def _norm_factor(p, k):
 p = asarray(p, dtype=complex)
 def G(w):
  '\n        Gain of filter\n        '
  return abs((k / prod(((1j * w) - p))))
 def cutoff(w):
  '\n        When gain = -3 dB, return 0\n        '
  return (G(w) - (1 / np.sqrt(2)))
 return optimize.newton(cutoff, 1.5)

def _norm_factor ( p , k ) : p = asarray ( p , dtype = complex ) def G ( w ) : return abs ( ( k / prod ( ( ( 1j * w ) - p ) ) ) ) def cutoff ( w ) : return ( G ( w ) - ( 1 / np . sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) return optimize . newton ( cutoff , 1.5 )
numerically find frequency shift to apply to delay-normalized filter such that -3 db point is at 1 rad/sec .