: 602 km
narrow gauge: 602 km 1.000-m gauge (2002)
total: 12,323 km
paved: 1,996 km
unpaved: 10,327 km (2000 est)
3,700 km
Ports and harbors:
Merchant marine:
note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Aruba 1, Belize 11, Bulgaria 3, Cambodia 194, Canada 4, China 25, Cyprus 14, Egypt 10, Estonia 2, France 1, Georgia 1, Germany 1, Gibraltar 1, Greece 13, Honduras 8, Hong Kong 12, Iceland 1, Indonesia 2, Iran 1, Ireland 1, Italy 2, Japan 2, Jordan 1, North Korea, 1, South Korea, 25, Latvia 3, Lebanon 6, Liberia 7, Malaysia 1, Malta 1, Marshall Islands 4, Netherlands 1, Norway 1, Panama 10, Romania 2, Russia 75, Saint Kitts and Nevis 4, Saint Vincent and Grenadines 5, Singapore 17, Syria 20, Turkey 18, Ukraine 16, United Arab Emirates 3, United Kingdom 1, United States 5, Vietnam 3 (2002 est.)
21 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 16
under 914 m: 1 (2002)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 13
2 (2002)
Military Cambodia
Military branches:
Military manpower - military age:
18 years of age (2003 est.)
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49: 3,275,533 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 1,829,535 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
males: 165,395 (2003 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$112 million (FY01 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3% (FY01 est.)
Transnational Issues Cambodia
Disputes - international:
Illicit drugs:
narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in government, military, and police; possible limited -scale opium, heroin, and amphetamine production; large producer of cannabis for international market; vulnerable to money laundering due to its cash-based economy and porous borders