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"Cithaeron" redirects here. For a spider genus, see Cithaeronidae.
Kithairon is located in Greece
Location of Mount Kithairon in Greece
Elevation 1,409 m (4,623 ft)
Location Attica, Greece
Boeotia, Greece
Coordinates 38°10′34″N 23°21′13″E﻿ / ﻿38.17611°N 23.35361°E﻿ / 38.17611; 23.35361Coordinates: 38°10′34″N 23°21′13″E﻿ / ﻿38.17611°N 23.35361°E﻿ / 38.17611; 23.35361

Kithairon (Κιθαιρών, -ῶνος) is a mountain range ("No corner of Kithairon echoless", Oedipus Rex 440) about 10 mi (16 km) long, in central Greece, standing between Boeotia in the north and Attica in the south. It is mainly composed of limestone and rises to 4,623 ft (1,409 m). Its northeast side is formed by the mountain Pastra.

The range was the scene of many events in Greek mythology and was especially sacred to Dionysus.[citation needed] Oedipus was exposed on the mountain, while Actaeon and Pentheus were both dismembered on its slopes. It was also the place where Hercules hunted and killed the Lion of Cithaeron.

In historic times, the mountain acted as a backdrop to the Battle of Plataea of 479 BC and was the scene of much skirmishing before the battle itself. In later times fortifications were built both at Plataea and Erythrai as the mountain formed the disputed natural border between Athens and Thebes.

The people of Plataea also personified the mountain as their primal king: "The Plataians know of no king except Asopus and Kithairon before him, holding that the latter gave his name to the mountain, the former to the river". (Pausanias 9.1.1)