Fahamu (Oxford)

Africa: Fundamentalism - a Psychological Problem


Fundamentalism is a significant social problem that has secular and also religious manifestations. It's roots are psychological and the cure lies in nonviolent strategies to resist the violent behaviours of fundamentalists which are important and necessary


What is a fundamentalist? A fundamentalist is usually considered to be a person who adheres strictly to a doctrine, viewpoint or set of principles that are considered original and 'pure'; this doctrine might be theological in nature.




In contrast to the fundamentalist, a person who is 'open-minded' may still hold strong views and perhaps even have a strong conscientious position on certain issues.

They will usually behave in accordance with those views and their conscience.

However, despite this, they will usually also demonstrate a willingness to seriously contemplate an alternative view or course of action before discarding it.

Moreover, they are likely to accept suffering, in one form or another, as the outcome of their conscientious position; they are unlikely to use violence to 'defend' it.

Fundamentalism, in a religious guise, is both widespread and problematic.

For example, Christian fundamentalism plays a crucial role in shaping US domestic policies in relation to abortion, gay marriage and theories of evolution as well as US imperial and military policy, Jewish fundamentalism is a key driver of Israeli domestic and foreign policy including in relation to Palestine, Islamic fundamentalism (of the Wahhabi variety) drives attitudes towards women and foreign policies in countries such as Saudi Arabia, Hindu fundamentalism manifests as a form of religious nationalism in India, and Buddhist fundamentalism is driving the violence against the Rohingya (Muslim) population in Burma.


While religious fundamentalism is recognisable to most people, fundamentalism has many non-religious manifestations as well.

These are widespread, even if they often occur in less readily identifiable ways. Moreover, fundamentalist behaviour is readily observed in individuals as well as in groups.

One example of fundamentalist behaviour is the parent or teacher who believes that obedience is an unquestionably desirable trait, that all commands, rules and laws are right beyond question, and that children and students should be admonished to obey all of these unthinkingly.

Another example is the wealthy person who believes that money is the measure of all that has value and is quite unable to share any of their wealth.


Psychologically, a fundamentalist is a person with an intense fear of being 'wrong'; that is, an intense fear of being judged to hold the 'wrong' view or to engage in the 'wrong' behaviour.

This intense fear of being wrong develops during childhood when one or both parents, and probably teachers, dogmatically refuse to listen to the child, thus denying it the chance to develop its own views and moral code (based on its own experience), while also terrorising (by threatening and using violence) the child into believing/adopting a particular set of values and beliefs, and behaving in a particular manner.

It is the intensity of their fear of being judged 'wrong', and the violence they will suffer if they are so judged, that makes the child hold, with phenomenal tenacity, to the 'approved doctrine' with which they are presented.

It is this intense fear of being wrong that marks out the fundamentalist from the person who is open-minded and/or conscientious.

Fundamentalism is a significant social problem, particularly in some contexts. And to fix it, we need to recognise its psychological origin.

Unfortunately, however, this is not easy to do because the terror that holds their value and belief system in place, and drives their behaviour, is deeply hidden within the individual's psyche.

In theory, it is possible to liberate a fundamentalist from their terror, which will open their mind to other possibilities, by listening to them, deeply, while they talk about their childhood experience and feel the feelings - the fear, pain, self-hatred, powerlessness and anger particularly - that they have suppressed since childhood. [1]

In practice, regrettably, few of these individuals are likely to have the courage to feel their own terror and other suppressed feelings.

This means that nonviolent strategies to resist the violent behaviours of fundamentalists are important and necessary too.

If you wish to join the worldwide movement to end all violence, in whatever form it manifests, you can sign online 'The People's Charter to Create a Nonviolent World' [2]


1. See 'Why Violence?' http://tinyurl.com/whyviolence and 'Fearless Psychology and Fearful Psychology: Principles and Practice' http://anitamckone.wordpress.com/articles-2/fearless-and-fearful-psychology/

2. http://thepeoplesnonviolencecharter.wordpress.com

Robert J. Burrowes has a lifetime commitment to understanding and ending human violence. He is the author of 'Why Violence?' His websites are http://tinyurl.com/whyviolence and http://robertjburrowes.wordpress.com


