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Mechanical Occlusion Chemically Assisted (MOCA - ClariVein) Mechanism of Action and Key Procedure Pearls
2016BTG-IMcathetercentimeterClariVeinClosureFastCovidieneCloseinjectingMedtronicnoindexocclusionpullpullbackResearchroundsbvsclerosingSIRspasmsteerablesulfateV-blockVANISH-2VarithenaVascular InsightsVeCloseveinVenaSealVenefitVVSymQVVT Medicalwire
Impact of Social Media on Cases | Twitter Case Files
Impact of Social Media on Cases | Twitter Case Files
Results | Pelvic Congestion Syndrome
Results | Pelvic Congestion Syndrome
TIPS: Techniques- Stent Grafts | TIPS & DIPS: State of the Art
TIPS Case | Extreme IR
TIPS Case | Extreme IR
antibioticsascitesbacteriabilebiliarycatheterchapterclotcolleaguescommunicationcovereddemonstrateddrainageductduodenal stent placementfull videoportalrefractoryshuntsystemthrombolysistipstunnelultrasoundunderwentvein
HCC and IR oncology treatments | Transforming from Clinical IR to Clinical Trials with Tirapazamine (TPZ)
ablationadvancedadvancingagentalbuminapproacharterialarterybeadsbilirubinbloodcarcinomacatheterchapterchemochildchroniccirrhosiscirrhoticclinicalconsideredCTcurativediabetesdiagnoseddiagnosisdiameterdiseaseeffectiveembolisationembolizationethanolhcchepatichepatic arteryhepatitishepatocellularincidenceincludeinjectedinjectioninterventionallesionslftslivermeasuresmicrospheresmicrowaveMRImultidisciplinaryNoneobesityoncologyoptimaloptionsoutcomespatientspercutaneouspercutaneouslyperformedportalprocedureprotocolradiofrequencyradiologyraterecurrenceresectionriskscoresscreeningserumsurgerysurgicalsurvivalsystemictasteteststherapiestherapytranstransplanttreatmenttumortumorsultrasoundunresectableutilizedvein
C. Cope and Access | Lymphatic Imaging & Interventions
C. Cope and Access | Lymphatic Imaging & Interventions
Inclusion Criteria | Transforming from Clinical IR to Clinical Trials with Tirapazamine (TPZ)
Mechanical Thrombectomy | Management of Patients with Acute & Chronic PE
Mechanical Thrombectomy | Management of Patients with Acute & Chronic PE
amplatzcatheterchapterclotcombidevicehelpsInari DeviceInari MedicallossNonepatientsprovestudiessuctionthrombectomythrombolytictpa
Mid- And Long-Term Data From The PERICLES Registry Show Mortality, Branch Patency And Freedom From Endoleak For Ch/EVAR To Be Similar To Those Of F/EVAR
EndurantMedtronicStent grafttherapeuticZenith / Excluder / Jotec / Talent / Viabahn / iCast / Bare Metal
IR in Egypt and Ethiopia | AVIR International-IR Sessions at SIR2019 MiddleEast & Africa Focus
Chylous Ascites | Lymphatic Imaging & Interventions
Chylous Ascites | Lymphatic Imaging & Interventions
Case- Severe Acute Abdominal Pain | Portal Vein Thrombosis: Endovascular Management
abdominalanticoagulantsanticoagulationaspirationCAT8 PenumbracatheterchapterclotdecideflowhematomaintrahepaticlactatelysisneedlepainportalPortal vein occlusion-scanstenosisstentthrombolysisthrombosedthrombustipstransitvein
Case 2 - 4-month delayed heal wound, Rutherford Cat. 4 | Subintimal Recanalization | Complex Above Knee Cases with Re-entry Devices and Techniques
anteriorballooncatheterchapterCordiscritical limb ischemiadeterminedeviceEnteer Re-Entry DevicehealediliacintimalischemialumenMedtronicmonophasicocclusionOUTBACK® ELITE Re-Entry Catheterpainportsre-entry devicerecanalizationstentingwaveformswirewound
Renal Ablation | Interventional Oncology
Renal Ablation | Interventional Oncology
Case 1 - Non-healing heel wound, Rutherford Cat. 5, previous stroke | Recanalization, Atherectomy | Complex Above Knee Cases with Re-entry Devices and Techniques
abnormalangioangioplastyarteryAsahiaspectBARDBoston Scientificcatheterchaptercommoncommon femoralcontralateralcritical limb ischemiacrossCROSSER CTO recanalization catheterCSICTO wiresdevicediseasedoppleressentiallyfemoralflowglidewiregramhawk oneHawkoneheeliliacimagingkneelateralleftluminalMedtronicmicromonophasicmultimultiphasicocclusionocclusionsoriginpatientsplaqueposteriorproximalpulserecanalizationrestoredtandemtibialtypicallyViance crossing catheterVictory™ Guidewirewaveformswirewireswoundwounds
Diagnosis | Pelvic Congestion Syndrome
Diagnosis | Pelvic Congestion Syndrome
catheterchapterevaluatinggonadaliliacimagedinsufficiencyleftpathwayspelvicrefluxrenalrenal veinvalvesveinveinsvenavenousvideo
Pedal Lymphangiography | Lymphatic Imaging & Interventions
Pedal Lymphangiography | Lymphatic Imaging & Interventions
Hemobilia | Biliary Intervention
Hemobilia | Biliary Intervention
Results of the US FDA Trial | Pecutaneous Creation of Hemodialysis Fistulas
Results of the US FDA Trial | Pecutaneous Creation of Hemodialysis Fistulas
anastomosisangiogramangioplastyarteryBARDBD EverlinQ (4Fr & 6Fr)brachialcalcifiedcatheterschaptercreatedevicedevicesDialysiselectrodeembolizationembolizeendpointsenergyFistulafistulasflowfrenchmagnetsmaturationofficialpercutaneousperforatorpositionpseudoaneurysmradialradiofrequencysaddlesitssurgeonsurgicallyulnarveinvena
Indirect Angiography | Interventional Oncology
Indirect Angiography | Interventional Oncology
Nodal Lymphangiography | Lymphatic Imaging & Interventions
Nodal Lymphangiography | Lymphatic Imaging & Interventions
Treatment Case 2 | Pelvic Congestion Syndrome
Treatment Case 2 | Pelvic Congestion Syndrome
TIPS: Techniques- CO2 Venography | TIPS & DIPS: State of the Art
balloonboluscapsulecatheterchaptercirculationconnectioncontrastcorrelationdiedifferencedistalfattyhepatichepatic veinimageimaginginjectleaklearningocclusionportalrefluxsegmentsteptrappingveinveinsvenogramvisualizewedgewedged
Reflecting on The Case | Brain Infarct After Gastroesophageal Variceal Embolization
Reflecting on The Case | Brain Infarct After Gastroesophageal Variceal Embolization
Q&A - Percutaneous Fistula Creation | Pecutaneous Creation of Hemodialysis Fistulas
Ideal Stent Placement | TIPS & DIPS: State of the Art
Ideal Stent Placement | TIPS & DIPS: State of the Art
anastomosiscentimeterchaptercoveredcurveDialysisflowgraftgraftshemodynamichepatichepatic veinhyperplasiaintimalnarrowingniceoccludesocclusionportalshuntshuntssmoothstentstentsstraighttipsveinveinsvenousvibe
Does Embolic Material Matter | Pelvic Congestion Syndrome
Does Embolic Material Matter | Pelvic Congestion Syndrome
Case- Brain Infarction | Brain Infarct After Gastroesophageal Variceal Embolization
Case- Brain Infarction | Brain Infarct After Gastroesophageal Variceal Embolization
anastomosisangiographyaphasiaapproacharrowarteryartifactbrainbronchialcalcificationcatheterschannelschapterchronicChronic portal vein thrombosuscollateralcyanoacrylatedrainembolismembolizationendoscopicendoscopistendoscopygastricGastroesophageal varixglueheadachehematemesisinjectionmicromicrocathetermulti focal brain infarctionmultipleoccludedPatentpatientpercutaneousPercutaneous variceal embolizationperformedPortopulmonary venous anastomosisprocedureproximalsplenicsplenomegalysplenorenalsubtractionsystemicthrombosistipstransformationtransitultrasonographyvaricesveinvenous
Treatment Options | Pelvic Congestion Syndrome
Treatment Options | Pelvic Congestion Syndrome
Algorithm for Treatment | Pelvic Congestion Syndrome
Algorithm for Treatment | Pelvic Congestion Syndrome

mechanical go occlusion can be assisted or mocha trade name is Clara vain this is a device that has a wire that has a rotating a wire at the end you instill a liquid sclerostin while the wires going round and round is

completely disposable as all of these things are it fits through it four or five french micropump sheath you don't have to do anything bigger than what you get access with and it comes in a couple of different lengths and this is the

wire at the end it is a steerable wire it is the thing you would pull out if you could not get a catheter up if you do an RF or laser or glue you would pull an angled wire to get up itself is an angle steerable wire which is nice small

for vy French and you can you can direct it wire goes round and revolutions per minute and what that wire is doing it is irritating the intimate of the vein causing vino spasm

and then you're injecting sclerosis that penetrates into the vein this is what's really happening here the frozen actually comes out here is taken up by the wire and gets released directly into the vein well at the tip sort of like a

sprinkler going round and round a couple of key points about this you start one to Tucson Ariz from the junction or it is small saplings at what i call the fascial curve just as it it dips down through the fashion feel disclosing that

the catheter with sclerosing so when you begin injecting sclerosing comes out you rotate for the first sonometer of pullback to get spasm and then you begin your rotation and this prevents corrosion from going into the into the

deep system the pullback rate is more important than the volume you give if you pull too fast you will not get good results you need to pull one to one half millimeters per second or every centimeter of

about six to seven seconds pull back and we use one-point-five percent certain technical sulfate you can use two percent polydor call volume that you use is based on the length of a you're treating and the amateur the vein and

there are tables available as to you know give you some idea about what you should use for the length of a man and the size of a you're using you can use a little too much or little too little that will be forgiving but if you do not

pull back slow enough you will not get good results

are just a couple examples you know this is a little bit of older data but our uterine fibroid embolization have gone up by 60 percent from when we started to where we are now or filter retrieval

program gone up by 400 percent you know our ablations have gone up by over 50% you know and that's it's not saying that's all because of social media but it's partially because of that because we do get patients that come into our

clinic because of that and then on top of that I'll tag when I'm doing an ablation I'll tag my urologist or I'll tag de aslv you know and then all of a sudden sometimes they like it which pushes it to their followers or they'll

retweet it which directly pushes it to their followers and then in which case you're putting yourself in the consciousness of people that can refer you cases and all of a sudden now you become indispensable in the realm of

ablation at least in my case because everybody sees me posting about it right so everybody in our institution is sending me ablation cases and that's a really great thing for us so you know I

symptoms technical success rate is high so that means are we able to diagnose and treat what we're looking for and yes if we see in a incompetent gonadal vein

almost always we are able to embolize and treat but that doesn't always mean that their symptoms get better so even if you have the right symptoms and pelvic venous insufficiency and you got a gonad a vein the size of a three

car garage it doesn't always mean that the patient's give better and that's what this clinical success slide shows that looking through meta analyses of all the studies patients that have all those things the classic symptoms and

classic venous insufficiency their symptoms don't get better 100% of the times and so that's part of the the patient expectation and management and clinic and follow-up and looking for other causes chronic pelvic pain is

really complicated and venous insufficiency is part of it and you'd love to tell them that we're gonna do this procedure and it's gonna make you feel a hundred percent better but at least takes that element out of the the

scenario complications are our few range from 3 to 9 percent non-target embolization depending on what type of embolic you're using is certainly one thing that you always have to be concerned about but if done carefully

extremely rare there is a small risk of paradoxical emboli and stroke in the case of using a foam sclerostin recurrence as I mentioned earlier can happen in up to 10 percent of patients I think that can happen when you know the

vein wreak analyzes so successful embolization helps decrease that and that's the reason that you treat sort of the whole vein that's that's abnormal

craft is basically the only FDA approved stain crafts and I'll show you a

different way of doing it as well besides the Viator especially in countries where the Viator does not does not exist okay the Viator stand sits in the liver just like just like in my hand here the bare

portion is on the portal venous circulation the covered portion is basically on the hepatic vein part of the circulation okay the bare portion is chain-linked and is very flexible that's why kind of cut can crimp like that okay

they're both self expanding the bare portion is self expanding held by the sheath only the covered portion is held by a court okay so they're both self expanding but they're constraints by two different two different two different

methods one's a sheath constraint and one is a is a cord constraint okay these are the measurements the bare portion theoretically allows portal flow to pass if you're in a branch so it doesn't cost from boses of the portal vein branch in

the covered portion is important to cover the parental tract the youth that you've created in the past you had a lot of billary leaks into the tips if it's a bear stance bile is from by genic so it causes thromboses bile also instigates a

lot of reactionary tissue such as pseudo intimal hyperplasia that actually causes the narrowings of the of these tips if you causing bear stance the coverage stance prevents the bile leaks from actually leaking into into the shunt

itself okay and that's why it has a higher patency rate okay ideally this is how it's it's a portal vein and hepatic vein you'll hear people say proximal and distal you'll he'll hear radiologists especially diagnostic

radiologist referring to proximal and distal proximal and distal some people refer to the portal venous and is proximal some people refer to the paddock venous and is proximal and vice versa okay and it

gets confusing nobody knows well what's proximal okay the people that say portal venous and is proximal there they're talking about its proximal to flow so it's basically the first thing that flow hits people that

call the paddock venous and proximal they're talking relatives of the body more central is proximal more peripheral is distal okay so they're using these the same terminology is very confusing so the best thing to use and I we tell

that to radiologists who tell that to IRS is to talk a portal venous and hepatic venous end you don't talk proximal distal everybody knows where the portal venous end is and where everybody knows where the peregrinus end

is and there's no confusion strictly speaking which is the correct one which is proximal for us as IRS tax nurses proximal is always to flow proximal is always anticipate to flow so the correct thing is actually proximal

is the portal venous ends remember P proximal P portal okay proximal is where the expected flow is coming in that's actually the correct one but just to leave e8 the confusion portal venous and hepatic venous end okay there's a new

stents which is the controlled expansion stents it's in my opinion it feels exactly like the old stance the only difference between it is that it's constrained still has the same twenty to twenty millimeter or two centimeter bare

portion chain-linked it still has that four to eight centimeter covered portion but it's constrained in the middle okay and has the same gold ring to actually market the to the to a bare portion and the cover portion self expanding portion

and is constrained down to eight millimeters you can dilate it to eight and nine and ten initially there was a constant there was a misconception that it was like a string like a purse string that you break and jumps from eight

and no this is actually truly a controlled where if you put a nine-millimeter balloon it will dilate to nine only eight balloon little dialect to eight only the only the only key thing is that the atmospheres has to

be ten millimeters at least okay so it has to be a high pressure balloon has to be at least 10 min 10 10 atmospheres okay so when you're passing that that balloon over make sure that it's that that it that at least it's burst is 10

millimeters or or EXA or more on a 10 mil on on 10 atmospheres okay next thing is when you're making a needle pass you got your target now with a co2 you got the portal vein you've got your stank craft and you know how it works okay how

do you make your needle pass okay and how do you know if your needle has hit the portal vein or not there are two schools to do this okay one school is to make a needle pass and aspirate as you pull back and when you get blood back

you basically inject contrast okay before you do all that when you make your needle pass you push saline and especially if you do if you're using a large system so there are several kits out there there is the cook kits that's

a color pinto needle that's a large gauge 14 gauge needle there is the new gore kits which is also 14 gauge needle it's a big system these large systems you need to push out that poor plug that's kind of like a biopsy you have to

push it out with saline first and then as you pull back aspirate okay the other system is a ratio cheetah or a Rocha cheetah it's actually pronounced rasa schita and that's a very small system that there won't be a core that you have

to push out okay so anyway if you're using a large system like a coop into a needle which is the cook system or the gore system you push that plug out and then there are two schools school two aspirates you get blood back you inject

contrast if you're in the hepatic in in the portal vein you basically access it with a wire the other school is to do a ptc style you actually puff contrasts as you pull back you do not ask for H saline you actually puff

contrasts as you pull back okay the latter puffing contrasts as you pull back is the minority I would say less than two percent of operators are gonna puff okay ninety-eight percent of operators at

least are gonna actually aspirate and not puff okay I'm actually in the minority I'm in the 2% and there are advantages and disadvantages like I promised you two different ways and advantages and disadvantage to each to

each one the advantages of puffing contrasts even if you missed the portal vein after a while you actually get contrast around the portal vein and you actually have a visual of the portal vein that's the advantage so when you're

actually injecting contrast and you're missing it you get contrast around the portal vein it actually goes around the portal and you actually see the portal vein and it takes training sometimes this one's easy

okay I'll show you some more difficult ones but this is a beautiful pussy typical portal vein okay in addition to that oh go back in do you see that you see that hole in the middle there see that signal signal you watch that

because you're gonna see it again and again that's usually a posterior portal vein posterior right portal vein heading heading away from you okay that's usually a good target and I'll show you that again here's a little

little bit less obvious to the untrained eye but this is actually where the portal vein sits right there okay so sometimes it needs training right just actually see where the portal vein is and once you've stained the portal vein

then you have a real-time image of where the portal vein is you can actually go go after it and it reduces your needle passes disadvantages of using contrast and puffing away is that it creates a mess okay if you make multiple passes

you and you miss on the multiple passes then you start creating a mess and even with your DSA you can't even see the portal you can't see the portal vein because you've got this great mess another disadvantage of using contrast

is that you have to stomach what you're gonna see okay you make a needle pass and you don't inject contrast you have no proof of where you've been but if you're making a needle pass and you're

injecting contrast you and everybody else is gonna see where you've been that's usually not a good thing sometimes you will see bowel you see gold bladder you'll see arteries you'll see veins you'll see all sorts of stuff

that nobody wants to see and you don't want to document okay so that's another disadvantage so I recommend especially young physicians especially young physicians in places that are not used to this especially young physicians that

are new to hospitals and they're gonna they're gonna make multiple passes not to do this was they're gonna be very they'll be criticized a lot by their texts and by the institution by their colleagues as to what have you done you

know big mass artery you've hit artery but the guys and gals that are just aspirating and not injecting they're actually not documenting what they're going through but they're going through the same stuff okay

okay next up this I think this video yep

thank you so much for inviting me and to speak at this session so I'm gonna share with you a save a disaster and a save hopefully my disclosures which aren't related so this is a 59 year old female she's lovely with a history of locally advanced pancreatic cancer back in 2016

and and she presented with biliary and gastric outlet obstructions so she underwent scenting so there was a free communication of the biliary system with the GI system she underwent chemo and radiation and actually did really well

and she presents to her local doctor in 2018 with ascites they tap the ascites that's benign and they'll do a workup and she just also happens to have n stage liver disease and cirrhosis due to alcohol abuse in her life so just very

unlucky very unfortunate and the request comes and it's for a paracentesis which you know pretty you know standard she has refractory ascites and because she has refractory ascites tips and this is a problem because the pointer doesn't

work because a her biliary system is in communication with the GI system right so there's lots of bugs sitting in the bile ducts because of all these stents that have opened up the bile duct to list to the duodenum and so you know

like any good individual I usually ask my colleagues you know there's way more smart people in the world than me and and and so I say well what should I do and and you know there was a very loud voice that said do not do a tips you

know there there's no way you should do a tips in this person maybe just put in a tunnel at drainage catheter and then there was well maybe you should do a tips but if you do a tips don't use a Viator don't use a covered stand use a

wall stunt a non-covered stunt because you could have the bacteria that live in the GI tract get on the the PTFE and and you get tip situs which is a disaster and then there was someone who said well you should do a bowel prep you

like make her life miserable and you know give her lots of antibiotics and then you should do a tips and then it's like well what kind of tips and they're like I don't know maybe you should do a covered said no not a covered tonight

and then they're you know and then there was there was a other voice that said just do a tips you know just do the damn tips and go for it so I did it would you know very nice anatomy tips was placed she did well

the next day she has fevers and and her blood cultures come back positive right and you can see in the circle that there's a little bit of low density around the tips in the liver and so they put her on IV antibiotics and then they

got an ultrasound a week later and the tips that occluded and then they got a CT just to prove that the ultrasound actually worked so this really hurt my gosh to rub it in just to rub it in just just to confirm that your tips occlude

it and so you know I feel not so great about myself and particularly because I work in an institution that defined tip seclusion was one of the first people so gene Laberge is one of my colleagues back in the day demonstrated Y tips

occludes and one of the reasons is because it's in communication with the biliary system so bile is very toxic actually and when it gets into the the lining of the tips it causes a thrombosis and when they would go and

open these up they would see green mile or biome components in the in the thrombus so I felt particularly bad and so and then I went back and I looked and I was like you know what the tips is short but it's not short in the way that

it usually is usually it's short at the top and they people don't extend it to the to the outflow of the hepatic vein here I hadn't extended it fully in and it was probably in communication with a bile duct which was also you know living

with lots of bacteria which is why she got you know bacteremia so just because we want to do more imaging cuz you know god forbid you know you got the ultrasound of her they because she was back to remake and

you know that and potentially subject they got an echo just to make sure that she doesn't have endocarditis and they find out that she has a small p fo so what happens when you have a thrombosed tips you go back in there and you do a

tips or vision you line it with a beautiful new stent that you put in appropriately but would you do that when the patient has a shunt going from one side of the heart to the other so going from the right to the left so sort of

similar to that case right and so what do we do so I you know certainly not the smartest person in the room we've demonstrated that so I go and I asked my colleagues and so the loud voice of saying you know I told you this is why

we don't practice this kind of medicine and then there was someone who said why don't we anticoagulate her and I was like are you kidding me like you know do you think a little lovenox is gonna cure this and then the same person who said

we should do a tunnel dialysis tile the tunnel drainage catheter or like a polar X was like how about a poor X in here like thanks man we're kind of late for that what about thrombolysis and then you

know the most important WWJ be deed you guys are you familiar with that no what would Jim Benenati do that's that's that's the most important thing right so so of course you know I called Miami he's you know in a but in a big case you

know comes and helps me out and and I'm like what do I do and you know he's like just just go for it you know I mean there are thirty percent of the people that we see in the world have a efo it's very small and it probably doesn't do

anything but you know I got to tell you I was really nervous I went and I talked to miner our colleagues I made sure that the best guy who was you know available for stroke would be around in case I were to shower emboli I don't even know

what he would do I mean maybe take her and you know thrombolysis you know her like MCA or something I don't know I just wanted him to be around it just made me feel good and then I talked to another one of my favorite advisors

buland Arslan who who also was at UVA and he said why don't you instead of just going in there and mucking around with this clot especially because you have this shunt why don't you just thrown belay sit and then you

know and then see what happens and so here I brought her down EKOS catheter and I dripped a TPA for 24 hours and you know I made her do this with local I didn't give her any sedation because I wanted and it's not so painful and I

just wanted her to be awake so I could make sure that she isn't you took an intervention location you turned it into internal medicine I I did work you know that's that's you know I care right you know we're clinicians and so she was

fine she was very appreciative I had a penumbra the the the Indigo system around the next day in case I needed to go and do some aspiration thrombectomy and what do you know you know the next day it all opened up and you can still

see that the tips is short the uncovered portion which is which is you know past the ring I'm sorry that which is below the ring into the portal vein is not seated well so that was my error and and there was a little bit of clot there so

what I ended up doing is I ended up balloon dilating it placing another Viator and extending it into the portal vein so it's covered so she did very

today's objectives I'll start with reviewing hepatocellular carcinoma HCC

and the current treatment options I'll share the protocol inclusion and exclusion criteria and I will discuss the research treatment protocol briefly and next transitioning to research the preparation taken in the department with

staff members for trial lastly I will talk about what's involved intraoperatively from a nursing standpoint so hepatocellular carcinoma HCC is the most common primary liver manely malignancy and is a leading cause

of cancer-related deaths worldwide cirrhosis is a condition in which there is scarring to the liver causing permanent damage chronic medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus and obesity lead to chronic liver disease

obesity is a risk factor to diabetes and diabetes directly affects the liver because of the essential role the liver plays in glucose metabolism both cirrhosis and chronic liver disease remain the most important risk factor

for the development of HCC a which viral hepatitis and excessive alcohol intake are the leading risk factors of cirrhosis non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis which is nash our

conditions in which fat builds up in your liver thus having inflammation and liver cell damage along with fat in your liver these are other risk factors for HCC the incidence of HCC will continue to escalate as hepatitis C and obesity

become more prevalent in the United States so unfortunately the diagnosis of HCC is too often made with advanced liver disease when patients have become symptomatic and have some degree of

liver impairment at this late stage there is virtually no effective treatment that would improve survival in addition the morbidity associated with therapies unacceptably high modalities available for HCC screening include both

radiographic tests and serological markers radiological tests commonly used for surveillance include ultra sonography multi-phase CT and MRI with contrast ultrasound has historically been utilized to identify intrahepatic

lesions since the early 1980s both the photograph above shows a cirrhotic liver versus a normal liver there are visible differences in the portal and hepatic veins between the cirrhotic liver when compared to the non cirrhotic liver so

AFP alpha-fetoprotein has been used as a serum marker for the detection of HCC an AFP level of less than 10 is normal for adults an extremely high level of AFP in your blood greater than 500 could be a sign of liver tumors liver function

tests or lfts look at the part of your liver that is not affected by cancer to see how well your liver is working the lfts will be considered for diagnosis and determining the stage of HCC the tests look for levels of certain

substance in your blood such as bilirubin albumin ALP ast alt and GGT despite advances in prevention techniques screening and new technologies in both diagnosis and treatment incidence and mortality

continue to rise so treatment options for HCC can be divided into three categories surgical options non-surgical options and systemic therapy patients are screened diagnosed and treated accordingly of

these three options interventional radiologists offer the non-surgical approach which include trans arterial embolisation percutaneous ethanol injection radiofrequency ablation and microwave ablation so I want to talk

about the child pu classification the child pious core consists of five clinical measures and is used to assess the prognosis of liver disease and cirrhosis including the required strength of treatment and necessity of

liver transplant the child piu score was originally developed in 1973 to predict surgical outcomes in patients presenting with bleeding esophageal varices today it continues to provide a forecast of the increased increasing severity of

your liver disease and you're expected survival rate the Chao few score is determined by scoring five clinical measures of liver disease the five clinical measures are total bilirubin serum albumin prothrombin time ascites

and hepatic encephalopathy once scores are available in each of the five clinical measures all scores are added and the result is a child piu score their interpretation of the clinical measure is as follows so Class A would

be five to six points lease liver disease with one to five year survival weight at 95 percent Class B seven to nine points moderately severe liver disease one to five year survival rate at seventy five percent and Class C ten

to fifteen points most severe liver disease one to five year survival rate at fifty percent so which child pew scores do I our patients fall into for a research with the CPC and the majority of the HCC child pew scores a and B

seven with the survival rate of one to five years for 95% the best outcomes are achieved when patients are carefully selected for each treatment option regardless of the treatment approach

patients with HCC require a multidisciplinary approach to care to ensure optimal outcomes what we refer to as tumor board tumor board are meetings where specialists from surgery medical oncology radiation oncology

interventional radiology and others collaboratively review a patient's condition and determine the best treatment plan through this multidisciplinary approach patients have access to a diverse team of experts

instead of relying on a single opinion each specialty will have unique contributions to ensure optimal long term outcomes for patients with HCC so there are various algorithms for HCC treatment I actually have one on top of

the other there just to show you that if you're interested in the process you can look it up it's there's a few out there all right so how are the patients selected for treatment like I said tumor board and moving on now to the surgical

options there are two surgical options liver resection and liver transplant surgical resection is currently considered to be the definitive treatment for HCC and the only one that offers the prospect of cure or at least

long-term survival however most patients have unresectable disease at presentation because of poor liver function the overall resect ability rate for HCC is only 10 to 25 percent and even among those who undergo surgical

resection with curative intent there is a recurrence rate of it to 80% at five years post resection survival rates are in the range of 80 to 92% at one year sixty-one to 86 three years and 41 to 74 at five years

the most common sight of post resection recurrence is a remaining liver for patients who are not surgically resectable liver transplant is the only other potentially curative option virtually all patients who are

considered for liver transplant are unresectable because of the degree of underlying liver dysfunction rather than tumor extent down staging using local regional therapies can also be used to increase eligibility for orthotopic

liver transplant while on the transplant list patients disease progress and meeting criteria gets complicated so patients on the transplant list are and do get some other therapies

which I will later discuss so we're surgical resection is not possible for poor liver function liver transplant is a treatment of choice prior to 2008 no systemic therapy was available that demonstrated an improvement in survival

with the publication of two randomized placebo-controlled phase 3 trials the oral multi targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib has become the new standard of treatment for advanced HCC with an increased median survival from

seven point nine months and the placebo group to ten point seven months in the treatment group systemic therapy can be difficult to tolerate because of the side effects dose reduction or treatment interruption is often needed

despite the side-effects treatment is recommended and to be continued into a progression of the tumor is demonstrated the majority of diagnosed patients with HCC present with advanced disease oral therapy has taken two pills twice daily

equaling 400 milligrams B ID so interventional radiology it's like surgery only magic so I I always think about this when patients come in and pre-op beam and they think they're having surgery you know it's well a lot

of benefits to ir what we're doing so interventional radiology is where the magic happens and non-surgical approach procedures are performed percutaneous local ablation include ethanol injection and radiofrequency ablation microwave

ablation is utilized both percutaneously and intraoperatively and lastly there is trans arterial embolisation which depending on the embolization agent can either be chemo bland or radioisotopes percutaneous ethanol injection known as

Pei has a long track record and is very effective in destroying HCC tumors that are less than or equal to 2 centimeters in diameter performed under percutaneous ultrasound guidance a needle is placed into the tumor and absolute alcohol is

injected over recent years radiofrequency ablation referred to as RFA has largely replaced Pei at most centres RFA's also performed percutaneously advancing a specially designed electrode into the tumor and

applying radiofrequency energy to generate a zone of thermal destruction that encompasses the tumor and a 1 centimeter margarine surrounding liver RFA is thus preferable to ethanol injection for patients with solitary

tumors 2 to 4 centimeters in size for tumors smaller than 4 centimeters RFA can achieve initial complete response rates of over 90% in microwave ablation MWA microwaves are created from the needle to create small

regionals regions of heat the heat destroy the liver cancer cells RFA and microwave are effective treatment options for patients who might have difficulty with surgery or those whose tumors are less than one and a half inch

in diameter the success rate for completely eliminating small liver tumors is greater than 85% so can I get a show of hands from the audience on who what facilities are doing chemo embolization everybody pretty much are

you guys doing them next to the gentleman yeah okay so this is gonna be a boring review here alright so trans arterial embolisation a minimally invasive procedure performed to restrict to tumors blood supply it is performed

by advancing and angiography catheter into the branches of the hepatic artery supplying the tumor and injecting an agent mixed with orally contrast followed by a cluding agent known as beads the beads which range from 100 to

300 micrometers in diameter are carried by the circulation into the terminal hepatic arterioles where they lodge and include the vessel resulting in the schema tumor necrosis the procedure is done using moderate sedation patients

are monitored for 23 hours or less for pain and post embolization syndrome trans arterial chemo embolization thus is where the chemo therapeutic agent mixed with beads is injected to the tumor

these particles both blocked the blood supply and induced cytotoxicity attacking the tumor in several ways taste is the treatment of choice when the tumor is greater than four centimeters or there are multiple

lesions within the liver taste takes advantage of the fact that while the liver is refused by both the portal vein and the hepatic artery HCC survives its blood supply almost entirely hepatic artery tastes has been shown to

prolong survival in patients with intermediate stage HCC and objective responses were observed in the majority of patients tear trans arterial radioembolisation is a form of catheter directed internal radiation that

delivers small microspheres with Radio isotopes directly into the tumor y9t microspheres are administered and a procedure similar to taste the procedure has been shown to be safe and effective in cirrhotic patients with HCC the side

effects are usually well title tolerated one major advantage of y9t over taste is that it is indicated in the case of portal vein neoplastic thrombosis while taste traditionally has been considered a contraindication all right so there's

and then getting back to really where the rubber hits the road you know we can do all of these fancy techniques why

does it matter well Constantin cope one of the fathers of IR is certainly the pioneer of lymphatic interventions and over subsequent five publications in the mid 90s really showed the the technical

build as well as the feasibility of imaging lymphatics putting a needle into them and then starting to be able to embolize them and functionally curing patients who had Kyle authorities and a potential morbidity or mortality of over

50% and how did he do it well as he did his lymph angiogram and it got up to the retroperitoneum and the structure started dilating into some of the central structures such as the cisterna chyli he would take that 21 gauge needle

and go after that structure put a needle into him pass a wire that wire would pass into the central lymphatic circulation and then he'd be able to put in a micro catheter Neff set machan visa or whatever inner inner

components and then do central and faint geography as well as potential and fame gia embolization so that would be the general antegrade trains abdominal access this was a traditional access that was done for over a decade more

recently a lot of authors have started focusing on doing retrograde trans venous access which you do basically a PICC line axis on the left arm and you take a sauce catheter to where the thoracic duct dumps into the veins and

you catheterize it backwards and just kind of showing you and get your sheath down or you can put a wire from below and then snare and come across it so that's a retrograde transvenous and finally the direct train cervical access

and some patients who you never see another target you can potentially access this under ultrasound or if you have fluoroscopy and some contrast in there in this case we put our wire retrograde and were able

to complete the case and you see of the lymphatic fluid leaking out in this case as well so those are your three main ways to access the central lymphatics

no way around this I'm gonna read to you the inclusion criteria right off the protocol it's kind of long so confirmed diagnosis I wrote some single line there that can help you follow along confirm diagnosis of HCC number two patients

above age 23 patients with single or multiple nodules HCC who are unsuitable or unwilling for surgical resection or RFA the largest tumor nodule should be less than 10 centimeters in the large largest diameter total volume of tumor

cannot exceed 50% of the liver patients are candidates for trans arterial embolisation no tumor invasion to portal vein or thrombosis and main and first branch of the portal vein 5 patients have no lymph node involvement or

distant metastasis 6 ECoG score at 0 to 1 with no known cardiac pulmonary or renal dysfunction 7 child pew score group a and B 7 eight patient should have measurable disease by contrast MRI nine prior local

therapies such as surgical resection radiofrequency ablation and alcohol injection are allowed as long as tumor progresses from the prior treatment and the patients are still candidates for tae 10 patients have normal organ

function based on some labs eleven patients are able to understand and willing to sign the informed consent and twelve men and women of childbearing age need to commit to using two methods of contraception and the exclusion criteria

another device that's new in the market

is the inari device it is a combi combination of suction thrombectomy and mechanical thrombectomy and it you can see it looks like three Amplatz or plugs on a catheter but that blue catheter is actually a very nice suction system as

well so you can go beyond the clot pull it in and then suck it into the catheter this is very useful because you can pull clot out without giving any TPA and you have a lot less blood loss so if you can take the clot out with a lot less blood

loss I think you can out patients again the benefit is that there's no thrombolytic and the patients have less bleeding drawbacks like many of these devices is there's really no studies to prove that they work we can prove that

they can remove clot from the patient's body but that we don't know that that actually helps in the long run so what we really want to know in all the studies which we're actually going to show three of the main studies is

whether this actually helps patients life in the long term do they does it improve their mortality so the first

- Doctor Dangas, congrats on really putting this all together and being the champion for this technique. 13 Centers, 517 patients in the original report. We've talked about this, the follow up and some of the limitations at 17 months, primary patency 94%, Gutter Endoleak 2.9%.

What about late outcomes? That's what everybody keeps wanting to know. We've put this series together so that hopefully by next year we'll be in the, some printed literature. Two and half years follow up,

a subset analysis of patients that have had that follow up. 244 patients, 387 snorkel/chimney grafts, nearly four years mean follow up in this cohort. Mean diameter, 64 milimeters. The neck diameter, 26. And the infrarenal neck length of 4.6.

Obviously then after the chimney strategy that increases as most of them generally have gone then above the, both renal arteries. 38% right renal. 46% left renal. A couple of accessory renals. A small number of SMA and Celiac snorkels in this group.

More than half of the Endurant Graft and the rest are of mix of Zenith, Excluder, Jotec, Talent that's no longer being used. And a couple of thoracic proximal pieces. About half Viabahn. 38% iCAST or Advant of E12. And a handful of Bare Metal very early in the series.

Half with one graft, more than a third with two, 10 percent with three and a small number with four. Pre-op Mean Sac Diameter from the entire 244 sub-cohort, 64 millimeters. The latest follow up with now four years Mean follow up 55, Mean Sac Regression per patient

in the 244 eight millimeters. This is an example of one of ours. Loss of Branch Patency. Look at the Kaplan-Meier number at risk even out to four years, 136 of the 368, not the typical Kaplan-Meier where out to four years

there's like five patients left, or five renals left. Out of 48 months, 92.5% patency. Univariate analysis, no predictors including the use of different types of chimney balloon-expandable versus self-expanding, total number of chimney grafts

did not seem to have an affect. Obviously, the problem with this technology or with this strategy has still been persistent or Late Type-1a Endoleaks and Gutter Endoleaks. We found in a couple of different series individual case series many of these do resolve

by the six or 12 month follow up. In this longer term cohort, now up from 3.7 is at 48 months Mean Follow Up time at 5.9% Gutter Endoleak, needing re-interventions in half of them. What are the risk factors for developing a persistent Gutter Endoleak?

A native neck diameter of greater than 30 and the absence of Infrarenal on univariate, and on multi-variate, only the native neck diameter greater than 30. Again, suggesting this theme that I think has been throughout the meeting of larger,

of needing more proximal fixation for things. Obviously, a lot of work going into trying to prevent or find optimal strategies for Gutter Type-1a Endoleaks. Mortality for the entire cohort now with the extended follow up at four years, 71%.

Costache already went over the optimal combinations of devices, which I think this contributed to the approval CE mark, at least of the enduring graft with a balloon-expandable chimney for that. Interestingly and what, you know, I think many of us have been proposing,

one to two is obviously better than three or four, and I don't think that aligning it is necessary. So in summary, compared to meta-analysis of real world data for fenestrated, which I understand in the room there are obviously single center experts

that have better numbers than what's out there listed in the literature in terms of number of grafts, mortality Type-1a Endoleak, branch patency and need for 2nd intervention similar between these strategies. Thanks for your time.

next is me talking about Egypt and Ethiopia and how I are how IRS practice in Egypt and Ethiopia and I think feather and Musti is gonna talk a little bit about Ethiopia as well he's got a

lot of experience about in about Ethiopia I chose these two countries to show you the kind of the the the the difference between different countries with within Africa Egypt is the 20th economy worldwide by GDP third largest

economy in Africa by some estimates the largest economy in Africa it's about a hundred million people about a little-little and about thirty percent of the population in the u.s. 15 florist's population worldwide and has

about a little over a hundred ir's right now 15 years ago they had less than ten IRS and fifteen years ago they had maybe two to three IRS at a hundred percent nowadays they're exceeding a hundred IRS so tremendous gross in the last 15 years

in the other hand Ethiopia is a very similar sized country but they only have three to five IRS that are not a hundred percent IRS and are still many of them are under training so there are major differences between countries within

within Africa countries that still need a lot of help and a lot of growth and countries that are like ten fifteen years ahead as far as as far as intervention ready intervention radiology

most of the practice in Ethiopia are basic biopsies drainages and vascular access but there is new workshops with with embolization as well as well as well as vascular access in Egypt the the ir practice is heavily into

interventional oncology and cancer that's the bulk that's the bulk of their of their practices you also get very strong neuro intervention radiology and that's mostly most of these are French trained and not

American trains so they're the neuro IRS in Egypt or heavily French and Belgian trains with with french-speaking influence but the bulk of the body iron that's not neuro is mostly cancer and it involves y9e tastes ablations high-end

ablations there's no cryoablation in Egypt there is high-end like like a nano knife reverse electric race electroporation in Egypt as well but there is no cryo you also get a specialty embolization such as fibroids

prostate and embroiders are big in Egypt they're growing very very rapidly especially prostates hemorrhoids and fibroids is an older one but it's still there's still a lot of growth for fibroid embolization zyou FES in Egypt

there's some portal portal intervention there's a lot of need for that but not a lot of IRS are actually doing portal intervention and then there's nonvascular such as billary gu there's also vascular access a lot of

the vascular access is actually done by nephrology and is not done by not not done by r is done by some high RS varicose veins done by vascular surgery and done by IRS as an outpatient there's a lot of visceral angiography as well

renal and transplants stuff so it's pretty high ends they do not do P ad very few IR s and maybe probably two IR s in the country that actually do P ad the the rest of the P ad is actually endovascular PA DS done by vascular

surgery a Horta is done all by vascular surgery and cardiothoracic surgery it's not done it's not done by IR IR s are asked just to help with embolization sometimes help with trying to get a catheter in a certain area but it's

really run by by vascular surgeons but but most more or less it's it's the whole gamut and I'm going to give you a little example of how things are different that when it comes to a Kannamma 'kz there's no dialysis work

they don't do Pfister grams they don't do D clots the reason for that is the vascular surgeons are actually very good at establishing fishless and they usually don't have a

lot of problems with it sometimes if the fistula is from Beau's door narrowed it's surgically revised they do a surgical thrombectomy because it's a lot cheaper it's a lot cheaper than balloons sheaths and and trying to and try a TPA

is very expensive it's a lot cheaper for a surgeon to just clean it out surgically and resuture it there's no there's no inventory there are no expensive consumables so we don't see dialysis as far as fistula or dialysis

conduits at all in Egypt and that's usually a trend in developed in developed countries next we'll talk

well switch gears and start talking about Kyllo societies histology the

etiology of Callao societies historically used to be malignancy in tuberculosis first described in the 1600s in a two-year-old who had a tuberculous peritoneal disease more recently now we see it due to aggressive

surgery whether it's renal resections for kidney cancer lymph node resections etc it can also be due to cancer the incidence is climbing rapidly this is just a graph of the incidence at different hospitals from 1930s and 1980s

I can I don't have the data for the 2000s this was a graph that I actually generated from based on several studies just to show you how profound the leak can be in these patients well looking at what we do with

maduk college societies fairly similar to what we do elsewhere we map it out we have three major Studies on that right now and a lot of smaller studies so the total nineteen manuscripts ninety six patients and in those eighty two

patients had to report whether or not they saw a leak they saw a leak in 60 of those eighty two patients and when we saw a leak we were able to cure 70 of them just by doing than paying geography and eighty eight percent when we were

able to actually embolize it so again going from in ninety percent mortality at one year if you have caused societies due to cancer or forty percent for any other cause to cure with the simple procedures is pretty amazing just to

kind of show you an example this was 55 year old gentleman who had removal of his left kidney they found a seven centimeter renal cell carcinoma incidentally while he was being worked up for a kidney stone it had been six

months of constant Kyllo societies and loss of 63 pounds before he saw me here's a lymph angiogram showing fairly typical anatomy until you see this little leak and you see the surgical clips there where his kidney was and all

of the hollow pile spilling around and surrounding his spleen I'm doing this and then we did an embolization right around that area he sent me an email two months ago just before I left the University of Michigan thanking me for

changing his life and saving his life another example this gentleman had had major debulking surgery for for testicular cancer he also has had prior bone metastasis with a hip replacement there and you see a bilateral leaks he

see multiple drains they couldn't control his fluid and we embolize all of these small leaks around his pelvis and also fixed him as well and just she see all the focal areas of leak throughout this was a three year old who'd had a

Wilms tumor resection we're mapping them out and you see the area of leak in the center there and was able to fix this child as well discharged and continued on his merry way cured protein losing

so we kind of had a bunch of portal vein cases I think we'll stick with that theme and this is a 53 year old woman who presented to the emergency room with severe abdominal pain about three hours after she ate lunch she had a ruin why two weeks prior the medications were

really non-contributory and she had a high lactic acid so she they won her a tan on consi t scan and this is you can see back on the date which is two years ago or a year and a half ago we're still seeing her now and follow-up and there

was a suggestion that the portal vein was thrombosed even on the non con scan so we went ahead and got a duplex and actually the ER got one and confirmed that portal vein was occluded so they consulted us and we had this kind of

debate about what the next step might be and so we decided well like all these patients we'll put her on some anticoagulation and see how she does her pain improved and her lactate normalized but two days later when she tried to eat

a little bit of food she became severely symptomatic although her lactate remain normal she actually became hypotensive had severe abdominal pain and realized that she couldn't eat anything so then the question comes what do you do for

this we did get an MRA and you can see if there's extensive portal vein thrombus coming through the entire portal vein extending into the smv so what do we do here in the decision this is something that we do a good bit of

but these cases can get a little complicated we decided that would make a would make an attempt to thrombolysis with low-dose lytx the problem is she's only two weeks out of a major abdominal surgery but she did have recurrent

anorexia and significant pain we talked about trying to do this mechanically and I'd be interested to hear from our panel later but primary mechanical portal vein thrombus to me is oftentimes hard to establish really good flow based on our

prior results we felt we need some thrombolysis so we started her decided to access the portal vein trance of Pataca lee and you can see this large amount of clot we see some meds and tera collaterals later i'll show you the SMB

and and so we have a wire we have a wide get a wire in put a catheter in and here we are coming down and essentially decide to try a little bit of TPA and a moderate dose and we went this was late in the afternoon so we figured it would

just go for about ten or twelve hours and see what happened she returned to the IRS suite the following day for a lysis check and at that what we normally do in these cases is is and she likes a good bit but you can see there's still

not much intrahepatic flow and there's a lot of clots still present it's a little hard to catheterize her portal vein here we are going down in the SMB there's a stenosis there I'm not sure if that's secondary to her surgery but there's a

relatively tight stenosis there so we balloon that and then given the persistent clot burden we decide to create a tips to help her along so here we are coming transit paddock we have a little bit of open portal vein still not

great flow in the portal vein but we're able to pass a needle we have a catheter there so we can O pacify and and pass a needle in and here we are creating the tips in this particular situation we decide to create a small tips not use a

covered stent decide to use a bare metal stent and make it small with the hope that maybe it'll thrombosed in time we wouldn't have to deal with the long-term problems with having a shunt but we could restore flow and let that vein

remodel so now we're into the second day and this is you know we do this intermittently but for us this is not something most of the patients we can manage with anticoagulation so we do this tips but again the problem here is

a still significant clot in the portal vein and even with the tips we're not seeing much intrahepatic flow so we use some smart stance and we think we could do it with one we kind of miss align it so we

end up with the second one the trick Zieve taught me which is never to do it right the first time joking xiv and these are post tips and yo still not a lot of great flow in the portal vein in the smv

and really no intrahepatic flow so the question is do we leave that where do we go from here so at this point through our transit pata catheter we can pass an aspiration catheter and we can do this mechanical

aspiration of the right and left lobes you see us here vacuuming using this is with the Indigo system and we can go down the smv and do that this is a clot that we pull out after lysis that we still have still a lot of clot and now

when we do this run you see that s MV is open we're filling the right and left portal vein and we're able to open things up and and keep the the tips you see is small but it's enough I think to promote flow and with that much clot now

gone with that excellent flow we're not too worried about whether this tips goes down we coil our tract on the way out continue our own happened and then trance it kind of transfer over to anti platelets advanced or diet she does

pretty well she comes back for follow-up and the tips are still there it's open her portal vein remains widely Peyton she does have one year follow-up actually a year and a half out but here's her CT the tip shuts down the

portal vein stays widely Peyton the splenic vein widely Peyton she has a big hematoma here from our procedure unfortunately our diagnostic colleagues don't look at any of her old films and call that a tumor tell her that she

probably has a new HCC she panics unbeknownst to us even though we're following her she's in our office she ends up seeing an oncologist he says wait that doesn't seem to make sense he comes back to us this is 11 3 so

remember we did the procedure in 7 so this is five months later at the one year fault that hematoma is completely resolved and she's doing great asymptomatic so yeah the scope will effect right that's exactly right so so

in summary this is it's an interesting case a bit extreme that we often don't do these interventions but when we do I think creating the tips helps us here I think just having the tips alone wasn't going to be enough to remodel so we went

ahead and did the aspiration with it and in this case despite having a hematoma and all shams up resolved and she's a little bit of normal life now and we're still following up so thank you he's

who came in with just over she had a four month with delayed heal wound she finally presented at us after the wound

healed because she had rest pain that wasn't recognized they thought the pain was due to the the wound the wound healed and they realized oh she still has pain well that's because she has crippled limb ischemia and so she was

she was brought in for that just you know she has bilateral disease I'm just gonna concentrate on talking about the right leg for for today's discussion but she does have inflow disease in these types of patients I do get

cross-sectional imaging so I can determine just how extensive the iliac diseases or if it involves the aorta to then determine what it what to make sort of jumping into it so the right leg again she has about a 10-7

occlusion of the bright SFA this occlusion here's the femur for reference the knee is actually down way down here so this is actually just above the a doctor again tried to use in this case I did do wire work I got past a good

portion of it here's my wire right here and here's the O pacified lumen so what you can see is the wires actually adjacent to the lumen so at this point I'm re said suspecting that I'm sub intimal I confirm that by removing the

wire do little puff there's blushing that blush is up intimal so I know I'm sub intimal so at this point what were the things you can do obviously the first things you do try to pull that back try to find a different space a

different location to wreak analyze when that's not successful then you start thinking about southern super recanalization multiple devices for that there's the outback device which is a little hook that you can try to spear

yourself into the main lumen and pass a wire there's also device from Medtronic about the anterior device what this is it's a balloon that you inflate to sort of stick yourself into that wall it has two ports that are on the side one

points one direction one points the other direction it allows you to find that open lumen and we use a re-entry angled wire to get back in so in this case just as a cartoon here's the the anterior device place downward this is

would be the balloon inflated you would basically jab into the port into the into the main lumen so that's sort of basically what I did here again here's the agile device each of the ports you can see as a little divot once you put

it sideways you can determine which we are going to stick there's my wire right into the lumen and there it is down further into the rest of the the vessel subsequent to that pre-dive it with a three and then overlapping

since were used finally here is her post i did treat both legs but you can see just the dramatic difference going from the monophasic waveforms to tri-phasic waveforms restoration table api's for her I couldn't help but throw this in

different applications renal ablation is very common when do we use it

high surgical risk patients primary metastatic lesions some folks are actually refused surgery nowadays and saying I'll have a one centimeter reno lesion actually want this in lieu of surgery people have

familial syndromes they're prone to getting a renal cancer again so we're trying to preserve renal tissue it is the most renal parenchymal sparing modality and obviously have a single kidney and a lot of these are found

incidentally when they're getting a CT scan for something else here's a very sizable one the patient that has a cardiomyopathy can see how big the heart is so it's you know seven centimeter lesion off of the left to superior pole

against the spleen this patient wouldn't have tolerated bleeding very much so we went ahead and embolized it beforehand using alcohol in the pide all in a coil and this is what it looks like when you have all those individual ice probes all

set up within the lesion and you can see the ice forming around I don't know how well it projects but in real time you can determine if you've developed your margin we do encompass little bit of spleen with that and you can see here

that you have a faint rim surrounding that lesion right next to the spleen and that's the necrotic fat that's how you know that you got it all and just this ablation alone caused a very reactive pleural

effusion that you can see up on the CT over there so imagine how this patient would have tolerated surgery pulmonary

so just a compliment what we everybody's talked about I think a great introduction for diagnosing PID the imaging techniques to evaluate it some of the Loney I want to talk about some of the above knee interventions no disclosures when it sort of jumped into

a little bit there's a 58 year old male who has a focal non-healing where the right heel now interestingly we when he was referred to me he was referred to for me for a woman that they kept emphasizing at the anterior end going

down the medial aspect of the heel so when I literally looked at that that was really a venous stasis wound so he has a mixed wound and everybody was jumping on that wound but his hour till wound was this this right heel rudra category-five

his risk factors again we talked about diabetes being a large one that in tandem with smoking I think are the biggest risk factors that I see most patient patients with wounds having just as we talked about earlier we I started

with a non-invasive you can see on the left side this is the abnormal side the I'm sorry the right leg is the abnormal the left leg is the normal side so you can see the triphasic waveforms the multiphasic waveforms on the left the

monophasic waveforms immediately at the right I don't typically do a lot of cross-sectional imaging I think a lot of information can be obtained just from the non-invasive just from this the first thing going through my head is he

has some sort of inflow disease with it that's iliac or common I'll typically follow within our child duplex to really localize the disease and carry out my treatment I think a quick comment on a little bit of clinicals so these

waveforms will correlate with your your Honourable pencil Doppler so one thing I always emphasize with our staff is when they do do those audible physical exams don't tell me whether there's simply a Doppler waveform or a Doppler pulse I

don't really care if there's not that means their leg would fall off what I care about is if monophasic was at least multiphasic that actually tells me a lot it tells me a lot afterwards if we gain back that multiphase the city but again

looking at this a couple of things I can tell he has disease high on the right says points we can either go PITA we can go antegrade with no contralateral in this case I'll be since he has hide he's used to the right go contralateral to

the left comment come on over so here's the angio I know NGOs are difficult Aaron when there's no background so just for reference I provided some of the anatomy so this is the right you know groin area

right femur so the right common from artery and SFA you have a downward down to the knee so here's the pop so if we look at this he has Multi multi multiple areas of disease I would say that patients that have above knee disease

that have wounds either have to level disease meaning you have iliac and fem-pop or they at least have to have to heal disease typically one level disease will really be clot against again another emphasis a lot of these patients

since they're not very mobile they're not very ambulatory this these patients often come with first a wound or rest pain so is this is a patient was that example anyway so what we see again is the multifocal occlusions asta knows

he's common femoral origin a common femoral artery sfa origin proximal segment we have a occlusion at the distal sfa so about right here past the air-duct iratus plus another occlusion at the mid pop to talk about just again

the tandem disease baloney he also has a posterior tibial occlusion we talked about the fact that angio some concept so even if I treat all of this above I have to go after that posterior tibial to get to that heel wound and complement

the perineal so ways to reach analyze you know the the biggest obstacle here is on to the the occlusions i want to mention some of the devices out there I'm not trying to get in detail but just to make it reader where you know there's

the baiance catheter from atronics essentially like a little metal drill it wobbles and tries to find the path of least resistance to get through the occlusion the cross or device from bard is a device that is essentially or what

I call is a frakking device they're examples they'll take a little peppermint they'll sort of tap away don't roll the hole peppermint so it's like a fracking device essentially it's a water jet

that's pulse hammering and then but but to be honest I think the most effective method is traditional wire work sorry about that there are multiple you know you're probably aware of just CTO wires multi weighted different gramm wires 12

gram 20 gram 30 gram wires I tend to start low and go high so I'll start with the 12 gram uses supporting micro catheter like a cxi micro catheter a trailblazer and a B cross so to look at here the sheath I've placed a sheet that

goes into the SFA I'm attacking the two occlusions first the what I used is the micro catheter about an 1/8 micro catheter when the supporting my catheters started with a trailblazer down into the crossing the first

occlusion here the first NGO just shows up confirmed that I'm still luminal right I want to state luminal once I've crossed that first I've now gone and attacked the second occlusion across that occlusion so once I've cross that

up confirm that I'm luminal and then the second question is what do you want to do with that there's gonna be a lot of discussions on whether you want Stan's direct me that can be hold hold on debate but I think a couple of things we

can agree we're crossing their courageous we're at the pop if we can minimize standing that region that be beneficial so for after ectomy couple of flavors there's the hawk device which

essentially has a little cutter asymmetrical cutter that allows you to actually shave that plaque and collect that plaque out there's also a horrible out there device that from CSI the dime back it's used to sort of really sort of

like a plaque modifier and softened down that plaque art so in this case I've used this the hawk device the hawk has a little bit of a of a bend in the proximal aspect of the catheter that lets you bias the the device to shape

the plaque so here what I've done you there you can see the the the the the teeth itself so you can tell we're lateral muta Liz or right or left is but it's very hard to see did some what's AP and posterior so usually

what I do is I hop left and right I turned the I about 45 degrees and now to hawk AP posterior I'm again just talking left to right so I can always see where the the the the AP ended so I can always tell without the the teeth

are angioplasty and then here once I'm done Joan nice caliber restored flow restored then we attacked the the common for most enosis and sfa stenosis again having that device be able to to an to direct

that device allows me to avoid sensing at the common femoral the the plaque is resolved from the common femoral I then turn it and then attack the the plaque on the lateral aspect again angioplasty restore flow into the common firm on the

proximal SFA so that was the there's the plaque that you can actually obtain from that Hawk so you're physically removing that that plaque so so that's you know that's the the restoration that flow just just you know I did attack the

posterior tibial I can cross that area I use the diamond back for that balloon did open it up second case is a woman

pelvic veins and in the most common scenarios it's the left go nate'll Baine and that's the vein that's circled there

and so when we're evaluating someone for leaky valves in their pelvic venous system you do that through catheter vena Graham and I'll show you exactly how we do it but really there's four pathways at least for the four main ones that you

have to look at and that's the both side gonad all veins for right and left gonna handle vein which are imaged there and then the internal iliac veins on both sides so those are sort of the four pathways that you start with evaluating

on a catheter vena Graham the first sign that there is a leaky valve is by doing a vena Graham in the renal vein so the left gonadal vein communicates with the left renal vein if you want to hit play on that video the if I do a left renal

vena Graham you should not even see the gonna dull vein but if you see reflux down the gonadal vein you'll see it here so renal vein looks great but you should not see any blood flow going against against the

grain there so that's clearly venous insufficiency I think this is just another video showing the same you want to hit the play on that one a different patient again renal vena Graham showing a huge go nate'll Baine so that clearly

has valves that don't work that's how you can specifically test for venous insufficiency on this one you'll hit the play on this video this shows us what a normal renal vena Graham would look like and you're not seeing any part of the

gonadal vein so what are the general

one pain geography as we know it was first described in 1955 by Kenneth in

the UK and I always find it interesting that you know we sit here we talk about how not fun it used to be but he said well lymphatic vessels at least the normal ones are much smaller than our deserve Eanes they're hard to see they

contain colorless lengths etc so this is something that has not been a state secret for for a long time but in this case he actually I used the microscope you see a needle he's doing hand injection and he did a surgical incision

across the foot and when he did that he was able to generate these images so one of them is a normal empathic you see a very fine vessel with a hemostat at the bottom of the image and the other one that has his tortuous winding vein or

vein appearance or varicose vein appearance is actually an abnormal lymphatic so this technique was described in fifty five seven years later was described in Pediatrics very similar about

much more difficult as well and they were able to get some very nice images you see these examples of abnormal lymphatics and these pediatric patients so in my fellowship at Brigham we were still doing PETA limp angiography during

my training and usually whenever we started and sat around talk with our text and nurses in the morning you could hear the groans and you could see the frowns but basically we knew that we closed down a room for one day and it

would start by us injecting a freezing solution in the inners web spaces of the toes and then injecting this methylene blue dye we would then milk the foot up until the dorsum of the foot had a blue streak and that's where we knew the

lymphatic vessel was we'd make this vertical incision and skeletonize the vessel we tie it off with some silk we tape it down and then we would get to work trying to catheterize this little skinny vessel with a 30 gauge needle now

this process alone would usually take a couple hours and a lot of patience and then we'd fix our catheter up and attach it to a pump and it would go at a rate of five to eight CC's an hour it'd take a couple hours to get the pictures

through the leg a couple more hours to go from the leg to the rest of the retroperitoneum etc so now you've talked now you're talking six plus hours and you haven't even really done the case yet elegant images you see how fine and

wispy these vessels are we have many more lymphatics than you do any other vessel in your body we don't really have a good grasp with the distribution of of all the different variants that you have from person to person but there's a lot

of variation obviously a technically challenging procedure to have high-quality peda lymph angiography it's time-consuming invasive to patients you have this incision that would take several mattress sutures and a couple

weeks to heal but the images have good resolution it was diagnostic it was therapeutic in some cases of lymphatic injury leaks as well no to lymph

to have severe humor billion almost all all those that need your attention is about aghori portal veins though can be tremendously so the differentiation between hepatic artery and portal vein

bleeding is the big differentiator that will require you to do something about it most of the times if you injure the portal vein or hepatic vein these usually heal by themselves and it's counterintuitive the management of this

is actually to upsize your tube and they make sure the side holes are not adjacent to the bleeding vein it's crossing so it's counterintuitive that you upsize - for bleeding injure the vein more but

eventually those veins will thromboses off for that little branch the difficult situations of sahiba heavy hit an artery and here's one way we did a gram you can see the pacification the reason why you want to go into the peripheral duct I'll

show you always near the hilum is actually also very big blood are the blood vessels and the reason why we go peripheral the number of large vessels are much greater diminished so you always want in this patient was

transferred for an outside Hospital my PTC was performed by someone who obviously doesn't do a lot of these and access directly into the coma bar duct you can see all these filling defects all these filling defects in the combat

like those or clots and filled with someone who's actually had life-threatening significant he Mobilia and required what we did was they were just pacify the system get another peripheral access

right biliary system and embolize the track coming out and thereby removing the original axis that was placed by the outside hospital interventionists obviously the ones that aureus the most of the narco that will kill people is

the ones that hit our ease and pseudoaneurysm formation or tara Venus fistulas and I can be problematic in my only real ways their dresses trans cap the treatments a patient would have an angio we'd have to get into the pedagogy

find the feeding or it almost always though and we can predict way that bleeding artery is it's where your Y is crossing the architecture of the artery tree frequently you will not see it until you remove the tube so almost

always you would have to prep the right flank prep the groin to an angiogram with the tube in because you don't really want to be rushing at the beginning of your procedure you frequently do the angiogram not see

bleeding and then a second operator needs the described brake scrub get non sterile axes remove the blue tube repeat the angiogram and almost certainly then you'll see it but again it's very

predictable where it is but every now and then you get caught out and the bleeding side can be remote from where your actual Y or actual access transgressor you you do need to have a careful eye looking for that and so you

know when we looked at out and we do large numbers of blurry drainage the best predictor or and like I said Arturo Kimber Billy is actually related to your first tube and the size that you place and it's also

interesting like I said every now and then you're gonna see that bleeding arteries are actually not liver arteries and you can't bleed from the GDA internal memory from other procedures intercostal artery from where you put

your tube first needle through the liver through sorry through the ribs itself it's actually access site rather than your internal parenchymal your liver so it's actually important to also do sometimes it a water gram check the

intercostal artery because you'll miss it by doing a celiac or teragrams hepatic artery gram and don't understand why the patients still bleeding and here's just example of what a pseudoaneurysm does when we remove the

chief we can see the image on the right the blue tube has mean withdraw back and they you can see quite clearly there and sorry the pseudoaneurysm of the paddock right re and like any other immunization is important to go front door back door

implies across mainly because the liver architecture has a rich collateralization that will feed before and after and like I said the lake complication zone was or derived and related to tube maintenance and tubes

catching on to things in dislodgement and so these are just really you know your whoever answers the phones whether it's the physicians on call they have to manage with maintenance of these tubes and really just keeping these tubes open

as long as possible it's amazing how long some of these tubes do last in particular in benign but Lewis structures so management of these is really or expectant and the right advice and frequently just need to

get these tubes changements they're clogged sufficiently the difficult ones

primary Africa cm point 86% matured remember what do we say before you know not what 96% so that's the answer to the surgeons why surgeon says why should I do this why don't I just create official

it takes me 20 minutes there's no surgeon in the world who can create a fistula that's gonna mature 86 percent of the time I don't that's not happening all right the endpoints were met secondary

endpoints to needle dialysis 88% I mean that just doesn't happen surgically I'm sorry and I'll show you some other data as well where the superiority of the percutaneous fistula over surgery this is the jvi are pivotal trial I with Jeff

Hall and tip Jennings and here's the match of the secondary maturation procedures that had to be done all right some get an estimate and we angioplasty the anastomosis embolization of branches an angioplasty Stan's oh okay

here's the bar device and this is called the ever linked queue back in these six French days and now wave link device there are two catheters one goes into the brachial artery one goes into a brachial vein there's a big magnets this

is the six wrench device and you can see that little connection I hope you can that's a foot foot plate a little electrode that pops up between the two catheters it actually creates the official of this time with a

radiofrequency energy on the right you see a brachial artery angiogram and the point of official creation with six ranch was the common on our branch which you can see down there below you have the big dense radial artery coming up on

top and then you see the common arm branch and then the proper ol arm going down there at four o'clock and then the interosseous in the middle now with the the four french device you can create fistulas from the

radial vein to radial artery or radial arterial vein owner artery to ulnar vein and either one gives you a little more options about where you want to create well why would you want options well if you go down to the video of vena Graham

in the and the ulna vein and you don't see any flow up the the perforator well you can only switch to the other side and to try to find better flow put yourself in a better position to create a working fistula this does use

ultrasound to puncture but then uses fluoroscopy to position the devices its RF energy has a little bit of a problem with heavily calcified vessels who's ever seen that and in dialysis patient right so and because radiofrequency

energy goes around calcium it doesn't go through we've had one case where we did there was just no fistula creation everything went finally since no fistula and so that patient got a surgical fistula multiple angles to confirm

correct position of the device this was with the six french device the four french device is much less cumbersome because you want to make sure that that footplate that I showed you sits directly in the receiver area to create

otherwise if you go off to the side left and right they you can have a problem with creating pseudoaneurysm some things no angioplasty then ask to most us however in this case you do embolize on the way out because you've entered the

brachial vein and you embolize form just to stop any losing and to because you want to help to redirect flow towards the superficial system here are the two devices on the left into the four frames versus the six

range quite a difference much more easy to work with the four french doesn't have a bulky handle on the end like the six ranch did they're pretty easy to position and it's a a round electrode not a foot that comes up and it kind of

sits in what they call the saddle you can see there where it says square magnets underfloor french there's a saddle there that that loop electrode sits in and very easy in there to position

who's a candidate well doctor Ross says

to talk about is indirect angiography this is kind of a neat trick to suggest to your intervention list as a problem solver we were asked to ablate this lesion and it looked kind of funny this patient had a resection for HCC they

thought this was a recurrence so we bring the comb beam CT and we do an angio and it doesn't enhance so this is an image here of indirect port ography so what you can do is an SMA run and see at which point along the

run do you pacify the portal vein and you just set up your cone beam CT for that time so you just repeat your injection and now your pacifying the entire portal vein even though you haven't selected it and what to show

well this was a portal aneurysm after resection with a little bit of clot in it the patient went on some aspirin and it resolved in three months so back to our first patient what do you do for someone who has HCC that's invading the

heart this patient underwent 2y 90s bland embolization microwave ablation chemotherapy and SBRT and he's an eight-year survivor so it's one of those things where certainly with the correct patient selection you can find the right

things to do for someone I think that usually our best results come from our interdisciplinary consensus in terms of trying to use the unique advantages that individual therapies have and IO is just one of those but this is an important

lesson to our whole group that you know a lot of times you get your best results when you use things like a team approach so in summary there are applications to IO prior to surgery to make people surgical candidates there are definitive

treatments ie your cancer will be treated definitively with curative intent a lot of times we can save when people have tried cure intent and weren't able to and obviously to palliate folks to try to buy them time

and quality of life thermal ablation is safe and effective for small lesions but it's limited by the adjacent anatomy y9t is not an ischemic therapy it's an ablative therapy you're putting small ablative radioactive particles within

the lesion and just using the blood supply as a conduit for your brachytherapy and you can use this as a new admin application to make people safer surgical candidates when you apply to the entire ride a panic globe

thanks everyone appreciate it [Applause] [Music]

angiography came along towards the tail end of my fellowship so around 2011-2012

actually a children's Boston initially and then subsequently done in Penn in adults and this really became as simple as doing a lymph node biopsy basically sticking it on a lymph node while it seems novel it's really

interesting because if you go back to 1931 that's actually when they started doing some of this work when they were actually injecting the lymph nodes with these different tracers and they could see so it's a combination of a little

bit of ingenuity and looking back at our history and we the way that made it a lot easier for everybody this is basically my little setup here and I used some Italian syringes a plastic opaque three way so

that the lapa doll doesn't dissolve through it the medallion syringes hold up a lot better than the typical day we used luer lock stuff I use long propofol type thin bore tubing I attached it to a nine

centimeter long 25 to 27 gauge spinal needle I take the inner styler out of that cheeba so that because it's such a skinny needle that it bends a lot and this way I can put it right into the lymph node without having to connect it

to the tubing and then I can start my injection right away the 2115 cheeba there and that scalpel are really the only other things that I need to get started to do a successful thoracic duct embolization other thing that's really

critical is I always ask my texts and nurses to slap SC D's on the patients and if once we have the SC DS it really speeds up the procedure by an hour to two because you have this constant compression of the Venus and the

lymphatics and the legs forcing more fluid to make your thing to make your case I move along more quickly so something that was more recently adopted at many medical centers and these are the type of images that you get so I

stick my needle into the lymph node and I start this injection you give this beautiful arborization of the lap I doll contrast as it continues to spread and move from one lymph node to another you see there's a central area there that

isn't filling that's actually the lymph node that's already transmitted the lap idol and this was the image that I showed you initially so same image injection injecting of different lymph nodes you can see the transit from one

area to the rest of the chain in the pelvis hepatic lymph angiography is not

you see again renal Dena Graham you can see a hint of the gonad of Ain selective

vena Graham again showing us the large gonadal vein and that's my post so charcoal with the occlusion balloon and then treat I showed the cartoon slide before that we look at all four of those territories so I always start with the

left but then I'm gonna look at the right gonadal vein as well as the internal iliac veins on both sides in this case the right go Natalie was normal as were the internal iliac veins so not seeing any varicosities

normal venous outflow so this patient it was only treated with a left gonadal vein embolization

technically step by step of how tips are done okay and and the ideal tips with

every step of this procedure I'm gonna show you two ways of doing it okay and the advantages and disadvantages of the two ways in every step okay so first of all the primary thing is to get into the portal vein and how do you visualize the

portal vein okay so one way is to do co2 Vinogradova nog Rafi to hit the portal vein me with experience no I don't need co2 venography to hit the portal vein but I still do it in an in a teaching institution because I have texture that

are learning nurses they're learning and physicians are learning so I actually do the imaging for them so they actually can get the general idea of what we're doing this is our target this is where we're coming off and that's it but in an

experience hands is it necessary absolutely not okay so co2 photography very helpful for in teaching and teaching institutions so everybody and the whole team can actually know exactly what our target is so not essential like

like we discuss and there are two methods of doing this and in a funny way I'm gonna show you that's actually the same method but one is a micro of the other one okay so two ways one way is then wedge a catheter that's the old way

kind of more traditional way than let's not call it always more traditional way of doing a co2 port and the other one is using a balloon of balloon occlusion castra and this is wedging it with a four French five French catheter you

take it all the way to where the catheter is larger than the hepatic vein and now you've wedged it okay and this is kind of a mag up you see that that's a little that's a little wedge okay you wedge you inject contrast the contrast

just sits there it's wedged it's trapped okay and then this is with a balloon to your left is a balloon full of air to the right full of contrast and you basically trapped it again you fill contrast and consciousness it's there

what's the difference between this image and this image no difference the only difference is size that's all it's the same idea you're just trapping a segment of the liver the difference is this is a very

small segment and this is a larger segment okay so essentially it's actually the same technique one is just well technically when it comes to your side all one needs a four or five French calf the other one needs a balloon

occlusion caster okay same image so then you inject co2 the key thing here if you're the type of physician where you put contrasts you have a balloon sitting or a wedge and you have to count contrast there okay

rookie mistake is that they leave the contrast and then they hit the co2 okay what is that you've lost the advantage of the co2 in the beginning of your bolus is actually contrast okay so you need to bleed out the contrast and

replace it completely co2 so your entire bolus okay is co2 and not and not and not the and not the contrast okay that defeats the purpose why is co2 advantageous over contrast contrast is a thick fluid co2 is gas is viscous it's

volatile it actually can squeeze through tight spaces as it's a gas and that's what we want we want to squeeze that co2 which is a contrast through the sinusoids reflux it back into the portal circulation so we're trapping it and

we're trying to push co2 squeezing it through the sinusoids refluxing it back into the portal circulation so you can actually visualize the portal circulation okay and all and the disadvantage of a wedge is what you see

here if you're a wedge and you're immediately sub capsular and you slam you slam that co2 aggressively what you will get is an explosion you get a rip of those of the hepatic capsule scroll the glisten capsule and then you've got

a leak and if the patient is quite low is a quite low path they can actually die from this believe it or not they will die from this and not die from the needle passes okay so that's kind of co2 and that's kind of

a little a little passive air into the perineum nice imaging not a good outcome so one way to avoid this is to still wedge but wedge away from the hepatic capsule so you're out in the periphery in the paddock veins but you're deep

inside the liver you're not you're not right underneath the capsule so that's one way of doing it the other another way is to actually use a balloon okay so this is this is just another wedge here okay and you actually use a balloon I'm

just showing you a correlation with a balloon it's a little safer because you're a little distance away from from the hepatic capsule I'm just showing you a more and more image of the same thing co2 with correlation after you access

since it's a beautiful correlation with with the portal vein venogram okay there are problems with wedges and with balloons is that sometimes you get a gas you know a co2 leak you're wedged but there's hepatic veins at vadik vein

connections and all you see is a fatty veins you can't force reflux the co2 into the portal circulation so that's one problem okay so what do you do with that you change the sights just change a different different branch okay try to

avoid that connection between the badeck veins and it back veins go somewhere else where there is no connection where you can actually make a true hip wedge and force that co2 into the portal circulation okay another way this is

just a draw a drawing out whether it alone or a catheter you get that you get the escape from the Patek vein to fatty vein is to go distal go beyond that connection so if you can go distal go distal if you can't go distal then

change your branch try to find a place where there is no hepatic vein tip a degree engine attraction preferably but not necessarily not the same branches connected to because that usually goes both ways but not always sometimes

you're lucky and if that connection is kind of like a one-way valve one way street and it's not a two-way street but that's just sheer luck okay this is an example hepatic vein to about a vein connection and what we did was basically

switch to another place another vein and we actually get the portal venogram here okay next up sting crafts Viator's thank

leave you the image you can see from an airplane on this image can you see prominent vein this is a prominent beam so at the time in this image pulmonary vein was or pacified so we should not hiss but we missed fortunately the patient got over our headache and visual disturbance discovered within seven days and for the next six months no variceal bleeding and he got a liver transplantation so how to

prevent this serious complication 1 to 2 or 1 to 3 thick mixture of colonial applied a mixture should have been used or butter the flow should be concealed being controlled by putting catheter or several coils it should have been used at first and then and cool injections should have been done I don't know or instead of Paris embolization tips or liver transplantation should have been considered the first I don't know I'm not Monday Morning Quarterback and this

is my last slide thank you for your attention

go ahead your first Carolyn we bring paces back at one week and then three

weeks after the initial procedure apartment four weeks after the initial procedure we use percutaneous I'll just regular color assisted toppler and do a velocity measurement that way okay and at four weeks if they're not

pumping out in brachial artery brachial artery at six hundred CCS a minute I'm probably gonna do an intervention of some sort I'm gonna go in there with a balloon or I just see what's the problem and so then this is what catch no Jeff

holes doing in Richmond you know he calls to the the map rapid maturation program yes asked about the sedation so all of our patients currently are getting supraclavicular blocks nerve lux now we

have a luxury in our place anesthesia is there for every case whether it's a declawed or a catheter placement with a anesthesia is there so one it you know basically you block the arm they can't feel anything they get

moderate sedation for anxiety during the procedure the block also creates significant vasodilation particularly the venous side so it really gives you a bigger vein to manipulate and particularly on the ellipses side when

you're going in with that needle and working its way down towards the radial artery so the answer is yes block plus plus moderate sedation you know Bartow match does his own we would get into trouble if we started

doing our own blocks because we're we're a hospital based outpatient facility you got I don't want to get credential to do nerve blocks but a lot of people in out patient for their private centers do their own nerve blocks you got to send

them home in a sling because it's not just sensory it's motor as well so they want people to use their arm anywhere from three to eight hours until it wears off yes be beware beware of a tech with a list okay do you believe that

percutaneous fistula creation will become primary to surgical creation I think it's going to be again if you think back to what I talked about who comes for what I think it's going to be probably at least 50 to 60 percent okay

once we really get good on this and it just seems like the right thing to do the better results do you are percutaneous fistula creations are they still susceptible to pseudoaneurysm well the answer is we don't know it's a

little bit early if you look at the data from the trials there was one pseudoaneurysm created during the creation of one of the wavelength fishless and that was probably because that

footplate wasn't really aligned well between the two devices will that be pseudoaneurysm with the puncture sites interesting thought I don't think we've been out there long enough yet - no but the vein is the vein and I think if

you're puncturing it in the same place then there's a good chance that they may occur yes exactly exactly and you've got you know very often you can have a choice you're gonna have one needle maybe in each vein and so you'll have an

opportunity to rotate things and then just for clarification I missed what vessel do you imbel eyes on the way out with the bard system we embolized you enter the brachial vein and you embolize the brachial vein on the way

out all right the same vessel that you entered so you want to make sure you have enough purchased so when you pull things back you know your sheath is still in the brachial vein and then you usually down with the Berenstain

catheter and you drop you know is their commercial bias okay here's my bias I happen to like the Boston Scientific soils the detachable coils because I can put them pretty much wherever I want and they coil and they're very thrombogenic

doesn't mean any other coil in the world wouldn't work I think barn asked you to stock up on some nester coil some cook nesters I mean we use nesters in you know and pulmonary AVMs back at Yale I just like something down there that I

can retrieve if I if it's going in the wrong place you want to make sure you're above the perforator so you don't obviously embolize the vessel that you're trying to promote so I just happen to like that if it's there still

flow I might drop a nester on top of a boss interlock coil but that's my way of doing it so forgive me for the endorsement do you have a preference between the two systems well I haven't open the answer is no and and for a

number of reasons one I say I'm a test pilot I'm not a salesman for either company I'm just testing these things to have to see how it's going to the world go because we're so well known down there in Orangeburg if I said you know

we prefer this that would have tremendous economic repercussions across the country you know because oh well Ross upriver improvers you know ellipses and so we're gonna get ellipses so we don't get into

those discussions I think there's gonna be room as the pie grows as I said part for both of these devices to do very well and so I have no preference maybe if I had to differentiate if I saw something with heavily calcified

arteries I might go ahead and do an ellipses which has no problem with calcifications and stay away from the the bar device thank you okay thank you

stamp placement we talked a little bit about it I'm gonna talk to you a little

bit more about it and ideal stance is a straight stance that has a nice smooth curve with a portal vein and a nice smooth curve with a bad igneous end well you don't want is it is a tips that T's the sealing of the hepatic vein okay

that closes it okay and if there's a problem in the future it's very difficult to select okay or impossible to select okay you want it nice and smooth with a patek vein and IVC so you can actually get into it and it actually

has a nice hemodynamic outflow the same thing with the portal thing what you don't want is slamming at the floor of the portal vein and teeing that that floor where where it actually portly occludes your shunts okay or gives you a

hard time selecting the portal vein once you're in the tips in any future tips revisions okay other things you need it nice and straight so you do not want long curves new or torqued or kinks in your tips you

a nice aggressive decompressive tips that is nice and straight and opens up the tips shunt okay we talked a little bit you don't want it you don't want to tee the kind of the ceiling of the of the hepatic vein another problem that we

found out you want that tips stance to extend to the hepatic vein IVC Junction you do not want it to fall short of the paddock vein IVC Junction much okay much is usually a centimeter or centimeter and a half is it is acceptable

the problem with hepatic veins and this is the same pathology as the good old graft dialysis grafts what is the common sites of dialysis graft narrowing at the venous anastomosis why for this reason it's the same pathogenesis veins whether

it's in your arm for analysis whether it's in your liver or anywhere are designed for low flow low turbidity flow of the blood okay if you subject a vein of any type to high turbot high velocity flow it reacts by thickening its walls

it reacts by new intimal hyperplasia so if you put a big shunt which increases volume and increased flow turbidity in that area in that appear again the hepatic vein reacts by causing new into our plays you actually get a narrowing

of the Phatak vein right distal to the to the to the Patek venous end of the shunt so you need to take it all the way to the Big C to the IVC okay how much time do I have half an hour huh 17 minutes okay

Viator stents is one way let's say you don't have a variety or stent many countries you don't have a virus then what's an alternative do a barre covered stem combination you put a wall stent and then put a covered stance on the

inside okay so put a wall stent a good old-fashioned you know oldie but a goodie is is a 1094 okay you just put a ten nine four Wahl cent which is the go to walls down so I go to stand for tips before Viator

and then put a cover sentence inside whatever it is it's a could be a fluency it could be a could be a vibe on and and do that so that's another alternative for tips we talked about an ace tips as a central straight tips and it's not out

and fishing out in the periphery okay this is an occlusion with a wall stance this is why we use think this is why now we use stent grafts this is complete occlusion of the tips we're injecting contrast this is not the coral vein this

is actually the Billy retreat visit ptc okay that's a big Billy leaked into the into the tips okay and that's why we use covered stance I'm gonna move forward on this in early and early and experienced

does the embolic material matter I'm showing the picture of an amp lats are

here this was a patient that was treated with a few different things you see coils peripherally there there was sclerosant and then in Amplatz are up near the confluence with the renal vein doesn't matter

a little is the short answer looking at as many studies that are published which are few it looks like you get a little bit better result with coil and or mixed methods meaning sclerosis and with coil and gelfoam compared to glue oil or foam

sclerostin alone however you know with the paucity of data take that with a grain of salt i think if you get good at something and you can treat the entire length of the vein I think you're successful and you have the best

chance to improve symptoms I think that's where I'll end if anybody has questions I'm happy to answer great thank you

I like to talk about brain infarc after Castro its of its year very symbolic a shoe and my name is first name is a shorter and probably you cannot remember my first name but probably you can remember my email address and join ovation very easy 40 years old man presenting with hematemesis and those coffee shows is aphasia verax and gastric barracks and how can i use arrow arrow on the monitor no point around yes so so you can see the red that red that just a beside the endoscopy image recent bleeding at the gastric barracks

so the breathing focus is gastric paddocks and that is a page you're very X and it is can shows it's a page of Eric's gastric barracks and chronic poor vein thrombosis with heaviness transformation of poor vein there is a spline or inertia but there is no gas drawer in urgent I'm sorry tough fast fast playing anyway bleeding focus is gastric barracks but in our hospital we don't have expert endoscopist

for endoscopy crew injections or endoscopic reinjection is not an option in our Hospital and I thought tips may be very very difficult because of chronic Peruvian thrombosis professors carucha tri-tips in this patient oh he is very busy and there is a no gas Torino Shanta so PRT o is not an option so we decided to do percutaneous there is your embolization under under I mean there are many ways to approach it

but under urgent settings you do what you can do best quickly oh no that's right yes and and this patience main program is not patent cameras transformation so percutaneous transit party approach may have some problem and we also do transit planning approach and this kind of patient has a splenomegaly and splenic pain is big enough to be punctured by ultrasonography and i'm a tips beginner so I don't like tips in this difficult

case so transplanting punch was performed by ultrasound guidance and you can see Carolus transformation of main pervane and splenorenal shunt and gastric varices left gastric we know officios Castries bezier varices micro catheter was advanced and in geography was performed you can see a Terrell ID the vascular structure so we commonly use glue from be brown company and amputee cyanoacrylate MBC is mixed with Italy

powder at a time I mixed 1 to 8 ratio so it's a very thin very thin below 11% igloo so after injection of a 1cc of glue mixture you can see some glue in the barracks but some glue in the promontory Audrey from Maneri embolism and angiography shows already draw barracks and you can also see a subtraction artifact white why did you want to be that distal

why did you go all the way up to do the glue instead of starting lower i usually in in these procedures i want to advance the microcatheter into the paddocks itself and there are multiple collateral channels so if i in inject glue at the proximal portion some channels can be occluded about some channels can be patent so complete embolization of verax cannot be achieved and so there are multiple paths first structures so multiple injection of glue is needed

anyway at this image you can see rigid your barracks and subtraction artifacting in the promenade already and probably renal artery or pyramid entry already so it means from one area but it demands is to Mogambo region patient began to complain of headache but american ir most american IRS care the patient but Korean IR care the procedure serve so we continue we kept the procedure what's a little headache right to keep you from completing your

procedure and I performed Lippitt eight below embolization again and again so I used 3 micro catheters final angel officio is a complete embolization of case repair ax patients kept complaining of headache so after the procedure we sent at a patient to the city room and CT scan shows multiple tiny high attenuated and others in the brain those are not calcification rapado so it means systemic um embolization Oh bleep I adore mixtures

of primitive brain in park and patient just started to complain of blindness one day after diffusion-weighted images shows multiple car brain in park so how come this happen unfortunately I didn't know that Porter from Manila penis anastomosis at the time one article said gastric barracks is a connectivity read from an airy being by a bronchial venous system and it's prevalence is up to 30 percent so normally blood flow blood in the barracks drains into the edge a

ghost vein or other systemic collateral veins and then drain into SVC right heart and promontory artery so from what embolism may have fun and but in most cases in there it seldom cause significant cranker problem but in this case barracks is a connectivity the promontory being fired a bronchial vein and then glue mixture can drain into the rapture heart so glue training to aorta and system already causing brain in fog or systemic embolism so let respectively

treatment options once you've sort of isolated that there are leaky valves and the patient has typical symptoms that there are some surgical options but really embolization and catheter

directed treatment are really the mainstays of treatment both because it's an outpatient procedure you get to go home the same day and the recoveries fairly easy the factors that we consider when you embolize or block these

varicose veins are listed here you want to you want desired duration you want it to be closed forever you can't replace valves it would be nice to be able to do that but there's not a valve replacement so much like in the leg when you're

treating varicose veins you're either blocking or taking veins out so the surgical options are to take the vein out or to ligate but and the vascular options would be to block it and so I would just thought I would cover just a

little bit of embolization materials I'm sure you're all very familiar with and as I'll mention a little bit later there's there's sort of not necessarily agreement on what type of things people use to embolize gonadal veins or pelvic

varicosities but i'll show you what i do but give you a background of just generalized embolization materials so I'm sure you've all seen gel foam supplied as a sheet you can make a slurry you soak it with contraire

so that you can see it as you're putting it in some people use glue and will glue the entire gonadal vein it solidifies when it's mixed with saline or blood usually mix it with acai it also you can see it as

you're injecting it and then the standard coils which there are multiple sizes shapes detachable non-detachable Amplatz or plugs all the mechanical devices that can be used to block blood vessels and then I put on Souter deck

all because there are some people that will sort of do the sandwich technique you may have heard we'd put a coil peripherally and a coil up by the renal vein and then in between the coils you can film a sclerosant and embolize that

way the other important factor for me is using the suture deck all on the actual varicosities I'm not just necessarily treating or blocking off the the blood supply to them you know and I'll mention that a little bit more during the case

here so go through a case patient with

typical symptoms if you want to hit the play on this I think this is one we've probably already seen but it's it's the the algorithm that I go through for treatment so we do my renal vena Graham

there we go it's classic definitely has reflux and so next I will selectively catheterize the gonadal vein and here you see very large pelvic varicosities and so my standard is to actually treat the varicose veins with a sclerostin

much like I would sclerosis a varicose vein in the leg and there's a few reasons that I do that and so here's how I do it I'll put an occlusion blown up you see the picture on the left of the screen has an occlusion balloon it's the

same occlusion balloon we use for a tips procedure and I'll temporarily block the gonadal vein and fill up the system or the varicosities with contrast so that I get a sense for the volume of sclerosis and I would use then the picture on the

right is a venogram after I've injected the sclerostin so I've evaluated the volume and then I've replaced all that contrast by forcing it through the system to drain out the pelvic veins and filling the varicosities with

soldier column I do that because I believe and there's no data to prove it that it helps prevent superficial phlebitis in those varicosities so if we're just gonna block off the gonna dull vein then we have stagnant blood in

all the pelvic varicosities and stating that blood wants to clot and when blood clots on its own it'll stretch and expand the vein and cause pain and so in my own personal experience that has created a little bit worse post

procedural symptoms for patients compared to the patients that I use so TRADOC all to actually treat the varicosities so that's what I start out with and then since I'm kind of an old-fashioned guy I still go with the

coils and so I coiled the whole going a ttle vein and you can use sort of whatever you want you know that's the simplest thing for me are using nester coiours coils and and fill it up some people use the long detachable shaping

coils kind of an expensive way to do it if it saves you radiation then then that's that's one of the reasons to do it but the point is in in the venous system you have to be able to and I show this slide because you can see a

collateral vein or at least a branch there a confluence point that we've coiled off too if you do not treat the entire length there's a there's a lot higher chance for recurrence and veins have a way to find their way around if

they can communicate back up then patient gets recurrent symptoms and that can happen in about ten percent of cases so in order to prevent that you treat the whole gun out of vein and that's sort of why I think some people like to

use liquid sclerosis because then they will be able to sort of profuse all those branch points that would have a chance for recurrence case number two

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