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Chinese fossil revives bird-dino link

Limusaurus reconstruction

The fossil's toe structure appears to strengthen the link between dinosaurs and birds (Source: Portia Sloan )

A young dinosaur that fatefully wandered into a mudpool around 155 million years could help explain the mysterious evolution of birds, say Chinese researchers.

The team, led by Professor Xing Xu of the Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology in Beijing, uncovered the fossilised remains of the small dinosaur in the Shishugou Formation in western China's Junggar Basin.

The creature is the only known beaked herbivorous therapod, the family of two-legged dinosaurs that were notorious meat-eaters from the Jurassic era.

Their findings appear in today's issue of Nature.

Xu's team dubbed the find Limusaurus inextricabilis, or dinosaur that could not extricate itself from the mire.

It is the first known ceratosaur, a branch of the theropod family, to be found in Asia.

But the most interesting aspect of Limusaurus is its feet, which could settle a raging argument about the evolution of birds.

A widely-accepted theory is that birds emerged from small therapod dinosaurs, developing wings from reptilian forelimbs. The earliest known bird, Archaeopteryx, lived around 150 million years ago.

But in the late 1990s, evidence came forward that appeared to punch a hole in the bird-dinosaur connection.

Digital evolution

Therapods have digits corresponding to the first, second and third digits - the thumb, index and middle finger - on a human hand.

But scientists discovered that in bird embryos, all five digits start to emerge, yet only the second, third and fourth digits survive to develop into the wing structure. The first and outer digits disappear.

In other words, the 1-2-3 of dino digital orthodoxy ran into the 2-3-4 of avian digital reality.

There was no way that bird's wings could have developed this way, say critics.

They claimed either theropods were not the forerunners of birds - or else theropods and birds shared some pre-dino common ancestor.

But the new study shows that Limusaurus, startlingly, has a greatly-reduced first digit, while its second, third and fourth digits are far more fully developed.

This could be a sign of a process by which digit use shifted, with ceratosaurs as a sort of halfway house, argues Xu.

Xu backs this theory by doing a three-way comparison between Limusaurus, primitive therapods and early tetanurans, a therapod sub-group from which Archaeopteryx emerged.

Early tetanurans have similar wrist-bone features to Limusaurus when it comes to digits 2-3-4.

But their finger-bone features are more similar to primitive therapods in digits 1-2-3.

"The transition to tetanurans involved complex changes in the hand including a shift in digit identities, with ceratosaurs displaying an intermediate condition," he suggests.

Tags: dinosaurs, fossils, palaeontology, birds