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Interferon-related developmental regulator 1
Symbols IFRD1 (; PC4; TIS7)
External IDs OMIM603502 MGI1316717 HomoloGene31043 GeneCards: IFRD1 Gene
RNA expression pattern
PBB GE IFRD1 202146 at tn.png
More reference expression data
Species Human Mouse
Entrez 3475 15982
Ensembl ENSG00000006652 ENSMUSG00000001627
UniProt O00458 P19182
RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001007245 NM_013562
RefSeq (protein) NP_001007246 NP_038590
Location (UCSC) Chr 7:
112.06 – 112.12 Mb
Chr 12:
40.2 – 40.25 Mb
PubMed search [1] [2]

Interferon-related developmental regulator 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFRD1 gene.[1][2] The gene is expressed mostly in neutrophils, skeletal and cardiac muscle, brain, pancreas.[1][2] The rat and the mouse homolog genes of Interferon-related developmental regulator 1 gene (and their proteins) are also known with the name PC4 [3] and Tis21, respectively. IFRD1 is member of a gene family that comprises a second gene, IFRD2, also known as SKmc15.[1][2]

Clinical significance[edit]

IFRD1 has been identified as a modifier gene for cystic fibrosis lung disease.[4]

Biological activity of IFRD1 as inducer of muscle regeneration[edit]

IFRD1(also known as PC4 or Tis7, see above) participates to the process of skeletal muscle cell differentiation. In fact, inhibition of IFRD1 function in C2C12 myoblasts, by antisense IFRD1 cDNA transfection or microinjection of anti-IFRD1 antibodies, prevents their morphological and biochemical differentiation by inhibiting the expression of MyoD and myogenin, key master genes of muscle development.[5] A role for IFRD1 in muscle differentiation has been observed also in vivo. Muscles from mice lacking IFRD1 display decreased protein and mRNA levels of MyoD, and myogenin, and after muscle crash damage in young mice there was a delay in regeneration.[6]

Recently it has been shown that upregulation of IFRD1 in vivo in injured muscle potentiates muscle regeneration by increasing the production of staminal muscle cells (satellite cells).[7] The underlying molecular mechanism lies in the ability of IFRD1 to cooperate with MyoD at inducing the transcriptional activity of MEF2C. This relies on the ability of IFRD1 to bind selectively MEF2C, thus inhibiting its interaction with HDAC4.[7][8] Therefore, IFRD1 appears to act as a positive cofactor of MyoD.[7][8] More recently it has been shown that IFRD1 potentiates muscle regeneration by a second mechanism that potentiates MyoD, i.e., by repressing the transcriptional activity of NF-κB, which is known to inhibit MyoD mRNA accumulation. IFRD1 represses the activity of NF-κB p65 by enhancing the HDAC-mediated deacetylation of the p65 subunit, by favoring the recruitment of HDAC3 to p65. In fact IFRD1 forms trimolecular complexes with p65 and HDAC3.[7]

Thus, IFRD1 can induce muscle regeneration acting as a pivotal regulator of the MyoD pathway through multiple mechanisms. Given the dramatic decrease of myogenic cells occurring in muscle degenerative pathologies such as Duchenne dystrophy, the ability of IFRD1 to potentiate the regenerative process suggests that IFRD1 might be a therapeutic target.


IFRD1 has been shown to interact with several proteins in the SIN3 complex including SIN3B, SAP30, NCOR1, and HDAC1.[9] Moreover, IFRD1 protein binds MyoD, MEF2C, HDAC4, HDAC3 and the p65 subunit of NF-κB, forming trimolecular complexes with HDAC3 and p65 NF-κB proteins.[7][8] IFRD1 protein also forms homodimers.[8]


  1. ^ a b c Buanne P, Incerti B, Guardavaccaro D, Avvantaggiato V, Simeone A, Tirone F (Nov 1998). "Cloning of the human interferon-related developmental regulator (IFRD1) gene coding for the PC4 protein, a member of a novel family of developmentally regulated genes". Genomics 51 (2): 233–42. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5260. PMID 9722946. 
  2. ^ a b c "Entrez Gene: IFRD1 interferon-related developmental regulator 1". 
  3. ^ Tirone F, Shooter EM (March 1989). "Early gene regulation by nerve growth factor in PC12 cells: induction of an interferon-related gene". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86 (6): 2088–92. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.6.2088. PMC 286853. PMID 2467301. 
  4. ^ Gu Y, Harley IT, Henderson LB, Aronow BJ, Vietor I, Huber LA, Harley JB, Kilpatrick JR, Langefeld CD, Williams AH, Jegga AG, Chen J, Wills-Karp M, Arshad SH, Ewart SL, Thio CL, Flick LM, Filippi MD, Grimes HL, Drumm ML, Cutting GR, Knowles MR, Karp CL (April 2009). "Identification of IFRD1 as a modifier gene for cystic fibrosis lung disease". Nature 458 (7241): 1039–42. doi:10.1038/nature07811. PMC 2841516. PMID 19242412. 
  5. ^ Montagnoli A, Guardavaccaro D, Starace G, Tirone F (October 1996). "Overexpression of the nerve growth factor-inducible PC3 immediate early gene is associated with growth inhibition". Cell Growth Differ. 7 (10): 1327–36. PMID 8891336. 
  6. ^ Vadivelu SK, Kurzbauer R, Dieplinger B, Zweyer M, Schafer R, Wernig A, Vietor I, Huber LA (April 2004). "Muscle regeneration and myogenic differentiation defects in mice lacking TIS7". Mol. Cell. Biol. 24 (8): 3514–25. PMC 381666. PMID 15060170. 
  7. ^ a b c d e Micheli L, Leonardi L, Conti F, Maresca G, Colazingari S, Mattei E, Lira SA, Farioli-Vecchioli S, Caruso M, Tirone F (February 2011). "PC4/Tis7/IFRD1 stimulates skeletal muscle regeneration and is involved in myoblast differentiation as a regulator of MyoD and NF-kappaB". J. Biol. Chem. 286 (7): 5691–707. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.162842. PMC 3037682. PMID 21127072. 
  8. ^ a b c d Micheli L, Leonardi L, Conti F, Buanne P, Canu N, Caruso M, Tirone F (March 2005). "PC4 coactivates MyoD by relieving the histone deacetylase 4-mediated inhibition of myocyte enhancer factor 2C". Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 (6): 2242–59. doi:10.1128/MCB.25.6.2242-2259.2005. PMC 1061592. PMID 15743821. 
  9. ^ Vietor I, Vadivelu SK, Wick N, Hoffman R, Cotten M, Seiser C, Fialka I, Wunderlich W, Haase A, Korinkova G, Brosch G, Huber LA (September 2002). "TIS7 interacts with the mammalian SIN3 histone deacetylase complex in epithelial cells". EMBO J. 21 (17): 4621–31. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf461. PMC 125408. PMID 12198164. 

Further reading[edit]