Q:

Can I have Gmail overwrite a known email with my contact info when a name is not supplied?

I have to admit I was a little confused when I asked this question, as I thought that it was my Gmail where names and email addresses were connected.
But of course, it's not the local Gmail client that attaches a name to an email for display when receiving, it's whether or not the sender has a name attached to their email, as explained in the answer.
Okay... but, can I set Gmail up in a way so that it will replace a known email address with the name I have for them in my contacts in situations when someone sends me an email with no name set? Or, even better, over rides their name with the one I have set in any case (since I think of them by the name I have set, not what they have set)?
This is standard practise when it comes to phone numbers - when someone calls my Android phone, I see the name that I have set in my contact list. Hopefully this could be done with emails as well.

A:

Currently still no, and probably never. The name that is displayed when you receive an email is the name embedded into that emails from:header.  BUT there are two workarounds that I can think of, hopefully one will help you!

Use Filters
One workaround solution is to filter the email address and apply a label to it. This can help if their name is causing any confusion (eg. I have 4 people called Mike)
The Pros of using this is that it will sync across all your computers and devices.

Use a Script
There is a script called DisplayName gmail that takes the contacts name (the one you have set in your contacts list) and displays that instead of their from: name.
You will need to install tampermonkey (Chrome) or greasemonkey (Firefox) and then you can install the script DisplayName gmail (tested and working with chrome). 
The cons of using a script is that its not going to work across multiple computers - you would need to install the script on each computer you use. And this also work on your phone.

