Building an Automated Deployment Process for Kubernetes With Cicd

Published: September 12, 2019


The demands of modern software development combined with complexities of deploying to varied infrastructure can make creating applications a tedious process. As applications grow in size and scope, and development teams become more distributed and diverse, the overall process required to produce and release software quickly and consistently becomes more difficult.

To address these issues, teams began exploring new strategies to automate their build, test, and release processes to help deploy new changes to production faster. This lead to the development of continuous integration and continuous delivery.

In this guide we will explain what CI/CD is and how it helps teams produce well-tested, reliable software at a faster pace. We will then talk about how to build robust CI/CD pipelines integrated with Kubernetes.

Prerequisite Requirements

Before exploring CI/CD and its benefits in depth, we should discuss some prerequisite technologies and practices that these systems build off of.

Automated Build Processes

In software development, the build process converts code that developers produce into useable pieces of software that can be executed. For compiled languages like Go or C, this stage involves running the source code through a compiler to produce a standalone binary file. For interpreted languages like Python or PHP, there is no compilation step, but the code may still need to be frozen at a specific point in time, bundled with dependencies, and packaged for easier distribution. These processes result in an artifact that is often called a “build” or “release”.

While developers can create builds manually, this has a number of disadvantages. The shift from active development to creating a build introduces a context switch, forcing individuals to halt more productive work and focusing on the build process. Furthermore, because each developer is producing artifacts on their own, inconsistencies are also likely to arise.

To address these concerns, many teams configure automated build pipelines. These systems monitor source code repositories and automatically kick off a preconfigured build process when changes are detected. This limits the amount of human involvement and ensures that a consistent process is followed on each build.

There are many build tools designed to help you automate these steps. For example, within the Java ecosystem, the following tools are popular:

  • Ant: Apache’s Ant is an open source Java library. Created in 2000, Ant is the original build tool in the Java space and is still frequently used today.
  • Maven: Apache’s Maven is a build automation tool written primarily with Java projects in mind. Unlike Apache Ant, Maven follows the philosophy of convention over configuration, requiring configuration only for the aspects of the build process that deviate from reasonable defaults.
  • Gradle: Reaching version 1.0 in 2012, Gradle tries to incorporate the strengths of both Ant and Maven by incorporating Maven’s modern features without losing the flexibility provided by Ant. Build instructions are written in a dynamic language called Groovy. Despite being a newer tool in this space, it’s seen widespread adoption.

Version Control

Most modern software development requires frequent collaboration within a shared codebase. Version control systems (VCS) are employed to help maintain project history, allow work on discrete features in parallel, and resolve conflicting changes. The VCS allows projects to easily adopt changes and to roll back in case of problems. Developers can work on projects on their local machines and use the VCS to manage the different branches of development.

Every change recorded in a VCS is called a commit. Each commit catalogs the changes to the codebase and includes metadata like a description that can be helpful when reviewing the commit history or merging updates.

Fig. 1 Distributed Version Control

Fig. 1: Diagram of distributed version control

While version control is a valuable tool to help manage many different changes within a single codebase, distributed development often introduces challenges. Developing in independent branches of the codebase without regularly merging into a shared integration branch can make it difficult to incorporate changes later on. To avoid this, developers started adopting a practice called continuous integration.

Continuous Integration (CI)

Continuous Integration (CI) is a process that allows developers to integrate work into a shared branch often, enhancing collaborative development. Frequent integration helps dissolve silos, reducing the size of each commit to lower the chance of merge conflicts.

A robust ecosystem of tools have been developed to encourage CI practices. These systems integrate with VCS repositories to automatically run build scripts and test suites when new changes are detected. Integration tests ensure that different components function together as a group, allowing teams to catch compatibility bugs early. Continuous integration produces builds that are thoroughly tested and reliable.

Fig. 2 Continuous Integration process

Fig. 2: Diagram of a continuous integration process

Continuous Delivery and Continuous Deployment (CD)

Continuous delivery and continuous deployment are two strategies that build off of the foundation that continuous integration provides. Continuous delivery extends the continuous integration process by deploying builds that pass the integration test suite to a pre-production environment. This makes it straightforward to evaluate each build in a production-like environment so that developers can easily validate bug fixes or test new features without additional work. Once deployed to the staging area, additional manual and automated testing is possible.

Continuous deployment takes this approach one step further. Once a build passes automated tests in a staging environment, a continuous deployment system can automatically deploy the build to production servers. In other words, every “green build” is live and available to customers for early feedback. This enables teams to release of new features and bug fixes instantly, backed by the guarantees provided by their testing processes.

Fig. 3 Roadmap for CI/CD Flow Diagram

Fig. 3: Diagram of a typical CI/CD development flow

Advantages of CI and CD

Continuous integration, delivery, and deployment provide some clear improvements to the software development process. Some of the primary benefits are outlined below.

Fast Feedback Loop

A fast feedback loop is essential to implementing a rapid development cycle. To receive timely feedback, it is essential that software reaches the end user quickly. When properly implemented, CI/CD provides a platform to achieve this goal by making it simple to update production deployments. By requiring each change to go through rigorous testing, CI helps reduce the risks associated with each build and consequently allows teams to release valuable features to customers quickly and easily.

Increased Visibility

CI/CD is usually implemented as a pipeline of sequential steps, visible to the entire team. As a result, each team members can track the state of build in the system and identify the build responsible for any test failures. By providing insight into the current state of the codebase, it is easier to plan the best course of action. This level of transparency offers a clear answer the question, “did my commit break the build?”

Simplified Troubleshooting

Since the goal of CI is to integrate and test every change made to the codebase, it is safer to make small commits and merge them into the shared code repository early. As a result, when a bug is found, it is easier to identify the change that introduced the problem. Afterwards, depending on the magnitude of the issue, the team can choose to either roll back the change or write and commit a fix, decreasing the overall time to resolution in production.

Higher Quality Software

Automating the build and deployment processes not only shortens the development cycle. It also helps teams produce higher quality software. By ensuring that each change is well-tested and deployed to at least one pre-production environment, teams can push changes to production with confidence. This is possible only when there is good test coverage of all levels of the codebase, from unit tests to more complex system tests.

Fewer Integration Issues

Because the automated test suite runs on the builds automatically produced with every commit, it is possible to catch and fix most integration issues early. This gives developers early insight into other work currently being done that might affect their code. It tests that code written by different contributors works together from the earliest possible moment instead of later when there may be additional side effects.

More Time Focused on Development

CI/CD systems rely on automation to produce builds and move new changes through the pipeline. Because manual intervention is not required, building and testing no longer require dedicated time from the development team. Instead, developers can concentrate on making productive changes to the codebase, confident that the automated systems will notify them of any problems.

Setting up a CI/CD Pipeline with Kubernetes

Now that we’ve covered some of the primary advantages of adopting a CI/CD development workflow, let’s talk about how to build a CI/CD pipeline integrated with Kubernetes. The pipeline will allow us to automatically deploy changes committed to our source code repository.

While many different CI/CD solutions are available with integrations with Kubernetes, for simplicity, we’ll demonstrate with the CI/CD functionality offered by hosted This is a specific example, but the general lessons should apply to other CI/CD systems.


In order to follow along with the demonstration, you’ll need the following infrastructure components:

  1. A Rancher cluster for deploying workloads to
  2. A login

Once you’ve fulfilled the above requirements, you’re ready to get started setting up a pipeline. setup

For demonstration purposes, we are going to use one of the templates that GitLab provides. The first step is to login to via

Create a Project

After logging in, the next step is to create a project:

  • Click New project
  • Choose the Create from template tab
  • Click use template under Ruby on Rails
  • Set Project name
  • Click Create Project
  • Wait for the project to finish importing

Your new project should now be accessible.

Add the Kubernetes Endpoint to Your Project

Under Operations choose Kubernetes.

Click Kubernetes cluster, then choose Add existing cluster:

add existing cluster

All of the fields displayed in the image will need to be filled in. The following sections will detail how to do this.


The API URL is the URL that GitLab will use to talk to the Kubernetes API in your cluster that is going to be used to deploy your workloads. Depending on where your Kubernetes cluster is running you will need to ensure that the port is open to allow for communication from to the <address>:<port> of the Kubernetes cluster.

In order to retrieve the API URL we are going to run a script on the Rancher server that controls your Kubernetes cluster, this will generate a kubeconfig file that contains the information we need to configure the Kubernetes settings with GitLab. We can do this by following these steps:

  • Log onto the server that is running your Rancher Server container.
  • Download the content of from
  • Create a file on the server and paste the contents into it.
  • Make the file executable chmod +x <filename>.
  • Run the script as ./<filename> <name_of_cluster_to _deploy_to>
  • This will generate a kubeconfig file in the local directory.
  • Run cat kubeconfig | grep server:
  • The https value is what needs to be populated into the API URL field in the Add existing cluster

CA Certificate

The CA certificate is required as these are often custom certificates that aren’t in the certificate store of the GitLab server. This will allow the connection between the components to be secured.

From the folder containing the kubeconfig generated in the API URL instructions, run the following command:

cat kubeconfig | grep certificate-authority-data

This will give you a base64 encoded certificate string. However, the field in GitLab requires this string in the PEM format. Luckily, We can easily convert to the expected format. First, save the contents of the encoded string to a file. For instance, in this demo, we’ll name the file cert.base64.

Next, run the following command to decode the string to the expected format:

base64 -d cert.base64 > cert.pem

This will then give you the certificate in PEM format which you can then copy and paste into the CA Certificate field in GitLab.


In order for the instance to talk to the cluster, we will need to create a service account for it to use. We are also going to create a namespace for GitLab to deploy its apps to.

To simplify this, we’ve put all of the requirements into a file, which can be viewed at

To create the necessary prerequisites with this file, you can run the following command:

kubectl apply -f

You can optionally add the --kubeconfig <kubeconfig> options if you want to target a cluster other than the default specified in your ~/.kube/config file.

When the script is run, it will create a service account along with a token for it. This is the token that we need to provide in the GitLab Kubernetes configuration pane.

To obtain the secret token, execute the following command:

kubectl describe secrets/gitlab-secret -n gitlab-managed-apps | grep token:

Copy the token and paste that into the GitLab configuration page.

Project Namespace

If you have followed this guide so far and have applied the Kubernetes manifest file provided above, you will need to set the Project Namespace as gitlab-managed-apps. If you have updated the manifest, then you will need to set this to reflect the namespace that you have set.

Rancher Server Setup

Part of the GitLab template deploys a PostgreSQL Pod. This means that you will need to have a dynamic storage provisioner. If you don’t have one of these set up, then you can go into the catalog on the cluster that you are going to deploy to and launch the library NFS provisioner. This is not recommended for production use but it will get the Auto DevOps function working.

Enabling Auto DevOps

In the GitLab UI, go into the Settings – CI/CD menu and expand Auto DevOps. Afterwards, click the Enable Auto Devops radio button.

In the Domain section, you need to specify the DNS name that will be used to reach the service that is going to be deployed. The DNS name should point to the ingress on the cluster that the service will be deployed to. For testing, you can just use <host-ip> which will resolve to the host IP provided.

This will not give any resilience and will only allow HTTP traffic (not HTTPS), but again, this is enough to show it working. If you want to use HTTPS then you will need to add a wildcard certificate to the ingress controller.

Click Save changes and this should automatically launch your pipeline and start a job running.

You can go into CI/CD – Pipelines to see the progress.

At the end of the production phase you should see the HTTP address that you can access your application on.


In this guide, we covered the basics of CI/CD pipelines. We first talked about their prerequisite technologies and then took a look at some of the critical advantages adopting a CI/CD process can provide. Afterwards, we demonstrated how to set up a CI/CD pipeline using as an example integration. As we mentioned earlier, although we targeted a specific platform in this guide, the Kubernetes portion should work for the majority of CI/CD Kubernetes integrations.

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