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My Cabinet colleagues, Excellencies and distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, This year marks Singapore's 60th year of independence. Back in 1965, few believed that we would make it. We were a small city-state with no natural resources, no hinterland, no means of defence. The odds were stacked against us.
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But step by step, we defied expectations. We overcame challenges and built Singapore today as a vibrant, modern and globally respected nation. So this SG60 year is really a time for us to reflect, to look back on how far we have come
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and importantly to look ahead and chart the way forward in a rapidly changing world. To understand our journey, we must first understand the global environment in which our nation was forged. Singapore's success did not happen in a vacuum.
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For much of the past 60 years, we thrived in a post-World War II rules-based international order, one that was shaped and underwritten by American leadership. After the Second World War II, the US took an extraordinary approach for a victorious power. It supported decolonisation, paving the way for the independence of many nations in Africa and Asia.
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It helped to rebuild the economies of its defeated enemies, Germany and Japan, and it launched the Marshall Plan to help Western Europe get back on its feet. It established global institutions like the United Nations, the IMF and the World Bank, and GATT and later on the WTO. It championed free trade and open markets. All this promoted an international system of rules and norms that enabled global cooperation.
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It created space for smaller nations like Singapore to participate meaningfully in world affairs and to benefit from global trade and development. America pursued these efforts out of its own enlightened self-interest. Because having been dragged into two world wars, it was determined to prevent another global conflict.
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And it believed that applying its power to uphold such a global order, it could foster peace and prosperity, not just for the world, but also for itself. During the Cold War, the US took decisive steps to stem the tide of communism. Its intervention in Vietnam gave Southeast Asia and Singapore the time and space we needed to develop and grow.
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The Vietnam War remains controversial. And so what we say about it may not be universally accepted, even in America itself. But Singapore is profoundly grateful for the tremendous sacrifices the US made intervening in Indochina at that time. Then when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, the US stood alone as a sole superpower.
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Its leadership and security umbrella maintained peace and stability in Asia and created an environment in which countries like Singapore could flourish and thrive. Of course, things were not perfect. From time to time, America was criticised for double standards and inconsistency. But by and large, it remained a force for stability and a force for good.
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It is in this international context that Singapore took flight. Back in 1972, Mr Rajaratnam envisioned Singapore as a global city, one that would, quote, draw sustenance not only from the region, but also from the international economic system.
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This vision flourished because of the global environment of cooperation, rules and stability, and because Singapore chose to plug into this global system. Today, very unfortunately, this international order is freeing. The conditions that sustain it no longer hold. Within America, support for global engagement has declined.
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Many Americans feel left behind by globalisation. Their communities have suffered job losses, stagnant wages, and social dislocation. There is a growing sense that other countries are benefiting disproportionately from America's security umbrella and access to its markets, while contributing little in return.
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The long and costly wars in Afghanistan and Iraq after 9-11 have deepened public weariness towards foreign entanglements. And the shocks from the global financial crisis of 2008 and the COVID pandemic have caused further disruptions and dislocations.
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So, there is now a strong and growing impulse within America to turn inward, to focus on its own domestic priorities, and to scale back costly overseas commitments. This shift is evident under the current American administration.
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The US Secretary of State Marco Rubio himself highlighted that the unique role of the US was an anomaly and a product of the end of the Cold War. It was an anomaly and a product of the end of the Cold War. But this sentiment is not limited to one party alone.
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It reflects deeper structural changes in American society, that the US can no longer afford to lead the world in resolving every problem. And it now needs to cut back on what it does abroad. So, this may not just be a temporary change in policy. This could reflect the new normal in the US for some time to come.
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At the same time, China has emerged as a near-peer competitor of the US. China has benefited immensely from this US-led order. And today, a new generation of Chinese, raised in an era of rapid growth and national revival, believe that the East is rising and the West is declining.
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They are also more assertive, determined to correct the perceived humiliations of the past and to secure what they see as China's rightful place in the world. America and China are now locked in a fierce contest for global supremacy. Neither country wants open conflict. But there is deep mistrust and suspicion on both sides.
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Miscalculations, especially over flashpoints like Taiwan, could trigger a broader and more dangerous escalation. Both powers claim they do not wish to force countries to choose sides. But in reality, each seeks to draw others closer into their respective orbits.
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This rivalry is already reshaping our world and will continue to define the geopolitical landscape for years to come. So we are in the midst of a messy transition globally. To what? Nobody can tell. America is stepping back from its traditional role as the guarantor of order and the world's policeman.
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But neither China nor any other country is willing or able to fill the vacuum. So nations are turning inward, prioritising their own narrow interests. The once rising tide of global cooperation that defined the past decades is giving way to one of growing competition and distrust. And as a result, the world is becoming more fragmented and disorderly.
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Amidst these geopolitical realities, countries everywhere are reexamining their strategic assumptions and recalibrating their policies. In Europe, many were surprised by America's ambiguity on security guarantees for Ukraine and NATO and its uneven treatment of allies and partners.
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There is palpable anxiety over reliance on US military support. And European countries are fundamentally rethinking their defence postures. France has raised the idea of extending its nuclear umbrella to other European partners, for example. Poland has expressed interest in acquiring access to nuclear weapons. And Germany's Bundestag has voted to exempt defence spending from its fiscal rules.
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These are not minor shifts. They reflect a deeper and more fundamental realisation in Europe that the post-Cold War peace dividend is over, and Europe must now reinvest in its own defence and resilience. In Asia, these developments are being watched just as closely.
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Former Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida once warned that Ukraine today may be East Asia tomorrow. That warning carries greater weight and urgency today. The abrupt recalibration in American support for Europe has prompted Asian countries to question the durability of America's commitment to the region.
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In his first trip to Asia, the US Secretary of Defence Pete Hexhev sought to reassure regional partners. He said, and I quote, America first does not mean America alone, and that the US would prioritise and shift to Asia in a way that is unprecedented, and establish the deterrence necessary to prevent war.
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Even so, countries will take steps to strengthen their own capabilities, just in case help does not arrive in time. They will remember that President Obama once declared that the US was rebalancing towards Asia, but this stance was not sustained in subsequent US administrations.
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So, that is why in both Japan and South Korea, public debate over defence has intensified. There are calls to bolster deterrence, including through enhanced missile and air defences, and even discussions once considered taboo about acquiring nuclear weapons. What was once unthinkable is now openly contemplated.
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So, all this marks a major psychological shift across the region. And if these trends persist, it could reshape Asia's strategic balance in fundamental ways, leading to heightened military build-up, riskier deterrence postures, and a more brittle regional security environment.
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Alongside growing geopolitical unease, we are seeing growing turbulence in the international economic system. There is a well-known adage in international economics about the trilemma between economic interdependence, economic security, and geopolitical competition.
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Only two can coexist at the same time, but not all three. So, after the end of the Cold War, geopolitical tensions subsided. Hence, countries could embrace interdependence while maintaining a broad sense of economic security. Today, geopolitical competition has returned with a vengeance.
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The major powers no longer feel economically secure. So, something has got to give. And where economic interdependence was once seen as a virtue, it is now seen as a vulnerability. And therefore, governments are responding by localising production, building up self-sufficiency, and reasserting greater control over critical supply chains and strategic industries.
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Economic instruments like tariffs, export controls and sanctions are being used, not for market purposes, but as instruments of statecraft to advance national interest. These trends are not new, but they have reached a new intensity with the latest US tariff moves. The US has since postponed most of its reciprocal tariffs. But there is little comfort in this.
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Because the current baseline tariff rates are still much higher than what they used to be, and the changes have already caused great uncertainty for businesses everywhere. No company can comfortably plan long-term investments while knowing that the tariff rates could be changed at a moment's notice. Moreover, the US and China are entering a full-blown tariff trade war.
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The US tariffs on Chinese goods are now 145%. And China has responded, as all of you know, with tariffs on US goods at 125% and vowed to fight to the end. At these rates, trading between the two countries will just grind to a halt. And the pain will be felt not just by them, but by countries everywhere.
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For now, neither side wants to back down. There are no obvious off-ramps, no easy paths to de-escalate. And the deterioration of trade ties will accelerate the decoupling of the two economies. What we are witnessing is the remaking of the global economy not as one integrated system, but increasingly as bifurcated ecosystems centred around America and China.
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And as economic ties fray, other aspects of the US-China relationship will come under greater strain. Trust will erode further. Tensions will rise across multiple domains. I have just shared what I think is sobering, but a realistic assessment of our concerns happening globally.
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For a small, open economy like Singapore, these global developments are deeply worrying. Our prosperity has depended on a stable, rules-based global order and the free flow of trade, capital, people and ideas. As the old order phrase, a new one will eventually emerge.
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It is likely to be more multipolar, less coordinated and more contested. It will not be shaped by the grand designs of a single superpower, nor by a harmonious concord of all the major powers, but more by the actions and choices of many different players.
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And despite our limitations as a small state, we cannot afford to be a passive bystander in this evolving landscape. Instead, we must respond with agility and resolve and actively shape our own destiny. And Singapore today is not without agency. We are better resourced, more capable, more connected than we were in 1965. We have forged strong friendships around the world.
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The Singapore brand is well regarded, and we enjoy a deep reservoir of international goodwill. More importantly, we are not alone. There are many like-minded countries that share our commitment to an open, stable and rules-based global system. So we can and we will deepen and expand our networks with them. And together, we can preserve the multilateral frameworks that matter,
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and lay the groundwork now for a more stable global order that can emerge in the years ahead. And it is with that in mind that we will move forward on three key trusts. First, we will contribute actively to the stewardship of the global commons. Because many of the world's most pressing challenges from AI governance and climate change to future pandemics
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require more global cooperation, not less. And when we say we support international law and multilateralism, we are not just hoping for the best. We are actively working to make things happen. We understand that our interests as a small state are best protected when rules apply equally to all. And we take concrete steps to uphold these rules.
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So Singapore has consistently played a constructive role in multilateral forums, not by grandstanding but by building consensus and finding solutions. Most recently, our ambassador, Rena Lee, led the successful UN negotiations on the High Seas Treaty on Biodiversity, a landmark agreement that strengthens global governance over marine areas beyond national jurisdiction.
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It is a remarkable achievement and it shows that despite a fraught geopolitical environment, it is still possible for the world to come together to find consensus. We have nominated Rena as a candidate to serve as a judge at the International Court of Justice. It is a reflection of our continued commitment to the rule of law in international affairs.
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Singapore can also serve as an incubator for practical ideas and initiatives. For example, during the COVID pandemic, we founded and co-chaired the Friends of COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access or COVAX facility to promote vaccine multilateralism. More recently, we launched the Financing Asia's Transition Partnership or FastP.
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This is a blended finance platform aimed at mobilising private capital to support Asia's decarbonisation. Given our developmental journey, we can also do more to support other countries' development, by sharing our experience. Our approach is centred on supporting human capital development, which we believe is the fundamental ingredient for any country's success.
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And we do this through curated training programmes and study visits to build capacity and to catalyse change. And we have been able to make an impact. Since 1992, the Singapore Cooperation Programme has benefited more than 155,000 officials from over 180 countries, territories and intergovernmental organisations.
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We will do more in these challenging times. And that is why we have established a new Development Partnership Unit in MFA to coordinate efforts across government agencies in Singapore, strengthen collaborations and focus on areas where Singapore can make a meaningful impact. We will continue to focus on Southeast Asia, which is our region,
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but we will also set aside more resources for partners further afield in Africa, the Middle East, Latin America, the Pacific and the Caribbean. And we will expand our work in new domains like the digital economy and renewable energy. Through these efforts, we hope to be a responsible stakeholder that helps shape a more stable, resilient and inclusive global environment.
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Second, we will champion deeper regional cohesion and integration. ASEAN remains central to Singapore's foreign policy. In a fragmented world, regional unity matters more than ever. If ASEAN can stay cohesive and proactive, it will help all 10 members navigate geopolitical tensions and maintain our collective relevance.
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As Mr S Rajaratnam once said at the founding of ASEAN, if we do not hang together, we will end up hanging separately. ASEAN's economic integration has come a long way. Combined, we are now the world's fifth largest economy and we have managed to make the ASEAN free trade area virtually tariff-free. Virtually, not yet 100%. So there is still some way to go.
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These gains have already benefited our citizens and businesses. But we cannot and we should not stop here. We have to accelerate our integration efforts. We should aim for 100% tariff elimination across the region and boost intra-ASEAN trade. And we should further reduce non-tariff barriers to make it easier for businesses to operate across ASEAN.
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We should also conclude the ASEAN Digital Economy Framework Agreement and upgrade our FTAs with key partners like China, India and the Republic of Korea. We should also accelerate the development of the ASEAN power grid by facilitating cross-border electricity trade.
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The grid will help our region to transition faster to green energy, draw in new investments, create better jobs and strengthen our collective energy security. Beyond our immediate neighbourhood, ASEAN has over the decades built an open and inclusive regional architecture. Through forums like the East Asia Summit, we bring all the major powers to the same table and give them a stake in our region's success.
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Complementing the EAS, we have the ASEAN outlook on the Indo-Pacific. This emphasises openness, inclusivity and cooperation. It explicitly rejects zero-sum competition or dominance by any single power. So Singapore will work with the Malaysian Chair of ASEAN and our EAS partners
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to translate the AOIP's vision into concrete projects and initiatives. We hope this will bolster the relevance of ASEAN and the EAS. And when Singapore takes over the ASEAN Chair in 2027, which will also mark ASEAN's 60th anniversary,
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we will use the opportunity to deepen regional integration and ensure that ASEAN remains a vital and credible anchor for peace and prosperity in Asia. Thirdly, we will strengthen our global network of partnerships. In this increasingly multipolar world, we must develop more varied and deeper relations with multiple partners,
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because the more connected we are, the more resilient we will be, and the better we can navigate uncertainty and withstand shocks. Economically, we are already plugged into major networks and frameworks like the CPTPP, RCEP and an extensive network of FTAs. These give us market access and insulation against rising protectionism.
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But we must go further to reinforce the multilateral trading system and preserve open flows of trade and investment. Over the past week, I have spoken with counterparts from Malaysia, Japan, New Zealand, the UK and the EU. We represent different countries across different regions, but we all agree on one thing. The world needs more cooperation, not less.
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And we must not retreat into protectionism or isolationism. One idea we are pursuing is greater collaboration between the CPTPP and the EU. The UK is already in the CPTPP, and there are several economies keen to join as members.
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The CPTPP and the EU combined represent around 30% of the world's GDP. A formal partnership between the two entities can facilitate trade and investment flows and help to uphold the key principles of the rules-based trading system. Another idea is to strengthen the ASEAN-EU strategic partnership. The EU has been a dialogue partner since 1977.
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It already has FTAs with Singapore and Vietnam, and is pursuing trade arrangements with other ASEAN countries. So deeper collaboration between our regions on concrete projects can help us make progress towards the eventual goal of an ASEAN-EU FTA, and unlock the potential of our combined market of over 1 billion people.
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Beyond economic partnerships, we are deepening and expanding strategic partnerships with like-minded countries, including Australia, New Zealand, India, France, Germany, Republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, the UK and Vietnam. We are reaching out to new frontiers in the Middle East, Africa and Latin America. In the Middle East, the Gulf countries are growing rapidly and positioning themselves as key geopolitical players in their own right.
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We have a comprehensive partnership with the UAE, and we just upgraded our relations with Saudi Arabia to a strategic partnership. We have also institutionalised dialogues with Qatar and Oman. So we will do more, not just with the Gulf countries, but also other Middle Eastern partners. And we will step up efforts to develop closer ties with Africa and Latin America.
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These regions are brimming with potential, but we have not fully engaged them due to distance or unfamiliarity. We now only have two diplomatic missions serving the entire continent of Africa, in Cairo and Pretoria, and only one in Latin America. This is insufficient.
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We will open new diplomatic missions in Africa and Latin America over the next few years. We hope this will show our friends in Africa and Latin America that Singapore is keen to do more, to trade, invest and partner with them for mutual benefit. These are the steps that we will take to navigate this increasingly fragmented and turbulent world.
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Like in 1965, we once again find ourselves in uncharted waters. We are still a small country with no natural resources, but we are no longer the Singapore of six decades ago. We have built deeper capabilities and become stronger and more resilient. We have found innovative ways to overcome our lack of critical resources, be it water, land or energy.
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We have carefully built up our financial reserves, providing us with a vital cushion in times of crisis. And we have built up a strong and effective SAF and home team. Because from the outset, we recognise the importance of defence and homeland security.
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Unlike some places which scaled back conscription or cut back on defence spending, we consistently invested in these areas over the years and strengthened our institution of national service. Singaporeans know that if we are ever threatened, no one will come to our rescue. No one else will safeguard Singapore's interests or secure our future for us.
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We can only depend on ourselves. No doubt Singaporeans today are also more well-travelled, more well-informed about the world. Many don't just want to know how Singapore will be affected by developments elsewhere. They also want to know how we are responding and why.
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Naturally, there will be differences in views and even strongly held opinions of how we should position ourselves internationally on global issues. In fact, it is a sign of a healthy and mature citizenship to have diversity in views and opinions. But we must never let our diversity become a source of division.
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And in an increasingly fractious and polarised world, we must hold fast to what binds us together. A sense of mutual respect, shared purpose and the conviction that what unites us is far stronger than anything that can divide us.
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Ultimately, Singapore's survival and success in this uncertain world will not rest only on the actions of its leaders or the efforts of our diplomats abroad, capable as they are. And we do have very capable diplomats.
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In the end, it depends on all of us as Singaporeans, our belief in our nation and our shared sense of responsibility to protect our home and our fellow citizens. Singapore may be an island, but we cannot have an island mentality. We have to look out for one another. We have to strengthen our bonds of fellowship within our society and with others beyond our shores.
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This applies not just to us individually, but as a nation too. Even if other countries turn inward, we have to remain open. Open to ideas, open to partnerships and open to opportunity. We have no choice, because that has always been Singapore's way. Not to retreat, but to reach out. Not to build barriers, but to build bridges.
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For centuries, Singapore has served as a safe harbour and a natural meeting point for cultures, commerce and exchange. Be it as the maritime town of Tamasic, or as a free trading anthropologist in the British Empire, or as today's sovereign global city-state.
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Before the advent of the steam engine, ships traversing the region were at the mercy of the monsoon winds, which brought rough seas, unpredictable weather and unfavourable winds. Ships would often have to find safe harbour and wait for the winds to clear or turn favourable before carrying on their journey.
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The monsoon patterns of maritime travel meant sailors, traders and immigrants from China, India and the Malay archipelago and the Middle East would then come to Singapore as a meeting point, as a hub to meet, trade and settle. Today, the monsoon winds are blowing again. But we do not need to cower, and we certainly will not capitulate.
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We cannot control the global currents, but we can chart our own cause with courage, foresight and skill. Singapore will continue to be a safe harbour, a global emporium and a trusted hub for all sides to engage.
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In so doing, we will ensure that our people can earn a good living and generate products, ideas and contributions that bring value to ourselves and also to the world. So let us not fear, let us stay united and weather the storms ahead as one people.
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Let us continue to turn our vulnerabilities into strength and let us stay true to the spirit that built this nation and ensure this little red dot continues to shine brightly as a beacon of hope, stability and purpose on the world stage. Thank you very much. Thank you very much.
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just to be very honest with you when i was in j1 my vectors was really super super bad so i was just telling my j2 students a few months ago like this that i'm telling you guys now my vectors was very bad throughout my entire j1 and i think it was only until around the middle of semester one in j2 then that was when you know i started to feel that i must really do
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something about my vectors because uh 11 is coming you know then j2 is going to be so ridiculously hectic so i decided that one just one day i decided that for that one day right i'm not going to do anything else i decided that i should probably sit down and just look at my vectors and see where i can sort out what went wrong so i you know put myself i mean personally i i like to study by
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myself i don't like people around i don't like to study with friends so i said in my room i looked at my vectors uh lecture notes it was a bit difficult to start in the beginning but after a while right when i really really spent some time looking through my lecture notes and then not just looking at all those formulas i just thought i should read everything so when i started to get a bit more warm up and i start to look not just at the formulas but look what that is uh what the
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lecturers has explained before the formulas right everything start to get start to make sense i was i was even feeling a little bit silly like how can i have messed up vectors so much so i was taking in you know all the vectors stuff and uh i remember the week that was after that was uh was a test and guess what you know i i messed up my whole vectors for the entire j1 until the middle of j2 right
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but after that one day that i've spent sitting down really making myself look at vectors yeah the test that i came the test that i did was uh almost a hundred you know and i was definitely very very happy so i was sharing with my my j2 students that and just a few weeks ago i think about two three weeks ago one of my j2 students was telling me he did that he did exactly that he spent one day looking
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through his vectors and he realized that it was really really not that bad and he had the test after that you know and he told me he probably scored almost full marks or so so i do want to try this with you guys it was just in case any of you right uh finding vectors really really difficult not that this one hour thing that we are going to be doing is going to make such a big difference immediately after we finish this one hour but i'm hoping to to tell you how i spent that one day right
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looking through my vectors and hopefully you can also consider spending one day during this june holiday to just sit down and look through vectors from the same perspective as i did because to me when i try to look at vectors hang on oh yeah sorry michelle do you mind helping me to just uh send the materials to the students just one one send to everyone so that you know at least every one of you has the
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material okay is there anyone who didn't get the material for today you know this is uh this is one set of outline that i super super like i'm going to tell you why i like this okay so i'm going to continue okay michelle do help me to attach to send to everyone the soft copy on the zoom so anyway you know when i was talking to students now a lot of students complained to me who the students who didn't
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do well in vectors because vectors is actually a very very easy topic but students who didn't do well in vectors right they always complain that oh goodness you know there are so many formulas that they are supposed to memorize um okay there are indeed a lot of formulas to memorize seemingly a lot of formulas to memorize but i do suspect also that for students who keep complaining about the multiple formulas that they are supposed to memorize right they might have skipped something that is even
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more important than those formulas because to be able to do vectors well in exams to when you are when you are doing questions when you're trying to solve problems for vectors right we have to it's not even an option we have to go through two phases the first phase is how we visualize the geometrical situation that is presented to us as a problem and then the second phase is when you start to write down
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and start to do your calculations so there's this there's this visualization and then and there's this calculation but what i think a lot of people did which was what i did when i was in j1 right is after i've gone through the visualization part with my lecturer i thought that was just an introduction to the formula so after that right my focus is always on the formulas always on the calculation i didn't know that
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the full solution consists of also the visualization part and i didn't know that h2 math does not take up the burden of helping me to visualize because i realized that uh no one can actually help me to visualize unless i plan to take a look at the situation myself so that was what i was waiting for in j1 waiting for the formula to start to make sense but i skipped the visualization so it never
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make sense and when i realized that maybe i need to do a bit of visualization i wait for the teacher to help me to visualize and the teacher cannot help me to see things it's only up to me right who have been living for you know that 18 years 17 years 18 years who want to then make use of how i have perceived the world all the 3d stuff that is around me right that will help me to visualize on that day when i look at the exam question so that visualization just to share with you okay no one can teach you to do
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that unless you are willing to take a look at the situation and most likely for h2 math the situations the geometrical situations are not that difficult to visualize for example let's try it out for example right let's take a very one of the more basic scenario that we have come across in our vectors okay how about taking this particular scenario here length of projection so if i have this vector a and i have this
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vector b i just want to show you just in case okay just in case for length of projection for some of you the first thing that you that comes into your mind is which formula am i supposed to use in case that is you right i mean if you have if it has been working well for you fine okay but but if it doesn't work that well for you right can you try to do what i'm trying to do on the board like right now and then
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simulate it again for that one day during your june holiday to try to do what we are just doing here so we are supposed to have a situation that is like this and the question require us to find the length of projection of vector a onto vector b my aim in solving this right of course it is to find this length okay i'm trying to find this length over here but my full solution takes in must take into account of
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one part that i'm not writing which which is going to be me looking at the situation and thinking what geometry am i looking at what is it in math right that probably has teach me something that can help me to calculate the thing that i want to calculate for this for example for example let's say okay which is uh let's say for a situation that is like this what if what if the question gave you
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vector a and what if the question give you vector b and the question happened to be giving you this they say that this you this is five units how do you find this are you going to use dot product of course not because you know the situation that is here how you're going to find this is by using maybe just a pythagoras theorem it is easy you just find the right tool right for the situation that you have paused and think about usually it will be way easier than focusing on what you are writing before you even
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