Healthy Differences and Unhealthy Divisions

When Differences Shatter the Community

With Muslims always at odds with each other… With clashing points of view and clashing egos… What does the Qur’an tell us about differences amongst us?

There are many verses talking about differences, one of these is surah Yunus, Allah Almighty says:

Mankind were but one community (i.e. on one religion – Islamic Monotheism), then they differed (later), and had not it been for a Word that went forth before from your Lord, it would have been settled between them regarding what they differed. (10:19)

And in Surah Baqarah, Allah Almighty says:


If you search for the word for difference (khilaaf, ikhtilaaf, mukhtalifun) you will find more than twenty verses on this topic. Allah Almighty sent Adam and the messengers (peace be on them) to deliver justice, prevent oppression and to dignify mankind.

Over time people started to differ. Some commentators said these differences were in belief, and the reason why different religions and sects were born. Thus people crossed the boundaries that Allah Almighty set.

Cause, Effect and Solution

When we read through the verses on differences, we learn what drives us to differ and the consequences of having differences. Both can be summarised as three causes and three effects. And finally, Allah Almighty does not just identify the problem but also gives us the solution.

Causes of Differences

  1. Arrogance
  2. Ignorance
  3. Whims

In many verses you find that the primary reason for differences is arrogance.  In many verses, Allah Almighty says the People of the Book differed after they had been given guidance and knowledge. So it was not ignorance that caused the disagreement.

In other scenarios there is ignorance and thirdly it is due to al hawa, (following whims and desires) that disagreements arise.

Permitted differences

There are permitted and forbidden differences. Issues of halal and haram can vary legitimately between schools of thought based on which hadith, evidences and method of reasoning was used to arrive at the conclusion. These are allowed.

Impermissible differences

Differences which lead to splitting the ummah or lead to oppression are forbidden.

Consequences of Differences

  1. Divisions in the community
  2. Oppression
  3. Waste of resources

When there are differences, it causes rifts in the community. As son as one set of people begins to control or suppress others in order to make their opinion prevail, this is oppression.

In our history the fitnah of khalq al Qur’an which was a matter of historical debate, cost Imam Ahmed his life, as he spent 25 years in prison because his opinion, (which was in line with the majority of the ummah) that the Qur’an is the word of Allah Almighty and not created. The rulers followed the opinion of Muʿtazila that it was created and persecuted those who argued against this. Allah Almighty is warning us not to go down this route of divisions.

Wasting energy

Staying within the permissible limits of differences enriches our understanding of the sunnah and the Book of Allah, which allows us to see things from different angels and accommodate different opinions.

By contrast, to cause harm to the ummah because of our differences is haram. Allah Almighty warned us many times, that if you differ to that extent you split your community and lose power and no one will respect you. Is this not the case today? Where is our power? We have everything. But at the same time we have nothing. We have our differences to blame.

Instead of channelising our energy to build human resources and plan for the future, we waste our financial, intellectual, and social resources, in fighting each other. Hanafi against Shafi, Shafi against Maliki, Salafi against Madhabi, Islamic movements against rulers and rulers against Islamic movements…

The solution is easy as Allah Almighty and His Messenger stated:

Invite to the way of your Lord with wisdom and kindness, and argue with them in a way that is best. Indeed, your Lord is most knowing of who has strayed from His way, and He is most knowing of who is [rightly] guided. (16:125)

Acting with Wisdom

We desperately need wisdom which we have lost. Wisdom comes with experience, training and age, so we need the wise people to lead the way and at the same time we need the energy of the youth. Otherwise the ummah is just breaking itself up into tiny pieces fighting each other.

A Jewish person once passed the Prophet (peace be on him) and said ‘asama alaikum’ (death be on you), and twisted his tongue to make it sound like ‘asalamu alaikum.’ The Prophet (peace be on him) replied ‘wa alaikum’ (and to you). Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her) replied ‘and the curse of allah on you as well’. The Prophet (peace be on him) asked her to calm down, he said ‘Didn’t you hear my reply? I said ‘and the same on you.’

We need this kindness and gentleness even in difficult scenarios. Harshness will not resolve any problem, instead it escalates harm.

Solutions to Differences

  1. Obedience (taqwa) towards Allah Almighty
  2. Wisdom
  3. Kindness

We ask Allah Almighty to enable us to be wise and kind and people of understanding and to bring back veneration and power to our ummah. Ameen.

Khutbah delivered by Shaykh Haytham Tamim on 2nd November 2018 at Muslim World League London.

Transcribed by A Khan

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Shaykh Haytham Tamim is the founder and main teacher of the Utrujj Foundation. He has provided a leading vision for Islamic learning in the UK, which has influenced the way Islamic knowledge is disseminated. He has orchestrated the design and delivery of over 200 unique courses since Utrujj started in 2001.His extensive expertise spans over 30 years across the main Islamic jurisprudence schools of thought. He has studied with some of the foremost scholars in their expertise; he holds some of the highest Ijazahs (certificates) in Quran, Hadith (the Prophetic traditions) and Fiqh (Islamic rulings). His own gift for teaching was evident when he gave his first sermon to a large audience at the age of 17 and went on to serve as a senior lecturer of Islamic transactions and comparative jurisprudence at the Islamic University of Beirut (Shariah College).He has continued to teach; travelling around the UK, Europe and wider afield, and won the 2015 BISCA award (British Imams & Scholars Contributions & Achievements Awards) for Outstanding Contribution to Education and Teaching.