A bivariate analysis of a study to analyze the relationship between jaywalking and gender

Many fewer reported that police were targeting smoking in a non-smoking area 56 percent. Most arrestees perceived that police were targeting each of the public display behaviors percent. Farebeating 88 percent and prostitution 88 percent were the street business most often reported as targeted. Fewer arrestees perceived that police were targeting squeegee work 60 percentthe cleaning often aggressively of car windshields at traffic lights for tips.


Organizations operating in dangerous or risky environments have higher costs i. Because law enforcement is among the most stressful high-risk occupations Dantzer, and officers suffer higher rates of illness, burnout, absenteeism, and premature retirement than other workers Hart et al.

There is considerable evidence documenting the effects of stress on individual well-being Asterita, ; Bakker and Heuven, ; Jamal and Baba, and organizational performance Bartone, ; Tang and Hammontree, While there is substantial research in the police and criminal justice literature examining how stress affects outcomes in high-risk occupations, there is a dearth of research centering on how leader behavior influences these relationships.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between stress and burnout in high-risk occupations and how leadership moderates this relationship.

Thus, the primary research question addressed within this study is: What is the relationship between stress and burnout in high-risk occupations as governed by transformational leadership behavior?

Factors contributing to stress in police work include tough physical demands and life threatening situations Moon and Jonson, Moreover, economic, social, and technical changes are transforming societal expectations creating new work demands of police officers Deschamps et al.

Accordingly, police are an appropriate high-risk occupation to evaluate within the context of this study. Organizational stressors include interdepartmental practices e. Police face stressful events with the potential to encounter harm and organizational factors such as what they perceive as unfair workplace treatment like forced overtime, completing paperwork off the clock, and a general lack of support Anshel, ; Anshel et al.

These factors result in higher levels of various outcomes among police than for workers in other professions including more stress-related complaints Hart et al.

An investment in the values and talents of leaders at every rank.

There is evidence showing the effects of stress on both individual well being of police and organizational performance Asterita, ; Bakker and Heuven, ; Bartone, ; Jamal and Baba, ; Tang and Hammontree, More recently, researchers found that stressful shift work significantly increased sleep complaints and decreased use of primary health care among Swiss police Gerber et al.

The level of stress among police officers is not simply an inherent component of police work but results from a combination of situational factors including perceived levels of burnout.

Burnout is defined as a particular type of response among human service providers such as doctors, nurses, counselors, and police to occupational stress emanating from emotionally charged and demanding interactions with recipients Bakker and Heuven, ; Maslach, ; Maslach and Schaufeli, Burnout, an extreme state of exhausted resources due to chronic exposure to occupational stress, represents a distinctive response to interactions between the provider and recipient of a service Cordes and Dougherty, ; Lee and Ashforth, ; Maslach, It is largely accepted that individuals in a wide array of occupations involving a high degree of interpersonal interaction are prone to burnout Cordes and Dougherty, Police officers represent one such occupational group.

Studies assessing relationships between stressors, leadership, and burnout among police Densten, ; Thompson et al. Densten found inspirational motivation e. Inspirational motivation was positively related to personal accomplishment i.

Thus, the two facets of inspirational motivation exhibited by leaders in this police organization appeared to perform disparate roles in the decrease of burnout among followers.

Thus, effectiveness of inspirational leaders appears to be achieved through the pivotal role emotional exhaustion plays in burnout in this study.

Police Unions Push for Medical Coverage of PTSD

Specifically, supervisor support reduces work stressors such as role overload and role ambiguity, which then influences emotional exhaustion. Emotional exhaustion differentially affects perceptions of both family cohesiveness and family conflict, such that policewomen who experience lower levels of emotional exhaustion report increased perceptions of both family cohesion and conflict.An Analysis of the Types of Reliability and Validity.

1, words. 5 pages. A Bivariate Analysis of a Study to Analyze the Relationship Between Jaywalking and Gender. words.


2 pages. An Introduction to the Analysis of Sociology. words. 2 pages. An Introduction to the Life of Karl Marx. The study pursues the following tasks: (1) to perform a comprehensive safety analysis based on the automated traffic conflict techniques, (2) to analyze the nonconforming (NC) travel behaviors of.

A bivariate analysis was conducted, comparing the characteristics of drivers and pedestrians in violation of the crosswalk law to those who complied with the law. To assess the effects of factors on the likelihood of violation, logistic regression models were developed and tested.

For example, one study found that young pedestrians between the ages of 18 and 35 behaved the most dangerously compared to older cohorts, even after controlling for the effects of gender, the existence of a pedestrian signal, and the waiting time at a crosswalk with a signal (Brosseau et al., ).


We deliver papers of different types: essays, theses, book reviews, case studies, etc. In another study, Sampson and Raudenbush () set out to measure the relationship between physical disorder and crime by comparing videotapes of Chicago's neighborhoods with crime rates.


They found that the bivariate correlation between crime and disorder disappeared after controlling for other factors, especially concentrated poverty and.

Quality-of-life policing Do offenders get the message?