Systematic Classification of Tort

A tort is a private wrong, a trespass against a person or his property for which a damages award or other judicial remedy may be sought. Most torts arise from either an        intentional, wrongful action or from a negligent action.The law of torts is essentially the law of injuries and remedies for those injuries. Torts can thus include assault, battery,   false imprisonment, intentional infliction of emotional distress, negligence, invasion of   privacy, defamation, fraud or mispresentation, wrongful conversion, trespass, and other  wrong, such as product liability.
There are two main categories of torts;
To constitute an intentional tort, the defendant’s act must be expressly or implicitly intended; the resulting harm need not be intended, but must have been reasonably foreseeable. Examples of intentional torts are assault and battery, false imprisonment, slander, and invasion of       privacy.
Unintentional torts such as negligence in a slip and fall case۔Negligence refers to the failure   of a person to exercise sufficient care in his or her conduct. When a person’s conduct falls     below the reasonable expectation of society and causes foreseeable harm to another, the        person has acted negligently. Societies expect known in torts based on negligence as the legal duty of care. The law does not require that the person has intent to cause harm.
The Classification of Tort is done in the following groups
Safety and freedom:
It is consist of following terms.
1) Assault:
An assault is an act which intentionally causes another person to apprehend the infliction of    the immediate, unlawful force on a person.
An assault is any unlawful attempt or offer with force or violence to do bodily harm to           another, whether from ill will or extreme carelessness; for example, by striking at or              holding up the fist at a person in a threatening or insulting manner, or with other                     circumstances that evidence an intention, coupled with a present ability, of actual violence      against the person, such as by pointing a weapon at him when he is within  reach of it.
2) Battery:
Battery is a crime and also the basis for a lawsuit as a civil wrong if there is damage. A          battery is any:
a.       Willful and unlawful use of force or violence upon the person of another; or
b.      Actual, intentional and unlawful touching or striking of another person    against the    will of the other; or
c.       Unlawfully and intentionally causing bodily harm to an individual.
3) False Imprisonment:
False imprisonment is defined as consisting of unlawful restraint against the will of an            individual's personal liberty or freedom of locomotion. Unlawful detention is the gist of false imprisonment. It is also defined as any intentional detention of the person of another               unauthorized by law. False imprisonment is any illegal imprisonment without any process    whatever, or under color of process wholly illegal, regardless of whether any crime has been committed, or a debt due.
False imprisonment is confining or physically restraining a person, such as by being locked in a car, being tied to a chair or locked in a closet, with no legal authority to hold the person. It   is similar to a charge of kidnapping and it usually occurs in conjunction with a false arrest.    False imprisonment is often a crime and if proved is almost always the basis of a lawsuit for   damages.
4) Malicious prosecution:
Malicious prosecution refers to filing a lawsuit for purposes of harassing the defendant when there is no genuine basis for the suit. If the defendant in the lawsuit wins and has evidence that the suit was filed out of harassing motives and without any legal or factual foundation, it    may be the basis of a claim for damages against the person who filed the original action. If   malicious prosecution is clearly proved against the party who brought the original suit,          punitive damages may be awarded along with special and general damages.
In some cases, courts have held that an attorney who knowingly assists a client in filing a      baseless lawsuit out of malice may also be liable for damages. Before bringing a suit for a      malicious prosecution, the original lawsuit must be decided in favor of the victim
Seduction is the act of a man enticing (without the use of physical force) a previously chaste woman to consent to sexual intercourse. In broader usage, the term refers to any act of           persuasion and excluding the issue of chastity that leads to sexual intercourse.
Seduction has not as a rule been a criminal offense in most Western countries, but in the       United States statutes in most states imposed criminal liability upon the seducing  male. The   elements of the crime varied, consisting of one or more of the following:  intercourse with a   female by trickery or under a promise of marriage.
To wrongfully solicit, persuade, attract, or seduce. To incite, or persuade a person to do a       thing. Enticement of a child is inviting, persuading, or attempting to persuade a child to enter any vehicle, building, room, or secluded place with intent to commit an  unlawful sexual act  upon or with the person of said child.
Slander is a type of defamation. Slander is an untrue defamatory statement that is   spoken     orally. The difference between defamation and slander is that a defamatory statement can be made in any medium. It could be in a blog comment or spoken in a   speech or said on            television and slanderous statements are only made orally.
Libel is an untrue defamatory statement that is made in writing. Libelous acts only occur      when a statement is made in writing (digital statements count as writing)۔A crime to print     anything false about the government, Person,institution etc۔A statement    against a public      figure is libel only if it known to be false or the speaker had a reckless disregard for the truth when making it.
Trespass to property:
There are two types of trespass: trespass to land and trespass to goods.
Trespass to lands:
Trespass to land is the intentional and unauthorized invasion of real property. The relevant     intent for this claim is the intent to enter the property. So, a person who unknowingly crosses from his own property to an adjacent plot may be liable for trespass even if he did not know    that the land belonged to another. Trespass to land may occur when a     person or object,       such as litter, enters the property.
Trespass to goods:
Trespass to goods is an intentional interference with a plaintiff's right of possession to personal property. This may occur if a defendant damages the property or deprives the plaintiff of   possession of the property.
The tort of conversion is similar to the tort of trespass to chattel. Both require a defendant to  interfere with another's right of possession in personal property. Likewise, a defendant must  have intended to exercise control over the property in a manner inconsistent with the owner's rights. It is not required that the defendant know that the property belonged to another.          However, for conversion, the interference must be so      serious, in terms of duration and      extensiveness of use, that it warrants that the defendant pay the personal property's full value.
Interference with right analogous to property:
Trade mark:
Trademarks identify the goods of one manufacturer from the goods of others. Trademarks are important business assets because they allow companies to establish their products' reputation without having to worry that an inferior product will diminish their reputation or profit by     deceiving the consumer. Trademarks include words, names, symbols and logos. The intent of trademark law is to prevent consumer confusion about the origin of a  product.
Trade name:
Trade names are names associated with a business and its reputation. Business names    are   not by themselves a trademark. The name that a business uses to identify itself is called a       "trade name." This is the name used on its stock certificates, bank accounts, invoices and    letterhead. The business name may be given some protection under state  and local corporate/   LLC or fictitious business name registration laws (or protected under federal and state unfair competition laws against a confusing use by a competing business), but it is not considered a trademark or entitled to protection under trademark  laws unless it is affixed to a product or   service. However, if a business uses its name to identify a product or service produced by the business, the name will then be considered a trademark or service mark and be entitled to       protection if it is distinctive enough. For instance, Apple Computer Corporation uses the        trade name Apple as a trademark on its line of computer products.
A second-comer needs to take care to distinguish their product if they are using a name          similar to a predecessor, especially in a competing product or service. Also, a generic term    may acquire a preferential right to the use of such a name or word under the doctrine of          secondary meaning. In such a case, a duty may be imposed upon a subsequent user to take     such precautions as may be necessary to distinguish or identify  his goods or business and      thus avoid confusion on the part of customers or patrons.
In determining whether relief for unfair competition will be granted, some of the factors        considered are the distinctiveness of the name, the similarity or relationship between the        subjects involved, whether the goods or services are furnished to different classes of customers, and whether motives of fraud or bad faith intent were involved. Although the ultimate issue is whether the defendant's use of the complaining party's name or symbols results in               confusion as to the source or origin of the goods or services.
Copy right:
Patents grant an inventor the right to exclude others from producing or using the inventor's     discovery or invention for a limited period of time. In order to be patented   an invention must be novel, useful, and not of an obvious nature. There are three types of patents: a) "utility      patent" which includes a process, a machine (mechanism with moving parts), manufactured  products, and compounds or mixtures (such as chemical formulas); b) "design patent  "which is a new, original and ornamental design for a manufactured article; and c) "plant patent         " which is a new variety of a cultivated asexually reproduced plant. The Federal agency         charged with administering patent laws is the Patent and Trademark Office. If an application  is rejected, the decision may be appealed to the Patents Office's Board of Appeals, with           further or alternative review available from the United States Court of Appeals for the           Federal Circuit, or in the United States District Court for the   District of Columbia.              Manufacture of a product upon which there is an existing patent is   "patent infringement"     which can result in a   lawsuit against the infringer and substantial damages may be granted.
A nuisance is an unreasonable and substantial interference with the use and/or enjoyment of   land that does not involve a physical trespass. Here is an example of a municipal nuisance      statute.
Nuisance, in law, a human activity or a physical condition that is harmful or offensive   to     others and gives rise to a cause of action. A public nuisance created in a public  place or on    public land, or affecting the morals, safety, or health of the community, is  considered an       offense against the state. Such activities as obstructing a public road, polluting air and water, operating a house of prostitution, and keeping explosives are public  nuisances. A private      nuisance is an activity or condition that interferes with the use and  enjoyment of neighboring privately owned lands, without, however, constituting an actual invasion of the property.        Thus, excessive noise, noxious vapours, and disagreeable odours and vibrations may              constitute a private nuisance to the neighboring landowners, although there has been no          physical trespass on their lands.
Breach of duty:
The failure of one who owes a duty to perform. Also refers to a person who fails to use due    and reasonable care required under the circumstances
Negligent tort means a tort committed by failure to act as a reasonable person to someone to whom she Or he owes a duty, as required by law under the circumstances. Further, negligent  torts are not deliberate, and there must be an injury resulting from the breach of the duty.      Examples of negligent torts are car accidents, slip and fall accidents and most medical            malpractice cases.


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