Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion

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The Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion or Mac-Paps were a battalion of Canadians who fought as part of the XV International Brigade on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War. Except for France, no other country gave a greater proportion of its population as volunteers in Spain than Canada.[1] The first Canadians in the conflict were dispatched mainly with the U.S. Abraham Lincoln Battalion and later the North American George Washington Battalion, with about forty Canadians serving in each group. The Lincoln Brigade was involved in the Battle of Jarama in which nine Canadians are known to have been killed.


Monument to the Mackenzie Papineau Battalion in Victoria, B.C.

By summer 1937 some 1,200 Canadians were involved in the conflict and a separate battalion was formed for them in early May. Two months later it was named for William Lyon Mackenzie and Louis-Joseph Papineau, who led the 1837 Rebellions. The battalion was formed at Albacete, Spain under the command of Edward Cecil-Smith, a Montreal-based journalist and trade union organizer.

The soldiers who would make up the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion came from Canada and the United States. Initially, there was a debate, whether a third American battalion should be formed and in the beginning the Americans outnumbered the Canadians 2 to 1. It was only later that the Canadians made up about half of the unit. Unlike Britain and the United States, where a significant number of students and intellectuals enlisted, the Canadian contingent was almost wholly working class. Labourers had been driven to the left by their experiences during the Great Depression.

Canadian volunteers included members of the Communist Party. In general, the respondents were self-educated about the conflict in Spain, and about the possible repercussions for democracy in Europe and the world. Many other moderate groups also supported the Spanish Republicans and organized the Committee to Support Spanish Democracy. A good percentage of those who enlisted had been born in Europe, the two largest groups being Finns and Ukrainians. As casualties mounted many Spanish volunteers and later conscripts were incorporated into the unit.

In April 1937 the Canadian government passed the Foreign Enlistment Act, outlawing participation by Canadians in foreign wars, and the Customs Act, which provided for government control over arms exports. Thus it became illegal for Canadian citizens to serve in the Spanish Civil War. The Committee to Support Spanish Democracy halted sending troops over, but continued to recruit medics. The recruiting of fighters was left to the Communist Party. The government refused to issue passports to those they felt might be going to fight in Spain and sent Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officers to spy on leftist activities.

Therefore, any Canadians who meant to serve in Spain had to travel under false pretenses. Usually they went first to Toronto, where they met at the headquarters for the operation at the corner of Queen and Spadina. Applicants were screened. For the most part anyone intending to enlist had to have had a history of working for the left. Drunken and adventurous types were also weeded out, leaving those who were well and truly committed to the politics of the fight against fascism. All these factors, along with the comparatively mature age of the soldiers – 61.5% were over thirty – resulted in a powerful and committed force. From Toronto they would go to Montreal, or more frequently New York, across the Atlantic Ocean to France, then to Spain by ship or on foot across the Pyrenees.

After their initial training in Albacete the Canadians, who had been added to the XV International Brigade entered the war. Many saw their first action in the government's assault and suppression of the anarchists and POUM in the Barcelona May Days. This was an engagement immortalized by George Orwell's Homage to Catalonia. Their first battle against the fascists was at Jarama near Madrid, between February and June 1937, followed by a battle at Brunete in July of that year. Although the casualties were horrendous, the Nationals were halted. Shortly afterwards, the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion became the third battalion of the XV International Brigade.


Over the next year, the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion fought in three major battles: the Battle of Teruel (December 1937-March 1938), the Aragon Offensive (March–April) more commonly known to the Republican forces as the "Retreats"; though the Finnish-American machine gun companies successfully repelled the fascist forces, the collapse of the front on their flanks forced them to join the withdrawal. Their final engagement was the Battle of the Ebro (July–September). They were ferocious warriors but were unable to overcome a powerful fascist opposition backed by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, plus the complete lack of support from any of the Western democracies.

In the end, Spanish Prime Minister Negrín ordered the International Brigades withdrawn on September 21, 1938. Madrid fell six months later on March 28, 1939. In the battles in which they fought, as well as due to atrocities committed upon them when taken prisoner, 721 of the 1,546 Canadians known to have fought in Spain lost their lives.

Detail of plaque of the Mac-Pap monument

The way home was arduous. The Canadian government continued its policy of ignoring or even persecuting the veterans of Spain. Money had to be scratched together to get them home; some were arrested in France. It was not until January 1939 that the government agreed the fighters could return to Canada. Upon their return to Canada, many were investigated by the RCMP and denied employment. Even though Canada went on to contribute vastly to the Allied side against fascism in World War II, the battalion’s contribution has never been formally recognized. Standard histories of Canada rarely mention the Spanish Civil War. A good number of the Mac-Pap veterans fought in the Second World War, but a number were prohibited due to "political unreliability" being ironically categorized as "premature antifascists".


The Canadians who died in the Spanish Civil War are not included in the Books of Remembrance in the Peace Tower and their sacrifice is not commemorated on federal war memorials or in Remembrance Day services. Those who survived the war are not entitled to veterans' benefits. Although the soldiers and the war is largely forgotten, a monument to the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion can be found in Victoria, British Columbia. A national monument to the Mac-Pap veterans was erected in Ottawa in 2001. It includes the names of the 1,546 Canadian volunteers who served in Spain. This number includes all those who served in the Mac-Pap battalion, the medical, communications, transportation and translation corps, or in other brigades.

One of the few Canadians to attain recognition for their service in Spain is Dr. Norman Bethune, who greatly developed the use of mobile army medical units for the Republican side.[2]

Mackenzie-Papineau Monument in Ottawa

The Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion monument on Green Island Park, Sussex Drive in Ottawa, Ontario which was designed by architect Oryst Sawchuck of Sudbury, shows a figure of Prometheus raising his arm towards the sun, cut out of a five metre high sheet of steel. A 12-metre memorial wall is inscribed with volunteers' names. [3]

See also[edit]


  1. ^ Jean, Michaëlle, Governor General of Canada, Speech on the Occasion of the Unveiling of the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion Monument, Ottawa, October 20, 2001.
  2. ^ Our surgical heritage: MacLean, Lloyd D. and Martin A. Entin, "Norman Bethune and Edward Archibald: sung and unsung heroes" in Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70:1746-1752 Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  3. ^ Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion monument


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