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###Rationale: Ans. B: Superior palpebral conjunctiva In trachoma, a characteristic white conjunctival scar (Arlt line) is usually formed at the junction between the lower third and upper two-third of the superior tarsus Trachoma/ Granular conjunctivitis/ Egyptian ophthalmia It is an infectious disease causing a characteristic roughening of the inner surface of the eyelids. It is the leading cause of infectious blindness in the world. Trachoma is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis It is spread by direct contact with eye, nose, and throat secretions from affected individuals, or contact with fomites (inanimate objects that carry infectious agents, such as blankets and pillowcases), such as towels and/or washcloths, that have had similar contact with these secretions. Untreated, repeated trachoma infections result in entropion -- a painful form of permanent blindness when the eyelids turn inward, causing the eyelashes to scratch the cornea. Children are the most susceptible to infection due to their tendency to easily get diy The bacterium has an incubation period of 5 to 12 days, after which the affected individual experiences symptoms of conjunctivitis, or irritation similar to "pink eye." Blinding endemic trachoma results from multiple episodes of reinfection that maintains the intense inflammation in the conjunctiva. The conjunctival inflammation is called "active trachoma" and usually is seen in children, especially pre-school children. It is characterized by white lumps in the undersurface of the upper eyelid (conjunctival follicles or lymphoid germinal centres) and by non-specific inflammation and thickening often associated with papillae. Follicles may also appear at the junction of the cornea and the sclera (limbal follicles). Active trachoma will often be irritating and have a watery discharge. Bacterial secondary infection may occur and cause a purulent discharge. The later structural changes of trachoma are referred to as "cicatricial trachoma". These include scarring in the eyelid (tarsal conjunctiva) that leads to distoion of the eyelid with buckling of the lid (tarsus) so the lashes rub on the eye (trichiasis). These lashes will lead to corneal opacities and scarring and then to blindness. Linear scar present in the Sulcus subtarsalis is called ArIt's line (named after Carl Ferdinand von Arlt). In addition, blood vessels and scar tissue can invade the upper cornea (pannus). Resolved limbal follicles may leave small gaps in pannus (Herbe's Pits). The major complication or the most impoant one is corneal ulcer occurring due to rubbing by concentrations, or trichiasis with superimposed bacterial infection Grading of trachoma McCallan's classification-McCallan in 1908 divided the clinical course of trachoma into 4 stages WHO classification-The World Health Organization recommends a simplified grading system for trachoma. The Simplified WHO Grading System is summarized below (FISTO): Trachomatous inflammation, follicular (TF) - Five or more follicles of >0.5 mm on the upper tarsal conjunctiva Trachomatous inflammation, intense (TI) - Papillary hyperophy and inflammatory thickening of the upper tarsal conjunctiva obscuring more than half the deep tarsal vessels Trachomatous scarring (TS) - Presence of scarring in tarsal conjunctiva. Trachomatous trichiasis (TT) - At least one ingrown eyelash touching the globe, or evidence of epilation (eyelash removal) Corneal opacity (CO) - Corneal opacity blurring pa of the pupil margin SAFE strategy National governments in collaboration with numerous non-profit organizations implement trachoma control programs using the WHO-recommended SAFE strategy, which includes: Surgery to correct advanced stages of the disease; Antibiotics to treat active infection, using Zithromax (azithromycin) donated by Pfizer Inc through the International Trachoma Initiative; Facial cleanliness to reduce disease transmission; Environmental change to increase access to clean water and improved sanitation. Surgery For individuals with trichiasis, a bilamellar tarsal rotation procedure is warranted to direct the lashes away from the globe. Early intervention is beneficial as the rate of recurrence is higher in more advanced disease. Antibiotic therapy WHO Guidelines recommend that a region should receive community-based, mass antibiotic treatment when the prevalence of active trachoma among one to nine year-old children is greater than 10 percent. Subsequent annual treatment should be administered for three years, at which time the prevalence should be reassessed. Annual treatment should continue until the prevalence drops below five percent At lower prevalences, antibiotic treatment should be family-based. Antibiotic selection: Azithromycin (single oral dose of 20 mg/kg) or topical tetracycline (one percent eye ointment twice a day for six weeks). Azithromycin is preferred because it is used as a single oral dose. Although it is expensive, it is generally used as pa of the international donation program organized by Pfizer through the International Trachoma Initiative. Azithromycin can be used in children from the age of six months and in pregnancy. Facial cleanliness Children with grossly visible nasal discharge, ocular discharge, or flies on their faces are at least twice as likely to have active trachoma as children with clean faces. Intensive community-based health education programs to promote face-washing can significantly reduce the prevalence of active trachoma, especially intense trachoma (TI). If somebody is already infected washing one's face is strongly encouraged, especially a child, in order to prevent reinfection Environmental improvement Modifications in water use, fly control, latrine use, health education and proximity to domesticated animals have all been proposed to reduce transmission of C. trachomatis.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Arlt's line is seen on: March 2011
###Options:
A. Cornea
B. Superior palpebral conjunctiva
C. Lacrimal gland
D. Bulbar conjunctiva
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: C i.e. After concussion trauma Blunt trauma to eye may produce Berlin's edema or commotio retinae Q which is a cloudy swelling characterized by a grey appaerance, most frequently in the temporal region. It may also manifest as cherry red spot in the foveal region.
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: In which of the following conditions Berlin's edema is
###Options:
A. Open angle glaucoma
B. After cataract surgery
C. After concussional trauma
D. Diabetic retinopathy
| As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Objective refraction methods are retinoscopy, refractometry and keratometry.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Objective assessment of the refractive state of the eye is termed –
###Options:
A. Retinoscopy
B. Gonioscopy
C. Ophthalmoscopy
D. Keratoscopy
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: o The eyeball is divided into two segments : -
A. Anterior segment
Part of eyeball anterior to posterior border of lens is called anterior segment.
It consists of lens, and structures anterior to it, i.e., cornea, iris and two aqueous humor-filled spaces, i.e., anterior and posterior chambers.
i. Anterior chambers : - It is bounded anteriorly by back of cornea and posteriorly by the iris & part of ciliary body. It contains aqueous humor.
ii. Posterior chamber: - This triangular chamber is bounded anteriorly by the posterior surface of the iris & ciliary body and posteriorly by the lens and it zonules. It also contains aqueous humor. Thus, both anterior and posterior chambers are part of anterior segment and both contain aqueous humor.
B. Posterior segment
Part of eye ball posterior to lens is called posterior segment.
It consists of vitreous humor, retina, choroid and optic disc.
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: All are parts of anterior segment of eye except
###Options:
A. Lens
B. Cornea
C. Vitreous
D. None
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Corneal Stroma * Thickest layer of the cornea * Measures 500 um * Type 1 collagen is most abundant, type 4 & 6 also found.Type 2 collagen is not found * Transmits 90% of incoming light * Derives its oxygen from precorneal tear film and not aqueous humor * MMP 2 is found in human stroma * Acellular & lamellar orientation of collagen fibres accounts for its transparency
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Not true regarding corneal stroma
###Options:
A. Measures 500 um
B. Type 1 collagen is most abundant, type 4 & 6 also found
C. Transmits 90% of incoming light
D. Derives its oxygen from aqueous humor
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. B. Interstitial cells of the peritubular capillary bed of the kidneysErythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone which stimulate erythrocyte production.In adults, about 85% of erythropoietin comes from the kidney (interstitial cells in peritubular capillary bed) and 15% from liver (Perivenous hepatocytes). Small amount is also produced in brain; and uterus and oviduct.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Erythropoietin is/are produced by -
###Options:
A. Juxtaglomerular cells
B. Interstitial cells of the peritubular capillary bed of the kidneys
C. Pars recta of PCT
D. Macula densa
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ptosis should be a feature as there is third nerve palsy. But due to proptosis ptosis is not appreciated Refer khurana 6/e 379
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: All the following signs could result from infection with the right cavernous sinus except
###Options:
A. Loss ofpupillary light reflex
B. Loss of corneal blink reflex
C. Ptosis
D. Right ophthalmoplegia
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Sjogren syndrome Chronic autoimmune disorder Characterized by dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) & dry mouth (xerostomia) d/t immunologically mediated lymphocytic infiltration & parenchymal destruction of lacrimal & salivary glands.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A 45-year-old woman with long-standing rheumatoid ahritis complains of dry eyes and dry mouth. Bilateral enlargement of the parotids is noted on physical examination. The syndrome described here is best described as
###Options:
A. Autoimmune
B. Infectious
C. Metabolic.
D. Metastatic
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Visual disturbances occur when it encroaches the pupillary area or due to corneal astigmatism induced due to fibrosis in the regressive stage. Occasionally diplopia may occur due to limitation of ocular movements. ref: A K KHURANA OPHTALMOLOGY,E4, Page-81
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Visual impairment in pterygium is due to -
###Options:
A. Astigmatism
B. Myopia
C. Hypermetropia
D. Hazy cornea
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: *Deletion or inactivation of RB gene by two mutations (knudson's two hit hypothesis) results in occurence of retinoblastoma. Ref: Khurana 7th/e p.314.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Knudson's two stage hypothesis is for-
###Options:
A. Glaucoma
B. Retinoblastoma
C. Optic glioma
D. Meningioma
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'c' i.e., Keratoconus Keratoconus is a progressive, noninflammatory, bilateral ectatic corneal disease, characterizedparaxiastromal thinning and weakening that leads to corneal surface distoion. Essential pathological changes are thinning and ectasia which occur as a result of defective synthesis of mucopolysaccharide and collagen tissue. It usually stas at pubey and progresses slowly. Symptoms usually begins as blurred vision with shadowing around images. Vision becomes progressively more blurred and distoed with associated glare, halos around lights, light sensitivity and ocular irritation. Visual loss occurs primarily from irregular astigmatism and myopia. and secondarily from corneal scarring The hallmark of keratoconus is central or paracentral stromal thinning, apical protrusion of anterior corneaand irregular astigmatism. The cornea thins near the centre and progressively bulges forwards, with the apex of cone always being slightly below the centre of the cornea. Impoant findings an examination are - Distaed window reflex (Corneal reflex)Q. Fleisher's rine. Yawning reflex (Scissor reflex). Oil drop reflex. Munson's signs Treatment includes :? Spectacles for regular or mild irregular astigmatism. Rigid gas permeable contact lens for higher astigmatism. Epikeratoplasty in patients intolerant to lens and without significant corneal scarring. Keratoplasty penetrating or deep lamellar if there is significant corneal scarring.
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Scissor reflex is seen in ?
###Options:
A. Open angle glaucoma
B. Phlyctenular conjunctivitis
C. Keratoconus
D. Interstitial keratitis
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: B i.e. Periphery of retina Indirect ophthalmoscopy is done for examination of periphery of retina upto ora serrata Q where as direct ophthalmoscopy can show slightly beyond equator.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Indirect ophthalmoscopy is done for:
###Options:
A. Central retina
B. Periphery of retina
C. Sclera
D. Angle of ant. Chamber
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Conjunctival side - Vertical incision.
Skin side - Horizontal incision.
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: False about chalazion
###Options:
A. Lipogranulomatous inflammation of meibomian gland
B. Also called meibomian cyst or tarsal cyst
C. Presents as lid swelling
D. Incision & curettage is done from conjunctival side by a horizontal incision
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Clinical types of osteogenesis imperfecta:
Osteogenesis imperfecta, type I
Osteogenesis imperfecta tarda
Osteogenesis imperfecta with blue sclerae
Osteogenesis imperfecta congenital; type II
Osteogenesis imperfecta congenital, neonatal lethal
Vrolik type of osteogenesis imperfecta
Osteogenesis imperfecta, progressively deforming, with normal sclerae: type III
Gene map locus 17q21.31-q22,7q22.1
Osteogenesis imperfecta, type IV
Osteogenesis imperfecta with normal sclerae
Ref: Shafer's textbook of oral pathology 7th edition page 699
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which type of osteogenesis imperfecta is also known as imperfecta with blue sclera?
###Options:
A. Type 1
B. Type 2
C. Type 3
D. Type 4
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans) a (Bell's palsy) Ref The facial nerve By Mark MayBAD syndrome consists of lack of bells phenomenon, which may lead to poor corneal coverage and lack of tear distribution; corneal anesthesia, due to exposure or fifth nerve deficit, as may occur in resection of a large posterior fossa tumour and dryness, due to loss of tear production as with lesions at or proximal to the geneculate ganglion.this condition can leads to comeal ulcer and exposure keartitis.Term BAD syndrome was coined by Guibor.It is a serious situation which requires immediate rehabilitation by eye closure and protection.Therefore, BAD syndrome does not contain Bells palsy as a component.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: All are features of BAD syndrome except:
###Options:
A. Bell's palsy
B. Corneal anaesthesia
C. Dry eye
D. Exposure keratitis
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. (d) TamoxifenRef: Yanoff 3/e, p. 645Tamoxifen is known to cause retinopathy and macular edema as an adverse effect. It is not used in the treatment of Diabetic Macular edema or retinopathy.* Ruboxistaurin - PKC inhibitor* Pyridazinones/Spiroimides/corbotyliz acid -- aldose reductase inhibitors* Benfoliamine -|levels of AGE's
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which of the following agents is not used in the treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema/Retinopathy:
###Options:
A. Ruboxistaurim
B. Pyridazinones
C. Benfotiamine
D. Tamoxifen
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. (d) Congenital GlaucomaRef: Kanski 7/e, p. 374; Parson's 22/e, p. 304; Shields 6/e, p. 210, 223An enlarged globe with an enlarged corneal diameter > 13 mm along with characteristic Haabs striae (double contoured opacities concentric to limbus) suggests the diagnosis of congenital glaucoma.
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A child presents with lid lag and an enlarged cornea with a diameter of 13 mm. Examination of the eye reveals double contoured opacities concentric to the limbus. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
###Options:
A. Superficial keratitis
B. Deep keratitis
C. Thyroid Endocrinopathy
D. Congenital Glaucoma
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Pathogenesis of intussusception
Between the age of 3 to 9 months, the cause of acute intussusception is idiopathic.
It is postulated that gastrointestinal infection or the introduction of new food proteins result in swollen Peyer's patches in the terminal ileum. The prominent mounds of tissue leads to mucosal prolapse of the ileum into the colon thus causing an intussusception.
In 2-8% of patient, recognizable lead points for the intussusception are found, such as a Meckel's diverticulum, intestinal polyp, neurofibroma, intestinal duplication, hemangioma or malignant condition such as lymphoma.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A 10-month-old infants present with acute intestinal obstruction. Contrast enema X-ray shows the intussusceptions, likely cause is –
###Options:
A. Peyer's patch hypertrophy
B. Meclde's diverticulum
C. Mucosal polyp
D. Duplication cyst
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Mnemonics for Erlen Meyer Flask Deformity (CHONG) C: craniometaphyseal dysplasias/Pyles disease H: haemoglobinopathies thalassemia sickle cell disease O: osteopetrosis N: Niemann-Pick disease G: Gaucher disease Radiographs showed a nondisplaced fracture and undeubulation of the distal femoral diaphysis -- a condition known as Erlenmeyer-flask deformity.
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Erlen Meyer Flask Deformity is seen in?
###Options:
A. Osteopetrosis
B. Thalassemia
C. Craniometaphyseal dysplasias
D. All
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: The major blood supply of femoral head is by lateral(superior) retinacular branch of medial circumflex aery. REF : MAHESWARI 9TH ED
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: An elderly woman was admitted with a fracture of the neck of right femur which failed to unite. On examination an avascular necrosis of the head of femur was noted. The condition would have resulted most probably from the damage to
###Options:
A. Superior gluteal aery
B. Inferior gluteal aery
C. Acetabular branch of obturator
D. Retinacular branches of circumflex femoral aeries
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'b' i.e. Scotoma in Bjerrum's field Visual field defects in Glaucoma:Baring of blind spotScotoma in Bjerrum's fieldArcuate scotomaSeidel's scotomaRing or double arcuate scotoma.Roenne's central nasal step.Advanced field defect:At the last only a small island of central vision {tubular vision) and an accompanying temporal island are left.The temporal island is usually extinguished before the central island although occasionally this sequence is reversed.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Earliest field defect in primary open angle glaucoma:
###Options:
A. Reidel's scotoma
B. Scotoma in Bjerrumns field
C. Arcuate scotoma
D. Nasal spur
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Optic nerve It is a continuation of the nerve fibre layer of the retina, which consists of the axons originating from the ganglion cells. It also contains the afferent fibres of the pupillary light reflex. Morphologically and embryologically, the optic nerve is comparable to a sensory tract. Unlike peripheral nerves it is not covered by neurilemma (so it does not regenerate when cut). Reference :- A K KHURANA; pg num:-287
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Optic nerve fibres once cut, do not regenerate because they are not covered by
###Options:
A. Myelin sheath
B. Neurilemma
C. Both of the above
D. None of the above
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: A i.e. Sympathetic opthalmitis
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Dalen fuch's nodule is seen in:
###Options:
A. Sympathetic ophthalmitis
B. Myopia
C. Retinal detachment
D. Spring catarrah
| As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: The reason for this condition is facial nerve palsy also called Bell`s palsy. It can be compressed at the stylomastoid foramen. Facial nerve supplies all the muscles of facial expression and can be checked by asking the patient to:- 1) Fill air in mouth to test buccinator 2) Close the eyes tightly to test orbicularis oculi 3) Look upwards to check the normal horizontal wrinkles
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A man of age 30 years came to clinic with inability to close his left eye, tears flowing over the left cheek and saliva dribbling from his left angle of the mouth.
###Options:
A. Facial nerve palsy
B. Mandibular nerve lesion
C. Maxillary nerve injury
D. None of above.
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ground-glass cytoplasmic inclusions (Orphan Annie eyes) confirm the diagnosis of papillary carcinoma of the thyroidPapillary carcinoma is the most common thyroid malignancy.The disease is known for its propensity for lymph node metastasesRef: Bailey and love, page no: 818
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Orphan Annie-eye nuclei seen in
###Options:
A. Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
B. Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
C. Anaplastic carcinoma of thyroid
D. Follicular carcinoma of thyroid
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'c' i.e, Central Retinal artery * Occlusion (usually embolic, but can be thrombotic, inflammatory or traumatic) of the bloodflow in the Central retinal artery leading painless loss of vision.* The main artery supplying the globe is the ophthalmic artery. The portion of the ophthalmic artery that enters the eye at the optic nerve is called the central retinal artery (CRAO). This artery then divides into a superior and an inferior branch retinal artery that each then further subdivides to supply retinal vessels to the retina.
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Loss of vision may occur due to occlusion of -
###Options:
A. Optic artery
B. Superior Ophthalmic artery
C. Central Retinal artery
D. External carotid artery
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. (b) Orphan Annie eye nuclei; papillary Ca thyroid*High power shows nuclei of papillary carcinoma cells contain finely dispersed chromatin, which imparts an optically clear or empty appearance, giving rise to the ground glass or Orphan Annie eye nuclei. In addition, invaginations of the cytoplasm may give the appearance of intranuclear inclusions ("pseudoinclusions") or intranuclear grooves. The diagnosis of papillary carcinoma can be made based on these nuclear features, even in the absence of papillary architecture.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A 24-year-old male presented with a swelling on anterior aspect of neck. On examination the swelling was firm and moved with deglutination. Biopsy from the lesion has been shown. What is the typical finding and diagnosis?
###Options:
A. Orphan Annie eye nuclei; Follicular Ca thyroid
B. Orphan Annie eye nuclei; Papillary Ca thyroid
C. Hurthle cell change; Follicular Ca thyroid
D. Hurthle cell change; Papillary Ca thyroid
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Traction retinal detachment is most commonly caused due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. This traction is due to formation of vitreal, epiretinal, or subretinal membranes consisting of fibroblasts and glial and retinal pigment epithelial cells. The tractional forces formed actively pull the sensory retina away from the underlying pigment epithelium toward the vitreous base. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is the most common type of retinal detachment. It is characterized by a full-thickness break in the sensory retina, variable degrees of vitreous traction, and passage of liquefied vitreous through the break into the subretinal space. Ref: Fletcher E.C., Chong N., Augsburger J.J., Correa Z.M. (2011). Chapter 10. Retina. In P. Riordan-Eva, E.T. Cunningham, Jr. (Eds), Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology, 18e.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A diabetic patient is at greatest risk of developing which of the following type of retinal detachment?
###Options:
A. Serous
B. Traction
C. Hemorrhagic
D. Rhegmatogenous
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: 3 mm
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Macula lies from disc at a distance of ..... from temporal margin of disc.
###Options:
A. 0.3 mm
B. 33 mm
C. 3 mm
D. 0.03 mm
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Butterfly macular dystrophy is autosomal dominant inherited. Other three options are autosomal recessive inherited.
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which is not an AR disorder –
###Options:
A. Gyrate atrophy
B. Goldmann syndrome
C. Bardet - Biedi syndrome
D. Butterfly macular dystrophy
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: (C) (DM and slate gray discoloration of the skin) (42, 627 Harsh Mohan 6th) (629 Robbins Basic pathology 9th)HemochromatosisTRIAD:1) Pigmentary liver cirrhosis.2) Diabetes mellitus (Pancreatic damage)3) Skin Pigmentation]BRONZE DIABETES* The most common form is an autosomal recessive disease of adult onset caused by a mutation in the HFE gene.A) Idiopathic or hereditary hemochromatosis:* There is a defect in the regulation of intestinal absorption of dietary iron, leading to net iron accumulation of 0.5 to 1.0 g/year.* Hepcidin, produced by the liver, form a web of iron, metabolic control networks that are only recently become elucidated.* Deposits sites - liver, pancreas, spleen, heart and endocrine glands *** Manifests typically after 20 gm of storage iron has accumulated.B) Secondary or acquired hemochromatosis:* Multiple blood transfusion.* Ineffective erythropoiesis (as in G thalassemia and myelodysplastic syndrome).* Increased iron intake.The occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma is a late complication of hemochromatosis - induced cirrhosis.* K.F. Ring (produced by the alloy of copper in the eye seen in Chalcosis - deposited in Descemet's membrane of the cornea.
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: True about hemochromatosis is -
###Options:
A. Iron deficiency anemia is caused
B. Kayser Fleischer ring is seen in eyes
C. DM and slate grey discolouration of skin
D. Autosomal dominant is the most common form
| As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: (Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 431) Berlin's edema, also called commotion retinae, occurs in blunt trauma to the eyeIt manifests as milky white cloudiness involving a considerable area of the posterior pole with a 'cherry-red' spot in the foveal regionIt may disappear after some days or may be followed by pigmentary changes Commotio Retinae or Berlin's Oedema is grey-white discolouration of the retina due to disruption of outer segment photoreceptor layer following blunt trauma. This is caused due to contrecoup injury. Shock waves caused due to impact traverses the fluid- filled eye and then strike retina
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Commotio retinae affect which pa of the retina?
###Options:
A. Posterior pole
B. Peripheral retina
C. Inferior-nasal pa
D. Superior-nasal pa
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. (c) PapilledemaOption a - should be a pale - white disc.Option b - POAG should present with loss of nasal neuro- retinal rim and Cupping (large cup, c/d ratio >0.5) along with vascular changes.Option d - CRAO - no occlusion can be seen, all arteries (thinner cross-section, red colour) and veins (thicker cross section, darker red color) are seen to be patientOption c - Papilledema - earliest sign is blurring of the disc margins, which is visible in the image.
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Diagnose the ocular pathology.
###Options:
A. Primary optic atrophy
B. Primary open angle glaucoma
C. Papilledema
D. Central retinal artery occlusion
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Secondary detion: It is detion of the normal eye seen under cover, when the patient is made to fix with the squinting eye. It is greater than the primary detion. This is due to the fact that the strong impulse of innervation required to enable the eye with paralysed muscle to fix is also transmitted to the yoke muscle of the sound eye resulting in a greater amount of detion. This is based on Hering's law of equal innervation of yoke muscles. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-331
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Secondary detion of the eye is an example of the following law
###Options:
A. Herring's
B. Listing's
C. Sherrington's
D. Donder's
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'a' i.e., They are opposed
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Lacrimal punctum of upper and lower eyelids are ?
###Options:
A. They are opposed
B. No relation
C. Upper punctum is medial
D. Upper punctum is lateral
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. c (Sympathetic ophthalmia) (Ref. Schlote, Pocket Atlas of Ophthalmology, p. 132).Dalen-Fuchs Nodules (chorioretinal lesions) are small, discrete, yellow, elevated infiltrates are commonly seen in the midperipheral fundus of patients with sympathetic uveitis. They consist of lymphocytes and epithelioid cell collections between Bruch's membrane and retinal pigment epithelium, although not pathognomonic for Sympathetic ophthalmia, are quite suggestive of this condition; They may be found in VKH syndrome.SYMPATHETIC OPHTHALMIA# Sympathetic ophthalmia is a bilateral, granulomatous panuveitis that classically occurs following a penetrating injury of the eye with uveal involvement.# It can also result from ocular surgery.# Etiology/pathogenesis- T cell-mediated autoimmune reaction, caused by release of uveal antigens (probably from melanocytes).- Genetic predisposition (association with HLADRB1* 04 and DQA1*03).# Epidemiology- Very rare; Manifestation may be days to many years after the causative trauma (90% within one year).# Features:- The visual acuity is variable.- Greasy-appearing deposits on the back of the cornea- Variable anterior chamber inflammation- Inflammatory cells in the vitreous.- Choroidal thickening, Papillitis, Retinal vascular sheathing- Fuchs-Dalen nodules (small white infiltrates in the middle periphery of the fundus)- Macular edema, Exudative retinal detachment, and Optic atrophy.# Diagnosis- Diagnosis is made clinically when panuveitis from other causes is excluded.# Differential diagnosis- Endophthalmitis, Other forms of panuveitis, and Masquerade syndromes (intraocular lymphoma).# Treatment# There is high risk of blindness without adequate treatment if bilateral.# Administration of local and systemic corticosteroids constitutes the basic therapy.# Use of immunosuppressants (e.g., cyclosporine A) is often also required.# Prognosis# Recurrences are frequent following reduction or cessation of therapy.# Long-term or even lifetime treatment is therefore necessary.# The most common complications interfering with vision are macular edema, secondary cataract, and secondary glaucoma.Also remember:Berlin, Koeppe, Busacca nodules are found on iris in granulomatous uveitis. Koeppe's are seen on papillary border, while Busacca are found mid-iris. Berlin are present in angle.6
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: "Dalen Fuch" nodules are seen in
###Options:
A. Hypertensive retinopathy
B. Diabetic retinopathy
C. Sympathetic ophthalmia
D. All of the above
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Method followed to decrease post-op infection in cataract surgery –a) Pre – op antibioticsb) Intra op antibioticsc) Post op subconjunctival gentamicin injectiond) Post op IV antibiotics
###Options:
A. ac
B. a
C. ad
D. ab
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Answer with the best option directly. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: SAFE strategy was devised by WHO for the treatment of trachoma. SAFE stands for: S - Surgery (of the lids for trichiasis) A - Antibiotics F - Facial cleanliness E - Environmental change Ref : Park's Textbook of Preventive medicine
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Under the WHO 'Vision 2020' programme. the 'SAFE' strategy is adopted for which of the following diseases?
###Options:
A. Glaucoma
B. Diabetic retinopathy
C. Onchocerciasis
D. Trachoma
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Hodgkin lymphoma, like NHL, usually manifests as painless lymphadenopathy. Although a definitive distinction from NHL can be made only by examination of a tissue biopsy, several clinical features favor the diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma. After the diagnosis is established, staging is used to guide therapy and determine prognosis.
Younger patients with more favorable subtypes tend to present with stage I or stage II disease and usually are free of so-called “B symptoms” (fever, weight loss, night sweats). Patients with advanced disease (stages III and IV) are more likely to exhibit B symptoms as well as pruritus and anemia.
The sine qua non of Hodgkin lymphoma is the Reed-Sternberg (RS) cell, a very large cell (15 to 45 µm in diameter) with an enormous multilobate nucleus, exceptionally prominent nucleoli, and abundant, usually slightly eosinophilic cytoplasm. Particularly characteristic are cells with two mirror-image nuclei or nuclear lobes, each containing a large (inclusion-like) acidophilic nucleolus surrounded by a clear zone, features that impart an owl-eye appearance.
Difference between Hodgkin Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A male patient 59 year old complains of multiple swellings in the neck, fever, and weight loss. He gives a history of hypertension treatment. General examination reveals painless lymph nodal enlargement in the neck and on blood investigation, anaemia is revealed. Lymph node biopsy shows typical owl eye-shaped appearance cells.
What can be the most probable diagnosis for this patient?
###Options:
A. Multiple myeloma
B. Hodgkin’s lymphoma
C. Non-hodgkin’s lymphoma
D. Burkitt’s lymphoma
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. d (High myopia). (Ref: Ophthalmology by AK Khurana 2nd ed. 151)POSTERIOR STAPHYLOMA# It refers to bulge of weak sclera lined by the choroid behind the equator.# Common causes are:- Pathological myopia,- Posterior scleritis and- Perforating injuries.# Diagnosed best on ophthalmoscopy# It is seen as an excavated area with retinal vessels dipping in it.Excessively progressive degenerative myopia leads to sclerectasia circumscribed behind or posterior staphyloma. This is a sharply demarcated bulging of the entire posterior pole, which is associated with massive chorioretinal atrophy.
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Commonest cause of posterior staphyloma is:
###Options:
A. Glaucoma
B. Retinal detachment
C. iridocyclitis
D. High myopia
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Cataract Features Sunflower Wilson's disease / chalcosis **Keyser - Fleisher ring - characteristic of Wilson's disease Snow flake DM Christmas tree Myotonic dystrophy Oil drop Galactosemia Rosette shapes Blunt trauma Other features of blunt trauma 1. Commotio retina (berlin's edema)- milky white cloudiness involving the posterior pole with a cheer red spot in the foveal region 2. Vossius's ring - circular ring of brown pigment seen on the anterior capsule FABRY's disease Propeller / spoke like Complicated cataract Mostly posterior sub capsular cataract Bread crump appearance Polychromatic lusture Punctate / blue dot cataract M/C congenital cataract in children No loss of vision Atopic dermatitis Shield cataract Anterior sub capsular cataract
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Rosette cataract is seen after
###Options:
A. Blunt trauma to eye
B. Copper foreign body in eye
C. Penetrating injury to eye
D. Infection
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'b' i.e., 3000 cells/mm2 The cell density of corneal endothelium is around 3000 cells/mm2 in young adults, which decreases with the advancing age.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Density of cells in adult corneal endothelium ?
###Options:
A. 2000 cells/mm2
B. 3000 cells/mm2
C. 4000 cells/mm2
D. 5000 cells/mm2
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: here: -Topical corticosteroids enhance fungal replication and corneal invasion and therefore, contraindicated in a fungal corneal ulcer.
Now, option 'a' requires specific mention here:-
Topical corticosteroids are contraindicated in herpetic keratitis. But not in all forms of herpetic keratitis :-
Epithelial herpetic keratitis (Dendritic ulcer, geographic ulcer) → Topicla corticosteroids are contraindicated.
Stromal keratitis (Disciform & Diffuse necrotic) → Topical corticosteroids along with topical antiviral drugs are used as the first line of treatment.
So, my opinion for this type of question is that :-
i) If herpetic keratitis has given as the option, then look at other options. If any of the other options is a clear cut contraindication for corticosteroid (e.g. fungal corneal ulcer in this question), consider that option as your answer. If no ther option is a contraindication for topical corticosteroid, consider herpetic keratitis as the answer.
ii) If examiner has specifically mentioned dendritic ulcer as an option, consider it as the answer.
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Steroid is contraindicated in –
###Options:
A. Herpes keratitis
B. Atropic dermatitis
C. Fungal corneal ulcer
D. Exposure keratitis
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: All the ocular manifestations of Vitamin-A deficiency are collectively known as 'Xerophthalmia' (Dry Eye) –
Xerophthalmia is most common in children aged 1 - 3 years
'First clinical sign' of Vitamin-A deficiency: Conjunctival xerosis
'First clinical symptom' of Vitamin-A deficiency: Night blindness
Conjunctival xerosis in Xerophthalmia has a characteristic appearance of 'emerging like sand banks at receding tide
'Bitot's Spots' are triangular, pearly-white or yellowish, foamy spots on bulbar conjunctiva, on either side of cornea; In young children they indicate Vitamin-A deficiency, whereas in adults they are often inactive sequelae of earlier disease
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: First clinical sign of Vitamin-A deficiency is
###Options:
A. Night blindness
B. Conjunctival xerosis
C. Bitot’s spots
D. Keratomalacia
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'c' i.e., Posterior pole o The thickness of the sclera varies according to location : ? At the limbus, the sclera is 0.8 mm thick. Anterior to the rectus muscle inseions, it is 0.6 mm thick. Posterior to the rectus muscle inseions, it is 0.3 mm thick (Thinnest poion). At the equator, it is 0.5 to 0.8 mm thick. At the posterior pole, it is greatest than 1 mm thick.
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Thickest poion of sclera is ?
###Options:
A. Anterior to rectus muscle inseion
B. Posterior to rectus muscle inseion
C. Posterior pole
D. Limbus
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'c' i.e., Descemet's membrane Histology of cornea The cornea has five distinct layers (from superficial to deep) : ? Epithelium : - It is the outermost pa of cornea and is composed of stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelial cells. Bowman's membrane : - It is not a true membrane but simply a condensed superficial pa of stroma. destroyed, it does not regenerate. Stroma (Substantia propria) : - This layer constitutes most of the cornea (90% of thickness). It consists of collagen fibrils (lamellae) embedded in hydrated matrix ofproteoglycans. Descemet's membrane : - This layer bounds the stroma posteriorly. In the periphery it appears to end at the anterior limit of trabecular meshwork as Schwahle's ring. Endothelium : - It is a single layer of flat polygnonal cells. The endothelial cells contain 'active-pump' mechanism and is the most impoant layer in maintaining the transparency of cornea.
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Schwable's ring is seen in which layer of cornea
###Options:
A. Bowmann's membrane
B. Stroma
C. Descemet's membrane
D. Substantia propria
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: In retinal detachment to maintain chorioretinal apposition, scleral buckling is done. Inward indentation of sclera to provide external tamponade (scleral buckling). Scleral buckling is achieved by inseing an explant (silicone sponge or solid silicone band) with the help of mattress type sutures applied in the sclera. Ref: khurana 5 th edition , page no.297
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Scleral buckling is used for treatment of-
###Options:
A. Cataract
B. Scleritis
C. Retinal detachment
D. Vitreous hemorrhage
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Parasitic cysts occurs in subconjunctival cysticercus, hydatid cyst and filarial cyst.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: The subconjunctival cyst is seen in –
###Options:
A. Toxoplasmosis
B. Cysticercosis
C. Leishmaniasis
D. Chap's disease
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. c. Symptoms are more pronounced than signs (Ref: Khurana 5/e p101; 4/e p100; Parson 21st/e p199-200 ; Kanski 7/e p180-82)Symptoms are much milder than the clinical signs in fungal corneal ulcer hut not the vice-versa.Fungal (Mycotic) Corneal Ulcer:Symptoms are much milder than the clinical signsQ.Ulcer is dry looking, grayish white with elevated rolled out marginsQ and feathery finger like extensions into surrounding stromaQ under intact epithelium.A big hypopyonQ is present even if the ulcer is very small.Unlike bacterial ulcer, the hypopyon may not be sterile (pseudohypopyon)Q as fungi can penetrate into anterior chamber without perforation.Diagnosis: Examination of wet KOH mountQ, calcoflour white for fungal hyphae and culture on sabouraud's medium.Fungal (Mycotic) Corneal Ulcer / KeratomycosisAspergillus fumigates (MC), Candida and fusariumQ are common agents.Injury by vegetative materials or animal tailQ is common modes of infection.Etiology:Filamentous septate hyphae (tubular projections) producing multicellular fungi, most notably, Fusarium and Aspergillus (fumigatus) are the most common causative organism in tropics (or hot climate) and around the wordUnicellular budding yeast e.g. Candida is most common cause of fungal keratitis in temperate (cold) regions.Predisposing Factors* Injury by vegetative materials or animal tail is common modes of infectionQ.* Excessive use of antibiotics* Corneal trauma involving plant matter or gardening / agricultural tool (in tropics)* Comeal disease* Local immunosuppression* Long term use of topical steroid* Prior comeal transplantation* Contact lens wear* Diabetes mellitusClinical Features:Symptoms are much milder than the clinical signsQMarked ciliary and conjunctival congestion but symptoms of pain, watering and photophobia are disproportionately less.Ulcer is dry looking, grayish white with elevated rolled out marginsQ and feathery finger like extensions into surrounding stromaQ under intact epithelium.A sterile immune ring (yellow line of Wesseley)Q present where fungal antigen and host antibody meet.Multiple small satellite lesionsQ may be present around the ulcer.A big hypopyonQ is present even if the ulcer is very small.Unlike bacterial ulcer, the hypopyon may not be sterile (pseudohypopyon)Q as fungi can penetrate into anterior chamber without perforation.Perforation is rare and corneal vascularization is conspicuously absentQ.Diagnosis:Examination of wet KOH mountQ, calcoflour white for fungal hyphae and culture on sabouraud's medium.TreatmentAntifungal TreatmentAdjuvant Therapy* Natamycin and amphotericin B are used in filamentous infectionsQ topically.* Imidazole and flucytosine are used in Candida infection.* Systemic antifungal is required for severe keratitis and endopthalmitis.* CycloplegicsQ as atropine or scopolamine are used to reduce ciliary spasm, uveal inflammation and prevent posterior synechiae formation.* Anti-inflammatory and analgesics* Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for complications as secondary glaucomaQ
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which of the following is not a feature of fungal corneal ulcer?
###Options:
A. Fixed hypopyon
B. Ulcer with sloughing margins
C. Symptoms are more pronounced than signs
D. Fungal hyphae are seen on KOH mount
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Reye's syndrome is characterized by –
a) Viral infection is seen
b) Present as deep jaundice
c) Cerebral edema
d) Microvesicular fatty infiltration
###Options:
A. acd
B. bcd
C. abc
D. cda
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Answer with the best option directly. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Refer kDT 6/e p 145 Betaxolol is a selective beta1 receptor blocker used in the treatment of hypeension and glaucoma. Being selective for beta1 receptors, it typically has fewer systemic side effects than non-selective beta-blockers, for example, not causing bronchospasm as timolol may
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which antiglaucoma drugs can be used in Asthamatic patient
###Options:
A. Timolol
B. Betoxolol
C. Propanolol
D. All the above
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'a' i.e., Macular function
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Maddox rod test is used for testing ?
###Options:
A. Macular function
B. Lens opacity
C. Amount of tear production
D. Vitreous hemorrhage
| As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Amongst the given options, retinal detachment and vitreous hemorrhage can cause floaters with sudden loss of vision. However, vitreous hemorrhage is not a late complication of cataract surgery.
Late complications ofcataract surgely are - cystoid macular oedema, retinal detachment, epithelial ingrowth, fibrous ingrowth, vitreous touch syndrome, after cataract.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A 60 year old male patient operated for cataract 6 months back now complains of floaters and sudden loss of vision. The diagnosis is –
###Options:
A. Vitreous hemorhage
B. Retinal detachment
C. Central retinal artery occlusion
D. Cystoid macular edema
| As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: The focal point of an optical system (in meters) is the reciprocal of the refractive power of the system. Therefore, the focal point is 1/60 diopter (D), or 16.7 mm. An emmetropic eye forms a focused image of a distant object on the retina without accommodation. If the axial length is 16.5 mm, the image will be focused on the retina. Ref: Chang D.F. (2011). Chapter 2. Ophthalmologic Examination. In P. Riordan-Eva, E.T. Cunningham, Jr. (Eds), Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology, 18e.
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: If the refractive power of the unaccommodated eye of an emmetropic woman is 60 diopters (D), the axial length of her eye is closest to?
###Options:
A. 14.5mm
B. 15.5mm
C. 16.5mm
D. 17.5mm
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'Back of neck'
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Full thickness skin graft can be taken from the following sites except -
###Options:
A. Elbow
B. Back of neck
C. Supraclavicular area
D. Upper eyelids
| As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Oropharyngeal abscess or mass is a contraindication to the use of laryngeal mask airway. Ref: Sho Textbook of Anaesthesia By Ajay Yadav, 2nd Edition, Page 36
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: The laryngeal mask airway used for securing the airway of a patient in all of the following conditions, EXCEPT:
###Options:
A. In a difficult intubation
B. In cardiopulmonary resuscitation
C. In a child undergoing an elective/routine eye surgery
D. In a patient with a large tumour in the oral cavity
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. Recurrent corneal erosion syndrome
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Corneal sensations are decreased in all of the following conditions except:
###Options:
A. Recurrent corneal erosion syndrome
B. Herpetic keratitis
C. Neuroparalytic keratitis
D. Leprosy
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Snake eye appearance is resembled by occlusal view of which tooth
###Options:
A. Upper 1st premolar
B. Lower 1stpremolar
C. Upper 2nd premolar
D. Lower 2nd premolar
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Answer with the best option directly. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Answer- C. Keratoconjunctivitis siccaMC ocular manifestation of RA- Dry eye(Keratoconjunctivitis sicca).
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: What is the most common eye pathology in rheumatoid ahritis?
###Options:
A. Scleritis
B. Episcleritis
C. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
D. Anterior uveitis
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: The difference between the dioptric power needed to focus at near point (P) and far point (R) is called amplitude of accommodation (A). Thus A = P - R (P= dioptric power needed to see clearly at near point, R= dioptric power needed to see clearly at far point). Spherical aberration has nothing to do with accommodation. The amplitude of accommodation decreases throughout life from 14D at the age of 10 years to 6D at 40 years and almost 0D by the age of 60 years. Ref: Ophthalmology: Expe Consult By Myron Yanoff, Jay S. Duker, Jay S. Duker, 2009, Page 389 ; A K Khurana, 4th edition, Page 41
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which of the following is TRUE about amplitude of accommodation in a healthy individual?
###Options:
A. Is the difference between near point and far point
B. Is about 10 diopters in emmetropic eye
C. Increases as age advances
D. Changes with spherical aberration
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. Syphillis
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Conjunctival ulceration may suggest:
###Options:
A. Embedded foreign body
B. Tuberculosis
C. Syphillis
D. Syphillis
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. Diabetes mellitus
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: The commonest cause of rubeosis iridis is
###Options:
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Central retinal vein occlusion
C. Central retinal aery occlusion
D. Carotid stenosis
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Summary of blink reflex:Ipsilateral blinkContralateral blinkNormalPresentPresentFacial nerve lesionAbsentPresentTrigeminal nerve lesionAbsentAbsent
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which nerve lesion could produce the condition where stimulation of right cornea results in the blinking of the left eye but not the right eye?
###Options:
A. Left trigeminal
B. Left facial
C. Right trigeminal
D. Right facial
| As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Retinoblastoma spreads through?
###Options:
A. Vascular invasion
B. Direct invasion
C. Optic nerve
D. Lymphatic
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Answer with the best option directly. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Cavernous sinus thrombosis *Patient develops severe pain in the eye and forehead of the involved side. *Conjunctiva is swollen and congested. *Proptosis *Ptosis (due to 3rd N.Palsy) *Dilated pupil (due to 3rd N involvement ) *Retinal veins shows congestion. *Papilloedema *Fundus may be normal Ref: Khurana 7th/e p.428
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: All the following signs could result from infection with in the right cavernous sinus except-
###Options:
A. Constricted pupil in response to light
B. Engorgement of the retinal veins upon ophthalmoscopic examination
C. Ptosis of the right eyelid
D. Right ophthalmoplegia
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Horner syndrome due to sympathetic pathway to head and neck. *Brainstem,cervical pa of spinalcord or stellate ganglion are common site of lesion *Characterised by miosis,paial ptosis,anhydrosis,enophthalmos,hyperchromatic iris,flushing of face. Ref Harrison20th edition pg 2345
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Horner's syndrome. All true except
###Options:
A. Miosis
B. Anhydrosis
C. Hyperchromatic iris
D. Apparent exophthalmos
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Pupil
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Swinging flash light test is used to examine:
###Options:
A. Cornea
B. Pupil
C. Lens
D. Conjunctiva
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Posterior communicating aerycan give rise to aberry aneurysm, whichcompresses the 3rd cranial nerveand results in incomplete third nerve palsy. Acommunicating aerymay harbor berry aneurysm that impinge on theoptic chiasmacausing a bitemporal lower quadrantanopia. Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysmsare found in the territory of the lateral striate aeries and are the commonest cause of non-traumaticintra-parenchymal hemorrhage.
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A 40-year-old female graduate student had an excruciating headache. When she looked in the mirror, she noticed that her eyelid was drooping; when she lifted the eyelid, she saw that her eyeball was looking down and out and her pupil was huge. She complained of both blurred and double vision. An magnetic resonance angiogram scan showed an aneurysm of the cerebral aerial circle. Which aery gives rise to the offending aneurysm?
###Options:
A. Anterior choroidal
B. Anterior communicating
C. Charcot-Bouchard's
D. Posterior communicating
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'a' i.e., Blue sclera o Osteogenesis imperfecta, also known as brittle bone disease, is due to defective collagen type 1 synthesis.o It is inherited mostly as autosomal dominant but autosomal recessive pattern also seen in severe form. Clinical features of osteogenesis imperfecta# Blue sclera# Dentinogenesis imperfecta a Generalized osteoporosis# Osteoporosis given rise to bowing and multiple fractures. Fracture are usually due to trivial trauma but surprisingly heal well.# Other features: Deafness due to otosclerosis, joint laxity, dwarfism, broad skull, poorly calcified decidual teeth (Permanent teeth are normal).# Radiology shows wormian bones in the skull.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which of the below is a feature of Osteogenesis imperfecta?
###Options:
A. Blue sclera
B. Cataract
C. Anterior uveitis
D. Retinal detachment
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: A sterile immune ring (yellow line of demarcation)may be present where fungal antigen and host antibodies meet.Its a sign in fungal corneal ulcer Reference:Comprehensive ophthalmology,AK Khurana,6th edition,page no.106
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Immune ring is a feature of -
###Options:
A. Interstitial keratitis
B. Fungal corneal ulcer
C. Bacterial corneal ulcer
D. Herpes simplex keratitis
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Cherry red spot is an ophthalmoscopic finding caused by the abnormal accumulation of products like gangliosides in the ganglion layer of the retina. The absence of ganglion cells in the area gives rise to a cherry-red spot surrounded by white cells filled with storage material. As the cells sta to die, optic atrophy becomes visibly apparent. Cherry red spot is seen in: Berlin's oedema Gaucher's disease Tay sach's disease Neimann pick's disease Central retinal aery occlusion Ref: Ophthalmology By A.K Khurana, 4th Edition, Page 257, 478; Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine By Robe J. Hopkin, Gregory A. Grabowski, Chapter 355, Page 2452
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Examination of the fundus shows Cherry red spot in all of the following conditions, EXCEPT:
###Options:
A. Gaucher's disease
B. Tay Sach's disease
C. Niemann Pick Disease
D. Central retinal vein occlusion
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: *Corneal Reshaping procedures such as photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and Laser Assisted is Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) are performed by lasers in the ultraviolet wavelength of 193nm to 213 nm. The most commonly used laser for such procedures is the Argon Fluride Excimer Laser (ARF) with a length of 193nm. Ref: Yanoff 3rd/e p.43
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: The wavelength of laser {in nanometers} for shaping cornea in refractive surgery is-
###Options:
A. 193 nm
B. 451 nm
C. 532 nm
D. 1064nm
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Glaucoma
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A 66 year old presents to emergency with sudden onset severe pain, blurring vision in right eye. Examination reveals decreased visual acuity with shallow cornea, hazy cornea in the same eye.Eye has a stony hard consistency.Likely diagnosis is:
###Options:
A. Keratitis
B. Uveitis
C. Conjunctivitis
D. Glaucoma
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Fetal fissure is closed by 6th week Failure to close can lead to formation of coloboma(eg- pear shaped coloboma of iris,chorioretinal coloboma i)
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Fetal /choroidal fissure is closed by which week of gestation
###Options:
A. 3rd week
B. 4th week
C. 6th week
D. 8th week
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Clinical types of after cataract(secondary cataract). After cataract may present as thickened posterior capsule, or dense membranous after cataract or Soemmering's ring which refers to a thick ring of after cataract formed behind the iris, enclosed between the two layers of capsule or Elschnig's pearls in which the vacuolated subcapsular epithelial cells are clustered like soap bubbles along the posterior capsule. REF IMG
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Elschnig's pearls is seen in -
###Options:
A. Wilson's disease
B. Secondary cataract
C. Complicated cataract
D. Congenital cataract
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Battle sign Battle's sign (or mastoid echymosis) is bruising or ecchymiosis over the mastoids (i.e. behind the ear). Seen in pterous temporal bone base-of-skull fracture. Raccoon's sign or periorbital ecchymosis is seen in subgaleal haemorrhage (d/t frontal trauma)
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Base of the skul fracture presents with invovlement of the petrous temporal bone, which of the following impoant sign is seen -
###Options:
A. Subconjuctival hematoma
B. CSF rhinorrhoea
C. Raccoon eyes
D. Battle sign
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans: A ( floor of the orbit) Ref: Basok Essentials of ophthalmology 5th edition, pg no 421: kanski 7th edition clinical ophthalmology, pg no 873- 874Explanation:Blow out fracture of orbit:Caused by a sudden increase in the orbital pressure by an impacting object of size > 5cm like tennis ball or fist.The fracture usually involves the floor of the orbit, along the thin bone covering the infra orbital canal.Two types:Pure Blow Out fracture does not involve the orbital rim or the other bonesImpure Form involves other bonesSymptoms:Diplopia - due to the entrapment of muscle into the fracture , intraorbital hemorrhage or injury to the muscle itselfDouble Diplopia - Diplopia in both upgaze & downgaze due to entrapment of both Inferior rectus (Depression) & inferior oblique (Elevation)Periocular ecchymosis & edemaEnophthalmosInfraorbital nerve anaesthesia Investigations: X-ray (WATER'S view) - kTear Drop Sign ' because of the protruding orbital tissue from the floor if the orbit into the maxillary antrum.Management:Conserv ative management with antibiotics & anti inflammatory drugsOrbital floor repair with bone graft, silicone plate within 2 weeksIndications:Fracture involving > one third of the floorPersisting diplopiaEnophthalmos > 2mmBlow-In Fracture:Sudden rise of pressure in the maxillary antrum due to trauma to the face with subsequent elevation of bone fragments into the orbit.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Tear drop sign: (Repeat)
###Options:
A. floor of orbit
B. Retinoblastoma
C. Dry eyes
D. Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Tibialis posterior is the deepest and most centrally located muscle in the deep posterior compament of the leg. It arises from the upper posterior aspect of tibia, fibula and interosseous membrane and passes medially deep to the flexor retinaculum. Its tendons flares and inses into the navicular, tarsal bones, and bases of the second, to fouh metatarsals. Flexor retinaculum is a thick band of deep fascia on the medial aspect of the ankle Medial calcaneal nerve and medial calcaneal aery pierce the retinaculum. Structures passing below it from above down are: Tibialis posterior tendon Flexor digitorum longus tendon Flexor hallucis longus tendon Posterior tibial aery Tibial nerve.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Among the following, the structure that passes deep to the flexor retinaculum is?
###Options:
A. Tibialis anterior
B. Tibialis posterior
C. Peroneus brevis
D. Peroneus longus
| As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: (D) Pontine haemorrhage # Pupil in Acute congestive glaucoma - mid dilated, vertically oval non-reacting Absolute glaucoma -dilated pupil with painful, blind eye Acute cunjuctivitis - normal briskly reading Acute anterior uveitis -small irregular & sluggishly reacting
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Dilated pupil is seen in all of the follow ing EXCEPT
###Options:
A. Papillitis
B. Optic atrophy
C. Acute glaucoma
D. Pontine haemorrhage
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. A: Chalcosis Sunflower cataract is associated with deposition of copper Chalcosis lentis/ Copper cataract/ Sunflower cataract A cataract caused by excessive intraocular copper. May be due to intraocular, copper containing foreign bodies Copper deposits in Descemet membrane, vitreous, internal limiting membrane of the retina, and fibrous capsule around the foreign bodies could be demonstrated by rhodanine, rubeanic acid, and alizarin blue stains Eyes with foreign bodies containing more than 85% copper tended to show more disseminated copper deposits. Eyes with alloy containing less than 85% copper showed more localized deposits of copper.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Sunflower cataract is associated with: September 2011
###Options:
A. Chalcosis
B. Juvenile diabetes mellitus
C. Down syndrome
D. Trauma
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. Anterior surface of cornea
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Maximum refractive power is due to the
###Options:
A. Anterior surface of lens
B. Posterior surface of lens
C. Anterior surface of cornea
D. Posterior surface of cornea
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: B i.e. Age of 15 years LASIK is done in non progressive myopia i.e. the patient > 18 years and refraction stable for 18 months.Q It can correct 4 D of hypermetropia, 5 D of astigmatism and 12 D of myopia.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A lady wants LASIK surgery for her daughter. She asks for your opinion. All the following things are suitable for performing LASIK surgery except:
###Options:
A. Myopia of 4 Diopters
B. Age of 15 years
C. Stable refraction for 1 year
D. Corneal thickness of 600 microns
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Oval cells are seen in the stem cells of
###Options:
A. Skin
B. Cornea
C. Liver
D. Bone
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Answer with the best option directly. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Leaves orbit through inferior orbital fissure Ophthalmic aery does not leave the orbit. It terminates near the medial angle of eye by dividing into supratrochlear and dorsal nasal branches.It lies along with optic nerve in a common dural sheath.It supplies anterior ethmoidal sinus by its anterior ethmoidal branch.Central aery to retina (branch of ophthalmic aery) is an end aery.
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which of the following is wrong regarding ophthalmic aery
###Options:
A. Present in dura along with optic nerve
B. Supplies anterior ethmoidal sinus
C. Aery to retina is end aery
D. Leaves orbit through inferior orbital fissure
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasia type II (aka macular telangiectasia) is a rare idiopathic condition that is characterized by telangiectatic vessels in the juxtafoveolar region, most commonly temporal to the fovea, of both eyes. ... OCT will show subfoveal cystoid spaces without cystoid macular edema. Ref AK khurana 6/e
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: All of the following statements are true about Juxtafoveal Retinal Telangiectasias, Except -
###Options:
A. Variant of Coat's disease
B. Associated with telangiectasias in the macula
C. Associated with structurally abnormal Retinal Vessels
D. Associated with peripheral telangiectasias
| As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: lamellar cataract - opacities in the foetal nucleus and which are small linear like spokes of a wheel towards the equator. Cataracta centralis pulverulenta - small rounded opacity lying exactly in the centre of the lens. Coronary cataract - opacities are often many hundreds in number and have a regular radial distribution in the periphery of lens encircling the central axis. posterior polar cataract - small circular circumscribed opacity involving the posterior pole.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: An infant present with bilateral white pupillary reflex. On slit lamp examination a zone of opacity is observed arround the fetal nucleus with spoke like radial opacities. The most likely diagnosis is-
###Options:
A. Cataracta Centralis Pulverulenta
B. Lamellar cataract
C. Coronary cataract
D. Posterior polar cataract
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'b' i.e., Cloboma iris Pierre Robin syndrome consists of - Micrognatnia Fore shoened floor of mouth CHDs Cleft palate or high arched palate Mandibular hypoplasia (Micrognathia) Respiratory obstruction Normal size tongue
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: The following is not a feature of pierre - Robin syndrome -
###Options:
A. Hearing defect
B. Coloboma Iris
C. Respiratory distress
D. Mandibular hypoplasia
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Cat eye syndrome Defect in chromosome number 22 sho arm (p) and a small section of the long arm (q) of chromosome 22 is present 3-4 times instead of the usual 2 times. C/F: Unilateral/bilateral iris coloboma Anal atresia Cleft palate Sho stature Hernias Renal abnormalities
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Cat eye syndrome is:
###Options:
A. Trisomy 13
B. Trisomy 18
C. Trisomy 21
D. Trisomy 22
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: The child has the most common variant (type I) of osteogenesis imperfecta, which is an autosomal dominant genetic defect in the synthesis of type I collagen, due to decreased synthesis of the procollagen alpha1(1) amino acid chain. This defect (unlike that of the perinatal, lethal, type II form of osteogenesis imperfecta) is compatible with survival, but does cause skeletal fragility, dentinogenesis imperfecta (abnormal teeth), blue sclera, joint laxity, and hearing impairment. Unfounately, a number of families with this defect have had their children removed because of "abuse," only to find that the broken bones continue in the new environment. Type I collagen is found in skin, bone, tendons, and most other organs. Type II collagen is found in cailage and vitreous humor. Type III collagen is found in blood vessels, uterus, and skin. Type IV collagen makes basement membranes. Ref: Barbul A., Efron D.T. (2010). Chapter 9. Wound Healing. In F.C. Brunicardi, D.K. Andersen, T.R. Billiar, D.L. Dunn, J.G. Hunter, J.B. Matthews, R.E. Pollock (Eds), Schwaz's Principles of Surgery, 9e.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Radiographic studies of a 2 year old child brought to an emergency room reveal a new fracture of the humerus and evidence of multiple old fractures in ribs and long bones of the extremities. A social worker wants to initiate prosecution of the parents for child abuse, but an ale emergency room physician notices that, despite the broken arm, the toddler shows minimal bruising. A very careful, directed, physical examination reveals that the toddler has "peculiar teeth," a blue tinge to the sclera, and unusually mobile joints. The disease that the physician suspects the child has is characterized by an abnormality of which of the following biochemical functions?
###Options:
A. Collagen type I synthesis
B. Collagen type II synthesis
C. Collagen type III synthesis
D. Collagen type IV synthesis
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is A Cerleti and Bini discovered electro convulsive therapy (ECT) Unilateral ECT is safer than the bilateral ECT, but the bilateral ECT is superior to unilateral ECT in effectiveness. Direct ECT is given in absence of muscle relaxant and G.A. and is only rarely used. Modified ECT is given with drug (suxamethonium) induced muscle relaxation and anaesthesia (thiopentone sodium). Indication of ECT Major severe depression With suicidal risk (first and most important indication for ECT) With stupor With poor intake of and food Severe catatonia (functional) With stupor With poor intake of fluid and food Severe psychosis (schizophrenia or mania) With risk of suicide, homicide or danger of physical assault Organic mental disorders Medical Disorders Organic catatonia Hypopituitarism Intractable seizure disorder Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Parkinsonism Some other indications of ECT Acute schizophrenic episode Postpartum psychosis Mania in I st trimester pregnancy Delirium tremens Bipolar mood disorder Depressive stupor Contraindications of ECT Absolute contraindication * None Relative contraindications a. Raised intracranial tension b. Recent myocardial infarction c. Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) Pregnancy and epilepsy are not contra indication of ECT Side effects of ECT Headache, bodyache and vomiting Confusion Amnesia (anterograde and retrograde both) Death (due to ECT is because of myocardial infarction).
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Relative contraindication of ECT is -
###Options:
A. Raised Intra-Cranial Tension
B. Vascular Dementia
C. Diabetic Retinopathy
D. Peripheral Neuropathy
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A patient has IDDM diagnosed at age of 15 years. The most reliable indicator for diabetic nephropathy is -
###Options:
A. Urine albumin <50 mg per day in 3 consecutive samples
B. Urinary protein >550 mg per day for 3 consecutive samples
C. Development of diabetic retinopathy
D. Hematuria
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Answer with the best option directly. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: In complicated cataract 'polychromatic luster'ie., appearance of iridescent coloured paicles of reds, greens and blue is a very characteristic sign (Rainbow cataract). IMG REF
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Polychromatic lusture is seen in-
###Options:
A. Complicated cataract
B. Diabetes mellitus
C. Post radiation cataract
D. Congenital cataract
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Hallpike test is done for -
###Options:
A. Vestibular function
B. Corneal test
C. Cochlear function
D. Audiometry
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Answer with the best option directly. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. D. 10Ideally it should have been 9NT according to the new update but this question was based on the old concept of verbal score being considered as one in an intubated patient. So the answer would be 9T or 10.
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A patient had a road traffic accident and was put on mechanical ventilation. He is opening his eyes on verbal command and is able to move all his 4 limbs spontaneously. What will be his GCS score?
###Options:
A. 12
B. 11
C. 9
D. 10
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: *LDH of aqueous humor is often used as a marker for retinoblastoma. Ref: Khurana 7th/e p.314.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Increased LDH in Aqueous Humor suggest a diagnosis of-
###Options:
A. Galactosemia
B. Retinoblastoma
C. Glaucoma
D. Gyrate atrophy
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: A left homonymous hemianopsia can be caused by a lesion in the right optic tract or the right side of the brain. With a tract lesion, the pupillary reflex is lost if light is only projected from the blind hemifield; the pupil reacts when the lesion is posterior to the geniculate body in the optic radiations or occipital lobe. Transient homonymous hemianopsia may occur with migraine. Ref: LeBlond R.F., DeGowin R.L., Brown D.D. (2009). Chapter 7. The Head and Neck. In R.F. LeBlond, R.L. DeGowin, D.D. Brown (Eds), DeGowin's Diagnostic Examination, 9e.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Lesion at which pa of visual pathway causes homonymous hemianopia?
###Options:
A. Optic tract
B. Optic nerve
C. Optic Chiasma
D. Retina
| As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Graves' disease is the most common cause of hypehyroidism in a young female and is the only one that causes exophthalmos ("bulging of both eyes"). Grave's disease is an autoimmune disorder in which a thyroid-stimulating IgG immunoglobulin (TSI) binds to the TSH receptors causing increased release of thyroid hormone. The exophthalmos is caused by lymphocytic infiltration of the extraocular muscles. Hashimoto's thyroiditis results in hypothyroidism and is associated with a diffusely enlarged thyroid gland and antimicrosomal antibodies against the thyroid parenchyma. Multinodular toxic goiter causes hypehyroidism, but does not result in exophthalmos. Papillary carcinoma will only very rarely present as a hypersecreting nodule. Most cases will be nonsecreting, cold nodules. There is no exophthalmos. This is the most common thyroid cancer and has the best prognosis of all thyroid cancers. Ref: Cooper D.S., Ladenson P.W. (2011). Chapter 7. The Thyroid Gland. In D.G. Gardner, D. Shoback (Eds), Greenspan's Basic & Clinical Endocrinology, 9e.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A 25 year old female presents with a 12 month history of palpitations, intermittent diarrhea, anxiety, and a 1-month history of "bulging of both eyes." What is the most likely cause of her symptoms?
###Options:
A. Graves' disease
B. Hashimoto's thyroiditis
C. Multinodular toxic goiter
D. Papillary carcinoma
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Optic nerve
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Homonymus hemianopia may be seen in lesion of all of the following, except:
###Options:
A. Optic nerve
B. Optic chiasma
C. Optic tract
D. Optic radiation
| As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. Inhibition of anaerobic glycolysis
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Ionic pump in corneal endothelium is necessary for maintaining deturgescence of the cornea and thus transparency. It can be blocked by:
###Options:
A. Inhibition of anaerobic glycolysis
B. Activation of anaerobic glycolysis
C. Inhibition of Kreb's cycle
D. Inhibition of HMP pathway
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Lesions of optic tract: These are characterised by incongruous homonymous hemianopia associated with contralateral hemianopic pupillary reaction (Wernicke's reaction). These lesions usually lead to paial descending optic atrophy and may be associated with contralateral third nerve paralysis and ipsilateral hemiplegia. Common causes of optic tract lesions: Include syphilitic meningitis or gumma, tuberculosis and tumours of optic thalamus and aneurysms of superior cerebellar or posterior cerebral aeries. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-290
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Wernicke&;s hemianopic pupillary reaction indicates lesions at the level of
###Options:
A. Distal pa of optic nerve
B. Optic tract
C. Optic chiasma
D. Optic radiation
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
Subsets and Splits