Earlier in the Perl Tutorial we saw how to open a file for reading or writing. Unfortunately, when you search the web, or when you look at code in corporations you will see some slightly different syntax.

Let's see what is that, what is the problem with that and why to avoid?

So what shall I do?

Before explaining what you should not do, let me link you to the articles explain what you should do:

Read how to open file for reading in a modern way or the one about writing to file in Perl.

The danger

Coming up with examples why using the old-style open is generally a bad idea, let me point you to the article explaining how to break in a Transcend WiFi SD Cards. There are many programming mistakes exploited in that article, using old-style open is just one of them, but there is no good reason to keep using the old way.

Now let's get back to the old, and not-so-good-any-more practices.

The old and not recommended way

Until perl 5.6 came out - that's until 2000 - we used to write code like this to open a file for writing:

open OUT, ">$filename" or die ...;

and code like this for reading:

open IN, $filename or die ...;

The "or die" part was the same as we do today, not fully spelled out here.

As you can see open got two parameters. The first is a set of (usually upper-case) letters. That's the thing that will get the filehandle. The second is the combined opening mode and the path to the file that needs to be opened.

That is, in the first case you see the greater-than sign meaning we are opening the file for writing, but in the second example we used to omit the opening mode. That's because open() defaults to reading.

There are two big differences:

Filehandle glob

The first is that we use the strange variable without the leading $ to hold the filehandle. (This is actually a bareword, but one that does not trigger the Bareword not allowed while "strict subs" in use error.)

It works as it worked in the early days of Perl, but there are several problems with it:

It is global to all the script you write so if anyone uses the same name (IN or OUT in our example) those will clash with yours.

It is also harder to pass these variables to functions, than to do the same with regular scalar variables.

2 parameter open

The second difference is the fact that in these examples open got only two parameters.

What if the variable $filename, that you are using to open a file for reading, contains >/etc/passwd ?


The open IN, $filename will actually open that file for writing.

You just deleted the password file of your Linux operating system.

Not good.

Need to close that filehandle

Another advantage of using lexically scoped scalar variables as filehandles is that they will automatically be closed when they go out of scope.

How to avoid these problems?

It's better to avoid both of these practices and use the "new", (available since 2000 !) 3-parameter open with scalar lexical variable for storing the filehandle.

There are even policies in Perl::Critic that will help you analyze the code and locate every place where someone has used either of the above forms.

Good and Bad for reading


open IN, $filename or die ...;


open my $in, '<', $filename or die ...;

Good and Bad for writing


open IN, ">$filename" or die ...;


open my $in, '>', $filename or die ...;

So what is it about 3-argument open that protects you from overwriting /etc/passwd?

If we accept a filename form the user, and then we try to open it for writing, without checking the name of the file, then the 3-argument open won't help. (though I really hope you don't run your scripts as root and thus you will "only" overwrite files owned by a less privileged the user)

OTOH if you are opening a file for reading then this is what can happen:

my $filename = get_filename_from_user();

open my $in, '<', $filename;

open IN, $filename;

If get_filename_from_user return >/etc/passwd then the first call to open would fail, as it cannot find a file called >/etc/passwd, on the other hand, the second call to open will happily open /etc/passwd for writing.