Planning for AAC in medical settings

People who cannot rely on speech are more vulnerable. Lack of access to their Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) is common in health and medical settings, where poor communication support can have tragic but avoidable results. Learn how to safeguard communication for AAC users in these settings.

Patients in medical settings who cannot rely on speech are more than three times more likely to experience a preventable, negative outcome due to poor communication with medical staff (Bartlett et al, 2008). Patients with physical disabilities and intellectual or developmental disabilities are at the greatest risk.

An example of this type of vulnerability is Daniel’s case. Daniel was injured in a bike accident on his way to work and transported to the hospital. Daniel’s AAC was smashed in the accident. He had no way to communicate with the paramedics except to answer yes/no questions. When he left the hospital, he promised himself to be better prepared the next time he had to communicate in a medical setting.

Seven key factors of vulnerability in health care settings

1. Services, systems, and policies undermine communication

Medical centers and systems are not organized to support people with complex communication needs. This failure occurs on multiple levels. iPad-based AAC systems may, for instance, be perceived as “personal entertainment devices” rather than as essential disability aids.

2. Time

Doctors and nurses are often rushed in their interaction with patients. Patients who use AAC report that many medical staff do not have the time or patience to wait until they have composed a message. Family members, partners, or friends may speak for the person who uses AAC, to speed up communication. This decreases the opportunity for medical staff to learn how the patient who uses AAC communicates.

3. Access to personal AAC

Many people who own a costly AAC system are concerned about theft and may not bring it into the hospital with them. If they do bring it, it may be placed out of reach or not be charged. Many AAC users have additional disabilities that make it difficult to independently get their AAC and keep it at-hand without support. An AAC user may be unable to use their AAC if they are hooked up to machines or put on a ventilator or oxygen support.

4. Access to generic AAC

Many hospitals provide access to letter boards, picture symbol boards, and visual pain rating scales. However, without training, many medical staff are unsure how to use them. They may simply hand them to patients and expect patients to use them without training or support. They don’t realize they have to pay attention and wait until the patient indicates a symbol.

AAC hospital activity folder

5. Access to nurse call system

Many AAC users with physical disabilities report they were unable to reach the nurse call system in the hospital. They may require an adapted call bell that can be accessed in a variety of ways, but it is rarely provided without support and advocacy from a speech language pathologist or assistive technology professional.

6. Access to personal medical and care history information

Many patients and families prepare binders with the medical history and bring them to the hospital to improve communication with medical staff. However, most hospital medical files are not organized in a way that makes it easy to integrate this information into the patient’s formal medical file. The patient and their family then rely on each new shift of medical staff to read their personal information.

7. Communication partner skills of hospital staff

Few hospital staff have the training and skills to interact effectively with a person with complex communication needs. They may be unable to listen effectively to the communication that comes from the patient about side effects, complications, or other concerns before they have become more serious.

Reducing vulnerability for AAC users: six key strategies

It is important that AAC users and their support team prepare for effective communication in medical settings. This includes planning for upcoming tests and surgeries, but also for emergency situations. Make a plan to reduce the vulnerability of AAC users in medical settings.

1. Get communication support

Organize friends and family to be present as communication supporters, helping to facilitate communication between the AAC user and the medical staff. Research suggests that family members (particularly parents) should be cautious about communicating too much for the AAC user. Medical staff become more competent as communication partners when they have direct experience communicating with the AAC user. Much of this experience comes during times when nursing staff are providing care for the AAC user.

2. Increase access or use light tech AAC

Expand the AAC to more devices, including smaller and more portable devices, to increase access to the technology. Some AAC devices are accessible as a wearable device like the Apple watch. Some AAC users find simple, inexpensive AAC supports such as single-message wearable devices. This gives them voice output to call for help in case they are separated from their AAC. Or print back-ups of the communication system to create a paper-based system to use in situations where the AAC user has no access to their usual device.

3. Use partner-assisted scanning

Practice the alternate access strategy of partner assisted scanning. This means that communication partners speak aloud from a prepared list of possible messages. The AAC users respond when they hear the message they want to express. The communication partner can continue to drill down from additional lists until they discover the message the AAC user is trying to express. The more familiar the AAC user and their partners are with the system, the more effective and efficient this method can be.

4. Ask for the assistance of an SLP

Request a referral to the speech-language pathology department. A trained Speech Pathologist can assess the AAC user’s needs and help support communication while the AAC user is in the hospital.

5. Provide information

Provide concise documents with the AAC user’s personal medical history and care needs. The AAC user and their allies may need to constantly advocate for medical staff to read the files in the course of providing care.

6. Create a wallet card

A wallet card explains the AAC user’s communication methods and how people should support them. For example, you can indicate that they need access to their iPad for communication.

Example of good planning for AAC

Samuel required surgery, followed by several weeks in hospital and then several more weeks in a long-term rehabilitation center. Before he arrived at the hospital, he and his family planned for his communication in medical settings. Samuel practiced partner-assisted scanning, in case he had complications and required care in the ICU. His family backed up his AAC to his iPhone and made laminated screen captures. When Samuel was admitted to the hospital, his family insisted that his communication needs and assistive technology be listed in his admission paperwork. They requested a referral to a speech language pathologist so that the hospital SLP would know that a patient with complex communication needs was on the floor. When Samuel was moved to his hospital room, his family noticed that he could not physically reach the nurse call bell. They raised this with the attending physician and the bed was re-arranged to ensure Samuel could access the call system. Finally, they arranged for Samuel’s family, friends, and paid support staff to take shifts with Samuel until the nursing staff learned to communicate with him. Whenever medical staff were in his room or providing care, Samuel’s family and friends tried to only support his communication when they witnessed a problem.. This allowed staff to become familiar with Samuel’s communication. In the end, Samuel was discharged back home, well-satisfied with his care in hospital and how his communication was supported.

Links and references