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Watching Urban Change Via Satellite


January 11: buildings and roads. January 12: rubble.

The massive earthquake that struck the Caribbean nation of Haiti last week toppled buildings and littered the capital city of Port-au-Prince with the crumbled concrete and shattered glass of a broken metropolis. The images beamed across the Internet show the grisly result of the devastating earthquake.

But then, a different kind of image popped up. Google Maps released a series of satellite images of different parts of the city, showing in the same scale Haiti's urban landscape shortly before and immediately after the earthquake.

Image: Before and after images of Haiti
Satellite imagery from before and after the January 12 earthquake in Haiti. The Presidential Palace is pictured above, and a section of Port-au-Prince is below. Images via Google, Digital Globe and GeoEye.

On their own, the images of the earthquake's destruction are astounding. But combined with previous imagery of what those now-crumbled places once looked like, the context amplifies the impact. This use of comparable satellite imagery is an attempt by Google to assist in the recovery effort. The company's Lat Long Blog says it "received numerous requests from relief organizations and our users to share recent satellite imagery of the country."

That imagery, it turns out, can provide much more than context. With suddenly outdated maps showing roadways that are now inaccessible and bridges that are uncrossable, this satellite imagery is actually being used in rescue and recovery efforts. Agreements like the International Charter Space and Major Disasters combine the satellite capacity of many space and meteorological groups around the world to make similar imagery available after such natural disasters.

Using satellite imagery for disaster relief offers what many aid organizations see as a great benefit. But while the disaster relief effort is undoubtedly useful, the vast amount of satellite imagery also represents a huge potential for tracking and understanding urban changes in non-disaster situations.

Satellite imagery is already used for a variety of planning and planning-related tasks, from infrastructure planning to forestry management to climate monitoring. It's been used in many developing countries where reliable mapping is hard to come by.

But having a zoomable vantage point a couple hundred miles above the earth can do a lot more than simply replace shoddy information collected on the ground. This bird's eye view can provide a point-in-time look at urban areas that can be compared with the imagery of the past.

An update of the Google Earth application allows users to "go back in time" for much of its imagery, accessing satellite images from different points in time from the same vantage point. It's not a day-by-day photographic memory, but turning it into one is little more than a question of data storage. Most satellites used for geographic imagery like that used in Google Earth circle the globe about once every 90 minutes. In theory, some places could have multiple snapshots taken every day, providing a fairly in-depth profile.

Image: NOAA satellite imagery
Weather imagery captured by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service satellite.

Much in the same way weather satellites take hourly snapshots to track the motion of clouds and weather events, urban-focused satellites could provide a similar stop-motion effect documenting urban growth and change – something not easily visualized.

Images taken over time could show the growing edges of a metropolis. Or help identify perennially park-poor parts of town. Or the spread of nighttime lights into formerly vacant areas over the course of a decade. By monitoring these sorts of time-based changes, planners and policymakers could potentially take on a better understanding of how places change and what patterns might be causing urban problems.

Image: Google Earth images showing Dubai's The World project being built from 2004-present.

But compiling and managing years worth of satellite imagery is no small task. Awash in a similar amount of visual data, the U.S. military is struggling to organize the hundreds of thousands of hours of video footage captured by drone aircraft in Iraq and Afghanistan. Despite the glut, the military is keeping all that video information so it can monitor patterns and trends on the battlegrounds. And as data storage costs drop and capabilities rise, maintaining such vast collections of visual data will become even more feasible.

This sort of information could play a big role in changing the way people understand cities as evolving places. By being able to literally watch how cities physically change, planners and policymakers can work more proactively to address urban problems and prevent future problems from occurring. Disaster relief may just be the first step.

Nate Berg is assistant editor of Planetizen.




I think this technology would be particularly useful to Planner and Urban Anthropologists/Sociologists studying the development of slums. By using various pictures over time combined with on the ground density estimates we could finally get scientific estimates of the number of urban slum dwellers in the world.

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