The First Modern Humans Came from What Is Now Botswana: Study
The First Modern Humans Came from What Is Now Botswana: Study

The First Modern Humans Came from What Is Now Botswana: Study

Mitochondrial DNA and other factors place our ancestors in southern Africa 200,000 years ago.

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Kerry Grens


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Oct 28, 2019


The first modern humans lived about 200,000 years ago in Africa south of the Zambezi River, researchers reported today (October 28) in Nature. The conclusion, reached through analyses of mitochondrial DNA, historic climate estimates, geography, and other factors, helps pinpoint the long-debated geographic origins of our ancestors, but is not without its skeptics.

“I’m definitely cautious about using modern genetic distributions to infer exactly where ancestral populations were living 200,000 years ago, particularly in a continent as large and complex as Africa,” Chris Stringer, who studies human origins at the Natural History Museum in London and was not involved in the study, tells The Guardian. “Like so many studies that concentrate on one small bit of the genome, or one region, or one stone tool industry, or one ‘critical’ fossil, it cannot capture the full complexity of our mosaic origins.” 

An international team of researchers analyzed the mitochondrial genomes of more than 1,200 people from southern Africa, including Khoisan individuals who continue to live as hunter-gatherers, to trace back the oldest maternal lineage. Combining those data with predictions about the climate and geography in southern Africa around 200,000 years ago, the authors estimate that the first modern humans lived near a massive body of water called Lake Makgadikgadi. 

The ancestral home was a lush wetland region that has since become salt flats. According to the study, the earliest modern people resided here for about 70,000 years before certain groups branched out to other locations. 

“By comparing the climatic data with timelines of the genetic divergences, we found a striking pattern,” coauthor Axel Timmermann, the director of the Center for Climate Physics at Pusan National University in South Korea, tells PBS NewsHour. “More rainfall around 130,000 years ago, northeast of the Makgadikgadi homeland created a green corridor—a vegetated corridor—for migration for the first group.”

As NewsHour notes, mitochondrial DNA tells only a fraction of humans’ history, and scientists are not universally convinced by the paper’s conclusions. Speaking with The Guardian, the University of Pennsylvania’s Sarah Tishkoff took issue with the limited genetic sample. “How can they know that there aren’t old lineages in other regions if they’re not included in the study?” she says.
