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A pure-Rust implementation of Bulletproofs using Ristretto.
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The fastest Bulletproofs implementation ever, featuring single and aggregated range proofs, strongly-typed multiparty computation, and a programmable constraint system API for proving arbitrary statements (under development).

This library implements Bulletproofs using Ristretto, using the ristretto255 implementation in curve25519-dalek. When using the parallel formulas in the curve25519-dalek AVX2 backend, it can verify 64-bit rangeproofs approximately twice as fast as the original libsecp256k1-based Bulletproofs implementation.

This library provides implementations of:

  • Single-party proofs of single or multiple ranges, using the aggregated rangeproof construction;

  • Online multi-party computation for rangeproof aggregation between multiple parties, using session types to statically enforce correct protocol flow;

  • A programmable constraint system API for expressing rank-1 constraint systems, and proving and verifying proofs of arbitrary statements (unstable, under development with the yoloproofs feature);

  • Online multi-party computation for aggregated constraint system proofs (planned future work).

These proofs are implemented using Merlin transcripts, allowing them to be arbitrarily composed with other proofs without implementation changes.

The development roadmap can be found in the Milestones section of the Github repo.

The constraint system API is provided FOR EXPERIMENTS ONLY, and must be enabled by specifying the yoloproofs feature. It is not covered by semver compatibility and is SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.

Currently, the yoloproofs feature is disabled in the published version of the crate, so it can only be used by specifying a git dependency on the develop branch. This means that it is not possible to publish a crate using the R1CS API, because it is FOR EXPERIMENTS ONLY.


The user-facing documentation for this functionality can be found here. In addition, the library also contains extensive notes on how Bulletproofs work. These notes can be found in the library's internal documentation:

Comparative Performance

The following table gives comparative timings for proving and verification of a 64-bit rangeproof on an Intel Skylake-X i7-7800X (@3.5GHz, Turbo Boost disabled). Times are in microseconds (lower is better), with the relative speed compared to the fastest implementation.

Implementation Group Proving (μs) rel Verification (μs) rel
ours (avx2) ristretto255 7300 1.00x 1040 1.00x
ours (u64) ristretto255 11300 1.54x 1490 1.43x
libsecp+endo secp256k1 14300 1.96x 1900 1.83x
libsecp-endo secp256k1 16800 2.30x 2080 2.00x
Monero ed25519 (unsafe) 53300 7.30x 4810 4.63x

Use of the curve25519-dalek IFMA backend gives another 1.5x speedup on a Cannonlake i3-8121U, increasing the verification speedup 3x over libsecp and 7x over Monero, but these processors are not yet generally available.

This crate also contains other benchmarks; see the Tests and Benchmarks section below for details on how to run them all.


The following example shows how to create and verify a 32-bit rangeproof.

# // The #-commented lines are hidden in Rustdoc but not in raw
# // markdown rendering, and contain boilerplate code so that the
# // code in the is actually run as part of the test suite.
# extern crate rand;
# use rand::thread_rng;
# extern crate curve25519_dalek;
# use curve25519_dalek::scalar::Scalar;
# extern crate merlin;
# use merlin::Transcript;
# extern crate bulletproofs;
# use bulletproofs::{BulletproofGens, PedersenGens, RangeProof};
# fn main() {
// Generators for Pedersen commitments.  These can be selected
// independently of the Bulletproofs generators.
let pc_gens = PedersenGens::default();

// Generators for Bulletproofs, valid for proofs up to bitsize 64
// and aggregation size up to 1.
let bp_gens = BulletproofGens::new(64, 1);

// A secret value we want to prove lies in the range [0, 2^32)
let secret_value = 1037578891u64;

// The API takes a blinding factor for the commitment.
let blinding = Scalar::random(&mut thread_rng());

// The proof can be chained to an existing transcript.
// Here we create a transcript with a doctest domain separator.
let mut prover_transcript = Transcript::new(b"doctest example");

// Create a 32-bit rangeproof.
let (proof, committed_value) = RangeProof::prove_single(
    &mut prover_transcript,
).expect("A real program could handle errors");

// Verification requires a transcript with identical initial state:
let mut verifier_transcript = Transcript::new(b"doctest example");
        .verify_single(&bp_gens, &pc_gens, &mut verifier_transcript, &committed_value, 32)
# }


To compile successfully, you will need to have nightly Rust installed, rather than stable.

You can install nightly Rust with rustup:

rustup default nightly

Tests and Benchmarks

Run tests with cargo test. Run benchmarks with cargo bench. This crate uses for benchmarks.


The yoloproofs feature enables support for rank-1 constraint system proofs. It is UNSTABLE AND UNSUITABLE FOR DEPLOYMENT, and PROVIDED FOR TESTING ONLY.

The avx2_backend feature enables curve25519-dalek's AVX2 backend, which implements curve arithmetic using parallel formulas. To use it for Bulletproofs, the target_cpu must support AVX2:

RUSTFLAGS="-C target_cpu=skylake" cargo bench --features "avx2_backend"

Skylake-X CPUs have double the AVX2 registers. To use them, try

RUSTFLAGS="-C target_cpu=skylake-avx512" cargo bench --features "avx2_backend"

This prevents spills in the AVX2 parallel field multiplication code, but causes worse code generation elsewhere ¯\_(ツ)_/¯


This is a research project sponsored by Interstellar, developed by Henry de Valence, Cathie Yun, and Oleg Andreev.

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