Relationship between macromolecules and monomers in carbohydrates

relationship between macromolecules and monomers in carbohydrates

Biological macromolecules are polar to tail condensation of polar monomers. The rest of the carbohydrate consists of . relationship between the structures of . Monomers form the basis of macromolecules that sustain life and in the forms of carbohydrates, proteins and fats derives from the linkage of. What the functions of each macromolecule are in cells. February 12); Monomer : Simple sugars: CH2O (ratio of one carbon and one oxygen to.




For this reason fats serve as a kind of energy storage for animals. Fats with two fatty acids and one glycerol are called diacylglycerols, or phospholipids. Lipids with three fatty acid tails and one glycerol are called triacylglycerols, the fats and oils. Fats also provide insulation for the body and the nerves within it as well as plasma membranes in cells. Monomers of Proteins An amino acid is a subunit of protein, a polymer found throughout nature. An amino acid is therefore the monomer of protein.

Proteins provide numerous functions for living organisms. Several amino acid monomers join via peptide covalent bonds to form a protein. Two bonded amino acids make up a dipeptide. Three amino acids joined make up a tripeptide, and four amino acids make up a tetrapeptide.


The amino acids form chains as a primary structure, and additional secondary forms occur with hydrogen bonds leading to alpha helices and beta pleated sheets. Folding of amino acids leads to active proteins in the tertiary structure. Additional folding and bending yields stable, complex quaternary structures such as collagen.

Collagen provides structural foundations for animals. The protein keratin provides animals with skin and hair and feathers. Proteins also serve as catalysts for reactions in living organisms; these are called enzymes. Proteins serve as communicators and movers of material between cells.





DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and the four nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, which make up the nucleotide base of the molecule. The long length and stability of DNA allows for storage of tremendous amounts of information.


relationship between macromolecules and monomers in carbohydrates

Polymerization requires various methods for success, such as combinations of heat and pressure and the addition of catalysts. Polymerization also requires hydrogen to end a reaction.

Different factors in the reactions influence the branching or chains of a polymer. Polymers may include a chain of the same kind of monomer, or they may include two or more kinds of monomers co-polymers. The double bond give the fatty acid a kink 3.


Fats are used as a high density energy storage in animals and in plants seeds. It may also be used in animals for insulation. Phospholipids Phospholipids are like fats but they have two fatty acids and a phosphate group joined to glycerol.

The fatty acid tails are hydrophobic but the phosphate part is hydrophilic. This is an important feature of these molecules. More about phospholipids when we cover membrane structure. Steroids Steroids are also lipids but they have a carbon skeleton of four connected rings no glycerol here 3. The different properties of different steroids are due to the attached functional groups.

Cholesterol is a steroid that can be modified to form many hormones. Proteins Proteins are extremely important. They are large, complex molecules that are used for structural support, storage, to transport substances, and as enzymes. They are a sophisticated, diverse group of molecules, and yet they are all polymers of just 20 amino acids. Amino acids have a carbon attached to a hydrogen, an amino group, a carboxyl group and something else R.




relationship between macromolecules and monomers in carbohydrates



Quaternary structure results when the protein is made up of more than one polypeptide subunits for example hemoglobin, which has four polypeptide subunits. Quaternary structure is the relationship of these subunits. Figure on pg 45 for summary When a protein's structure has been altered we say it has been denatured. Denaturing occurs when the hydrogen bonds that are holding parts of the molecule to other parts come apart.

Usually as a result of exposure to extremes of pH or heat. Some denaturing is reversible some is irreversible. Cooking eggs denatures the proteins in the egg whites. They cannot be uncooked. A high fever can denature proteins enzymes in the human body which can be fatal. Later we will learn in more detail the roles these nucleic acids play in protein synthesis.

Nucleotides are made of three parts: The pentose sugar of DNA is deoxyribose. The pentose sugar of RNA is ribose. Subcellular structures are called organelles. Cytology is the study of cell structure. The cell's "anatomy" is referred to as its ultrastructure.

Carbohydrates (article) | Macromolecules | Khan Academy

There are two types of cells: Four of the five kingdoms, protists, plants, fungi, and animals are made up of eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus. They have genetic material DNA but it is in a nucleoid region. The eukaryotes have their DNA in a nucleus which is enclosed by a membranous nuclear envelope.

The nucleus of the eukaryotes is surrounded in the cell by the cytoplasm.

What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates? | Socratic

The organelles are located in the cytoplasm. Many of the organelles that are found in eukaryotes are not found in prokaryotes. Cells are usually very small. The size of the smallest of cells is constrained by the minimum amount of genetic material need to keep the cell going.

At the large end, cell size is constrained by the passage of materials through the plasma membrane.