The results, released Tuesday, suggest that even as financial institutions implement more sophisticated fraud-mitigation techniques, they have not been keeping pace with criminals. The challenges are particularly acute at smaller banks and credit unions, which comprised a majority of the survey’s respondents.

Still, the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, which conducted the survey, said that its findings provide valuable insights about the usefulness of various fraud-fighting tools.

Of the banks and credit unions that participated, 63 percent said that fraud losses on signature-based debit cards were higher in 2016 than they were a year earlier, while only 15 percent said that losses were lower.

Similarly, 50 percent of the respondents said that fraud losses on PIN-based debit cards increased in 2016, while only 12 percent said that they decreased.

When asked about credit cards, 41 percent of the financial institutions said that losses rose, while 16 percent said they fell.

The survey found that when financial institutions were asked about paper checks, wire transfers, and prepaid cards, they were also more likely to report higher losses than lower losses.

The only exception to the trend was fraud involving funds credited to accounts using the automated clearing house network. Only 2 percent of survey respondents said that type of fraud increased in 2016, while 4 percent said that it decreased.