An explanation of Fuel Octane ratings.


Fuel and OctanePremium or Super? What about one of the newer 100+ octane fuels? Is it worth buying an octane boosting petrol additive?

Does using a petrol with a higher RON improve performance or fuel economy?  

TorqueCars is here to provide some answers and to help you decide what to put in your tank. The old saying "you are what you eat" can also apply to what your car drinks.

Petrol is a complex mixture. It contains over 300 different chemical compounds, mainly hydrocarbons ( compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen).

Petrol doesn't have a fixed composition but it is graded according to its performance in a test engine, which is where Research Octane Numbers come in. It's sometimes also called the Octane number or Octane rating, but beware, these terms don't always refer to RON.  See table below. If you are reading an article from the USA the numbers quoted will refer to the AKI  (Anti Knock Index).  

RON and Engine Knock. 

RON tells us nothing about the economy or power of the fuel.

The Research Octane Number or RON  is a measure of how good a petrol is at resisting engine knock. To understand what this means for our engines and our choice of fuel we need to look more closely at engine knock. 

Ideally, during the ignition stroke the flame initiated by the spark plug should spread evenly across the cylinder consuming all the fuel and pushing the piston down in one smooth movement. In practice the high pressure and temperature in the cylinder can cause fuel in the far reaches of the cylinder to ignite spontaneously. These ill timed explosions place uneven pressure on the piston resulting in a jerky motion rather than a smooth piston stroke. This is known as engine knock and it causes a distinctive 'pinking' noise, more seriously in the long term it damages the pistons and can lead to engine failure. The higher the compression ratio of the engine the more likely engine knock is to occur. 

Traditionally petrol was graded according to its performance in a single cylinder variable compression test engine. Fuels were compared to a test  mixture of iso-octane (which is good at resisting engine knock) and heptane ( which is poor at resisting engine knock). 98 RON petrol would cause engine knock at the same compression ratio as a 98% iso-octane 2% Heptane mixture.

Modern RON tests use computerized apparatus and the method has been refined so fuels with a RON greater than 100 can be assessed, but the basic principle remains unchanged. 

Abbreviation Definition Notes
RON Research Octane Number UK, Europe, South Africa & Australia
MON Motor Octane Number Motor sport applications. Measured under more severe conditions than RON (higher revs etc). Usually 8-10 units lower than the RON.
RdON Road Octane Number Average of RON & MON. Usually 4-5 units lower than the RON. USA, Canada
AKI Ant Knock Index Average of RON & MON. Usually 4-5 units lower than the RON. USA, Canada
(R + M )/2   Average of RON & MON. Usually 4-5 units lower than the RON. USA, Canada
Octane number, Octane rating or octane   Could refer to any of the above, if you can work out which country the article was written in you should be able to work it out.

With a modern engine management systems you are unlikely to hear engine knock even if your fuel isn't fully meeting your engine's octane requirements. Knock sensors in the engine detect the first signs of engine knock and takes measures to prevent it such as adjusting the engine timing. This prevents engine damage but can result in reduced performance and fuel economy. Use our easy mpg calculator to work out your fuel consumption.  

So is the answer to just use the highest RON fuel available? Not necessarily. If the RON of your petrol is high enough to completely suppress engine knock then moving to a higher RON fuel will not improve performance or fuel economy. RON is not a measure of how 'powerful' a fuel is.

Higher RON fuels are also more expensive. Your car manual should recommend the optimum RON fuel for your car. My Audi manual recommends 98 RON,  95 RON can be used with a slight loss of power under heavy driving conditions (eg heavily loaded, high revs), the power loss is due to the engine management system adjusting to avoid engine knock. In an emergency 91 RON can be used but only at 'moderate engine speeds and a light throttle.' 

Unless a higher RON petrol comes with hard evidence that it has other properties that will increase power or fuel economy then you're better off sticking to the recommended RON. The only time I would be tempted to splash out on a slightly higher than recommended RON petrol would be for a track day when the car is being driven at full throttle.  

The bottom line is that RON is a measure of how effective a petrol is at resisting engine knock. It tells us nothing about power or fuel economy. Over dosing on octane will only dent your pocket. 


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One Response to “Fuel octane ratings RON, MON, AKI RdON and PON explanation and compared.”

  1. Kim says:

    This is a subject i would like to see with more indept testing.
    many places they swear to higher octane fuels and certain brands. The place i got my car Chipped and tested for bhp, they swore to 99 Octane V-power(Shell) over regular 95 octane. They also spoke poorly about gasoline from budget places(Like Jet, DK and Ok gasoline(gas station names in denmark)) even though the octane is the same they stated that the more expensive brands gave better fuel economy and power. A test on this would be great 🙂

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