

Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak was born on May 4, 1928, in the Nile River delta. He graduated from the Egyptian military academy in 1949 and the country’s air academy in 1950.

After graduation, Mubarak served in Egypt’s air force for more than two decades. In 1972 Anwar el-Sadat, the president of Egypt at the time, made Mubarak chief commander of the air force. Mubarak won praise for his leadership during the Yom Kippur War with Israel in 1973 (see Arab-Israeli Wars).

In 1975 Sadat made Mubarak vice president. Mubarak played a key role in Egypt’s dealings with other countries in the Middle East. After Sadat was assassinated on October 6, 1981, Mubarak replaced him as president.

As president, Mubarak worked to improve Egypt’s relations with other Arab countries. He also upheld the peace treaty that Egypt and Israel had agreed to in 1979. Mubarak cracked down on terrorism as well.

During the Persian Gulf War of 1990–91 Mubarak supported attacking Iraq, which had invaded Kuwait. Troops from Egypt joined forces from several other countries—including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Australia, Saudi Arabia, and Syria—to defeat Iraq.

Meanwhile, some Egyptians grew tired of Mubarak’s strong grip on power. After becoming president in 1981, he won additional terms in 1987, 1993, and 1999. However, no one challenged him in a national election until 2005. That year, for the first time, Egypt held an election in which other candidates were allowed to run for president. Mubarak won the 2005 election, but some people claimed it was unfair.

In January 2011 thousands of Egyptians gathered in the streets. They protested unemployment, high prices, and the lack of democracy. They demanded that Mubarak leave office. Many were inspired by similar protests in Tunisia, where the people had recently forced their president to step down. The protests continued for more than two weeks. Finally, on February 11, Mubarak resigned as president and left Cairo. A few months later he was charged with a number of crimes, including corruption and the killing of protestors. He was eventually convicted of corruption and sentenced to three years in prison. Mubarak died on February 25, 2020, in Cairo.

Translate this page

