Maghemite functionalization for antitumor drug vehiculization.
In this paper we describe the preparation and characterization of magnetic nanocomposites designed for applications in targeted drug delivery. Combining superparamagnetic behavior with proper surface functionalization in a single entity makes it possible to have altogether controlled location and drug loading, and release capabilities. The colloidal vehicles consist of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) cores surrounded by a gold shell through an intermediate silica coating. The external Au layer confers the particles a high degree of biocompatibility and reactive sites for the transported drug binding. In addition, it permits to take advantage of the strong optical resonance, making it easy to visualize the particles or even control their payload release through temperature changes. The results of the analysis of relaxivity demonstrate that these nanostructures can be used as T2 contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but the magnetic cores will be mainly useful in manipulating the particles using external magnetic fields. We describe how optical absorbance and electrokinetic data provide a followup of the progress of the nanostructure formation. Additionally, these techniques, together with confocal microscopy, are employed to demonstrate that the component nanoparticles are capable of loading significant amounts of the antitumor drug doxorubicin, very efficient in the chemotherapy of a wide range of tumors. Colon adenocarcinoma cells were used to test the in vitro release capabilities of the drug-loaded nanocomposites.