This post describes the C++ Badge template used to enhance member function access control in Serenity Operating System.

C++ divides class member functions into three separate categories for access control. Let’s review them quickly:

Public members: Accessible to everyone, these make up the public interface of the class.

Protected members: Accessible to the class itself and its derived classes.

Private members: Accessible only to the class itself.

An outsider class or function can also be declared as a friend. This gives that outsider VIP access to all the private parts of the class.

Sometimes you find yourself adding an interface to a class that’s only meant for a specific outsider to use. Let’s use an example from the VFS (virtual file system) class in Serenity:

class VFS { ... public: void register_device ( Device & ); void unregister_device ( Device & ); };

These functions are called by all Device objects when they are constructed and destroyed respectively. They allow the VFS to keep track of the available device objects so they can be opened through files in the /dev directory.

Now, nobody except Device should ever be calling VFS::register_device() or VFS::unregister_device() , but since the functions are public members of VFS , anyone with a Device& can call them.

A common technique for preventing others from accessing these functions would be making them private and adding Device as a friend of VFS :

class VFS { ... private: friend class Device ; void register_device ( Device & ); void unregister_device ( Device & ); };

This prevents outsiders except Device from calling those functions, but it also means that Device now has full access to the private parts of VFS which is not great. Classes having full friend access to each other has a tendency to lead to overly comfortable access patterns.

Here’s the solution I’ve used for this in Serenity:

class VFS { ... public: void register_device ( Badge < Device > , Device & ); void unregister_device ( Badge < Device > , Device & ); };

The interfaces are public, but now you have to provide a Badge<Device> if you want to call them. A Badge<Device> is a simple, empty object that can only be constructed by Device . It works like this:

template < typename T > class Badge { friend T ; Badge () {} };

Basically, a Badge<T> is an empty class with a private constructor, and the only one who can call the constructor is their best friend, T .

In the Device constructor, the code to call VFS::register_device() looks like this:

Device :: Device () { VFS :: the (). register_device ({}, * this ); }

That little {} constructs an empty Badge and we’re allowed to make the call.

Final note: The name Badge refers to how the caller has to show their identification badge before being allowed into the function. :^)

Until next time!