“Oneness is experienced at the level that I call the heart. While the experience of oneness is transformational and profound, it is not itself the experience of no-self, it is the experience of unified, or universal self—self as everything and everyone. The falling away of self is a falling away of even oneness into what is prior to unity. The trajectory is from self experiencing itself as ego, to self experiencing itself as oneness, to self dropping away altogether. What is left cannot be described, because all descriptions are only relevant in terms of their opposites. And beyond self there is no opposite, not even unity or oneness, silence or presence. There is nothing that can be said about it, not even that it is freedom. Where all words fail, that’s where it exists. It is the Pearl beyond price, and it is the only thing that is ever happening or ever could happen. I am not being purposely obscure, I am actually being as direct and concrete as I can.”

“The falling away of self means both the falling away of self and Self, as in True Self. It is beyond both individual self and universal self. And yes, it is beyond all distinctions, categorizations, and descriptions. One cannot open the door to no-self by any means, but one can stop holding the door closed. That is all that is required.”

“It probably sounds pretty bad to have the divine state fall away, and it can be experienced as quite a profound loss. But such a loss is necessary in order for self to fall away and what is beyond self to reveal itself. The problem with the word “self ” is that it is often associated with ego, which it is not. Self as I am using the term is not the ego at all. Self is what enables you to experience the ego state, and the non-ego state alike—as well as divinity, inwardness, outwardness, separation, and unity. All of these experiences happen within, to, and because of self. Self can go from being experienced as profound separation to being experienced as the universal “I am.” It can experience itself as either a separate ego or as God. So self is quite an amazing function. But self does have its limits and it does come to an end. What comes after self is what I am attempting to clarify through this course. Not in order to set up something more to chase, but because more people will be going through this transition in the near future. No-self is not simply an insight after all, and my hope is that this course will be a helpful companion along the way.”

“Self-consciousness is the last form of identity to go, and what goes with it is all the spiritual states of consciousness as well. One of the main reasons why so few people fully make this transition is that they will not let go of all forms of self consciousness and the wonderful forms of expanded experience and identity that go with them. When the “divine within” falls away forever, the movement toward the permanent falling away of self has begun. We only let go completely when we are completely ready to, with no qualifications”

“The question here for you is, what exists in the absence of self ? Not simply in the conceptual absence, as we hear so much silly talk about in modern spirituality, but in the actual lived absence. The absence or emptiness of literally everything reveals the true nature of everything. And the true nature of everything is not only its emptiness but also the true nature of its form, of its existence. From eternity’s point of view, everything is itself; nothing is perceived as either emptiness or form, as existing or not existing. Each moment IS eternity, each thing IS eternity. From the human point of view, this may sound nice but it can in fact be quite stark and shocking. But seen from eternity’s eyes, it all looks quite different.”
For Chinese readers, I've compiled some of Zen Master Hong Wen Liang's articles. His wisdom is exceptional.

"Total exertion has 2 flavors: the interpermeation and interpenetration of all things and wholeheartedness of action without self/Self."

~ Thusness, 2019

Someone wrote: what does the 'total exertion' term mean, where does it come from?

I replied,

It’s from dogen. Wrote this some months back:

“Total exertion is direct realization of each manifest activity as arising with all conditions in seamless interdependency, where one feels that the whole universe is giving its best to make this moment possible.

I started having glimpses and insights into this about one or two years after my initial realisation of anatta (the direct realisation and penetration of the false dichotomy of subject-action-object through contemplating the verse in Bahiya Sutta) back in 2010. Anatta demolishes the background subject so that there is only the entirety of manifestation, and then you may penetrate further -- this entirety of manifestation is a seamless activity with no self-nature anywhere. When I experienced this I called it the "dharma body". When walking not only are the legs walking, the whole universe is walking, the whole universe is your body. To put it in laymen's term, it's like the universe as your body (but the word universe doesn't really capture the dynamic, interdependent and empty nature of it well).

Let me give you an example. Recently, I was sitting in meditation with my sister. Then as usual I entered into a blissful state. In that state, I saw that it's not me sitting here, like there is no I, no sister, no baby, etc, but it's really all these factors that is "meditating" plus much more... all the way back to the time of the Buddha! The living presence of Buddha and its sangha and the whole lineage is right here, same time and in communion. This breath is the universe. Suddenly some passages by Dogen made perfect sense*

Also, I just visited a Zen temple earlier today to meditate. Something that the novice monk said after the meditation struck me - chanting as "together action". He didn't elaborate what he meant by that but I intuited its meaning and purpose. To me what this means is this - when we practice as a community, we are enacting "together action" so that it is not you that is chanting but the chanting as a whole arising seamlessly that is chanting. But "together action" is in fact every moment! This breath is together action with all the conditions, the whole community and lineage. Carrying your meditation cushion and waiting for your turn to place that cushion back to its original place -- together action, not 'you' action.

Walking on the street, you look at the traffic and maneuver your way to reach your destination, the traffic and people walking are as much an inseparable part of the activity which you call 'your walking', each moment of walking is doing together action with all conditions. The same for driving a car. If you lose the "zone", if you get distracted and are not practicing "together action", watch out! Lives can be lost.

When you are walking in the park, the legs moving arise in tandem with the whole universe moving. The tree in front is manifesting the way it is in accord with all other conditions like the wind, light, the way I am moving and looking, etc. The tree has no tree-ness in itself or apart from me and I have no me-ness apart from the interplay that is manifesting the tree. When I see and interact with others, it's not I interacting with others as I and others are empty and dissolved in the interplay. Truly it is like a node of Indra reflecting all other nodes, each node is not other than all others nodes, there is neither self nor others.

'Self' and 'others' are learnt and is a result of the ignorance of our true nature. The structures of language or convention posits that when we encounter something it is always 'I' am touching/encountering a 'thing' as if there is a real subject interacting with an object. I am I and interacting or talking with a real other as discrete entities.

Although in actual experience it's just all conditions in total exertion but when spoken in language it appears separate. The structure of language is dualistic.. which is not a problem in itself when taken conventionally or as dependent designation but instead we wrongly reified them into things with its own existence in and of themselves.


The Buddhas and Ancestors manifest before our very eyes whenever we respectfully serve the Buddhas and Ancestors by bringing Them up through our presenting of Their story. They are not limited simply to some past, present, or future time, for They have undoubtedly gone beyond even ‘going beyond Buddha’.

Shobogenzo, Busso, Hubert Nearman

The robe of the right transmission of the buddhas and patriarchs is not arbitrarily transmitted from buddha to buddha. It is the robe transmitted from the former buddha to the later buddha, and from the ancient buddha to the contemporaneous buddha. In order to transform the Way, to transform the buddha, and to transform the past, present, and future, there is a right transmission from past to present, from present to future, from present to past, from past to past, from present to present, from future to future, from future to present, and from future to past. It is the right transmission only between a buddha and a buddha.

- Dogen”

“Yes, it is a word used by Dogen, ippo-gujin.

David Loy:

"...These techniques are used to exemplify his notion of ippo-gujin, 'the total exertion of a single dharma.' This key term embodies his dynamic understanding of interpenetration, according to which each dharma in the universe is both cause and effect of all other dharmas. This interfusion means that the life of one dharma becomes the life of all dharmas, so that (as Zen masters like to say), *this* is the only thing in the whole universe!"”

Thusness replied: 

Wei Yu,

Well quoted, well written and well expressed! So much to my liking that I hv to say something 🤣.
Let’s visit our last discussion. As i said,

There is no self, only a sense of self.

No seer, only a sense of seer.

Therefore no conflict with ur direct insight of anatta.

The SENSE of self is designated as “seer” that dependently originates when forms vividly appears due to the karmic tendencies of ignorance. Ascribing the phenomena “seen” to a non-existing seer, is the action, the act of seeing.

Ignorance is not "inability to know". Instead it is a very deep form inherent and dualistic knowing that sees in the karmic pattern of seer-seeing-seen.

Now the question:

Is there a need to exhaust this karmic pattern of seer-seeing-seen by pacifying conceptualization?

If so then the practice of anatta to empty clarity:

1. In seeing, just the seen. No seer.
2. In seeing, always only the seen. Therefore no seeing.
3. In the seen, just the seen.
Where is the seen?
Where is this vivid lurid scenery?
No where to b found,
Spontaneous, empty and non-arisen.

So how does total exertion step in?

If there is no need to exhaust karmic patterning, then how should u practice?

I replied:  The solidifying of what’s sensed into something truly there is a total exertion of karmic tendency, the appearance can seem very real but actually nothing real.

The sense of standing on this side as a seer is likewise itself the total exertion of karmic tendency, an activity and not an actual entity behind anything.

Seer and seen, grasper and grasped, liberated not through pacifying conceptualization but seeing the absence and total exertion of all afflicted and non afflicted phenomena.


Well said.

The self designated upon the aggregates was never there but felt to b solidly there.

"Here" that is so undeniably "here" is nothing "here". Only sensations and thoughts forming the impression of being “solidly here".

As for this:


Imo, buddhism non-dual is not the union of subject-object or seer is the seen but freedom from extremes.

It liberates seer from seer and seen from seen by seeing dependent arising.


The afflictive chain is released by the pacification of mental proliferation but not through dry non-conceptuality. Like what u said can b by:

1. Direct insight of anatta into empty clarity.

2. Total exertion.
However in total exertion, doing away with self is not necessary. It is fully embraced and fully authenticated by 10 thousand things. Most of ur articles seem quite persistent in trying to get rid of “self” even when expressing total exertion. In total exertion, emptiness and endless dependencies of dharma (including self) are a given otherwise total exertion is not possible. Every dharma is purified by its own endless dependencies.

Your expression of timelessness of total exertion is precious. The moment Dogen writes and the moment u realise is one exertion. Transmission is indeed heart to heart, timeless and intimate!


3. Persistently seeing of whatever arises dependently is free from extremes will eventually free the mind. Consistently seeing neither self nor no-self, neither arise nor not-arise, breaks the chain of mental proliferation.

Self and the ten thousands things,
Neither one nor many.
Not one, therefore no self nature.
Not two, therefore seamless.
One line of reasoning,
freedom from 2 extremes.
Dependent arising is the king of reasoning.
Someone wrote:

I generally like your posts
But why not stop here at the first sentence..?

Realize Anatta...!

Your next line
Self- luminous thought
And Sound does it...!

If you've got there
What need for analysis..

I replied:







  1. Bj2Fo0vCcx.jpg

    Vijñaptimātra: Mind Only a Guide to Freedom from Duality
    Mausham Ratna Shakya

    The article is based on the Twenty and Thirty Stanzas composed by the famous scholar, master Vashubandu. It was composed around 4th century A.D. the Stanzas are so profound that each and every stanzas can be studied in very deep level and it clarifies various misinterpretations regarding various concepts. Almost all the scholars have similar agreement that this composition is a base of Yogācārā School.
    Three are many scholars like A. K. Chatterjee, C.D. Sharma, T.R.V. Murti, S.N. Dasgupta etc. who have described the compositions as a system of Absolute Idealism, Spiritual Monism or as Metaphysical Idealism similar to Vedānta School[1].
    Other group of scholars like Stefen Anaker, Thomas A. Kochomuttom, and William Waldren etc. described as according to Buddhist line as Doctrine of Experience, Realistic Pluralism, System of Mind and Metal factors, approach to Phenomenology etc[2].
    Yes there are also some passages which can be apparently interpret according to the previous one as Idealism and so on but if one goes throughout, it’s easy to establish the Buddhist doctrine which defers any kind of extreme views.
    Understanding the vastness of the composition and respecting them I would like to present it as a guide to freedom from duality, which I think is a very need of every individual who is interested in Buddhist studies. Also I am trying to simplify the presentation so that one can easily understand the most controversial and confused doctrine in the Buddhist Schools.


    Duality, is a difference between self /other, mind/body, male/female, good/evil, active/passive etc. it is a main cause of suffering and bondage and Non-duality is a understanding, realizing the duality are illusory experience a freedom and happiness[3]. All schools of Buddhism teach No-Self (Pali anatta, Sanskrit anātman). Non-Self in Buddhism is the Non-Duality of Subject and Object, which is very explicitly stated by the Buddha in verses such as “In seeing, there is just seeing. No seer and nothing seen. In hearing, there is just hearing. No hearer and nothing heard.[4]” (Bahiya Sutta, Udana 1.10). Non-Duality in Buddhism does not constitute merging with a supreme Brahman, but realizing that the duality of a self/subject/agent/watcher/doer in relation to the object/world is an illusion.

    Description of Duality and Non-Duality in Vijñaptimātra

    Vijñaptimātra is a doctrine of mind only, also synonymously chittamātra, cognition only, representation of mind only which describes the nature of mind and phenomena, according to relative existential dualistic approach and it reality as non-dualistic approach. To be clear more I would like to go little bit deeper into mind and phenomena. Normally regarding mind we feel and realize the six consciousnesses related to six sense organs and feeling of ‘I’ as a mind. And phenomena as the physical world and metaphysical world beyond this Physical world, which is partially true and Vashubandhu also agrees upon that but he also clarifies more profoundly which eliminates the duality of mind and phenomena.

    Analysis of Mind

    Vashubandhu presents the theory of eight consciousnesses to better and easily understand the theory of chitta and chaitasika and its which are mainly dealt under Abhidharma doctrine. According to Thirty Stanzas Trimshatikā eight consciousnesses are detailed in three categories they are;[5]
    1. Six consciousness
    2. Mano, “I” consciousness
    3. Alaya, store house consciousness
    Modern psychological systems also deal consciousness as (1) conscious mind, (2) Subconscious mind and (3) Unconscious mind. The old psychological systems emphasis the outer factors as major stimuli but after 1960 the development of cognitive science gave boost to the consciousness as the main factor. Recent outputs of cognitive science on consciousness are interestingly similar to the theory of Vasubandhu in Trimshatikā.
    As Buddhist system doesn’t believe in any self as permanent existence but in mind, which is always changing and not findable. All the schools of Buddhism describes mind as a process. Similarly, Vasubandhu presents the transformation of mind in various levels and its function. He used the term consciousness for mind and its transformation into the three different modes of consciousness. They are (1) Six consciousness also known as Pravritti consciousness i.e. active consciousness associated with Six sense organs. (2) Mano, “I” consciousness also known as Klista manana consiouness or Defiled consciousness i.e. thought of “I” consciousness and (3) Ālaya consciousness also known as store consciousness[6].
    According to Vasubandhu until the state of enlightenment the function of consciousness functions as imaginary experiences, which are the projection of the mind only. For clear view the three consciousnesses are analyzed below;

    1) Pravritti Vijñāna ( Six Sense Consciousness )

    Six consciousnesses are associated with six sense organs they are 1) Eye 2) Ear 3) Nose 4) Tongue 5) Body and 6) Mind. The six consciousnesses are thus called 1) Eye consciousness 2) Ear consciousness 3) Nose consciousness 4) Tongue consciousness 5) Body consciousness and 6) Mind consciousness. The six consciousnesses is a process of knowing process of objects related to the six organs and it is always changing and becomes a different experience in every moments[7].

    2) Klista Manana Vijñāna (Defiled “I” consciousness)

    This consciousness depends on Ālaya Vijñāna (Store-consciousness), which is associated with four defilements. They are 1) belief in self (Ātma-dristi) 2) ignorance about self (Ātma-moha) 3) Pride in self (Ātma-māna) and 4) Love of self (Ātma-sneha). It is also associated with Touch (sparsa), Attentiveness (manskara), Knowledge (Vit), Conceptions (sanjñā) and Volition (cetanā) with dualistic notion of self and others[8].

    3) Ālaya Vijñāna (store-consciousness)

    Ālaya Vijñāna (store-consciousness) is the individual consciousness which carries within it he seeds of all past experience. It has within itself the representation of consciousness of unknown objects and places; it is like a torrent of water. Just as torrent of water carries whatever comes in its way similarly, Ālaya Vijñāna carries seeds of past experience as well as seeds of new experiences, this function ceases and become inactive in the attainment of Arhatva. It is invariably associated with the experiential categories such as touch, attentiveness, knowledge, conception, volition and feeling, because it’s like a torrent of water it is also described as undefined, subliminal, etc.
    Ālaya Vijñāna continues from birth to birth. The extermination or exhaustion of Ālaya Vijñāna means the end of the present life but it can result either in Nirvāna or another birth in samsāra[9].

    Analysis of Phenomena

    Dharma Nairātmaya is the scheme of non-substantiality of objects and objectivity. Modern scholars of different schools tries to establish the existence of phenomena as the real existing thing, similarly some philosophical schools like Vaishesika argues and tried to establish the existential nature of objects and objectivity with references to the theory of atom. They just accepted that objects and its experience are due to aggregates of atoms[10]. According to Vashubandhu if the causes of experience are due to atom then the reality could be conceived either as a single entity or as many discrete atoms, or aggregates of atom. Here Vashubandhu finds the very concept of atom is contradictory[11]. An atom by definition is an indivisible unit and therefore cannot have parts or extensions. If however the world is composed of such indivisible, part less and extension less units or if the earth were a single unit, there would be no progressive movement and just one step would cover the entire earth. There would be no simultaneous grasping and non-grasping, because if anything is grasped at all, it would amount to grasping the entire world; there would be no discrete states of many beings, because all of them would be occupying the only single unit of space available; there would be no subtle and invisible beings, because all beings being equal size there would be no point in distinguishing between visible and invisible beings[12].
    Vashubandhu emphasis that the world is composed of atoms is only a conceptual image of the world. Such a conceptual image does not guarantee that the world in reality is composed of atoms because this position involves self-contradiction due to the smallest particle must have six parts. This does not, however, in any case mean that the word is non-existent. It means only that ordinary human conception is inadequate to reach the world as it is. which is known only to the enlightened ones.
    Also there are other group trying to establish the existence of the phenomena through theory of time and space, here Vashubandu says time and space are also active in dream state but no one can claim dream exists.
    Vashubandhu’s view of phenomena can be described according to his theoretical explanation of the doctrine of three natures. They are: 1. Parikalpita 2. Paratantra 3. Parinishpanna. The explanation is more based on experience rather than intellectual, every one can stand himself or herself as a model to verify the nature of phenomena as above three categories. The three natures are presented in very detail in A Treatise on three natures Trisvabhāva-Nirdesh, also in Thirty Stanzas, Trimshatikā. The Parikalpita nature is also described in Twenty Stanzas, Vimshatikā.

    Parikalpita nature

    The imagined nature of reality is related to the creation and projection of the forms other than the object itself like in dream[13]. These forms may refer to anything external or internal, falling within the sphere of experience. They are not the things themselves, but the forms that one mentally constructs and projects on to those things. Again, while those things in themselves are neither subjects nor objects, the subjective forms of them can be, and are, categorized into various kinds of subjects and objects, such as grasper, enjoyable and enjoyer etc. For example, a man with bad eyes and another with normal eyesight will see the same thing differently. Or, something may be seen by some people as an object of knowledge, while by others as an object of enjoyment, etc. this difference of forms under which something is seen or perceived or experienced come from mind, which differs from individual to individual[14]. More simply an experience of perceiving the same object is different to every person because every mind creates its own imaginary images according to different conditions.

    Paratantra nature

    The dependent nature of reality where one is led to find himself as the subject enjoying all else as the object of experience this state of existence being conditioned by the forces of ones own past deeds and habits. In other words the objects depend on mind for their nature and being they appear differently to different sentient beings[15]. This argument is worked out with respect to the six realms of existence. For example, a cup of milk appears to us as milk, but it would appear as nectar to the gods, as molten iron to hell beings, and pus or blood to hungry ghosts[16]. A single object appears differently to different beings in samsara according to their respective karma. In other words, an object appears in different forms according to the conditioned, subjective state of the mind. We can see this even without references to the six realms. For examples, a woman may appear as an object of sexual attraction to a man, heap of meat to a wolf and a skeleton to an Arhat[17].
    More simple examples, a man and women can be appear to different person as father/mother, brother/sister, son/daughter, friends/enemy etc.

    Parinishpanna nature

    The absolutely accomplished nature is that state of existence in which the individual is characterized neither as a subject nor as an object; in plain language it means: if one can neutralize the graspable/grasper type of discriminating activity of the mind, one has the absolutely accomplished nature. It should no more called mind, though. It is then just the thing-in-itself, the suchness (tathatā), the devoidness of graspability and grasperhood[18].
    This is a state of naturalness, state of reality, state of non-duality.
    Basically according to vijñaptimātra duality is to perceiving or accepting the existence of body, mind and phenomena even in a subtle level which creates the notion of grasper and graspable. As Vashubandhu also described the functional aspects of mind and phenomena still many falls into a wrong idea of duality even with this doctrine as mind exists. He had clearly defined the functional aspects of mind and phenomena as mere representation of mind only and it is dealt here below.

    Guide to freedom from Duality

    Above analytical approach is a theoretical approach to understand the functional aspects of mind and phenomena, vashubandhu opens his vrtti of Vimshatikā stating that “in Mahayana system it has been established that those belongings to the three worlds are mere representation of consciousness” also in 17th stanza of Trimshatikā he clarifies that the three fold transformation of consciousness is just distinguished and it does not exist as such, this is all mere representation of consciousness only.
    Regarding phenomena also, as no one can establish the real existence of any kind of objective phenomena then what about the graspable things which appear to us as objects?
    Vashubandu says it’s also representation of mind only and it does not exist and it has no differentiations of any kind. The differentiations are created by the wrong view of dualistic mind. It’s just like the objects experienced by a man with a cataract without having the real object outside. Phenomena that we experience are not different from mind as it is not than representation of mind. All the phenomenal experience is a development of seeds streaming in store consciousness with the proper cause and conditions. The cause and conditions are also not outside it’s also from mind because mind is not different from anything.
    The freedom from duality comes or can be realized when any kind of distinctions, differentiations comes to the end which does not mean that one should close the eyes towards all the situation stating that its all non-dual. One must go through all three processes as lord Buddha taught study, analyze and contemplate. It’s very difficult and almost impossible to explain non-duality through language because the medium always has the nature of duality. All the sentient beings until enlightenment make journey of various uncountable lives with dualistic state of mind and experience. This duality creates impressions of twofold grasping like grasping of graspable and grasping of grasper. Grasping of grasper includes the belief that there are graspable independent of consciousness, although it is just a projections of consciousness. This leads to the grasping of graspable and the process continues constantly that engenders fresh grasper and graspable notion of same kind.
    When one starts studying and analyzing the nature of mind and phenomena he/she builds the foundation towards freedom. The expression of freedom which is a state of non-duality is found in lots of Suttas like Theragāthā, Therigāthā, in Mahayana Buddhist traditions like Zen Haikus and in Vajrayana Pith Instructions.
    The color of blue-dark clouds, glistening, cooled with the waters of clear-flowing streams covered with ladybugs: those rocky crags refresh me.
    Vanavaccha (Thag 1.13) {v. 13}

    A mother conquers her grief over her son's death: "As he came, so he has gone — so what is there to lament?"
    Pañcasata Patacara {vv. 127-132}

    The ancient pond
    A frog leaps in
    -Matsuo Basho

    If clinging to this life, you are not a Dharma person;
    If clinging to the three realms, you do not have renunciation;
    If clinging to self-purpose, you do not have bodhicitta;
    If grasping arises, you do not have the view.
    -Jetsun Drasgpa Gyaltsen

    "This life is deceiving, don't you understand? And material things are delusion, don't you understand? And samsaric existence is peace, don't you understand?
    And all happiness is a dream, don't you understand?
    Appearances are your mind, don't you understand? And your mind is Buddha, don't you understand? And Buddha is Dharmakaya, don't you understand?
    And Dharmakaya is the true nature of reality, don't you understand? And when you realize this, whatever appears is mind. Throughout the day and night, look at your mind. When you look at your mind, you don't see anything. When you don't see anything, let go and relax."
    A song by Milarepa


    • Walpola Rahula, Zen and taming the Bull, London, Gurder Fraser, 1978
    • Kochumuttom Thomas A., A Buddhist doctrine of experience, Delhi, Motilal banarasidas, 1982
    • Āchārya Shridhar Rana, Bodhipushpanjali part:1, Kathmandu, Byomokusuma Anuvāda Samiti, 2062 B.S.
    • Āchārya Sridhar Rana, Vajrayana Buddhism Vis-à-Vis Hindu Tantricism, www.byomakusuma.org
    • Dr K.N. Chatterjee, Vasubandhu’s Vijñaptimātratāsiddi,Varanasi Kishor Vidhya Niketan, 1980
    • Chogyam Trungpa, Cutting through spiritual materialism, Delhi, Shechen publication, 1995
    • Sharma TR, Vijñaptimātrasiddhi, Delhi, Eastern Book Linkers, 1993


  2. Walpola Rahula, Zen and taming the Bull, London, Gurder Fraser, 1978 page 79

  3. www.acmuller.net/yogacara/.../ISCP_99_Yogacara_retro2.html

  4. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonduality#Buddhism

  5. www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/ud/ud.1.10.than.html

  6. Kochumuttom Thomas A., A Buddhist doctrine of experience, Delhi, Motilal banarasidas, 1982 page 134

  7. Ibid

  8. Kochumuttom Thomas A., A Buddhist doctrine of experience, Delhi, Motilal banarasidas, 1982 page 138

  9. Dr Chatterjee K.N., Vasubandhu’s Vijñaptimātratāsiddi,Varanasi Kishor Vidhya Niketan, 1980 page 51

  10. Walpola Rahula, Zen and taming the Bull, London, Gurder Fraser, 1978 page 99

  11. Sharma TR, Vijñaptimātrasiddhi, Delhi, Eastern Book Linkers, 1993 page 32

  12. Kochumuttom Thomas A., A Buddhist doctrine of experience, Delhi, Motilal banarasidas, 1982 page 180

  13. Kochumuttom Thomas A., A Buddhist doctrine of experience, Delhi, Motilal banarasidas, 1982 page 179

  14. Sharma TR, Vijñaptimātrasiddhi, Delhi, Eastern Book Linkers, 1993 page 117

  15. Sharma TR, Vijñaptimātrasiddhi, Delhi, Eastern Book Linkers, 1993 page 117

  16. Kochumuttom Thomas A., A Buddhist doctrine of experience, Delhi, Motilal banarasidas, 1982 page 153

  17. Ibid

  18. Ibid

  19. Kochumuttom Thomas A., A Buddhist doctrine of experience, Delhi, Motilal banarasidas, 1982 page 154