Magnesium and calciprotein particles in vascular calcification: the good cop and the bad cop.
Vascular calcification is a major contributor to increased cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recently, calciprotein particles (CPP) were identified to drive the calcification process. CPP may explain the effects of high phosphate on vascular calcification. Magnesium is a promising novel therapeutic approach to halt vascular calcification, because it inhibits CPP maturation and is associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality in CKD. We aim to examine the current evidence for the role of CPP in the calcification process and to explain how magnesium prevents calcification. A recent meta-analysis concluded that reducing high phosphate levels in CKD patients does not associate with lowering cardiovascular mortality. Inhibition of CPP formation prevents phosphate-induced calcification in vitro. Consequently, delaying CPP formation and maturation may be a clinical approach to reduce calcification. Magnesium inhibits CPP maturation and vascular calcification. Clinical pilot studies suggest that magnesium is a promising intervention strategy against calcification in CKD patients. CPP induce vascular calcification and are modulated by serum phosphate and magnesium concentrations. Magnesium is a strong inhibitor of CPP maturation and therefore, a promising therapeutic approach to reduce vascular calcification in CKD. Currently, several studies are being performed to determine the clinical outcomes of magnesium supplementation in CKD.