@article {208, title = {Comparison of the Hill{\textendash}Siscoe polar cap potential theory with the Weimer and AMIE models}, journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics}, volume = {72}, year = {2010}, month = {Jan-03-2010}, pages = {302 - 308}, issn = {13646826}, doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2009.02.011}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364682609000315}, author = {Kelley, Michael C. and Crowley, Geoffrey and Weimer, Daniel R.} } @article {247, title = {Local time dependence of the prompt ionospheric response for the 7, 9, and 10 November 2004 superstorms}, journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, volume = {114}, year = {2009}, month = {Jan-01-2009}, abstract = {

We investigate the effects of penetration electric fields, meridional thermospheric neutral winds, and composition perturbation zones (CPZs) on the distribution of low-latitude plasma during the 7{\textendash}11 November 2004 geomagnetic superstorm. The impact on low-latitude plasma was assessed using total electron content (TEC) measurements from a latitudinally distributed array of ground-based GPS receivers in South America. Jicamarca Radio Observatory incoherent scatter radar measurements of vertical E{\texttimes}B drift are used in combination with the Low-Latitude IONospheric Sector (LLIONS) model to examine how penetration electric fields and meridional neutral winds shape low-latitude TEC. It is found that superfountain conditions pertain between \~{}1900 and 2100UT on 9 November, creating enhanced equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crests at {\textpm}20{\textdegree} geomagnetic latitude. Large-amplitude and/or long-duration changes in the electric field were found to produce significant changes in EIA plasma density and latitudinal location, with a delay time of \~{}2{\textendash}2.5h. Superfountain drifts were primarily responsible for EIA TEC levels; meridional winds were needed only to create hemispherical crest TEC asymmetries. The [O/N2] density ratio (derived from the GUVI instrument, flown on the TIMED satellite) and measurements of total atmospheric density (from the GRACE satellites), combined with TEC measurements, yield information regarding a likely CPZ that appeared on 10 November, suppressing TEC for over 16h.

}, issn = {0148-0227}, doi = {10.1029/2009JA014043}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2009JA014043http://www.agu.org/journals/ja/ja0910/2009JA014043/2009JA014043.pdf}, author = {Mannucci, Anthony J. and Tsurutani, Bruce T. and Kelley, Michael C. and Iijima, Byron A. and Komjathy, Attila} } @article {380, title = {The first coordinated ground- and space-based optical observations of equatorial plasma bubbles}, journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, volume = {30}, year = {2003}, month = {07/2003}, abstract = {

We report on ionospheric optical emissions detected by the GUVI instrument on the TIMED satellite. As the satellite crosses the equatorial zone the bright Appleton Anomaly region is imaged. Often these bright zones are interrupted by regions slanted from west to east as the equator is approached forming a backwards {\textquoteleft}C{\textquoteright}-shape in the image. To explain this feature we use simultaneous ground-based observations looking equatorward from Hawaii using the 777.4-nm emission. We also compare these optical observations to inverted electron density maps, as well as to those made by radar and to numerical simulations of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability. The characteristic shape is a result of a shear in the eastward plasma flow velocity, which peaks near the F peak at the equator and decreases both above and below that height. The ability to detect these unstable and usually turbulent ionospheric regions from orbit provides a powerful global remote sensing capability for an important space weather process.

}, issn = {0094-8276}, doi = {10.1029/2003GL017301}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2003GL017301}, author = {Kelley, Michael C. and Makela, J. J. and L. J. Paxton and Kamalabadi, F. and Comberiate, J. M. and Kil, H.} }