Open main menu

Shab-e Yalda ("Yalda night" Persian: شب یلدا‎) or Shab-e Chelleh ("night of forty", Persian: شب چله‎)[1] is an Iranic[2] festival celebrated on the "longest and darkest night of the year," Yalda is a winter solstice celebration,[rs 1] that is, in the night of the Northern Hemisphere's winter solstice. Calendrically, this corresponds to the night of December 20/21 (±1) in the Gregorian calendar, and to the night between the last day of the ninth month (Azar) and the first day of the tenth month (Dey)[rs 2] of the Iranian civil calendar.[rs 2]

Shab-e Yalda (Persian: شب یلدا‎)
Shab-e Chelleh (Persian: شب چله‎)
Observed by Iran
 Iraqi Kurdistan
 Turkey (by Kurds and Azeris)
SignificanceLongest night of the year[rs 1]
DateDecember 20, 21 or 22 (night of the Winter Solstice)
2018 date21 December
Related toNowruz, Tirgan, Chaharshanbe Suri
Iranian lady recites Hafez poems in Yalda Night



The longest and darkest night of the year marks "the night opening the initial forty-day period of the three-month winter",[rs 1] from which the name Chelleh, "fortieth", derives.[rs 2] There are all together three 40-day periods, one in summer, and two in winter. The two winter periods are known as the "great Chelleh" period (1 Day to 11 Bahman,[rs 2] 40 full days), followed/overlapped by the "small Chelleh" period (10 Bahman to 30 Bahman,[rs 2] 20 days + 20 nights = 40 nights and days). Shab-e Chelleh is the night opening the "big Chelleh" period, that is the night between the last day of autumn and the first day of winter. The other name of the festival, 'Yaldā', is ultimately a borrowing from Syriac-speaking Christians.[rs 1][rs 3][rs 4][rs 5] In the 1st–3rd centuries, significant numbers of Eastern Christians settled in Arsacid and Sassanid territories, where they had received protection from religious persecution. Through them, Iranians (i.e. Parthians, Persians etc.) came in contact with Christian religious observances, including, it seems, Nestorian Christian Yalda, which in Syriac (a Middle Aramaic dialect) literally means "birth" but in a religious context was also the Syriac Christian proper name for Christmas,[rs 6][rs 4][rs 1][rs 3] and which—because it fell nine months after Annunciation—was celebrated on eve of the winter solstice. The Christian festival's name passed to the non-Christian neighbors[rs 4][rs 1][rs 3][rs 5] and although it is not clear when and where the Syriac term was borrowed into Persian, gradually 'Shab-e Yalda' and 'Shab-e Chelleh' became synonymous and the two are used interchangeably. The word yalda, cognate with the Arabic Yelda meaning 'dark night' might be related to the Old Norse 'jól'/Old English 'geōl' (yole – yule).

Customs and traditionsEdit

traditional sweet of yalda in khorasan zibad.


References to other older festivals held around the winter solstice are known from both Middle Persian texts as well as texts of the early Islamic period.[rs 1] In the 10th century, Al-Biruni mentions the mid-year festival (Maidyarem Gahanbar) that ran from 11-15 Dae. This festival is generally assumed to have been originally on the winter solstice,[rs 8][rs 9] and which gradually shifted through the introduction of [rs 9] Al-Biruni also records an Adar Jashan festival of fire celebrated on the intersection of Adar day (9th) of Adar month (9th), which is the last autumn month.[rs 1] This was probably the same as the fire festival called Shahrevaragan (Shahrivar day of Shahrivar month), which marked the beginning of winter in Tokarestan.[rs 1] In 1979, journalist Hashem Razi theorized that Mihragan — the day-name festival of Mithra that in pre-Islamic times was celebrated on the autumn equinox and is today still celebrated in the autumn — had in early Islamic times shifted to the winter solstice.[rs 10] Razi based his hypothesis on the fact that some of the poetry of the early Islamic era refers to Mihragan in connection with snow and cold. Razi's theory has a significant following on the Internet, but while Razi's documentation has been academically accepted, his adduction has not.[rs 4] Sufism's Chella, which is a 40-day period of retreat and fasting,[rs 11] is also unrelated to winter solstice festival.



After dinner the older individuals entertain the others by telling them tales and anecdotes. Another favorite and prevalent pastime of the night of Chelleh is fāl-e Hafez, which is divination using the Dīvān of Hafez (i.e. bibliomancy). It is believed that one should not divine by the Dīvān of Hafez more than three times, however, or the poet may get angry.[rs 2]

Activities common to the festival include staying up past midnight, conversation, drinking, reading poems out loud, telling stories and jokes, and for some dancing. Prior to invention and prevalence of electricity, decorating and lighting the house and yard with candles was also part of the tradition, but few have continued this tradition. Another tradition is giving dried fruits and nuts to family and friends, wrapped in tulle and tied with ribbon (similar to wedding and shower "party favors"). Prior to ban of alcohol, drinking wine was also part of the celebration. Despite the Islamic alcohol ban in Iran, many continue to include home-made alcoholic drinks in their celebrations.

An old custom still practised in southern Central Asia (Khorasan) is the preparation and consumption of kaf, which is a kind of sweet. Another custom of certain parts of Iran and Khorasan practiced on the night of Chelleh involves young engaged couples. The men send an arrangement of seven kinds of fruits and a variety of gifts to their fiancées on this night. In some areas, the girl and her family return the favor by sending gifts back for the young man.[rs 2]

Tajikistan, which is also historically part of the region inhabited by Iranian peoples and therefore continues to have strong cultural and linguistic links to modern-day Iran, also celebrates Shabe Yalda beginning of 40-day chila (чила) forty days of cold weather.

An association with the 40-day "chella" period is also preserved amongst Iranian Azerbaijanis and the people of the Azerbaijan Republic, who call the festival Çillə Gecəsi چیلله گئجه‌سی and which likewise refers to the beginning of the first 40 days of winter.[citation needed] In Tabriz, the most populous city in Iranian Azerbaijan, parents send some special foods such as kofte tabrizi, nuts, special gifts, sweets, and well-arranged fruit baskets to their daughter and her husband. Families make a special effort to gather in the homes of their grandparents to listen to the stories of their elders.[citation needed]



  3. ^ a b c Āryān, Qamar (1991), "Christianity VI: In Persian Literature.", Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. V, f5, Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, pp. 539–542.
  4. ^ a b c d Krasnowolska, Anna (1999), "Šab-e Čella", Folia Orientalia, 35: 55–74.
  5. ^ a b Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar; et al., eds. (1995), "یلدا", Loghat Nāmeh Dehkhodā: The Encyclopaedic Dictionary of the Persian Language, Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers.
  8. ^ a b Boyce, Mary (1999), "Festivals I", Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. IX, f5, Costa Mesa: Mazda, pp. 543–546.
  9. ^ a b Boyce, Mary (1983), "Iranian Festivals", Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3(2), Cambridge University Press, pp. 792–818.
  10. ^ Razi, Hashem (1979), Gahshomari wa jashnha-e iran-e bastan, (Time-calculation and Festivals of ancient Iran), Tehran, pp. 565–631, repr. 2001.
  1. ^ "ČELLA – Encyclopaedia Iranica".
  2. ^ Richter, Joanne (2005). Iran, the culture. New York: Crabtree Pub. Co. p. 18. ISBN 0-7787-9317-6.
  3. ^ Bahrami, Askar, Jashnha-ye Iranian, Tehran, 1383, pp. 75-76.