Memorial Health - January 08, 2019
by Dr. Arthur Baker

January is Birth Defects Prevention Month, and the first step is to understand the most common birth defects. Talk to your doctor to determine if your baby is at risk. Then, learn what you can do to protect him or her.

Cleft lip and/or palate

This happens when the tissues of the mouth or lip don't form properly during fetal development, leaving an opening, division or split in that area. This is called "clefting." A cleft lip is a long opening between the upper lip and the nose. A cleft palate is an opening between the roof of the mouth and the nasal cavity. In the US, oral clefting happens in one in 700 to 1,000 births, making it one of the most common major birth defects. Clefting can be surgically repaired after birth.

Cerebral palsy

Cerebral palsy usually isn't found until weeks to months after birth. Kids with cerebral palsy have difficulty controlling the motions their muscles make -- which muscles and how severely they are impaired varies from person to person. There's no cure for cerebral palsy, but therapies and other treatments can help kids improve their quality of life. The condition affects about three to four babies in every 1,000 born.


This term is used to describe a group of structural defects of the foot and ankle in which the bones, joints, muscles and blood vessels are formed incorrectly. These defects range from mild to severe and may affect one or both feet. Feet affected by this defect most often point down, turn in and have a limited range of motion.

This is a relatively common birth defect, affecting about one to three in every 1,000 babies born each year in the US. Boys are affected almost twice as often as girls. In most cases the cause is unknown, but some cases of clubfoot are a result of a genetic disorder or problems inside a mother's uterus that can affect or restrict the development of her baby's foot (for example, having too little amniotic fluid).


Developmental dysplasia of the hip

This defect occurs when the round upper end of the thighbone doesn't sit inside the socket of the pelvis properly. This can happen in one or both hips and occurs in one in 1,000 births. While the exact cause is unknown, it tends to happen more in girls and runs in families. It's usually discovered at birth and treated soon after by placing the baby in a soft sling for six to nine months. If it's not recognized and treated early, surgery may be necessary.

Congenital hypothyroidism

This condition occurs in about one in 3,000 to 4,000 births and happens when the baby's thyroid gland (located in the front of the neck) is absent or underdeveloped at birth or if a metabolic defect blocks production of thyroid hormone. This causes a lack of thyroid hormone, which is important for supporting normal growth and brain development.

If this condition isn't recognized and treated with thyroid hormone medicines within the first few weeks of life, a baby will develop a developmental delay and permanent intellectual disability. Because of this, every state in the US and most other countries routinely screen all newborns for hypothyroidism with a blood test taken shortly after birth.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

FAS causes slowed growth, intellectual disability, abnormalities in facial features and problems with the central nervous system. Every year between 2,000 and 12,000 babies in the United States are born with defects caused by alcohol. FAS cannot be cured or treated, but can be prevented by avoiding alcohol intake during pregnancy.

Neural Tube Defects (NTD)


  • Spina Bifida, which happens when the spinal column doesn't close completely around the spinal cord. It ranges from mild to severe and can be associated with loss of bladder and bowel function, paralysis and, in some cases, death.
  • Anencephaly, which occurs in three out of 10,000 births, involves the lack of development of parts of the brain.


Preventing birth defects

Many birth defects can't be prevented, but a woman can do some things before and during pregnancy to help lower the chances of having a baby with a birth defect. Talk to your doctor about vaccinations, STDs, folic acid medications and healthy habits.

Dr. Arthur Baker is a maternal-fetal medicine specialist in practice at Memorial Health University Physicians | High-Risk OB Care.