Food preservation

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Food preservation is the name for a number of processes that help to preserve food. This means that the food treated that way will go bad (spoil from bacteria) later that if it had not been treated that way. For thousands of years, humans have used methods of preserving food, so that they can store food to eat later. The simplest methods of preserving food, such as drying strips of fish or meat in the hot sun have been used for thousands of years, and they are still used in the 2000s by indigenous peoples.

How food goes bad[change | change source]

Food is spoiled because microorganisms change it. There are five basic techniques which make food last longer:

  1. Killing of the microorganisms, or preventing them from multiplying
  2. The contact of the microoganisms with the food is removed, and new contact is made more difficult, or impossible.
  3. Microogranisms need certain basics to survive. Removing these will kill the microorganism
  4. One of the ingredients of the food is highly concentrated, so microoganims cannot use it.
  5. Certain additives prevent the growth of microoganisms, or make it slower.

Usually several of the techniques are combined.

Methods of preserving food[change | change source]

Common ways of preserving food are:

  • Heating the food or baking it (a hard corn-flour biscuit stays edible much longer than a bowl of fresh corn).
  • Pasteurization: Louis Pasteur found that simply heating food kills most microorganisms and makes it last longer. Liquids such as milk are commoly pasteurized
  • Converting the food into a longer-lasting form (for example, fresh goat's milk can be converted into cheese or yogurt, which lasts much longer than fresh milk)
  • Pickling: putting vegetables, meat, or fish in salty water (brine)
  • Salting the food: Covering it with dry salt
  • Putting the food in a jar with alcohol (ethanol) or vinegar, also called pickling
  • Putting large amounts of sugar into the food (for example, as with jam or fruit jarred in sugar and water)
  • Drying in the sun or in an oven
  • Smoking the food with the smoke from burning wood. Usually, this is done to food that was salted first.
  • Keeping the food cold or frozen
  • adding sulfur dioxide (known as oxidation)

Multiple methods[change | change source]

Many common methods use several of these approaches at the same time. For example, pickles preserved in a jar are heated then put in a mixture of vinegar and brine. Fruit jams and jellies are heated and mixed with a large amount of sugar. Some preserved fruit is heated and then mixed with alcohol (for example, Brandy) and a large amount of sugar. Smoked hams are cured in brine and then exposed to the smoke from burning wood chips.

Different methods of preserving food in industrialized countries: food is heated and sealed in jars or cans

Related pages[change | change source]