Health Encyclopedia

Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR)

What are measles, mumps, and rubella?


  • Measles. Measles is caused by a virus that results in a cough, runny nose, fever, eye irritation. It can lead to ear infection, pneumonia, seizures, brain damage, and death.

  • Mumps. Mumps is caused by a virus that results in fever, headache, muscle aches, and swollen neck or parotid glands. It can lead to deafness, infection of the brain and spinal cord, painful swelling of the testicles or ovaries, and even death.

  • Rubella (German measles). Rubella (German measles) is caused by a virus that results in mild fever, runny nose, cough, and then followed by a generalized rash. In adults it may cause joint pain and arthritis. It is spread from one person to another through direct contact with discharge from the nose and throat.


Immunization against measles, mumps, and rubella


When are MMR vaccines given?


  • 12 to 15 months

  • Four to six years



Pregnant women, or women who plan to become pregnant within a month, should not receive the MMR vaccine. Some children with conditions that may affect the immune system (such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, or other immunodeficiency conditions), or those taking medications that may affect the immune system (such as steroids), should not receive the vaccine. Consult your child's doctor. 

What are the risks from MMR vaccines?


  • Fever

  • Mild rash

  • Swelling of glands in the cheek or neck





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