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Paul G. Gaffney II | Vice Admiral Paul Golden Gaffney II, USN (Ret.), (born May 30, 1946) was the seventh president of Monmouth University in West Long Branch, New Jersey, from 2003 to 2013, becoming president emeritus August 1, 2013.
Gaffney graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1968. Upon graduation, he was selected for immediate graduate education and received a master's degree in Ocean Engineering from The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. He completed a year as a student and advanced research fellow at the Naval War College, graduating with highest distinction. He completed an M.B.A. at Jacksonville University. The University of South Carolina, Jacksonville University, and The Catholic University of America have awarded him honorary doctorates.
He was president of the National Defense University from 2000 to 2003. Admiral Gaffney was the Chief of Naval Research with responsibility for science and technology investment for the Navy and Marine Corps from 1996-2000 and Commander of Naval Oceanography and Meteorology, 1994-1997. In July 2001 he was appointed by the President to the United States Commission on Ocean Policy, and served through the full term of the Commission until 2004. In August 2009, Gaffney was named the chair of the Ocean Research Advisory Panel (ORAP), a panel created by statute to advise federal agencies regarding ocean science and management matters. In 2012 he co-chaired the Decadal Review of the US Ocean Exploration Program. In October 2014, he was appointed as the first chair of new Ocean Exploration Advisory Board (OAEB), serving until 2017. Since 2015, he has been a member of the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine's Gulf of Mexico Research Program Advisory Board.
Gaffney's naval career spanned over three decades including duty at sea, overseas, and ashore in executive and command positions. He served in Japan, Vietnam, Spain, and Indonesia. While a military officer, his career focused on oceanography.
He is the eponym of Gaffney Ridge, an undersea ridge in the South China Sea, 220 miles west of the Philippines (located at Latitude 13° 23' 00" N and Longitude 118° 32' 00" E). Gaffney also became the namesake of a supercomputer at the newest Department of Defense Supercomputing Resource Center at the John C. Stennis Space Center, in Hancock County, Miss., when he was honored by the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command (NMOC) on January 25, 2019.
Gaffney is the recipient of a number of military decorations, the Naval War College's J. William Middendorf Prize for Strategic Research, the Outstanding Public Service Award from the Virginia Research and Technology Consortium, and the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies Navigator Award. He has served on several boards of higher education and was a member of the Ocean Studies Board of the United States National Research Council. He is a director of Diamond Offshore Drilling Inc., and currently serves as a Fellow of the Urban Coast Institute at Monmouth University, and on the leadership council of the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative. In 2010, he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering for technical leadership in naval research and development and its impact on U.S. defense, ocean policy, and the Arctic. He chaired a National Academies’ Transportation Research Board study on domestic transportation of energy fluids (2015-2017) and chaired a National Academies consensus study on the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current. He is a Trustee of the Ocean Exploration Trust.
Gaffney retired from Monmouth University in August 2013. His contributions to the success of Monmouth University and its athletic programs during his tenure were noted in a February 2016 retrospective.
Following his retirement from Monmouth University, Gaffney has remained active in academia, and was the guest speaker at the hooding ceremony for master's and doctoral graduates of the Arnold School of Public Health at the University of South Carolina in May 2014. On June 13, 2015, Gaffney was honored by the Aquarium of the Pacific with a 2015 Ocean Conservation Award." On May 7, 2016, Gaffney was the recipient of the Ellis Island Medal of Honor sponsored by the National Ethnic Coalition of Organizations.
At a Jan. 25, 2019 ceremony Gaffney was one of three honorees inducted into the first class of the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Hall of Fame. Gaffney was lauded as the first naval oceanographer to attain the rank of vice admiral who "attained the visionary goal of making Naval Oceanography a true world-class supercomputing facility and delivered three oceanographic survey ships into the operational fleet—USNS Pathfinder (T-AGS-60), USNS Sumner (T-AGS-61) and USNS Bowditch (T-AGS-62)."
References
Sources
National Defense University
Potomac Institute Navigator Awards
J. William Middendorf. Prize for Strategic Research
US Board on Geographic Names
Consortium for Ocean Leadership
External links
Executive Order creating Governor’s Commission to Support and Enhance New Jersey’s Military and Coast Guard Installations.
Commissioners' Biographies at United States Commission on Ocean Policy
US Institute of Peace
A Commanding Presence 6/27/2008
The Admiral on Campus May-June 2011
Monmouth University Welcomes New President 8/1/2013
Category:Living people
Category:Jacksonville University alumni
Category:Monmouth University faculty
Category:Catholic University of America alumni
Category:United States Naval Academy alumni
Category:United States Navy vice admirals
Category:Presidents of the National Defense University
Category:1946 births
Category:People from Attleboro, Massachusetts |
Organizational citizenship behavior | In industrial and organizational psychology, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is a person's voluntary commitment within an organization or company that is not part of his or her contractual tasks.
Organizational citizenship behavior has been studied since the late 1970s. Over the past three decades, interest in these behaviors has increased substantially. Organizational behavior has been linked to overall organizational effectiveness, thus these types of employee behaviors have important consequences in the workplace.
Origin of the construct
Dennis Organ is generally considered the father of OCB. Organ expanded upon Katz's (1964) original work.
Definition of the concept
Organ (1988) defines OCB as "individual behavior that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization".
Organ's definition of OCB includes three critical aspects that are central to this construct:
First, OCBs are thought of as discretionary behaviors, which are not part of the job description, and are performed by the employee as a result of personal choice.
Second, OCBs go above and beyond that which is an enforceable requirement of the job description.
Finally, OCBs contribute positively to overall organizational effectiveness.
At the same time, Organ's (1988) definition of OCB has generated a great deal of criticism. The very nature of the construct makes it difficult to operationally define. Critics started questioning whether or not OCBs, as defined by Organ, were discretionary in nature. Organ (1997), in response to criticisms, notes that since his original definition, jobs have moved away from a clearly defined set of tasks and responsibilities and have evolved into much more ambiguous roles. Without a defined role, it quickly becomes difficult to define what is discretionary.
Similar constructs
Contextual performance
OCB has often been compared to contextual performance. Similarly to OCB, this concept emerged in response to the realization that only looking at job specific work behaviors ignored a significant portion of the job domain. Originally, experts in this field focused only on activities that directly supported the output of the organization. As the job market became more aggressive, it became necessary for employees to go above and beyond that which is formally required by the job description in order to remain competitive. Contextual performance is defined as non-task related work behaviors and activities that contribute to the social and psychological aspects of the organization.
Contextual performance consists of four elements: persistence of enthusiasm, assistance to others, rule and proscribed procedure following, and openly defending the organizations objectives. OCB and contextual performance share their defining attributes as they both consist of behaviors other than those needed to perform the routine functions of the job. Both also require that these behaviors contribute to the overall success of the organization. Additionally, they also agree on the theme that these behaviors are discretionary and each employee chooses the amount and degree to which they will perform them. However, while contextual performance and OCB share a good part of their content domain, there are some important differences between the two constructs. One of the main requirements of OCBs is that they are not formally rewarded, which is not the case for contextual performance. Organ (1997) contends that OCBs may at some point encourage some sort of reward, but that these rewards would be indirect and uncertain. Also, contextual performance does not require that the behavior be extra-role, only that it be non-task. The differences between contextual performance and OCB are slight and easy to miss, however, they do exist.
Prosocial organizational behavior
OCB has also been compared to prosocial organizational behavior (POB). POB is defined as behavior within an organization that is aimed at improving the welfare of an individual, a group or an organization. The important distinction here is that this type of behavior, unlike OCB, can be unrelated to the organization. Thus, someone exhibiting prosocial behavior could be helping a coworker with personal matter.
Extra-role behavior
Extra-role behavior (ERB), first defined by Van Dyne, Cummings and Mclean-Parks (1995, as cited in Organ, Podsakoff, & MacKenzie, 2006), is another construct similar to OCB. ERB is defined as "behavior that attempts to benefit the organization and that goes beyond existing role expectations" (Organ et al., 2006, p. 33). While similar in many aspects, there do exist some important differences between OCB and ERB. Two concepts are a part of ERB that are not included in OCB: whistle blowing and principled organizational dissent. Whistle blowing involves the reporting of one employee by another so that unethical and or illegal practices are brought to the attention of authorities (Near & Miceli, 1987, as cited in Organ et al., 2006). Principled organizational dissent is when employees protest the organization because of some kind of injustice (Graham, 1986, as cited in Organ et al., 2006). Both of these ideas contribute to ERB in the sense that and that they are not included in the formal job description. This again, is a construct very similar to OCB.
Altruism and general compliance
Smith, Organ, and Near (1983) first proposed that OCB is composed of altruism and general compliance. These two dimensions serve to improve organizational effectiveness in different ways. Altruism in the workplace consists essentially of helping behaviors. These behaviors can both be directed within or outside of the organization. There is no direct link, or one-to-one relationship, between every instance of helping behavior and a specific gain for the organization. The idea is that over time, the compilation of employees helping behavior will eventually be advantageous for the organization (Organ et al., 2006).
General compliance behavior serves to benefit the organization in several ways. Low rates of absenteeism and rule following help to keep the organization running efficiently. A compliant employee does not engage in behaviors such as taking excessive breaks or using work time for personal matters. When these types of behaviors are minimized the workforce is naturally more productive.
Later, Organ (1988) deconstructed the dimension of general compliance and added additional dimensions of OCB. This deconstruction resulted in a five-factor model consisting of altruism, courtesy, conscientiousness, civic virtue, and sportsmanship. The definition of altruism remained much as it was, defined by discretionary behaviors that have the effect of helping a specific colleague with an organizationally relevant task or problem. Conscientiousness consists of behaviors that go well beyond the minimum role requirements of the organization (Law, Wong, & Chen, 2005). These behaviors indicate that employees accept and adhere to the rules, regulations, and procedures of the organization.
Civic virtue is characterized by behaviors that indicate the employee's deep concerns and interest in the life of the organization (Law et al., 2005). This dimension also encompasses positive involvement in the concerns of the organization (Organ et al., 2006). Examples of civic virtue can be seen in daily affairs such as attending meetings and keeping up with what is going on with the organization in general. Civic virtue can also be demonstrated on a larger scale by defending the organization's policies and practices when they are challenged by an outside source.
Courtesy has been defined as discretionary behaviors that aim at preventing work-related conflicts with others (Law et al., 2005). This dimension is a form of helping behavior, but one that works to prevent problems from arising. It also includes the word's literal definition of being polite and considerate of others (Organ et al., 2006). Examples of courteous behaviors are asking fellow employees if they would like a cup of coffee while you are getting one for yourself, making extra copies of the meeting agenda for your teammates, and giving a colleague ample notice when you alter something that will affect them.
Finally, sportsmanship has been defined as a willingness on the part of the employee that signifies the employee's tolerance of less-than-ideal organizational circumstances without complaining and blowing problems out of proportion. Organ et al. (2006) further define sportsmanship as an employee's "ability to roll with the punches" even if they do not like or agree with the changes that are occurring within the organization. By reducing the number of complaints from employees that administrators have to deal with, sportsmanship conserves time and energy.
It has been proven empirically that the factors listed above are the most robust and distinct factors in assessing OCB. However, in a meta-analysis of the OCB literature, LePine, Erez, and Johnson (2002) found that these five dimensions are very highly correlated and do not have much differentiation among antecedents, indicating some overlap in the dimensions.
Behaviors directed at the individual and the organization
A different way of organizing the OCB construct was proposed by Williams and Anderson (1991). They divided up the dimensions of OCB into two different types of OCB based on whom the behaviors were directed at. Organizational citizenship behavior – individuals (OCBI) include behaviors that are aimed at other individuals in the workplace while organizational citizenship behavior-organizational (OCBO) include behaviors directed at the organization as a whole. Altruism and courtesy are actions aimed at other employees and thus fall under the umbrella of OCBIs. Conscientiousness, civic virtue, and sportsmanship are behaviors intended for the benefit of the organization and can subsequently be considered OCBOs. Those dimensions are widely used in organizational behavior studies e.g.
Gender differences
Research on gender-role stereotypes has gone on for decades. It is widely accepted that certain behaviors are considered more feminine and certain behaviors are considered more masculine. Feminine behaviors have been characterized as interpersonal in orientation and focused on a concern for others. Masculine behaviors, on the other hand, are typically more aggressive and independent (Spence & Helmreich, 1980). In line with these ideas, the OCB dimensions of altruism, courtesy, civic virtue and sportsmanship can be divided by gender role. Altruism and courtesy, previously mentioned as OCBIs, are considered in-role behavior for women, while civic virtue and sportsmanship, previously mentioned as OCBOs, are regarded as more in-role for men. The dimension of conscientiousness, which includes attention to detail and adherence to organizational rules, is excluded, as this dimension does not seem to adhere to any particular gender norm (Kidder & Parks, 2001).
Counterproductive work behavior
Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) is defined as "intentional employee behavior that is harmful to the legitimate interests of an organization" (Dalal, 2005). When considering the definitions of OCB and CWB, it seems logical to assume that these constructs are opposites; one harms the organization and the other helps. Individuals might further assume that by engaging in one of these types of behaviors, an individual will not tend to engage in the other. However, a recent meta-analysis, Dalal (2005), found that this is not the case. The results of this analysis indicate that these constructs only shared a little to moderate negative correlation and furthermore showed differences in magnitude and pattern of relationships between various antecedents and the two constructs. These results indicate that CWB and OCB are two separate constructs and should be conceptualized as thus.
Antecedents
Early research regarding the antecedents of OCB focused on employee attitudes, dispositions, and leader supportiveness. More recently, many different variables have been examined in the effort to determine the antecedents of OCB. Commonly studied antecedents of OCB are job satisfaction, perceptions of organizational justice, organizational commitment, personality characteristics, task characteristics, and leadership behavior. These antecedents have been analyzed at both the overall and individual OCB levels.
One of the most intuitive antecedents of OCB is job satisfaction. Organ and Ryan (1995) conducted a meta-analysis of 28 studies and found a modest relationship between job satisfaction and OCB. This relationship was stronger than the relationship between job satisfaction and in-role performance. Other attitudinal measures, perceived fairness, organizational commitment, and leader supportiveness are found to correlate with OCB at about the same rate as satisfaction (Organ & Ryan, 1995).
In terms of personality characteristics, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and positive and negative affectivity garner the most support as antecedents of OCB (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000). Conscientiousness, in particular, has been found to have a strong relationship with the general compliance component of OCB (Organ et al., 2006). However, it has also been reported that personality measures are weaker predictors of OCB when compared to attitudinal predictors (Organ & Ryan, 1995).
Task characteristics such as feedback, routinization, and intrinsic satisfaction are found to be significantly related to altruism, courtesy, conscientiousness, sportsmanship, and civic virtue. Positive relationships were found between both task feedback and intrinsic satisfaction and OCB, while a negative relationship was found between task routinization and OCB. Even though task characteristics have been found to predict OCB, some debate exists as to whether this is a direct effect or a relationship mediated by job satisfaction (Todd & Kent, 2006).
Leadership behaviors have also been found to be an important predictor of OCB. These behaviors fall into four categories: transformational leadership behavior, transactional leadership behavior, behaviors having to do with the path-goal theory of leadership, and behaviors having to do with the leader-member exchange theory. Transformational leadership behaviors, including articulating a vision, providing an appropriate model, fostering the acceptance of group goals, high performance expectations, and intellectual stimulation, have significant positive relationships with Organ's dimensions of OCB. Two types of behaviors representative of transactional leadership style, contingent reward behavior and non-contingent punishment behavior, have significant relationships with Organ's dimensions of OCB. Additionally, both the supportive leadership and leader role clarification aspects of the path-goal theory of leadership are positively related to OCB. Podsakoff et al. (2000) found that leader-member exchange was positively related to altruism and an overall composite measure of OCB.
Consequences
During the early 1990s, scholars gained real momentum in the area of OCB with regard to empirical research. Empirical research regarding the consequences of OCBs has focused on two main areas: organizational performance and success and managerial evaluations of performance and reward allocation. Some evidence also exists on the impacts of OCB on the employees themselves.
Organizational performance and success
Multiple studies and meta-analyses have been conducted to look at the relationship between OCBs and organizational performance and success. Podsakoff and MacKenzie (1994, as cited in Organ et al., 2006) looked at an insurance agency and found that the OCBs civic virtue and sportsmanship were both significantly related to indices of sales performance. Podsakoff, Ahearne, and MacKenzie (1997, as cited in Organ et al., 2006) examined paper mill workers and found that helping behavior was significantly related to product quality. MacKenzie, Podsakoff, and Ahearne (1996, as cited in Organ et al., 2006) found that civic virtue and helping behavior were significantly related to the percent of team quota sales. Walz and Niehoff (2000) examined 30 different restaurants and found that helping behavior was significantly related to operating efficiency, customer satisfaction, and quality of performance. Researchers found that helping behavior was also negatively correlated with wasted food. Koys (2001, as cited in Organ et al., 2006) used a combination of OCB dimensions to form a composite measure of OCB. Results from this study indicated that the composite measure of OCB was positively correlated with restaurant profits.
More recently, Podsakoff, Blume, Whiting, and Podsakoff (2009) found that OCBs were positively related to unit-level performance and customer satisfaction. Nielsen, Hrivnak, and Shaw (2009), in their meta-analytic review of the existing group literature, examined the relationship between OCBs and performance at the group level. These researchers found a positive and significant relationship between overall OCB and performance at the group level. In addition, Nielsen et al. (2009) found that similar patterns of relationships existed for each dimension of OCB: civic virtue, sportsmanship, altruism, conscientiousness, and courtesy.
Managerial evaluations and reward allocations
With regard to the relationship between OBs and managerial evaluations, Podsakoff and colleagues (2000) found, in a summary of empirical evidence, that OCBs uniquely accounted for 42.9% of the variance in managerial performance evaluations. Results from this study also indicated that altruism or helping was significantly related to performance evaluations in eight out of the ten studies it was included in; sportsmanship was significantly related to performance evaluations in five out of the eight studies it was included in; conscientiousness was significantly related to performance evaluations in all three of the studies it was included in; and civic virtue was significantly related to performance evaluations in six out of the eight studies it was included in.
More recently, Podsakoff et al. (2009) found that OCBs have a positive relationship with performance ratings and reward allocations. Podsakoff, Whiting, Podsakoff, and Mishra (2010) examined the effects of job candidates' tendency to exhibit OCBs on selection decisions made in the context of a job interview. These researchers found that candidates whose interview responses indicated a tendency to engage in helping others, challenge the status quo by voicing their opinions, and support and defend an organization were generally viewed as more competent, received higher overall evaluations, and received higher recommended starting salaries than those who did not.
Research has also looked at the relationship between task-performance, CWB, and OCB with overall managerial evaluations. When compared with task-performance and CWB, OCB is found to contribute least to overall managerial evaluations (Rotundo & Sackett, 2002). This somewhat inconsistent pattern of results across the OCB literature with regard to antecedents exemplifies the need for more research in this area.
The effects of OCB on employees
There is some tension visible in existing literature on the effects of OCB on the employees who perform these citizenship behaviors. Allowing employees some scope to work outside their formal roles is thought to enhance the employee experience and lower turnover intentions and actual turnover (Podsakoff et al., 2009). However, these benefits of OCB appear to come at a cost. Emotional exhaustion and conflict between home life and work are both higher for conscientious employees, and these effects are stronger amongst employees exhibiting high in-role performance (Deery, Rayton, Walsh and Kinnie, 2016)..
Measures
Researchers have developed a variety of measures for OCB. However, before being able to measure a construct it must be defined. As discussed earlier, this is not a cut and dried task. Thus, the conceptual definitions of OCB used by researches differ from study to study.
Bateman and Organ's (1983) study was one of the first to tackle the measurement of OCB. Their definition of OCB "includes any of those gestures (often taken for granted) that lubricate the social machinery of the organization but that do not directly inhere in the usual notion of task performance" (Bateman & Organ, 1983, p. 588). Based on this definition, they constructed a 30-item OCB scale that measured cooperation, altruism, compliance, punctuality, housecleaning, protecting company property, conscientiously following company rules, and dependability. The scale asked each participant to rate their agreement or disagreement with each of the 30 items using a 7-point scale that ranged from negative 3 to positive 3.
Another important early study was Smith et al. (1983), which took a slightly more complicated measurement approach by developing a scale in stages. In order to develop their 16-item scale, these researchers interviewed managers in manufacturing organizations and asked them to "identify instances of helpful, but not absolutely required behavior" (Smith et al., 1983, p. 656). The researchers created a 20-item scale based on the interviews in addition to the scale items used in the Bateman and Organ (1983) study mentioned previously. The third step involved administering the scale to a group of 67 students who had managerial experience. The students were asked to complete the scale while thinking of someone who currently, or had in the past, worked for them. Students then described the person's work behavior and their responses to the scale items. After factor analysis, four items were dropped resulting in the 16-item scale. It is with this scale that the authors found results indicating the first two distinct dimensions of OCB: altruism and generalized compliance. Examples of items in Smith et al.'s (1983) scale include:
Helps others who have been absent.
Gives advance notice if unable to come to work.
Assists supervisor with his or her work.
Attend functions not required but that help company image.
In 1990, Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Moorman, and Fetter conducted an important study using the five dimensions of OCB: altruism, conscientiousness, sportsmanship, courtesy, and civic virtue. These researchers developed a 24-item scale by having 10 of their colleagues sort each of the 24 items into one of the five OCB dimensions or an "other" category if they felt the item did not fit any of the five defined conceptual dimensions. Participants were asked to indicate their level of agreement using a 7-point scale ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree." This five-factor structure has served as the building block for a substantial amount of OCB research. Examples of items in Podsakoff et al.'s (1990) scale include:
Obeys company rules and regulations even when no one is watching.
Attends meetings that are not mandatory, but are considered important.
Mindful of how his/her behavior affects other people's jobs.
Willingly helps others who have work related problems.
Notes
References
Bateman, T. S., & Organ, D. W. (1983). Job satisfaction and the good soldier: The relationship between affect and employee "citizenship." Academy of Management Journal, 26(4), 587-595.
Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt, W. C. Borman, & Associates (Eds.), Personnel selection in organizations (pp. 71–98). San-Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Brief, A. P., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1986). Prosocial organizational behaviors. Academy of Management Review, 11, 710-725.
Deery, S., Rayton, B., Walsh, J. & Kinnie, N. (2016). The Costs of Exhibiting Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Human Resource Management. doi: 10.1002/hrm.21815.
Dalal, R. S. (2005). A meta-analysis of the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1241-1255.
Kidder, D., & Parks, J. (2001). The good soldier: Who is s(he)? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22(8), 939-959.
Law, S. K., Wong, C., & Chen, X. Z. (2005). The construct of organizational citizenship behavior: Should we analyze after we have conceptualized? In D. L. Turnipseed (Ed.), Handbook of organizational citizenship behavior (pp. 47–65). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
LePine, J. A., Erez, A., & Johnson, D. E. (2002). The nature and dimensionality of organizational citizenship behavior: A critical review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 52-65.
Nielsen, T. M., Hrivnak, G. A., & Shaw, M. (2009). Organizational citizenship behavior and performance: A meta-analysis of group-level research. Small Group Research, 40(5), 555-577.
Organ, D. W. (1988). A Restatement of the Satisfaction-Performance Hypothesis. Journal of Management, 14(4), 547-57.
Organ, D. W. (1997). Organizational citizenship behavior: It's construct cleanup time. Human Performance, 10(2), 85-97.
Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie S. P. (2006). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences. London: Sage Publications.
Organ, D. W., & Ryan, K. (1995). A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 48(4), 775-802.
Podsakoff, N. P., Blume, B. D., Whiting, S. W., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2009). Individual- and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1), 122-141.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107-142.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513-563.
Podsakoff, N. P., Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & Mishra, P. (2010). Effects of organizational citizenship behaviors on selection decisions in employment interviews. Journal of Applied Psychology. Advance online publication.
Rotundo, M., & Sackett, P. R. (2002). The relative importance of task, citizenship, and counterproductive performance to global ratings of job performance: A policy-capturing approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 66-80.
Smith, A., Organ D. W., & Near J. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(4), 653-663.
Spence, J., & Helmreich, R. (1980). Masculine instrumentality and feminine expressiveness: Their relationships with sex role attitudes and behaviors. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 5(2), 147-163.
Todd, S. Y., & Kent, A. (2006). Direct and indirect effects of task characteristics on organizational citizenship behavior. North American Journal of Psychology, 8(2), 253-268.
Walz, S.M., & Niehoff, B.P. (2000). Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: Their Relationship to Organizational Effectiveness. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 24(3), 301-319.
Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of Management, 17, 601-617.
Category:Organizational behavior
Category:Industrial and organizational psychology |
Allopachria | Allopachria is a genus of beetles in the family Dytiscidae, containing the following species:
Allopachria abnormipenis Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria balkei Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria beeri Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria bimaculata (Satô, 1972)
Allopachria dieterleorum Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria dudgeoni Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria ernsti Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria flavomaculata (Kamiya, 1838)
Allopachria friedrichi Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria froehlichi Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria guidettii Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria hautmannorum Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria hendrichi Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria holmeni Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria jaechi Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria jendeki Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria jilanzhui Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria kodadai Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria liselotteae Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria quadrimaculata (Satô, 1981)
Allopachria quadripustulata Zimmermann, 1924
Allopachria sausai Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria schillhammeri Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria schoenmanni Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria scholzorum Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria schramhauserorum Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria shepardi Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria taiwana (Satô, 1990)
Allopachria umbrosa Zimmermann, 1927
Allopachria vietnamica (Satô, 1995)
Allopachria wangi Wewalka & Nilsson, 1994
Allopachria weinbergerorum Wewalka, 2000
Allopachria zetteli Wewalka, 2000
References
Category:Dytiscidae |
Keble Road | Keble Road is a short road running east–west in central Oxford, England. To the west is the southern end of the Banbury Road with St Giles' Church opposite. To the east is Parks Road with the University Parks opposite. Blackhall Road leads off the road to the south near the western end.
On the south side for much of its length is the Victorian brick Keble College, and in particular its large chapel on the corner with Parks Road. Opposite this to the north is a row of Victorian terrace houses owned by the University of Oxford. The houses nearest Parks Road (numbers 8–11) have been converted into the Oxford University Computing Laboratory (OUCL) with its newer Wolfson Building added behind in 1993, and the Oxford e-Science Building in 2006 (both in Parks Road).
The University's 1960s Denys Wilkinson Building (Particle physics, John Adams Institute and astrophysics) is in Keble Road, on the corner with Banbury Road. The Department of Theoretical Physics is at 1 Keble Road. The Archaeology Research Laboratory is at number 6.
The area to the north of Keble Road, bounded by Banbury Road and Parks Road, is known as the Keble Road Triangle and forms part of Oxford University's Science Area, with a number of its science department buildings located here.
A blue plaque commemorating James Legge, Sinologist and translator, first Professor of Chinese at Oxford, was unveiled at 3 Keble Road, on 16 May 2018.
References
External links
Sub-departments of the Department of Physics of the University of Oxford, located on Keble Road:
Particle physics
Astrophysics
Theoretical physics
Category:Streets in Oxford
Category:Keble College, Oxford
Category:Oxford University Computing Laboratory
Category:Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford |
2010 Jersey by-elections |
Senatorial by-election
Stuart Syvret lost his seat in the house after being absent from Jersey, this meant that a by-election for Senator was held on Wednesday 16 June 2010. There was a 26.51% turnout for the election.
Results
Candidate (1 Elected)
Francis Le Gresley 5,798
Stuart Syvret 3,437
Patrick Ryan 3,212
Gerard Baudains 1,329
Geoff Southern 1,085
Nicholas Le Cornu 382
Gino Risoli 76
Philip Maguire 72
Peter Remon-Whorral 27
References
By 2010
Category:2010 in Jersey |
Jean Marie (DJ) | Jean Marie Carrabba (born 20 November 1982), known as Jean Marie is an Italian DJ, Producer, Songwriter and Remixer.
Career
JEAN MARIE was producing & DJing under the name Hotfunkboys before. In 2016 he released the single 'Basketball' under the name Jean Marie, with vocals by the American rapper Flo Rida and the Spanish pop singer Marta Sánchez. He is signed to Spinnin' Records, Sony Music, Smash The House and more record labels. In 2017, he presented his song 'Moonlight Fiesta' (V)at the Ultra Music Festival Miami Main stage featuring Sean Paul . He has DJed at festivals Spring Break in Croatia and the Sun Valley Festival in Switzerland . He entered the Top 10 Main Chart of Beatport and iTunes several times and has released digital and radio interviews, including DJ Mag, In 2018, He released 'Gaia' featuring Vini Vici and Blastoyz on Spinnin' Records and crossed over more than 1 Million Streams, later in 2019, Vini Vici, Jean Marie and Hilight Tribe together released a new single 'Moyoni' via Smash The House.
Discography
References
Category:1982 births
Category:Living people
Category:Italian DJs
Category:Italian record producers
Category:Italian songwriters
Category:Remixers |
Nizah Hukić | Nizah Hukić (born February 23 1969) is a Bosnian football manager.
Career
NK Čelik Zenica
On November 1, 2013, Nizah was appointed as a new head coach after Vlado Jagodić agreed mutual contract termination with the club.
References
Category:Living people
Category:1969 births
Category:Sportspeople from Zenica
Category:NK Čelik Zenica managers
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina football managers |
Protestant church of Oentsjerk | The Protestant church of Oentsjerk or Saint Mary church is a medieval religious building in Oentsjerk, Friesland, Netherlands.
The church was built c. 1230 out of red brick and has a tower from the 14th century.
On the West gallery is a monumental Pipe organ, built in 1871 by P. van Oeckelen
The church was originally a Roman Catholic church dedicated to Saint Mary but became a Protestant church after the Protestant Reformation. It is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 35658. The building is located on the Wijnserdijk 9.
References
Category:Tytsjerksteradiel
Oenstjerk
Category:Romanesque architecture in the Netherlands
Category:Rijksmonuments in Friesland
Category:Protestant churches in the Netherlands |
Ortigosa de Pestaño | Ortigosa de Pestaño is a municipality located in the province of Segovia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 104 inhabitants.
Category:Municipalities in the Province of Segovia |
Northern Regnitz | The Northern Regnitz () is a river in Bavaria, Germany. It flows into the Saale northwest of Hof.
See also
List of rivers of Bavaria
References
Category:Rivers of Bavaria
Category:Rivers of Germany |
Bajo Hondo | Bajo Hondo is a town in the South of the Argentinean province of Buenos Aires located 22 kms from Punta Alta and 30 kms from Bahía Blanca. It lies along national highway N3 in Coronel Rosales Municipality.
Population
Bajo Hondo has 164 inhabitants (INDEC,2010); it is important to note that in 2001 the population was 165.
History
One of the founders of Bajo Hondo was a man from Belgium named Gustavo Coulembier. He bought land in Bajo Hondo in 1883 and established a farm which he named "La Sidonia".
The history of Bajo Hondo is similar to the neighbouring towns, all of which started as train stations that eventually attracted people to come and settle near them. These train stations, which later on turned into towns, were built by the Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway (BAGSR) a British company. The railway line was called "Ferrocarril del Sur", literally meaning "railway of the south".
The BAGSR opened the station of Bajo Hondo in 1891, hence the birth of the town. The name "Bajo Hondo" comes from the Spanish word "Bajo" meaning down, which the local people used to refer to the slope that exists shortly after where the train station was built.
In 1910 a French company known as COMPAGNIE DU CHEMIN DE FER DE ROSARIO A PUERTO BELGRANO built another Railway line running from Rosario, which was North of Buenos Aires, to Bahia Blanca, which was South of Buenos Aires. The new Railway line was called "Ferrocarril Rosario - Puerto Belgrano" This railway line too passed via Bajo Hondo and the company built a station just one kilometre away from the previous one.
In 1948 when the government of Argentina took over management of the two railway lines their names were changed to "Ferrocarril General Roca".
In the beginning of the 20th century the train was the main means of transport in the country, especially for transporting agricultural products to ports for export.
In the first decades of the 20th century, the population of Bajo hondo increased exponentially due to Agricultural activities as well as the presence of the two railway lines. The growth of the population automatically called for the establishment of public institutions and companies such as schools, hospitals, churches, post offices, police stations and others. It also led to the formation of co-operatives and social clubs.
Bajo Hondo today
Factors that contributed to the depopulation of Bajo Hondo include:
Industrialisation and mechanisation of agriculture which left many people unemployed.
Lack of development policies for rural areas.
The change in railway services from transporting passengers to only transporting cargo.
These factors led to people migrating to rural and urban locations in search for jobs.
References
External links
Category:1891 establishments in Argentina
Category:Populated places established in 1891
Category:Populated places in Buenos Aires Province |
Lau Ah Kok | Lau Ah Kok or Lau Gim Kok (1920 – 7 January 2018; 98 years old) was a Bruneian businessman of Chinese descent who was known for establishing Hua Ho, a well-known local supermarket and department store chain as well as an agricultural farm in Brunei.
Life and career
Lau Ah Kok was born in 1920 in Kinmen, Taiwan to a farmers' family and in the early years he lived with his family in Kinmen. During the Second World War, he left his hometown at the age of 17 and eventually migrated to Brunei, where he worked at a grocery shop owned by his brother-in-law. The destruction in the aftermath of the war also prevented him from returning to his homeland.
In 1947, he set up in Manggis a small agricultural farm and the first Hua Ho store, which was a grocery store. However, after a few years he had to close the store due to financial difficulty as well as illness. It was revived in 1961 but again ceased operation in 1982, this time together with the farm, citing bankruptcy.
Nevertheless, he was undeterred and after acquiring sufficient capital he established a supermarket in Gadong as well as the first Hua Ho department store in Lambak. He also revived the farming business where he set up new farms in Junjongan in 1984 and Labi four years later, in which he made substantial investment in machinery and better farming methods. He then decided to relinquish the retail business to his children where he could focus on the farming business. Nevertheless, both businesses finally took hold and become successful. The department store eventually became the largest retail business in the country with nine stores altogether located in Brunei-Muara and Tutong Districts, where as the farms generated substantial produce – it produces about 10,000 tonnes of oranges annually, sells 1,000 broiler chicken per hour and seven tonnes of vegetables; all are supplied to the Hua Ho supermarket stores.
Accolades
In 2004, Lau Ah Kok was granted, by the Sultan of Brunei Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, the titular position of Manteri, a class of nobility (similar to the British life peerage), with the title "" for his contributions to the local Chinese community and government activities. He was one of the few local Chinese commoners in the nobility. Two years later, he was also awarded by the Sultan a service medal which came with the title "".
In 2008, he was awarded the Asia-Pacific Entrepreneurship Lifetime Achievement Award by Enterprise Asia, a Kuala Lumpur-based organisation, for his business achievements locally.
Death
Lau Ah Kok died on 7 January 2018 at his residence in Manggis. He was survived by his wife, seven children, fifteen grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.
References
Category:1920 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Bruneian people of Chinese descent
Category:Bruneian businesspeople |
Archeological Site No. 143-52 | Archeological Site No. 143-52 is a historic site in Chesuncook, Maine that is part of the Penobscot Headwater Lakes Prehistoric Sites. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 31, 1995.
References
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Piscataquis County, Maine |
Trematosaurus | Trematosaurus is an extinct genus of temnospondyl amphibian found in Germany and Russia. It was first named by Hermann Burmeister in 1849 and the type species is Trematosaurus brauni.
Classification
Below is a cladogram from Steyer (2002) showing the phylogenetic relationships of trematosaurids:
Species
Valid species
The type species, Trematosaurus brauni (Burmeister, 1849) is known from the middle member of variegated sandstone in the vicinity of Bernburg, Germany.
T. galae (Novikov, 2010) is known from fragmentary specimens found in Lower Triassic Donskaya Luka locality (Volgograd Region), Russia.
Reclassified species
T. fuchsi (Seidlitz, 1920) is known from the same stratigraphic level of German Basin, Thuringia. It is a junior synonym of T. brauni.
T. thuringiensis (Werneburg, 1993) is also known from Thuringia.
T. madagascariensis (Lehman, 1966) referred by Schoch & Milner, 2000, to Tertremoides (Lehman, 1979).
South African T. kannemeyeri (Broom, 1909), described based on a skull fragment, most likely belongs to the genus Aphaneramma or a closely related lonchorhynchine.
Another South African species, T. sobeyi (Haughton, 1915), was assigned to its own genus Trematosuchus (Watson, 1919).
East European trematosaurid remains referred to Trematosaurus in fact belong to the genus Inflectosaurus Shishkin, 1960 (Novikov, 2007).
References
Category:Triassic temnospondyls of Europe
Category:Trematosaurines
Category:Taxa named by Hermann Burmeister
Category:Prehistoric amphibian genera |
Onissim Goldovsky | Onissim Borisovich Goldovsky (January 6, 1865 – September 7, 1922) was a Russian attorney, political philosopher and activist, author, and champion of Jewish causes. A so-called "Westerner" influenced by ideas of the French enlightenment, he was one of the founders of the Kadet party and advocated for a constitutional democracy for Russia. Married to the author Rashel Khin, he fathered three children with the violinist Lea Luboshutz, among them the opera impresario Boris Goldovsky.
Early life
Born in Vilnius, his father was a Merchant of the Second Guild. A brilliant student, Goldovsky was initially admitted to the physics and mathematics department of Moscow Imperial University (Императорский Imperatorsky) in 1883, only to switch to the Faculty of History and Philology in 1884 and, after passing all his exams that year, finally ending up in the Faculty of Law, probably at the suggestion of his uncle, the jurist Vladimir Osipovich Garkavi. Coming under the influence of the philosopher Vasili Rozanov, he helped to edit some of his writings. A brief affair with Rozanov's wife, Polina Suslova, ended in Goldovsky being denounced for his political activities and serving brief jail time. Upon completing his studies he interned with two of the most important liberal jurists of the time -- Rudolf Rudolfovich Mintslov and Alexander Ivanovich Urusov (about whom he wrote a biography). It was Urusov who introduced Goldovsky to his future wife, the writer Rashel Mironovna Khin.
Early Career and Political Activity
Goldovsky's legal career involved both defending people accused of political crimes as well as more remunerative commercial work. He represented railway investors and played a role in proposing a lucrative rail branch line for the Trans-Siberian Railway, benefiting the real estate holdings of his client, Aleksei Alexandrovich Lopukhin. At the same time, he was active in the formation of the Kadet party, advocating for constitutional democracy, women's emancipation, an end to official anti-Semitism, and, importantly, an end to the death penalty. His book, Against the Death Penalty, consisting of over 50 essays on the subject and his own world literature review, was published in 1906 to influence the actions of the first Duma, with a second edition the following year. Prior to its appearance, his wife and he moved temporarily to Paris during the 1905 revolution since, given his political activity, they considered themselves in danger.
Jewish Activity
For a Jew who had converted to Catholicism, Goldovsky was extremely active in Jewish affairs. His conversion was one of convenience, necessitated by that of his wife who had converted to Catholicism to get out of a loveless Jewish marriage. Since she could not marry another Jew, Goldovsky agreed to change his religion. In 1900, he recruited writers, including Émile Zola (whose work his wife had translated into Russian) and Maxim Gorky as well as artists like Leonard Pasternak to contribute to a publication to benefit indigent Jews (which was published in 1901). The only writer to turn him down was Lev Tolstoy who remarked that he was occupied with more important, global questions and the Jewish question was number 189th in importance for him. Later, he would overcome his anger and spend a pleasant evening with Tolstoy playing Beethoven piano sonatas for him (Goldovsky was an excellent pianist). In the early years of the twentieth century, he wrote his History of the Jews of Moscow which revealed patterns of Russian anti-Semitism going back centuries. The book was published in Berlin in 1906 since no Russian publisher would touch it. Goldovsky also supported Jewish playwrights and authors such as the struggling Jewish playwright Semon Solomovich Iushkevich, who modeled the hero of one of his plays on Goldovsky.
Relationship with Lea Luboshutz
In 1903, Goldovsky went to a party at which the 18-year-old violin prodigy Lea Luboshutz was performing. Goldovsky offered to accompany her in a few numbers. The two fell in love and by 1908, he was living with her, the first of their three children having been born the previous year. Goldovsky continued his marriage with Khin, maintaining a room in his wife's house while living primarily with Luboshutz. With Khin, he attended political events and worked to support her theatre activities. Goldovsky and Luboshutz's apartment was a center of activity for Moscow's artistic crowd and included overnight stays from touring artists like Pablo Casals.
Masonic Lodge
After the 1905 Revolution, many liberals like Goldovsky who had fled came home briefly. But their hopes were dashed by the dissolution of the First Duma and some fled once again. Others like Goldovsky, who stayed, faced increasing repression and needed to find a way to meet secretly. Masonry, with its strict membership rules and emphasis on total loyalty, was the perfect solution. A Grand Orient de France Lodge opened in St. Petersburg in 1906, followed by one in Moscow founded by Prince Sergei Dmitrievich Urusov (a distant cousin of Onissim's mentor) around November 1906 (the actual date is in dispute). Goldovsky underwent a typical rite of passage. It was there that Goldovsky planned his political work while maintaining his lucrative law practice.
The Russian Revolution and Final Years
Goldovsky was in Saint Petersburg during the February Revolution of 1917. According to his wife's diary, he was ecstatic. But he had misread events. By the end of the year, his law practice became irrelevant and he and Luboshutz were forced to share their Moscow apartment with another family. Luboshutz now supported the family by performing in factories in exchange for food. Jewels and fancy clothes were pawned. As conditions deteriorated, they planned to emigrate but it was not easy. Taking their 13-year-old son Boris as her piano accompanist, Luboshutz departed first with plans for Onissim to follow. But the strain of conditions, including repeated questioning by the authorities and threat of imprisonment, led to a cerebral hemorrhage followed by Goldovsky's immediate death at the age of 56.
Family
Goldovsky had no children with his wife, Rashel Khin. With Luboshutz, he had three children. The oldest, Yuri, became a mathematician in the Soviet Union but was killed in a mountaineering accident in 1931. The second son, Boris Goldovsky, became a successful opera producer and conductor in America. A daughter, Irina, also came to America, married, and had six children.
References
Category:1865 births
Category:1922 deaths
Category:Russian lawyers
Sources
Wolf, Thomas, The Nightingale’s Sonata: The Musical Odyssey of Lea Luboshutz, New York and London: Pegasus Books, 2019. |
1st Confederate States Congress | The 1st Confederate States Congress, consisting of the Confederate States Senate and the Confederate States House of Representatives, met from February 18, 1862, to February 17, 1864, during the first two years of Jefferson Davis's presidency, at the Virginia State Capitol in Richmond, Virginia.
Sessions
Held February 18, 1862, through February 17, 1864, at the Virginia State Capital in Richmond, Virginia
1st Session - February 18, 1862 to April 21, 1862
2nd Session - August 18, 1862 to October 13, 1862
3rd Session - January 12, 1863 to May 1, 1863
4th Session - December 7, 1863 to February 17, 1864
Leadership
Senate
President: Alexander H. Stephens
President pro tempore: R. M. T. Hunter
House
Speaker: Thomas S. Bocock
Officers
Senate
Secretary: James H. Nash, South Carolina
Assistant Secretary: Edward H. Stephens, Virginia
Journal Clerk: C. T. Bruen, Virginia
Recording Clerk: Henry H. Hubbard, Mossy Creek, Tennessee
Sergeant-at-Arms: Lafayette H. Fitzhugh, Kentucky
Doorkeeper: James Page, North Carolina
Assistant Doorkeeper: John Wadsworth, Georgia
House
Clerk: Robert Emmett Dixon, Sr., Georgia (died April 24, 1863)
Albert Reese Lamar, Georgia — sessions 3 and 4
Assistant Clerk: James McDonald, Virginia
Assistant Clerk: David Louis Dalton, Alabama — sessions 3 and 4
Doorkeeper: Robert Harrison Wynne, Alabama
Members
Senate
Confederate States Senators were elected by the state legislatures, or appointed by state Governors to fill casual vacancies until the legislature elected a new Senator. It was intended that one-third of the Senate would begin new six-year terms with each Congress after the first.
Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their terms. In this Congress, all Senators were newly elected. Senators of Class 1 served a two-year term, expiring at the end of this Congress, requiring a new election for the 1864–1870 term. Class 2 Senators served what was intended to be a four-year term, due to end on the expiry of the next Congress in 1866. Class 3 Senators were meant to serve a six-year term, due to expire at the end of the Third Confederate Congress in 1868. As the Confederate Congress lasted less than four full years, the distinction between classes 2 and 3 was ultimately academic.
The members of the classes were selected by the drawing of lots, which was done during the meeting of the Senate on February 21, 1862.
Alabama
1. Clement Claiborne Clay
3. William Lowndes Yancey (died July 23, 1863)
Robert Jemison, Jr. (took his seat on December 28, 1863 - Elected to fill vacancy)
Arkansas
1. Robert Ward Johnson
3. Charles Burton Mitchel
Florida
1. James McNair Baker
2. Augustus Emmet Maxwell
Georgia
3. Benjamin Harvey Hill
1. Robert Augustus Toombs (elected but refused to serve)
John Wood Lewis, Sr. (took his seat on April 7, 1862 - Appointed to serve until the place could be filled)
Herschel Vespasian Johnson (took his seat on January 19, 1863 - Elected to fill vacancy)
Kentucky
3. Henry Cornelius Burnett
1. William Emmet Simms
Louisiana
2. Thomas Jenkins Semmes
3. Edward Sparrow
Mississippi
2. Albert Gallatin Brown
1. James Phelan, Sr.
Missouri
1. John Bullock Clark, Sr.
2. Robert Ludwell Yates Peyton (died September 3, 1863)
Waldo Porter Johnson (took his seat on December 24, 1863 - Appointed to fill vacancy)
North Carolina
1. George Davis (resigned in January 1864 to become CS Attorney General)
Edwin Godwin Reade (took his seat on January 22, 1864 - Appointed to fill vacancy)
2. William Theophilus Dortch
South Carolina
2. Robert Woodward Barnwell
3. James Lawrence Orr
Tennessee
3. Landon Carter Haynes
2. Gustavus Adolphus Henry, Sr.
Texas
3. William Simpson Oldham, Sr.
2. Louis Trezevant Wigfall
Virginia
3. R. M. T. Hunter
2. William Ballard Preston (died November 16, 1862)
Allen Taylor Caperton (took his seat on January 22, 1864 - Elected to fill vacancy)
House of Representatives
X: Originally member of the Provisional Confederate Congress
The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.
Alabama
1. Thomas Jefferson Foster
2. William Russell Smith
3. John Perkins Ralls
4. Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry X
5. Francis Strother Lyon
6. William Parish Chilton, Sr. X
7. David Clopton
8. James Lawrence Pugh
9. Edmund Strother Dargan
Arkansas
1. Felix Ives Batson
2. Grandison Delaney Royston
3. Augustus Hill Garland X
4. Thomas Burton Hanly
Florida
1. James Baird Dawkins (resigned December 8, 1862)
John Marshall Martin (took his seat on March 25, 1863 - Elected to fill vacancy on February 2, 1863)
2. Robert Benjamin Hilton
Georgia
1. Julian Hartridge
2. Charles James Munnerlyn
3. Hines Holt (resigned March 1, 1863 after third session)
Porter Ingram (took his seat on January 12, 1864 - Elected to fill vacancy on December 7, 1863)
4. Augustus Holmes Kenan X
5. David William Lewis
6. William White Clark
7. Robert Pleasant Trippe
8. Lucius Jeremiah Gartrell
9. Hardy Strickland
10. Augustus Romaldus Wright X
Kentucky
1. Willis Benson Machen
2. John Watkins Crockett, Jr.
3. Henry English Read
4. George Washington Ewing X
5. James Chrisman
6. Theodore Legrand BurnettX
7. Horatio Washington Bruce
8. George Baird Hodge X
9. Eli Metcalfe Bruce
10. James William Moore
11. Robert Jefferson Breckinridge, Jr.
12. John Milton Elliott X
Louisiana
1. Charles Jacques Villeré
2. Charles Magill Conrad X
3. Duncan Farrar Kenner X
4. Lucius Jacques Dupré
5. Henry Marshall X
6. John Perkins, Jr. X
Mississippi
1. Jeremiah Watkins Clapp
2. Reuben Davis (resigned March 1, 1863 after third session)
William Dunbar Holder (took his seat on January 21, 1864 - Elected to fill vacancy)
3. Israel Victor Welch
4. Henry Cousins Chambers
5. Otho Robards Singleton
6. Ethelbert Barksdale
7. John Jones McRae
Missouri
In Confederate law, the people of Missouri were entitled to elect thirteen representatives. The state never implemented the reapportionment and continued to use its existing seven districts. Pending an election, the appointed members of the delegation to the Provisional Congress were assigned to serve in the First Congress. No election was held, so the appointed members served throughout the Congress.
1. William Mordecai Cooke, Sr. X (died September 3, 1863)
2. Thomas Alexander Harris X
3. Caspar Wistar Bell X
4. Aaron H. Conrow X
5. George Graham Vest X
6. Thomas W. Freeman X
7. Representative-elect John Hyer never took his seat; the district was unrepresented for the entire First Congress;
North Carolina
1. William Nathan Harrell Smith
2. Robert Rufus Bridgers
3. Owen Rand Kenan
4. Thomas David Smith McDowell X
5. Archibald Hunter Arrington
6. James Robert McLean
7. Thomas Samuel Ashe
8. William Lander
9. Burgess Sidney Gaither
10. Allen Turner Davidson X
South Carolina
1. John McQueen
2. William Porcher Miles X
3. Lewis Malone Ayer, Jr.
4. Milledge Luke Bonham (resigned October 13, 1862 after second session)
William Dunlap Simpson (took his seat on February 5, 1863 - Elected to fill vacancy on January 20, 1863)
5. James Farrow
6. William Waters Boyce X
Tennessee
1. Joseph Brown Heiskell (resigned February 6, 1864)
2. William Graham Swan
3. William Henry Tibbs
4. Erasmus Lee Gardenhire
5. Henry Stuart Foote
6. Meredith Poindexter Gentry
7. George Washington Jones
8. Thomas Menees
9. John DeWitt Clinton Atkins X
10. John Vines Wright
11. David Maney Currin X
Texas
1. John Allen Wilcox (died February 7, 1864)
2. Caleb Claiborne Herbert
3. Peter W. Gray
4. Franklin Barlow Sexton
5. Malcolm D. Graham
6. William Bacon Wright
Virginia
1. Muscoe Russell Hunter Garnett (died February 14, 1864)
2. John Randolph Chambliss, Sr.
3. James Lyons (Representative-elect John Tyler died on January 18, 1862, before the Congress started. Lyons was elected on February 10, 1862.)
4. Roger Atkinson Pryor X (resigned April 5, 1862)
Charles Fenton Collier (took his seat on August 18, 1862 - Elected to fill vacancy in May 1862)
5. Thomas Stanley Bocock X
6. John Goode, Jr.
7. James Philemon Holcombe
8. Daniel Coleman DeJarnette, Sr.
9. William "Extra Billy" Smith (resigned April 4, 1863)
David Funsten (took his seat on December 7, 1863 - Elected to fill vacancy)
10. Alexander Boteler X
11. John Brown Baldwin
12. Waller Redd Staples X
13. Walter Preston X
14. Albert Gallatin Jenkins (resigned April 21, 1862 after first session)
Samuel Augustine Miller (took his seat on February 24, 1863 - Elected to fill vacancy)
15. Robert Johnston X
16. Charles Wells Russell X
Delegates
Non voting members of the House of Representatives.
Arizona Territory
Marcus H. MacWillie
Cherokee Nation
Elias Cornelius Boudinot X
Choctaw Nation
Robert McDonald Jones
Senate Committees
Accounts
Charles Burton Mitchel, Arkansas, Chairman
William Theophilus Dortch, North Carolina
William Emmett Simms, Kentucky
Allen Taylor Caperton, Virginia — temporary, session 3
Robert Ward Johnson, Arkansas —temporary, session 3
Claims
George Davis, North Carolina, Chairman (resigned January 11, 1864)
Henry Cornelius Burnett, Kentucky
Robert Ludwell Yates Peyton, Missouri (died September 3, 1863)
Waldo Porter Johnson, Missouri — session 4
James McNair Baker, Florida — session 4
Robert Jemison, Jr., Alabama — temporary, session 4
Commerce
Clement Claiborne Clay, Alabama, Chairman
Augustus Emmett Maxwell, Florida
William Theophilus Dortch, North Carolina
Robert Ludwell Yates Peyton, Missouri (died September 3, 1863)
Henry Cornelius Burnett, Kentucky — sessions 1 and 2
James McNair Baker, Florida — session 3
William Simpson Oldham, Sr., Texas — sessions 3 and 4
James Lawrence Orr, South Carolina — session 4
Engrossment and Enrollment
Landon Carter Haynes, Sr., Tennessee, Chairman — session 1 (appointed, but substituted by James Phelan)
James Phelan, Mississippi, Chairman — sessions 1 and 2
William Theophilus Dortch, North Carolina, Chairman — sessions 3 and 4
Augustus Emmett Maxwell, Florida
Charles Burton Mitchel, Arkansas — sessions 1 and 2
Robert Ludwell Yates Peyton, Missouri — session 2
James McNair Baker, Florida — session 2
Allen Taylor Caperton, Virginia — sessions 3 and 4
Finance
Robert Woodward Barnwell, South Carolina, Chairman
Thomas Jenkins Semmes, Louisiana
Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter, Virginia
George Davis, North Carolina (resigned January 11, 1864)
Gustavus Adolphus Henry, Sr., Tennessee — sessions 1 and 2
John Wood Lewis, Sr., Georgia — session 2
Herschel Vespasian Johnson, Georgia — sessions 3 and 4
Edwin Godwin Reade, North Carolina — session 4
Robert Jemison, Jr., Alabama — temporary, session 4
Foreign Affairs
James Lawrence Orr, South Carolina, Chairman
John Bullock Clark, Sr., Missouri
Louis Trezevant Wigfall, Texas
William Lowndes Yancey, Alabama (died July 26, 1863)
William Ballard Preston, Virginia (died November 16, 1862)
Robert M. T. Hunter, Virginia — session 3
Augustus Emmet Maxwell, Florida — sessions 3 and 4
Herschel Vespasian Johnson, Georgia — session 4
Indian Affairs
Robert Ward Johnson, Arkansas, Chairman
William Emmett Simms, Kentucky
William Simpson Oldham, Sr., Texas
Clement Claiborne Clay, Alabama — sessions 1 and 2
Robert Ludwell Yates Peyton, Missouri — sessions 1 and 2
John Bullock Clark, Sr., Missouri — sessions 3 and 4
James Phelan, Mississippi — sessions 3 and 4
Judiciary
Benjamin Harvey Hill, Georgia, Chairman
Thomas Jenkins Semmes, Louisiana
Landon Carter Haynes, Sr., Tennessee
James Phelan, Mississippi
Henry Cornelius Burnett, Kentucky — sessions 1 and 2
Allen Taylor Caperton, Virginia — sessions 3 and 4
Military Affairs
Edward Sparrow, Louisiana, Chairman
Gustavus Adolphus Henry, Sr., Tennessee
Louis Trezevant Wigfall, Texas
Robert Ward Johnson, Arkansas — sessions 1 and 2
William Ballard Preston, Virginia — sessions 1 and 2
Clement Claiborne Clay, Alabama — sessions 3 and 4
Henry Cornelius Burnett, Kentucky — sessions 3 and 4
Naval Affairs
Albert Gallatin Brown, Mississippi, Chairman
William Theophilus Dortch, North Carolina
William Emmett Simms, Kentucky
James McNair Baker, Florida
Henry Cornelius Burnett, Kentucky — temporary, session 1
Benjamin Harvey Hill, Georgia — temporary, session 1
George Davis, North Carolina — temporary, sessions 1 and 2
William Simpson Oldham, Sr., Texas —sessions 1 and 2
Robert Ward Johnson, Arkansas — session 2
Augustus Emmett Maxwell, Florida — session 3
William Lowndes Yancey, Alabama (died July 26, 1863) — session 3
Herschel Vespasian Johnson, Georgia — sessions 3 and 4
Robert Jemison, Jr., Alabama — session 4
Patents
Augustus Emmett Maxwell, Florida, Chairman
Benjamin Harvey Hill, Georgia
Landon Carter Haynes, Sr., Tennessee
Pay and Mileage (Session 1)
Henry Cornelius Burnett, Kentucky, Chairman
Gustavus Adolphus Henry, Sr., Tennessee
James Lawrence Orr, South Carolina
Post Offices and Post Roads
William Simpson Oldham, Sr., Texas, Chairman
Landon Carter Haynes, Sr., Tennessee
Charles Burton Mitchel, Arkansas
James McNair Baker, Florida
John Bullock Clark, Sr., Missouri — sessions 1, 2, and 4
James Phelan, Mississippi — session 1 (appointed but substituted by Landon Carter Haynes)
William Emmett Simms, Kentucky —session 1 (appointed but declined)
John Wood Lewis, Sr., Georgia — session 2
Robert Ludwell Yates Peyton, Missouri (died September 3, 1863) — session 3
Herschel Vespasian Johnson, Georgia — temporary, session 3
Printing
James Phelan, Mississippi, Chairman
Benjamin Harvey Hill, Georgia
John Bullock Clark, Sr., Missouri — sessions 1, 2, and 4
Landon Carter Haynes, Sr., Tennessee — sessions 3 and 4
Public Lands
John Bullock Clark, Sr., Missouri, Chairman
James McNair Baker, Florida
William Lowndes Yancey, Alabama (died July 26, 1863) — sessions 1, 2, and 3
Rules (Session 1)
James Lawrence Orr, South Carolina, Chairman
Clement Claiborne Clay, Alabama
Robert Ward Johnson, Arkansas
Territories
Louis Trezevant Wigfall, Texas, Chairman
Albert Gallatin Brown, Mississippi
William Lowndes Yancey, Alabama — sessions 1 and 2
John Bullock Clark, Sr., Missouri — sessions 3 and 4
House Committees
Accounts
John McQueen, 1st South Carolina, Chairman
Owen Rand Kenan, 3rd North Carolina
Thomas Burton Hanly, 4th Arkansas
Thomas Jefferson Foster, 1st Alabama
Hardy Strickland, 9th Georgia
Willis Benson Machen, 1st Kentucky — session 3
Claims
William "Extra Billy" Smith, 9th Virginia, Chairman (resigned April 4, 1863) — sessions 1 and 3
David Clopton, 7th Alabama
Jeremiah Watkins Clapp, 1st Mississippi
James Robert McLean, 6th North Carolina
Charles James Munnerlyn, 2nd Georgia
James Farrow, 5th South Carolina
Theodore Legrand Burnett, 6th Kentucky
Erasmus Lee Gardenhire, 4th Tennessee
Charles Jacques Villeré, 1st Louisiana — sessions 1, 2, and 3
Henry Marshall, 5th Louisiana (appointed but declined) — session 3
William Dunlap Simpson, 4th South Carolina — sessions 3 and 4
Thomas Burton Hanly, 4th Arkansas — session 4
William Bacon Wright, 6th Texas — session 4
Commerce
Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry, 4th Alabama, Chairman
Henry Cousins Chambers, 4th Mississippi
Robert Pleasant Trippe, 7th Georgia
Horatio Washington Bruce, 7th Kentucky
Thomas David Smith McDowell, 4th North Carolina
Charles Jacques Villeré, 1st Louisiana
Franklin Barlow Sexton, 4th Texas
James Lyons, 3rd Virginia
William Mordecai Cooke, Sr., 1st Missouri (died September 3, 1863) — sessions 1, 2, and 3
Charles Fenton Collier, 4th Virginia — session 2
Julian Hartridge, 1st Georgia — session 2
Currency (Session 4)
William Waters Boyce, 6th South Carolina, Chairman
Francis Strother Lyon, 5th Alabama
James Lawrence Pugh, 8th Alabama
Charles Magill Conrad, 2nd Louisiana
Robert Rufus Bridgers, 2nd North Carolina
George Washington Jones, 7th Tennessee
Peter W. Gray, 3rd Texas
John Brown Baldwin, 11th Virginia
Robert Johnston, 15th Virginia
Elections
William Nathan Harrell Smith, 1st North Carolina, Chairman
Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry, 4th Alabama
Jeremiah Watkins Clapp, 1st Mississippi
George Graham Vest, 5th Missouri
Robert Pleasant Trippe, 7th Georgia
John Watkins Crockett, Jr., 2nd Kentucky
Erasmus Lee Gardenhire, 4th Tennessee
James Baird Dawkins, 1st Florida (resigned December 8, 1862) — sessions 1 and 2
Waller Redd Staples, 12th Virginia — sessions 1, 3, and 4
Enrolled Bills
John Milton Elliott, 12th Kentucky, Chairman
Henry Cousins Chambers, 4th Mississippi
John Goode, Jr., 6th Virginia — temporary, session 1
Erasmus Lee Gardenhire, 4th Tennessee — temporary, sessions 1, 2, and 4
William Henry Tibbs, 3rd Tennessee — sessions 1, 2, and 3
Augustus Hill Garland, 3rd Arkansas — session 3
John Allen Wilcox, 1st Texas — session 3
Horatio Washington Bruce, 7th Kentucky — temporary, sessions 3 and 4
Thomas W. Freeman, 6th Missouri — session 4
Thomas Burton Hanly, 4th Arkansas — session 4
William Bacon Wright, 6th Texas — session 4
Foreign Affairs
Henry Stuart Foote, 5th Tennessee, Chairman
William Russell Smith, 2nd Alabama
Robert Jefferson Breckinridge, Jr., 11th Kentucky
John Perkins, Jr., 6th Louisiana
Ethelbert Barksdale, 6th Mississippi
James Robert McLean, 6th North Carolina
John McQueen, 1st South Carolina
Daniel Coleman DeJarnette, Sr., 8th Virginia
Walter Preston, 13th Virginia
Indian Affairs
Otho Robards Singleton, 5th Mississippi, Chairman
John Perkins Ralls, 3rd Alabama
Thomas Burton Hanly, 4th Arkansas
John Milton Elliott, 12th Kentucky
Lucius Jacques Dupré, 4th Louisiana
Archibald Hunter Arrington, 5th North Carolina
William Henry Tibbs, 3rd Tennessee
William Bacon Wright, 6th Texas
John Goode, Jr., 6th Virginia
Elias Cornelius Boudinot, Cherokee Nation — session 4
Judiciary
Lucius Jeremiah Gartrell, 8th Georgia, Chairman
Edmund Strother Dargan, 9th Alabama
Augustus Hill Garland, 3rd Arkansas
James William Moore, 10th Kentucky
Thomas Samuel Ashe, 7th North Carolina
Joseph Brown Heiskell, 1st Tennessee (resigned February 6, 1864)
James Philemon Holcombe, 7th Virginia
Charles Wells Russell, 16th Virginia
Medical Department (Sessions 2 - 4)
Augustus Romaldus Wright, 10th Georgia, Chairman
John Perkins Ralls, 3rd Alabama
Grandison Delaney Royston, 2nd Arkansas — sessions 2 and 3
Augustus Hill Garland, 3rd Arkansas — temporary, session 4
Porter Ingram, 3rd Georgia — temporary, session 4
James Chrisman, 5th Kentucky
Caspar Wistar Bell, 3rd Missouri
William Nathan Harrell Smith, 1st North Carolina
James Farrow, 5th South Carolina
Thomas Menees, 8th Tennessee
John Goode, Jr., 6th Virginia
Military Affairs
William Porcher Miles, 2nd South Carolina, Chairman
James Lawrence Pugh, 8th Alabama
Robert Benjamin Hilton, 2nd Florida
Augustus Holmes Kenan, 4th Georgia
Eli Metcalfe Bruce, 9th Kentucky
Charles Jacques Villeré, 1st Louisiana
Henry Cousins Chambers, 4th Mississippi
Thomas Alexander Harris, 2nd Missouri
Robert Rufus Bridgers, 2nd North Carolina
William Graham Swan, 2nd Tennessee
John Allen Wilcox, 1st Texas (died February 7, 1864)
Reuben Davis, 2nd Mississippi — session 1
Roger Atkinson Pryor, 4th Virginia (resigned April 5, 1862) — session 1
Caspar Wistar Bell, 3rd Missouri — temporary, session 1
Felix Ives Batson, 1st Arkansas — sessions 1, 2, and 3
Naval Affairs
Charles Magill Conrad, 2nd Louisiana, Chairman
David Clopton, 7th Alabama
Augustus Romaldus Wright, 10th Georgia
Burgess Sidney Gaither, 9th North Carolina
William Waters Boyce, 6th South Carolina
David Maney Currin, 11th Tennessee
John Randolph Chambliss, Sr., 2nd Virginia
Charles Wells Russell, 16th Virginia — session 1
James Baird Dawkins, 1st Florida (resigned December 8, 1862) — sessions 1 and 2
William "Extra Billy" Smith, 9th Virginia, (resigned April 4, 1863) — sessions 1 and 3
George Baird Hodge, 8th Kentucky — sessions 2 and 3
John Marshall Martin, 1st Florida — sessions 3 and 4
Charles Fenton Collier, 4th Virginia — session 4
Thomas W. Freeman, 6th Missouri
Charles James Munnerlyn, 2nd Georgia — temporary, session 4
Ordnance and Ordnance Stores (Sessions 2 - 4)
Alexander Boteler, 10th Virginia, Chairman
David Clopton, 7th Alabama
Julian Hartridge, 1st Georgia
Charles Magill Conrad, 2nd Louisiana
Jeremiah Watkins Clapp, 1st Mississippi
John Vines Wright, 10th Tennessee
Caleb Claiborne Herbert, 2nd Texas — sessions 2 and 3
George Baird Hodge, 8th Kentucky — sessions 2 and 3
William Mordecai Cooke, Sr., 1st Missouri (died September 3, 1863) — sessions 2 and 3
Lewis Malone Ayer, Jr., 3rd South Carolina — session 4
Patents
Caspar Wistar Bell, 3rd Missouri, Chairman
William Parish Chilton, Sr., 6th Alabama
Robert Benjamin Hilton, 2nd Florida
Hardy Strickland, 9th Georgia
Henry English Read, 3rd Kentucky
Henry Marshall, 5th Louisiana
William Lander, 8th North Carolina
William Bacon Wright, 6th Texas
Waller Redd Staples, 12th Virginia — sessions 1, 3, and 4
Pay and Mileage (Sessions 1 - 2)
Theodore Legrand Burnett, 6th Kentucky, Chairman
Augustus Romaldus Wright, 10th Georgia
Otho Robards Singleton, 5th Mississippi
Robert Rufus Bridgers, 2nd North Carolina (appointed but replaced by Augustus Romaldus Wright due to extended absence) — session 1
Israel Victor Welch, 3rd Mississippi — session 2
Post Offices and Post Roads
William Parish Chilton, Sr., 6th Alabama, Chairman
Robert Benjamin Hilton, 2nd Florida
William White Clark, 6th Georgia
Aaron H. Conrow, 4th Missouri
Allen Turner Davidson, 10th North Carolina
John DeWitt Clinton Atkins, 9th Tennessee
Robert Johnston, 15th Virginia
Israel Victor Welch, 3rd Mississippi — sessions 1 and 2
Grandison Delaney Royston, 2nd Arkansas — sessions 1, 2, and 3
Caleb Claiborne Herbert, 2nd Texas — sessions 1, 2, and 3
Thomas Burton Hanly, 4th Arkansas — session 4
Printing
Ethelbert Barksdale, 6th Mississippi, Chairman
Augustus Romaldus Wright, 10th Georgia
Lucius Jacques Dupré, 4th Louisiana
Thomas Menees, 8th Tennessee
Albert Gallatin Jenkins, 14th Virginia (resigned April 21, 1862) — session 1
David Funsten, 9th Virginia — session 4
David William Lewis, 5th Georgia — temporary, session 4
William Russell Smith, 2nd Alabama — temporary, session 4
Public Buildings
James Lyons, 3rd Virginia, Chairman
James Lawrence Pugh, 8th Alabama
David Maney Currin, 11th Tennessee
Quartermaster's and Commissary Departments and Military Transportation (Sessions 2 - 4)
William Parish Chilton, Sr., 6th Alabama, Chairman
William White Clark, 6th Georgia
John Jones McRae, 7th Mississippi
William Lander, 8th North Carolina
Lewis Malone Ayer, Jr., 3rd South Carolina
Franklin Barlow Sexton, 4th Texas
Walter Preston, 13th Virginia
James Baird Dawkins, 1st Florida (resigned December 8, 1862) — session 2
Henry Marshall, 5th Louisiana — sessions 2 and 3
Grandison Delaney Royston, 2nd Arkansas — session 3
Allen Turner Davidson, 10th North Carolina — temporary, session 3; permanent, session 4
Israel Victor Welch, 3rd Mississippi — temporary, session 4
Henry Stuart Foote, 5th Tennessee — session 4
Robert Pleasant Trippe, 7th Georgia — session 4
Thomas Burton Hanly, 4th Arkansas — session 4
Rules and Officers of the House (Sessions 1 - 3)
George Washington Jones, 7th Tennessee, Chairman
David William Lewis, 5th Georgia
John Perkins, Jr., 6th Louisiana
William Nathan Harrell Smith, 1st North Carolina
Alexander Boteler, 10th Virginia
Territories and Public Lands
John Allen Wilcox, 1st Texas, Chairman (died February 7, 1864)
Thomas Jefferson Foster, 1st Alabama
David William Lewis, 5th Georgia
George Washington Ewing, 4th Kentucky
Henry Marshall, 5th Louisiana
Thomas W. Freeman, 6th Missouri
Thomas Menees, 8th Tennessee
Albert Gallatin Jenkins, 14th Virginia (resigned April 21, 1862) —session 1
Felix Ives Batson, 1st Arkansas — sessions 1, 2, and 3
Samuel Augustine Miller, 14th Virginia — session 4
War Tax (Session 2)
Lewis Malone Ayer, Jr., 3rd South Carolina, Chairman
Francis Strother Lyon, 5th Alabama
Thomas Burton Hanly, 4th Arkansas
Robert Benjamin Hilton, 2nd Florida
William White Clark, 6th Georgia
James Chrisman, 5th Kentucky
Israel Victor Welch, 3rd Mississippi
Aaron H. Conrow, 4th Missouri
William Lander, 8th North Carolina
Joseph Brown Heiskell, 1st Tennessee
Franklin Barlow Sexton, 4th Texas
Charles Fenton Collier, 4th Virginia
Ways and Means
Duncan Farrar Kenner, 3rd Louisiana, Chairman — sessions 1, 2, and 3
Francis Strother Lyon, 5th Alabama
Willis Benson Machen, 1st Kentucky
John Jones McRae, 7th Mississippi
George Washington Jones, 7th Tennessee
Malcolm D. Graham, 5th Texas
John Brown Baldwin, 11th Virginia
Muscoe Russell Hunter Garnett, 1st Virginia — session 1
Milledge Luke Bonham, 4th South Carolina (resigned October 13, 1862) — session 1 and 2
Hines Holt, 3rd Georgia (resigned March 1, 1863) — sessions 1, 2, and 3
William Waters Boyce, 6th South Carolina — sessions 3 and 4
Julian Hartridge, 1st Georgia — session 4
John Perkins, Jr., 6th Louisiana — session 4
Joint Committees
Buildings (Session 1)
Senators
Henry Cornelius Burnett, Kentucky, Chairman
James McNair Baker, Florida
George Davis, North Carolina
Representatives
James Lyons, 3rd Virginia, Chairman
James Lawrence Pugh, 8th Alabama
David Maney Currin, 11th Tennessee
Engrossment and Enrollment (Session 1)
Senators
James Phelan, Sr., Mississippi, Chairman
Charles Burton Mitchel, Arkansas
Augustus Emmet Maxwell, Florida
Representatives
John Milton Elliott, 12th Kentucky, Chairman
Henry Cousins Chambers, 4th Mississippi
William Henry Tibbs, 3rd Tennessee
Erasmus Lee Gardenhire, 4th Tennessee — temporary
Flag and Seal (Sessions 1 - 3)
Senators
Thomas Jenkins Semmes, Louisiana, Chairman
James Lawrence Orr, South Carolina
William Ballard Preston, Virginia (died November 16, 1862) — sessions 1 and 2
Louis Trezevant Wigfall, Texas — session 3
Representatives
Alexander Boteler, 10th Virginia, Chairman
William Russell Smith, 2nd Alabama
Peter W. Gray, 3rd Texas
Inauguration (Session 1)
Senators
James Lawrence Orr, South Carolina, Chairman
Albert Gallatin Brown, Mississippi
Gustavus Adolphus Henry, Sr., Tennessee
Representatives
James Lyons, 3rd Virginia, Chairman
Francis Strother Lyon, 5th Alabama
Felix Ives Batson, 1st Arkansas
Robert Benjamin Hilton, 2nd Florida
Hines Holt, 3rd Georgia
Horatio Washington Bruce, 7th Kentucky
Henry Marshall, 5th Louisiana
Otho Robards Singleton, 5th Mississippi
William Mordecai Cooke, Sr., 1st Missouri
Thomas David Smith McDowell, 4th North Carolina
John McQueen, 1st South Carolina
William Graham Swan, 2nd Tennessee
John Allen Wilcox, 1st Texas
Printing
Senators
James Phelan, Sr., Mississippi, Chairman
Benjamin Harvey Hill, Georgia
John Bullock Clark, Sr., Missouri — sessions 1, 2, and 4
Landon Carter Haynes, Sr., Tennessee — sessions 3 and 4
Representatives
Ethelbert Barksdale, 6th Mississippi, Chairman
Augustus Romaldus Wright, 10th Georgia
Lucius Jacques Dupré, 4th Louisiana
Thomas Menees, 8th Tennessee
Albert Gallatin Jenkins, 14th Virginia (resigned April 21, 1862) — session 1
David Funsten, 9th Virginia — session 4
William Russell Smith, 2nd Alabama — temporary, session 4
David William Lewis, 5th Georgia — temporary, session 4
Rules (Session 1)
Senators
James Lawrence Orr, South Carolina, Chairman
Clement Claiborne Clay, Alabama
Robert Ward Johnson, Arkansas
William Lowndes Yancey, Alabama
Representatives
Thomas Stanley Bocock, 5th Virginia, Chairman
Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry, 4th Alabama
David William Lewis, 5th Georgia
John Perkins, Jr., 6th Louisiana
George Washington Jones, 7th Tennessee
Notes
References
The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America: 1861-1865, by Kenneth C. Martis (Simon and Schuster 1994)
Category:1862 establishments in Virginia
Category:1864 disestablishments in Virginia |
Blake Nose | Blake Nose is a submerged peninsula extending northeast from the North American continental shelf, located about 280 miles (460 km) east of Daytona Beach, Florida. Part of the Blake Plateau, Blake Nose is about 40 mi (64 km) wide at the base of the peninsula and about 50 mi (80 km) long.
Blake Nose appears as a distinctive "spur" in online satellite maps which show the Atlantic continental shelf of Florida.
Category:Plateaus of the Atlantic Ocean |
Chismore Range | The Chismore Range is a small subrange of the Kitimat Ranges, located on the western edge of Porcher Island, British Columbia, Canada.
References
Chismore Range in the Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia
Natural Resources Canada
mapcarta
updated weather
Category:Kitimat Ranges
Category:North Coast of British Columbia |
Hong Kong Mile | The Hong Kong Mile is a Group 1 flat horse race in Hong Kong which is open to thoroughbreds aged three years or older. It is run over a distance of 1,600 metres (about 1 mile) at Sha Tin, and it is scheduled to take place each year in mid December.
The race was first run in 1991, and it was originally titled the Hong Kong International Bowl. Its distance was initially set at 1,400 metres. The event's present title and distance were both introduced in 1999, and the following year it was promoted to Group 1 status.
The Hong Kong Mile is one of the four Hong Kong International Races, and it presently offers a purse of HK$23,000,000 (approximately US$2.9 million).
Records
Speed record: (at present distance of 1,600 metres)
1:32.71 – Good Ba Ba (2008)
Most wins:
3 – Good Ba Ba (2007, 2008, 2009)
Most wins by a jockey:
3 – Olivier Doleuze (2006, 2007, 2009)
3 - Zac Purton (2012, 2016, 2018)
Most wins by a trainer:
4 - John Moore (2011, 2014, 2017, 2018)
Most wins by an owner:
3 – John Yuen Se Kit (2007, 2008, 2009)
3 - Patrick Kwok Ho Chuen (2016, 2017, 2018}
Winners
The "1992" race actually took place in April 1993 – it had been postponed in December due to an equine virus.
See also
List of Hong Kong horse races
References
Racing Post:
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
Racing Information of Cathay Pacific Hong Kong Mile (2011/12)
Website of Cathay Pacific Hong Kong Mile (2011/12)
The Hong Kong Jockey Club
horseracingintfed.com – International Federation of Horseracing Authorities – Hong Kong Mile (2016).
pedigreequery.com – Hong Kong Mile – Sha Tin.
Category:Open mile category horse races
Category:Horse races in Hong Kong
Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1991
Category:1991 establishments in Hong Kong |
Shingo Yamashiro | was a Japanese television and film actor.
Biography
Yamashiro, who was originally from Kyoto, Japan, was born , but used Shingo Yamashiro as his stage name. He made his film acting debut in 1957.
Yamashiro starred in the television series Hakuba Dōji ("White Horse Rider"), beginning in 1960. During the 1970s, Yamashiro appeared in several yakuza films such as the Battles Without Honor and Humanity series and Gambling Den Heist (1975). Yamashiro also directed occasionally, helming such films in Nikkatsu's Roman porno series as Female Cats (1983) and Gemini Woman (1984). He starred in several variety shows later in his career.
Later years
Yamashiro was admitted to a nursing home in Machida, western Tokyo, for treatment of diabetes. He died of pneumonia at said nursing home on August 12, 2009, at the age of 70.
Filmography
Films
13 Assassins (1963)
Kunoichi ninpō (1964)
Battles Without Honor and Humanity: Deadly Fight in Hiroshima (1973), Shoichi Eda
Battles Without Honor and Humanity: Proxy War (1973), Shoichi Eda
Battles Without Honor and Humanity: Police Tactics (1974), Shoichi Eda
Battles Without Honor and Humanity: Final Episode (1974), Shoichi Eda
New Battles Without Honor and Humanity (1974), Kenji Yamamori
Gambling Den Heist (1975)
Aftermath of Battles Without Honor and Humanity (1979)
Final Take (1986), Reikichi Toda
Hachiko Monogatari (1987)
Television
Key Hunter (1969)
G-Men '75 (1975)
Furuhata Ninzaburō (1996), Masao Nandaimon
References
External links
Category:1938 births
Category:2009 deaths
Category:Japanese male actors
Category:Male actors from Kyoto |
Bornemisza | Bornemisza or Bornemissza is a Hungarian family name of Kingdom of Hungary nobility. It may refer to:
Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza
Heinrich, Baron Thyssen-Bornemisza de Kászon
Péter Bornemisza
Anna Bornemisza
George Bornemissza
Francesca Anne Dolores Freiin Thyssen-Bornemisza de Kászon et Impérfalva
Gergely Bornemissza
See also
List of titled noble families in the Kingdom of Hungary
Category:Hungarian-language surnames |
Trial of Ned Kelly | Trial of Ned Kelly is a 1977 Australian TV film about a hypothetical trial of Ned Kelly.
References
External links
Trial of Ned Kelly at Screen Australia
Category:Australian television films
Category:1977 television films
Category:Australian films |
American Frontiers: A Public Lands Journey | American Frontiers: A Public Lands Journey was a not for profit publicity project intended to raise awareness about public lands in the United States. It involved teams of travellers making their way across the United States, from Mexico to Canada, while avoiding private estates.
Background
Nearly one-third of the United States belongs to US citizens in the form of public lands. As the nation's urban and suburban populations expand, public lands and open spaces become ever more important. In spite of the importance of public lands, they are unknown to millions of Americans.
In 2002 the nonprofit Public Lands Interpretive Association (PLIA) partnered with the National Geographic Society, federal and state land management agencies, private businesses and other organizations in an attempt to focus national attention on American public estate by highlighting the experiences of two groups of travelers who followed a route from Mexico to Canada, which stayed on public lands the entire way -- "the first ever made entirely on public lands.". This journey, known as American Frontiers: A Public Lands Journey, aimed to create a broad national exposure about the role and relevancy of public lands.
The Trek
On July 31, 2002 two teams of travelers started simultaneously from the Mexican and the Canadian borders in New Mexico and Montana. During the following two months they traversed more than 2600 miles and crossed six states, entirely on public lands.
The trek set out to show ways people enjoy and get about on public lands. The trekkers traveled on foot, horseback, mountain bikes, ATVs and off-road motorcycles, in canoes, whitewater rafts, motorboats and four wheel drive vehicles.
The teams met sixty days later on National Public Lands Day in the Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest near Salt Lake City, Utah.
The Teams
The North Team left from the Canada–US border in Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, Montana, and traveled south toward Salt Lake City, Utah.
The South Team left from the Mexico–US border west of Las Cruces, New Mexico, and traveled north to Salt Lake City, Utah.
Education
American Frontiers attempted to present a balanced view of America’s public lands—their history and their uses—by engaging the two teams in special public land showcase events, round table discussions, back country classrooms and en route visits to schools and communities to learn about public land issues. Trek updates were shown on the television show “National Geographic Today” and through daily postings by team members at the American Frontiers website.
Trek Events
Both Teams took part in educational events along their trek. These events were hosted by US Fish& Wildlife, US Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, US Geological Survey, and others.
Some of the North Team trek events included a tour of the OCI Trona Mine near Green River, WY, attending a wild horse and burro adoption event in Jackson, WY, and paddling across Clark Canyon Reservoir in a dugout canoe, following the steps (or paddle strokes) of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
Some of the South Team’s events ranged from a Wilderness Roundtable discussion in Silver City, NM about the importance of the Gila Wilderness in the lives of surrounding communities, a discussion about ATV use in the Fishlake National Forest in Utah, and a presentation on Condor reintroduction in the Kaibab National Forest.
Lesson Plans and Educational Resources
Interpretive and educational materials, including a 45 minute slide show about the history of public lands and lesson plans to be used in the classroom, can be found at the American Frontiers website.
Geography Action! 2002
American Frontiers: A Public Lands Journey inspired the National Geographic Society’s Geography Action! 2002 curriculum, aimed at teaching school-aged children the beauty and the benefits of America's public lands.
Sponsors
American Frontier’s sponsors, including National Geographic Society, Coleman Company, Coca-Cola Company, American Honda, and the Bureau of Land Management show the range of interests, from education to camping or motorized sports, that this event appealed to. A complete list of sponsors can be found at the American Frontiers website.
References
External links
American Frontiers Website
Public Lands Interpretive Association
Report on the Journey by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management
Category:United States public land law |
Crater Cirque | Crater Cirque () is a cirque on the south wall of Tucker Glacier, immediately west of its junction with Whitehall Glacier. In its floor is an attractive lake containing red and green algae, and in the surrounding rock walls there are nests of Wilson's petrels, skuas, and snow petrels, as well as running streams and growths of moss and lichens. It was given this descriptive name by the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition, 1957–58.
References
Category:Cirques of Antarctica
Category:Landforms of Victoria Land
Category:Borchgrevink Coast |
Tide clock | A tide clock is a specially designed clock that keeps track of the Moon's apparent motion around the Earth. Along many coastlines, the Moon contributes the major part (67%) of the combined lunar and solar tides. The exact interval between tides is influenced by the position of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth, as well as the specific location on Earth where the tide is being measured. Due to the Moon's orbital prograde motion, it takes a particular point on the Earth (on average) 24 hours and 50.5 minutes to rotate under the Moon, so the time between high lunar tides fluctuates between 12 and 13 hours. A tide clock is divided into two roughly 6 hour tidal periods that shows the average length of time between high and low tides in a semi-diurnal tide region, such as most areas of the Atlantic Ocean.
Traditional mechanical tide clocks
The bottom of the tide clock dial (6 o'clock position) is marked "low tide" and the top of the tide clock dial (12 o'clock position) is marked "high tide." The left side of the dial is marked "hours until high tide" and has a count-down of hours from 5 to 1. There is one hand on the clock face, and along the left side it points to the number of hours "until" the (lunar) high tide. The right hand side of the clock is marked "hours until low tide" and has a count-down of hours from 5 to 1. The number pointed to by the hand gives the time "until" the (lunar) low tide. Some tide clocks incorporate time (using standard quartz movement) and even humidity and temperature in the same instrument.
Some tide clocks count down the number of hours from high or low tide, as in "one hour past high or low tide". When the clock reaches the half way point ("half-tide"), it then counts the hours up to high tide or low tide, as in "one hour until high or low tide". Generally, there is an adjustment knob on the back on the instrument which may be used to set the tide using official tide tables for a specific location at either high or low tide.
Tides have an inherent lead or lag, known as the lunitidal interval, that is different at every location, so tidal clocks are set for the time when the local lunar high tide occurs. This is often complicated because the lead or lag varies during the course of the lunar month, as the lunar and solar tides fall into and out of synchronization. The lunar tide and solar tide are synchronized (ebb and flow at the same time) near the full moon and the new moon. The two tides are unsynchronized near the first and last quarter moon (or "half moon"). Also, in addition to the relative position of the moon and the elliptical pattern of the sun, the tide can be affected to some degree by wind and atmospheric pressure. All of these variables have less impact on the tide at the time of the full moon, so this is usually the best time to set a tide clock. If the tide clock is mounted on a moving boat, it will need to be reset more frequently. The best time to set the clock is at the new moon or the full moon, which is also when the clock can most reliably indicate the actual combined tide. A simple tide clock will always be least reliable near the quarter moon.
Tide range is the vertical distance between the highest high tide and lowest low tide. The size of the lunar tide compared to the solar tide (which comes once every 12 hours) is generally about 2 to 1, but the actual proportion along any particular shore depends on the location, orientation, and shape of the local bay or estuary. Along some shorelines, the solar tide is the only important tide, and ordinary 12-hour clocks suffice since the high and low tides come at nearly the same time every day. Because ordinary tidal clocks only track a part of the tidal effect, and because the relative size of the combined effects is different in different places, they are in general only partially accurate for tracking the tides. Consequently, all navigators use tide tables either in a booklet, computer or digital tide clock.
Analog tide clocks are most accurate for use on the Atlantic coasts of America and Europe. This is because along the Atlantic coastline the moon controls the tides predictably, ebbing and flowing on a regular (12- to 13-hour) schedule. However, in other parts of the world such as along the Pacific Coast, tides can be irregular. The Pacific Ocean is so vast that the moon cannot control the entire ocean at once. The result is that parts of the Pacific Coast can have 3 high tides a day. Similarly, there are areas in the world like the Gulf of Mexico or the South China Sea that have only one high tide a day. Mechanical tide clocks used on the Pacific Coast must be adjusted frequently, often as much as weekly, and are not useful in diurnal areas (those with one tide per day).
Digital tide clocks
Digital tide clocks are not married to the 24 hour 50.5 minute tide cycle and thus track tides beyond the Atlantic coast. Smart digital tide clocks can work across all locations in North America without any adjustments. This is achieved by storing all the variations of tides at numerous locations. Given a particular location and date/time, a digital tide clock can display the previous tide, next tide and current absolute tide height. Thus, they are able to track semi-diurnal, diurnal and mixed diurnal tides.
Public clocks with tide indications
Belgium
Lier. The Zimmer tower's astronomical clock has twelve dials surrounding a central clockface. The dial at position X indicates the tides at Lier: the flag without a pennant, at the top of the dial, indicates high water; the flag with a pennant above indicates rising water, the flag with a pennant below indicates ebbing water. The size of the ships indicates the level of the tide.
France
Fécamp. The clock of 1667 at Fécamp Abbey shows the time of local high tide, and the present state of the sea by means of a disc with a quarter-circle aperture which rotates with the lunar phase, revealing a green background at the syzygies (at new moon and full moon), when the tidal range is most extreme ("spring tides"), and a black background at times of smaller tidal range ("neap tides").
Netherlands
Arnemuiden. The 16th-century church clock at Arnemuiden indicates the time of local high tide as a pointer on a 12-hour clockface.
Maassluis. Jacob Venker's tide clock on the exterior of the was installed in 1996. Despite the clock's traditional dial, it is computer-controlled, and accounts for 94 waves in its tidal timekeeping.
United Kingdom
King's Lynn. The south tower of King's Lynn Minster houses a tide clock, a 20th-century restoration of the original installed by Thomas Tue in 1681, which shows the moon phase and the time of local high tide, indicated by a dragon hand. The dial reads "LYNN HIGH TIDE" clockwise, but is to be interpreted as a 24-hour dial, with "L" at the top of the dial as midday and "G" at the bottom of the dial as midnight.
London. Alunatime at Trinity Buoy Wharf is a tide clock designed by Laura Williams, installed in 2010, which indicates the lunar phase, lunar day and tide cycle using a graphical notation of lights.
See also
Tide predicting machine
References
External links
Category:Clocks |
Stack Overflow | Stack Overflow is a question and answer site for professional and enthusiast programmers. It is a privately held website, the flagship site of the Stack Exchange Network, created in 2008 by Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky. It features questions and answers on a wide range of topics in computer programming. It was created to be a more open alternative to earlier question and answer sites such as Experts-Exchange. The name for the website was chosen by voting in April 2008 by readers of Coding Horror, Atwood's popular programming blog.
The website serves as a platform for users to ask and answer questions, and, through membership and active participation, to vote questions and answers up or down and edit questions and answers in a fashion similar to a wiki or Reddit. Users of Stack Overflow can earn reputation points and "badges"; for example, a person is awarded 10 reputation points for receiving an "up" vote on an answer given to a question and 10 points for the "up" vote of a question, and can receive badges for their valued contributions, which represents a gamification of the traditional Q&A site. Users unlock new privileges with an increase in reputation like the ability to vote, comment, and even edit other people's posts. All user-generated content is licensed under Creative Commons Attribute-ShareAlike license, version 3.0 or 4.0 depending on the date the content was contributed.
Closing questions is a main differentiation from other Q&A sites like Yahoo! Answers and a way to prevent low quality questions. The mechanism was overhauled in 2013; questions edited after being put "on hold" now appear in a review queue. Jeff Atwood stated in 2010 that duplicate questions are not seen as a problem but rather they constitute an advantage if such additional questions drive extra traffic to the site by multiplying relevant keyword hits in search engines.
Stack Overflow has over 10 million registered users, and it exceeded 16 million questions in mid 2018. Based on the type of tags assigned to questions, the top eight most discussed topics on the site are: JavaScript, Java, C#, PHP, Android, Python, jQuery, and HTML.
Stack Overflow also has a Jobs section to assist developers in finding their next opportunity. For employers, Stack Overflow provides tools to brand their business, advertise their openings on the site, and source candidates from Stack Overflow's database of developers who are open to being contacted.
History
The website was created by Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky in 2008. On 31 July 2008, Jeff Atwood sent out invitations encouraging his subscribers to take part in the private beta of the new website, limiting its use to those willing to test out the new software. On 15 September 2008 it was announced that the public beta version was in session and that the general public was now able to use it to seek assistance on programming related issues. The design of the Stack Overflow logo was decided by a voting process.
On 3 May 2010, it was announced that Stack Overflow had raised $6 million in venture capital from a group of investors led by Union Square Ventures.
In 2019, Stack Overflow named Prashanth Chandrasekar as its chief executive officer and Teresa Dietrich as its chief product officer.
Content criteria
Stack Overflow only accepts questions about programming that are tightly focused on a specific problem. Questions of a broader nature–or those inviting answers that are inherently a matter of opinion– are usually rejected by the site's users, and marked as closed. The sister site softwareengineering.stackexchange.com is intended to be a venue for broader queries, e.g. general questions about software development.
User suspension
In April 2009, Stack Exchange implemented a policy of "timed suspension", in order to curtail users who either show "No effort to learn (the community rules) and improve over time" or engage in "disruptive behavior" and become a nuisance. The suspension is accompanied by temporarily setting the user's reputation score at '1' and a notation on the user's profile page indicating the suspension and remaining duration.
Security breach
In early May 2019, an update was deployed to Stack Overflow's development version. It contained a bug which allowed an attacker to grant themselves privileges in accessing the production version of the site. Stack Overflow published on their blog that approximately 250 public network users were affected by this breach, which "could have returned IP address, names, or emails".
Statistics
A 2013 study has found that 75 % of users only ask one question, 65 % only answer one question, and only 8 % of users answer more than 5 questions. To empower a wider group of users to ask questions and then answer, Stack Overflow created a mentorship program resulting in users having a 50% increase in score on average. As of 2011, 92 % of the questions were answered, in a median time of 11 minutes. Since 2013, the Stack Exchange network software automatically deletes closed questions that meet certain criteria, including having no answers in a certain amount of time.
, 443,000 of the 1.3M registered users had answered at least one question, and of those, approximately 6,000 (0.46 % of the total user count) had earned a reputation score greater than 5000. Reputation can be gained fastest by answering questions related to tags with lower expertise density, doing so promptly (in particular being the first one to answer a question), being active during off-peak hours, and contributing to diverse areas.
In 2016, 1.5 million posts were deleted, of which about 8 % were deleted by moderators.
Technology
Stack Overflow is written in C# using the ASP.NET MVC (Model-View-Controller) framework, and Microsoft SQL Server for the database and the Dapper object-relational mapper used for data access. Unregistered users have access to most of the site's functionality, while users who sign in can gain access to more functionality, such as asking or answering a question, establishing a profile and being able to earn reputation to allow functionality like editing questions and answers without peer review or voting to close a question.
Reception
Stack Overflow has received general praise for its architecture of handling questions and answers as they are regulated by the community. Its success has often been attributed to self-regulation.
A study from the University of Maryland found that Android developers that used only Stack Overflow as their programming resource tended to write more insecure code than those who used only the official Android developer documentation from Google.
The site's culture has also been criticized for being needlessly harsh, abrasive, and unfriendly, something which has been recognized by several Stack Overflow employees.
See also
Askbot (free engine)
List of Internet forums
OSQA (Open Source Question and Answer)
Rosetta Code (multi-lingual algorithms)
References
External links
Category:Computing websites
Category:Gamification
Category:Internet properties established in 2008
Category:Question-and-answer websites
Category:Software developer communities
Category:Stack Exchange network |
Belinfante–Rosenfeld stress–energy tensor | In mathematical physics, the Belinfante–Rosenfeld tensor is a modification of the energy–momentum tensor that is constructed from the canonical energy–momentum tensor and the spin current so as to be symmetric yet still conserved.
In a classical or quantum local field theory, the generator of Lorentz transformations can be written as an integral
of a local current
Here is the canonical Noether energy–momentum tensor, and is the contribution of the intrinsic (spin) angular momentum. Local conservation of angular momentum
requires that
Thus a source of spin-current implies a non-symmetric canonical energy–momentum tensor.
The Belinfante–Rosenfeld tensor is a modification of the energy momentum tensor
that is constructed from the canonical energy momentum tensor and the spin current so as to be symmetric yet still conserved.
An integration by parts shows that
and so a physical interpretation of Belinfante tensor is that it includes the "bound momentum" associated with gradients of the intrinsic angular momentum. In other words, the added term is an analogue of the "bound current" associated with a magnetization density .
The curious combination of spin-current components required to make symmetric and yet still conserved seems totally ad hoc, but it was shown by both Rosenfeld and Belinfante that the modified tensor is precisely the symmetric Hilbert energy–momentum tensor that acts as the source of gravity in general relativity. Just as it is the sum of the bound and free currents that acts as a source of the magnetic field, it is the sum of the bound and free energy–momentum that acts as a source of gravity.
Belinfante-Rosenfeld and the Hilbert energy-momentum tensor
The Hilbert energy-momentum tensor is defined by the variation of the action functional with respect to the metric as
or equivalently as
(The minus sign in the second equation arises because .)
We may also define an energy-momentum tensor by varying a Minkowski-orthonormal vierbein to get
Here is the Minkowski metric for the orthonormal vierbein frame, and are the covectors dual to the vierbeins.
With the vierbein variation there is no immediately obvious reason for to be symmetric.
However, the action functional should be invariant under an infinitesimal local Lorentz transformation , ,
and so
should be zero.
As is an arbitrary position-dependent skew symmetric matrix, we see that local Lorentz and rotation invariance both requires and implies that .
Once we know that is symmetric, it is easy to show that , and so the vierbein-variation energy-momentum tensor is equivalent to the metric-variation Hilbert tensor.
We can now understand the origin of the Belinfante-Rosefeld modification of the Noether canonical energy momentum tensor.
Take the action to be where is the spin connection that is determined by via the condition of being metric compatible and torsion free. The spin current is then defined by the variation
and the "canonical" Noether energy momentum tensor is the part that arises from the variation where we keep the spin connection fixed:
Then
Now, for a torsion-free and metric-compatible connection, we have
that
where we are using the notation
Using the spin-connection variation, and after an integration by parts, we find
Thus we see that corrections to the canonical Noether tensor that appear in the Belinfante-Rosenfeld tensor occur because we need to simultaneously vary the vierbein and the spin connection if we are to preserve local Lorentz invariance.
As an example, consider the classical Lagrangian for the Dirac field
Here the spinor covariant derivatives are
We therefore get
There is no contribution from if we use the equations of motion, i.e. we are on shell.
Now
if are distinct
and zero otherwise.
As a consequence is totally antisymmetric. Now, using this result, and again the equations of motion, we find that
Thus the Belinfante-Rosenfeld tensor becomes
The Belinfante-Rosenfeld tensor for the Dirac field is therefore seen to be the symmetrized canonical energy-momentum tensor.
Weinberg's definition
Weinberg defines the Belinfante tensor as
where is the Lagrangian density, the set {Ψ} are the fields appearing in the Lagrangian, the non-Belinfante energy momentum tensor is defined by
and are a set of matrices satisfying the algebra of the homogeneous Lorentz group
.
References
Category:Tensors in general relativity |
Garenin | Garenin () is a crofting township found on the west coast of the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. Garenin is in the Carloway municipality and has a population of about 80 people. Garenin is also within the parish of Uig. Today the village is most famous for the "blackhouse village", which consists of nine restored traditional thatched cottages. The village is found at the end of the Garenin road beside the village bay. These houses were lived in till 1974 and were the last group of blackhouses to be inhabited in the Western Isles.
In 1989, Urras nan Geàrrannan (The Garenin Trust) was established to restore the houses. Over a decade later the project was complete and the restored blackhouse village was opened by Princess Anne.
The blackhouse village is managed by Gearrannan Village Ltd. There was a Youth Hostel (managed by The Gatliff Trust) but this closed in May 2011. There are four self-catering cottages, a museum (a blackhouse set in 1955) and a resource centre; a café and a small gift shop are open in summer.
Gallery
References
External links
Gearrannan Blackhouse Village
Category:Villages in the Isle of Lewis |
A Very Gaga Thanksgiving | A Very Gaga Thanksgiving is a Thanksgiving television special that originally aired on November 24, 2011, in the United States on the ABC network. Conceived and directed by Lady Gaga, it discusses her personal life and the inspiration behind her music. A 30-second preview of the special premiered on November 20, 2011 on Lady Gaga's YouTube channel. Principal photography took place at the Convent of the Sacred Heart in New York City.
The program features guest appearances by Katie Couric, Art Smith, and Tony Bennett. Gaga performed stripped down, acoustic versions of four songs from her second studio album, Born This Way, along with two Christmas songs and a duet with Bennett. The special received critical acclaim and gave ABC its best ratings in four years for its respective time slot on Thanksgiving Day. At the 2012 Dorian Awards, the special was nominated in the category of Best TV Musical Program of the Year but did not win the award. A live EP of performances from the special, titled A Very Gaga Holiday, was made available for purchase from the iTunes Store. The EP debuted on the Billboard 200 albums chart in the United States at number 52.
Synopsis
Katie Couric interviews Lady Gaga about her life and the inspiration behind her music at the Convent of the Sacred Heart in Manhattan, the school she attended as a child. Gaga also performs nine songs to a small audience of friends and family, including "Born This Way", "Marry the Night", "You and I", "Hair" and "The Edge of Glory", as well as covers of Irving Berlin's holiday classic "White Christmas" and Nat King Cole's "Orange Colored Sky". She also sings a duet with Tony Bennett of "The Lady Is a Tramp", originally from the 1937 musical comedy Babes in Arms, featuring the work of Gaga's trumpeter, Brian Newman. Gaga sings "Bad Romance" onstage during a different scene. American chef Art Smith makes a turkey dinner and waffles with Gaga. In another scene, a small group of children gather around her as she blows glitter on them.
Production
A Very Gaga Thanksgiving was conceived and directed by Gaga; it was produced by Steven Johnson, Rudy Bendar, and David Saltz. Principal photography took place at the Convent of the Sacred Heart in New York City. Gaga told Women's Wear Daily: "My dad will be so excited. I actually directed it. It's the first of two things I directed. I directed this as well as the video for 'Marry The Night,' my new single... So we'll be watching that and eating turkey and doing what all New Yorkers do, which is getting ready for every window to be filled with Christmas cheer the next day."
Gaga received dresses designed by Giorgio Armani, Stéphane Rolland, Azzedine Alaïa, and Martin Grant. A promotional photo of Gaga was released that shows her "going full ice princess", which Erin Strecker of Entertainment Weekly presumed would be her primary apparel. In a press statement early in November 2011, Couric commented that the special's story will amaze viewers and show a different side of Gaga:
Smith commented, "It's important for people to see that this amazing woman [Gaga] has a family that supports her." A 30-second preview of the special premiered on November 20, 2011, on Lady Gaga's YouTube channel. It revealed the appearances of Bennett, Couric and Smith. After watching the preview, a staff member of Idolator commented that it "reminds us of our own family Turkey Day get-togethers: there are people running around in ridiculous attire, someone's crying and the hostess is a (Mother) Monster of sorts." In a three-minute teaser trailer, Gaga makes crafts and shares holiday food with third-grade children. The full TV special premiered on November 24, 2011, at 9:30 pm ET.
Reception
Ratings
A Very Gaga Thanksgiving aired on November 24, 2011, in the United States on ABC. It attracted 5.749 million viewers and garnered a 1.8/5 rating in the 18–49 demographic in its first hour. Gaga's special aired simultaneously with reruns of The Simpsons on FOX, Person of Interest on CBS, and The Secret Circle on The CW. In its second hour, total viewership and ratings declined to 5.388 million viewers and a 1.6/5 rating in the 18–49 demographic, despite airing at the same time as a recap of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade on NBC and a rerun of The Mentalist on CBS. A Very Gaga Thanksgiving failed to beat other Thanksgiving specials in the ratings, including A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving. The program had the highest rating in the 18–49 demographic in its time slot. Total viewership increased by 23% (1.3 million viewers) from the previous year's Thanksgiving special, singer Beyoncé's 2009 concert I Am... World Tour. It gave ABC its best ratings in four years for the Thanksgiving Day time slot.
Critical response
The program was met with general acclaim from television critics. Calling it engaging, Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly opined that A Very Gaga Thanksgiving was "disarmingly direct, sincere, and unpretentious". Tucker praised Lady Gaga's performances in the television special, saying they were a "warm, low-key collection of solid performances of her hits and pop standards". Dave Itzkoff of The New York Times said that while viewers might have thought they were viewing a "dream or a hallucination", they were watching "an actual holiday special". The Guardian s Hadley Freeman wrote, "It was all inoffensive, silly and knowing, and laid down the groundwork for what looks likely to be the singer's next career: as America's in-house eccentric, fearless enough to satirize the country's traditions but canny enough to know that while you can deface as many Irving Berlin songs as you like, the turkey is non-negotiable." In contrast, A Very Gaga Thanksgiving was panned by Jen Carlson of Gothamist, who felt that it was a "very transparent marketing ploy for the new Gaga holiday release".
The Washington Post Sarah Anne Hughes wrote that she was shocked at how traditional Gaga was in the television special. Cavan Sieczkowski of the International Business Times described A Very Gaga Thanksgiving as a "charming throwback to holiday specials of times past". Sieczkowski praised the outfits and drew comparisons to those of Elizabeth Taylor and Ava Gardner. Joe Drake agreed, writing on TVology: "This special was [fabulous]. I have nothing bad to say about it. Lady Gaga proves, yet again, that she is the artist of our generation. Her talent, beauty, personality and spirit make her such an incredible person to look up to and respect." At the 2012 Dorian Awards, the special was nominated in the category of Best TV Musical Program of the Year but lost to Glee and Gaga's own concert special, Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden.
Music
On November 22, 2011, iTunes Store began selling an exclusive EP of the live performances from the special, which included "White Christmas", "Orange Colored Sky", "You and I", and "The Edge of Glory". The EP was made available for purchase only. Titled A Very Gaga Holiday, it entered the Billboard 200 chart at number 52, selling 22,000 copies, and number nine on the Top Holiday Albums chart. The same week, the special also increased sales of Gaga's second studio album, Born This Way, which moved up the Billboard 200 chart from 72 to 21, with sales of 47,000 copies (up 416% from the previous week).
See also
List of Thanksgiving television specials
References
External links
Category:2010s American television specials
Category:2011 television specials
Category:American Broadcasting Company television specials
Category:Lady Gaga
Category:Thanksgiving television specials |
Aleshino, Vashkinsky District, Vologda Oblast | Aleshino () is a rural locality (a village) in Ivanovskoye Rural Settlement, Vashkinsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 8 as of 2002.
Geography
The distance to Lipin Bor is 56 km, to Ivanovskaya is 3 km. Averino is the nearest rural locality.
References
Category:Rural localities in Vologda Oblast
Category:Rural localities in Vashkinsky District |
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1895–1898 | This is a list of members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly who served in the 17th parliament of New South Wales from 1895 to 1898. They were elected at the 1895 colonial election on 24 July 1895. The Speaker was Sir Joseph Abbott.
By-elections
Under the constitution, ministers were required to resign to recontest their seats in a by-election when appointed. These by-elections are only noted when the minister was defeated; in general, he was elected unopposed.
See also
Reid ministry
Notes
References
Category:Members of New South Wales parliaments by term
Category:19th-century Australian politicians |
Baruch Hirson | Baruch Hirson (10 December 1921 – 3 October 1999) was a South African political activist, academic, author and historian, who was jailed for nine years in apartheid-era South Africa before moving to England in 1973. He was co-founder of the critical journal Searchlight South Africa, and in 1991 a critic of what he referred to as Stalinist methods used by the African National Congress (ANC).
Life
Baruch Hirson was born to a lower-middle class Jewish family at Doornfontein near Johannesburg. His parents, Joseph and Lily Hirson, had emigrated to South Africa to escape anti-Semitism in the Russian Empire. From the age of four, Hirson attended a Hebrew school in Johannesburg. His mathematical ability enabled him to study as a part-time student at the University of Witwatersrand, matriculating in 1939.
In 1940 he joined Hashomer Hatzair, the radical Zionist youth movement. Encountering organized anti-Semitism from the Greyshirts and those celebrating the centenary of the Great Trek, he moved towards Marxism, joining the Fourth International Organisation of South Africa (FIOSA). Influenced against Stalinism by reading Workers' Front (1938), Fenner Brockway's account of the Spanish Civil War, he became a Trotskyist.
From 1944 to 1946 Hirson was full-time-organiser for the Workers' International League, a short-lived Trotskyist group, trying to develop black trade unions despite the Suppression of Communism Act. He came to know other South African Trotskyists such as M. N. Averbach, Hosea Jaffe, Yudel Burlak and Raff Lee. When the WIL stopped working with unions, Hirson was involved for a while with the Non-European Unity Movement (NEUM).
In 1950 he joined the Congress of Democrats, the white wing of the ANC-led Congress Alliance, organizing a new Socialist League of Africa. After the Sharpeville Massacre Hirson felt discouraged by the political failure to combat apartheid and in 1960 he wrote a critique of the movement, called 10 Years of the Stay at Home.
In the early 1960s Hirson organized a National Committee for Liberation, later known as the African Resistance Movement (ARM), with other Trotskyists and younger members of the ANC. The group carried out sabotage actions, and in 1964 Hirson was arrested, convicted of sabotage, and jailed for nine years. During his time in Pretoria Central Prison, he met Denis Goldberg, and helped Goldberg to communicate with ANC members on the outside via coded letters. These communications helped to effect the prison escape of Tim Jenkin, Stephen Lee and Alex Moumbaris in 1979 (later the subject of the film Escape from Pretoria).
Released in 1973, but facing a banning order and house arrest, Hirson and his family moved to England. There he found posts at Middlesex University and Bradford University. He initially lectured in physics, but in 1986 enrolled for a PhD in history.
Beginning with Year of fire, year of ash, a record of the Soweto uprising, Hirson wrote a series of works on the history of the left and the anti-apartheid struggle in South Africa. He collaborated with Hillel Ticktin of Critique, and founded the critical journal Searchlight South Africa with Paul Trewhela.
In 1991 Hirson returned to visit South Africa, speaking at eight universities with the demand that "use of Stalinist methods in the ANC" be exposed and stopped.
He died in London in 1999, aged 77, from the cumulative effects of a long-term degenerative paralysis of the bone structure, one of several health problems exacerbated by his imprisonment.
Recognition
In March 2011, the country of Sierra Leone issued a postage stamp in his honor, naming him as one of the Legendary Heroes of Africa.
Works
'10 Years of the Stay at Home', International Socialism, 1961
Year of fire, year of ash: the Soweto revolt, roots of a revolution, 1979
Yours for the union!: class and community struggles in South Africa, 1930-1947, 1989
Colonialism and Imperialism p. 7–18 in Searchlight South Africa, Vol 2, No 3, July 1991
Strike across the Empire: the seamen's strike of 1925 : in Britain, South Africa and Australasia, 1992
Revolutions in my life, 1995
The delegate for Africa: David Ivon Jones, 1883-1924, 1995
The Cape Town intellectuals: Ruth Schechter and her circle, 1907-1934, 2000
Frank Glass: the restless revolutionary, 2003
A history of the Left in South Africa: writings of Baruch Hirson, 2005
References
External links
Baruch Hirson material at the Marxists Internet Archive
Baruch Hirson archives held by the University of London
Category:1921 births
Category:1999 deaths
Category:South African historians
Category:South African Trotskyists
Category:South African Jews
Category:Jewish socialists
Category:Jewish South African anti-apartheid activists
Category:Historians of South Africa
Category:Academics of the University of Bradford
Category:White South African anti-apartheid activists |
Leo Laliman | Leo Laliman was a winegrower and viticulturist from Bordeaux, France. He, along with fellow winegrower Gaston Bazille, is largely accredited for the discovery that when European vines are grafted with suitable American rootstock, they become resistant to grape phylloxera. This discovery was very relevant at the time, when France was suffering from a severe wine blight induced by the same phylloxera.
While Laliman was praised for his discovery, he was also a controversial figure at the time; for undocumented reasons, he was also branded by many as the introducer of the phylloxera, and, by extension, the crippling blight that came with it.
Background
The blight, termed the Great French Wine Blight, was a severe blight of the mid-19th century that resulted in the destruction of over 4 million vineyards and 40% of all the grape vines in France, and that subsequently laid waste to the wine industry there.
This blight was brought on by a species of aphid that originated in North America and was carried across the Atlantic Ocean sometime in the late 1850s/early 1860s. However, how the phyolloxera had survived the journey remained a point of much debate; Europeans had experimented with American vines for centuries without any pestilential problems. Eventually, it was decided that, following the invention of steamboats, the grape phylloxera were able to survive the shortened journey.
The first instance of the blight was recorded sometime in the early 1860s, and France suffered the blight for a 15-year period, without any solution. Eventually, Jules-Emile Planchon and two colleagues made an important discovery; the discovery that sourced the aphid phylloxera to the blight itself — up until then, the source of the damage was unknown. In 1870, American entomologist Charles Valentine Riley confirmed Planchon's theory. However, this discovery caused controversy; some met it with optimism, saying that now that the cause had been found, it would just be a matter of elimination. Others disagreed completely with the theory, saying that the grape phylloxera were merely a symptom, an effect, of the blight, rather than the source.
Solution
Shortly after Riley confirmed the theory proposed by Planchon, Laliman and Bazille, up until then two unknown winegrowers, proposed that the European vines, of the vinifera variety, may form a resistance to the destructive phylloxera if they were grafted with the American vine variety, which had formed a natural resistance.
The idea was tested, and proved successful. Following this, France became divided again. Some, referred to as the "chemists", persisted with the use of pesticides and chemicals, while others, known as "Americanists", tried Laliman and Bazille's method.
Reward
The French government had, in desperation, offered a reward of over 320,000 Francs to anyone who could find a cure for the blight. Laliman, who was accredited over Bazille for the grafting solution, attempted to claim the prize money. However, the French government refused to award Laliman the money, claiming he had simply prevented the phylloxera's occurrence, rather than found a cure for it. However, it is speculated that there may have been other reasons that the French government refused to give Laliman the prize money; the idea of grafting rootstock for agricultural advantage was not a completely novel concept, and he was also mistrusted among a large portion of the population.
Controversy
Laliman became quite a controversial figure following his and Bazille's discovery. While he was widely acclaimed and praised for his theory and its success, and was uncontroversially accredited for finding the solution to the problem, many others mistrusted his method, and were decidedly against grafting their rootstock with American vines. Others mistrusted him personally, and some claimed that he was, in fact, responsible for the introduction of the grape phylloxera. This public suspicion of Laliman may have been the true reason that the French government was against awarding Laliman the prize for "curing the blight".
References
Category:Viticulturists |
Grabów-Wójtostwo | Grabów-Wójtostwo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Prosną, within Ostrzeszów County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Grabów nad Prosną, north-east of Ostrzeszów, and south-east of the regional capital Poznań.
References
Category:Villages in Ostrzeszów County |
Yale Law Journal | The Yale Law Journal is a student-run law review affiliated with the Yale Law School. Published continuously since 1891, it is the most widely known of the eight law reviews published by students at Yale Law School. The journal is one of the most cited legal publications in the nation (with an impact factor of 5.000) and usually generates the highest number of citations per published article.
The journal, which is published eight times per year, contains articles, essays, features, and book reviews by professional legal scholars as well as student-written notes and comments. It is edited entirely by students. The journal has an online companion, the Yale Law Journal Forum, which features op-ed length pieces and responses from scholars, practitioners, and policymakers.
The Yale Law Journal, in conjunction with the Harvard Law Review, the Columbia Law Review, and the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, publishes the Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, the most widely followed authority for legal citation formats in the United States.
Notable alumni
Alumni of the Yale Law Journal have served at all levels of the federal judiciary. Alumni include Supreme Court justices (Samuel Alito, Abe Fortas, Brett Kavanaugh, Sonia Sotomayor, Potter Stewart) and numerous judges on the United States courts of appeals (William Duane Benton, Stephanos Bibas, Guido Calabresi, Steven Colloton, Morton Ira Greenberg, Stephen A. Higginson, Andrew D. Hurwitz, Robert Katzmann, Scott Matheson, Michael H. Park, Jill A. Pryor, Richard G. Taranto, Patricia Wald).
Alumni have also served as United States Attorneys General (Nicholas Katzenbach, Peter Keisler) and United States Solicitors General (Walter E. Dellinger III, Neal Katyal, Seth P. Waxman). In addition, numerous editors have gone on to serve as high-ranking public officials (Senator Arlen Specter, Senator Michael Bennet, Senator Richard Blumenthal, former Secretary of Labor Robert Reich, Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar, FBI Director Christopher A. Wray, White House Counsel Lloyd Cutler, National Security Advisor John R. Bolton).
Former editors also include prominent law professors (Matthew Adler, Akhil Amar, Ian Ayres, Barbara A. Babcock, Philip Bobbitt, Stephen L. Carter, Alan Dershowitz, John Hart Ely, Noah Feldman, Claire Finkelstein, Joseph Goldstein, Dawn Johnsen, Randall Kennedy, Karl Llewellyn, Jonathan R. Macey, Charles A. Reich, Reva Siegel, John Yoo, and Kenji Yoshino), as well as the deans of Yale Law School (Robert Post and Louis H. Pollak, who was also dean of the University of Pennsylvania Law School), Harvard Law School (Martha Minow), Columbia Law School (David Schizer), Brooklyn Law School (Joan Wexler), Northwestern University School of Law (David E. Van Zandt, now the president of The New School), Bates College (Clayton Spencer), Michigan Law School (Evan Caminker), New York University School of Law (Richard Revesz), Georgetown Law Center (T. Alexander Aleinikoff), Emory University School of Law (Robert A. Schapiro), Washington and Lee University School of Law (Nora Demleitner), and Stanford Law School (Bayless Manning).
Admissions
The journal holds a two-part admissions competition each spring, consisting of a "source and citation exam" followed by a traditional writing competition, as well as a recently added diversity statement that is worth 20% of the admissions scoring. Students may also join the staff if they publish a note in the Journal.
Notable articles
Some of journal's most cited articles include:
Fiss, Owen (1984). "Against Settlement." Yale Law Journal. 93 (6): 1073-1090. doi:10.2307/796205.
Both Samuel Alito and Sonia Sotomayor wrote student notes for the Yale Law Journal, which were scrutinized during their nomination processes to the Supreme Court of the United States.
References
Further reading
External links
The Pocket Part
Category:American law journals
Category:General law journals
Category:Yale Law School
Category:Publications established in 1891
Category:Law journals edited by students
Category:1891 establishments in Connecticut
Category:8 times per year journals |
Octo Octa | Maya Bouldry-Morrison, better known by her stage name Octo Octa, is an American house producer and DJ based in Brooklyn, New York.
In 2016, Bouldry-Morrison came out as transgender, after having already gained prominence as an artist.
Career
Octo Octa describes her influences as including classic Warp records, IDM, drum 'n' bass, Los Angeles record label Tigerbeat6, and has been inspired by trans artist DJ Sprinkles (a.k.a. Terre Thaemlitz).
While studying at the University of New Hampshire, she formed the dance band Horny Vampyre with her friend Jeremy, while also using the Octo Octa moniker for her solo experimental music. Her initial solo productions worked within IDM and breakcore genres; it was only at the end of her college career that she began to produce the style of house music for which she is more widely known.
Her first EP release, Let Me See You (2011), came out through 100% Silk, the house sub-label of noise music label Not Not Fun Records. She has since had several releases, including the 12" EP Where Did You Go / Through the Haze (2014) on Argot, More Times EP (2015) on German label Running Back and Further Trips (2015) through Deepblak. Her first three albums have been released through 100% Silk, with the most recent being Resonant Body in 2019.
Personal life
Bouldry-Morrison came out as transgender in 2016. She recounts that this process began in 2012, when she read a Rolling Stone article about Against Me frontwoman Laura Jane Grace.
Discography
Albums
Resonant Body T4T LUV NRG, 2019, T4T002
Where Are We Going? HNYTRX, 2017, HNY-015
Between Two Selves 100% Silk, 2013, SILK046
LA Vampires 100% Silk, 2012, SILK031
Rough, Rugged, And Raw 100% Silk, 2011, SILK025
12"s and EPs
For Lovers Technicolour, 2019, TCLR030
Devotion EP Naive (3), 2018, NAIVE004
Adrift Honey Soundsystem Records, 2017, HNY-016
Aimless Skylax, 2017, LAX144
New Paths Argot, 2017, ARGOT019
Frndzne 01 Frendzone!, 2017, frndzne 01
My Feelings Toward You Love Notes, 2017, LVNO-09
Where Are We Going? HNYTRX, 2017, HNY-015
Further Trips Deepblak, 2015, DBR-V026
Requiem For The Body Stays Underground It Pays, 2015, SUIT 8
More Times Running Back, 2015, RB052
Where Did You Go/ Through the Haze Argot, 2014, ARGOT 009
Cause I Love You 100% Silk, 2014, SILK061
Oh Love 100% Silk, 2012, SILK023
Let Me See You 100% Silk, 2011, SILK011
Remixes Appear on
Don't Fear It EP Don't Fear It (Remix), Shewey Trax, 2017, shew-19
References
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:American electronic musicians
Category:LGBT musicians from the United States
Category:Transgender and transsexual musicians
Category:Transgender and transsexual DJs
Category:Transgender and transsexual women
Category:American women in electronic music |
1957–58 Cincinnati Royals season | The 1957–58 season was the Royals first season in Cincinnati, following its relocation from Rochester during the offseason. Interest in the team was created by a draft deal that brought Lakers All-Star Clyde Lovellette to the team. The team then lured guard George King, the former Syracuse starter back from college coaching. Both additions added talent and veteran leadership to a still young squad.
The roster included star shooter Jack Twyman, Dick Ricketts (who also pitched in the major leagues), and star swing man Tom Marshall. In their first year in Cincinnati, the Royals ended a 2-year playoff drought by finishing in a tie for 2nd place in the NBA's West Division.
The Royals finished with a record of 33–39. One of the team leaders was Maurice Stokes, who finished second in rebounding with 18.1 rebounds per game. The 6'8 240-pound Stokes, arguably the NBA's first black superstar, also amazed by rating third in the NBA in assists.
Lovellette was fourth in the NBA in scoring, while Twyman led the NBA in shooting accuracy. The entire frontline of Stokes, Lovellette and Twyman were named NBA All-Stars that first season. The team had the makings of a real contender, but the backcourt was debilitated by injuries to Marhsall and King, plus promising Si Green and Johnny McCarthy had been lost to mandatory military service. The team's first-year promise took a tragic turn in mid-March. In the final game of the regular season, played on March 12, Stokes suffered an injury when his head hit the hardwood floor in a game versus the Minneapolis Lakers. Despite being knocked unconscious, Stokes would play in the playoffs against the Detroit Pistons. On the flight home after losing to the Pistons, Stokes suddenly fell ill and was rushed to the hospital upon landing. As the Pistons swept the Royals, Stokes lapsed into a coma. It was revealed that Stokes suffered encephalopathy, a traumatic brain injury that damaged his motor control center. The injury would leave Maurice Stokes as a quadriplegic without the ability to speak. Teammate Jack Twyman would serve as Stokes legal guardian until his death in 1970.
The Stokes tragedy would ultimately decimate the team, with six other players not returning for next season. The team was also suddenly sold to local Cincinnati buyers, and coach Bobby Wanzer would also later be replaced. This first year, therefore, stands out from all the Cincinnati teams.
Draft picks
The Royals made the deal of the NBA draft with the first overall pick. They selected high-touted Rod Hundley, and then sent him along with two reserves to the Lakers for All-Star Clyde Lovellette and solid reserve Jim Paxson, who had been a college star at nearby Dayton.
The Royals then tried to shore up their backcourt with selections Dick Duckett( 2 ), Gerry Paulson( 3 ),John Maglio ( 6 ) and Chet Forte ( 7 ). Forte was later the Director of ABC's Monday Night Football.
As the season ended, local stars Oscar Robertson and Jerry Lucas were tabbed as territorial draft picks. Each would be selected by the team after the college senior seasons.
Regular season
Season standings
Record vs. opponents
Schedule
The first Cincinnati Royals game ever was a home game against Syracuse, 26 October 1957, a 110–100 win behind local star Jack Twyman. The team opened to good crowds with home games in their first ten.
Nov 7–7, Dec 5–13 with injuries and extra road games, January 11–5, Feb 4–12 with a season-ending injury to Marshall, March 5–2, plus two playoff losses to Detroit, due to the permanent loss of Stokes.
Playoffs
West Division Semifinals
(2) Detroit Pistons vs. (3) Cincinnati Royals: Pistons win series 2–0
Game 1 @ Detroit: Detroit 100, Cincinnati 83
Game 2 @ Cincinnati: Detroit 124, Cincinnati 104
Last Playoffs meeting: 1953 Western Division Semifinals (Pistons won 2–1, while still in Fort Wayne; Royals were in Rochester at the time).
Player statistics
Season
Playoffs
Awards and honors
Maurice Stokes, 2nd in rebounds, 3rd in assists, Second Team All-NBA.
Clyde Lovellette, 1st in field goals made, 4th in scoring, 4th in shooting accuracy, Second Team All-NBA.
Jack Twyman, 1st in shooting accuracy, NBA All-Star.
George King, among top ten in NBA assists.
References
Royals on Basketball Reference
Category:Sacramento Kings seasons
Cincinnati
Cincinnati
Cincinnati |
2nd Battalion, 25th Marines | The 2nd Battalion, 25th Marines (2/25) is a reserve infantry battalion in the United States Marine Corps.
Headquartered in Garden City, New York, it has units located throughout the Mid-Atlantic States. It consists of approximately 1,000 Marines and sailors under the command of the 25th Marine Regiment and the 4th Marine Division.
Current units
Mission
The 2nd Battalion, 25th Marines, trains qualified units or individuals that reinforce the active components of the Marine Corps in the event of war, as well as a national emergency or any other threat to national security.
History
World War II
The battalion was first activated on May 1, 1943, at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, as the 2nd Battalion, 25th Marines. It was relocated during August–September 1943 to Camp Pendleton, California. In September 1943, 2/25 was assigned to the 4th Marine Division. The battalion was deployed to combat during January 1944 to Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands. It participated in the following World War II campaigns: Kwajalein, Saipan, Tinian and Iwo Jima while under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Lewis C. Hudson. In October 1945, it relocated to Camp Pendleton, California and was deactivated on October 31, 1945.
Post-war Years
The battalion was reactivated on July 1, 1962, at Garden City, New York, and assigned to the 4th Marine Division, Marine Forces Reserve.
The battalion was mobilized piecemeal between November 1990 and January 1991 in support of Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm. The majority of the battalion trained at Camp Pendleton and 29 Palms, CA for possible deployment overseas, while Fox Company 2/25 deployed to the Persian Gulf and participated directly in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. 2nd Platoon of Fox Company deployed as part of 5th Marine Regiment, on the 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade participating in combat operations in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, while the remainder of the company supported 2nd Marine Division operations with the 2nd Light Armored Infantry Battalion. With the cessation of hostilities in the Persian Gulf, the 2nd platoon of Fox Company was subsequently diverted to Bangladesh for participation in Operation Sea Angel, in May 1991. The battalion demobilized during March/April 1991 and returned to Garden City, New York. The elements of Fox Company that remained active returned to the Bronx, NY on July 3, 1991, just before the 4th of July weekend of 1991. These Marines were subsequently assigned to other 2/25 elements as the Fox Company headquarters was moved from its former home in New Rochelle, NY to Albany, NY during their deployment.
In September/October 1994, 2/25 participated in Operation Sea Signal in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. In the summers of 1995 and 1996, they participated in JTF-6 Counter-drug missions in the Southwest United States. In 1997, they participated in a CAX at 29 Palms, CA. In July 1998, parts of the Battalion deployed to Lithuania to participate in a CJT known as "Baltic Challenge 98". In February 1999, the battalion deployed to Norway for Operation Battle Griffin. They also participated in Operation Rescue Eagle, Romania in July 2000.
Global War on Terror
The battalion was enlisted from January 2002 to January 2003 in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. It was demobilized in January 2003 and returned to Garden City, New York. In March 2003, it mobilized again in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom briefly, before demobilizing in August 2003. During the summer of 2004, the battalion was deployed to Mount Fuji, Japan for Annual Training. During the winter of 2005, it was deployed to Norway for Annual Training in support of Battle Griffin '05. In March 2005, 75 members of the battalion were deployed to Iraq as individual augments with 3rd Battalion, 25th Marines. In December of that year, more than 250 individual members of the battalion were mobilized to augment the 1st Battalion 25th Marines for deployment in Iraq.
During the summer of 2007, the battalion was joined by medical and veterinary civil affairs units and traveled to Senegal for Operation Shared Accord. The battalion split its time between training with Senegalese commandos and fire support companies and providing veterinary and medical care to the towns surrounding the training area.
In September 2008, 2/25, with individual augments from 1/25 and 3/25, the battalion was deployed to Al Anbar Province in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. It was split into two 500 Marines "half-battalion" units to pursue separate missions: Force protection of Al Asad Air Base and counterinsurgency operations in the area around Camp Korean Village, Iraq. The battalion demobilized and returned to Garden City, New York, on April 10, 2009, after turning over the security of Al Asad Air Base to 1st Battalion, 8th Marines; the operations neighboring Camp Korean Village were turned over to elements of the 4th Assault Amphibian Battalion.
In the summer of 2010, over 400 Marines from the battalion were stationed in Mozambique to train with the local military and conducted humanitarian medical Civil Affairs in towns near the capital. The 2nd Battalion, 25th Marine regiment’s partner-based training concentrated on small arms tactics and hasty mine clearing in one of the most heavily mined countries in the world.
Members
Matthew Bogdanos – former CO of Weapons Company
Raymond W. Kelly – former operations officer
Robert Wertz – a member of the New York State Assembly
David E. Hickman – former weapons specialist, attached to 10th Mountain Division
See also
List of United States Marine Corps battalions
Organization of the United States Marine Corps
References
External links
2/25's official website
2nd Battalion 25th Marines Association Official Website
Reserve motor transportation Marines keep the mission rolling, 24 January 2009
Navy dentist keeps Reserve Marine warriors in the fight, 23 January 2009
Marines help change perceptions in rural Al-Anbar province, 17 January 2009*
Echo Marines Conduct Atmospherics, 6 January 2009
Marines Empower Iraqi Police, 31 December 2008
Category:4th Marine Division (United States)
Category:Infantry battalions of the United States Marine Corps |
Patchen, California | Patchen is a ghost town nestled in the Santa Cruz Mountains, in unincorporated west Santa Clara County, California. It is located along the Old Santa Cruz Highway, east of State Route 17.
History
California became an American territory in 1846. The earliest known permanent white settler in what became Patchen was Charles Henry "Mountain Charley" McKiernan. In the 1850s and 1860s, McKiernan built roads throughout his property on the summit of the mountains and operated a toll road down an old Indian trail near the site. In 1850, McKiernan settled near the lagoon about one mile south. On May 8, 1854, McKiernan and John Taylor, a neighbor, were hunting with Taylor's dog. They both shot at a grizzly bear and McKiernan hit the bear but only dazed it. Not having time to reload his gun, McKiernan hit the bear over the head with his rifle until it broke. The enraged bear rose up and made a snap at Charley, catching him over the left eye and forehead, crushing his skull and tearing out a piece about five by three inches. Three San Jose doctors crafted a silver plate from two Mexican pesos and patched the hole in Charley's head without the benefit of anesthetics. Grizzly bears were reportedly hunted into extinction in California; the last reported sighting of a grizzly in the Santa Cruz Mountains was in November 1885 near Bonny Doon. McKiernan lived until January 16, 1892.
Directly across the road from the town's site is California Historical Landmark marker #448 commemorating the town and the legend of "Mountain Charley." This was the first settlement in the area and centered on the Post Office, called Patchen.
The origins of the name Patchen may go back to ancient times in what is now Patching Parish in Sussex, England. People by the name Patching, Patchen, and Patchin have been listed in that area since the 800 A.D. In 1634, Joseph Patching came to the U.S. and most of the Patchens in America can be traced to him. The name reached the San Francisco Bay Area by way of a famous race horse named "George M. Patchen" and his son, "Smith Patchen," nicknamed "California Patchen," because of his good showing in California in 1862 and again in 1867 in San Jose, San Francisco, and Sacramento.
The post office name appears on government records as having been established at Patchen on March 28, 1872. The post office operated until November 30, 1929. One of the first postmasters was D.C. Feely; in 1885, he represented Patchen at the American Exposition at New Orleans. Feely took a polished wood collection, a soil sample from his farm, and a large exhibit of fresh fruit provided by the local fruit growers.
The Feely Ranch, located about a quarter mile north of Patchen, was a favored vacation spot of writer Jack London (1876- 1916). London wrote some of his works while vacationing at the ranch. The area is still identified on the official Santa Clara County Assessor's map as "Call of the Wild" (the name of Jack London's famous early novel) and there is a road by the same name north of Patchen.
The Edgemont Hotel was located in Patchen and operated by Mr. and Mrs. L.N. Scott. It was located in the flat area near the road, about where the main parking lot for the Christmas tree farm is today.
In 1855, the California Stage Company was awarded the United States mail contract from San Jose to Santa Cruz and Patchen became the place to change horses. One of the most famous drivers on the mountain route was Charley Parkhurst, who drove over the mountain roads about 1868. Like other stage drivers, Parkhurst wore a heavy muffler, gloves, a buffalo skin coat and cap. Also, like other drivers, Parkhurst had a sharp throaty whistle, used like a horn to warn others that the stage was just around the corner. For these reasons "Charley" was able to hide her identity until her death.
The stage was held up at Patchen on the afternoon of April 1, 1874. After the second robbery in the same area on April 28, 1874 the culprits were captured and sent off to the state prison at San Quentin with the help of "Mountain Charley" and the local posse.
From the 1880s to the early 1900s vacationers, going into the mountains to places such as the Edgemont Hotel in Patchen or to Santa Cruz, filled the roads with horses and wagons.
A narrow gauge railroad opened in 1880 from Los Gatos, along the Los Gatos Creek, to Wright's Station about a mile east of Patchen. From Wright's Station it went through a two mile long tunnel to Laurel, then through other tunnels to Scotts Valley and Santa Cruz. The Southern Pacific bought the railroad around 1900.
At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, the most disastrous earthquake in California history shook the area. Roads were blocked by landslides, bridges were broken, houses and hotels were shaken to the ground, and the railroad was destroyed. Shifts in the nearby San Andreas Fault caused significant offsets and fissures, especially in Wrights. The railroad was rebuilt and continued to operate until early 1940, when severe storms blocked the route. Southern Pacific considered rebuilding the railroad again, then decided to abandon it. The same year State Route 17 was completed and bypassed Patchen, contributing to its decline.
In 1949, one of the three buildings which remained from the original town of Patchen was torn down by Paul von Ahnen, who used its hand-hewn timbers to build his house, across the road from the present Christmas tree farm. The building had been the old stage station, built in the 1870s.
On December 29, 1957, fire destroyed the building which had been erected by Joseph Fowler in 1876 as the post office. Fowler had kept the office in his home for the four years prior to that time. The chimney of the old post office stood until 5:04 p.m. on October 17, 1989, when the Loma Prieta earthquake brought it crashing to the ground after more than one hundred years.
The barn, the last remaining building, was disassembled and reassembled on a new foundation in 1985 and is in the process of restoration by the current owner.
The huge concrete reservoir located on the property was fed by springs and used as the water supply for the town.
The land where the town once stood was purchased, piece by piece, during the late 1960s and early 1970s by the current owner and converted to a Christmas tree farm to preserve it from development.
Patchen Christmas Tree Farm
The Christmas tree farm on the site of Patchen is one of the few farms that produces Monterey pines. It also grows Sierra redwoods and the ever-popular Douglas firs. The farm preserves relics from Patchen's heyday, including the water supply reservoir, a historical landmark plaque, and remnants of a bar and hotel.
Owner Jim Beck started buying little pieces of land in the 1960s. He told the Saratoga News that his "original motivation was because there was a lot of explosive growth in the mountains and I didn't want to see all that development going on around me. I considered growing wine grapes or kiwis, but I decided on Christmas trees. This is like an overgrown hobby for me."
A frequent danger in the Santa Cruz Mountains is forest fires. In the mid-1980s, a forest fire came so close to the farm that the trees were threatened. Beck rewarded the firefighters who put the fire out with free Christmas trees for life.
Patchen Pass
Nearby the town's site is Patchen Pass, the highest point on Highway 17, with an elevation of above sea level. This pass is sometimes covered for hours or even days with snow. The pass is located at latitude 37°08'39"N, longitude 121°59'05"W; decimal degrees: latitude 37.14411, longitude -121.98468.
References
Category:Ghost towns in the San Francisco Bay Area
Category:Former settlements in Santa Clara County, California
Category:California Historical Landmarks |
Debates over Americanization | Debates over Americanization
According to The Norton Anthology of American Literature, the term Americanization was coined in the early 1900s and “referred to a concerted movement to turn immigrants into Americans, including classes, programs, and ceremonies focused on American speech, ideals, traditions, and customs, but it was also a broader term used in debates about national identity and a person’s general fitness for citizenship”.
The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the different perspectives (debate) on Americanization from the literary viewpoint of six prominent figures of the early 1900s.
Historian Frederick Jackson Turner
In Frederick Jackson Turner’s The Significance of the Frontier, he establishes the frontier thesis, which states that the frontier helped establish the American identity and break away from European influence. In other words, westward expansion was a “steady movement away from the influence of Europe, a steady growth of independence on American lines”. The frontier creates the American. Turner states that the wilderness and man battle one another because they are both trying to “master” one another; however, in the end, the wilderness and man reach this equilibrium with each other (they both end up adhering to one another's conditions) which results in the creation of the America.
Arthur Redding writes in his article “Frontier Mythographies: Savagery and Civilization in Frederick Jackson Turner and John Ford” that the language Turner uses to describe this battle between the wilderness and the man is “systematic”. The language is scientific and makes “Turner reveal himself as a rigorously Darwinian thinker, as he applies the same systematic approach to explain the evolution of new social and historical species—the American—as Darwin applied to natural history: natural selection and struggle for survival”. In other words, the wilderness and man mastering one another is described in a similar sense of “survival of the fittest.” Therefore, the questions to ask would be is who will survive, the wilderness or man? Who is the stronger of the two? In the end, however, the wilderness and man make adjustments to their ways of living. While the wilderness has taught the man to survive, the man has taught the wilderness to be under his control.
Turner states that the greatness of the American frontier is that two key important values for America, tolerance and individualism, are able to thrive. He believed that “so long as free land exists, the opportunity for a competency exists, and economic power secures political power”. The greatness of the American frontier was that different political or religious beliefs could exist without violent conflict. In other words, because the frontier was so vast, it could contain people with various beliefs, and there would be no need for worry about conflict unlike people in a confined space.
However, Turner emphasized that while tolerance and individualism are important and the vastness of the frontier allowed these values to thrive, a downside existed. He believed that these values caused government affairs to not be regulated. As a result, certain evils arose from this lack of accountability. Some of these evils were inflated paper currency and wildcat banking. Inflated paper currency was basically the rise of prices, and wild-cat banking was “uncontrolled banking” and “the giving of nearly worthless currency backed by questionable security”. Without regulation, these evils would not be questioned, which was a danger for the success of the America.
The frontier eventually closes and at the end of his essay, Turner reminisces about what the frontier has done for America. Certain qualities such as strength, quickness of the “grasp of material things,” and freedom came from the frontier, which defined the American. Americans owe the greatness of the frontier to developing their freedom and strength.
President Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt
Roosevelt's books, American Ideals and The Strenuous Life are both devoted to not only describing Americans, but Roosevelt also uses his books to describe how Americans should be. "There was scant room for the coward and the weakling in the ranks of the adventurous frontiersmen -- the pioneer settlers who first broke up the wild prairie soil, who first hewed their way into the primeval forest, who guided their white-topped wagons across the endless leagues of Indian-haunted desolation, and explored every remote mountain-chain in the restless quest for metal wealth".
"This country cannot afford to have its sons less than men". Roosevelt was undoubtedly pro-assimilation and expected that all immigrants should turn from their old customs and beliefs and devote themselves wholeheartedly into being American. "He must revere only our flag; not only must it come first, but no other flag should even come second". Roosevelt felt that the Western portion of the United States needed to be subdued and conquered in a war-like manner. This included the land, resources, as well as the Natives of the West. "A record of endless feats of arms, of victory after victory in the ceaseless strife waged against wild man and wild nature".
Author, Cuban National, and Political Activist José Martí
José Martí’s Our America challenges many the prevailing ideas on Americanization of the time such as the idea that there should be some American standard that all new citizens need to live up to, that people needed to leave behind the lives and customs they had in the old country and remake themselves anew in America. He calls out those that would shed their past in the name of progress stating “Those carpenters’ sons who are ashamed that their fathers are carpenters! Those born in America who are ashamed of the mother who reared them, because she wears an Indian apron, and who disown their sick mother, the scoundrels, abandoning her on her sick bed!”. The idea that Americans need not shed their past but rather embrace it comes up as a repeated theme throughout the essay.
The essay makes the point that to establish an American identity people need to break away from Europe, from its history, its politics, and its culture. Instead, Martí urges Americans to instead to mine the rich history of the Americas. He says, “The history of America, from the Incas to the present must be taught in clear detail and to the letter, even if the archons of Greece are overlooked. Our Greece must take priority over the Greece which is not ours”. Here Martí makes the point that for America to succeed it must use the knowledge and history that pertains to it and that European ideas were not formed in America and therefore do not take into account the realities of this American continent.
Martí feels that people should be proud of being American, and not in some jingoistic or nationalistic sense but in the sense of being proud of history of the land and the people that inhabit it. He feels that the struggles that the masses have gone through here on this continent makes America unique among nations, that the common struggle of such disparate people is unique. He writes, “Never in history have such advanced and united nations been forged in so short a time from such disorganized elements”. Here the point is made that while being a young country on a young continent America has overcome these obstacles and made itself a world power.
Author and Political Activist Charles W. Chesnutt
Charles W. Chesnutt wrote a literary review of William Hannibal Thomas's The American Negro: What He Was, What He Is, and What He May Become. In his review, “A Defamer of His Race,” Chesnutt expresses his frustrations with men like Thomas; mulattos who refuse to claim their heritage and support it. Chesnutt is a mulatto himself and although people perceived him to be white; he claimed his African American heritage. Thomas on the other hand felt that he was clearly white and Chesnutt explains that “he [Thomas] has not had a single friend or well-wisher among the whole eight or ten millions of his own people”. Chesnutt continues on to explain how much he despises Thomas's book by pointing out that,
the negro has suffered a great deal, in the public estimation, from loose and hasty generalizations [like Thomas’ book] with reference to his intelligence, his morals, his physical characteristics, and his social efficiency. But not the worst things said about him by his most radical defamers, all put together, could surpass in untruthfulness and malignity the screed which this alleged reformer has put forth under his publisher's imprint. Thomas was supposed to be assisting the African Americans in gaining respect amongst the white folk but instead he was focused on personal gain.
In an article about Chesnutt, “Neither Fish, Flesh, Nor Fowl: Race and Region in the Writings of Charles W. Chesnutt, Anne Fleischmann, explains a bit about Chesnutt. She explains his mulatto heritage as “not […] a tragic figure emblematic of racial strife but as a testimony to the possibility of racial hybridity”. Chesnutt “follows the call for racial uplift and ventures out into what to him is a cultural wilderness”. The entire article explains Chesnutt's mulatto views and his influence via literature on the African American culture. He clearly had reason to be upset with Thomas’ views.
During the time of Americanization, Chesnutt wanted all individuals regardless of race to be accepted in the new nation. Thomas made it even more difficult because his book is noted as a “review of the history of black Americans and an assessment of the challenges that faced them at the beginning of the twentieth century”. Basically, the main character explains that “African Americans will only achieve a desirable standard of living—in both economic and moral sense—through association with and emulation of Anglo-Saxon society”. It had an either be white or be doomed sort of message throughout the book. This contradicted everything Chesnutt was working towards and made it harder for Africans to rise up.
Anna Julia Cooper
Anna J. Cooper has an essay, “One Phase of American Literature,” which includes an excerpt directed towards W. D. Howells. Howells wrote a book, An Imperative Duty which details the life of a young woman who is considered white until her Aunt explains that she is actually of African descent. The New York Times ran a review of Howell's book, which questioned, “Has or has not Mr. Howells any sympathy with the colored race?”. The article continues explaining that Howells used every black American stereotype he could find and incorporated it into the book. Overall, the article showed a clear disliking to the book.
Anna J. Cooper had similar emotions; she explains, “that it is an insult to humanity and a sin against God to publish any such sweeping generalizations of a race on such meager and superficial information”. In a very brief selection, Cooper clearly expresses her dislike for Howell and his book. Her anger is evident through the bashing of Howell for “giving only a half truth and […] a partisan half truth [at that]”. Her strong sense of frustration can be understood in an article, “Tending to the Roots: Anna Julia Cooper’s Sociopolitical Thought and Activism,” by Kathy L. Glass. Glass explains that “[Cooper crosses] the boundaries of race and sex to court communities from which black women are traditionally excluded, or within which they are routinely marginalized”. Cooper had a tough time fighting for individuals of color, especially women, “African American not only had to deal with the oppressive white society but also oppression within their own racial group”. Howell was a member of the “white society” so he was her main oppressor but the point is, it is not fair for her life and culture to be interpreted in such a foul manner.
During Americanization, people were looking to be accepted into the white society. This is probably why Howell wrote his book. He wanted to depict an African American being accepted in the white society. Unfortunately, he did it all wrong. Howell took an idea about a culture and ran with it, unfortunately in the wrong direction. Cooper even expresses one of her main concerns being, “there is little point and no force of character about the beautiful and irresponsible young heroine”. Cooper was notably a woman with strong values and she fought for all people. It is obvious that Howell's horrid depiction of a young African woman would seriously displease her.
Humanitarian and Political Activist (Laura) Jane Addams
In Twenty Years at Hull-House, Jane Addams documented her belief that Americanization should include services available for all. Her focus was equality for American citizens and foreign immigrants into the United States, and she actively worked to achieve this goal. She originally planned to attend medical school, but her father would not allow it. Instead, she attended Rockford Female Seminary and graduated in 1882. Addams became known for social reform, including housing and sanitation issues, factory inspection, rights of immigrants, women and children, pacifism and the 8-hour day. Addams was Vice President of the National Woman Suffrage Association from 1911–1914, campaigned for presidential candidate Teddy Roosevelt in 1912, worked with the Peace Party, helped found and served as president (1919–1935) of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, was a founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), and in 1931 she was the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
In 1889, Addams co-founded Hull House, a social settlement in Chicago. In addition to shelter, services available at the settlement included food, education, healthcare, and a variety of social activities. Addams based her support of Americanization on the belief that immigrants should embrace their new identity as an American, but should not leave behind their heritage. She reasoned that past experiences, family history, and culture are all a part of who you are. We learn from who we are today and where we came from. Becoming Americanized did not mean reinventing yourself, but rather melding your history with your present and future. Addams suggested immigrants bridge relations between their European and American experiences. American history started long before America declared independence, and part of the Americanization process for early settlers was deciding what practices to retain from their old country, and which ones to adopt in the new. Addams supported the adage, “united we stand, divided we fall.” She believed that everyone had something to offer American society, and combining knowledge with skills would create a more united America. She was a proponent for preserving history by recognizing how the past influences progress.
References
Category:History of immigration to the United States |
Jean-Pierre Dantan | Jean-Pierre Dantan (28 December 1800, in Paris – 6 September 1869, in Baden-Baden), known as Dantan the Younger, was a French portrait sculptor. His subjects include many famous figures from the realms of politics (for example, Talleyrand, William Douglas-Hamilton), music and the arts (Beethoven, Paganini, Verdi, Liszt, Berlioz), and literature (Victor Hugo, Balzac). He is said to be the inventor of the sculptural caricature.
The Dantan family
He was born in Paris where his father was a wood carver, and Dantan's first teacher. His elder brother Antoine-Laurent ("Dantan the Elder", 1798–1878) was also a sculptor. The Dantans are sometimes confused in the literature. Indeed, they both entered the studio of François-Joseph Bosio, at the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts in Paris, at the same time in 1823.
His nephew Édouard Joseph Dantan (1848–1897) became a well-known painter.
From the perspective of the art world of the time, Antoine-Laurent was the more talented brother. He won the Prix de Rome in 1828 and began a successful career producing officially commissioned, academic sculpture. Although gaining less official recognition than his brother's, Jean-Pierre's work gained a following among the intelligentsia, and is better remembered today, as well as being more influential on other artists, having inspired, in particular, Honoré Daumier.
Both brothers are buried in the family plot in Père Lachaise Cemetery (Division IV) in Paris. The tomb is decorated with relief medallions by Antoine-Laurent (of Dantan père and of Jean-Pierre) and by Jean-Pierre (of Antoine-Laurent and of Mme Dantan).
In a later generation, Édouard Joseph Dantan (1848–1897) knew some success as a painter, but is now remembered only as a minor artist.
Career
Antoine-Laurent was capable of large scale historic and figure sculpture, but Jean-Pierre's talents were better suited to portraiture, and to a smaller scale. This meant he was less likely to win prizes such as the Prix de Rome, but he was not without success. He exhibited at the Salons, and won a second class medal in 1831. And from very early in his career he had begun to explore the style that would ultimately make him the better-remembered sculptor: the first of his works to gain notice was a portrait bust of the painter César Ducornet in the guise of an accursed poet. Dantan's talent as a portraitist who could add expressive, romantic emotion to his subject was already apparent. (Apart from his work as a sculptor, Dantan was also a capable graphic caricaturist.)
It is for such caricature busts and also statuettes that Dantan is remembered, and for which he received most praise during his own lifetime. During the 1820s he had begun to frequent the salon of Pierre-Luc-Charles Cicéri, and in 1831 he produced a caricature bust of Cicéri. This gained him a certain renown throughout artistic circles in Paris, while his connection to Cicéri eventually gave him access to the salon of the Princesse de Belgiojoso. The members of de Belgiojoso's circle included Italian revolutionaries, political radicals, and prominent members of the European artistic intelligentsia. From this milieu, Dantan began to receive many requests, either for original caricatures or for casts of busts he had already made. For example, in an 1835 letter to Madame Hanska, Balzac speaks with pride of Dantan's caricatures of himself (there were two).
A frequent feature of Dantan's caricatures was the inclusion of a rebus on the socle, allowing the identity of the subject to be made out. In the illustration of the bust of Hugo, an axe (une hache, which sounds like the name of the letter H in French), the letters UG, and some crossed bones (des os, where os is pronounced "O" in the plural) are visible, spelling "HUGO". The rebus for the bust of the actor Pierre-Frédéric Achard was a letter A on a chariot (char).
Such games with "codes" would have enhanced the "counter cultural" effect of the works, in a society where caricature was an important political tool. But the rebuses also played the simple role of identification, because not all of Dantan's caricature's were immediately recognizable. Dantan appears to have been influenced both by the theories of phrenology and of Romanticism, with its emphasis on expressiveness, so he may have aimed as much to depict the true essence of his subjects as much as their exact physical semblance, and the small scale of his works would have emphasized this, allowing him greater freedom in the handling of his materials.
In fact, however, unlike comparable artists such as Daumier and David d'Angers, Dantan did not risk really engaging with the political issues of his time. This may not be very surprising considering the sort of risk that would have been involved. Writers and artists associated with Charles Philipon's magazines La Caricature and Le Charivari, including Philipon himself, were imprisoned during the reign of Louis Philippe. It is known, however, that Dantan made a bust of Louis Philippe, but it was never exhibited and is now lost, while he had some issues when in London (1833–34) for caricatures he made of the royal family, even though these were relatively harmless.
It may be that Dantan preferred a more reliable source of income than was available on commissions from the artistic and political avant-garde. He had begun in the 1820s making many "serious" portrait busts of the celebrities of the time. This was a commercial venture, and Dantan produced hundreds of busts, modelled on a small scale (20 to 60 cm high), and available in plaster and bronze editions for relatively low prices. This practice was his main activity before he became known for his caricatures, and it remained his predominant output in his later years. This work, however, is rarely interesting to modern eyes.
The better to sell his work, Dantan established a "Dantanorama" in the Passage des Panoramas in Paris, where he sold both is caricatures and serious works. He produced a catalogue illustrated by the caricaturist Grandville, first printed in 1834, which gives a good idea of his output. Grandville's illustrations of the Dantanorama itself make it look a grander place than it perhaps was. Contemporary photographs show a shop sufficiently cluttered to suggest an attitude of "pile 'em high and sell 'em cheap" and this attitude was certainly detected by some commentators of the time. In 1835, an anonymous critic in L'Artiste warned the elder Dantan, Antoine-Laurent, not to chase after merchandise, nor after popularity, and to learn from the unfortunate example of his younger brother who had the talent to be great artist but who had abandoned art for a profession, sculpture for caricature, and had prostituted the noble tradition of sculpture.
Dantan died in Baden-Baden, aged 68.
Reputation and influence
Arguably this last consideration, the concern that Dantan was too commercial and too populistic, is among the most fascinating questions about the artist. Most critics agree that he was not a great artist, but his work is an important link in the history of caricature, and even if they are artistic failings, both commercialization and populism are important aspects of the Paris which Dantan's younger contemporary, Charles Baudelaire would describe as essentially modern.
Commending Dantan's caricatures in L'Artiste in 1839, Gustave Planche mocked Dantan's subjects, whose appetite for notoriety made them commission their own disfigurement in caricature, and then he pointed out how Dantan's works, apparently not very like their subjects, first provoke the reaction, "How horrible!" but then the realization "But it so looks like him!". If the question is Dantan's own status, it would be too much to read into this a pre-figurement of Picasso's remark about his own portrait of Gertrude Stein, "Everybody says that she does not look like it but that does not make any difference, she will." The matter might be different if the question is the position of caricature.
Caricature is a comparatively new form. The Oxford Dictionary of Art notes that "political caricature as we know it today emerged in the last three decades of the 18th century" in Britain, where artists such as Gillray learned how to distill the likenesses of kings and politicians into recognizable stereotypes. But the greatest master of the genre was Honoré Daumier in nineteenth century France. This is close to what the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica has to say, but Britannica also notes the importance of Dantan's "admirable portrait-busts" alongside the realistic sketches of Henri Monnier and the low life drolleries of Nicolas Toussaint Charlet in the development of the French caricature towards Daumier. Dantan's natural talent as a portraitist, his skill at capturing a rapid likeness, his interest in phrenology, and his association via the salons of Cicéri and the Princesse de Belgiojoso with an intellectual elite interested in a new form of realism, a romantic or expressive realism that captured the psychological realities of human life, would have pushed him to a form of caricature that was neither about superficial resemblance, nor about manufacturing stereotypes. Such an "evidently talented portraitist, whose talents nevertheless did not reach the level of David d'Angers, nor the intensity of Honoré Daumier," might nonetheless be representative of a new style of caricature, and even of art, that moved away from just presenting its subject to actively representing, revealing, and perhaps to an extent creating it.
He produced a grotesquely antisemitic 1833 caricature statue of financier Nathan Mayer Rothschild.
If we avoid speculating on the nature of caricature and simply point to examples, then it is clear that Dantan was a prominent exemplar of the caricaturist in Paris, and that his busts and statuettes are good examples of caricature. He may have refrained from much political caricature, but his busts and statuettes were exaggeratedly expressive if not always quite satirical (a statuette of Liszt has the "spiderlike composer take possession of his piano with an inspired air and spindly limbs"). He was undoubtedly a direct influence on Daumier, and he was a close associate of other caricaturists. Grandville illustrated his catalogue, and he was good friends with the gifted, younger graphic caricaturist, Cham. Dantan had made a caricature bust of Cham, and in his CHAM, sa vie et son oeuvre Félix Ribeyre reproduces a drawing by Dantan of Cham being carried about by his pet dog at the baths in Baden-Baden, which were popular with Parisian society. Ribeyre and Pierre Véron tell stories of Dantan and Cham playing jokes and pranks at Baden-Baden. Dantan's most prominent students were Gustave Deloye and Prosper d'Épinay.
And if nothing else, the five hundred or so sculptures that Dantan made from a detailed documentary of a significant portion of Parisian society in the years 1830-1850.
That Dantan is a relatively important artist in his own right, and certainly significant in the history of caricature, combined with his extremely high productivity, might provoke the question as to why he is not better known today. Part of the answer is that much of his production consisted of the essentially uninteresting "serious" work. But perhaps more important is the fact that on his death, his much younger wife, Elise Polycarpe Moutiez, 28 years his junior, destroyed many of the moulds of for his caricature busts, as well as much other material relating to her husband. This may have been done to increase the commercial value of his surviving works, or to boost his artistic reputation, but it may also have been done out of some concern for respectability, as she is also reputed to have destroyed any trace of a secret museum of erotic work within the Dantanorama. Whatever the reasons, Dantan's reputation declined into near oblivion until Janet Seligman published a monograph on him in 1957. His artistic status has remained somewhat ambiguous, as his work has provoked both positive and negative reactions from critics since his own time to the present. Laurent Baridon, taking into account both the verve of the caricatures and the fatuity of the ever-so-bourgeois "serious" busts, as well as the rather unsophisticated games with rebuses, concludes that Dantan is himself as interesting as a caricature of an artist as he is as an artist.
A recent (late 2009) sale from a catalogue of thirty busts and statuettes by Dantan, was held by Bertrand Talabardon et Bertrand Gautier in Paris. The works were priced from €10,000 to "much more". The sale included thirty caricatures, mostly of musicians, believed to have come from the collection of Duke Maximilian Joseph in Bavaria. For those who cannot afford such prices, works by Dantan can be found in many museums and private collections, especially in France and Britain. The Carnavalet Museum in Paris has the most significant collection.
References
External links
Category:1800 births
Category:1869 deaths
Category:Artists from Paris
Category:French caricaturists
Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Category:19th-century French sculptors
Category:French male sculptors |
Sentinel-3A | Sentinel-3A is a European Space Agency Earth observation satellite dedicated to oceanography which launched on 16 February 2016. It was built as a part of the Copernicus Programme, and is the first of four planned Sentinel-3 satellites. Its sister satellite, Sentinel-3B, launched on 25 April 2018.
Mission history
In October 2015, the Sentinel-3A launch was planned for December 2015, but delays in transportation from Cannes to the Plesetsk Cosmodrome postponed the launch to January 2016. The spacecraft arrived at Talagi Airport aboard an Antonov An-124 on 28 November. By 17 December, Sentinel-3A completed pre-launch testing and was placed into storage for the Christmas break, lasting until 11 January 2016. After the break, launch was scheduled for 4 February, but while the spacecraft was being fuelled for launch, Khrunichev Space Center in Moscow determined that the launch pad needed to be recertified, resulting in a further delay. Launch was eventually rescheduled for 16 February.
Launch
Sentinel-3A was successfully launched on 16 February 2016 at 17:57 UTC from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome aboard a Rokot launch vehicle. The Briz-KM upper stage fired twice to insert the spacecraft into its intended orbit, first at 5 minutes and then at 75 minutes after launch. Spacecraft separation occurred at 79 minutes after launch, and ground controllers received the first communication from the vehicle at 92 minutes.
Operations
The first instrument switched on was OLCI. It made its first picture on 29 February 2016, capturing Svalbard island along with a part of the arctic ice pack near solar terminator.
References
External links
Sentinel-3 program website by ESA
Sentinel-3 website by the Copernicus Programme
Category:Copernicus Programme
Category:Earth observation satellites of the European Space Agency
Category:Space radar altimeters
Category:Spacecraft launched by Rokot rockets
Category:Spacecraft launched in 2016 |
Mantidactylus charlotteae | Mantidactylus charlotteae is a species of frog in the family Mantellidae. It is endemic to Madagascar and found in the eastern part of the country in the coastal rainforest belt between Marojejy in the north and possibly as far as Andohahela in the south.
Description
Males measure and females in snout–vent length. The body relatively slender. The head is long with rounded snout. The tympanum is distinct. The limbs are slender. The fingers are without webbing whereas the toes are webbed. The back is reddish brown in colour and without markings. There are reddish dorso-lateral glandular ridges. The flanks are blackish, with a sharp border towards the dorsum.
Habitat and conservation
Its natural habitats are pristine or slightly disturbed rainforests at elevations of up to above sea level. It is a terrestrial species that is often found near streams where. It breeds in streams but lays its eggs on land.
Mantidactylus charlotteae is a very abundant species, although it is suspected to be decreasing because of habitat loss and deterioration. These threats are driven by agriculture, timber extraction, charcoaling, spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing, and expanding human settlements. However, it occurs in several protected areas.
References
External links
charlotteae
Category:Endemic frogs of Madagascar
Category:Amphibians described in 2004
Category:Taxa named by Frank Glaw
Category:Taxa named by Miguel Vences
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
List of state leaders in 1490 |
Africa
Adal Sultanate – Muhammad ibn Azhar ad-Din (1488–1518)
Kingdom of Bamum - Monjou, Sultan of Bamum (1461–1498)
Benin Empire – Ozolua, Oba of Benin (1480–1504)
Bornu Empire – Ali Gazi, Mai of Bornu (1465–1497)
Buganda – Kiggala, Kabaka of Buganda (1474–1501)
Ethiopian Empire – Eskender (1478–1494)
Jolof Empire – Birayma Kuran Kan (1488–1492)
Sultanate of Kano – Muhammad Rumfa (1463–1499)
Kilwa Sultanate –
al-Hassan ibn Suleiman (1486–1490)
Ibrahim ibn Muhammad (1490–1495)
Kingdom of Kongo – Nzinga a Nkuwu, Manikongo (1470–1509)
Mali Empire – Mahmud II, Mansa of Mali (1481–1496)
Kingdom of Mutapa –
Nyahuma Mukombero, Mwenemutapa (1480–1490)
Changamire, Mwenemutapa (1490–1494)
Kingdom of Nungu - Gima, Nunbado (1470–1520)
Kingdom of Nri – Eze Nri Anyamata (1465–1511)
Kingdom of Rwanda – Cyirima I (1482–1506)
Songhai Empire – Sonni Ali (1464–1492)
Warsangali Sultanate - Garaad Omar (1487–1495)
Americas
Aztec Empire – Ahuitzotl (1486–1502)
Inca Empire – Tupac (1471–1493)
Kaqchikel –
Oxlahuh-Tz'i', Ahpo Sotz'il of Iximche (–1508)
Kablahuh-Tihax, Ahpo Xahil of Iximche (1488–1509)
Muisca Confederation
zipa -
Saguamanchica (1470–1490)
Nemequene (1490–1514)
zaque -
Michuá (1470–1490)
Quemuenchatocha (1490–1538) Texcoco – Nezahualpilli, King of Texcoco (1472–1515)Kingdom of the Zapotec - Cosijoeza (1487–1529)
AsiaAhmadnagar Sultanate – Ahmad Nizam Shah I (1490–1509)Ahom Kingdom – Suhenphaa (1488–1493)Astrakhan Khanate – Abdal-Karim Khan Astrakhani (1490–1504)Ava Kingdom – Minkhaung II (1481–1502)Ayutthaya Kingdom – Borommarachathirat III (1488–1491)Bahmani Sultanate – Mahmood Shah Bahmani II (1482–1518)Bengal Sultanate -
Mahmud Shah II (1489–1490)
Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah (1490–1494)Berar Sultanate – Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk (1490–1504)Bhaktapur – Raya Malla (1482–1519)Bijapur Sultanate – Yusuf Adil Shah (1490–1510)Bruneian Empire – Bolkiah (1485–1524)Cambodia – Sri Sukonthor (1486–1512)China (Ming dynasty) - Hongzhi Emperor (1487–1505)Sultanate of Cirebon - Sunan Gunungjati (1479–1568)Đại Việt – Lê Thánh Tông (1460–1497)Delhi Sultanate – Sikandar Lodi (1489–1517)Gajapati Kingdom – Purushottama Deva (1466–1497)Gujarat Sultanate – Mahmud Begada (1458–1511)Hanthawaddy Kingdom – Dhammazedi (1471–1492)Sultanate of Herat – Husayn Mirza Bayqara (1470–1506)Japan (Muromachi period) Monarch – Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado (1464–1500)
Ashikaga shogunate - Ashikaga Yoshitane (1490–1493)Joseon (Korea) – Seongjong (1469–1494)Kantipur – Ratna Malla (1482–1520)Kashmir Sultanate – Fatehshah (1486–1495)Kazakh Khanate – Burunduk Khan (1480–1511)Kedah Sultanate – Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin I (1472–1506)Kingdom of Kotte – Parakramabahu VIII (1484–1508)Lan Na – Yotchiangrai (1487–1495)Lan Xang – Laasaenthai Bouvanaat (1485–1495)Majapahit – Girindrawardhana (Rajasa dynasty) (1478–1498)Malacca Sultanate – Mahmud Shah (1488–1511)Maldives Sultanate – Hassan IV (1485–1491)Malwa Sultanate – Ghiyath Shah (1469–1500)Kingdom of Manipur – Meidingu Kiyamba (1467–1508)Marwar (Rathore dynasty) – Rao Satal (1489–1492)Moghulistan – Mahmud Khan (1487–1508)Kingdom of Mrauk U – Min Dawlya (1482–1492)Multan – Husseyn Langah I (1456–1502)Sultanate of Pahang – Ahmad Shah I of Pahang (1475–1495)Qasim Khanate – Nur Daulat ibn Haji Girai (1486–1491)Emirate of Ramadan – Gıyâseddîn Halil Bey (1485–1510)Ryukyu Kingdom – Shō Shin (1477–1526)Samudera Pasai Sultanate – Muhammad Syah II (1474–1495)Khanate of Sibir – Ibak Khan (1468–1495)Sindh Sultanate – Jam Nizamuddin II (1461–1508)Sunda Kingdom – Sri Baduga Maharaja (1482–1521)Sultanate of Sulu – Kamalud-Din (1480–1505)Chutiya Kingdom - Purnadhabnarayan (1480–1500)Sultanate of Ternate – Zainal Abidin (1486–1500)Uyghurstan – Ahmad Alaq (1487–1503)Vijayanagara Empire – Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya(1486–1491)
Europe Andorra –
Pere de Cardona, Bishop of Urgell and Co-Prince of Andorra (1472–1515)
Catherine of Navarre, Co-Princess of Andorra (1483–1516)Kingdom of Aragon – Ferdinand II (1479–1516)Crown of Castile – Isabella I (1474–1504)Crimean Khanate – Meñli I Giray (1478–1515)Kingdom of Denmark and Norway – Hans (1481–1513)Duchy of Schleswig –
John I (1481–1513)
Frederick I (1490–1533) and John I (1481–1513) in condominial ruleKingdom of England – Henry VII (1485–1509)Kingdom of France – Charles VIII (1483–1498)Holy Roman Empire – Frederick III (1452–1493)Kingdom of Bohemia – Vladislav II (1471–1516)Duchy of Burgundy –
Duke - Philip IV, the Fair (1482–1506)
Regent – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1482–1494)Kingdom of Germany – Maximilian I (1486–1519)Duchy of Holstein –
John I (1481–1513)
Frederick I (1490–1533) and John I (1481–1513) in condominial ruleDuchy of Milan – Gian Galeazzo Sforza (1476–1494)Kingdom of Hungary –
Matthias Corvinus (1458–1490)
Vladislaus II (1490–1516)Kingdom of Hungary –
Matthias Corvinus (1458–1490)
Ulászló II (1490–1516)Khanate of Kazan – Möxämmädämin (1487–1495)Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Casimir IV (1440–1492)Principality of Moldavia – Stephen III the Great (1457–1504)Grand Duchy of Moscow – Ivan III (1462–1505)Kingdom of Naples – Ferdinand I (1458–1494)Kingdom of Navarre – Catherine (1483–1516)Kingdom of Norway – John (1481–1513)Ottoman Empire – Bayezid II, Ottoman Sultan (1481–1512)Papal States – Pope Innocent VIII (1484–1492)Kingdom of Poland – Casimir IV (1447–1492)Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves – John II (1477–1495)Principality of Ryazan – Ivan IV of Ryazan (1483–1500)Marquisate of Saluzzo – Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo (1475–1504)Kingdom of Scotland - James IV (1488–1513)Kingdom of Sweden – Sten Sture the Elder, Regent (1470–1497)Republic of Venice – Agostino Barbarigo, Doge of Venice (1486–1501)
Middle East and North AfricaAq Qoyunlu –
Yaqub bin Uzun Hasan (1478–1490)
Baysonqor bin Yaqub (1490–1491)Kingdom of Fez – Abu Zakariya Muhammad al-Saih al-Mahdi (1472–1504)Ifriqiya –
Abd al-Mu'min of the Hafsid Dynasty (1489–1490)
Abu Yahya Zakariya (1490–1494)Greater Khorasan - Shamsuddin Mohammed III (1480–1495)Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt – Qait Bay (1468–1496)Sharifate of Mecca - Malik ul-Adil ibn Muhammed ibn Barakat (1455–1497)Morocco – Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya of the Wattasid dynasty (1472–1504)Sultanate of Oman –
Omar bin al Khattab (1451–1490)
Omar al Sharif (1490–1500)Shirvan – Farrukh Yassar, Shirvanshah (1465–1500)Sistan – Shams al-Din Muhammad, Mihrabanid malik (1480–1495)Kingdom of Tlemcen''' – Abu Abdallah IV (1468–1504) |
Rocks (Aerosmith album) | Rocks is the fourth studio album by American rock band Aerosmith, released in May 1976. AllMusic described Rocks as having "captured Aerosmith at their most raw and rocking." Rocks was ranked number 176 on Rolling Stones list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. It has greatly influenced many hard rock and heavy metal artists, including Guns N' Roses, Metallica, and Nirvana. The album was a commercial success, charting three singles on the Billboard Hot 100, two of which reached the Top 40 ("Back in the Saddle" and "Last Child"). The album was one of the first to ship platinum when it was released, and has since gone quadruple platinum.
Background
Previously, Aerosmith had recorded three albums: Aerosmith (1973), Get Your Wings (1974), and the breakthrough LP Toys in the Attic (1975), which produced Top Ten hit "Walk This Way" and the popular "Sweet Emotion." Although often derided by critics, the band had amassed a loyal fanbase, following from relentless touring and their ferocious live shows. They also began living the rock-and-roll lifestyle to the hilt, indulging their already considerable appetite for drugs. However, their hedonistic lifestyle did not appear to hamper them creatively; Rocks was considered by many fans, critics, and fellow musicians to be one of the highlights of their career. Guitarist Joe Perry later recalled, "There's no doubt we were doing a lot of drugs by then, but whatever we were doing, it was still working for us."
Recording and composition
In the 1997 band memoir Walk This Way, guitarist Brad Whitford states that the band began work on the album by backing the Record Plant's mobile recording truck into their rehearsal space, named the Wherehouse, and "let fly... We were living the high life and not paying attention to anything except making this record. I had the beginnings of 'Last Child' and 'Nobody's Fault.' Tom [Hamilton, bassist] had 'Uncle Tom's Cabin' that became 'Sick as a Dog.' We had 'Tit for Tat'... which turned into 'Rats in the Cellar.' We cut all the basic tracks except two there." Producer Jack Douglas later insisted:
The album's opening track, "Back in the Saddle", recalls the Gene Autry song "Back in the Saddle Again" (vocalist Steven Tyler yodels on the fade) and features the sound of a whip by whirling a thirty-foot cord in the middle of six Neumann mikes and adding a cap gun for the cracking sound effect. A real bullwhip was intended to be used for the whip effects and hours were spent trying to get it to crack. The band members ended up cut up and hurt without making any progress. The first verse features the sound of clinking spurs, which was actually produced using bells and tambourines strapped to Tyler’s cowboy boots by Perry and New York Dolls singer David Johansen. The song is also notable for the slow buildup of the drum beat and guitar riff in the beginning of the song, as well as the sound effects of a galloping horse. In 1997, Perry explained to Alan di Perna of Guitar World that he was inspired by Peter Green to write the riff on a Fender Bass VI and admitted that he was "very high on heroin when I wrote 'Back in the Saddle.' That riff just floated right through me." Brad Whitford plays the lead guitar part. "Back in the Saddle" also features one of the heaviest and noticeable bass lines by Tom Hamilton. When the song is performed in concert, Steven Tyler often makes more noticeable lyrical and visible references to sex. Although the lyrics, composed by Tyler, were written with the simple idea of cowboys and sex, this song took on new meaning after Aerosmith reunited in 1984 and embarked on their Back in the Saddle tour. Today, the song remains a staple on classic rock radio and in concert. It is arguably one of the heaviest songs of Aerosmith's Top 40 singles, and is cited by rock musicians Slash and James Hetfield as among their favorite rock songs. Hamilton, who had written "Sweet Emotion" with Tyler, collaborated with the singer again on "Sick as a Dog." In 1997 the bassist explained to Guitar World, "I think I came up with the verse part first. And then I did the parts for the intro, the B to E part, and then came up with this little, jangling arpeggio thing... I'm such a Byrds fan; it comes from that." In the same interview Perry added:
In his memoir, Tyler stated that he wrote "Rats in the Cellar" as a "tip of the hat, or an answer to 'Toys in the Attic'... Meanwhile, in real life, 'Rats' was more like what was actually going on. Things were coming apart, sanity was scurrying south, caution was flung to the winds, and little by little the chaos was permanently moving in." Although it was never a popular Aerosmith number, "Nobody's Fault" remains a favorite of the band's, with Tyler calling it "one of the highlights of my creative career" and Kramer insisting "it's some of the best drumming I did." Tyler claims the lyrics have to do with the band's fear of earthquakes and flying, while "Lick and a Promise" is about the band's determination to deliver a rocking live show. "Combination" features Perry sharing lead vocal duties with Tyler for the first time, and the guitarist admitted in 1997 that the song was "about heroin, cocaine, and me". In his memoir, Tyler calls the line "Walkin' on Gucci wearing Yves St. Laurent/Barely stay on 'cause I'm so goddamn gaunt" the best lyric Perry ever wrote: "It was the truth, it was clever, and it described us to a tee". Regarding his vocal on the song, Perry later commented, "This was touchy because singing was Steven's jealously guarded territory... Beyond that, anytime the spotlight shone on me I detected a bit of jealousy from the other guys. After a while, though, the band came around and supported me, as long as I sang the song as a semi-duet with Steven." "Home Tonight" features Tyler on piano, Perry on a lap steel guitar as a lead guitar and his Les Paul for the rhythm guitar, and has drummer Joey Kramer, Tom Hamilton, and producer/arranger Jack Douglas performing backing vocals. Of the song Perry recalled, "Steven could always be counted on to come up with some little piano riff that would be our ballad for the record. And that was it."
Reception and legacy
Contemporary reviews were mixed. John Milward of Rolling Stone wrote that "the material is Rocks’ major flaw, mostly pale remakes of their earlier hits"; concluding that the return to the "ear-boxing sound" of Get Your Wings and Tyler's vocal performance cannot save the album from mediocrity. In The Village Voice, Robert Christgau wrote that Aerosmith were doing a good job of imitating Led Zeppelin, and that after this album the band began to lose steam.
Modern reviews are very positive. Greg Prato of AllMusic describes Rocks as "a superb follow-up to their masterwork Toys in the Attic" that captures "Aerosmith at their most raw and rocking". He writes that "Back in the Saddle" and "Last Child" are among their most renowned songs, but all the "tracks prove essential to the makeup of the album". Ben Mitchell of Blender said that the members' drug use actually helped Rocks. He also called the album "raw." In a November 1994 Los Angeles Times review of Rocks, Jon Matsumoto opined that the record was "arguably is the best heavy metal opus ever concocted".
Many musicians have cited Rocks as a favorite:
Rocks was one of Kurt Cobain's favorite albums, as he listed in his Journals.
In 2003, the album was ranked number 176 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, maintaining the rating in a 2012 revised list.
Mötley Crüe songwriter and bassist Nikki Sixx refers to Aerosmith frequently in his book The Heroin Diaries.
Metallica leader James Hetfield has identified Rocks, as well as Aerosmith, as important influences in his music, stating that the band was the reason why he wanted to learn guitar.
Slash says Rocks was the album that inspired him to learn guitar, and that the album changed his life:
In his autobiography Rocks, Joe Perry states the driving purpose of Rocks "was to reidentify us as America's ultimate garage band, with blistering guitars, blistering vocals, balls-to-the-wall smash-your-eardrums production... The cover showed five diamonds, one for each of us. We saw that record as a jewel, the culmination of all our angst and anger and excitement and joy as go-for-broke rock and rollers."
Track listing
Personnel
Adapted from the liner notes. Track numbers refer to CD and digital releases of the album.
Aerosmith
Steven Tylerlead vocals, keyboards, harmonica, bass guitar on "Sick as a Dog"
Joe Perryguitars, six-string bass on "Back in the Saddle", bass guitar on "Sick as a Dog", pedal steel guitar on "Home Tonight", percussion and outro solo on "Sick as a Dog"
Brad Whitfordlead guitars on track 1,2,5,6,9 and rhythm guitars
Tom Hamiltonbass guitar, guitar on "Sick as a Dog"
Joey Kramerdrums, percussion, backing vocals on "Home Tonight"
Additional musician
Paul Prestopino acoustic guitar, banjo, and other instruments on "Last Child"
Production
Jack Douglas – producer, arrangements with Aerosmith, backing vocals on "Home Tonight"
Jay Messina – engineer
David Hewitt – remote truck director
Rod O'Brien, Sam Ginsburg – assistant engineers
David Krebs & Steve Leber (for Leber-Krebs, Inc.) – management
Pacific Eye & Ear – album design
Charts
Album
Singles
Certification
References
Bibliography
External links
Category:Aerosmith albums
Category:1976 albums
Category:Albums produced by Jack Douglas (record producer)
Category:Columbia Records albums |
North American Martyrs Parish | North American Martyrs Parish is a Roman Catholic parish in Edmonds, Washington, served by the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter (FSSP). The FSSP offers the Mass according to the form that was in use prior to the liturgical reforms of the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s. Following the publication of Pope Benedict XVI's motu proprio Summorum Pontificum in 2007, North American Martyrs Catholic Church became the first Tridentine Mass parish in Seattle to be directly supported by the Archdiocese of Seattle since Vatican II. Established as a quasi-parish, it was elevated to parish status in 2015. The parish is named after the North American Martyrs, eight Jesuit missionaries martyred in the mid-17th century.
History
Before the arrival of the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter in Seattle in 2008, the traditional Catholic community in Seattle was served by Father James Reichmann, SJ, a Seattle University professor who offered a weekly Latin mass in the St. Joseph Chapel at the Josephinum in Downtown Seattle. After the traditional Catholic community moved to Ballard, Christ Our Hope Parish was established at the Josephinum, focusing on inner-city outreach.
On September 28, 2008, Archbishop Brunett invited the FSSP to Seattle and established a quasi-parish under the patronage of the North American Martyrs and placed the community under the leadership of Father Gerard Saguto, FSSP. The following year, on the patronal feast of North American Martyrs, Archbishop Brunett visited for the first pontifical high mass celebrated in the Archdiocese of Seattle in over 40 years.
From 2008 to 2019, North American Martyrs offered most Masses at St. Alphonsus Church in Seattle's Ballard neighborhood, with a weekly mass at Holyrood Cemetery in Shoreline and Holy Week liturgies at the Bastyr University Chapel (formerly St. Edward Seminary) in Kenmore.
In 2015, change came to the Seattle area traditional Catholic community when Archbishop J. Peter Sartain invited the FSSP to St. Joseph Parish in Tacoma. St. Joseph became the second FSSP parish in the Seattle area. Also in 2015, Fr. Saguto, the founding pastor of North American Martyrs Parish, was succeeded by Fr. Joseph Heffernan. Fr. Saguto was appointed District Superior of North America for the FSSP.
On September 30, 2018, the parish celebrated its tenth anniversary with a Solemn Mass with Archbishop Sartain in attendance. During his homily, Archbishop Sartain remarked, "The Church gives us a beautiful liturgy, with fitting prayers and readings, to remind us that each of us is called to be a witness — literally a martyr, in Greek — by steadfastly holding on to our faith in Jesus in His holy Church."
In July 2019, Father Reichmann passed away and days later the parish purchased the property and building of a defunct Lutheran church in Edmonds, Washington, which became its permanent home in November 2019. This is the first time in the parish's eleven-year history that it has had its own church building. On November 23, 2019, Archbishop Paul D. Etienne consecrated the new church and celebrated mass with the parish to commemorate the move.
Its current pastor is Fr. Joseph Heffernan, FSSP.
References
External links
Parish Website
Category:Roman Catholic churches in Washington (state)
Category:Roman Catholic churches in Seattle
Category:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle
Category:Churches used by the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter
Category:2008 establishments in Washington (state) |
Cairns railway station | Cairns railway station is a railway station in Cairns City, Queensland, Australia, serving the city of Cairns. The stations is the terminus of the North Coast line from Brisbane and the terminus for the Tablelands railway line to the Atherton Tableland. Two tourist railway services operate from here: the Kuranda Scenic Railway and the Savannahlander. The station has two platforms. It is integrated with the Cairns Central Shopping Centre, with the platforms being built underneath parking areas.
History
The original station was built in 1891, as part of the opening of the first stage of the Tablelands railway to Atherton Tableland, extended over many years to many branches, serving timber, mining, pastoral and tobacco resources. The station building was two-storey timber, with ornate verandahs: typical of tropical architecture of the era.
The 1897 Mulgrave Shire Tramway headed south, was extended, then was absorbed into the North Coast Railway, connecting Brisbane to Cairns via many coastal towns which had hitherto been ports for railways to the hinterland. That route was completed in 1924, and Cairns became a major tourist destination; the line was known as the Sunshine Route; new stock was built in the 1930s for the main train, now named Sunshine Express.
After years of WWII and postwar austerity, the Queensland Railways Department embarked on improvements in the early 1950s. New airconditioned trains were added on key routes: the Brisbane - Cairns one was named The Sunlander. Cairns railway station was rebuilt in 1955: two storey cream brick of modern design. As the first modern station, and serving a major destination, it featured prominently in publicity material. Unlike other main stations on the line, it didn't gain a full dining room or bar, just a snackbar kiosk.
As well as the Brisbane trains, the station served regional and commuter trains south and inland: mainly railmotors of three vintages, plus some mixed trains. These were withdrawn progressively. The extensive yards and loco facilities opposite the station were closed and dismantled to release the site for redevelopment. Surviving freight and servicing facilities were relocated to be adjacent to the cargo port. The tracks to the south were relocated out of street running and via the port too. The current station was opened by the Minister for Transport Vaughan Johnson on 7 May 1996, on the side of the site opposite the August 1955 station. It was built as part of the Cairns Central Shopping Centre and is underground the shopping centre's car park.
Services
Cairns is the terminus of Traveltrain's Spirit of Queensland service.
It is the starting point for Kuranda Scenic Railway, as well as scenic rail services including the Savannahlander.
Transport links
Cairns station is the starting point for Premier Motor Services services to Brisbane.
References
External links
Cairns station Queensland's Railways on the Internet
Category:North Queensland
Category:Regional railway stations in Queensland
Category:North Coast railway line, Queensland
Category:Transport in Cairns
Category:Buildings and structures in Cairns |
Graduate Together: America Honors the High School Class of 2020 | Graduate Together: America Honors the High School Class of 2020 is an upcoming American television special scheduled for May 16, 2020, to be simulcast on the major television networks and online. Created by the XQ Institute, the LeBron James Family Foundation, and the Entertainment Industry Foundation, the special was curated by basketball player LeBron James in collaboration with high school students and educators across the United States, including the American Federation of Teachers. The broadcast will include a variety of commencement addresses, celebrity performances and inspirational vignettes aimed at high school students, whose graduation ceremonies and proms were cancelled due to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, causing the closure of most schools worldwide.
Appearances
The program is scheduled to include appearances by:
Bad Bunny
Chika
YBN Cordae
Charli D'Amelio
Dixie D'Amelio
LeBron James
Loren Gray
H.E.R.
Jonas Brothers
Brandan "Bmike" Odums
Ben Platt
Henry Platt
Jonah Platt
Megan Rapinoe
Yara Shahidi
Lena Waithe
Pharrell Williams
Malala Yousafzai
Broadcast
The special will be simulcast on May 16, 2020 at 8pm EST on the major U.S. television networks ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC. It will also be available for streaming in platforms such as Complex Networks, Facebook, Instagram, PeopleTV, Snapchat, TikTok, and YouTube.
References
External links
Category:2020 concerts
Category:2020 television specials
Category:May 2020 events in the United States
Category:Music television specials
Category:Simulcasts
Category:Benefit concerts
Category:April 2020 events in the United States
Category:Television programs about the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
Category:2019–20 coronavirus pandemic benefit concerts |
Strubiny, Płońsk County | Strubiny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately east of Płońsk and north-west of Warsaw.
References
Category:Villages in Płońsk County |
Marvdasht Agricultural Centre | Marvdasht Agricultural Centre ( – Markaz Āmūzesh Jehād Keshāvarz’-e Marvdasht) is a village and company town in Ramjerd-e Do Rural District, Dorudzan District, Marvdasht County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 49, in 11 families.
References
Category:Populated places in Marvdasht County
Category:Company towns in Iran |
2006–07 QMJHL season | The 2006–07 QMJHL season was the 38th season in the history of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. The regular season ran from September 14, 2006 to March 18, 2007. Eighteen teams played 70 games each in the schedule. The Lewiston Maineiacs finished first overall in the regular season winning their first Jean Rougeau Trophy. Lewiston won 16 playoff games, losing only one, en route to their first President's Cup, defeating the Val-d'Or Foreurs in the finals.
Final standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTL = Overtime loss; SL = Shootout loss; PTS = Points; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against
complete list of standings.
Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes
complete scoring statistics
Goaltending leaders
Note: GP = Games Played; Mins = Minutes Played; W = Wins; L = Losses: OTL = Overtime losses; SL = Shootout losses; GA = Goals allowed; SO = Shutouts; GAA = Goals against average
Canada-Russia Challenge
The 2006 ADT Canada-Russia Challenge was hosted by the Rouyn-Noranda Huskies and the Val-d'Or Foreurs. On November 20, 2006, the QMJHL All-stars defeated the Russian Selects 6–2 at the Aréna Dave Keon. On November 21, 2006, the QMJHL All-stars defeated the Russian Selects 4–3 at the Centre Air Creebec. Since the tournament began in 2003, the QMJHL All-stars have won five games, the Russian Selects have three wins.
Playoffs
The top nine teams from the Telus division, and top seven teams from the Eastern division qualified for the playoffs. The ninth place team in the Telus division qualified in the Eastern division, and ranked by regular season points. All series were best-of-seven. Divisions crossed over in the semifinals.
Brad Marchand was the leading scorer of the playoffs with 40 points (16 goals, 24 assists).
†Shawinigan seeded 8th in Eastern division.
All-star teams
First team
Goaltender - Ondrej Pavelec, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Left defence - Andrew MacDonald, Moncton Wildcats
Right defence - Kris Letang, Val-d'Or Foreurs
Left winger - Vyacheslav Trukhno, Gatineau Olympiques
Centreman - Mathieu Perreault, Acadie-Bathurst Titan
Right winger - Thomas Beauregard, Acadie-Bathurst Titan
Second team
Goaltender - Jonathan Bernier, Lewiston Maineiacs
Left defence - Oskars Bartulis, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Right defence - Jean-Claude Sawyer, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Left winger - Benoît Doucet, Victoriaville Tigres
Centreman - James Sheppard, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Right winger - François Bouchard, Baie-Comeau Drakkar
Rookie team
Goaltender - Peter Delmas, Lewiston Maineiacs
Left defence - Mark Barberio, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles / Moncton Wildcats
Right defence - Simon Lacroix, Shawinigan Cataractes
Left winger - Michael Frolik, Rimouski Océanic
Centreman - Christopher DiDomenico, Saint John Sea Dogs
Right winger - Jakub Voracek, Halifax Mooseheads
List of First/Second/Rookie team all-stars.
Trophies and awards
Team
President's Cup - Playoff Champions, Lewiston Maineiacs
Jean Rougeau Trophy - Regular Season Champions, Lewiston Maineiacs
Luc Robitaille Trophy - Team that scored the most goals, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Robert Lebel Trophy - Team with best GAA, Lewiston Maineiacs
Player
Michel Brière Memorial Trophy - Most Valuable Player, Mathieu Perreault, Acadie-Bathurst Titan
Jean Béliveau Trophy - Top Scorer, François Bouchard, Baie-Comeau Drakkar
Guy Lafleur Trophy - Playoff MVP, Jonathan Bernier, Lewiston Maineiacs
Telus Cup – Offensive - Offensive Player of the Year
Telus Cup – Defensive - Defensive Player of the Year
Jacques Plante Memorial Trophy - Best GAA, Ondrej Pavelec, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Guy Carbonneau Trophy - Best Defensive Forward, Marc-André Cliche - Lewiston Maineiacs
Emile Bouchard Trophy - Defenceman of the Year, Kris Letang, Val-d'Or Foreurs
Kevin Lowe Trophy - Best Defensive Defenceman, Kris Letang, Val-d'Or Foreurs
Mike Bossy Trophy - Best Pro Prospect, Angelo Esposito, Quebec Remparts
RDS Cup - Rookie of the Year, Jakub Voracek, Halifax Mooseheads
Michel Bergeron Trophy - Offensive Rookie of the Year, Jakub Voracek, Halifax Mooseheads
Raymond Lagacé Trophy - Defensive Rookie of the Year, T. J. Brennan, St. John's Fog Devils
Frank J. Selke Memorial Trophy - Most sportsmanlike player, David Desharnais, Chicoutimi Saguenéens
QMJHL Humanitarian of the Year - Humanitarian of the Year, Roger Kennedy, Halifax Mooseheads
Marcel Robert Trophy - Best Scholastic Player, Alexandre Picard-Hooper, Baie-Comeau Drakkar
Paul Dumont Trophy - Personality of the Year, Kris Letang, Val-d'Or Foreurs
Executive
Ron Lapointe Trophy - Coach of the Year, Clément Jodoin, Lewiston Maineiacs
Maurice Filion Trophy - General Manager of the Year, Pascal Vincent, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
John Horman Trophy - Executive of the Year, Pierre Dufour, Val D'Or Foreurs
Jean Sawyer Trophy - Marketing Director of the Year, Nadia Lacasse & Mélanie Allard, Rouyn-Noranda Huskies
See also
2007 Memorial Cup
2007 NHL Entry Draft
2006–07 OHL season
2006–07 WHL season
References
Official QMJHL Website
www.hockeydb.com/
Category:Quebec Major Junior Hockey League seasons
QMJHL |
Nicely Formation | The Nicely Formation is a geologic formation in Oregon. It preserves fossils dating back to the Jurassic period.
See also
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oregon
Paleontology in Oregon
References
Category:Jurassic geology of Oregon |
Simon Thompson (triathlete) | Simon Thompson (born 10 December 1977, in Melbourne) is an athlete from Australia. He competes in triathlon.
Thompson trains with the Tridents Triathlon Club in Canberra and is coached by Ben Gathercole.
Thompson competed at the second Olympic triathlon at the 2004 Summer Olympics. He placed tenth with a total time of 1:52:47.18.
Thompson, who was named as the reserve for the Australian Melbourne Commonwealth Games 2006 team, competed in the place of Greg Bennett. Bennett withdrew due to injury. Thompson placed 11th in this race. He controlled much of the race to assist his Australian Team mates, Brad Kahlefeldt(1st) and Peter Robertson(3rd).
Other notable achievements include Triathlon World Cup victory at Mooloolaba 2005 and winning the Australian long course title 2005.
Simon is sponsored by Avanti Bikes. He
was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder.
References
External links
Simon's Official Website
Avanti Bikes - Simon's Bike Sponsor
Tridents Triathlon Club - The club Simon is a member of
Category:1977 births
Category:Living people
Category:Australian male triathletes
Category:Olympic triathletes of Australia
Category:Triathletes at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Category:Sport in Canberra
Category:Sportspeople from Melbourne
Category:Australian Institute of Sport triathletes
Category:ACT Academy of Sport alumni |
Fernando María Castiella y Maíz | Fernando María Castiella y Maíz (1907–1976) was a Spanish diplomat and politician, who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs (1957–1969) in Francoist Spain.
Biography
Born in Bilbao on 9 December 1907.
He read Law and held a Doctorate from the University of Madrid. He also undertook postdoctoral specialisation at the Universities of Paris, Cambridge and Geneva and at The Hague Academy of International Law. He was appointed Catedrático of Public International Law at the University of Madrid in 1935. A Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right activist during the Second Republic, he often wrote in El Debate about international issues and was vice-president of the Catholic Students' Confederation.
When the Civil War started he fled from Madrid to the Nationalist zone, joining the Nationalist Army as official of the General Staff. During the Second World War he joined the Blue Division, a unit of Spanish volunteers that served in the Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front. With José María de Areilza, and wrote Reivindicaciones de España (Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Políticos, 1941), that drafted an expansionist programme over French African colonies. The book was written at the height of the Third Reich's power and Franco had considered entering war on Hitler's side.
He promoted the establishment of the Faculty of Political Science and Economics of the University of Madrid and he was the first dean. He was appointed ambassador to Peru (1948-1951) and to the Holy See (1951-1957), where he negotiated the Concordat of 1953.
Franco appointed him minister of Foreign Affairs on February 25, 1957. He set out to improve the relationship with the Western world. He tried with no success to become member of NATO and associate member of the European Common Market. He also tried to improve the terms of the defence and cooperation appointments with the United States but also with little success. He succeed, nevertheless, to be one of the co-founder countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1961). Politically moderate aperturist, in 1961, he wrote a draft bill of religious freedom, although it was not passed until 1967. He tried vehemently to see the return of Gibraltar to Spanish sovereignty claiming the case was eligible for a decolonization process. He had for some decades ago written a book on Gibraltar on a such issue, but was nonetheless unsuccessful in his endeavours. After his tenure as minister, he taught Private International Law to Ph.D. students at the Complutense University in Madrid.
He died in Madrid on 25 November 1976.
Works
Authored works
Co-authored works
Bibliography
Manuel Espadas: Franquismo y política exterior, Madrid: Rialp, 1988
Javier Tusell; Juan Avilés, Rosa Pardo: La política exterior de España en el siglo XX, Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia; Biblioteca Nueva, 2000
Marcelino Oreja Aguirre; Rafael Sánchez Mantero: Entre la Historia y la Memoria, Fernando Maria Castiella y la Politica Exterior de España (1957-1969), written on the occasion of the centenary of his birth. Edited by the Royal Academy of Moral and Political Sciences, Madrid 2007.
Category:1907 births
Category:1976 deaths
Category:People from Bilbao
Category:Complutense University of Madrid alumni
Category:University of Paris alumni
Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Category:University of Geneva alumni
Category:Hague Academy of International Law people
Category:Foreign relations of Spain during the Francoist dictatorship
Category:Foreign ministers of Spain
Category:Ambassadors of Spain to Peru
Category:Ambassadors of Spain to the Holy See
Category:Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany |
Dendrocincla | Dendrocincla is a genus of bird in the woodcreeper subfamily (Dendrocolaptinae).
Taxonomy and systematics
Extant species
The genus contains six species:
Tyrannine woodcreeper (Dendrocincla tyrannina)
Plain-brown woodcreeper (Dendrocincla fuliginosa)
Plain-winged woodcreeper (Dendrocincla turdina)
Tawny-winged woodcreeper (Dendrocincla anabatina)
White-chinned woodcreeper (Dendrocincla merula)
Ruddy woodcreeper (Dendrocincla homochroa)
Former species
Formerly, some authorities also considered the following species (or subspecies) as species within the genus Dendrocincla:
Sangihe shrikethrush (as Dendrocincla macrorhyncha)
References
Category:Bird genera
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Palazzo Foscari | Palazzo Foscari can refer to:
Ca' Foscari University of Venice, a university in Venice, Italy
Ca' Foscari, a Gothic-style palace in the sestiere of Dorsoduro
Palazzo Foscari (Giudecca 795), a Gothic-style palace on the Giudecca island, Venice, Italy
Palazzo Foscari Contarini, a Renaissance-style palace in the sestiere of Santa Croce, Venice, Italy
Palazzo Foscari del Prà, a Gothic-style palace in the sestiere of Cannaregio, Venice, Italy |
Argyra argyria | Argyra argyria is a species of fly in the family Dolichopodidae. It is distributed in Europe and North Africa.
Distribution
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Canary Islands, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Morocco, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Netherlands, Ukraine, United Kingdom.
References
Category:Dolichopodidae
Category:Insects described in 1824
Category:Taxa named by Johann Wilhelm Meigen
Category:Diptera of Europe
Category:Diptera of Africa |
Derrynaflan Church | Derrynaflan Church is an ancient church and National Monument located in County Tipperary, Ireland.
Location
Derrynaflan Church is located on an "island" in Littleton bog, located south of Littleton.
History
The monastery at Derrynaflan ("Oak grove of the Flanns"; formerly Daire Eidnech, "ivied oak grove") was founded by Ruadhán of Lorrha in the 6th century AD. It came under the patronage of the King-Bishops of Cashel. It was an important culdee centre, but went into decline after Fedelmid mac Crimthainn died in AD 846. Only the enclosure survives.
The surviving stone church is a pre-Norman cell with a chancel later added.
A Franciscan community existed at Derrynaflan between 1676 and 1717.
It is famous as the discovery site of the Derrynaflan Hoard of gold and silver objects of the 8th–9th century.
A stone slab found on the site (now in the National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology) is inscribed OR DOAN MAIN DVBSCVLL, "a prayer for the soul of Dubscuile."
Description
A pre-Norman single-celled church without antae. The east, north and south walls of the chancel with five windows and the foundations of the nave survive.
There is also a ring barrow and medieval cemetery. To the northeast is a burial site, supposedly that of the legendary Gobán Saor.
References
Category:National Monuments in County Tipperary
Category:Archaeological sites in County Tipperary
Category:Franciscan monasteries in the Republic of Ireland |
Tadeusz Czesław Malinowski | Tadeusz Czesław Malinowski (born April 8, 1932, in Poznań, Poland) is a Polish scientist and archaeologist specialising in the Bronze Age and early Iron Age.
Early life and education
Malinowski is the son of Czesława Malinowska (born Brożek) and Czesław Pobóg Malinowski. His brother is Andrzej Malinowski, a Polish anthropologist.
As a child, Malinowski witnessed the Second World War. After his father escaped to the United Kingdom and his mother was arrested by the Gestapo, he lived through the Nazi occupation of Poland with his extended family in Radom and Lublin.
He studied archaeology at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, where he received his doctoral title in 1960 and his habilitation in 1969. His main teachers were Józef Kostrzewski, Witold Hensel, and Eugeniusz Frankowski. By the time he received his doctorate, he had written 47 scientific publications. In 1980, he became a professor.
Career
He worked in the Museum of Archaeology in Poznań from 1950–1975, as a professor at the Higher Pedagogical School in Słupsk until 1993, and at the University of Zielona Góra until 2002. He lectured in the Department of Archaeology at the University of Lodz from 1973–1974, at the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń from 1979–1980, and at the School of Social Skills in Poznań from 2002–2004.Malinowski has participated in numerous archaeological excavations in Greater Poland and beyond. He was a member of a team that researched an early settlement in Saint-Jean-le-Froid, France, in the department of Aveyron. In Poland, he has studied fortified settlements from the early Iron Age in Słupca, Smuszewo, and Komorowo. He also worked on a late medieval cemetery on Rowokół hill in Smołdzino, and on an early medieval cemetery in Komorowo.
He is the author of over 380 scientific and popular publications, including more than a dozen books published in Poland and abroad. After he retired, his extensive collection of books (several thousand volumes), illustrative material (photographs and drawings), and slides were purchased by the University of Rzeszów for its Institute of Archaeology.
As a professor emeritus, Malinowski lives in Poznań, where he reviews doctoral works and habilitations and continues his scientific research and writing.
Scientific research
Malinowski's research mainly dealt with Central European funeral rites in prehistory and the early Middle Ages. He also studied the meaning of amber in prehistory and the early Middle Ages in Europe, facial representations in ceramic rituals in prehistorical Europe, and musical instruments from prehistory to modern times in Central Europe. Further, he worked on Slavic ethnogenesis issues and conducted interdisciplinary research in prehistory. Through 25 years of work at the Museum of Archaeology in Poznań, he specialised in archaeological museology.
Other work
Malinowski was vice-president of the Trade Union of Workers of Culture and Arts in Poznań from 1970–1973. With his brother, Andrzej, he published the book Wspomnienia z obozów: Majdanek-Oświęcim-Ravensbrück-Neu Rohlau-Zwodau (2008) on the diaries of their mother, who survived several Nazi concentration camps during World War II. He was featured in the documentary film Resettlement by Filip Antoni Malinowski in 2012.
He is married to archaeologist Maria Malinowska (born Konieczna in 1932 in Poznań). They have a daughter, Anna, and a son, Antoni.
Honours and recognitions
1978: Cross of Merit (Poland)
1990: Knight's Cross, Order of Polonia Restituta
1998: Medal of the Commission of National Education
Memberships
1957: Poznań Society of Friends of Learning (Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk)
1967: Current Anthropology, University of Chicago
1973: Poznań Committee of Sciences, Department of Archaeology (Komitet Archeologii Oddział PAN w Poznaniu)
1983: Study Group on Music Archaeology, Hanover, Germany
1990: Committee on Science, Work, and Protohistory (Komitet Nauk Pra- i Protohistorycznych PAN)
1993: Committee for Archaeology in Wrocław (Komitet Archeologii Oddział PAN in Wrocław)
1999: Lubusz Scientific Society (Lubuskie Towarzystwo Naukowe)
Selected publications
Books
Katalog cmentarzysk ludności kultury łużyckiej w Polsce, Vol. 1–2, Warsaw, Instytut Historii Kultury Materialnej PAN (1961)
Obrządek pogrzebowy ludności kultury pomorskiej, Wrocław/Warsaw/Kraków, Ossolineum (1969)
Katalog cmentarzysk ludności kultury pomorskiej, Vol. 1–3, Pedagogical School of Słupsk (1979–1981)
Wielkopolska w otchłani wieków, Poznań, Wydawnictwo Poznańskie (1985)
Laski. Materiały z cmentarzyska kultury łużyckiej, Part 1–4, Pedagogical School of Słupsk (1988–1991)
Komorowo, stanowisko 1: grodzisko kultury łużyckiej – faktoria na szlaku bursztynowym, University of Rzeszów, (2006)
Scientific publications
"Grodziska kultury łużyckiej w Wielkopolsce", Fontes Archaeologici Posnanienses, Vol. 5, 1955
"Obrządek pogrzebowy ludności kultury łużyckiej w Polsce", Przegląd Archeologiczny, Vol. 14, 1962
"Problem pogranicza prasłowiańsko-prailiryjskiego", Slavia Antiqua, Vol. 21, 1975
"Les hochets en argile dans la civilisation lusacienne de Pologne (age du bronze – age du fer)", in: "La pluridisciplinarite en archeologie musicale", Vol. 1, Paris, 1994
"Niektóre zagadnienia rozwoju kulturowego u schyłku epoki brązu i we wczesnej epoce żelaza w Europie Środkowej", in: "Kultura pomorska i kultura grobów kloszowych", Warsaw, 1995
"Łaba – Odra – Wisła: oddziaływania kulturowe u schyłku epoki brązu i we wczesnej epoce żelaza", in: "Rola Odry i Łaby w przemianach kulturowych epoki brązu i epoki żelaza", Wrocław-Gliwice, 1997
References
Bibliography
Księga jubileuszowa: Miscellanea archaeologica Thaddaeo Malinowski dedicata, edited by Franciszek Rożnowski, Słupsk/Poznań, 1993, Pedagogical School of Słupsk
Opuscula archaeologica – Opera dedicata in Professorem Thaddeum Malinowski, edited by Wojciech Dzieduszycki, University of Zielona Góra, 2007
Enzyklopädisches Handbuch zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Europas, edited by Jan Filip, Vol. 2, Prag, 1969; Vol. 3, Praha, 1998
Fifth International Directory of Anthropologists, Chicago/London, 1975
Współcześni Uczeni Polscy, Słownik Biograficzny, Vol. III, M-R, edited by Janusz Kapuścik, Warsaw, 2006, Ośrodek Przetwarzania Informacji
External links
Tadeusz Malinowski – an interview with Radio Zielona Góra from 2002 (Polish)
Resettlement – the website of a documentary film featuring Tadeusz Malinowski and Maria Malinowska, directed by Filip Antoni Malinowski, 2012
Institute of Archaeology of the University in Rzeszów – the institute that acquired Malinowski's scientific materials
Available literature of Tadeusz Malinowski on the portal w.bibliotece.pl
Category:Living people
Category:Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań alumni
Category:1932 births
Category:Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań faculty
Category:Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń faculty
Category:Polish archaeologists
Category:Scientists of Polish descent |
Keyon Harrold | Keyon Harrold (born November 18, 1980) is an American jazz trumpeter, vocalist, songwriter and producer.
Early life
Keyon Harrold was born and raised in Ferguson, Missouri, United States, one of 16 children in a family of musicians. His grandfather was a former police officer who founded The Memorial Lancers Drum and Bugle Corps. Harrold graduated from the School of Jazz at The New School.
Harrold counts Miles Davis' second great quintet, Prince, Common, Dr. Dre and J Dilla as influences.
Career
Harrold's first professional gig was as a trumpeter with Common, an audition he secured on the recommendation of New School classmate Robert Glasper. He performed at The White House as part of Common's Tiny Desk Concert for NPR in 2016.
A mentee of trumpeter Charles Tolliver, Harrold performed as part of Tolliver's big band on the studio album With Love (2006) and concert release Emperor March: Live At The Blue Note (2007).
During this period, Harrold became a notable crossover performer, becoming a staple of New York jazz clubs as well as providing instrumentation for recordings by JAY-Z, Beyoncé, 50 Cent, Anthony Hamilton, Gregory Porter, Mac Miller, Mary J. Blige and Maxwell. Harrold has also toured with Cirque du Soleil's Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour, Rihanna, Eminem, Gregory Porter, D’Angelo, Maxwell and Mary J. Blige.
Harrold supplied all of the trumpet playing in Don Cheadle’s Miles Davis biopic Miles Ahead, playing to match Cheadle’s on-screen performance as well as the character of Junior, portrayed by Keith Stanfield. The soundtrack to the film won a Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media.
His first solo album, Introducing Keyon Harrold, was released in 2009. AllMusic praised the album, saying "it bodes well for his bright future" as one of "the leading jazz trumpet players of a new generation." A follow-up, The Mugician, was released on September 29, 2017 to positive reviews.
Harrold appeared on WNYC's "All Of It" on August 16, 2019 alongside Freddie Stone.
Style
Harrold's playing has been compared to Freddie Hubbard by Down Beat. Wynton Marsalis once referred to him as “the future of the trumpet.”
Discography
Albums
Introducing Keyon Harrold (Criss Cross, 2009)
The Mugician (Legacy Recordings, 2017)
Selected guest appearances
Charles Tolliver Big Band, With Love (Blue Note/Mosaic, 2006)
Beyoncé, "Back Up" (from B’Day – Columbia, 2006)
John Legend & Mary J. Blige, "King and Queen" (from Once Again – G.O.O.D./Columbia, 2006)
Mobb Deeo, "Smoke It" (from Blood Money - Interscope Records, 2006)
Charles Tolliver Big Band, Emperor March: Live At The Blue Note (Blue Note, 2007)
50 Cent, "Touch the Sky" (from Curtis – Aftermath/Interscope, 2007)
JAY-Z, "Roc Boys (And the Winner Is…)" (from American Gangster – Roc-a-Fella, 2007)
David Sanborn, Here & Gone (Decca, 2008)
Billy Harper, Blueprints of Jazz (Talking House Records, 2008)
"Brother Ray, Various - Selected 2008-Classics & Jazz" (Verve Records, EmArcy, ECM Records, Deutsche Grammaphon, Decca, 2008)
Maxwell, "Pretty Wings"" (from Pretty Wings - Columbia, 2009)
Maxwell, BLACKsummers'night (Columbia, 2009)
Joss Stone, "I Believe it to my Soul" (from Colour Me Free! - Virgin, 2009
JAY-Z, "Roc Boys (And the Winner Is…)" (from Jay- The Hits Collection, VOl 1 - Def Jam Recordings, Roc Nation, 2010)
John Stoddart, Faith, Hope Love (Urban Junction East Music, 2010)
Anthony Hamilton, Back to Love (RCA, 2011)
Gregory Porter, “Real Good Hands” (from Be Good – Blue Note, 2012)
Big K.R.I.T., "Cool 2 Be Something" (from Live from the Underground - Def Jam Recordings, 2012)
Maya Hatch, "Spice of Life" (Spice of Life. 2012)
Andrae Crouch, Live in Los Angeles (Riverphio Entertainment, 2013)
Derrick Hodge, Live Today (Blue Note, 2013)
Otis Brown III, The Thought of You (Blue Note, 2014)
Nina Simone, "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" & 2 more (Revive Music, RCA Records, 2015)
Various Artists, Miles Ahead: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (Columbia/Legacy, 2016)
Gregory Porter, Take Me to the Alley (Blue Note, 2016)
Maxwell, blackSUMMERS’night (Columbia, 2016)
Mac Miller, "Stay" (from The Divine Feminine – REMember/Warner Bros., 2016)
Dr. Lonnie Smith, Evolution (Blue Note, 2016)
Derrick Hodge, "For Generations" (from The Second - Blue Note, 2016)
Marcus Stricklan's Twi-Life, Nihil Novi (Blue Note, Revive Music, 2016)
Greg Dean, "Grass Ain't Greener" and 4 more (from The Greg Dean Project, Purpose US, 2016)
Various, Verve and Blue Note Today 2016, Mirrors (Verve Records, Blue Note, 2016)
Will Calhoun, Celebrating Elvin Jones (Motema, 2016)
Jason McGuiness, "We Could Be/Empyrean Tones", 7" (Analog Burners, 2016)
PJ Morton, "Claustrophobic" and 1 more (from Gumbo - Morton Records, 2017)
Arrangement
Mobb Deep, "Backstage Pass (as K.Harrold)"" (from Blood Money - Interscope Records, 2006)
50 Cent, "Touch the Sky" (from Curtis – Aftermath/Interscope, 2007)
Introducing Keyon Harrold (Criss Cross, 2009)
Big K.R.I.T., "Cool 2 Be Something" (from Live from the Underground - Def Jam Recordings, 2012)
Gregory Porter, Take Me to the Alley (Blue Note, 2016)
"Gone 2015", Miles Ahead: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (Columbia/Legacy, 2016)
Jason McGuiness, "We Could Be/Empyrean Tones", 7" (Analog Burners, 2016)
Featuring and presenting
Terrace Martin, "Tribe Called West" (from Velvet Portraits - Ropeadope Records, Sounds of Crenshaw, 2016)
Jason McGuiness, "We Could Be/Empyrean Tones", 7" (Analog Burners, 2016)
Production
"Cecilia Stalin, Step Like A Giant" (Self-released)
Technical
"John Stoddart, Faith, Hope Love" (Urban Junction east Music, 2010)
References
External links
Official site
Keyon Harrold on Allmusic
Category:1980 births
Category:American jazz trumpeters
Category:American male trumpeters
Category:Living people
Category:People from St. Louis County, Missouri
Category:21st-century trumpeters
Category:Jazz musicians from Missouri
Category:21st-century American male musicians
Category:Male jazz musicians |
Saint Bernard Church (Ubachsberg) | The Saint Bernard Church (Dutch: Sint-Bernarduskerk) is a Roman Catholic church building in Ubachsberg, Voerendaal, Netherlands. Patron saint for the church is Bernard of Clairvaux. The church is a national monument of the Netherlands.
Building
The church is located southwest of the main road through the village of Ubachsberg, the Kerkstraat, which connects Huls in the east, with Voerendaal in the north-west. South of the church is the Bernardussquare. East and south of the church is the cemetery. The building consists of a build in bell tower in the west, a nave with a single aisle, a transept and a choir. The church is partially made up out of red bricks and partially out of Kunradersteen, a local variant of chalk.
History
The nave and tower were built in 1841 to a design by Jean Dumoulin. That same year Ubachsberg became an independent parish. Before this time Ubachsberg was part of the parish of St. Laurentius in Voerendaal.
In 1924 the church was expanded to a design by architect Beursgens from Sittard. A transept and a choir in Neo-Roman style were added.
Rijksmonument
The church has been listed as a rijksmonument since 8 January 1969, making it a national heritage site of the Netherlands.
References
External links
Parochiesimpelveld.nl, website for the parish federation of Simpelveld-Ubachsberg
Category:Roman Catholic churches in the Netherlands
Category:Churches in Limburg (Netherlands)
Category:Rijksmonuments in Limburg
Category:Buildings and structures in Voerendaal
Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1841
Category:19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings |
Matthijs Brouwer | Matthijs Christian Brouwer (born 1 July 1980 in Raamsdonk, North Brabant) is a field hockey player from the Netherlands, who won the silver medal with the Dutch national team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. The striker made his debut on 2 June 2000 in a friendly match against Spain. He played for HC Den Bosch in the Dutch League (Hoofdklasse), but moved to Oranje Zwart in the summer of 2005. His cousin Ronald also is a member of the Netherlands hockey squad.
External links
Profile on Athens 2004-website
Category:1980 births
Category:Living people
Category:Dutch male field hockey players
Category:Male field hockey forwards
Category:Olympic field hockey players of the Netherlands
Category:2002 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Category:Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Category:2006 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Category:Field hockey players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic silver medalists for the Netherlands
Category:People from Geertruidenberg
Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey
Category:Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Category:Oranje Zwart players
Category:HC Den Bosch players |
Gordion | Gordion (, Górdion; or ; ) was the capital city of ancient Phrygia. It was located at the site of modern Yassıhüyük, about southwest of Ankara (capital of Turkey), in the immediate vicinity of Polatlı district. Gordion's location at the confluence of the Sakarya and Porsuk rivers gave it a strategic location with control over fertile land. Gordion lies where the ancient road between Lydia and Assyria/Babylonia crossed the Sangarius river. Occupation at the site is attested from the Early Bronze Age (ca. 2300 BCE) continuously until the 4th century CE and again in the 13th and 14th centuries CE. The Citadel Mound at Gordion is approximately 13.5 hectares in size, and at its height habitation extended beyond this in an area approximately 100 hectares in size. Gordion is the type site of Phrygian civilization, and its well-preserved destruction level of ca. 800 BCE is a chronological linchpin in the region. The long tradition of tumuli at the site is an important record of elite monumentality and burial practice during the Iron Age.
History of Occupation
In antiquity, the Sakarya river flowed on the east side of the Citadel Mound, just beyond the Küçük Höyük fort. Its course changed several times, ultimately moving to the west side of the mound, where it is now. This was a relatively recent change, most likely occurring during the 19th century.
Bronze Age
Gordion was inhabited from at least the Early Bronze Age, ca. 2300 BCE. By the end of this period it displayed ceramic commonalities with communities as far west as the Troad and as far east as Cilicia.
During the Middle Bronze Age, Gordion came under the influence of the Hittites, with administrative seals evident at the site. There is also an extensive necropolis attested on the Northeast Ridge, with burials of the MH III-IV periods.
Late Bronze Age Gordion was part of the Hittite Empire and located at the western edge of its heartland, approximately 200 kilometers west of the capital, Hattuša.
Early Iron Age (ca. 1200-900 BCE)
There is a cultural change at Gordion in the Early Iron Age, with distinct differences from the Late Bronze Age in regard to architecture and ceramics. Ceramic and linguistic links with southeastern Europe point to an influx of Balkan migrants at this time, possibly the Brygians.
Early Phrygian Period (ca. 900-800 BCE)
There were several monumental construction projects on the citadel during the 10th and 9th centuries, the Early Phrygian period, resulting in a circuit wall around the Citadel Mound with an extensive gate complex. The Early Phrygian East Citadel Gate provided both increased defense and a projection of power; it is still preserved to a height of 10 meters, making it the best preserved example in Anatolia. Around the same time, ca. 850 BCE, Tumulus W was constructed, the first known example of a tumulus burial in Anatolia and a marker of elite prominence at Gordion . Beyond the East Citadel Gate, a series of elite buildings occupied the eastern side of the mound. These included several megaron-plan buildings, and the large interconnected Terrace Building Complex. The Megarons at Gordion likely served an administrative function, with the largest, Megaron 3, perhaps serving as an audience hall. The Megarons include several pebble mosaic floors with elaborate geometric designs, among the earliest known examples of their type. The Terrace Building, a complex of eight interconnected buildings stretching over 100 m in length, was a locus of grinding, cooking, and weaving, as well as storage. The remains of the Early Phrygian period were preserved due to a conflagration on the eastern side of the Citadel Mound, likely dating to ca. 800 BCE. This destruction level and the subsequent rebuilding of the site above it preserved the architecture and many of the finds from the Early Phrygian period. The Early Phrygian period at the site is thus better understood than the Middle Phrygian.
Early Phrygian Destruction Level (ca. 800 BCE)
There is ample evidence of widespread burning of the eastern portion of the Citadel Mound of Gordion, in a level referred to by the initial excavator, Rodney S. Young, as the Destruction Level. This event, and the subsequent deposition of up to 5 m of clay above the burnt level, sealed and preserved many buildings and hundreds of objects from the Early Phrygian phase, providing an astonishing insight into the character of the elite district of an Iron Age citadel, unique in Anatolian archaeology. As such, the Early Phrygian Destruction Level provides well-dated comparative material for other sites in the region and constitutes a key fixed point in Central Anatolian chronology.
Archaeologists at first interpreted the Destruction Level as the remains of a Cimmerian attack, ca. 700 BCE, an event referred to much later by Strabo and Eusebius as resulting in the death of King Midas. Initial radiocarbon data analyzed by Young cast some doubt on this interpretation, but the date of 700 BCE was widely used. Beginning in 2000, a renewed program of radiocarbon dating, dendrochronological analysis, and a closer examination of the objects in the Destruction Level began. Three factors were of particular importance: the establishment of the date of Tumulus MM at ca. 740 BCE based on dendrochronology; the comparison of Destruction Level objects with those in Tumulus MM and other independently dated assemblages in the Gordion tumuli; and the study of well-known 8th century Greek ceramics in post-Destruction Level contexts. Taken altogether, this research indicated that the date of the conflagration was approximately 100 years earlier than previously thought, ca. 800 BCE.
Initial criticism of the radiocarbon analysis focused on the preliminary publication of five samples but was subsequently refuted by the publication of 15 more short-lived samples, each the average of dozens of barley, lentil, and flax seeds from the Destruction Level. These all indicated a range ca. 840-795 BCE, most likely between 830/815 and 810/800 BCE, and were in no way compatible with a ca. 700 BCE date, even with extreme adjustments to the outliers within the data. Consequently, the fire can no longer be associated with a Cimmerian incursion and was probably accidental in nature, with no indications of a military attack. A date of ca. 800 BCE for the Early Phrygian Destruction Level has been widely accepted by scholars working throughout Central Anatolia, with objections voiced only by Muscarella and Keenan.
Middle Phrygian Period (ca. 800-540 BCE)
The ca. 800 BCE destruction level marks the change from the Early Phrygian period to the Middle Phrygian. After the fire, the inhabitants of Gordion completed a massive construction program on the Citadel Mound that included the laying of up to 5 meters of clay to raise the height of the mound. The citadel was subsequently rebuilt on a largely similar plan, a process of monumentality that required an immense amount of labor and planning. The fortifications at Gordion at this time expanded to include a pair of forts to the north and south of the Citadel Mound connected by a circuit wall that enclosed an area over 25 hectares, the Lower Town. Beyond the Lower Town, settlement continued in the Outer Town, protected by a further wall and ditch. Settlement also stretched onto the Northeast Ridge, where a series of houses were destroyed in an attack by an unknown enemy around 700 BCE. During the Middle Phrygian period, Gordion grew to its largest size, encompassing an area of settlement of approximately 100 hectares. At this time the political influence of Phrygia in Anatolia increased substantially. During the 9th and 8th centuries BCE, the city grew into the capital of a kingdom that controlled much of Asia Minor west of the river Halys. In the course of the 6th century BCE, the kingdom of Lydia, Phrygia's neighbor to the southwest, began to exert influence within Anatolia, likely at the expense of Phrygian control. The incursion of Cyrus the Great and the Achaemenid Empire into Anatolia, beginning in 546 BCE, spelled the end of any Lydian control and of Phrygian autonomy at Gordion.
King Midas
The most famous king of Phrygia was Midas, who reigned during the Middle Phrygian period at Gordion. He was likely on the throne at Gordion by ca. 740 BCE, based on the completion of Tumulus MM around that time. Contemporary Assyrian sources dating between ca. 718 and 709 BCE call him Mit-ta-a. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, King Midas was the first foreigner to make an offering at the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi, dedicating the throne from which he gave judgment. During his reign, according to Strabo, the nomadic Cimmerians invaded Asia Minor, and in 710/709 BCE, Midas was forced to ask for help from the Assyrian king Sargon II. In Strabo's account, King Midas committed suicide by drinking bull's blood when the Cimmerians overran the city.
Tumuli
There are over 100 tumuli in the vicinity of Gordion, dating from the 9th to the 6th centuries BCE. The largest of these burial mounds have traditionally been associated with kings, especially Tumulus MM. There are two main necropoleis, the Northeast Ridge and the South Ridge. Tumulus W at Gordion, dating to ca. 850 BCE, is the earliest known at the site and the first known anywhere in Anatolia. Tumuli are associated with inhumation burials at Gordion until the late 7th century, when cremation began at the site. The two traditions then coexisted through the 6th century BCE.
Tumulus MM
Tumulus MM (for "Midas Mound"), the Great Tumulus, is the largest burial mound at Gordion, standing over 50 meters high today, with a diameter of about 300 meters. It was built ca. 740 BCE, and at that time was the largest tumulus in Anatolia, only surpassed ca. 200 years later by the Tumulus of Alyattes in Lydia. Tumulus MM was excavated in 1957 by Young's team, revealing the remains of the royal occupant, resting on purple and golden textiles in an open log coffin, surrounded by a vast array of magnificent objects. The burial goods included pottery and bronze vessels containing organic residues, bronze fibulae (ancient safety pins), leather belts with bronze attachments, and an extraordinary collection of carved and inlaid wooden furniture, exceptional for its state of preservation. The Tumulus MM funeral ceremony has been reconstructed, and scientists have determined that the guests at the banquet ate lamb or goat stew and drank a mixed fermented beverage. It is now generally assumed to be the tomb of Midas' father Gordias, and was probably the first monumental project of Midas after his accession.
Late Phrygian Period (ca. 540-330 BCE)
Following the campaigns of Cyrus the Great in Anatolia in the 540s BCE, Gordion became part of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. There is extensive evidence for the Persian siege of 546 BCE at Gordion, mainly associated with the fort at Küçük Höyük. The Persian attackers built a large siege ramp to assault the fortress, still visible today. After its conquest, Gordion became part of the satrapy of Hellespontine Phrygia, which had Daskyleion on the Sea of Marmara, not Gordion, as its capital. Despite its relegation in status, Gordion initially continued to prosper under the Achaemenids, with tumulus burials and monumental buildings maintained through the 6th century. Around 500 BCE, a semi-subterranean structure, the Painted House, was added to the east side of the Citadel Mound. It featured a program of wall frescoes showing the procession of women. It is perhaps associated with cultic activity, although the nature of this is uncertain.
The 4th century BCE at Gordion began with the combination of an earthquake and the attack of the Spartan king Agesilaos. The subsequent century saw an absence of monumental buildings on the Citadel Mound, and, in fact, stone from many of the earlier structures was used for smaller buildings elsewhere around the site.
Hellenistic Period (ca. 330-1st century BCE)
The advent of Alexander in 333 BCE precipitated a major change at the site, with worship of Greek deities, inscriptions in Greek, and Greek pottery all replacing their Phrygian predecessors at the site. The middle of the 3rd century BCE saw the arrival of the Galatians, a Celtic people who first came to Anatolia as mercenaries hired by Nicomedes I of Bithynia. The Galatians ultimately settled in Phrygia, including at Gordion. The settlement at Gordion during the Hellenistic period shows a distinctly residential character, with large houses built over the public buildings on the Citadel Mound and no evidence of habitation in the Lower or Outer Towns. In 189 BCE, the Roman consul Gnaeus Manlius Vulso campaigned through Galatia, forcing the inhabitants of Gordion to temporarily abandon the site. Gordion was briefly reinhabited but abandoned again sometime during the 1st century BCE.
Gordian Knot
According to ancient tradition, in 333 BCE Alexander the Great cut (or otherwise unfastened) the Gordian Knot: this intricate knot joined the yoke to the pole of a Phrygian wagon that stood on the acropolis of the city. The wagon was associated with Midas or Gordias (or both), and was connected with the dynasty's rise to power. A local prophecy had decreed that whoever could loosen the knot was destined to become the ruler of Asia.
Roman Period (1st-5th century CE)
The Roman period at Gordion stretches from the 1st century CE through the 4th century, with a series of occupations and abandonments on the western part of the Citadel Mound. The Roman road between Ankara and Pessinus passed through Gordion, which may have been known as Vindia/Vinda at this time. The Roman buildings at Gordion were oriented to cardinal directions and built as part of a deliberate re-foundation that included leveling the surface of the western part of the mound. The area of the Common Cemetery also includes Roman burials from the 2nd to 4th centuries CE.
Medieval Period (13th-14th century CE)
Evidence for the Medieval Period at Gordion is sparse but suggests habitation during the 13th and 14th centuries CE with at least some fortification. Recent excavations have revealed lime-coated pits and ovens on the western side of the Citadel Mound, signalling food preparation and storage.
Modern (1920s-Present)
Gordion lay along the front lines of the 1921 Battle of the Sakarya, the turning point of the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922. The Citadel Mound and several of the tumuli were used as defensive positions during the 3 weeks of fighting. The village of Bebi, located to the west of the Citadel Mound, was the main site of habitation in the area during the 19th and 20th centuries but was destroyed during the course of the battle. The modern village of Yassıhöyük was established in the aftermath of the Turkish War of Independence. It is part of the Polatlı district.
Archaeological Research
History of Research
The site was excavated by Gustav Körte and Alfred Körte in 1900 and then by the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, under the direction of Rodney S. Young, between 1950 and 1973. Excavations have continued at the site under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania Museum with an international team, directed by Keith DeVries (1977-1987), G. Kenneth Sams and Mary M. Voigt (1988-2006), G. Kenneth Sams and C. Brian Rose (2006-2012), and C. Brian Rose (2012–present). Finds from Gordion are on display at the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara, the Istanbul Archaeological Museums, and the Gordion Museum, located in Yassıhöyük itself.
Current Research
Excavation
The Gordion Project renewed excavations in 2013, focusing on the southern fortifications and revealing a new approach and gateway to the Citadel Mound. This new South Gate was originally constructed during the 9th century BC, broadly contemporaneous with the Early Phrygian phase of the East Citadel Gate. The South Gate approach saw further modification with bastions added in the 8th and 6th centuries, and the walled causeway leading to the gate ultimately reached over 65 m in length, the longest known for a citadel gate in Anatolia. As elsewhere on the Citadel Mound, the Middle Phrygian phase of the South Gate made use of large polychromatic blocks. In 2017 a sculpted stone lion was discovered at the entrance to the South Gate.
Architectural Conservation
Since 2009, the project has undertaken a renewed program of architectural conservation on the Terrace Building Complex on the Citadel Mound, the large industrial quarter that burned in the Destruction Level ca. 800 BCE. From 2014 to 2019, the architectural conservation team focused its efforts on restoring the South Bastion of the East Citadel Gate, affected by an earthquake in 1999. This project consolidated cracked stones, reinstalled them in the wall faces with stainless-steel supports, and addressed the drainage of the South Bastion through the repair of damaged masonry and the installation of a new capping support system.
Remote Sensing
Since 2007, another primary focus of the Gordion Project has been the exploration of the city's defensive fortifications beyond the Citadel Mound through remote sensing. The use of magnetometry, electrical resistivity tomography, and ground-penetrating radar have allowed for a more complete reconstruction of the defense network and urban districts of the city during the Iron Age, providing evidence for a ditch and wall system surrounding the Outer Town to the west and confirming the existence of a second fort protecting the Lower Town at Kuş Tepe to the north.
Publication
The results of the excavations at Gordion are the subject of study for an international team of scholars, with ongoing research into all periods of the site's history.
Ancient Sources
Gordion is mentioned in the following ancient sources: Xenophon Hellenica 1.4.1; Hellenica Oxyrhynchia 21.6; Plutarch Life of Alexander 18; Justin, History of the World 11.7; Polybius Histories 21.37.1; Livy History of Rome 38.18; Strabo Geography 12.5.3, 12.8.9; Pliny the Elder Natural History 5.42; Arrian Anabasis 1.29.1-2, 2.3.1; Suda omi.221; Stephanus of Byzantium Ethnica G211.1.
Notes
Further reading
Keith DeVries (editor). From Athens to Gordion (Philadelphia: University Museum, 1980).
Peter Grave, Lisa Kealhofer, Ben Marsh, G. Kenneth Sams, Mary Voigt, Keith DeVries (2009), "Ceramic production and provenience at Gordion, Central Anatolia", Journal of Archaeological Science, 36, 2162–2176.
Ann C. Gunter. Gordion Excavations Final Reports Vol. III: The Bronze Age (Philadelphia: University Museum, 1991).
Ellen L. Kohler. The Gordion Excavations (1950–1973) Final Reports, Vol. II: The Lesser Phrygian Tumuli, Part 1, The Inhumations (Philadelphia, 1995).
Gustav Körte and Alfred Körte. " Gordion: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabung im Jahre 1900". Jährliches Ergänzungsheft 5 (Berlin, 1904). (In German.)
Frank Matero and Meredith Keller, eds. Gordion Awakened: Conserving A Phrygian Landscape (Philadelphia: Architectural Conservation Laboratory, 2011).
Machteld Mellink. A Hittite Cemetery at Gordion (Philadelphia: University Museum, 1956).
Naomi F. Miller. 2010, Botanical Aspects of Environment and Economy at Gordion, Turkey, Gordion Special Studies V. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
Oscar White Muscarella. Phrygian Fibulae from Gordion. (London: Colt Archaeological Institute, 1967).
Lynn Roller. Gordion Special Studies, Vol. I: Nonverbal Graffiti, Dipinti, and Stamps (Philadelphia: University Museum, 1987).
Irene Romano. Gordion Special Studies Vol. II: The Terracotta Figurines and Related Vessels (Philadelphia: University Museum, 1995).
C. Brian Rose (Ed.). 2012, The Archaeology of Phrygian Gordion, Royal City of Midas. Proceedings of a conference held at the Penn Museum. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
G. Kenneth Sams. The Gordion Excavations, 1950–1973: Final Reports, Vol. IV: The Early Phrygian Pottery (Philadelphia: University Museum, 1994).
Elizabeth Simpson. The Gordion Wooden Objects, Vol. 1: The Furniture from Tumulus MM (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2010).
Elizabeth Simpson and Krysia Spirydowicz. Gordion Wooden Furniture: The Study, Conservation, and Reconstruction of the Furniture and Wooden Objects from Gordion, 1981–1998 (Ankara: Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, 1999).
Rodney Young et al. Gordion Excavations Reports, Vol. I: Three Great Early Tumuli [P, MM, W] (Philadelphia: University Museum, 1981).
External links
The Gordion Archaeological Project official site
Gordion Research Bibliography
Conservation at Gordion by the University of Pennsylvania's Architectural Conservation Laboratory
Excavation, Study of Material Excavated 1988–1996, Regional Surface Survey, and Ethnographic Survey by Mary Voigt.
Erosion, Biodiversity, and Archaeology: Preserving the Midas Tumulus at Gordion by Naomi F. Miller
Livius.org: Phrygians
University of Pennsylvania Museum excavations at Gordion
Pictures from the museum, Midas tumulus and actual Gordium
Category:Archaeological sites in Central Anatolia
Category:Buildings and structures in Ankara Province
Category:Former populated places in Turkey
Category:Geography of Ankara Province
Category:History of Ankara Province
Category:World Heritage Tentative List for Turkey
Category:Populated places in Phrygia
Category:Former national capitals |
Gatton College of Business and Economics | Gatton College of Business and Economics is a college of the University of Kentucky. Founded in 1925 as the College of Commerce, the college was created from the Department of Economics and was given full accreditation by the AACSB International. Initially the college occupied a single room in White Hall. In 1995, the Board of Trustees renamed the college in honor of Mr. Carol Martin "Bill" Gatton, '54, in recognition of his $14 million pledge. The donation was the largest in the history of the university. The current dean is David W. Blackwell.
The college is located in central campus along South Limestone.
Academic units
Von Allmen School of Accountancy
Economics
Finance & Quantitative Methods
Management
Marketing & Supply Chain
Degrees offered
Bachelor of Science in Accounting
Bachelor Degrees in Economics
Bachelor of Business Administration - Decision Science and Information Systems (Currently under review)
Bachelor of Business Administration - Finance
Bachelor of Business Administration - Marketing
Bachelor of Business Administration - Management
Master of Business Administration
Master of Science in Accounting
Master of Science in Economics
Ph.D. in Business Administration with a specialization in Accounting
Ph.D. in Economics
Ph.D. in Business Administration
Decision Science and Information Systems (Currently under review)
Finance and Quantitative Methods
Management
Marketing and Supply Chain
Research Centers
LINKS International Center for Social Network Research is a center for the study of social networks within and between organizations.
Gatton College of Business and Economics houses the Center for Business and Economic Research (CBER).
The Von Allmen Center for Entrepreneurship is also housed within Gatton College of Business and Economics.
Gatton Business and Economics Building
Constructed in the 1960s and opening in 1963 as the Commerce Building, it was renovated and expanded with a new wing for classrooms in 1992. The original 1963 wing contains graduate and faculty offices for the accounting and economic departments and includes the MBA center. It also features one large auditorium. The 1992 extension added a new three-floor atrium, a new computer laboratory, and 24 classrooms.
The facility has been well maintained, but, as with most facilities of its age, some of the basic mechanical and electrical components had reached the end of their useful lives by the 2010s. None of the then-current classrooms supported modern technology and the current structure of the facility allowed only limited renovations or expansions of smaller classrooms. Further, the existing building's limited floor-to-floor heights did not allow classrooms to be outfitted with modern learning technology.
UK long had this facility as a top request. Prior plans had suggested a completely new facility with estimated project costs of approximately $100 million. The university recognized that the prior plan could not be achieved given 21st-century public financing realities, and turned to private philanthropy for the project. To that end, the university took a fresh look at the existing facility and reviewed the feasibility and cost of a dramatic renovation and expansion to house modern classrooms, an auditorium, and student assembly spaces. The ultimate concept was then estimated to cost $65 million.
On March 1, 2013, the University of Kentucky's Gatton College of Business and Economics celebrated the milestone of surpassing the halfway point in its fundraising efforts for the expansion and renovation of its facilities. Joined by UK President Eli Capilouto, Gatton College Dean David W. Blackwell announced that nearly $34 million in private funds has been donated or pledged toward the $65 million project.
The project was part of UK's overall capital improvement plan (House Bill 7) approved by the Kentucky General Assembly and signed into law by Gov. Steve Beshear on February 21, 2013. No state tax dollars were used in any of the UK construction projects, which included the Gatton College, a new science building on campus, and improvements to Commonwealth Stadium (since renamed Kroger Field) and UK's football facilities.
Construction of the Gatton expansion and renovation project began in late 2013. The original timetable called for completion of the project by the fall of 2015 or early in 2016, but the facility did not open until August 2016, with an official reopening ceremony that October.
The building is also currently serving as the temporary home to the UK College of Law while that college's current building is being expanded and renovated. The law school moved in the fall of 2017 and is currently scheduled to return to the updated building for the 2019–20 school year.
See also
List of University of Kentucky buildings
Cityscape of Lexington, Kentucky
University of Kentucky
References
External links
Gatton College of Business and Economics
#GattonUnited Capital Campaign
Facebook - Gatton College of Business and Economics
Twitter - @UKGattonCollege
Gatton Business and Economics Building at University of Kentucky Campus Guide
Category:Universities and colleges in Kentucky
Category:Educational institutions established in 1925
Business |
Campden tablet | Campden tablets (potassium or sodium metabisulfite) are a sulfur-based product that is used primarily to sterilize wine, cider and in beer making to kill bacteria and to inhibit the growth of most wild yeast: this product is also used to eliminate both free chlorine and the more stable form, chloramine, from water solutions (e.g., drinking water from municipal sources). Campden tablets allow the amateur brewer to easily measure small quantities of sodium metabisulfite, so it can be used to protect against wild yeast and bacteria without affecting flavour. Untreated cider must frequently suffers from acetobacter contamination causing vinegar spoilage. Yeasts are resistant to the tablets but the acetobacter are easily killed off, hence treatment is important in cider production.
Typical use is one crushed Campden tablet per US gallon (3.8 L) of must or wort. This dosage contributes 67 ppm sulfur dioxide to the wort but the level of active sulfur dioxide diminishes rapidly as it reacts with chlorine and chloramine, and with aldehydes (particularly in wine). Therefore, the concentration of free sulfur dioxide is greatly diminished by the time the beer or wine is consumed. However, when used only for the purpose of dechlorinating tap water before brewing, one tablet will effectively treat 20 US gallons (75 L) of water.
Campden tablets are also used as an anti-oxidizing agent when transferring wine between containers. The sodium metabisulfite in the Campden tablets will trap oxygen that enters the wine, preventing it from doing any harm.
It is a common misconception that Campden tablets can be used to halt the ferment process in wine before all the available sugars are converted by the yeast, hence controlling the amount of residual sweetness in the final product. This however is not true. In order to halt fermentation, enough Campden tablets would have to be added to render the wine undrinkable. Alternatively, when used in conjunction with potassium sorbate, the yeast population will be greatly reduced and prevented from reproducing. Without the addition of potassium sorbate the yeast population will only be stunned and eventually repopulate if provided with enough fermentable sugars.
Campden tablets typically contain 0.44 g each of sodium metabisulfite (plus filler) and 8 of these are equivalent to one half level teaspoon (2.5 mL) of sodium metabisulfite. Other Campden tablet formulations use potassium matabisulfite. Each is also referred to interchangeably as—sulfites, and the 'bi' can be found as 'di'. In terms of usage, sodium thiosulfate is a closely related compound.
The name Campden tablet comes from the town of Chipping Campden in Gloucestershire, England, where the original solution was developed in the 1920s by the Fruit and Vegetable Preserving Research Station - now Campden BRI. The idea was then taken up by the Boots Co., who developed the tablet.
Campden tablets are also useful in decontamination and neutralization after exposure to tear gas.
The molar mass (commonly called molecular weight or MW) of potassium metabisulfite is 222 g/mol, while the molecular weight of sodium metabisulfite is 190 g/mol.
Health Effects
Some people have allergies or intolerance to sulfites. Allergies are less common than intolerance, but in rare cases may cause life-threatening anaphylactic reaction. Products containing residual amounts of sulfites, including potassium metabisulfite and sodium metabisulfite, should be labelled.
References
External links
Kitchen Dictionary: Campden Tablet
Category:Chipping Campden
Category:Homebrewing
Category:Science and technology in Gloucestershire
Category:Sulfites
Category:Winemaking |
Swimming at the 2017 Summer Universiade – Men's 1500 metre freestyle | The Men's 1500 metre freestyle competition at the 2017 Summer Universiade was held on 21 and 22 August 2017.
Records
Prior to the competition, the existing world and Universiade records were as follows.
The following new records were set during this competition.
Results
Heats
The heats were held on 21 August at 10:13.
Final
The final was held on 22 August at 19:02.
References
Men's 1500 metre freestyle |
Mohammed Sahil | Mohammed Sahil (; born 11 October 1963) is a Moroccan football midfielder who played for Morocco in the 1986 FIFA World Cup.
Career
After finishing college, Sahil began playing senior football with WAC Casablanca during the 1982–83 Botola season. After three seasons with WAC, Sahil joined KAC Marrakech, but returned to WAC after one season with Marrakech. In 1987, Sahil signed his first professional contract, with France's Ligue 2 side Louhans-Cuiseaux FC. Later, he played professionally in the Portuguese Segunda Divisão B with C.D.R. Quarteirense.
Sahil made several appearances for the Morocco national football team. He helped the team qualify for the 1986 African Cup of Nations, and scored a headed goal in the third place match at the finals.
References
External links
FIFA profile
]
Category:1963 births
Category:Moroccan footballers
Category:Morocco international footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Wydad AC footballers
Category:Kawkab Marrakech players
Category:Louhans-Cuiseaux FC players
Category:C.D.R. Quarteirense players
Category:1986 African Cup of Nations players
Category:1986 FIFA World Cup players
Category:Living people |
Theatre Royal, Norwich | The Theatre Royal is an art-deco theatre in Norwich, Norfolk, England. It hosts a large range of touring productions. The theatre had a £10m refurbishment in 2007, designed by Tim Foster Architects.
Shows
A traditional family pantomime is produced in-house annually for the Christmas season each year. In addition, it regularly attracts a host of touring theatre productions.
History
The second Theatre Royal (previous to the building pictured) was built in 1826. The popular magician Ching Lau Lauro received his only bad review there, from the Norfolk Chronicle, in 1828.
See also
Norwich Playhouse
Norfolk and Norwich Festival
Maddermarket Theatre
Sewell Barn Theatre
References
External links
Category:Theatres in Norwich |
Jay McCallum | In 2017, Jay Bowen McCallum' was elected, without opposition, to the Second Circuit Court of Appeal Division A, Second District to fill the remaining term of retiring Second Circuit Judge Harmon Drew. He was re-elected the next year for a full term, again without opposition. Before that, Judge McCallum served as a judge of the Third Judicial District (Lincoln and Union Parishes) 2003-2018. Prior to being elected as a District Judge, he served as an Assistant District Attorney for the Third Judicial District, and as a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives (1992-2002).
Judge McCallum is a much sought after CLE, motivational and inspirational speaker who is best known for using humor to instruct, inspire and motivate his audiences.
Career
McCallum graduated in 1982 from the University of Louisiana at Monroe, then known as Northeast Louisiana University'''. In 1985, he graduated from the Louisiana State University Law Center in the capital city of Baton Rouge. He established his law practice in Farmerville, the seat of government for Union Parish. He served as an assistant district attorney for Lincoln and Union parishes prior to running for State Representative District 12.
In the State Representative election, McCallum received 8,286 votes (52.4 percent) to Orr's 7,528 (47.6 percent). McCallum was unopposed in the primary elections of 1995 and 1999. He served as vice-chairman of the House Judiciary Committee and sat as well on the Appropriations Committee.
He resigned his seat prior to his twelfth year in office after winning the Division C judge of the 3rd Judicial Court. The previous September, he defeated a Republican judicial candidate, Scott Killen, 10,861 (62.65 percent) to 6,475 (37.35 percent).
McCallum was succeeded in the House by Republican Hollis Downs, a Louisiana Tech faculty member, who won a special election for the seat early in 2003.
McCallum is a member of the Masonic lodge, the Shriners, Lions International, and the Chamber of Commerce.
References
Category:1960 births
Category:Living people
Category:Politicians from Ruston, Louisiana
Category:People from Farmerville, Louisiana
Category:Louisiana Democrats
Category:Louisiana state court judges
Category:Members of the Louisiana House of Representatives
Category:Louisiana lawyers
Category:University of Louisiana at Monroe alumni
Category:Louisiana State University Law Center alumni
Category:Baptists from Louisiana |
Scott Walker: 30 Century Man | Scott Walker: 30 Century Man is a 2006 documentary film about Scott Walker. The film gets its title from the Scott 3 song "30 Century Man". It is directed and co-produced by Stephen Kijak, with Grant Gee serving as director of photography. It charts Walker's career in music, with a focus on his songwriting, and features exclusive footage of recording sessions for his most recent album, The Drift including a memorable sequence in which Walker oversees the recording of the punching of a joint of pork, for the percussion on the song Clara. Rock legend David Bowie, who often professes to have been inspired by Walker, acted as executive producer of the film. Actor Gale Harold is one of the associate producers.
The film received its world premiere at the London Film Festival on 31 October 2006 and debuted internationally at the 2007 Berlin International Film Festival in the Panorama. It was released later in 2007 in cinemas and on DVD in the UK by Verve Pictures and went on to become one of the most critically acclaimed documentaries released there that year. It had its US premiere at the South by Southwest (SXSW) Film Festival in March 2007. Other film festivals that have screened the film include the Sydney Film Festival, Tribeca Film Festival, HotDocs, Melbourne International Film Festival, Viennale, Seattle International Film Festival, and the Hong Kong International Film Festival.
In addition to Walker himself, interviewees in the film include David Bowie, Radiohead, Jarvis Cocker, Brian Eno, Damon Albarn, Marc Almond, Alison Goldfrapp, Sting, Dot Allison, Simon Raymonde, Richard Hawley, Rob Ellis, Cathal Coughlan, Johnny Marr, Gavin Friday, Lulu, Peter Olliff, Angela Morley (arranger of Walker's sixties' recordings as Wally Stott), Ute Lemper, Ed Bicknell, Evan Parker, Hector Zazou, Mo Foster, Phil Sheppard, and Peter Walsh.
The film is produced by Oscar-winning producer Mia Bays, marking her debut in documentary and feature film production. She was nominated for a 2008 BAFTA award (The Carl Foreman Award for Special Achievement by a British Writer, Director or Producer in Their First Feature Film) for her work on the film.
An edited version of the film was used for the BBC series Imagine. It was introduced by Alan Yentob.
In early 2008 Madman Films released the film on DVD in Australia and Avalon films released the film on DVD in Spain. Oscilloscope Laboratories, a distribution company founded by Adam Yauch of Beastie Boys, acquired the distribution rights in North America after the film's US release was delayed. It began another critically acclaimed theatrical run, this time in select US cities, and was released on DVD in North America in Summer 2009.
Soundtrack
Music Inspired by the Film Scott Walker: 30 Century Man was released on 26 May 2009 to promote the US release of the film. Instead of a compilation of Walker's material the album was conceived as a tribute album. The album was released on Lakeshore Records
References
External links
30 Century Man – the filmmakers' blog
Scott Walker: 30 Century Man (full video) on Topic.com
Scott Walker: 30 Century Man EPK for 4AD – Scenes from the documentary
Missing In Action Films Ltd – production company
Verve Pictures – UK distributor
Moviehouse Entertainment – international distributor
club.kingsnake.com: Review of Scott Walker: 30 Century Man; interview with Stephen Kijak
Empire Magazine: review
Time Out London: review
Sight & Sound: review
Kevchino Interview with Stephen Kijak on Scott Walker: 30 Century Man
Category:2006 films
Category:British films
Category:British documentary films
Category:English-language films
Category:Documentary films about music and musicians
Category:Films directed by Stephen Kijak
Category:Scott Walker (singer) |
Kevin Ramírez | Kevin Ramírez may refer to:
Kevin Ramírez (footballer, born 1993), Peruvian midfielder for Willy Serrato
Kevin Ramírez (footballer, born 1994), Uruguayan midfielder for Club Atlético Tigre
Kevin Ramírez (footballer, born 1998), Mexican midfielder for Club Atlético Zacatepec |
Linards Tauns | Linards Tauns (born Arnolds Mikus Bērzs-Bērziņš) (October 13, 1922 – July 30, 1963) was a Latvian writer. He was one of the immigrant artists who formed the Hell's Kitchen school of art among Latvian immigrants in New York City.
Biography
Linards Tauns was born in October 13, 1922 in Riga, Latvia as Arnolds Mikus Bērzs-Bērziņš.
He spent his childhood in Anniņmuiža neighbourhood in Riga.
In 1944 he emigrated to Germany. In 1946 he published his first works in Latvian immigrant periodicals.
In 1950 he emigrated to USA and settled in New York City. He worked in the typography and also as an editor in Latvian magazine Latviešu Žurnāls.
In 1950s he together with Gunārs Saliņš established so called Hell's Kitchen group of young Latvian immigrant modernist poets. Group was based in the Linards Tauns flat in Hell's Kitchen neighbourhood. It was a place for regular meetings, discussions and poetry.
Only one collection of Linards Tauns poetry was published during his lifetime. It was Mūžīgais Mākonis (Eternal Cloud) in 1958.
His second collection Laulības ar pilsētu (Marriage with the city) was published posthumously in 1964 and was edited by his friend Gunārs Saliņš.
Linards Tauns died in July 30, 1963 in the New York.
Edition of his Collected Poems in Latvian "Dzeja" was published in 2011.
References
External links
Latvian Encyclopedia of Literature
Category:1922 births
Category:1963 deaths
Category:Latvian writers
Category:Modernist poets
Category:People from Riga
Category:20th-century poets
Category:Latvian World War II refugees |
2007 Papua New Guinean general election | General elections were held in Papua New Guinea from 30 June 2007 to 14 July 2007.
For the first time, the election did not use first past the post (which has in the past resulted in a very volatile political system, with the election of a candidate being largely a matter of chance due to the large number of candidates), but rather Limited Preferential Voting, in which voters number their three most preferred candidates. PNG Police reported three deaths caused by election-related violence during the election period, a large decrease in the 100 deaths which occurred during the 2002 elections. 11,000 police officers and soldiers were deployed throughout the country to police the elections and keep the peace.
Originally scheduled to end on 10 July, it was decided that the elections would be extended by five days due to delays in transporting ballot boxes caused by bad weather.
Turnout and results
ABC Radio Australia reported that nearly four million votes were cast out of Papua New Guinea's population of about six million.
Early results on 15 July indicated that incumbent Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare's National Alliance Party was picking up more seats than other parties of the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea's 109 seats. Final results were largely completed by 6 August, the deadline for the return of writs. Counting in two seats was extended for a few days due to legal challenges halting the counting process. The previous deadline was 30 July, but this was extended due to delays caused by bad weather and disruption of counting by some candidates and scrutineers.
In addition to the seats won by the National Alliance Party directly, thirteen independents joined the party after the election. Together with its coalition partners (which include the People's Action Party, the United Resources Party, the Pangu Party, the National Party, the Melanesian Liberal Party and the Melanesian Alliance Party) the National Alliance Party had the support of a substantial majority of the newly elected Members of Parliament.
A hundred women had stood as candidates. Only one, Dame Carol Kidu, was elected, for the Port Moresby South constituency.
On Monday 13 August 2007, the first sitting of Parliament after the election took place. Jeffrey Nape was re-elected as Speaker of the House, and Sir Michael Somare was once again elected to be the country's Prime Minister, winning 86 votes in the 109-seat Parliament.
James Yali affair
In January 2006, James Yali, governor of Madang Province and Member of Parliament for Rai Coast Open electorate, was convicted of raping his sister-in-law and sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment. In May 2007 he allegedly suffered a stroke and was transferred from Beon jail to hospital and placed under guard. A group of supporters and relatives then reportedly retrieved him from hospital by force and escorted him to the office of the Electoral Commission, where he completed an application to stand as an independent candidate for his previously held seat of Rai Coast Open. Despite a recent constitutional amendment that disallows anyone convicted of an indictable offence from running for office, the Electoral Commission accepted his candidacy on the basis that his legal appeal was still underway. This decision later attracted considerable criticism. He remained in hospital until 7 July, conducting his campaign from his hospital bed.
In the 2007 general election, Yali won the Rai Coast Open seat from a field of 28 candidates. His level of support, despite being imprisoned, was widely attributed to fear of his reputation for sorcery.
On 10 August, the Supreme Court quashed Yali's appeal, nullifying his election. The Electoral Commission said that a by-election for Rai Coast Open would be held within three months. The court was widely criticised for having deliberated on the case for a year, given that a by-election would have been avoided had the court come to a decision before the election.
The by-election was held from 10–16 November 2007. His brother, John Tuna Yali, contested the election and stated that he was confident he would win. A total of 21 candidates contested the by-election. The election may have been delayed in some areas for a few days due to weather problems, but by 20 November 2007 voting had been completed in most areas. For the first time, the ballots were counted electronically; writs were returned on 7 December 2007. The by-election was won by Kiap Niuro Toko Sapia with 6,961 votes, while Henry Baiyema was runner-up with 4,503 votes. Sapia contested the election as an independent after having contested the general election as a PNG Country Party candidate; he announced he would join the National Alliance Party.
References
Category:Elections in Papua New Guinea
Category:2007 elections in Oceania
Parliamentary election
2007 election |
Vrbanja (river) | The Vrbanja is a river in Central Bosnia, Bosnia and Herzegovina; with Ugar, the largest right tributary of the Vrbas. Its basin covers an area of approximately 703.5 km2. It has significant hydropower potential. There are many different estimations of the Vrbanja's length, from 70.5 km and 84 km to 95.4 km.
Name
Like many other sites in Bosnia, Vrbanja is named after the willows that grow along the river from Kruševo Brdo to Banja Luka. Other examples are Vrbanjci village and Vrbanja, near Banja Luka, as well as Vrbas and a bridge in the center of Sarajevo.
Geography
The Vrbanja source is on the slopes of Vlašić Mountain, upstream of Pilipovina village (at about 1,530 meters above sea level). The area around the source is called "Prelivode", with a radius of around 2-3 kilometers. Prelivode is on a ridge between the Vlašić (1933 m) and Meokrnje (1425 m) mountains.
The Vrbanja flows through Kruševo Brdo, Šiprage, Obodnik, Vrbanjci, Kotor Varoš, Zabrđe, Čelinac and the settlement of Vrbanja. It joins the Vrbas river in Banja Luka.
During the Austro-Hungarian administration of 1878-1914, a wide network of railway communications was built along the Vrbanja, with the support of the Bosnian Government. Exploitation of the natural resources (especially wood and mining) was the primary intended purpose of this investment. The railroad was built along the valley of the Vrbanja from Kotor Varoš to Šiprage, where it branched along a few tributaries of the river. It leads to the area of the Riječice, across the pass between Jasen and Šepirice.
Tributaries
The river is fed by numerous tributaries from Vlašić, Čemernica, Borja and Uzlomac mountains. The most significant right-side tributaries are the Bobovica, Lopača, Trnovac, Crkvenica, Kruševica, Jezerka, Bosanka, and Jošavka, and the most significant left-side tributaries, the Čudnić, Ćorkovac, Demićka, Sadika, Grabovička rijeka, Duboka river, Vigošća/Vigošta, Cvrcka and Jakotina.
Vrbanja valley in war in Bosnia
During the War in Bosnia (1992 – 1995), Serbian Police and Army forces destroyed many of the surrounding Bosniak and Croat villages along the Vrbanja valley, from Kruševo Brdo downstream to Banja Luka. The local civilian population was killed or displaced and their homes and properties were destroyed.
See also
Vrbas
Vlašić
Kruševo Brdo
Šiprage
Kotor Varoš
Čelinac
Banja Luka
References
Category:Rivers of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Great Lakes Fishery Commission | The Great Lakes Fishery Commission is a bi-national commission made up of representatives of the United States and Canada. It was formed by the Convention on Great Lakes Fisheries, concluded in 1954 and ratified in 1955. It has eight members: four members are appointed by the President of the United States, serving six-year terms, and four are appointed by the Privy Council of Canada. The commission is charged, under Article Four of the Convention on Great Lakes Fisheries, with conducting research and making recommendations on the management of Great Lakes fisheries, as well attempting the eradication of the sea lamprey from the Great Lakes.
Background
The Sea Lamprey background had entered the Ontario Lake in the mid 1800's and in the Upper Great Lakes entered in 1921. The Sea Lamprey cause lots of destruction to ecosystems and other species of life, economic damage; but Sea Lamprey had a large change in life in the lakes of both Canada and United States of America.
The sea lamprey is a parasitic invasive species fish that kills a large amount of the Great Lakes fish species like trout, salmon, sturgeon, and walleye.
Global issues
The Great Lakes Fishery Commission relates to global issues since the convention of the fisheries is bi-national commission. Both nations are doing research and recommending the management of the great lakes and the research directing on sea lamprey, there are 4 representatives from the President of United States and the other 4 are from Privy Council of Canada.
An executive secretary of the Canadian Privy Council named Robert Lambe. He spoke on the subject that the bi-national organizations team up together to solve a great problem in the Great Lakes region. Robert Lambe stated, "Sea lamprey will kill up to 40 pounds of Great Lakes fish, which is why control of the destructive invader is essential the seven billion fishery."
Another voice was brought up, and that was the president and CEO of the Grand Rapids White Water. He commented on how the funding will help support fish and went into further depth, pronouncing "These additional funds will help to leverage other local, state, and private dollars to support the restoration of the Grand River for everyone and ensure protection against invasive species." Privy Council of Canada and Great Lakes fishery commission are planning and working together to better the population of fish but more importantly aiming to control the invasive sea lamprey species.
Canada's government has been increasing their investment to control the sea lamprey and protect its fishery species. As to their funding as well it will greater the capacity of Canada's sea lamprey control program. Terry Sheehan, a member of the parliament for Sault Ste. Marie expressed about the program, saying "The sea lamprey control program of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission is a shining example of the binational commitment between Canada and the United States to protect the whole of the Great Lakes ecosystem. For generations our countries have worked cooperatively to reduce, and control, sea lamprey numbers. I am pleased to be reaffirming our dedication to the health and longevity of our beloved fisheries through this increase in annual funding to the Great Lakes Fishery." Sheehan had made it clear that working binational with the United States and Canada is great and would like to see this in the future to protect the ecosystems of the fisheries from invasive species.
Controlling the sea lamprey
The Sea Lamprey has become such a big problem since the Lamprey is an invasive species; they must be controlled to keep the ecosystems in check and be given the best ability for survival.
Sea Lamprey will be controlled by a specific lampricide known as TFM. TFM kills sea lamprey largely; as the TFM has little to no impact to fish. The lampricide does not affect aquatic plants, invertebrates, wildlife, humans, or mammals and the TFM is non-toxic and the lampricide does not spread throughout the water.
The United States Fish and Wildlife, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, and United States Army Corps of Engineers team up to find a solution to keep the Lamprey in check and how to further figure out on how to control the Sea Lamprey. Sea Lamprey spends a good chunk of their lives filter feeding on larvae. So, the control to Sea Lamprey starts off to when the Biologists figure out and determine which lamprey contains the larval sea lamprey. The testing and figuring out the description of the larval and sea lamprey determines distribution, size structure, presence, and abundance in territories where they are located.
Great Lakes Fishery commission and the city of Grand Rapids white water will be receiving additional federal dollars to stop the invasive sea lamprey. The amount of federal dollars being received is a seven million dollar increase, more than the previous year. The money received from federal funding will be used to restore the rapids and making sure the sea lamprey is the primary priority needing to thin out; but also protecting and restoring the other species of fish by the lamprey. In this budget the commission will add a sea lamprey constructional barrier that will give the commission an easier way to manage the lamprey, but to also split the efficiency.
Trapping
To trap the sea lamprey the traps are set to catch the lamprey as they move upstream to spawn; which creates fewer individuals on the spawning population. By trapping the lamprey it provides a hit or miss where lamprey spawn, and really helps prevent reproducing lamprey.
References
External links
Official commission website
Category:Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty
Category:Fisheries agencies
Category:Canada–United States relations
Category:Great Lakes
Category:Organizations based in Ann Arbor, Michigan
Category:Organizations established in 1955
Category:1955 establishments in Michigan |
Chong-Sik Lee | Chong-Sik Lee (born July 30, 1931) is a Korean-American political scientist specializing in East Asian studies. Together with his co-author Robert A. Scalapino, he won the 1974 Woodrow Wilson Foundation Award of the American Political Science Association for the best book on government, politics or international affairs.
Early life and education
Lee was born in Anju, North Korea, and escaped to South Korea then moving to the United States. He was one of the first Koreans to attend and graduate from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He earned his master's degree in political science from UCLA and his Ph.D. in political science from the University of California, Berkeley.
Career
Korean Studies originated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1963 when Chong-Sik Lee, one of the nation's leading analysts of Korean affairs, joined the political science department. Lee is now Emeritus Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania and Eminent Scholar at Kyung Hee University.
Lee’s research of modern Korean history began in 1957 when he began co-authoring Communism in Korea (University of California Press) with Professor Robert A. Scalapino of UC Berkeley. Published in 1973 after 16 years of research and writing, Communism in Korea was the winner of the Woodrow Wilson Foundation Award of the American Political Science Association for the best book published in the United States in 1974 in government, politics or international affairs.
Lee’s academic career includes works about Korea’s history of communism, the division of the Korean Peninsula, and the origins of the Republic of Korea. He also researched major figures in modern Korean history such as Syngman Rhee, the first president of Korea (1948-1960); Woon-Hyung Yuh, a Korean politician and reunification activist in the 1940s; and Chung-Hee Park, the third president of Korea (1963-1979) who seized power through a military coup. In particular, his works on Korea-Japan relations, communist movements in Manchuria, and the international relations of East Asia have been translated into many languages and are considered classics in East Asian studies.
Having devoted the past 55 years to collecting historical records, Lee remarked, “By reading various records, I can gain insight as to why certain events occurred, what led to the occurrence of these events, and why historical figures took particular actions.” Lee often tells his students that “the true advancement of scholarship is only possible through a repetitive process of inquiry” and advises them to “accept new theories but to investigate with curiosity when these theories are unconvincing.”
He is the author of The Politics of Korean Nationalism (University of California Press, 1963) and Kim Kyu-sik ui saengae (The Life of Kim Kyu-sik), Seoul: Shingu Munhwasa, 1974. Other books include Park Chung Hee: From Poverty to Power (KHU Press) and A 21st Century View of Post-Colonial Korea (Kyung Hee University Press). He has contributed to China Quarterly, Asian Survey, Journal of Asian Studies, Journal of International Affairs and other periodicals.
Awards
2011: Kyung-Ahm Prize, Kyung-Ahm Education & Cultural Foundation
References
Category:1931 births
Category:Living people
Category:South Korean historians
Category:South Korean academics
Category:People from South Pyongan |
Myrtle Lawn | Myrtle Lawn is a historic plantation house and national historic district located near Enfield, Halifax County, North Carolina. It encompasses seven contributing buildings and one contributing site, the farm landscape. The house was built about 1816 and expanded about 1850. It is a two-story, five bay, Federal style frame dwelling. Also on the property are the contributing carriage house (1840s), an office (1858), a slave house, a vegetable storage structure, a dairy, and other food and storage buildings.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
References
Category:Plantation houses in North Carolina
Category:Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Category:Federal architecture in North Carolina
Category:Houses completed in 1816
Category:Buildings and structures in Halifax County, North Carolina
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Halifax County, North Carolina
Category:1816 establishments in North Carolina
Category:Farms in North Carolina |
William G. Young | William Glover Young (born 1940) is a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts.
Education and career
Born in Huntington, New York, Young received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Harvard University in 1962. He received a Bachelor of Laws from Harvard Law School in 1967. He was a Captain in the United States Army from 1962 to 1964. He was a law clerk for Chief Justice Raymond S. Wilkins of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court from 1967 to 1968. He was in private practice of law in Boston, Massachusetts from 1968 to 1972. Young was a special assistant attorney general of Massachusetts from 1970 to 1972 and chief counsel to the Governor of Massachusetts, Republican Francis Sargent, from 1972 to 1974. He was in private practice of law in Boston from 1975 to 1978. He was an Associate Justice of the Superior Court of Massachusetts from 1978 to 1985. Young was a lecturer in law for Boston College Law School from 1968 to the present and at Boston University Law School from 1979 to the present. He was a lecturer in law at Harvard Law School from 1979 to 1990.
Federal judicial service
Young was first nominated by President Ronald Reagan on September 11, 1984 to the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, to a new seat created by 98 Stat. 333 but the nomination lapsed without a Senate vote. Reagan renominated him on March 8, 1985. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 3, 1985, and received his commission on April 4, 1985. He served as Chief Judge from 1999 to 2005.
Notable cases
Patent cases
Young is a respected federal judge in patent cases relating to biotechnology and pharmaceuticals.
Young has also heard important computer-related patent cases, including a patent infringement suit by a small company against RealNetworks. The jury found that the patents were invalid and the case was affirmed upon appeal.
Criminal cases
Young has heard many criminal cases both as a Massachusetts state judge and as a federal judge, including the "Big Dan" rape case, the shoe bomber case, and the Boston Strangler case.
Young was the trial judge in Massachusetts state court for the highly publicized 'Big Dan' rape case which was the inspiration for the movie The Accused starring Jodie Foster.
Young sentenced Richard Reid, better known as the shoe bomber, to 3 life terms plus 110 years in prison.
Constitutional law cases
Young heard Singer v. City of Newton, the first case in the United States on the constitutionality of state and local regulation of drones (unmanned aerial vehicles). Judge Young partially invalidated the city ordinance because it was preempted by Federal Aviation Administration regulations.
References
Sources
Category:1940 births
Category:Living people
Category:Harvard Law School alumni
Category:Massachusetts state court judges
Category:Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
Category:United States district court judges appointed by Ronald Reagan
Category:20th-century American judges
Category:People from Huntington, New York
Category:Harvard University alumni
Category:Boston College faculty
Category:Boston University School of Law faculty
Category:Harvard Law School faculty
Category:Massachusetts lawyers
Category:20th-century American lawyers
Category:21st-century American judges |
G. V. Tillman House | The G. V. Tillman House is a historic home in Lake Wales, Florida. It is located at 301 East Sessoms Avenue. On August 31, 1990, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
References
External links
Polk County listings at National Register of Historic Places
Polk County listings at Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs
Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
Category:Buildings and structures in Lake Wales, Florida
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Polk County, Florida
Category:Houses in Polk County, Florida |
Mieczysław Wilczek | Mieczysław Wilczek (25 January 1932 – 30 April 2014) was a Polish politician, chemist, and businessman who was Minister of Industry from 1988 to 1989.
References
Category:1932 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:Polish chemists
Category:Polish businesspeople
Category:Polish lawyers
Category:Polish United Workers' Party members
Category:Suicides in Poland
Category:Government ministers of Poland
Category:Polish Round Table Talks participants |
Lani Hotch | Lani Hotch, also known as Saantaas', Sekwooneitl and Xhaatooch, is a Native American artist of Tlingit ancestry known for being a contemporary Chilkat weaver who uses Ravenstail weaving in her works.
Biography
Lani Hotch was born in 1956 in Klukwan, Alaska to a mother of Tlingit ancestry and a father from Northern California. She learned Chilkat weaving from her grandmother Jennie Warren during the mid-1970s but stopped when her grandmother died in March 1977. She began weaving again in 1990 when Cheryl Samuel came to Klukwan to teach Ravenstail weaving.
She has spent the majority of her adult life living in Klukwan with her children and husband. She specializes in basket weaving and uses spruce and root as materials. She has stated that she draws inspiration from her community and her local, natural scenic environment. Hotch began teaching classes about woolen weaving and felt application in her village, which she states "[passes] on the knowledge and skills I've learned. Students who learn these skills are then able to create their own dance regalia and hence, my teaching serves to strengthen the traditions of song and dance as well."
Select artworks
The Klukwan Healing Robe
Berner's Bay Robe
The Basket Mother Robe
Exhibitions
Solo exhibitions
The Basket Mother Robe, The Spirit Wrestler Gallery, Vancouver Canada
Berner's Bay Robe, the Jilkaat Kwaan Heritage Center, Haines Alaska
Group exhibitions
The Klukwan Healing Robe
Berries on a Sunshine Mountain, Time Warp, Vancouver Canada
Collections
Honors and awards
In 2006 Lani Hotch placed second place for contemporary arts in the Sealaska Heritage Institute's Juried Art show.
In 2011 Hotch won the Jennifer Easton Community Spirit Award from the First Peoples Fund.
In April 2017 Hotch was proclaimed a "Culture Bearer" by the Chilkat Indian Village (her tribe) which was one her highest honors. To this day she remains the only person in her community to be given such honor
In 2017 Hotch won the Alaska Governor’s Award for Arts in Business Leadership.
In 2017 Hotch won the Native Arts and Culture Foundation Mentor Artist Apprentice Fellowship.
Publications
Klukwan's Legacy of Warriors, Lani Hotch, [2014]
Kaaya Haayi Hit, Lani Hotch, [2013]
Kluwan Founding Fathers' Story, Lani Hotch. [2013]
Uncle Albert's K̲u.éex', Lani Hotch, [2014]
The Klukwan Healing Robe, Lani Hotch, [2013]
Tsirku Héeni Naaxein = Tsirku River Woven Robe, Lani Hotch, [2014]
Jilḵaat Héeni Naaxein = Chilkat River Woven Robe, Lani Hotch, [2014]
Klehini Naaxein = Klehini River Woven Robe, Lani Hotch, [2014]
Our life is close by our food, Lani Hotch, [2013]
References
Category:Tlingit people
Category:Artists from Alaska
Category:Basket weavers
Category:Native American artists
Category:1956 births
Category:Living people |
Anke Feller | Anke Feller (born 26 September 1971 in Göttingen) is a retired German sprinter, who specialized in the 400 metres.
Her personal best time is 51.82 seconds, achieved in July 1999 in Erfurt.
Achievements
References
Category:1971 births
Category:Living people
Category:German female sprinters
Category:People from Göttingen
Category:World Athletics Championships medalists
Category:European Athletics Championships medalists
Category:World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists
Category:World Athletics Championships winners |
Laura Schiff Bean | Laura Schiff Bean, born in New York state, is a contemporary visual artist. Prior to becoming a career artist, she earned a degree in psychology from George Washington University and then worked in print advertising in Boston, MA. Laura Schiff Bean went on to get her Masters in Fine Arts (MFA) from School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Tufts. Her inspiration is derived from artists such as Lucien Freud, Jenny Saville, and Jim Dine.
Bean is known "for her dress 'portraits' painted with many layers of thick dripping paint." She tries to imbue the paintings with a sense of the wearer.
Solo/Collaborative Exhibitions
2018 UNTOLD STORIES, Gilman Contemporary, Ketchum Idaho
2017 THE WEIGHT OF WORDS, Blue Gallery, Kansas City, MO
2015 REDEFINED Patricia Rovzar Gallery Seattle, WA
2014 DEFINED Gilman Contemporary Ketchum, Idaho
2015 WITHOUT WORDS Lanoue Gallery, Boston, MA
2013 Argazzi Art, Lakevill, CT
2012 “SHE COMES AND GOES AS SHE PLEASES” Gilman Contemporary,ID
2012 NEW WORK Argazzi Art, Lakeville, CT
2011 “ 24/7” Lanoue Fine Art, Boston, MA
2010 NEW WORK Pryor Fine Art, Atlanta
2010 Blue Gallery, KC, Mo
2009 INTERSECTIONS: Between Dreams and Memory. Gallery One, Nashville.
2009 NEW WORK Bennett Street Gallery, Atlanta
2009 JOURNEY Lanoue Fine Art, Boston
2007 VISIONS: Contemporary Women Artists, Eleanor D. Wilson Museum, Hollins University. Roanoke, VA.
Group Exhibitions
2018 . Art Market San Francisco, Simon Breittbard Fine Arts, SF, CA
2018 Lanoue Gallery, Boston, MA
2017 DRESS MATTERS: CLOTHING AS METAPHOR - TUCSON MUSEUM OF ART, Tucson, AZ
2017 Lanoue Gallery , Boston,,MA
2017 Georges Bergès Gallery, NY,NY- Summer Group show
2017 Georges Bergès Gallery, NY, NY
2016 Lanoue Fine Art
2016 Gilman Contemporary, Ketchum, ID
2015 Gilman Contemporary, Ketchum, ID
2015 Lanoue Fine Art, Boston, MA
2014 Lanoue Fine Art, Boston, MA
2014 Patricia Rovzar Gallery, Seattle, WA
2014 C Parker Gallery, CT“Yes She Can:
2013 Lanoue Fine Art, MA “A Few Of My Favorite Things”
2012 Argazzi Fine Art, Lakeville, CT
2012 Lanoue Fine Art, MA “Summer Salon Show”
2012 Rosenbaum Contemporary, Boca Raton, FL
2012 Floria/Forre, Aspen, CO
2012 Art MRKT San Francisco 2012
2012 Argazzi Fine Art, Lakeville,CT
2012 West Branch Gallery, Stowe VT
2012 Forre Fine Art, Aspen/VailCO
2011 Gilman Contemporary, Ketchum Idaho
2011 Spring Group Show, Lanoue Fine Art
2011 Forre Fine Art, Aspen, CO
2010 Lanoue Fine Art,Boston, MA
2010 Blue Gallery, Kansas City, MO
2010 Lanoue FIne Art,Boston, MA
2009 Lanoue Fine Art, Boston,MA
2009 Bennett Street Gallery, Atlanta,GA\
2008 Lanoue Fine Art, Boston, MA
2008 Bennett Street Gallery, Atlanta,GA
2008 Gallery One, Nashville, TN: 3 person show, “In Minds Eye”
2007 Cumberland Gallery, Nashville, TN Packages Large & Small
2007 Cumberland Gallery, Nashville,TN 2007 “Artists In Heat”
2007 Lanoue Fine Art, Boston, MA“VISIONS: Contemporary Female Artists”
2007 Lanoue Fine Art Boston, MA GroupShow
2006 Etheringon Fine Art, Vineyard HavenGroup Show
2005 Windsor Gallery, Dania, FLA Group Show
References
Category:Living people
Category:21st-century American women artists
Category:Artists from New York (state)
Category:George Washington University alumni
Category:Year of birth missing (living people) |
USS Argonne | USS Argonne may refer to one of two United States Navy vessels:
, built in 1916 at Kobe, Japan, by the Kawasaki Dockyards.
, originally designated AP-4 and commissioned 8 November 1921.
References
Category:United States Navy ship names |
Zeeteah Massiah | Zeeteah Silveta Massiah (born December 24, 1956) is a Barbadian-born British singer particularly associated with reggae, jazz and house music.
In a wide-ranging career she has recorded and/or toured with artists including Robbie Williams, Tom Jones, Michael Jackson, Phil Collins, Sting, Leo Sayer, and Michael Bolton. She is best known in the United States as the lead vocalist on the 1993 Billboard No.1 dance hit Slide on the Rhythm.
Massiah was born in Saint John, Barbados and grew up in London. In 2001 she moved to Germany, and in 2012 returned to England, where she now lives.
Biography
Born in Barbados, Zeeteah moved to London with her parents when she was five years old. Her first name was originally spelled Zeitia. As a teenager she recorded a cover of The Jackson 5's We Got A Good Thing Going in a reggae style for Trojan Records. She went on to record two more reggae tracks for the label.
In 1984 Massiah appeared for nine months as "Chiffon" in the hit musical Little Shop of Horrors in London.
She has been an additional vocalist for artists including Barry Manilow and Boy George, and toured with Michael Bolton, Climie Fisher and Paul Weller. In 1988 she sang with Kim Wilde on the European leg of Michael Jackson's BAD tour, and in 1994/95 toured the world with Tom Jones. She has also toured extensively with Eikichi Yazawa and Johnny Hallyday, among the most successful rock stars in Japan and France respectively.
In 1993 Massiah was the lead vocalist on the Arizona track Slide on the Rhythm, later remixed by C&C Music Factory, which was a No. 1 hit on the Billboard Dance Chart in the US. She went on to record I Specialise in Love with Arizona, which was a UK chart hit.
On the back of her success with Arizona, Massiah signed a deal with Virgin Records and released two singles: Sexual Prime, which was a UK club hit, and This Is The Place, which charted on the UK Single Sales Charts. In 1996 she was a UK finalist in the Eurovision Song Contest with A Little Love.
In 2001, Massiah moved to Cologne, Germany, where she worked with a wide range of musicians, and recorded the single Lovely Deep. During this time she spent nine months as featured singer in the hit show Fantissima, and three months touring Japan with Eikichi Yazawa.
In 2012 she returned to London to start a new musical project with her husband Paul Caplin. She performs regularly with her band, The Disciples, playing songs composed by Caplin as well as her own interpretations of musical classics. Since her return to London, she has released two albums, both produced by Caplin: Juice (2014), an album of original songs, and Maybe Tomorrow (2016), a collection of classics.
In 2018 Caplin and Massiah announced their intention to release music together as a duo. The first single by Caplin & Massiah, entitled All You, was released on 13 July 2018.
Discography
Singles
1980 We Got A Good Thing Going
1980 A Love Like Yours
1981 I'm Still Waiting
1991 (Homegirl) Sing The Blues
1992 Feel My Love
1993 Slide on the Rhythm – Arizona feat. Zeitia
1994 This Is The Place
1994 Keep It Up – Sharada House Gang feat. Zeitia Massiah
1994 I Specialize in Love – Arizona feat. Zeitia
1996 Sweet Love – With It Guys feat. Zeitia
1996 Sexual Prime
1997 You Got It – Fargetta feat. Zeitia Massiah (five tracks on album)
1997 Beat of Green – Fargetta feat. Zeitia Massiah
1998 Wishing on a Star – Curtis & Moore presenting Zeitia Massiah (remixed by Mousse T)
1998 Wishing on a Star Part 2 – Curtis & Moore presenting Zeitia Massiah
1998 Baby Come Back – North on 41 feat. Zeitia Massiah
1998 You Came – North on 41 feat. Zeitia Massiah
2005 Lovely Deep
2014 Whatever This Is
Albums
2013 Live in London
2014 Juice
2016 Maybe Tomorrow
Guest Vocals
Singles
1989 Keep Each Other Warm – Barry Manilow
1989 Strong Enough – One Nation
1989 What You See – One Nation
1989 My Commitment – One Nation
1990 Sweet Meat – The Soup Dragons
1990 Close to You – Maxi Priest
1991 Born Free – Vic Reeves
1994 Generations of Love – Boy George
1994 Rock My Heart – Haddaway
1995 Let's Push It – Nightcrawlers
1995 Should I Ever – Nightcrawlers
1995 You Lift Me Up – Nightcrawlers
1996 Born Free – Happy Clappers
1996 Maria – Eikichi Yazawa
1996 Naked – Louise
Albums
1989 Trouble in the Home – Thrashing Doves
1991 Abracadabra – ABC
1993 Parc des Princes – Johnny Hallyday
1996 Smashing! – Right Said Fred
1999 Absolute O'Brien – Richard O'Brien
See also
List of number-one dance hits (United States)
List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart
References
External links
Official Zeeteah Massiah website
Official Caplin & Massiah website
Category:1956 births
Category:living people
Category:English female singers
Category:Singers from London
Category:Barbadian emigrants to England
Category:People from Saint John, Barbados |
Thomas Elrington (bishop) | Thomas Elrington (18 December 1760–12 July 1835) was an Irish academic and bishop. He was Donegall Lecturer in Mathematics (1790-1795) at Trinity College Dublin (TCD). While at TCD he also served as Erasmus Smith's Professor of Mathematics (1795–1799) and as Erasmus Smith's Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy (1799–1807). Later, he was Provost of Trinity College Dublin (1811-1820), then Bishop of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe (1820-1822), and finally Bishop of Ferns and Leighlin till his death in Liverpool in 1835.
Life
The only child of Richard and Catherine Elrington of Dublin, he was born near that city on 18 December 1760. He entered Trinity College Dublin, on 1 May 1775 as a pensioner, under the tutorship of the Rev. Dr. Drought, and was elected a Scholar in 1778. He graduated B.A. in 1780, M.A. in 1785, and B.D. and D.D. in 1795.
In 1781 he was elected a fellow of his college. He was Donegall Lecturer of Mathematics (1790-1795), and in 1794 he was the first to hold the office of Donnellan Divinity Lecturer. In 1795 he was appointed Archbishop King's Lecturer in Divinity, succeeded to a senior fellowship, and also became the third Erasmus Smith's Professor of Mathematics (1795–1799). In 1799 he exchanged the Erasmus Smith's professorship of mathematics for that of natural philosophy.
In 1789, he published the mathematical treatise Euclidis Elementorum Sex Libri Priores, Cum Notis (Dublin University Press), whose 10th edition appeared in 1833.
On resigning his fellowship in 1806 Elrinton was presented by his college to the rectory of Ardtrea, in the diocese of Armagh, which he held until December 1811. He resigned, having been appointed to the provostship of Trinity College. During his tenure of this office he was the acting manager of almost every public board, and a supporter of charitable institutions.
Elrington was advanced on 25 September 1820 to the bishopric of Limerick, and on 21 December 1822 he was translated to Leighlin and Ferns. While on his way to attend Parliament duties in London he died of paralysis at Liverpool on 12 July 1835. He was buried under the chapel of Trinity College Dublin, in which there was a monument with a Latin inscription to his memory. Another monument was erected by his clergy in the cathedral church of Ferns. Elrington was an active member of the Royal Irish Academy, and of other literary and scientific societies. The Elrington theological essay prize was instituted in Trinity College in 1837.
A portrait of the bishop was painted in 1820 for his brother, Major Elrington, by Thomas Foster; engraved by William Ward, it was published in 1836 by Graves & Co. There was a marble bust in the library of Trinity College.
Works
His works are:
'Refutation of the Arguments in Dr. Butler's Letter to Lord Kenmare,' 1787.
'Reply to the Third Section of Mr. O'Leary's Defence,' 1787.
'Thoughts on the Principles of Civil Government, and their Foundation in the Law of Nature, by S.N.' [Thomas Elrington], 1793.
'Enquiry into the Consistency of Dr. Troy's Pastoral Instruction,' 1793.
'Sermons on Miracles, preached at the Donnellan Lecture in Trinity College, Dublin, in 1795; with an Act Sermon for the degree of D.D.,' 1796.
'Sermon on the Death of Matthew Young, D.D., Bishop of Clonfert; with some Anecdotes of his Life' (three editions), 1800.
'The Vindication of Dr. Troy Refuted,' 1804.
'The Clergy of the Church of England truly Ordained, in reply to Ward's Controversy of Ordination; with an Appendix,' 1808.
'Letters on Tythes, first published in the "Dublin Journal"' (two editions), 1808.
'Reflections on the Appointment of Dr. Milner as the Political Agent of the Roman Catholic Clergy of Ireland,' 1809.
'Remarks occasioned by the Supplement and Postscript to the second edition of Dr. Milner's Tour in Ireland,' 1809.
'Letter to the Right Hon. W. W. Pole on the Proposal for a Commutation of Tythes in Ireland,' 1810.
'The Validity of English Ordination Established, in answer to the Rev. P. Gandolphy's Sermon on John x. 1,' 1818.
'Inquiry whether the Disturbances in Ireland have originated in Tythes,' 1822; second edition, with an Appendix, 1823.
'Observations on J.K.L.'s [Bishop Doyle's] Letter to the Marquess Wellesley; on Tracts and Topics by E. Barton; and on the Letter to Mr. Abercrombie,' 1824.
'Review of the Correspondence between the Earl of Mountcashell and the Bishop of Ferns, with the Letters,' 1830.
'Reply to John Search's [Archbishop Whateley's] Considerations on the Law of Libel as relating to Publications on the subject of Religion,' 1834.
Elrington also published sermons and charges, and edited, for the use of Trinity College, 'Euclid's Elements, the first Six Books,' 1788 (ten or twelve times reprinted); 'Locke on Government, with Notes,' 1798; and 'Juvenalis et Persius, edito expurgata,' 1808.
Family
About 1786 he married Charlotte, daughter of the Rev. Plunket Preston, rector of Duntryleague, County Limerick, and by her had issue Charles Richard Elrington, and another son and daughters.
Notes
External links
Trinity College Dublin, Thomas Elrington
Attribution
Category:1760 births
Category:1835 deaths
Category:Bishops of Ferns and Leighlin
Category:Bishops of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe
Category:Church of Ireland priests
Category:Diocese of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe
Category:Donegall Lecturers of Mathematics at Trinity College Dublin
Category:Irish Anglicans
Category:Provosts of Trinity College Dublin
Category:Scholars of Trinity College Dublin
Category:19th-century Anglican priests
Category:19th-century Anglican bishops |
1984 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 800 metres | The men's 800 metres event at the 1984 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 3 and 4 March.
Medalists
Results
Heats
First 2 from each heat (Q) and the next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the final.
Final
References
Category:800 metres at the European Athletics Indoor Championships
800 |
Credo Reference | Credo Reference or Credo (formerly Xrefer) is an American company that offers online reference content by subscription and partners with libraries to develop information-literacy programs or produce library marketing plans and materials. Founded in 1999, Credo Reference provides full-text online versions of over 3,500 published reference works from more than 100 publishers in a variety of major subjects. These include general and subject dictionaries as well as encyclopedias. The company's customers are libraries, library systems, k-12 schools, and universities, which subscribe to the service for their patrons' use.
In 2010, a review of general reference sources by Library Journal focused on Credo Reference and three similar services. The review noted Credo Reference’s internal linking within the site from one reference work to another.
History
The company was founded as Xrefer in 1999. Xrefer initially provided free access to several dozen reference works. In 2002, Béla Hatvany, founder of Computer Library Services (CLSI) and Silverplatter, invested in Xrefer and funded the company’s transition to becoming an online reference database product for libraries. The company established an office in Boston, MA USA, which would later become its headquarters. The name Credo Reference was adopted in June 2007; the company also moved its England office from London to Oxford in that year.
References
Further reading
Golderman, Gail; Connolly, Bruce. "eReviews: General Reference Sources and Short Takes", Library Journal.com, Oct 15, 2010.
External links
Category:American digital libraries
Category:Commercial digital libraries
Category:1999 establishments in Massachusetts |
John H. Frey | John H. Frey (born in Greenwich, Connecticut, on February 8, 1963) is an American real estate broker, businessman and politician. A member of the Republican Party, he is the State Representative from the 111th District (Ridgefield, Connecticut), first elected in 1998. In the 2004 election, Frey won with 68.7% of the vote and was the highest vote-getter in the 151-member Connecticut House of Representatives. In 2008, he received nearly 3,000 more votes than his opponent and garnered the most votes of any contested House candidates. In 2014, he was elected to his ninth term in an election where he garnered 74.70% of the vote against his Democratic challenger.
Serving in his eleventh term as Ridgefield's chief advocate in Hartford, Frey was appointed by the House Minority Leader Themis Klarides to serve as Senior Republican Whip. He serves on the Finance, Revenue and Bonding Committee; the Bank Committee and Legislative Management Committee. He also served on the state Aging Commission.
Frey has supported measures to improve education for students at all grade levels, to protect benefits of seniors and Veterans residing in Connecticut, to preserve consumers' rights, to reform state government, and to secure pristine areas of open space.
Frey has also been instrumental in securing state aid for local projects in Ridgefield, including the Ridgefield Playhouse, school construction and improvements, the Ridgefield Veterans Community Center, the Aldrich Museum, Tiger Hollow and the Ridgefield Boys & Girls Club. He is largely credited for gaining funding for the Bennetts Pond State Park.
In February 2008, the State Bond Commission approved $3.25 million to fund 12 unit expansion of Ballard Green senior housing and rehabilitation of 120 units of affordable and senior housing in Ridgefield. Connecticut Governor M. Jodi Rell thanks Rep. John Frey for his perseverance in advocating for funding for the project. In October 2008, he secured an additional $640,000 to cover unanticipated funding shortfalls.
Before winning election to the state House of Representatives, Frey was appointed Chairman of the Connecticut Real Estate Commission in 1995 by former Governor John G. Rowland. Frey held the distinct honor as the commission's youngest Chairman in state history. Representative Frey was also appointed 'government representative' for the University of Connecticut Business School Center for Real Estate and Economic Studies, a position he still holds.
In June 2008, he was appointed by President George W. Bush to the President's Commission on White House Fellows.
Republican Politics
Frey served as a member of the Ridgefield Republican Town Committee from 1981 to 1998 and the Republican State Central Committee from 1989 to 2000.
In February 2007 Frey was elected as the Connecticut National Committeeman to the Republican National Committee. He was re-elected to a four-year term in June 2008 and to a second full term in May 2012. Mr. Frey was appointed by RNC Chairman Michael Steele to the RNC Redistricting Committee, which is charged with planning for federal redistricting that begins after 2010. In July 2009, he was elected to the RNC Site Selection Committee. The eight member committee was charged with determining the site of the 2012 Republican National Convention (their recommendation of Tampa, Florida, was ratified by the Republican National Committee). Mr. Frey was appointed to the Committee on Arrangements, charged with the planning and oversight of the 2012 Republican National Convention. He has served on the RNC Rules Committee since 2007.
In 1996, Frey was the 5th District coordinator for the Bob Dole Presidential Campaign and was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in San Diego, California, where he represented the state as a member of the Platform Committee. In 2004, for the third time he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention and again represented Connecticut on the Platform Committee, where he gained approval for language calling for a more transparent Indian tribe recognition process. He was a delegate to the 2008 Republican National Convention and served on the Rules Committee.
Other
Frey was also a member of the Connecticut Institute of Municipal Studies Property Revaluation Task Force, Chairman of Ridgefield's Parking Authority, and is a 'Justice of the Peace'.
Frey is the Principal of Century 21 Landmark Properties.
In October 2009, Frey was named Realtor Of The Year by the Ridgefield Board of Realtors.
In July 2009, Frey was elected a corporator of Fairfield County Bank.
In October 2010 Frey was recognized by the Ridgefield Housing Authority for his 'tireless efforts in securing the necessary funding for the expansion/modernization of 120 housing units.' The project was over $20 million.
Frey holds a long list of memberships to various professional organizations, including: Advisory Board member of America On-Line's Real Estate Desk; Century 21 National Broker's Conference; Employee Relocation Council; Ridgefield Board of Realtors; Connecticut Association of Realtors; and the National Association of Realtors.
In addition to his extensive business and governmental background, Frey remains active in the Ridgefield community. He is a member of the Ridgefield Chamber of Commerce, advisory member of Meals-on-Wheels, a trustee of the Ridgefield Historical Society, an incorporator and former board member of the Ridgefield Visiting Nurse Association, the Ridgefield Community Center (past President), the Ridgefield Family Fourth Committee, and the Ridgefield Arts Council. Representative Frey is a former president of the Ridgefield Workshop for the Performing Arts and fund raiser for the Easter Seals of Connecticut.
Personal
Frey has lived in Ridgefield since 1966. A graduate of Ridgefield High School, he attended Western Connecticut State University.
Awards
2009 Ridgefield Realtor of the Year
2009 CT Republicans Frederick Biebel Lifetime Achievement Award
2008 Legislator of the Year—CT Recreation and Parks Association
2007 Champion of Youth—Ridgefield Boys and Girls Club
2006 Larry Award—Aldrich Museum of Contemporary Art
2006 UCONN Advocate of the Year
2005 Legislator of the Year—Mothers Against Drunk Driving
2004 Citizen Award—Ridgefield Kiwanis
Endorsements
2008 CT Professional Firefighters Association
2008 CT Business and Industry Association
2008 CT Association of Realtors
2008 CT Education Association
2008 CT League of Conservation Voters
2008 CT Police Council #15
2008 Ridgefield Police Association
2008 Ridgefield Open Space Association
References
External links
Official Connecticut General Assembly Website
State Representative John H. Frey Website
House Republicans Website
White House Fellows Website
Category:1963 births
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the Connecticut House of Representatives
Category:Connecticut Republicans
Category:People from Ridgefield, Connecticut
Category:Republican National Committee members
Category:21st-century American politicians |
Laurence M. Keitt | Laurence Massillon Keitt (October 4, 1824 – June 2, 1864) was an American planter, lawyer, politician, and soldier from South Carolina. During his tenure in the United States House of Representatives, he was included in several lists of Fire-Eaters—men who adamantly urged the secession of southern states from the United States, and who resisted measures of compromise and reconciliation, leading to the American Civil War.
Keitt is notable for being involved in two separate acts of legislative violence in the Congressional chambers. In the first, Keitt assisted Representative Preston Brooks (D-SC) in his 1856 attack on Senator Charles Sumner (R-MA) in the Senate chamber by brandishing a pistol and cane to prevent other Senators from coming to Sumner's aid. The second was in 1858, when he attacked and attempted to choke Representative Galusha Grow (R-PA) during an argument on the floor of the U.S. House.
When the Civil War began, he served as a deputy of the Provisional Confederate States Congress and later as a colonel in the Confederate States Army, until he was mortally wounded at the Battle of Cold Harbor in June 1864.
Early life and education
Keitt was born at Puritan Farm in Orangeburg County (present-day Calhoun County, South Carolina). He graduated from South Carolina College in 1843, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1845, and practiced in Orangeburg.
Career
Early career
A member of the Democratic Party, he served in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1848 to 1853. From 1853 to 1856, he served in the U.S. House of Representative from South Carolina's 3rd District.
Caning of Charles Sumner
Keitt was censured by the House in 1856 for aiding Rep. Preston Brooks in his Caning of Charles Sumner. Brooks had considered challenging Sumner to a duel after Sumner's anti-slavery The Crime Against Kansas speech, which Brooks interpreted as an insult to his cousin, Senator Andrew Butler. After consulting with Keitt and deciding that Sumner was no gentleman, and therefore not worthy of a duel, Brooks resolved to beat Sumner with a cane instead.
With Keitt and Virginia Representative Henry A. Edmundson on hand to assist, on May 22, 1856, Brooks entered the Senate chamber and began beating the defenseless Sumner with his gold-headed cane, while Edmundson and Keitt prevented others from stopping Brooks or aiding Sumner. Keitt drew a pistol from his belt and brandished his own cane, holding off the horror-struck senators who tried to assist Sumner, loudly announcing "Let them be!" In July, the House censured Keitt for his part in the attack. He resigned in order to create a vacancy that would be filled by special election, thus giving his constituents the opportunity to ratify or condemn his conduct. They supported Keitt's actions, overwhelmingly returning him to Congress in the August special election. He served until December 1860, when South Carolina seceded from the Union.
Later career
On February 5, 1858, Keitt started a massive brawl on the House floor during a tense late-night debate. Keitt, offended by Pennsylvania Congressman (and later Speaker of the House) Galusha A. Grow, a Republican, having stepped over to the Democratic side of the House chamber, dismissively demanded that Grow sit down, calling him a "black Republican puppy". Grow responded by telling Keitt that "No negro-driver shall crack his whip over me." Keitt became enraged and went for Grow's throat, shouting that he would "choke [him] for that". A large brawl involving approximately 50 representatives erupted on the House floor, ending only when a missed punch from Rep. Cadwallader Washburn of Wisconsin upended the hairpiece of Rep. William Barksdale of Mississippi. The embarrassed Barksdale accidentally replaced the wig backwards, causing both sides to erupt in spontaneous laughter.
Perhaps Keitt's most famous quotation best summarized his political views and dominant agenda. In 1860, Congressman Keitt said, "The anti-slavery party contends that slavery is wrong in itself, and the government is a consolidated national democracy. We of the South contend that slavery is right, and that this is a confederate republic of sovereign states."
After South Carolina's secession Keitt served as a delegate to the Provisional Confederate Congress from 1861 to 1862.
American Civil War and death
Keitt later joined the Confederate States Army, and attained the rank of colonel as commander of the 20th South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment. He later commanded Kershaw's Brigade, succeeding to this position after Kershaw advanced to command of a division.
Mortally wounded at the Battle of Cold Harbor on June 1, 1864, Keitt died the next day near Richmond, Virginia. He is buried at West End Cemetery in St. Matthews, South Carolina.
See also
List of United States Representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded
Notes
References
Further reading
Holt Merchant, South Carolina Fire-Eater: The Life of Laurence Massillon Keitt, 1824-1864 (University of South Carolina Press, 2014)''''
External links
Category:1824 births
Category:1864 deaths
Category:19th-century American politicians
Category:American proslavery activists
Category:Censured or reprimanded members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:Confederate States Army officers
Category:Confederate States military personnel killed in the American Civil War
Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:Deputies and delegates to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States
Category:Members of the South Carolina House of Representatives
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina
Category:People from Calhoun County, South Carolina
Category:People of South Carolina in the American Civil War
Category:Signers of the Confederate States Constitution
Category:Signers of the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States
Category:South Carolina Democrats
Category:South Carolina lawyers
Category:University of South Carolina alumni
Category:United States politicians killed during the Civil War
Category:American Fire-Eaters |
Munich-Riem Airport | Munich-Riem Airport () was the international airport of Munich, the capital city of Bavaria and third-largest city of Germany. It was closed down on 16 May 1992, the day before the new Munich Airport commenced operations. It was located near the old village of Riem in the borough of Trudering-Riem in the east of Munich.
The area has been redeveloped into Messestadt Riem, a new borough consisting of housing projects, a shopping mall, recreation areas and the new convention center Munich Trade Fair.
History
Construction started in 1936. The first plane landed on 25 October 1939, signalling the beginning of air traffic. At this time it was one of the most modern airports in the world. It replaced the airfield at Oberwiesenfeld (now the site of the Olympic Village).
In World War II it was home to Adolf Galland's legendary Jagdverband 44. It was almost completely destroyed by bombings on 9 April 1945. Until that day, civilian air traffic had also been handled in Riem. George Raffeld of the United States Rainbow Division was the first of the allied forces to arrive at the airport. He reported to his superior officers that the airport had been abandoned by the Germans.
After the war Munich-Riem was the first airport in Germany to be used for civil aviation. Post-war operations started on 6 April 1948 with the landing of a DC-3 operated by Pan American World Airways. On 12 October 1949 the Flughafen München-Riem GmbH (Munich-Riem Airport Ltd.) was founded. Wulf-Dieter Graf zu Castell became one of its managing directors. The airport's runway was lengthened to in November 1949.
On 29 October 1958, the first jet aircraft, a Sud Aviation Caravelle operated by Air France, landed on the runway that had been lengthened by further . In 1962 more than one million passengers had passed through the airport. As early as 1963 the Öchsle Commission initiated a search for a new airport location as it was obvious that further extension would not be legally or politically possible. Constructing additional runways parallel or perpendicular to the existing one would require relocating a number of nearby communities. A number of accidents further encouraged the decision to build a new airport further away from the city and to close down Riem. In October 1965 a new maintenance hangar for jets, that had been built at a cost of DM 10 million, was put into operation and transferred to Lufthansa. In 1969 the Flughafen München-Riem GmbH was renamed Flughafen München GmbH. The main runway (07R/25L) was upgraded to its final length of . Airport diagram for 1991 In 1971 a new arrivals hall was put into operation, the passenger throughput having attained 4 million. On 31 December 1972 the long-time managing director Wulf-Dieter Graf zu Castell retired.
Since the 1980s and into the early 1990s, the airfield was heavily congested. Originally the terminal was intended to house between 5 and 8 million passengers per year, but by 1991 the passenger numbers had skyrocketed to twelve million passengers per year, which was up to 50% to more than double the amount of passengers that the airport was originally designed to handle. Because the airport's taxiing system had been designed to be used as a smaller medium-size airport, it was unable to handle the large numbers of aircraft that used the airport. To continue operations preliminary annexes to the terminal were built, including a special hall for charter flights. During the night from 16 to 17 May 1992, operations moved to the new location near Freising. The IATA airport code MUC and the ICAO airport code EDDM were transferred to the new Munich Franz Josef Strauss Airport.
Reuse
During an interim time after the move, the remaining facilities were used as a venue for large events such as concerts and raves. Riem was well known internationally in the techno, alternative, and rock scenes. For example, the last concert ever of the rock band Nirvana was given there on 1 March 1994. On 17 June 1994, the Ultraschall techno club opened in the former kitchen of the cafeteria. The cultural centre was closed in the summer of 1996 because the area was needed for the Messestadt Riem.
The transformation of the former airport to the Messestadt Riem (Convention City Riem) with a name-giving convention centre, apartment houses and parks was one of the largest projects in urban planning of the city of Munich in the late 1990s and at the beginning of the 21st century. The only structures that remain of the airport today are the tower and the original terminal building, the Wappenhalle (hall of the coats of arms). Both structures are protected monuments. Moreover, a small stretch of the former runway still exists at the eastern end. In 2005, the former airport was the site of the Bundesgartenschau (Federal Horticultural Show).
Accidents and incidents
On 6 February 1958 an Airspeed AS 57 Ambassador charter plane crashed soon after take-off. The accident - known as the Munich air disaster - cost the lives of 23 people including eight football players from Manchester United. There were 21 survivors. The British pilot, James Thain, was initially blamed for the disaster after investigators claimed that ice on the wings had caused the take-off attempt to end in tragic failure. However, Thain was finally cleared of any responsibility for the crash in 1969, by which time he and his family had suffered numerous incidents of verbal abuse, hate mail and even death threats from people accusing him of causing the crash. The cause of the crash was ultimately established as slush on the runway; there had been no ice on the wings.
On 17 December 1960, a Convair C-131D Samaritan operated by the United States Air Force crashed shortly after take-off, killing all 20 passengers and crew on board as well as 32 people on the ground.
References
External links
Munich-Riem Airport webarchive
History of Messestadt Riem including history of the airport
What became of München-Riem
Category:Transport in Munich
Category:Defunct airports in Germany
Category:Buildings and structures in Munich
Category:Airports established in 1939
Category:Airports disestablished in 1992
Category:Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces Air Transport Command in the European Theater |
Pionki | Pionki is a town in Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, central Poland with 18 846 inhabitants (2016). Previously it was in Radom Voivodeship (1975-1998) and in Kielce Voivodeship (until 1975). Surrounded by the Kozienice Wilderness, Pionki is located in northern part of historic province of Lesser Poland, from Radom, and from Warsaw. The town is home to a sports club Proch, established in 1926.
Until 1932, the settlement was a village named Zagożdżon. Its development was closely associated with Chemical Plant Pronit (Zakłady Tworzyw Sztucznych ZTS Pronit), founded in 1923 as State Manufacturer of Gunpowder and Explosives (Państwowa Wytwórnia Prochu i Materiałów Kruszących PWPiMK). Originally, it was an arms factory, which manufactured explosives, and its location was deliberate - next to the village of Zagożdżon, among the forests and swamps of the Kozienice Wilderness, away from main population centers, and along the strategic rail line Radom - Dęblin. After World War II, the Chemical Plant Pronit began manufacturing glue, plastic, as well as gramophone records.
In the interbellum period, Pionki prospered due to government contracts, as demand for explosives of its chemical plant was high. In 1925, a new rail station was opened, three years later - a post office. In 1929, overhead power line joined Pionki with Skarżysko-Kamienna, and a vocational high school was opened. Later on, a new police station was opened, and in 1937, the construction of a hospital was initiated. In 1939, Pionki was bombed by the Luftwaffe. In 1919 - 1939, and after the war, until 1975, Pionki belonged to Kielce Voivodeship. Punk rock band The Bill comes from Pionki. Polish musician Andrzej Piaseczny was born in there.
Pionki are twinned with:
Breaza and
Vyshneve
External links
Jewish Community in Pionki on Virtual Shtetl
Category:Cities and towns in Masovian Voivodeship
Category:Radom County
Category:Sandomierz Voivodeship
Category:Radom Governorate
Category:Kielce Voivodeship (1919–1939) |
Elizabeth Holtzman | Elizabeth Holtzman (born August 11, 1941) is an American politician and former member of the United States House of Representatives. A Democrat, she represented New York's 16th congressional district for four terms. She was the first woman to hold the office of New York City Comptroller, and the first woman to serve as District Attorney of Kings County.
Early life
She was born in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of attorney Sidney Holtzman and college professor Filia (Ravitz) Holtzman. She is of Jewish descent. She is a graduate of Brooklyn's Abraham Lincoln High School, class of 1958. In high school, her twin brother Robert, who became a neurosurgeon, ran for student president and Elizabeth Holtzman ran for vice president; both won. Holtzman graduated from Radcliffe College of Harvard University (magna cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa, 1962), and Harvard Law School (1965). At Harvard Law, Holtzman was a member of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), assisted in creating the Law Students' Civil Rights Research Council, taught English at Harvard College, and was a law clerk for civil rights attorney C. B. King.
In 1965, Holtzman joined the New York City law firm of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen, and Katz, and she was admitted to the bar in 1966. Holtzman served on the staff of Mayor John V. Lindsay from 1967 to 1970, and worked as a liaison between the Mayor's office and the city Department of Parks, Recreation and Cultural Affairs. From 1970 to 1972, she was a member of the New York State Democratic Committee and Democratic Committee leader for the New York State Assembly district that included her residence, and she was a delegate to the 1972 Democratic National Convention. She was also a founder of the Brooklyn Women's Political Caucus.
House of Representatives 1973–1981
In the 1972 primary election, Holtzman upset Judiciary Committee chairman Emanuel Celler, the 50-year incumbent and the House's longest serving member at that time. At 31 years old, she was the youngest woman elected to Congress. Holtzman held that record until Elise Stefanik was elected in 2014 at age 30. Holtzman served on the House Judiciary Committee. She was also a member of the House Budget Committee and Chairwoman of the House Immigration Subcommittee.
Before the end of the bombings during the Cambodian Campaign on August 15, 1973, Holtzman filed a legal challenge in United States Federal Court in the case of Schlesinger v. Holtzman. She voted against the Case-Church amendment, as she wanted an immediate end to the bombings, and subsequently filed suit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York seeking an order to end them. On July 25, 1973, U.S. District Judge Orrin Grimmell Judd granted summary judgment to Holtzman and issued an injunction ordering the military to refrain from participating in military activities in Cambodia. His order was to become effective on July 27, but on that day a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit unanimously stayed his order. Holtzman then attempted to get the Circuit Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court overseeing the Second Circuit, Justice Thurgood Marshall, to vacate the stay. Marshall refused to do so, issuing an in-chambers opinion. Holtzman then turned to Justice William O. Douglas, who granted Holtzman's motion to vacate the stay on August 4, 1973, and ordered the U.S. military to cease all bombing in Cambodia. The military ignored his order, and six hours later the other eight Justices of the Supreme Court voted unanimously to reverse it.
In 1974, Holtzman was one of the Judiciary Committee members who recommended three articles of impeachment against Richard Nixon during the Watergate scandal. After Nixon resigned as president and was pardoned by his successor, Gerald Ford, the judiciary committee held hearings on the pardon, in which Holtzman asked Ford whether his action had been a quid pro quo. Ford cut her off, declaring, "There was no deal, period, under no circumstances." After the Watergate scandal, Holtzman authored a bill that allowed an independent counsel to be appointed by a Washington, D.C., appeals court if requested by the attorney general. The law, passed in 1978, had a five-year sunset provision and expired in 1999.
In 1978, Holtzman secured an extension of the deadline for state legislatures to ratify the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution. (House Joint Resolution No. 638 was approved by the 95th Congress.)
Also in 1978, Holtzman helped pass legislation to expel more Nazi war criminals who had immigrated to the United States. It established the U.S. DOJ Office of Special Investigations within the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division to investigate and bring legal action to denaturalize or deport them. The Immigration and Naturalization Service had kept a list of suspects but not pursued them.
1980 Senate candidacy
Holtzman was the Democratic candidate for the U.S. Senate in 1980. In her party's primary she defeated former Miss America Bess Myerson, former New York City Mayor John V. Lindsay, and Queens D.A. John J. Santucci. Myerson was the initial favorite, with endorsements from Mayor of New York Ed Koch, Governor Hugh Carey and Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan.
In the general election, Holtzman faced Republican nominee Alfonse D'Amato and incumbent Senator Jacob Javits. After losing to D'Amato in the Republican primary, Javits ran on the Liberal Party ticket. He retained his union endorsements and drew liberal and Jewish voters away from Holtzman. A theme of D'Amato's campaign was that Holtzman had never voted for a Department of Defense appropriation bill in Congress.
D'Amato won the election by a margin of 1%, or 81,000 votes, over Holtzman.
New York University
In 1981–82 Holtzman taught at New York University Law School and its Graduate School of Public Administration.
1981–1994 Municipal offices
In 1981, Holtzman was elected District Attorney in Kings County (Brooklyn), a post to which she was reelected in 1985. She held the post for seven years, until she became the New York City Comptroller in 1989. She was the first woman to be elected district attorney and comptroller in New York City.
She has said that she first considered a race for Mayor of New York in 1989 before deciding to seek the comptroller's post instead. Holtzman viewed the comptroller's post as an extension of her work in Congress and as district attorney.
1992 Senate candidacy
In 1992, after the Clarence Thomas - Anita Hill controversy, Holtzman sought the Democratic nomination for U.S. Senate to challenge D'Amato again.
The Democrats seeking the nomination (Holtzman, former Representative and 1984 vice presidential candidate Geraldine Ferraro, New York State Attorney General Robert Abrams, Representative Robert J. Mrazek and Rev. Al Sharpton) split the feminists. Emily's List endorsed Ferraro, and raised money for her. Much of the leadership of National Organization for Women was in Holtzman's camp. Former Democratic Party National Organizer Anne F. Lewis suggested women split their campaign donations between the two women. Betty Friedan endorsed Holtzman.
In rancorous debates, Abrams and Holtzman exploited Ferraro's tax problems, and the legal problems of her husband, John Zaccaro, and her son, even suggesting a Mafia connection to the family. Holtzman was vulnerable for an August loan to her campaign from Fleet Bank. In August 1992 she borrowed $450,000 to pay for television ads against Ferraro. These charges came back to haunt her in her unsuccessful 1993 bid for a second term as Comptroller, though she was later cleared of all charges. Democrats blamed her for the expensive and brutal Senate primary that left nominee Abrams too weakened to defeat vulnerable incumbent D'Amato.
Holtzman finished with 13%, last behind Abrams, Ferraro, and Sharpton. Holtzman did not endorse Abrams. D'Amato, the Republican incumbent, won reelection in November, 49% to 48%.
1993 reelection campaign
In Holtzman's 1993 campaign for city comptroller, she faced Assemblyman Alan Hevesi and former Congressman Herman Badillo in the Democratic primary. Badillo was also the Republican nominee for comptroller on a fusion ticket with mayoral nominee Rudolph Giuliani.
Ferraro, upset over Holtzman's ethics accusation from the 1992 Senate primary, encouraged Hevesi to oppose Holtzman. (Hevesi and Ferraro later became estranged.) Service Employees International Union Local 1199 (a politically powerful health care union led by Jennifer Cunningham), endorsed Hevesi. While initial polls showed Holtzman far ahead, Hevesi and Badillo made the Fleet Bank loan from the Senate race an issue during the NY1 debate, reducing Holtzman's support. In March 1993 her office included a Fleet entity on a list of recommended underwriters for the city's municipal bond sales. Her campaign still owed Fleet $255,000 from the 1992 campaign and had missed two payment deadlines.
In the primary, Holtzman finished second to Hevesi; a runoff election ensued, which Hevesi won, 67% – 33%. He then defeated Badillo in the general election.
After elective office
Holtzman's last term in elective office ended in 1994. She was then an attorney in private practice in New York City, and became co-chairperson of the Government Relations Group at Herrick Feinstein LLP in New York City, in addition to authoring books and articles on politics. She published a memoir in 1996, Who Said It Would Be Easy?: One Woman's Life in the Political Arena (with Cynthia L. Cooper).
She testified against the impeachment of President Clinton before the House Judiciary Committee in 1998, arguing that Clinton's alleged crimes did not come close to what Nixon was accused of.
Holtzman was a public member of the long-running Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group (IWG), a commission established by a 1998 act of Congress to locate, identify, inventory, and recommend for declassification, currently classified U.S. records relating to Nazi and Imperial Japanese war crimes. Along with other public members, she had some sharp and public disagreements with the Central Intelligence Agency's interpretation of the law. On September 28, 2007, the Archivist of the United States presented to Congress, the Administration, and the American people the IWG's final report.
On January 11, 2006, The Nation published her essay calling for the impeachment of U.S. President George W. Bush for authorizing
"the wiretapping of hundreds, possibly thousands, of Americans, in violation of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act." She expanded on her arguments for impeaching Bush in a 2006 book coauthored with Cynthia L. Cooper, The impeachment of George W. Bush: a practical guide for concerned citizens.
In June 2008, Holtzman published a commentary on the action of U.S. Representative Dennis Kucinich (D-Ohio) in introducing articles of impeachment against Bush on June 9, 2008.
Holtzman considered a bid for New York State Attorney General in 2010, but announced on May 25 that she had decided not to run. She was also mentioned as a frontrunner for the special election to fill the congressional seat left vacant by the resignation of Anthony Weiner, but again did not run.
Holtzman is a member of the Board of the American Friends of Yahad-In Unum. She is also a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One.
Holtzman served as a member of the Homeland Security Advisory Council but resigned on July 18, 2018, over decisions to separate migrant children from their families. In a letter to DHS Director Kirstjen Nielsen, Holtzman wrote, "DHS has been transformed into an agency that is making war on immigrants and refugees. I do think it's important for the American people to see that not everybody connected with the government is a brute, is a lawbreaker, and that actually some of us do have a measure of conscience."
Books
The Case for Impeaching Trump (Hot Books, 2018)
See also
List of Jewish members of the United States Congress
Women in the United States House of Representatives
References
External links
Papers, 1970–1981. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
[Videotape collection][videorecording], 1974–1993 Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
Further reading
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Category:1941 births
Category:20th-century American lawyers
Category:20th-century American politicians
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Category:Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn) alumni
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Category:American women lawyers
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Category:Female members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:Harvard Law School alumni
Category:Jewish members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:Jewish women politicians
Category:Kings County District Attorneys
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
Category:New York City Comptrollers
Category:New York (state) Democrats
Category:New York (state) lawyers
Category:Radcliffe College alumni
Category:Women in New York (state) politics |
One Big Union (Canada) | The One Big Union (OBU) was a Canadian syndicalist trade union active primarily in the western part of the country. It was initiated formally in Calgary on June 4, 1919 but lost most of its members by 1922. It finally merged into the Canadian Labour Congress during 1956.
Background
Towards the end of World War I, labor activism in Western Canada became more radical. Western Canadian radicals protested the management of the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada (TLC), the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the governments in power. Western unions were represented by only 45 of 400 delegates at the September 1918 TLC convention. Their resolutions to condemn Canada's efforts for World War I were defeated easily. Moreover, the socialist TLC president James Watters, who had had this post since 1911, was replaced by the conservative Tom Moore.
In those radical times, the federal government clamped down on radical publications and organizations, outlawing 14 different organizations including the Industrial Workers of the World (the IWW). But labour activists and socialists did not allow the vision of that kind of society to die so determined to establish a new organization with the old IWW motto "The Workers of the World Unite" as their stated belief.
Western TLC unionists met annually in what became known as the Western Labor Conferences. The 1919 event was held on March 13, prior to the annual national TLC congress. The WLC conference was dominated by members of the Socialist Party of Canada, who favored secession from the TLC. The majority at the conference voted to form a new "revolutionary industrial union" separate from the AFL/TLC, to be initiated officially at a convention scheduled for June 11. The conference also approved resolutions condemning the Canadian government's practices during the war and expressing solidarity with the Bolsheviks in Russia and the Spartacist League in Germany. It was also decided to poll Canadian workers on a general strike.
Rise
The general strike that began in Winnipeg on May 15 was not associated organizationally with the OBU. Yet the federal government and some conservative labor politicians accused the OBU of instigating it. Many of the strike's leaders, including OBU activist Robert B. Russell, were arrested in conjunction with the strike, Russell being sentenced to two years imprisonment. Edmonton, Calgary, Drumheller and Vancouver began their own general strikes in support of the Winnipeg workers, and some of these strikeleaders, such as Edmonton's Joe Knight, were OBU affiliates.
The AFL and the TLC resisted the secession, by what would soon become the OBU. OBU members and OBU unions were expelled from most local trades councils. Nonetheless, thousands of workers resigned the AFL and the TLC and joined the OBU. These included loggers, hard rock miners, coal miners, longshoremen, construction workers, metalworkers, shop craft workers, etc. The One Big Union organized by industry rather than by trade, in response to a deemphasis of craftsmanship, (Taylorism), and the burgeoning demand for unskilled labour. The OBU's anti-capitalist policy was evident by its constitution's pre-amble:
By late 1919 the OBU's membership was 40,000 to 70,000. The members were almost exclusively in the west of Canada. Efforts to organize in other parts of Canada and in the United States failed.
On June 4, the union was finally initiated officially at a small meeting in Calgary. Although an industrial form of organization was chosen, many questions were left unanswered in the constitution approved at this meeting. The manner of operation of the OBU did not differ much from that of the AFL or the TLC. Often, AFL or TLC union methods were simply incorporated into the OBU without any change; members simply started paying their dues to a different organization, but one with more radical aspirations.
Fall
The union's maximum was attained during late 1919 or early 1920. Due to persecution by employers, the media, government and even other unions, membership decreased. Employers refused to bargain with the OBU's representatives, and OBU organizers were beaten, kidnapped and dismissed from coalfields. By 1921, it had only approximately 5,000 members, by 1927 only 1,600, almost all in Winnipeg. By 1922, most of the union's income came from a lottery it operated in its weekly bulletin. At the time lotteries were illegal in Canada, but it took the authorities years to successfully prosecute the union. The bulletin had a large circulation because of the lottery, even many businessmen bought it for the lottery coupons.
During the late 1920s the OBU briefly joined the All-Canadian Congress of Labour and considered joining the Canadian Congress of Labour during World War II, but by then its members were almost all employees of the Winnipeg Transit System. The One Big Union, by then with 24,000 members, merged into the Canadian Labour Congress during 1956.
References
Further reading
Category:Defunct trade unions in Canada
Category:Trade unions established in 1919
Category:Trade unions disestablished in 1956
Category:Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years
Category:Canadian Labour Congress
Category:Syndicalism
Category:Economy of Winnipeg
Category:Organizations based in Winnipeg
Category:Syndicalist trade unions |
Arja Kajermo | Arja Kajermo is a cartoonist, born in Finland, raised in Sweden, currently residing in Ireland.
Kajermo was born in Kiuruvesi, Northern Savonia, where her family had a small farm. They moved to Stockholm in 1955 when she was six years old. Kajermo moved to Dublin originally as an au pair in the 1970s.
Kajermo started working as a cartoonist for the magazine In Dublin. She drew a fortnightly strip for In Dublin for ten years. Her first book of cartoons The Dirty Dublin Strip Cartoons (Poolbeg Press) was based on these strips.
She contributed cartoons to the feminist publisher Attic Press and occasionally to The Sunday Press (now gone), The Irish Times, Image magazine, Magill and others. Her strip Dublin Four ran in the Sunday Tribune.
She also draws the strip Tuula in the Sunday edition of Swedish daily newspaper Dagens Nyheter.
The Tuula strip was turned into a book, En pillig sol i Särholmen (Nisses Böcker 2005). It is a light-hearted look at daily life in a suburb south of Stockholm. A second book, Tuula-underbar, underbetald undersköterska (Nisses Böcker 2008), expanded the subject matter to expectations, class, culture, cliché and gender.
Some of the books illustrated by Arja Kajermo include the children's book Address Vintergatan (Almqvist&Wiksell, 2003), Hämta kraft (UR, 2008) by Annamaria Dahlöf about stress in the workplace, and Get Through (Royal Society of Medicine Press, 2008) by Bruno Rushforth and Val Wass, dealing with MRCGP Clinical Skills Assessment.
Arja Kajermo's debut novel The Iron Age was published by Tramp Press 2017. The novel with illustrations throughout by Susanna Kajermo Törner grew out of a story shortlisted for the Davy Byrne's Short Story Award 2014. It is partly based on Kajermo's own childhood in post-war Finland and Sweden. The Iron Age was longlisted for the Republic of Consciousness Prize and was one of 20 on the Walter Scott Prize recommended reads (2018)
References
External links
http://www.tuula.se/
Category:Finnish comics artists
Category:Finnish comic strip cartoonists
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Finnish emigrants to Sweden
Category:Finnish expatriates in Ireland |
Wickliffe, Victoria | Wickliffe is a small town in the Rural City of Ararat local government area in western Victoria, Australia. At the , Wickliffe and surrounding area had a population of 113.
History
Wickliffe Post Office opened around January 1854 and closed in 1988.
In 1880 7 km from town Robert Francis Burns used an axe and severed Michael Quinlivan's head. He was later hanged in HM Prison Ararat in 1883.
Today
The football team combined with nearby town Lake Bolac is known as the Magpies and plays in the Mininera & District Football League.
References
Category:Towns in Victoria (Australia) |
Modern pentathlon at the 2019 Pan American Games | Modern pentathlon competitions at the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima, Peru are scheduled to be held between July 27th and 30th, 2019 at the Military School of Chorrillos.
5 medal events are scheduled to be contested. Two are individual events, one per gender. A further three events (men, women and mixed) in the relay format will be contested, after the Panamsports added them to the sports program.
The top two athletes from North American and South America, along with the next highest non-qualified athlete will qualify for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.
Medal table
Medalists
Qualification
A total of 64 Modern pentathletes will qualify to compete. Each nation may enter a maximum of 6 athletes (three per gender). Quotas will be awarded across three qualification tournaments. The host nation, Peru, automatically qualifies the four athletes (two per gender).
See also
Modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics
References
External links
Results book
Modern pentathlon at the 2019
Category:Events at the 2019 Pan American Games
Pan American Games
2019 |
Francis Hosier | Vice Admiral Francis Hosier (1673–1727) was a British naval officer. He was a lieutenant on Rooke's flagship at the Battle of Barfleur in 1693. He captured the Heureux off Cape Clear in 1710 and distinguished himself in action with the Spanish off Cartagena in 1711. He is chiefly remembered, however, for his role in the failure of the Blockade of Porto Bello, for which poor Government orders were largely responsible, during which he died of disease alongside thousands of his sailors.
Career
Hosier was the son of the Clerk of the Cheque (and Muster-Master) to Samuel Pepys who lived at the foot of Crooms Hill, Greenwich. A certain Francis Hosier was the Storekeeper at Deptford in 1684, earning a salary of £305, the highest paid at the Depot. He became a lieutenant in the navy in 1692, when he was appointed to the Winchelsea, a 32-gun new frigate, after being in that station on board different ships for four years.
Captain Francis Hosier was only 26 years old in 1699, when he arranged for the Greenwich residence today known as The Ranger's House to be built, by which time he had commanded only one ship, the Winchelsea, of 74 guns. In 1710, he was appointed captain of the Salisbury upon a cruise off Cape Clear when, by falling in with a 6-gun French ship he was able to capture the French vessel which was then renamed the Salisbury's Prize and taken into service.
In 1719, he was appointed second captain of the Dorsetshire, advanced to be rear-admiral of the white squadron, and afterwards promoted to be vice-admiral of the blue, but the fleet was ordered to be dismantled before it was put to the sea. In 1720, he was appointed second captain of the Dorsetshire with the honorary rank of rear-admiral of the blue squadron.
After the War of the Spanish Succession, he was suspended as a suspected Jacobite until 1717, but became vice-admiral in 1723.
Blockade of Porto Bello
In March 1726, Hosier was sent to command a squadron on the Jamaica Station with orders to prevent Spain from shipping its treasures home. Viscount Townshend, Secretary of State, consulted the former privateer Woodes Rogers, who was in London at the time, as to the probable means and route the Spaniards would adopt to get their treasure home. From past experience Rogers probably knew more than any other person then in England of the favoured Spanish tactics for evading detection. A report dated 10 November 1726, was delivered, in conjunction with Capt. Jonathan Denniss, to prepare Hosier for his task. At first Hosier met with success in his Blockade of Porto Bello. However, under strict orders not to attempt a capture of the town, which he could without difficulty have achieved with his 20 ships, he was forced to loiter and cruise off a mosquito infested coast. Yellow fever broke out and Hosier himself died of the fever (or as is said by some contemporary commentators "of a broken heart"), whilst on the Breda off Vera Cruz, as did between 3,000 and 4,000 of his sailors. Eventually, during the 1730s, the government appeasement policies of men like Walpole, and not Hosier personally, were blamed for the disaster.
The episode is described as follows in Percy's Reliques of 1765.
"He (Hosier) accordingly arrived at the Bastimentos near Porto Bello, but being employed rather to overawe than to attack the Spaniards, with whom it was probably not our interest to go to war, he continued long inactive on that station, to his own great regret. He afterwards removed to Carthagena, and remained cruising in these seas, till far the greater part of his men perished deplorably by the diseases of that unhealthy climate. This brave man, seeing his best officers and men thus daily swept away, his ships exposed to inevitable destruction, and himself made the sport of the enemy, is said to have died of a broken heart. Such is the account of Smollett, compared with that of other less party writers".
Hosier was replaced by two further admirals, who likewise successively perished of tropical diseases. Hosier's body was given a temporary burial-place in the ballast of his flagship, the Breda, where it remained, until it was despatched to England, late in the year, on board the snow the Happy Return, under Commander Henry Fowkes.
Presumably the body had first been embalmed. He was buried in the family vault, with much funerary pomp, at St Nicholas, Deptford on 28 February 1728.
In 1739, twelve years after Hosier's death, at the start of the War of Jenkins' Ear Admiral Vernon accomplished what Hosier had been denied from doing, and captured Porto Bello with only six ships.
Admiral Hosier's Ghost
(See full text on Wikisource s:Admiral Hosier's Ghost
Vernon's success prompted the poet Richard Glover in 1740 to write the ballad Admiral Hosier's Ghost, sung to the tune of Come and Listen to my Ditty. It is an apology for the failure of Hosier's earlier mission, and seeks to absolve Hosier of having shown a lack of initiative, blaming rather Admiralty orders "not to fight", which were obeyed only "against his heart's warm motion", having been "sent in this foul clime to languish". The Ghosts of Hosier and 3,000 of his sailors appear from the sea to Vernon shortly after his victory and Hosier charges him to "let Hosier's wrongs prevail" by drawing notice to the forgotten affair in Opposition circles in England. Only then will the ghosts find their rest. It is thus an attack on Walpole's half-hearted commitment to the war.
Descendants
Francis Hosier married Diana Pritchard at St Bride's, Fleet Street, 4 July 1710, as recorded in the IGI. In 1743, a William Hosier made a benefaction of £300 in South Sea annuities to the Deptford St Nicholas Charity School established in 1723, to educate 4 children. It has been supposed that this William Hosier was a descendant of the Admiral, but there is no known evidence to support this assumption. Hosier Street, St. Paul Deptford, Greenwich, now lost to WWII bombing, is said to have been named after William Hosier.
Notes
References
Attribution
Sources
External links
Admiral Hosier's Ghost (R Glover)
Category:1727 deaths
Category:1673 births
Category:Royal Navy officers |
Coventya | COVENTYA Group is an international company which provides specialty chemicals for electroplating, surface finishing & friction control. These chemicals are used in the so-called GMF (General Metal Finishing) industry. Surface finishing is used in various industries such construction, sanitary, fashion, luxury goods, electronic or oil industry.
The group is present in more than 60 countries and employs more than 670 people (2018). Its global turnover is about 150 million Euros. The group was created in 1927 as Société Continentale Parker. The company was formerly part of the Chemetall group located in Frankfurt, Germany.
COVENTYA is represented worldwide with production sites in Brazil, Italy, Germany, United-Kingdom, India, South Korea, China, Mexico, Turkey and the USA.
History
COVENTYA’s history is linked to Société Continentale Parker in Clichy (92, France). In 1927, four aviation pioneers: Louis Paulhan, Enea Bossi, Pierre Prier and Robert Deté created Société Continentale Parker on the basis of a license for Parkerisation from Parker Rust-Proof in Detroit (MI, USA). In 1930, Continentale Parker started its Plating activities based on a license agreement of Udylite also from Detroit. The first licensed product introduced into the market was an organic brightener for Cadmium plating.
During the 1960s, Continentale Parker specialized in the Plating of precious metals due to the distribution of Sel-Rex processes of Nutley (NJ, USA).
In 1965, the German group Metallgesellschaft AG acquired most of the shares of Société Continentale Parker. Later on, it was integrated into Chemetall GmbH, created in 1984 in order to regroup all of its specialty chemicals activities.
The internationalization began with the setting-up of electroplating departments in Chemetall Benelux and Spain, followed in 1988 by a new external development policy targeted towards Western Europe:
Barattini, Italy (1989)
Polar, Italy (1993)
TECS, France (1994)
Pelidag, France (1995)
Weiland, Germany (1996)
The group eliminated the diversity of names by creating a new single identity in 1998: Chemetall Plating Technologies.
The risky speculations of Metallgesellschaft on oil futures in 1993 eventually caused it to separate from the plating activity and led to the sale of the business in 2000 which then became COVENTYA.
COVENTYA continued to pursue the globalization trend, favoring the external development of the company by acquisition:
Folke-Stigen, Sweden (2001)
McGean Rohco Mexico (2002)
CGT/Auromet, Italy (2002)
CGL Quimica, Brazil (2003)
Sirius Technologies, USA (2004)
COVENTYA (Suzhou) Chemicals, China, (2006)
Taskem, USA (2007)
Palojoki, Finland (2008)
Plating Business of Chemetall-Rai, India (2011)
Molecular Technologies, UK (2012)
Ecostar Co. Ltd South Korea (2012)
Politeknik, Turkey (2017)
Telbis Turkey (2017)
MicroGLEIT, Germany (2018)
Capital Structure
After the acquisition of Société Continentale Parker in 1965, Chemetall GmbH was created in 1982 in order to manage all specialty chemicals of the group. Chemetall was then integrated in Dynamit Nobel in 1992, the new subsidiary of Metallgesellschaft.
In 2000, the activity became independent after an MBO (Management Buy-Out) with the support of Quadriga Capital, Frankfurt for the equity financing. After the exit of Quadriga in 2006, the French bank Natixis, via its subsidiary iXEN, took over the role of majority shareholder. A special feature of the structure was a significant shareholding of employees in the capital of the company. In 2011, Barclays Private Equity (renamed Equistone Partners Europe) took over the majority of the shares and the role of iXEN in its holding COVENTYA Holding SAS, with a registered office located in Clichy, France.
Since 2012, COVENTYA's headquarters are located in Villeneuve-la-Garenne (near Paris) and the major shareholder is presently the European investment fond Silverfleet Capital.
Production Sites
Gütersloh, Germany
Pfaffenhofen, Germany
Villorba, Italy
Agliana, Italy
Wolverhampton, UK
Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Mexico City
Caxias do Sul, Brazil
Suzhou, China
Pune, India
Cheonan, South Korea
Johor, Malaysia
Istanbul, Turkey
Turnover
The Turnover distribution in 2017 was as follows:
Europe: 57%
Americas: 23%
Asia: 20%
Products
COVENTYA develops, manufactures and distributes a complete range of products for the plating industry such as:
Preparation: Cleaners, Etching solutions, Chemical and Electrolytic Polishing Products
Corrosion protection: Zinc and Zinc Alloys, Passivation, Chrome VI and Cobalt free conversion coatings and Top-coats
Lubrication: Anti-friction Coatings, Lubricating Pastes
Functional: Electroless Nickel and Hard Chrome
Aluminium surface treatment: Cleaners, Etches, Surface Brighteners , Acid Deoxidizers and anodizing additives, as well as various Colouring Agents, Conversion Coatings and Sealants
Decoration: Copper-Nickel-Chrome and their alloys, Trivalent Chrome
Plating On Plastics: Wetting Agents, Neutralizers, Activators, Electroless Nickel For Plastic Metallization
Precious metals: Complete range of pure metals and their alloys: Gold, Silver, Palladium, Rhodium, Platinum, Ruthenium (Nickel and Cadmium free options are available)
Cathodic electrocoats: Wetting Agents, Solvents, Cataphoretic lacquers and colours
Water treatment: Cationic and Anionic polymers, Metal precipitants, Flocculants as well as Organic and Silicone based Antifoams.
References
See also
Electroless nickel
Dynamit Nobel
Category:Chemical companies of Germany
Category:Chemical companies established in 1927
Category:Companies based in North Rhine-Westphalia
Category:Gütersloh
Category:1927 establishments in France |
Baburino | Baburino () is a rural locality (a village) in Kiprevskoye Rural Settlement, Kirzhachsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 23 as of 2010. There are 11 streets.
Geography
The village is located 4 km south from Kiprevo, 11 km north-east from Kirzhach.
References
Category:Rural localities in Vladimir Oblast |
Subsets and Splits