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Battle of San Juan (1598)
Part of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585)
Old San Juan aerial view.jpg
Aerial view of Old San Juan
DateJune 15–30, 1598
LocationFort San Felipe del Morro (present-day Puerto Rico)
Result English victory[1]
Spain Spain England Kingdom of England
Commanders and leaders
Antonio de Mosquera Sir George Clifford
350 soldiers and militia 20 ships,
1,700 men
Casualties and losses
250 surrendered
50 casualties
2 ships captured[2]
60 killed,
40 other deaths

The Battle of San Juan was a military and naval action on June 15, 1598 when an English force of 20 ships and 1,700 men under Sir George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland overwhelmed and took the Spanish castle of Fort San Felipe del Morro and thus took the city of San Juan, Puerto Rico. They were able to hold the castle for 65 days but disease took its toll and the English forces left but not before plundering and burning San Juan to the ground. It was this attack that proved to be the only one to ever break through and capture of El Morro castle.[3]

Background[edit | edit source]

Sir Francis Drake had been defeated in 1595 and the report alarmed Elizabeth I that she wanted to avenge or 'dirten' the defeat. Queen Elizabeth almost immediately sent a new expedition led by the third Earl of Cumberland, Sir George Clifford,[4] so that he could seize San Juan and hold as long as possible.

Merely three years after Drake's attack, Cumberland arrived off Dominica with his 600-ton ﬂagship Malice Scourge captained by John Watts, plus the 400-ton vice-ﬂagships Merchant Royal of Sir John Berkeley and Ascension the 400 ton merchantman Alcedo, and Prosperous, 300-ton Centurion of Henry Palmer, Consent, and Sampson of Henry Clifford; 250-ton galleon Constance of Hercules Fulham; 210-ton Guyana 200-ton Margaret and John; 190-ton Royal Defence; 120-ton Affection of William Fleming, and Anthony 80-ton Pegasus the frigate Discovery, the pinnace Scout, the bark Ley; plus two unnamed barks.[5] In total the fleet consisted of 1,700 men and twenty ships. After refreshing his ﬂeet for nearly a week, the Earl transferred to the Virgin Islands on 11 June and celebrated a ﬁnal muster three days later before laying in a course for San Juan.[5]

Battle[edit | edit source]

On the morning of 16 June, Cumberland disembarked 700 men at Cangrejos Bay twelve miles east of San Juan, then marched until nightfall.[5] However one mile short of the city he and his men came up to a bridge known as San Antonio, the only land access to the San Juan islet. This was held by around 100 Spanish soldiers under Capt. Bernabé de Sierra Alta.[5] They managed to repel the English assault who inflicted forty casualties,[5] while the Earl of Cumberland himself almost drowned trying to cross the San Antonio channel.[6] The Spaniards suffered only four casualties, but included Sierra Alta.[5] Next morning, the English use their boats to outﬂank the Spanish position, disembarking at Escambrón Point while bombarding Boquerón Redoubt (called Red Fort by the English).[5] The fort was bombarded into submission and the guns silenced with ease as the English deliberately grounded one of their ships in front of the fort which enabled point blank precision firing; by the evening most of the defenders had retreated.[7] The English took possession of the area and consolidated while the rest of the force arrived; two Spanish vessels were seized as a result.

On 18 June Cumberland with his forces advanced and then swept into San Juan’s streets meeting little resistance; he found that some of the citizenry had already ﬂed.[5] The government officials and other residents had taken refuge in El Morro and 250 Spanish soldiers are ensconced within the Morro Citadel. Soon after the town had been occupied, the English had artillery ferried ashore from their ﬂeet and a formal siege was instituted.[5] Two days later the siege was under way and El Morro was bombarded from both land and sea while in the meantime Cumberland set about sacking the town. Knowing that the Spanish were short of supplies, the English preferred to lay siege to the castle of El Morro rather than destroy it.[8] After nearly 15 days huddled inside El Morro, short of food and ammunition and being constantly bombarded, the Spanish governor Antonio Mosquera requested terms on 30 June for a surrender. Cumberland refused this request and set his own terms for the Spanish surrender of which Mosquera eventually agreed to.[9] He and his followers were repatriated to Cartagena several weeks later.[5]

Aftermath[edit | edit source]

The victory had cost Cumberland nearly 60 casualties; however, as the same dysentery that had crippled much of the Spanish it had then spread to Cumberland's men, incapacitating nearly 600 - 700 of them as well as which included forty accidents.[10][11] With barely enough troops to crew his ships, much less maintain control of the prize he had seized from Spain, Cumberland finally decided to leave the island. Before he left however he ordered the sacking of San Juan and then ordered the destruction of the crops. His troops stole the organ and bells from the cathedral and took booty ranging from 2,000 slaves to a marble windowsill that caught his eye.[11] Cumberland sailed for England with some ships on 14 August, then on 23 September Berkeley followed with his main body along with around 70 artillery pieces from the fort.[12] Clifford on his return to England was proclaimed as a hero of sorts and as a consequence with his limited booty was well rewarded for his efforts including a patent from the Queen.[13]

In the wake of the attack, Spain sent more soldiers, supplies and weapons to rebuild the city and its defenses.[10] From 1601 to 1609, the reconstruction of El Morro saw its toppled hornwork strengthened with the foundations still used today. The Spanish on San Juan built up its defences and was next attacked by the Dutch in 1625. This time however the Spaniards were better prepared and were able to defeat the Dutch in 1625.[14]

See also[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. Williamson p. 205
  2. Williamson p.197
  3. Van Middeldyk p. 114
  4. "SECOND ATTEMPT..... SIR GEORGE CLIFFORD (1598)". National Parks Service. http://www.nps.gov/archive/saju/saw10.html. Retrieved 2009-12-01. 
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Marley p. 140
  6. Buscaglia-Salgado p. 238
  7. Williamson p.191
  8. Williamson p.192
  9. Williamson p.194
  10. 10.0 10.1 Marley, p. 141
  11. 11.0 11.1 "1600: British for a while and other battles". Casiano Communications. 2000. http://www.coffeericeandbeans.com/print/CB1600.html. Retrieved 2009-01-12. 
  12. Van Middeldyk pg 114
  13. Williamson p.199
  14. Van Middeldyk p.116-120

References[edit | edit source]
