

C++ is more expressive than what? Than C probably. Than Java/C# - arguable. Than Scala/Haskell/Rust/Python/Ruby/R - no way.

More expressive than Java, sure. Java doesn't have overloaded operators, or cv-qualifiers, or templates, or many many many other things that make the type design space more expressive.

Ruby is hardly expressive at all in this respect - you can express to the interpreter very little about types, and the interpreter won't help you much at all.

C++ doesn't have GC, reflection, annotations, code generation utilities (annotation processors, cglib, etc), first-class generic types, existential types, rich standard library etc. That's why it is "arguable".

> you can express to the interpreter very little about types

Dynamic types are still types. Only the error detection moment is different, but lack of static types doesn't mean low expressivity.

in which of these languages can you have types depending on values ? :=)

In Scala and Idris. Haskell has no direct support, but I believe you can get quite close with rank-2 types.

Also, typing is not the end of all the things. Most languages I listed have much stronger metaprogramming capabilities than C++. Scala, Rust, Template Haskell macro systems are superior to C++ templates.
