def cat(fname, fallback=_DEFAULT, binary=True):
 try:
  with (open_binary(fname) if binary else open_text(fname)) as f:
   return f.read()
 except IOError:
  if (fallback != _DEFAULT):
   return fallback
  else:
   raise

def cat ( fname , fallback = _DEFAULT , binary = True ) : try : with ( open_binary ( fname ) if binary else open_text ( fname ) ) as f : return f . read ( ) except IOError : if ( fallback != _DEFAULT ) : return fallback else : raise
specifies detailed configuration for a chart attribute that uses categoricals .