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VLOOKUP is one of Excel’s most well-known functions. You’ll typically use it to look up exact matches, such as the ID of products or customers, but in this article, we’ll explore how to use VLOOKUP with a range of values.

Example One: Using VLOOKUP to Assign Letter Grades to Exam Scores

As an example, say we have a list of exam scores, and we want to assign a grade to each score. In our table, column A shows the actual exam scores and column B will be used to show the letter grades we calculate. We’ve also created a table off to the right (the D and E columns) that show the score necessary to achieve each letter grade.

Grade score sample data


The VLOOKUP Formula


=VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, range_lookup)

In that formula, the variables work like this:

  • lookup_value: This is the value for which you are looking. For us, this is the score in column A, starting with cell A2.
  • table_array: This is often referred to unofficially as the lookup table. For us, this is the table containing the scores and associated grades ( range D2:E7).
  • col_index_num: This is the column number where the results will be placed. In our example, this is column B, but since the VLOOKUP command requires a number, it’s column 2.
  • range_lookup> This is a logical value question, so the answer is either true or false. Are you performing a range lookup? For us, the answer is yes (or “TRUE” in VLOOKUP terms).

The completed formula for our example is shown below:


Results of our VLOOKUP

The table array has been fixed to stop it changing when the formula is copied down the cells of column B.

Something to Be Careful About

When looking in ranges with VLOOKUP, it is essential that the first column of the table array (column D in this scenario) is sorted in ascending order. The formula relies on this order to place the lookup value in the correct range.

Below is an image of the results we’d get if we sorted the table array by the grade letter rather than the score.

Wrong results due to table not being in order

It is important to be clear that the order is only essential with range lookups. When you put False on the end of a VLOOKUP function, the order is not so important.

Example Two: Providing a Discount Based on How Much a Customer Spends

In this example, we have some sales data. We would like to provide a discount on the sales amount, and the percentage of that discount is dependent upon the amount spent.

A lookup table (columns D and E) contains the discounts at each spending bracket.

Second VLOOKUP example data

The VLOOKUP formula below can be used to return the correct discount from the table.


This example is interesting because we can use it in a formula to subtract the discount.

You will often see Excel users writing complicated formulas for this type of conditional logic, but this VLOOKUP provides a concise way of achieving it.

Below, the VLOOKUP is added to a formula to subtract the discount returned from the sales amount in column A.


VLOOKUP returning conditional discounts

VLOOKUP is not just useful for when looking for specific records such as employees and products. It’s more versatile than many people know, and having it return from a range of values is an example of that. You can also use it as an alternative to otherwise complicated formulas.

Alan Murray Alan Murray
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