Països Catalans

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Catalan Countries
Països Catalans
(In darker grey, Catalan-speaking area)
The concept of the Catalan Countries includes territories of the following sovereign nations:
Nation Territory
 Spain  Catalonia
 Valencian Community
 Balearic Islands
 Aragón (for Western Strip or La Franja)
 Murcia (for Carche)
 France Catalonia Roussillon in the Pyrénées-Orientales department
 Andorra Where Catalan is the sole official language
 Italy Catalonia Alghero ( Sardinia)

The term Catalan Countries (Catalan: Països Catalans, Eastern Catalan: [pəˈizus kətəˈɫans], Western Catalan: [paˈizos kataˈlans]; Spanish: Países Catalanes; French: Pays catalans) is a direct translation into English of the Catalan term Països Catalans, which refers to the territories where the Catalan language is spoken.[1] Among the diverse territories covered by the term, Andorra adjusts to "country" as in "sovereign state" whereas the rest of the territories covered are cultural areas or regional subdivisions located in France, Italy and Spain.

The Països Catalans do not have any legal standing, nor is there any universal territorial definition of the scope covered by this concept. It may refer strictly to the territories in which the different varieties of Catalan are traditionally spoken, or it may be extended to the entire political entities in which Catalan has some official status, in spite of the fact that those entities include areas where Catalan is not spoken (the map to the right covers this latter usage).

The first mentions of the term date back to the late 19th century, but it never surpassed the limits of a small circle of Catalan authors[citation needed] until its strictly cultural dimension became increasingly politically charged by the late 1960s and early 1970s, as Francoism began to die out in Spain. Thus, what had remained to date as a cultural term restricted to connoisseurs of Catalan philology, then rose to prominence and became highly controversial during the Spanish Transition period, most acrimoniously in Valencia during the 1980s.

Different meanings[edit]

Linguistic map Southwestern Europe.gif

Països Catalans has different meanings depending on the context. These can be roughly classified in two groups: linguistic or political, the political definition of the concept being the widest, since it also encompasses the linguistic side of it.

As a linguistic term, Països Catalans is used in a similar fashion to the English Anglosphere, the French Francophonie, the Portuguese Lusofonia or the Spanish Hispanophone territories.

As a political term, it refers to a number of political projects[2] as advocated by supporters of Catalan independence. These, based on the linguistic fact, argue for the existence of a common national identity that would surpass the limits of each territory covered by this concept and would apply also to the remaining ones. These movements advocate for "political collaboration"[3] amongst these territories. This often stands for their union and political independence.[4] As a consequence of the opposition these political projects have received –notably in some of the territories described by this concept[5] – some cultural institutions avoid the usage of Països Catalans in some contexts, as a means to prevent any political interpretation; in these cases, equivalent expressions (such as Catalan-speaking countries) or others (such as the linguistic domain of Catalan language) are used instead.[6]

Component territories[edit]

Catalan and its variants is spoken in:

Catalan is the official language of Andorra, co-official with Spanish and Occitan in Catalonia, co-official with Spanish in the Balearic Islands and the Valencian Community—with the denomination of Valencian in the latter—and co-official with Italian in the city of Alghero. It is also part of the recognized minority languages of Italy along with Sardinian, also spoken in Alghero.

It is not official in Aragón, Murcia or the Pyrénées-Orientales, even though on 10 December 2007 the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan, along with French, as a language of the department.[7] In 2009, the Catalan language was declarated llengua pròpia (with Aragonese language) of Aragón.[8]

The estelada, a separatist symbol, is often regarded as the flag of the Catalan Countries, either the blue or the red-star version
A mural on Belfast's Falls Road
Graffiti in Argentona. It reads "for the unity of the language and the Països Catalans"
Graffiti in Vilassar de Mar, which reads "One nation, Països Catalans! One language, Catalan!"

Cultural dimension[edit]

Trans-regional cultural collaboration[edit]

There are several endeavors and collaborations amongst some of the diverse government and cultural institutions involved. One such case is the Ramon Llull Institute (IRL), founded in 2002 by the government of the Balearic Islands and the government of Catalonia. Its main objective is to promote the Catalan language and culture abroad in all its variants, as well as the works of writers, artists, scientists and researchers of the regions which are part of it. In 2008, in order to extend the collaboration to institutions from all across the Catalan Countries, the IRL and the government of Andorra (which formerly had enjoyed occasional collaboration, most notably in the Frankfurt Book Fair of 2007) created the Ramon Llull Foundation (FRL), an international cultural institution with the same goals as the IRL.[9][10] In 2009, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales, the city council of Alghero and the Network of Valencian Cities (an association of a few Valencian city councils) joined the FRL as well.[11][12][13]

In December 2012 the Balearic islands representatives, now members of the conservative Partido Popular, PP announced that the Balearic islands abandoned the Llull institute[14] thus leaving the institution mostly as a Catalan only one.

Another relevant example is the Joan Lluís Vives Institute, a collaborative network consisting of universities in the Catalan linguistic domain.

Political dimension[edit]


The term is controversial because many non-Catalans see the concept of the Països Catalans as regional exceptionalism, counterpoised to a centralizing Spanish and French national identity. Others see it as an attempt by a Catalonia-proper-centered nationalism to lay a hegemonic claim to the historically Catalan regions in southern France or in Spain, to Valencia or to the Balearic Islands, where the prevailing feeling is that they have their own respective historical personalities, not necessarily related to Catalonia's, as the Països Catalans term would suggest. Some authors, also within the Catalan literature, have dubbed the term as "inconvenient", while attesting that the concept has generated more reactions against it than actual positive adhesions.[15]

Thus, in extensive areas included in the territories designated by some as Països Catalans, Catalan nationalist sentiment is uncommon or nonexistent. For example, in the Valencian Community case, the Esquerra Repúblicana del País Valencià (ERPV) is the most relevant party explicitly supportive of the idea but its representation is limited to a total of four local councilors elected in three municipalities[16] (out of a total of 5,622 local councilors elected in the 542 Valencian municipalities). At the regional level, it has run twice (2003 and 2007) to the regional Parliament election, receiving less than 0.50% of the total votes.[17] In all, its role in Valencian politics is currently marginal.[18]

There are other parties which consider this term only in its cultural or linguistical fact, not believing in national-political unity, as in the case of the Bloc Nacionalista Valencià. The Valencian Nationalist Bloc (Valencian: Bloc Nacionalista Valencià, Bloc or BNV; IPA: [ˈblɔɡ nasionaˈlista valensiˈa]) is the largest Valencian nationalist party in the Valencian Country, Spain.

The Bloc's main aim is, as stated in their guidelines, "to achieve full national sovereignty for the Valencian people, and make it legally declared by a Valencian sovereign Constitution allowing the possibility of association with the countries which share the same language, history and culture".[19] For the 2011 Valencian regional elections, they stood in a new electoral coalition called Coalició Compromís and won six seats (out of ninety nine) in the regional parliament.

Some of the most vocal defenders or promoters of the "Catalan Countries" concept (such as Joan Fuster, Josep Guia or Vicent Partal) were Valencian.

The subject became very controversial during the politically agitated Spanish Transition in what was to become the Valencian Community, especially in and around the city of Valencia. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, when the Spanish Autonomous Communities system was taking shape, the controversy reached its height. Various Valencian right-wing politicians (originally from Unión de Centro Democrático) fearing what was seen as an annexation attempt from Catalonia, fueled a violent Anti-Catalanist campaign against local supporters of the concept of the Països Catalans, which even included a handful of unsuccessful attacks with explosives against authors perceived as flagships of the concept, such as Joan Fuster or Manuel Sanchis i Guarner. The concept's revival during this period was behind the formation of the fiercely opposed and staunch anti-Catalan blaverist movement, led by Unió Valenciana, which, in turn, significantly diminished during the 1990s and the 2000s as the Països Catalans controversy slowly disappeared from the Valencian political arena.

This confrontation between politicians from Catalonia and Valencia very much diminished in severity during the course of the late 1980s and, especially, the 1990s as the Valencian Community's regional government became consolidated. Since then, the topic has lost most of its controversial potential, even though occasional clashes may appear from time to time, such as controversies regarding the broadcasting of Catalan television in Valencia —and vice versa— or the usage by Catalan official institutions of terms which are perceived in Valencia as Catalan nationalistic, such as Països Catalans or País Valencià (Valencian Country).

As for the other territories, there are no political parties even mentioning the Països Catalans as a public issue neither in Andorra, nor in la Franja, Carche or Alghero. In the Balearic islands, support for parties related to Catalan nationalism is around 10% of the total votes.[20] Reversely, the Popular Party –which is a staunch opponent of whatever political implications for the Països Catalans concept– is the majority party in Valencia and the Balearic islands.

Even though the topic has been largely absent from the political agenda as of late, in December 2013 the regional Parliament of the Balearic islands passed an official declaration [21] in defence of its autonomy and in response to a prior declaration by the Catalan regional Parliament which included reference to the term in question. In the declaration of the Balearic islands parliament, it was stated that the so-called "Països Catalans do not exist and the Balearic islands do not take part in any 'Catalan country' whatsoever".[22]

In July 2014, the ex-mayor of Alghero, Carlo Sechi, dubbed the official delegations of the Catalan Generalitat and Omnium Cultural in that city as colonialist and as an attempt of interfering with Algherese matters.[23]

Legal framework[edit]

The Spanish Constitution of 1978 contains a clause forbidding the formation of federations amongst autonomous communities.[24] Therefore, if it were the case that the Països Catalans idea gained a majority democratic support in future elections, a constitutional amendment would still be needed for those parts of the Països Catalans lying in Spain to create a common legal representative body.

Nonetheless, in the addenda to the Constitution there is a clause allowing an exception to this rule in the case of Navarre, which can join the Basque Country should the people choose to do so.


The term Països Catalans was first documented in "Historia del Derecho en Cataluña, Mallorca y Valencia. Código de las Costumbres de Tortosa, I" (History of the Law in Catalonia, Majorca and Valencia. Code of the Customs of Tortosa, I) written by the Valencian Law historian Benvingut Oliver i Esteller.

The term was both challenged and reinforced by the use of the term "Occitan Countries" from the Oficina de Relacions Meridionals (Office of Southern Relations) in Barcelona by 1933. Another proposal which enjoyed some popularity during the Renaixença was "Pàtria llemosina" (Llemosine Motherland), proposed by Victor Balaguer as a federation of Catalan-speaking provinces; both these coinages were based on the theory that Catalan is a dialect of Occitan.

None of these names reached widespread cultural usage and the term nearly vanished until it was rediscovered, redefined and put in the center of the identity cultural debate by Valencian writer Joan Fuster. In his book Nosaltres els valencians (We, the Valencians, published in 1962) a new political interpretation of the concept was introduced; from the original, meaning roughly Catalan-speaking territories, Fuster developed a political inference closely associated to Catalan nationalism. This new approach would refer to the Catalan Countries as a more or less unitary nation with a shared culture which had been divided by the course of history, but which should logically be politically reunited. Fuster's preference for Països Catalans gained popularity, and previous unsuccessful proposals such as Comunitat Catalànica (Catalanic Community) or Bacàvia[25] (after Balearics-Catalonia-Valencia) diminished in use.

Today, the term is politically charged, and tends to be closely associated with Catalan nationalism and supporters of Catalan independence. The idea of uniting these territories in an independent state is supported by a number of political parties, ERC being the most important in terms of representation (21 members in the Parliament of Catalonia) and CUP (3 members). ERPV, PSAN (currently integrated in SI), Estat Català also support this idea to a greater or lesser extent.

See also[edit]


  1. ^ "The Catalan Countries". Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
  2. ^ Arnau Gonzàlez i Vilalta (2006) The Catalan Countries Project (1931–1939). Department of Contemporany History, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
  3. ^ Statutes of Valencian Nationalist Bloc. Retrieved on 12 September 2013.
  4. ^ Political project of Republican Left of Catalonia. Retrieved on 12 September 2013.
  5. ^ El Gobierno valenciano, indignado por la pancarta de 'països catalans' exhibida en el Camp Nou – españa –. (24 October 2005). Retrieved on 12 September 2013.
  6. ^ Catalan, the language of eleven million Europeans. Ramon Llull Institute
  7. ^ Charte en faveur du Catalan.
  8. ^ "LEY 10/2009, de 22 de diciembre, de uso, protección y promoción de las lenguas propias de Aragón." (PDF). Retrieved 29 April 2010. 
  9. ^ Neix la Fundació Ramon Llull. (31 March 2008). Retrieved on 12 September 2013.
  10. ^ (Catalan) La Generalitat crea la Fundació Ramon Llull a Andorra per projectar la llengua i cultura catalanes. (18 March 2008). Retrieved on 12 September 2013.
  11. ^ La Fundació Ramon Llull s'eixampla – VilaWeb. (16 January 2009). Retrieved on 12 September 2013.
  12. ^ L'Ajuntament de Xeraco aprova una moció del BLOC per a adherir-se a la Fundació Ramon Llull. Valencianisme.Com. Retrieved on 12 September 2013.
  13. ^ Varios municipios valencianos se suman a la Fundación Ramon Llull para fomentar el catalán. Las Provincias. Retrieved on 12 September 2013.
  14. ^ [1]
  15. ^ Valenti Puig. Retrieved on 12 September 2013.
  16. ^ Valencia local elections 2007 accessed 27 July 2009
  17. ^ Datos Electorales – Elecciones Autonómicas de 2007.
  18. ^ El difícil salto de Esquerra Republicana. (30 May 2009). Retrieved on 12 September 2013.
  19. ^ Bloc Nacionalista Valencià. Retrieved on 12 September 2013.
  20. ^ Eleccions al Parlament de les Illes Balears. (8 June 2007)
  21. ^ [2]
  22. ^ [3]
  23. ^ L'exalcalde de l'Alguer acusa Òmnium i la Generalitat de «colonialisme - Nació Digital
  24. ^ Constitución Española en inglés.
  25. ^ L'Acadèmia aprova per unanimitat el Dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià. Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
  26. ^ Presentation of the song in a Al Tall record (Catalan)

Further reading[edit]

  • Atles dels Països Catalans. Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2000. (Geo Estel. Atles) ISBN 84-412-0595-7.
  • Burguera, Francesc de Paula. És més senzill encara: digueu-li Espanya (Unitat 3i4; 138) ISBN 84-7502-302-9.
  • Fuster, Joan. Qüestió de noms. (Online in Catalan)
  • Geografia general dels Països Catalans. Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana. 1992–1996. 7 v. ISBN 84-7739-419-9 (o.c.).
  • González i Vilalta, Arnau. La nació imaginada: els fonaments dels Països Catalans (1931–1939). Catarroja: Afers, 2006. (Recerca i pensament; 26)
  • Grau, Pere. El panoccitanisme dels anys trenta: l'intent de construir un projecte comú entre catalans i occitans. El contemporani, 14 (gener-maig 1998), p. 29–35.
  • Guia, Josep. És molt senzill, digueu-li "Catalunya". Llibres del segle. (Què us diré; 22). ISBN 978-84-920952-8-5 (Online in Catalan -PDF)
  • Història: política, societat i cultura als Països Catalans. Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana, 1995–2000. 13 v. ISBN 84-412-2483-8 (o.c.).
  • Mira, Joan F. Introducció a un país. València: Eliseu Climent, 1980 (Papers bàsics 3i4; 12) ISBN 84-7502-025-9.
  • Pérez Moragón, Francesc. El valencianisme i el fet dels Països Catalans (1930–1936), L'Espill, núm. 18 (tardor 1983), p. 57–82.
  • Prat de la Riba, Enric. Per Catalunya i per l'Espanya Gran.
  • Soldevila, Ferran. Què cal saber de Catalunya. Barcelona: Club Editor, 1968. Amb diverses reimpressions i reedicions. Actualment: Barcelona: Columna: Proa, 1999. ISBN 84-8300-802-5 (Columna). ISBN 84-8256-860-4 (Proa).
  • Stegmann, Til i Inge. Guia dels Països Catalans. Barcelona: Curial, 1998. ISBN 84-7256-865-2.
  • Ventura, Jordi. Sobre els precedents del terme Països Catalans, taken from "Debat sobre els Països Catalans", Barcelona: Curial…, 1977. p. 347–359.

External links[edit]

Coordinates: 40°34′01″N 0°39′00″E﻿ / ﻿40.567°N 0.650°E﻿ / 40.567; 0.650