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Don't talk rubbish, there's a good infidel dog! Rabid infidel, who shares with my dog a dog dish of my slops.14 Why boast of the dappled horse you ride? 1 wouldn't swap my goat with the spotted head for it. Why boast of the helmet" you wear? 1 wouldn't swap my cap for it. \\ hy boast of your sixty-span lance? 1 wouldn't swap my dogwood-'1 slick for it. Why boast ofyoar qıiivör w ith your ninety arrows? 1 wouldn't swap my colored-handled sling for it. Come over here from far and near. See the beating your men will get: and then be off/ and:

Give me your chestnut horse.

Give me your shield of many colors.

Give me your pure sword of black steel.

Give me the eighty arrows in your quiver,

Give me your strong bow vv ith its vv'lıite grip/8

In addition to the tugulga [tolga—iron helmet], altmis tutam gender [sixty-span lance], ok [arrow], yay [bow], and kalkan |shield] in these verses are weapons such as the gurz [iron- mace], chomak [wood-mace], and sungu [short-lance]. In addition to weapons of iron the shepherd's sapan [slingshot] is mentioned. In "How Salur Kazan's House Was Pillaged," how the shepherd Karaja joined the lighting with the sapan he carried in his belt is related as follows: "the pouch'1' of the shepherd's slingshot was made of a three-year-old calf-hide. The rope of his slingshot was made of hair from three goats. Every time he swung, he released a twelve-batman" stone.40 The first time he released a projectile, he downed twofadversariesj. The second time he swung, three and four fell."41 The-sapan is still used, as the "weapon" carried by most shepherds in their belts for self-defense. It is usually woven from goat-hair,4: although a sapan made of wool is also encountered in some places. The width at the widest part is 15-20 centimeters, and the length of each arm. depending on the user's height, is 40-50 centimeters, woven in a single piece. The center piece is the palm or pouch (now called tas



yeri—place for the stone), sometimes made of leather. In the dastans. there is also mention of making taragga.41 From the context it is clear that this weapon was utilized to produce a powerful noise. The word taragga is in use today, for a folded-paper toy made by children, which when moved quickly produces a noise reminiscent of a pistol report.

In Dede Korkut dastans, issues pertaining to family and way of life occupy a special place. As is known, the ninth- eleventh centuries in Azerbaijan constituted a complex era. From a political point of view, this complexity was not confined to the unending struggles for sovereignty, battles, and turmoil, but extended to social relations. Islam attempted to influence the way of life of these mobile tribes by every means.

In the dastans, relations among family members are principally based on tribal customs and traditions. Women, just like men, participate in the social and agricultural life of the tribe. In addition to running the home, they manage an important part of livestock raising, the primary tribal activity. Men are occupied with planting and hunting. At lirst it seems as if women are excluded from farming.'1 On closer reading, the women are portrayed to be as brave as the warrior men. They hunt and enter battles with weapons in hand. This bravery of the women is retlected in the first dastans. In "Bogach Khan Son of Dirse Khan," Dirse Khan"s wife goes after her sou who has not returned from the hunt. It says: "Dirse Khan's lady turned away. She could not bear it; she called her forty slender maidens to her side, she mounted her white horse and went in quest of her dear son"44 In the section "Bamsi EBeyrek Son of Baybora," one of the heroines. Lady Chichek, enters into a contest of skill with Baybora, equaling him in archery, wrestling, and horse racing.4'1 In the tight against an adversary, Kazan's wife wields her sword alongside him.46 Kanturali's fiance contests with him. Among these tribes, when describing girls and women, it is stated: "They could draw [their bows] to their right and left, the arrows they discharged would not fall on the ground."4 There was great respect for women.

Come here, luck of my head, throne of my house.

Like a cypress when you go out walking.

Your black hair entwines itself round your heels,

Your meeting eyebrows are like a drawn bow, Your red cheeks are like autumn apples, My woman, my support, my dignity.48

Thus women were described within the tribe. There are no references to bigamy in the dastan. In "Bogach Son of Dirse Khan," despite Dirse Khan being goaded: '"Him who has no son or daughter God most High humiliated, and we shall humiliate him too,"49 and though Dirse Khan is angered and blames his wife, he does not consider taking a second wife. We do not encounter in the dastans instances of girls or young men being forced to marry. Both parties had to agree; if they saw and did not like each other, "sif the heart was not filled with love," they did not marry. In one of the dastans, when a young man wished to marry, his father said: "Son, finding the girl is up to you; I'll see that you're fed and provided for."

Thereupon, Kanturali, that dragon of heroes, rose from his place and took his forty young men with him. He searched the Inner Oghuz, but could not find a girl; he turned around and came home again. His father said:

"Have you found a girl, son? "

Kanturali replied:

"May the Oghuz lands be devastated; I could not find a girl to suit me, father."

It can be seen from this exchange that men did not marry until they found a girl to their liking. In another dastan, despite the fact that Lady Chichek and Bamsi Beyrek were betrothed in the cradle by their fathers, Bay Bijan and Baybora, Chichek did not marry Beyrek before testing him.51 However free the young were to exercise their wishes in matters of marriage, they did not ignore the customs of their families and tribe. After Beyrek and Chichek agreed to marry, Beyrek went home and informed his father, Baybora, of his decision. His father answered thus: "Son, let us invite the nobles of the teeming Oghuz to our hearth-fire and let us act as they think advisable."52 Those invited to the council agreed to the marriage and resolved the matter of the envoy. Since the task of representation was carried out by the revered aksakal, the Oghuz Beys said: "Let Dede Korkut request her hand."53 Dede Korkut, designated as the emissary by the gathering, is greeted on his return with the query:



"Dede! Are you a boy, or a girl?" Dede replied: "I am a boy."

"The bearer of good tidings came to Beyrek and his mother and sisters and they rejoiced and were glad."'4

This example of sending an emissary is reminiscent of the present-day tradition. In the same dastan, there are also references to baslik [presents or money given to bride's family from the groom's side] and cheyiz [bride's dowry]. The brother of Lady Chichek demands a baslik for his sister thus: "Bring me a thousand horses that have never mounted a mare, a thousand male camels that have never seen a female camel, a thousand rams that have never seen a ewe, a thousand dogs with no tails or ears. 1,55 After Beyrek's father provides what was demanded, consent is received and the kichik toy is held.56 The term kichik toy found in Dede Korkut is encountered today in some regions, meaning a feast to commemorate the engagement. After the kichik toy, the young couple are nishanli [engaged, intended]. In the dastans, the word nishanli also has variants such as yavuklu [token of betrothal] and adakli [promised]. At the time the dastans were written, among Azerbaijan tribes there was also the tradition of beshikkertme, yavuklu etme57 [betrothal at the cradle, token of betrothal] from childhood.58

In the dastans, as we noted, the term kichik toy was utilized for engagement, and the ulu toy"1 was reserved for the grand feast [marriage ceremony]. "Yaltajuk, son of Yalanji held the kichik toy. He promised the ulu toy."59 After the ulu toy, they repaired to the bey otagi [nuptial chamber], still called by this name), a distance from the bride's in-laws.60 In the "Bamsi Beyrek Son of Baybora" it is noted: "At the time of the Oghuz, upon marrying, a young man would shoot an arrow. Where the arrow landed, there they erected the nuptial chamber."61 This tradition, the establishment of the nuptial chamber some distance from the parents' home, was symbolic of the growth of the tribe, constituting a natural increase of population, leaving behind its limited scope.

The bride and young women wore simple ornaments and jewelry. "Her hair braided, wearing buttons of red, hands dyed with henna to the wrists,62 ornate gold rings on her fingers, the girl was

married."63 The bride wore a scarlet veil. The groom would wear the "scarlet kaftan," which the bride had made and sent to. him, for forty days. Afterward, it would be presented to a dervish.64

As we gather from the Dede Korkut dastan, divorce among the nomadi tribes was almost nonexistent during the ninth- eleventh centuries. In the twelve dastans comprising the book, we do not encounter a single divorce. Husband and wife are separated only by chance, when battles and conflicts necessitated a man's absence from his family. In such cases the men would say to their wives or fiances: "Woman [girl], allow me a year! If I do not return by then, give me two years! If I am not back by then, allow me three years!"6"' Relations among family members are characterized by an even higher degree of loyalty and sacrifice. The love between husband and wife is placed above parents' affection for their offspring. In "Wild Dumrul Son of Dukha Koja," the principal character is defeated in a battle with Azrael. Azrael wants to take his life. He pleads, and Azrael gives him the option of substituting another soul. The young man asks his parents, but they do not want to die in their son's place. The young man loses all hope, and prepares to bid farewell to his wife, who says: "Your embalmed mother and father, what is in a life that they declined? ... May my life be sacrificed to yours,"66 and declares her readiness to accept death in her husband's stead. A reading of the dastans reveals the wife to be the supportive, honored, and devoted friend of her husband. During the ninth-eleventh centuries in Azerbaijan, Islam had still not attained a dominant position among nomadic tribes.67 Religion was very weak. Even though there were references to Islam in the language, we do not encounter compliance with such precepts in deeds. In "Wild Dumrul Son of Dukha Koja," belief in God is reluctant. The character defies God. He does not entertain any thoughts of Azrael; he battles with and attempts to destroy him. Here, the character is presented as being much more powerful than Azzrael in many respects. While their belief in God was weak, the heroes of the Dustan often concluded compacts based on earthly objects. For example, they took oaths with the words: "May you be pared by my sword, "perforated by my arrow," "water the earth." Their prayers were not religious, but, like their oaths, consisted of elements from daily life




There was no compliance with the Islamic "precepts." Wine, prohibited by religion, was not absent from their tables. Statements such as "If there is a shadow on your pure heart, wine will clear it,"6S "they drank wine in golden goblets,"69 are often encountered in the dastans. The gatherings depicted in the dastans are not without "wine-filled cups." In these social occasions, one cannot escape a line of "golden-stemmed pitchers." Infidel girls fill the cups of the Oghuz Beys.70 The names introduced by Islam, such as Mohammed, Ali, Hasan, and Huseyin, had not found acceptance within this society. Music and dance, forbidden by Islam, were intertwined with the daily life of the ninth-eleventh century Azerbaijan people. The nomadic tribes in particular could not live their lives silently. Instruments and singers were not condemned, but on the contrary, the famed ashiks of the era were the respected ozans among the people. To be an ozan, to play the kopuz was the aspiration of every tribal member, to the extent that tribal leaders, too, learned these skills. The son of famed Baybora, Beyrek, after obtaining his freedom, returns home in the guise of an ozan, in order to take stock oof his friend and foes. This event is depicted thus:

Beyrek came to the Oghuz land and saw a minstrel [ozan] journeying. "Wither away, minstrel?" said he. "To the wedding, young lord," the minstrel replied. "Whose is the wedding?" "Yaltajuk's, son of Yalanji." "And who is the girl he is marrying?" "The betrothed of the lord Beyrek," said the minstrel. "Minstrel," said Beyrek, "give me your lutes [kopuz] and I shall give you my horse. Keep him till

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