"""Core source code file of TurtLSystems Python package (https://pypi.org/project/TurtLSystems)."""
import os
import subprocess
import tkinter
import turtle
from contextlib import ExitStack
from pathlib import Path
from shutil import copyfile
from string import digits
from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
from typing import Any, Callable, cast, Collection, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union

from packaging import version
from PIL import Image

# Types:
Color = Tuple[int, int, int]
OpColor = Optional[Color]

# Globals:
DEFAULT_COLORS = (
    (255, 255, 255),
    (128, 128, 128),
    (255, 0, 0),
    (255, 128, 0),
    (255, 255, 0),
    (0, 255, 0),
    (0, 255, 255),
    (0, 0, 255),
    (128, 0, 255),
    (255, 0, 255),
)
PNG_EXT, GIF_EXT, EPS_EXT = '.png', '.gif', '.eps'
FINAL_NAME, FRAME_NAME, LEVEL_NAME, DRAW_DIR_NAME = 'final', 'frame', 'level', 'draw'
DPI = 96

# Mutating globals:
_DRAW_NUMBER = 0
_INITIALIZED = _WAITED = _SILENT = False
_GHOSTSCRIPT = ''

# Exit exception:
Exit = turtle.Terminator, tkinter.TclError

# Dataclasses are not in 3.6 and SimpleNamespace is not typed properly so decided to use a plain class for State.


class State:  # pylint: disable=too-many-instance-attributes,too-few-public-methods
    """L-system state."""

    def __init__(
        self,
        position: Tuple[float, float],
        heading: float, angle: float,
        length: float,
        thickness: float,
        pen_color: Optional[Tuple[float, float, float]],
        fill_color: Optional[Tuple[float, float, float]],
        swap_signs: bool,
        swap_cases: bool,
        modify_fill: bool
    ) -> None:
        self.position = position
        self.heading = heading
        self.angle = angle
        self.length = length
        self.thickness = thickness
        self.pen_color = pen_color
        self.fill_color = fill_color
        self.swap_signs = swap_signs
        self.swap_cases = swap_cases
        self.modify_fill = modify_fill


#####################
# Package Functions #
#####################


def init(
    window_size: Tuple[float, float] = (0.75, 0.75),
    window_title: str = "TurtLSystems",
    background_color: Tuple[int, int, int] = (0, 0, 0),
    background_image: Optional[str] = None,
    window_position: Optional[Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
    canvas_size: Optional[Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
    ghostscript: Optional[str] = None,
    logo_mode: bool = False,
    delay: Optional[int] = None,
    silent: bool = False
) -> None:
    """Initializes global TurtLSystems properties.
    Calling this is optional and only needed when customization is desired.
    If used it should only be called once and placed before all calls to `draw` and `wait`.

    Args:
        - `window_size=(0.75, 0.75)` (Tuple[int | float, int | float]):
            The size of the window. Use integers for pixel dimensions. Use floats for a percentage of the screen size.
        - `window_title="TurtLSystems"` (str):
            The title of the window.
        - `background_color=(0, 0, 0)` (Tuple[int, int, int]):
            The background color of the window. A 0-255 rgb tuple. May be changed later by draw calls.
        - `background_image=None` (str | None):
            The file path to a background image for the window.
        - `window_position=None` (Tuple[int | None, int | None] | None):
            The top and left screen coordinates of the window, or None for centered.
        - `canvas_size=None` (Tuple[int | None, int | None] | None):
            The size of the drawing canvas when an area larger than the window size is desired.
        - `ghostscript=None` (str | None):
            The path to or command name of ghostscript.
            When None, an educated guess of the path is made on Windows and 'gs' is used on Mac/Linux.
            Ghostscript is the image conversion tool required for png and gif output:
            https://ghostscript.com/releases/gsdnld.html
        - `logo_mode=False` (bool):
            Whether the turtle graphics coordinates mode is 'standard' or 'logo'. Defaults to standard.
            In standard mode an angle of 0 points rightward and positive angles go counterclockwise.
            In logo mode an angle of 0 points upward and positive angles go clockwise.
        - `delay=None` (int | None):
            The turtle graphics animation delay in milliseconds. None for default value.
        - `silent=False` (bool):
            Whether to silence all messages and warnings produced by TurtLSystems.

    Returns nothing.

    ---
    Documentation available on a single page at https://github.com/discretegames/TurtLSystems#init
    """
    window_size = fix_ellipsis(window_size, (0.75, 0.75))
    global _SILENT, _GHOSTSCRIPT, _INITIALIZED
    _SILENT = silent
    if _WAITED:
        message('Did not init() because wait() was already called.')
        return
    _GHOSTSCRIPT = ghostscript or ''
    turtle.title(window_title)
    turtle.mode('logo' if logo_mode else 'standard')
    if delay is not None:
        turtle.delay(delay)
    turtle.colormode(255)
    turtle.bgcolor(background_color)
    window_w, window_h = window_size
    window_x, window_y = window_position or (None, None)
    turtle.setup(window_w, window_h, window_x, window_y)
    # Use 1x1 canvas size unless canvas is actually bigger than window to avoid weird unnecessary scrollbars.
    # The canvas will still fill out the window, it won't behave like 1x1.
    canvas = turtle.getcanvas()  # Used to get final int window size as window_size may have been floats.
    canvas_size = canvas_size or (None, None)
    canvas_w = 1 if canvas_size[0] is None or canvas_size[0] <= canvas.winfo_width() else canvas_size[0]
    canvas_h = 1 if canvas_size[1] is None or canvas_size[1] <= canvas.winfo_height() else canvas_size[1]
    turtle.screensize(canvas_w, canvas_h)
    turtle.bgpic(background_image)
    _INITIALIZED = True


# Horrendously long function, I know, but I can't be bothered to refactor.
def draw(
    # Positional args:
    start: str = 'F+G+G',
    rules: Union[Dict[str, str], str] = 'F F+G-F-G+F G GG',
    level: int = 4,
    angle: float = 120,
    length: float = 20,
    thickness: float = 1,
    color: Optional[Tuple[int, int, int]] = (255, 255, 255),
    fill_color: Optional[Tuple[int, int, int]] = (128, 128, 128),
    background_color: Optional[Tuple[int, int, int]] = None,
    asap: bool = False,
    *,
    # Customization args:
    colors: Optional[Iterable[Optional[Tuple[int, int, int]]]] = None,
    position: Tuple[float, float] = (0, 0),
    heading: float = 0,
    scale: float = 1,
    prefix: str = '',
    suffix: str = '',
    max_chars: Optional[int] = None,
    max_draws: Optional[int] = None,
    # Turtle args:
    speed: Union[int, str] = 'fastest',
    show_turtle: bool = False,
    turtle_shape: str = 'classic',
    circle: float = 360,
    # Increment args:
    angle_increment: float = 15,
    length_increment: float = 5,
    length_scalar: float = 2,
    thickness_increment: float = 1,
    red_increment: float = 1,
    green_increment: float = 1,
    blue_increment: float = 1,
    # Text args:
    text: Optional[str] = None,
    text_color: Optional[Tuple[int, int, int]] = (255, 255, 255),
    text_position: Tuple[int, int] = (0, -200),
    text_align: str = 'center',
    font: str = 'Arial',
    font_size: int = 16,
    font_style: str = 'normal',
    # Png and gif frame args:
    png: Optional[str] = None,
    padding: Optional[int] = 10,
    transparent: bool = False,
    antialiasing: int = 4,
    output_scale: float = 1,
    # Gif args:
    gif: Optional[str] = None,
    frame_every: Union[int, Collection[str]] = 1,
    max_frames: Optional[int] = 100,
    duration: int = 20,
    pause: int = 500,
    defer: int = 0,
    loops: Optional[int] = None,
    reverse: bool = False,
    alternate: bool = False,
    growth: bool = False,
    # Advanced args:
    tmpdir: Optional[str] = None,
    callback: Optional[Callable[[str, turtle.Turtle], Optional[bool]]] = None,
    skip_init: bool = False,
) -> Tuple[str, turtle.Turtle]:
    """Opens a turtle graphics window and draws an L-system pattern based on the arguments provided.
    When called multiple times all patterns are drawn to the same canvas.

    All 54 arguments are optional but `start` and `rules` are the most important because they define the L-system,
    and `level` defines how many expansion steps take place. On an expansion step, every character in `start` is
    replaced with what it maps to in `rules` (or left unchanged if not present) resulting in a new `start` string.
    The characters of `start` after the last expansion are the instructions the turtle follows to draw a pattern.
    See the `lsystem` function documentation for specifics on what each character does as an instruction.

    Call `draw()` by itself to see an example Sierpinski triangle pattern.

    In the descriptions below, "on X" is short for "when the character X is encountered in the L-system string".

    Positional args:
        - `start='F+G+G'` (str):
            The initial string or axiom of the L-system. Level 0.
        - `rules='F F+G-F-G+F G GG'` (Dict[str, str] | str):
            Dictionary that maps characters to what they are replaced with in the L-system expansion step.
            May also be a string where whitespace separated pairs of substrings correspond to the character and its
            replacement. For example `{'A': 'AB', 'B': 'B+A'}` and `'A AB B B+A'` represent the same rules.
        - `level=4` (int):
            The number of L-system expansion steps to take, i.e. how many times to apply `rules` to `start`.
        - `angle=120` (float):
            The angle to turn by on `+` or `-`. In degrees by default but the `circle` arg can change that.
        - `length=20` (float):
            The distance in pixels to move forward by on letters. The length step.
        - `thickness=1` (float):
            The line width in pixels. May be any non-negative number.
        - `color=(255, 255, 255)` (Tuple[int, int, int] | None):
            The line color. A 0-255 rgb tuple or None to hide all lines. Reselected on `0`.
        - `fill_color=(128, 128, 128)` (Tuple[int, int, int] | None):
            The fill color for `{}` polygons, `@` dots, and turtle shapes. A 0-255 rgb tuple or None to hide all fills.
            Reselected on `1`.
        - `background_color=None` (Tuple[int, int, int] | None):
            The background color of the window. A 0-255 rgb tuple or None to leave unchanged.
        - `asap=False` (bool):
            When True the draw will happen as fast as possible, ignoring `speed` arg and the `delay` arg of `init`.

    Customization args:
        - `colors=None` (Iterable[Tuple[int, int, int] | None] | None):
            When an iterable such as a list, `color` and `fill_color` are ignored and the first 10 colors of the list
            become the colors that are selected on `0` through `9`. Each may be a 0-255 rgb tuple or None for no color.
            The following list of defaults is used to fill out anything missing if less than 10 colors are given:

            - 0 = (255, 255, 255) white
            - 1 = (128, 128, 128) gray
            - 2 = (255, 0, 0) red
            - 3 = (255, 128, 0) orange
            - 4 = (255, 255, 0) yellow
            - 5 = (0, 255, 0) green
            - 6 = (0, 255, 255) cyan
            - 7 = (0, 0, 255) blue
            - 8 = (128, 0, 255) purple
            - 9 = (255, 0, 255) magenta

            When `colors` is None, `color` and `fill_color` are used replace slots 0 and 1 respectively.
        - `position=(0, 0)` (Tuple[float, float]):
            The initial (x, y) position of the turtle.
        - `heading=0` (float):
            The initial angle the turtle points in.
        - `scale=1'` (float):
            A factor to scale the size of the pattern by. May be negative.
            Specifically, `length`, `position`, and `length_increment` are multiplied by `scale`
            and `thickness` and `thickness_increment` are multiplied by `abs(scale)`.
        - `prefix=''` (str):
            An L-system string that does not undergo expansion prepended to the fully expanded `start` string.
        - `suffix=''` (str):
            An L-system string that does not undergo expansion appended to the fully expanded `start` string
        - `max_chars=None` (int | None):
            The maximum number of characters in the final L-system string (`prefix` + expanded `start` + `suffix`)
            to follow the instructions for, or None for no limit.
        - `max_draws=None` (int | None):
            The maximum number of "draw" operations to do or None for no limit. A "draw" operation is something that
            draws to the canvas, namely lines from uppercase letters, dots from `@`, and finished polygons from `}`.

    Turtle args:
        - `speed='fastest'` (int | str):
            The speed of the turtle. An integer from 1 to 10 for slowest to fastest or 0 for the fastest possible.
            Strings 'slowest', 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', and 'fastest' correspond to 1, 3, 6, 10, and 0 respectively.
        - `show_turtle=False` (bool):
            Whether the turtle is shown or not.
        - `turtle_shape='classic'` (str):
            The shape of the turtle. Can be 'classic', 'arrow', 'turtle', 'circle', 'square', or 'triangle'.
        - `circle=360` (float):
            The number of degrees to consider a full circle as having. Use `2*math.pi` to work in radians.

    Increment args:
        - `angle_increment=15` (float):
            The amount to increment or decrement `angle` by on `)` or `(`.
        - `length_increment=5` (float):
            The amount to increment or decrement `length` by on `^` or `%`.
        - `length_scalar=2` (float):
            The amount to multiply or divide `length` by on `*` or `/`.
        - `thickness_increment=1` (float):
            The amount to increment or decrement the `thickness` by on `>` or `<`. Thickness won't go below 0.
        - `red_increment=1` (float):
            The amount to increment or decrement the red channel of the line or fill color by on `,` or `.`.
            Channel will stay in the range [0, 255]. This can be a float to allow for gradual changes.
        - `green_increment=1` (float):
            The amount to increment or decrement the green channel of the line or fill color by on `;` or `:`.
            Channel will stay in the range [0, 255]. This can be a float to allow for gradual changes.
        - `blue_increment=1` (float):
            The amount to increment or decrement the blue channel of the line or fill color by on `?` or `!`.
            Channel will stay in the range [0, 255]. This can be a float to allow for gradual changes.

    Text args:
        - `text=None` (str | None):
            A string of text to add to the canvas. Patters are drawn on top of it. None for no text.
        - `text_color=(255, 255, 255)` (Tuple[int, int, int] | None):
            The color of the text. A 0-255 rgb tuple or None to hide the text.
        - `text_position=(0, -200)` (Tuple[int, int]):
            The (x, y) position of the text.
        - `text_align='center'` (str):
            The alignment of the text. Either 'left', 'center', or 'right'.
        - `font='Arial` (str):
            The font name of the text.
        - `font_size=16` (int):
            The font size of the text. Measured in points if positive or in pixels if negative.
        - `font_style='normal'` (str):
            The styling to apply to the font of the text. 'normal', 'bold', 'italic', 'underline' and 'overstrike'
            are all possibilities and can be combined like 'bold italic'.

    Png and gif frame args:
        - `png=None` (str | None):
            The file path of where to save the final drawing as a png image, or None for no png output.
            A file extension is not required.
        - `padding=10` (int | None):
            The amount of padding in pixels to frame the drawing with on all sides in png and gif output.
            Negative values are valid. When None, no padding happens and the entire canvas area is saved.
            Note that padding very large blank areas can be slow.
        - `transparent=False` (bool):
            When True, the background of png and gif output is transparent rather that the window background color.
        - `antialiasing=4` (int):
            An integer 1, 2, or 4 that specifies how jagged pixel edges will be in png and gif output.
            1 for the most jagged, 4 for the least jagged. Note that the window canvas does not respect this option.
        - `output_scale=1` (float):
            A factor to scale png and gif dimensions by. Vector graphics are used so there is no quality loss from
            scaling up, though padding may take longer.

    Gif args:
        - `gif=None` (str | None):
            The file path of where to save the drawing as a gif animation, or None for no gif output.
            A file extension is not required.
        - `frame_every=1` (int | Collection[str]):
            When an integer, this is the number of "draw" operations to wait for between recording of gif frames.
            A "draw" operation is something that draws to the canvas, namely lines from uppercase letters,
            dots from `@`, and finished polygons from `}`. When a collection such as a string, frames are recorded
            whenever L-system characters in the collections are encountered.
        - `max_frames=100` (int | None):
            The maximum number of frames of the gif or None for no limit.
            Useful to prevent accidental creation of very long gifs.
        - `duration=20` (int):
            The duration in milliseconds of each gif frame. Should be 20 or above and divisible by 10.
        - `pause=500` (int):
            The amount of additional time in milliseconds to pause on the last frame of the gif.
        - `defer=0` (int):
            The amount of additional time in milliseconds to add to the first frame of the gif.
        - `loops=None` (int | None):
            The number of times the gif loops or 0 or None for no limit.
        - `reverse=False` (bool):
            Whether to reverse the frames of the gif.
        - `alternate=False` (bool):
            When True, the central gif frames are copied and appended in reverse to the end of the gif, making
            it cycle forwards and backwards. For example, a sequence 01234 would become 01234321.
        - `growth=False` (bool):
            When True, the gif consist of frames made from the final patterns of every expansion of the `start` string,
            from level 0 to `level` inclusive. `frame_every` and `max_frames` are ignored in this mode.

    Advanced args:
        - `tmpdir=None` (str | None):
            The path to a directory to put all .eps and .png files in during the generation of png and gif output.
            Useful if you need the gif frames as pngs. When None these files are put in a temporary place and deleted.
        - `callback=None` (Callable[[str, turtle.Turtle], bool | None] | None):
            When not None, a function that is called for every character in the L-system string the turtle encounters.
            Two arguments are given, the current character and the Turtle object. If True is returned the turtle stops.
        - `skip_init=False` (bool):
            Whether to skip calling `init` when it hasn't been called already.

    Returns a 2-tuple of the final L-system string and the turtle graphics Turtle object used to draw the pattern.
    (Tuple[str, turtle.Turtle])

    ---
    Documentation available on a single page at https://github.com/discretegames/TurtLSystems#draw
    """
    start = fix_ellipsis(start, 'F+G+G')
    global _DRAW_NUMBER, _GHOSTSCRIPT
    _DRAW_NUMBER += 1
    if _WAITED:
        message('Did not draw() because wait() was already called.')
        return '', turtle.Turtle()  # Return a couple dummy values so the function signature can stay the same.
    if not skip_init and not _INITIALIZED:
        init()

    turtle.colormode(255)
    if background_color:
        turtle.bgcolor(background_color)
    true_background_color = cast(Color, conform_color(turtle.bgcolor()))

    if png or gif:
        if not _GHOSTSCRIPT:
            _GHOSTSCRIPT = guess_ghostscript()
            message(f'Guessed ghostscript to be "{_GHOSTSCRIPT}".')

    if gif and growth:  # Do growth animation of all levels of the L-system with recursive draw png calls.
        # Didn't put this in own function since it would need every single little arg. Cumbersome either way.
        with ExitStack() as exit_stack:
            if not tmpdir:
                tmpdir = exit_stack.enter_context(TemporaryDirectory())
            drawdir = make_drawdir(tmpdir)
            pngs = []
            for lvl in range(level + 1):
                pngs.append(str((drawdir / f'{LEVEL_NAME}{lvl}').with_suffix(PNG_EXT)))
                lvl_string, lvl_t = draw(
                    start, rules, lvl, angle, length, thickness, color, fill_color,
                    None, lvl != level or asap, png=pngs[-1], padding=None, tmpdir=tmpdir,  # <-- Key differences.
                    colors=colors, position=position, heading=heading, scale=scale, output_scale=output_scale,
                    prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix, max_chars=max_chars, speed=speed, show_turtle=show_turtle,
                    turtle_shape=turtle_shape, circle=circle, angle_increment=angle_increment,
                    length_increment=length_increment, length_scalar=length_scalar, callback=callback,
                    thickness_increment=thickness_increment, red_increment=red_increment,
                    green_increment=green_increment, blue_increment=blue_increment, text=text,
                    text_color=text_color, text_position=text_position, font=font, font_size=font_size,
                    font_style=font_style, text_align=text_align, transparent=transparent, antialiasing=antialiasing
                )
                if lvl != level:
                    lvl_t.clear()
                    lvl_t.hideturtle()

            rect_for_all = None
            for i, lvl_png in enumerate(reversed(pngs)):
                image = Image.open(lvl_png).convert('RGBA')
                image, rect = pad_image(image, padding, rect_for_all, output_scale, true_background_color, transparent)
                if not i:
                    rect_for_all = rect
                image.save(lvl_png)

            last_frame = Image.open(pngs[-1]).convert('RGBA')
            last_frame, rect_for_all = pad_image(
                last_frame, padding, None, output_scale, true_background_color, transparent)

            for lvl_png in pngs:
                image = Image.open(lvl_png).convert('RGBA')

            if png:
                try:
                    png = str(Path(png).with_suffix(PNG_EXT).resolve())
                    copyfile(pngs[-1], png)
                    message(f'Saved png "{png}".')
                except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
                    message('Unable to save png:', e)
            try:
                save_gif(gif, pngs, transparent, duration, pause, defer, loops, reverse, alternate)
                message(f'Saved growth gif "{gif}".')
            except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
                message('Unable to save growth gif:', e)
        return lvl_string, lvl_t
    # End of growth flag code.

    if asap:
        saved_tracer, saved_delay = turtle.tracer(), turtle.delay()
        turtle.tracer(0, 0)

    t = turtle.Turtle()
    if text and text_color:
        orient(t, text_position)
        t.pencolor(text_color)
        try:
            t.write(text, False, text_align, (font, font_size, font_style))
        except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
            message('Unable to add text:', e)
    t.pencolor(true_background_color)  # Ensure initial colors are tuples.
    t.fillcolor(true_background_color)
    if show_turtle:
        t.showturtle()
    else:
        t.hideturtle()
    t.shape(turtle_shape)
    t.degrees(circle)
    t.speed(speed)
    position = scale * position[0], scale * position[1]
    orient(t, position, heading)

    string = prefix + lsystem(start, rules, level) + suffix
    with ExitStack() as exit_stack:
        if png or gif:
            if not tmpdir:
                tmpdir = exit_stack.enter_context(TemporaryDirectory())
            drawdir = make_drawdir(tmpdir)

        eps_paths, size = run(t=t,
                              string=string,
                              colors=make_colors(color, fill_color, colors),
                              circle=circle,
                              position=position,
                              heading=heading,
                              angle=angle,
                              length=scale*length,
                              thickness=abs(scale) * max(0, thickness),
                              angle_increment=angle_increment,
                              length_increment=scale*length_increment,
                              length_scalar=length_scalar,
                              thickness_increment=abs(scale)*thickness_increment,
                              color_increments=(red_increment, green_increment, blue_increment),
                              max_chars=max_chars,
                              max_draws=max_draws,
                              gif=gif,
                              frame_every=frame_every,
                              max_frames=max_frames,
                              drawdir=drawdir if gif else None,
                              callback=callback
                              )

        if png:
            eps = str((drawdir / FINAL_NAME).with_suffix(EPS_EXT))
            try:
                png, _ = save_png(png, eps, save_eps(eps), output_scale, antialiasing,
                                  true_background_color, transparent, padding)
                message(f'Saved png "{png}".')
            except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
                message('Unable to save png:', e)

        if gif:
            try:
                pngs = prep_gif(eps_paths, size, true_background_color,
                                output_scale, antialiasing, padding, transparent)
                save_gif(gif, pngs, transparent, duration, pause, defer, loops, reverse, alternate)
                message(f'Saved gif "{gif}".')
            except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
                message('Unable to save gif:', e)

        if asap:
            turtle.tracer(saved_tracer, saved_delay)
            turtle.update()

    return string, t


def wait(exit_on_click: bool = True, *, skip_init: bool = False) -> None:
    """Keeps window open. Calling this is optional.
    If used it should only be called once and be placed after all calls to `draw`.

    Args:
        - `exit_on_click=True` (bool):
            Whether the window can be closed by clicking anywhere.
        - `skip_init=False` (bool):
            For advanced use. Whether to skip calling `init` when it hasn't been called already.

    Returns nothing.

    ---
    Documentation available on a single page at https://github.com/discretegames/TurtLSystems#wait
    """
    if not skip_init and not _INITIALIZED:
        init()
    global _WAITED
    if not _WAITED:
        _WAITED = True
        (turtle.exitonclick if exit_on_click else turtle.done)()


def lsystem(start: str, rules: Union[Dict[str, str], str], level: int) -> str:
    """Expands the L-system string `start` according to `rules` `level` number of times, returning the resulting string.

    The `draw` function calls this internally. You do you not need to call it unless you want to.

    Every non-whitespace printable ASCII character in an L-system string is an instruction as follows:
    ```plaintext
    A-Z     Move forward by length step, drawing a line.
    a-z     Move forward by length step, not drawing a line.
    +       Turn positively by turning angle.
    -       Turn negatively by turning angle.
    |       Make a half turn (turn by 180°).
    &       Swap meaning of + and -.
    `       Swap meaning of uppercase and lowercase.
    @       Draw a fill color dot with radius max(2*thickness, 4+thickness).
    {       Start a polygon.
    }       Finish a polygon, filling it with fill color.
    [       Push current turtle state onto the stack (position, heading, colors, etc).
    ]       Pop current turtle state off the stack, if not empty.
    $       Clear stack.
    )       Increment turning angle by angle_increment.
    (       Decrement turning angle by angle_increment.
    ~       Reset turning angle back to its initial value.
    *       Multiply length step by length_scalar.
    /       Divide length step by length_scalar.
    ^       Increment length step by length_increment.
    %       Decrement length step by length_increment.
    _       Reset length step back to its initial value.
    >       Increment line thickness by thickness_increment.
    <       Decrement line thickness by thickness_increment. Won't go below 0.
    =       Reset line thickness back to its initial value.
    '       Reset heading back to its initial value.
    "       Reset position back to its initial value.
    0-9     Change color to the color at this index of colors list.
    ,       Increment current color's 0-255 red channel by red_increment.
    .       Decrement current color's 0-255 red channel by red_increment.
    ;       Increment current color's 0-255 green channel by green_increment.
    ;       Decrement current color's 0-255 green channel by green_increment.
    ?       Increment  current color's 0-255 blue channel by blue_increment.
    !       Decrement  current color's 0-255 blue channel by blue_increment.
    #       The next 0123456789.,:;!? apply to fill color rather than line color.
    \\       Stop executing all instructions immediately.
    ```
    Any characters not mentioned are ignored and have no effect.
    Many of the instructions are based on Paul Bourke's 1991 "L-System User Notes": http://paulbourke.net/fractals/lsys

    ---
    Documentation available on a single page at https://github.com/discretegames/TurtLSystems#lsystem
    """
    if isinstance(rules, str):
        rules = make_rules(rules)
    for _ in range(level):
        start = ''.join(rules.get(c, c) for c in start)
    return start


####################
# Helper Functions #
####################


def message(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
    """Alias for `print` but only runs when not silenced."""
    if not _SILENT:
        print(*args, **kwargs)


def clamp(value: float, minimum: int = 0, maximum: int = 255) -> float:
    """Clamps `value` between `minimum` and `maximum`."""
    return max(minimum, min(value, maximum))


def conform_color(color: Optional[Sequence[float]]) -> OpColor:
    """Ensures `color` is a tuple with 0-255 clamped rgb."""
    if color:
        return round(clamp(color[0])), round(clamp(color[1])), round(clamp(color[2]))
    return None


def make_rules(rules: Union[Dict[str, str], str]) -> Dict[str, str]:
    """Creates rules dict."""
    if isinstance(rules, str):
        split = rules.split()
        rules = dict(zip(split[::2], split[1::2]))
    return rules


def make_colors(color: OpColor, fill_color: OpColor, colors: Optional[Iterable[OpColor]]) -> Tuple[OpColor, ...]:
    """Creates final colors tuple."""
    if colors is None:
        return conform_color(color), conform_color(fill_color), *DEFAULT_COLORS[2:]
    colors = [conform_color(c) for c, _ in zip(colors, range(len(DEFAULT_COLORS)))]
    colors.extend(DEFAULT_COLORS[len(colors):])
    return tuple(colors)


def make_drawdir(tmpdir: str) -> Path:
    """Creates drawdir in tempdir labeled with current draw number."""
    drawdir = Path(tmpdir).resolve() / f'{DRAW_DIR_NAME}{_DRAW_NUMBER}'
    drawdir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
    for file in drawdir.iterdir():  # Carefully delete files in the drawdir that were from previous runs.
        if file.is_file() and file.suffix in (PNG_EXT, EPS_EXT) and \
                file.stem.rstrip(digits) in (FINAL_NAME, FRAME_NAME, LEVEL_NAME):
            file.unlink(missing_ok=True)
    # drawdir folders are never deleted themselves because it would be too easy to accidentally delete user data.
    return drawdir


def orient(t: turtle.Turtle, position: Optional[Tuple[float, float]], heading: Optional[float] = None) -> None:
    """Silently orients turtle `t` to given `position` and `heading`."""
    speed = t.speed()
    down, visible = t.isdown(), t.isvisible()
    t.penup()
    t.hideturtle()
    t.speed(0)
    if position:
        t.setposition(position)
    if heading is not None:
        t.setheading(heading)
    t.speed(speed)
    if down:
        t.pendown()
    if visible:
        t.showturtle()


def guess_ghostscript() -> str:
    """Guess the path to ghostscript. Only guesses well on Windows.
    Should prevent people from needing to add ghostscript to PATH.
    """
    if os.name != 'nt':
        return 'gs'  # I'm not sure where to look on non-Windows OSes so just guess 'gs'.

    def sort_by_version(v: Path) -> Union[version.Version, version.LegacyVersion]:
        return version.parse(v.name[2:])  # When this is an inline lambda mypy and pylint fuss.
    locations = 'C:\\Program Files\\gs', 'C:\\Program Files (x86)\\gs'
    files = 'gswin64c.exe', 'gswin32c.exe', 'gs.exe'
    for location in locations:
        path = Path(location)
        if path.exists():
            versions = [v for v in path.iterdir() if v.is_dir() and v.name.startswith('gs')]
            versions.sort(key=sort_by_version, reverse=True)
            for v in versions:
                for file in files:
                    exe = v / 'bin' / file
                    if exe.exists():
                        return str(exe)
    return 'gswin64c'  # Last ditch guess.


def eps_to_png(eps: str, png: str, size: Tuple[int, int], output_scale: float, antialiasing: int) -> None:
    """Uses ghostscript to convert eps file to png with transparent background."""
    result = subprocess.run([_GHOSTSCRIPT,
                             '-q',
                            '-dSAFER',
                             '-dBATCH',
                             '-dNOPAUSE',
                             '-dEPSCrop',
                             '-sDEVICE=pngalpha',
                             f'-r{round(DPI * output_scale)}',
                             f'-g{round(output_scale * size[0])}x{round(output_scale * size[1])}',
                             f'-dGraphicsAlphaBits={antialiasing}',
                             f'-dTextAlphaBits={antialiasing}',
                             f'-sOutputFile={png}',
                             eps],
                            check=False, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, encoding='utf-8')
    if result.returncode:
        message(f'Ghostscript ({_GHOSTSCRIPT}) exit code {result.returncode}:')
        message(result.stdout)


def get_padding_rect(
        image: Image.Image, padding: int, background_color: Color) -> Tuple[int, int, int, int]:
    """Returns rectangle around content pixels in `image` padded by `padding` on all sides."""
    message(f'Calculating padding for {image.width}x{image.height} pixel image...')
    x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max = image.width - 1, image.height - 1, 0, 0
    data = image.load()
    empty = True
    for y in range(image.height):
        for x in range(image.width):
            if data[x, y][3] == 0 or background_color == data[x, y][:3]:
                continue
            empty = False
            x_min = min(x_min, x)
            y_min = min(y_min, y)
            x_max = max(x_max, x)
            y_max = max(y_max, y)
    if empty:
        x_min = x_max = image.width//2
        y_min = y_max = image.height//2
    x_min -= padding
    y_min -= padding
    x_max = max(x_max + padding, x_min) + 1
    y_max = max(y_max + padding, y_min) + 1
    return x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max


def save_eps(eps: str) -> Tuple[int, int]:
    """Saves current turtle graphics canvas as encapsulated postscript file."""
    turtle.update()
    canvas = turtle.getcanvas()
    width = max(canvas.winfo_width(), canvas.canvwidth)  # type: ignore
    height = max(canvas.winfo_height(), canvas.canvheight)  # type: ignore
    canvas.postscript(file=eps, x=-width//2, y=-height//2, width=width, height=height)  # type: ignore
    return width, height


def pad_image(
    image: Image.Image,
    padding: Optional[int],
    rect: Optional[Tuple[int, int, int, int]],
    output_scale: float,
    background_color: Color,
    transparent: bool
) -> Tuple[Image.Image, Optional[Tuple[int, int, int, int]]]:
    """Pads image on all sides and gives it correct background color."""
    if padding is not None:
        if not rect:
            rect = get_padding_rect(image, round(output_scale * padding), background_color)
        image = image.crop(rect)
    # Transparent backgrounds still have the correct color but alpha is 0.
    background = Image.new('RGBA', image.size, background_color + ((0,) if transparent else (255,)))
    return Image.alpha_composite(background, image), rect


def save_png(
    png: Optional[str],
    eps: str,
    size: Tuple[int, int],
    output_scale: float,
    antialiasing: int,
    background_color: Color,
    transparent: bool,
    padding: Optional[int],
    rect: Optional[Tuple[int, int, int, int]] = None,
) -> Tuple[str, Optional[Tuple[int, int, int, int]]]:
    """Finalizes pre-existing eps file into png with background and padding."""
    if not png:
        png = eps
    png = str(Path(png).with_suffix(PNG_EXT).resolve())
    eps_to_png(eps, png, size, output_scale, antialiasing)
    image = Image.open(png).convert('RGBA')
    image, rect = pad_image(image, padding, rect, output_scale, background_color, transparent)
    image.save(png)
    return png, rect


def prep_gif(eps_paths: List[str], size: Tuple[int, int], background_color: Color, output_scale: float,
             antialiasing: int, padding: Optional[int], transparent: bool) -> List[str]:
    """Converts eps files into pngs in preperation for gif. Returns list of png paths."""
    pngs, rect_for_all = [], None
    for i, eps in enumerate(reversed(eps_paths)):  # Reverse so rect_for_all corresponds to last frame.
        png, rect = save_png(None, eps, size, output_scale, antialiasing,
                             background_color, transparent, padding, rect_for_all)
        pngs.append(png)
        if not i:
            rect_for_all = rect
            message(f'Making {len(eps_paths)} gif frames..', end='', flush=True)
        elif (len(eps_paths) - i) % 10 == 0:
            message(f'{len(eps_paths) - i}..', end='', flush=True)
    pngs.reverse()
    message('.')
    return pngs


def save_gif(
    gif: str,
    pngs: List[str],
    transparent: bool,
    duration: int,
    pause: int,
    defer: int,
    loops: Optional[int],
    reverse: bool,
    alternate: bool,
) -> str:
    """Saves gif from pre-generated png files. Returns path to gif."""
    images = [Image.open(png).convert('RGBA') for png in pngs]
    if reverse:
        images.reverse()
    if alternate:
        images.extend(images[-2:0:-1])
    gif = str(Path(gif).with_suffix(GIF_EXT).resolve())
    frames = [images[0]] * (defer // duration) + images + [images[-1]] * (pause // duration)
    frames[0].save(gif, save_all=True, append_images=frames[1:], loop=loops or 0, duration=duration,
                   optimize=True, transparency=0 if transparent else 255)
    # PIL seems to treat blank animated gifs like static gifs, so their timing is wrong. But nbd since they're blank.
    return gif


def run(
    *,
    t: turtle.Turtle,
    string: str,
    colors: Tuple[OpColor, ...],
    circle: float,
    position: Tuple[float, float],
    heading: float,
    angle: float,
    length: float,
    thickness: float,
    angle_increment: float,
    length_increment: float,
    length_scalar: float,
    thickness_increment: float,
    color_increments: Tuple[float, float, float],
    max_chars: Optional[int],
    max_draws: Optional[int],
    gif: Optional[str],
    frame_every: Union[int, Collection[str]],
    max_frames: Optional[int],
    drawdir: Optional[Path],
    callback: Optional[Callable[[str, turtle.Turtle], Optional[bool]]]
) -> Tuple[List[str], Tuple[int, int]]:
    """Run turtle `t` on L-system string `string` with given options."""
    initial_angle, initial_length, initial_thickness = angle, length, thickness
    swap_signs, swap_cases, modify_fill = False, False, False
    pen_color: Optional[Tuple[float, float, float]] = colors[0]
    fill_color: Optional[Tuple[float, float, float]] = colors[1]
    stack: List[State] = []
    eps_paths: List[str] = []
    size = (1, 1)
    draws, frames_attempted = 0, 0

    def save_frame() -> None:
        nonlocal frames_attempted, size
        frames_attempted += 1
        if max_frames is None or len(eps_paths) < max_frames:
            eps = str((cast(Path, drawdir) / f'{FRAME_NAME}{len(eps_paths)}').with_suffix(EPS_EXT))
            size = save_eps(eps)
            eps_paths.append(eps)

    def drew() -> None:
        nonlocal draws
        draws += 1
        if gif:
            if isinstance(frame_every, int) and draws % frame_every == 0:
                save_frame()

    def set_pensize() -> None:
        t.pensize(max(0, thickness))  # type: ignore

    def set_color(color: Optional[Tuple[float, float, float]]) -> None:
        nonlocal pen_color, fill_color, modify_fill
        if modify_fill:
            modify_fill = False
            fill_color = color
            if fill_color:
                t.fillcolor(cast(Color, conform_color(fill_color)))
        else:
            pen_color = color
            if pen_color:
                t.pencolor(cast(Color, conform_color(pen_color)))

    def increment_color(channel: int, decrement: bool = False) -> None:
        color = fill_color if modify_fill else pen_color
        if color:
            amount = (-1 if decrement else 1) * color_increments[channel]
            lst = list(color)
            lst[channel] = clamp(lst[channel] + amount)
            set_color((lst[0], lst[1], lst[2]))

    set_pensize()
    if pen_color:
        t.pencolor(cast(Color, conform_color(pen_color)))
    if fill_color:
        t.fillcolor(cast(Color, conform_color(fill_color)))
    if gif:
        save_frame()

    for i, c in enumerate(string):
        if max_chars is not None and i >= max_chars or max_draws is not None and draws >= max_draws:
            break
        if swap_cases and c.isalpha():
            c = c.lower() if c.isupper() else c.upper()

        # Length:
        if 'A' <= c <= 'Z':
            if pen_color and t.pensize():
                t.pendown()
            else:
                t.penup()
            t.forward(length)
            drew()
        elif 'a' <= c <= 'z':
            t.penup()
            t.forward(length)
        elif c == '_':
            length = initial_length
        elif c == '^':
            length += length_increment
        elif c == '%':
            length -= length_increment
        elif c == '*':
            length *= length_scalar
        elif c == '/':
            length /= length_scalar
        # Angle:
        elif c == '+':
            t.seth(t.heading() + (-1 if swap_signs else 1) * angle)
        elif c == '-':
            t.seth(t.heading() - (-1 if swap_signs else 1) * angle)
        elif c == '&':
            swap_signs = not swap_signs
        elif c == '|':
            t.right(circle/2.0)
        elif c == '~':
            angle = initial_angle
        elif c == ')':
            angle += angle_increment
        elif c == '(':
            angle -= angle_increment
        # Thickness:
        elif c == '=':
            thickness = initial_thickness
            set_pensize()
        elif c == '>':
            thickness = max(0, thickness + thickness_increment)
            set_pensize()
        elif c == '<':
            thickness = max(0, thickness - thickness_increment)
            set_pensize()
        # Color:
        elif '0' <= c <= '9':
            set_color(colors[int(c)])
        elif c == '#':
            modify_fill = True
        elif c == ',':
            increment_color(0)
        elif c == '.':
            increment_color(0, True)
        elif c == ';':
            increment_color(1)
        elif c == ':':
            increment_color(1, True)
        elif c == '?':
            increment_color(2)
        elif c == '!':
            increment_color(2, True)
        # Other:
        elif c == '{':
            if fill_color:
                t.begin_fill()
        elif c == '}':
            if fill_color:
                t.end_fill()
            drew()
        elif c == '@':
            if fill_color:
                t.dot(None, fill_color)
            drew()
        elif c == '`':
            swap_cases = not swap_cases
        elif c == '"':
            orient(t, position)
        elif c == "'":
            orient(t, None, heading)
        elif c == '$':
            stack.clear()
        elif c == '[':
            stack.append(State((t.xcor(), t.ycor()), t.heading(), angle, length, thickness,
                               pen_color, fill_color, swap_signs, swap_cases, modify_fill))
        elif c == ']':
            if stack:
                state = stack.pop()
                orient(t, state.position, state.heading)
                angle, length = state.angle, state.length
                swap_signs, swap_cases, modify_fill = state.swap_signs, state.swap_cases, state.modify_fill
                pen_color, fill_color = state.pen_color, state.fill_color

        if not isinstance(frame_every, int) and c in frame_every:
            save_frame()

        if callback and callback(c, t) or c == '\\':
            break

    if gif:
        if isinstance(frame_every, int) and draws % frame_every != 0:
            save_frame()  # Save frame of final changes unless nothing has changed.
        message(f'Prepped {len(eps_paths)} gif frames of {frames_attempted} attempted for {draws + 1} draws.')

    return eps_paths, size


def fix_ellipsis(value: Any, default: Any) -> Any:
    """Helps fix accidental use of init(...) or draw(...)."""
    return default if isinstance(value, type(Ellipsis)) else value


if __name__ == '__main__':
    try:
        draw()
        wait()
    except Exit:
        pass

"""Core source code file of TurtLSystems Python package (https://pypi.org/project/TurtLSystems)."""
import os
import subprocess
import tkinter
import turtle
from contextlib import ExitStack
from pathlib import Path
from shutil import copyfile
from string import digits
from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
from typing import Any, Callable, cast, Collection, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union

from packaging import version
from PIL import Image

# Types:
Color = Tuple[int, int, int]
OpColor = Optional[Color]

# Globals:
DEFAULT_COLORS = (
    (255, 255, 255),
    (128, 128, 128),
    (255, 0, 0),
    (255, 128, 0),
    (255, 255, 0),
    (0, 255, 0),
    (0, 255, 255),
    (0, 0, 255),
    (128, 0, 255),
    (255, 0, 255),
)
PNG_EXT, GIF_EXT, EPS_EXT = '.png', '.gif', '.eps'
FINAL_NAME, FRAME_NAME, LEVEL_NAME, DRAW_DIR_NAME = 'final', 'frame', 'level', 'draw'
DPI = 96

# Mutating globals:
_DRAW_NUMBER = 0
_INITIALIZED = _WAITED = _SILENT = False
_GHOSTSCRIPT = ''

# Exit exception:
Exit = turtle.Terminator, tkinter.TclError

# Dataclasses are not in 3.6 and SimpleNamespace is not typed properly so decided to use a plain class for State.


class State:  # pylint: disable=too-many-instance-attributes,too-few-public-methods
    """L-system state."""

    def __init__(
        self,
        position: Tuple[float, float],
        heading: float, angle: float,
        length: float,
        thickness: float,
        pen_color: Optional[Tuple[float, float, float]],
        fill_color: Optional[Tuple[float, float, float]],
        swap_signs: bool,
        swap_cases: bool,
        modify_fill: bool
    ) -> None:
        self.position = position
        self.heading = heading
        self.angle = angle
        self.length = length
        self.thickness = thickness
        self.pen_color = pen_color
        self.fill_color = fill_color
        self.swap_signs = swap_signs
        self.swap_cases = swap_cases
        self.modify_fill = modify_fill


#####################
# Package Functions #
#####################


def init(
    window_size: Tuple[float, float] = (0.75, 0.75),
    window_title: str = "TurtLSystems",
    background_color: Tuple[int, int, int] = (0, 0, 0),
    background_image: Optional[str] = None,
    window_position: Optional[Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
    canvas_size: Optional[Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
    ghostscript: Optional[str] = None,
    logo_mode: bool = False,
    delay: Optional[int] = None,
    silent: bool = False
) -> None:
    """Initializes global TurtLSystems properties.
    Calling this is optional and only needed when customization is desired.
    If used it should only be called once and placed before all calls to `draw` and `wait`.

    Args:
        - `window_size=(0.75, 0.75)` (Tuple[int | float, int | float]):
            The size of the window. Use integers for pixel dimensions. Use floats for a percentage of the screen size.
        - `window_title="TurtLSystems"` (str):
            The title of the window.
        - `background_color=(0, 0, 0)` (Tuple[int, int, int]):
            The background color of the window. A 0-255 rgb tuple. May be changed later by draw calls.
        - `background_image=None` (str | None):
            The file path to a background image for the window.
        - `window_position=None` (Tuple[int | None, int | None] | None):
            The top and left screen coordinates of the window, or None for centered.
        - `canvas_size=None` (Tuple[int | None, int | None] | None):
            The size of the drawing canvas when an area larger than the window size is desired.
        - `ghostscript=None` (str | None):
            The path to or command name of ghostscript.
            When None, an educated guess of the path is made on Windows and 'gs' is used on Mac/Linux.
            Ghostscript is the image conversion tool required for png and gif output:
            https://ghostscript.com/releases/gsdnld.html
        - `logo_mode=False` (bool):
            Whether the turtle graphics coordinates mode is 'standard' or 'logo'. Defaults to standard.
            In standard mode an angle of 0 points rightward and positive angles go counterclockwise.
            In logo mode an angle of 0 points upward and positive angles go clockwise.
        - `delay=None` (int | None):
            The turtle graphics animation delay in milliseconds. None for default value.
        - `silent=False` (bool):
            Whether to silence all messages and warnings produced by TurtLSystems.

    Returns nothing.

    ---
    Documentation available on a single page at https://github.com/discretegames/TurtLSystems#init
    """
    window_size = fix_ellipsis(window_size, (0.75, 0.75))
    global _SILENT, _GHOSTSCRIPT, _INITIALIZED
    _SILENT = silent
    if _WAITED:
        message('Did not init() because wait() was already called.')
        return
    _GHOSTSCRIPT = ghostscript or ''
    turtle.title(window_title)
    turtle.mode('logo' if logo_mode else 'standard')
    if delay is not None:
        turtle.delay(delay)
    turtle.colormode(255)
    turtle.bgcolor(background_color)
    window_w, window_h = window_size
    window_x, window_y = window_position or (None, None)
    turtle.setup(window_w, window_h, window_x, window_y)
    # Use 1x1 canvas size unless canvas is actually bigger than window to avoid weird unnecessary scrollbars.
    # The canvas will still fill out the window, it won't behave like 1x1.
    canvas = turtle.getcanvas()  # Used to get final int window size as window_size may have been floats.
    canvas_size = canvas_size or (None, None)
    canvas_w = 1 if canvas_size[0] is None or canvas_size[0] <= canvas.winfo_width() else canvas_size[0]
    canvas_h = 1 if canvas_size[1] is None or canvas_size[1] <= canvas.winfo_height() else canvas_size[1]
    turtle.screensize(canvas_w, canvas_h)
    turtle.bgpic(background_image)
    _INITIALIZED = True


# Horrendously long function, I know, but I can't be bothered to refactor.
def draw(
    # Positional args:
    start: str = 'F+G+G',
    rules: Union[Dict[str, str], str] = 'F F+G-F-G+F G GG',
    level: int = 4,
    angle: float = 120,
    length: float = 20,
    thickness: float = 1,
    color: Optional[Tuple[int, int, int]] = (255, 255, 255),
    fill_color: Optional[Tuple[int, int, int]] = (128, 128, 128),
    background_color: Optional[Tuple[int, int, int]] = None,
    asap: bool = False,
    *,
    # Customization args:
    colors: Optional[Iterable[Optional[Tuple[int, int, int]]]] = None,
    position: Tuple[float, float] = (0, 0),
    heading: float = 0,
    scale: float = 1,
    prefix: str = '',
    suffix: str = '',
    max_chars: Optional[int] = None,
    max_draws: Optional[int] = None,
    # Turtle args:
    speed: Union[int, str] = 'fastest',
    show_turtle: bool = False,
    turtle_shape: str = 'classic',
    circle: float = 360,
    # Increment args:
    angle_increment: float = 15,
    length_increment: float = 5,
    length_scalar: float = 2,
    thickness_increment: float = 1,
    red_increment: float = 1,
    green_increment: float = 1,
    blue_increment: float = 1,
    # Text args:
    text: Optional[str] = None,
    text_color: Optional[Tuple[int, int, int]] = (255, 255, 255),
    text_position: Tuple[int, int] = (0, -200),
    text_align: str = 'center',
    font: str = 'Arial',
    font_size: int = 16,
    font_style: str = 'normal',
    # Png and gif frame args:
    png: Optional[str] = None,
    padding: Optional[int] = 10,
    transparent: bool = False,
    antialiasing: int = 4,
    output_scale: float = 1,
    # Gif args:
    gif: Optional[str] = None,
    frame_every: Union[int, Collection[str]] = 1,
    max_frames: Optional[int] = 100,
    duration: int = 20,
    pause: int = 500,
    defer: int = 0,
    loops: Optional[int] = None,
    reverse: bool = False,
    alternate: bool = False,
    growth: bool = False,
    # Advanced args:
    tmpdir: Optional[str] = None,
    callback: Optional[Callable[[str, turtle.Turtle], Optional[bool]]] = None,
    skip_init: bool = False,
) -> Tuple[str, turtle.Turtle]:
    """Opens a turtle graphics window and draws an L-system pattern based on the arguments provided.
    When called multiple times all patterns are drawn to the same canvas.

    All 54 arguments are optional but `start` and `rules` are the most important because they define the L-system,
    and `level` defines how many expansion steps take place. On an expansion step, every character in `start` is
    replaced with what it maps to in `rules` (or left unchanged if not present) resulting in a new `start` string.
    The characters of `start` after the last expansion are the instructions the turtle follows to draw a pattern.
    See the `lsystem` function documentation for specifics on what each character does as an instruction.

    Call `draw()` by itself to see an example Sierpinski triangle pattern.

    In the descriptions below, "on X" is short for "when the character X is encountered in the L-system string".

    Positional args:
        - `start='F+G+G'` (str):
            The initial string or axiom of the L-system. Level 0.
        - `rules='F F+G-F-G+F G GG'` (Dict[str, str] | str):
            Dictionary that maps characters to what they are replaced with in the L-system expansion step.
            May also be a string where whitespace separated pairs of substrings correspond to the character and its
            replacement. For example `{'A': 'AB', 'B': 'B+A'}` and `'A AB B B+A'` represent the same rules.
        - `level=4` (int):
            The number of L-system expansion steps to take, i.e. how many times to apply `rules` to `start`.
        - `angle=120` (float):
            The angle to turn by on `+` or `-`. In degrees by default but the `circle` arg can change that.
        - `length=20` (float):
            The distance in pixels to move forward by on letters. The length step.
        - `thickness=1` (float):
            The line width in pixels. May be any non-negative number.
        - `color=(255, 255, 255)` (Tuple[int, int, int] | None):
            The line color. A 0-255 rgb tuple or None to hide all lines. Reselected on `0`.
        - `fill_color=(128, 128, 128)` (Tuple[int, int, int] | None):
            The fill color for `{}` polygons, `@` dots, and turtle shapes. A 0-255 rgb tuple or None to hide all fills.
            Reselected on `1`.
        - `background_color=None` (Tuple[int, int, int] | None):
            The background color of the window. A 0-255 rgb tuple or None to leave unchanged.
        - `asap=False` (bool):
            When True the draw will happen as fast as possible, ignoring `speed` arg and the `delay` arg of `init`.

    Customization args:
        - `colors=None` (Iterable[Tuple[int, int, int] | None] | None):
            When an iterable such as a list, `color` and `fill_color` are ignored and the first 10 colors of the list
            become the colors that are selected on `0` through `9`. Each may be a 0-255 rgb tuple or None for no color.
            The following list of defaults is used to fill out anything missing if less than 10 colors are given:

            - 0 = (255, 255, 255) white
            - 1 = (128, 128, 128) gray
            - 2 = (255, 0, 0) red
            - 3 = (255, 128, 0) orange
            - 4 = (255, 255, 0) yellow
            - 5 = (0, 255, 0) green
            - 6 = (0, 255, 255) cyan
            - 7 = (0, 0, 255) blue
            - 8 = (128, 0, 255) purple
            - 9 = (255, 0, 255) magenta

            When `colors` is None, `color` and `fill_color` are used replace slots 0 and 1 respectively.
        - `position=(0, 0)` (Tuple[float, float]):
            The initial (x, y) position of the turtle.
        - `heading=0` (float):
            The initial angle the turtle points in.
        - `scale=1'` (float):
            A factor to scale the size of the pattern by. May be negative.
            Specifically, `length`, `position`, and `length_increment` are multiplied by `scale`
            and `thickness` and `thickness_increment` are multiplied by `abs(scale)`.
        - `prefix=''` (str):
            An L-system string that does not undergo expansion prepended to the fully expanded `start` string.
        - `suffix=''` (str):
            An L-system string that does not undergo expansion appended to the fully expanded `start` string
        - `max_chars=None` (int | None):
            The maximum number of characters in the final L-system string (`prefix` + expanded `start` + `suffix`)
            to follow the instructions for, or None for no limit.
        - `max_draws=None` (int | None):
            The maximum number of "draw" operations to do or None for no limit. A "draw" operation is something that
            draws to the canvas, namely lines from uppercase letters, dots from `@`, and finished polygons from `}`.

    Turtle args:
        - `speed='fastest'` (int | str):
            The speed of the turtle. An integer from 1 to 10 for slowest to fastest or 0 for the fastest possible.
            Strings 'slowest', 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', and 'fastest' correspond to 1, 3, 6, 10, and 0 respectively.
        - `show_turtle=False` (bool):
            Whether the turtle is shown or not.
        - `turtle_shape='classic'` (str):
            The shape of the turtle. Can be 'classic', 'arrow', 'turtle', 'circle', 'square', or 'triangle'.
        - `circle=360` (float):
            The number of degrees to consider a full circle as having. Use `2*math.pi` to work in radians.

    Increment args:
        - `angle_increment=15` (float):
            The amount to increment or decrement `angle` by on `)` or `(`.
        - `length_increment=5` (float):
            The amount to increment or decrement `length` by on `^` or `%`.
        - `length_scalar=2` (float):
            The amount to multiply or divide `length` by on `*` or `/`.
        - `thickness_increment=1` (float):
            The amount to increment or decrement the `thickness` by on `>` or `<`. Thickness won't go below 0.
        - `red_increment=1` (float):
            The amount to increment or decrement the red channel of the line or fill color by on `,` or `.`.
            Channel will stay in the range [0, 255]. This can be a float to allow for gradual changes.
        - `green_increment=1` (float):
            The amount to increment or decrement the green channel of the line or fill color by on `;` or `:`.
            Channel will stay in the range [0, 255]. This can be a float to allow for gradual changes.
        - `blue_increment=1` (float):
            The amount to increment or decrement the blue channel of the line or fill color by on `?` or `!`.
            Channel will stay in the range [0, 255]. This can be a float to allow for gradual changes.

    Text args:
        - `text=None` (str | None):
            A string of text to add to the canvas. Patters are drawn on top of it. None for no text.
        - `text_color=(255, 255, 255)` (Tuple[int, int, int] | None):
            The color of the text. A 0-255 rgb tuple or None to hide the text.
        - `text_position=(0, -200)` (Tuple[int, int]):
            The (x, y) position of the text.
        - `text_align='center'` (str):
            The alignment of the text. Either 'left', 'center', or 'right'.
        - `font='Arial` (str):
            The font name of the text.
        - `font_size=16` (int):
            The font size of the text. Measured in points if positive or in pixels if negative.
        - `font_style='normal'` (str):
            The styling to apply to the font of the text. 'normal', 'bold', 'italic', 'underline' and 'overstrike'
            are all possibilities and can be combined like 'bold italic'.

    Png and gif frame args:
        - `png=None` (str | None):
            The file path of where to save the final drawing as a png image, or None for no png output.
            A file extension is not required.
        - `padding=10` (int | None):
            The amount of padding in pixels to frame the drawing with on all sides in png and gif output.
            Negative values are valid. When None, no padding happens and the entire canvas area is saved.
            Note that padding very large blank areas can be slow.
        - `transparent=False` (bool):
            When True, the background of png and gif output is transparent rather that the window background color.
        - `antialiasing=4` (int):
            An integer 1, 2, or 4 that specifies how jagged pixel edges will be in png and gif output.
            1 for the most jagged, 4 for the least jagged. Note that the window canvas does not respect this option.
        - `output_scale=1` (float):
            A factor to scale png and gif dimensions by. Vector graphics are used so there is no quality loss from
            scaling up, though padding may take longer.

    Gif args:
        - `gif=None` (str | None):
            The file path of where to save the drawing as a gif animation, or None for no gif output.
            A file extension is not required.
        - `frame_every=1` (int | Collection[str]):
            When an integer, this is the number of "draw" operations to wait for between recording of gif frames.
            A "draw" operation is something that draws to the canvas, namely lines from uppercase letters,
            dots from `@`, and finished polygons from `}`. When a collection such as a string, frames are recorded
            whenever L-system characters in the collections are encountered.
        - `max_frames=100` (int | None):
            The maximum number of frames of the gif or None for no limit.
            Useful to prevent accidental creation of very long gifs.
        - `duration=20` (int):
            The duration in milliseconds of each gif frame. Should be 20 or above and divisible by 10.
        - `pause=500` (int):
            The amount of additional time in milliseconds to pause on the last frame of the gif.
        - `defer=0` (int):
            The amount of additional time in milliseconds to add to the first frame of the gif.
        - `loops=None` (int | None):
            The number of times the gif loops or 0 or None for no limit.
        - `reverse=False` (bool):
            Whether to reverse the frames of the gif.
        - `alternate=False` (bool):
            When True, the central gif frames are copied and appended in reverse to the end of the gif, making
            it cycle forwards and backwards. For example, a sequence 01234 would become 01234321.
        - `growth=False` (bool):
            When True, the gif consist of frames made from the final patterns of every expansion of the `start` string,
            from level 0 to `level` inclusive. `frame_every` and `max_frames` are ignored in this mode.

    Advanced args:
        - `tmpdir=None` (str | None):
            The path to a directory to put all .eps and .png files in during the generation of png and gif output.
            Useful if you need the gif frames as pngs. When None these files are put in a temporary place and deleted.
        - `callback=None` (Callable[[str, turtle.Turtle], bool | None] | None):
            When not None, a function that is called for every character in the L-system string the turtle encounters.
            Two arguments are given, the current character and the Turtle object. If True is returned the turtle stops.
        - `skip_init=False` (bool):
            Whether to skip calling `init` when it hasn't been called already.

    Returns a 2-tuple of the final L-system string and the turtle graphics Turtle object used to draw the pattern.
    (Tuple[str, turtle.Turtle])

    ---
    Documentation available on a single page at https://github.com/discretegames/TurtLSystems#draw
    """
    start = fix_ellipsis(start, 'F+G+G')
    global _DRAW_NUMBER, _GHOSTSCRIPT
    _DRAW_NUMBER += 1
    if _WAITED:
        message('Did not draw() because wait() was already called.')
        return '', turtle.Turtle()  # Return a couple dummy values so the function signature can stay the same.
    if not skip_init and not _INITIALIZED:
        init()

    turtle.colormode(255)
    if background_color:
        turtle.bgcolor(background_color)
    true_background_color = cast(Color, conform_color(turtle.bgcolor()))

    if png or gif:
        if not _GHOSTSCRIPT:
            _GHOSTSCRIPT = guess_ghostscript()
            message(f'Guessed ghostscript to be "{_GHOSTSCRIPT}".')

    if gif and growth:  # Do growth animation of all levels of the L-system with recursive draw png calls.
        # Didn't put this in own function since it would need every single little arg. Cumbersome either way.
        with ExitStack() as exit_stack:
            if not tmpdir:
                tmpdir = exit_stack.enter_context(TemporaryDirectory())
            drawdir = make_drawdir(tmpdir)
            pngs = []
            for lvl in range(level + 1):
                pngs.append(str((drawdir / f'{LEVEL_NAME}{lvl}').with_suffix(PNG_EXT)))
                lvl_string, lvl_t = draw(
                    start, rules, lvl, angle, length, thickness, color, fill_color,
                    None, lvl != level or asap, png=pngs[-1], padding=None, tmpdir=tmpdir,  # <-- Key differences.
                    colors=colors, position=position, heading=heading, scale=scale, output_scale=output_scale,
                    prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix, max_chars=max_chars, speed=speed, show_turtle=show_turtle,
                    turtle_shape=turtle_shape, circle=circle, angle_increment=angle_increment,
                    length_increment=length_increment, length_scalar=length_scalar, callback=callback,
                    thickness_increment=thickness_increment, red_increment=red_increment,
                    green_increment=green_increment, blue_increment=blue_increment, text=text,
                    text_color=text_color, text_position=text_position, font=font, font_size=font_size,
                    font_style=font_style, text_align=text_align, transparent=transparent, antialiasing=antialiasing
                )
                if lvl != level:
                    lvl_t.clear()
                    lvl_t.hideturtle()

            rect_for_all = None
            for i, lvl_png in enumerate(reversed(pngs)):
                image = Image.open(lvl_png).convert('RGBA')
                image, rect = pad_image(image, padding, rect_for_all, output_scale, true_background_color, transparent)
                if not i:
                    rect_for_all = rect
                image.save(lvl_png)

            last_frame = Image.open(pngs[-1]).convert('RGBA')
            last_frame, rect_for_all = pad_image(
                last_frame, padding, None, output_scale, true_background_color, transparent)

            for lvl_png in pngs:
                image = Image.open(lvl_png).convert('RGBA')

            if png:
                try:
                    png = str(Path(png).with_suffix(PNG_EXT).resolve())
                    copyfile(pngs[-1], png)
                    message(f'Saved png "{png}".')
                except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
                    message('Unable to save png:', e)
            try:
                save_gif(gif, pngs, transparent, duration, pause, defer, loops, reverse, alternate)
                message(f'Saved growth gif "{gif}".')
            except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
                message('Unable to save growth gif:', e)
        return lvl_string, lvl_t
    # End of growth flag code.

    if asap:
        saved_tracer, saved_delay = turtle.tracer(), turtle.delay()
        turtle.tracer(0, 0)

    t = turtle.Turtle()
    if text and text_color:
        orient(t, text_position)
        t.pencolor(text_color)
        try:
            t.write(text, False, text_align, (font, font_size, font_style))
        except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
            message('Unable to add text:', e)
    t.pencolor(true_background_color)  # Ensure initial colors are tuples.
    t.fillcolor(true_background_color)
    if show_turtle:
        t.showturtle()
    else:
        t.hideturtle()
    t.shape(turtle_shape)
    t.degrees(circle)
    t.speed(speed)
    position = scale * position[0], scale * position[1]
    orient(t, position, heading)

    string = prefix + lsystem(start, rules, level) + suffix
    with ExitStack() as exit_stack:
        if png or gif:
            if not tmpdir:
                tmpdir = exit_stack.enter_context(TemporaryDirectory())
            drawdir = make_drawdir(tmpdir)

        eps_paths, size = run(t=t,
                              string=string,
                              colors=make_colors(color, fill_color, colors),
                              circle=circle,
                              position=position,
                              heading=heading,
                              angle=angle,
                              length=scale*length,
                              thickness=abs(scale) * max(0, thickness),
                              angle_increment=angle_increment,
                              length_increment=scale*length_increment,
                              length_scalar=length_scalar,
                              thickness_increment=abs(scale)*thickness_increment,
                              color_increments=(red_increment, green_increment, blue_increment),
                              max_chars=max_chars,
                              max_draws=max_draws,
                              gif=gif,
                              frame_every=frame_every,
                              max_frames=max_frames,
                              drawdir=drawdir if gif else None,
                              callback=callback
                              )

        if png:
            eps = str((drawdir / FINAL_NAME).with_suffix(EPS_EXT))
            try:
                png, _ = save_png(png, eps, save_eps(eps), output_scale, antialiasing,
                                  true_background_color, transparent, padding)
                message(f'Saved png "{png}".')
            except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
                message('Unable to save png:', e)

        if gif:
            try:
                pngs = prep_gif(eps_paths, size, true_background_color,
                                output_scale, antialiasing, padding, transparent)
                save_gif(gif, pngs, transparent, duration, pause, defer, loops, reverse, alternate)
                message(f'Saved gif "{gif}".')
            except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
                message('Unable to save gif:', e)

        if asap:
            turtle.tracer(saved_tracer, saved_delay)
            turtle.update()

    return string, t


def wait(exit_on_click: bool = True, *, skip_init: bool = False) -> None:
    """Keeps window open. Calling this is optional.
    If used it should only be called once and be placed after all calls to `draw`.

    Args:
        - `exit_on_click=True` (bool):
            Whether the window can be closed by clicking anywhere.
        - `skip_init=False` (bool):
            For advanced use. Whether to skip calling `init` when it hasn't been called already.

    Returns nothing.

    ---
    Documentation available on a single page at https://github.com/discretegames/TurtLSystems#wait
    """
    if not skip_init and not _INITIALIZED:
        init()
    global _WAITED
    if not _WAITED:
        _WAITED = True
        (turtle.exitonclick if exit_on_click else turtle.done)()


def lsystem(start: str, rules: Union[Dict[str, str], str], level: int) -> str:
    """Expands the L-system string `start` according to `rules` `level` number of times, returning the resulting string.

    The `draw` function calls this internally. You do you not need to call it unless you want to.

    Every non-whitespace printable ASCII character in an L-system string is an instruction as follows:
    ```plaintext
    A-Z     Move forward by length step, drawing a line.
    a-z     Move forward by length step, not drawing a line.
    +       Turn positively by turning angle.
    -       Turn negatively by turning angle.
    |       Make a half turn (turn by 180°).
    &       Swap meaning of + and -.
    `       Swap meaning of uppercase and lowercase.
    @       Draw a fill color dot with radius max(2*thickness, 4+thickness).
    {       Start a polygon.
    }       Finish a polygon, filling it with fill color.
    [       Push current turtle state onto the stack (position, heading, colors, etc).
    ]       Pop current turtle state off the stack, if not empty.
    $       Clear stack.
    )       Increment turning angle by angle_increment.
    (       Decrement turning angle by angle_increment.
    ~       Reset turning angle back to its initial value.
    *       Multiply length step by length_scalar.
    /       Divide length step by length_scalar.
    ^       Increment length step by length_increment.
    %       Decrement length step by length_increment.
    _       Reset length step back to its initial value.
    >       Increment line thickness by thickness_increment.
    <       Decrement line thickness by thickness_increment. Won't go below 0.
    =       Reset line thickness back to its initial value.
    '       Reset heading back to its initial value.
    "       Reset position back to its initial value.
    0-9     Change color to the color at this index of colors list.
    ,       Increment current color's 0-255 red channel by red_increment.
    .       Decrement current color's 0-255 red channel by red_increment.
    ;       Increment current color's 0-255 green channel by green_increment.
    ;       Decrement current color's 0-255 green channel by green_increment.
    ?       Increment  current color's 0-255 blue channel by blue_increment.
    !       Decrement  current color's 0-255 blue channel by blue_increment.
    #       The next 0123456789.,:;!? apply to fill color rather than line color.
    \\       Stop executing all instructions immediately.
    ```
    Any characters not mentioned are ignored and have no effect.
    Many of the instructions are based on Paul Bourke's 1991 "L-System User Notes": http://paulbourke.net/fractals/lsys

    ---
    Documentation available on a single page at https://github.com/discretegames/TurtLSystems#lsystem
    """
    if isinstance(rules, str):
        rules = make_rules(rules)
    for _ in range(level):
        start = ''.join(rules.get(c, c) for c in start)
    return start


####################
# Helper Functions #
####################


def message(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
    """Alias for `print` but only runs when not silenced."""
    if not _SILENT:
        print(*args, **kwargs)


def clamp(value: float, minimum: int = 0, maximum: int = 255) -> float:
    """Clamps `value` between `minimum` and `maximum`."""
    return max(minimum, min(value, maximum))


def conform_color(color: Optional[Sequence[float]]) -> OpColor:
    """Ensures `color` is a tuple with 0-255 clamped rgb."""
    if color:
        return round(clamp(color[0])), round(clamp(color[1])), round(clamp(color[2]))
    return None


def make_rules(rules: Union[Dict[str, str], str]) -> Dict[str, str]:
    """Creates rules dict."""
    if isinstance(rules, str):
        split = rules.split()
        rules = dict(zip(split[::2], split[1::2]))
    return rules


def make_colors(color: OpColor, fill_color: OpColor, colors: Optional[Iterable[OpColor]]) -> Tuple[OpColor, ...]:
    """Creates final colors tuple."""
    if colors is None:
        return conform_color(color), conform_color(fill_color), *DEFAULT_COLORS[2:]
    colors = [conform_color(c) for c, _ in zip(colors, range(len(DEFAULT_COLORS)))]
    colors.extend(DEFAULT_COLORS[len(colors):])
    return tuple(colors)


def make_drawdir(tmpdir: str) -> Path:
    """Creates drawdir in tempdir labeled with current draw number."""
    drawdir = Path(tmpdir).resolve() / f'{DRAW_DIR_NAME}{_DRAW_NUMBER}'
    drawdir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
    for file in drawdir.iterdir():  # Carefully delete files in the drawdir that were from previous runs.
        if file.is_file() and file.suffix in (PNG_EXT, EPS_EXT) and \
                file.stem.rstrip(digits) in (FINAL_NAME, FRAME_NAME, LEVEL_NAME):
            file.unlink(missing_ok=True)
    # drawdir folders are never deleted themselves because it would be too easy to accidentally delete user data.
    return drawdir


def orient(t: turtle.Turtle, position: Optional[Tuple[float, float]], heading: Optional[float] = None) -> None:
    """Silently orients turtle `t` to given `position` and `heading`."""
    speed = t.speed()
    down, visible = t.isdown(), t.isvisible()
    t.penup()
    t.hideturtle()
    t.speed(0)
    if position:
        t.setposition(position)
    if heading is not None:
        t.setheading(heading)
    t.speed(speed)
    if down:
        t.pendown()
    if visible:
        t.showturtle()


def guess_ghostscript() -> str:
    """Guess the path to ghostscript. Only guesses well on Windows.
    Should prevent people from needing to add ghostscript to PATH.
    """
    if os.name != 'nt':
        return 'gs'  # I'm not sure where to look on non-Windows OSes so just guess 'gs'.

    def sort_by_version(v: Path) -> Union[version.Version, version.LegacyVersion]:
        return version.parse(v.name[2:])  # When this is an inline lambda mypy and pylint fuss.
    locations = 'C:\\Program Files\\gs', 'C:\\Program Files (x86)\\gs'
    files = 'gswin64c.exe', 'gswin32c.exe', 'gs.exe'
    for location in locations:
        path = Path(location)
        if path.exists():
            versions = [v for v in path.iterdir() if v.is_dir() and v.name.startswith('gs')]
            versions.sort(key=sort_by_version, reverse=True)
            for v in versions:
                for file in files:
                    exe = v / 'bin' / file
                    if exe.exists():
                        return str(exe)
    return 'gswin64c'  # Last ditch guess.


def eps_to_png(eps: str, png: str, size: Tuple[int, int], output_scale: float, antialiasing: int) -> None:
    """Uses ghostscript to convert eps file to png with transparent background."""
    result = subprocess.run([_GHOSTSCRIPT,
                             '-q',
                            '-dSAFER',
                             '-dBATCH',
                             '-dNOPAUSE',
                             '-dEPSCrop',
                             '-sDEVICE=pngalpha',
                             f'-r{round(DPI * output_scale)}',
                             f'-g{round(output_scale * size[0])}x{round(output_scale * size[1])}',
                             f'-dGraphicsAlphaBits={antialiasing}',
                             f'-dTextAlphaBits={antialiasing}',
                             f'-sOutputFile={png}',
                             eps],
                            check=False, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, encoding='utf-8')
    if result.returncode:
        message(f'Ghostscript ({_GHOSTSCRIPT}) exit code {result.returncode}:')
        message(result.stdout)


def get_padding_rect(
        image: Image.Image, padding: int, background_color: Color) -> Tuple[int, int, int, int]:
    """Returns rectangle around content pixels in `image` padded by `padding` on all sides."""
    message(f'Calculating padding for {image.width}x{image.height} pixel image...')
    x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max = image.width - 1, image.height - 1, 0, 0
    data = image.load()
    empty = True
    for y in range(image.height):
        for x in range(image.width):
            if data[x, y][3] == 0 or background_color == data[x, y][:3]:
                continue
            empty = False
            x_min = min(x_min, x)
            y_min = min(y_min, y)
            x_max = max(x_max, x)
            y_max = max(y_max, y)
    if empty:
        x_min = x_max = image.width//2
        y_min = y_max = image.height//2
    x_min -= padding
    y_min -= padding
    x_max = max(x_max + padding, x_min) + 1
    y_max = max(y_max + padding, y_min) + 1
    return x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max


def save_eps(eps: str) -> Tuple[int, int]:
    """Saves current turtle graphics canvas as encapsulated postscript file."""
    turtle.update()
    canvas = turtle.getcanvas()
    width = max(canvas.winfo_width(), canvas.canvwidth)  # type: ignore
    height = max(canvas.winfo_height(), canvas.canvheight)  # type: ignore
    canvas.postscript(file=eps, x=-width//2, y=-height//2, width=width, height=height)  # type: ignore
    return width, height


def pad_image(
    image: Image.Image,
    padding: Optional[int],
    rect: Optional[Tuple[int, int, int, int]],
    output_scale: float,
    background_color: Color,
    transparent: bool
) -> Tuple[Image.Image, Optional[Tuple[int, int, int, int]]]:
    """Pads image on all sides and gives it correct background color."""
    if padding is not None:
        if not rect:
            rect = get_padding_rect(image, round(output_scale * padding), background_color)
        image = image.crop(rect)
    # Transparent backgrounds still have the correct color but alpha is 0.
    background = Image.new('RGBA', image.size, background_color + ((0,) if transparent else (255,)))
    return Image.alpha_composite(background, image), rect


def save_png(
    png: Optional[str],
    eps: str,
    size: Tuple[int, int],
    output_scale: float,
    antialiasing: int,
    background_color: Color,
    transparent: bool,
    padding: Optional[int],
    rect: Optional[Tuple[int, int, int, int]] = None,
) -> Tuple[str, Optional[Tuple[int, int, int, int]]]:
    """Finalizes pre-existing eps file into png with background and padding."""
    if not png:
        png = eps
    png = str(Path(png).with_suffix(PNG_EXT).resolve())
    eps_to_png(eps, png, size, output_scale, antialiasing)
    image = Image.open(png).convert('RGBA')
    image, rect = pad_image(image, padding, rect, output_scale, background_color, transparent)
    image.save(png)
    return png, rect


def prep_gif(eps_paths: List[str], size: Tuple[int, int], background_color: Color, output_scale: float,
             antialiasing: int, padding: Optional[int], transparent: bool) -> List[str]:
    """Converts eps files into pngs in preperation for gif. Returns list of png paths."""
    pngs, rect_for_all = [], None
    for i, eps in enumerate(reversed(eps_paths)):  # Reverse so rect_for_all corresponds to last frame.
        png, rect = save_png(None, eps, size, output_scale, antialiasing,
                             background_color, transparent, padding, rect_for_all)
        pngs.append(png)
        if not i:
            rect_for_all = rect
            message(f'Making {len(eps_paths)} gif frames..', end='', flush=True)
        elif (len(eps_paths) - i) % 10 == 0:
            message(f'{len(eps_paths) - i}..', end='', flush=True)
    pngs.reverse()
    message('.')
    return pngs


def save_gif(
    gif: str,
    pngs: List[str],
    transparent: bool,
    duration: int,
    pause: int,
    defer: int,
    loops: Optional[int],
    reverse: bool,
    alternate: bool,
) -> str:
    """Saves gif from pre-generated png files. Returns path to gif."""
    images = [Image.open(png).convert('RGBA') for png in pngs]
    if reverse:
        images.reverse()
    if alternate:
        images.extend(images[-2:0:-1])
    gif = str(Path(gif).with_suffix(GIF_EXT).resolve())
    frames = [images[0]] * (defer // duration) + images + [images[-1]] * (pause // duration)
    frames[0].save(gif, save_all=True, append_images=frames[1:], loop=loops or 0, duration=duration,
                   optimize=True, transparency=0 if transparent else 255)
    # PIL seems to treat blank animated gifs like static gifs, so their timing is wrong. But nbd since they're blank.
    return gif


def run(
    *,
    t: turtle.Turtle,
    string: str,
    colors: Tuple[OpColor, ...],
    circle: float,
    position: Tuple[float, float],
    heading: float,
    angle: float,
    length: float,
    thickness: float,
    angle_increment: float,
    length_increment: float,
    length_scalar: float,
    thickness_increment: float,
    color_increments: Tuple[float, float, float],
    max_chars: Optional[int],
    max_draws: Optional[int],
    gif: Optional[str],
    frame_every: Union[int, Collection[str]],
    max_frames: Optional[int],
    drawdir: Optional[Path],
    callback: Optional[Callable[[str, turtle.Turtle], Optional[bool]]]
) -> Tuple[List[str], Tuple[int, int]]:
    """Run turtle `t` on L-system string `string` with given options."""
    initial_angle, initial_length, initial_thickness = angle, length, thickness
    swap_signs, swap_cases, modify_fill = False, False, False
    pen_color: Optional[Tuple[float, float, float]] = colors[0]
    fill_color: Optional[Tuple[float, float, float]] = colors[1]
    stack: List[State] = []
    eps_paths: List[str] = []
    size = (1, 1)
    draws, frames_attempted = 0, 0

    def save_frame() -> None:
        nonlocal frames_attempted, size
        frames_attempted += 1
        if max_frames is None or len(eps_paths) < max_frames:
            eps = str((cast(Path, drawdir) / f'{FRAME_NAME}{len(eps_paths)}').with_suffix(EPS_EXT))
            size = save_eps(eps)
            eps_paths.append(eps)

    def drew() -> None:
        nonlocal draws
        draws += 1
        if gif:
            if isinstance(frame_every, int) and draws % frame_every == 0:
                save_frame()

    def set_pensize() -> None:
        t.pensize(max(0, thickness))  # type: ignore

    def set_color(color: Optional[Tuple[float, float, float]]) -> None:
        nonlocal pen_color, fill_color, modify_fill
        if modify_fill:
            modify_fill = False
            fill_color = color
            if fill_color:
                t.fillcolor(cast(Color, conform_color(fill_color)))
        else:
            pen_color = color
            if pen_color:
                t.pencolor(cast(Color, conform_color(pen_color)))

    def increment_color(channel: int, decrement: bool = False) -> None:
        color = fill_color if modify_fill else pen_color
        if color:
            amount = (-1 if decrement else 1) * color_increments[channel]
            lst = list(color)
            lst[channel] = clamp(lst[channel] + amount)
            set_color((lst[0], lst[1], lst[2]))

    set_pensize()
    if pen_color:
        t.pencolor(cast(Color, conform_color(pen_color)))
    if fill_color:
        t.fillcolor(cast(Color, conform_color(fill_color)))
    if gif:
        save_frame()

    for i, c in enumerate(string):
        if max_chars is not None and i >= max_chars or max_draws is not None and draws >= max_draws:
            break
        if swap_cases and c.isalpha():
            c = c.lower() if c.isupper() else c.upper()

        # Length:
        if 'A' <= c <= 'Z':
            if pen_color and t.pensize():
                t.pendown()
            else:
                t.penup()
            t.forward(length)
            drew()
        elif 'a' <= c <= 'z':
            t.penup()
            t.forward(length)
        elif c == '_':
            length = initial_length
        elif c == '^':
            length += length_increment
        elif c == '%':
            length -= length_increment
        elif c == '*':
            length *= length_scalar
        elif c == '/':
            length /= length_scalar
        # Angle:
        elif c == '+':
            t.seth(t.heading() + (-1 if swap_signs else 1) * angle)
        elif c == '-':
            t.seth(t.heading() - (-1 if swap_signs else 1) * angle)
        elif c == '&':
            swap_signs = not swap_signs
        elif c == '|':
            t.right(circle/2.0)
        elif c == '~':
            angle = initial_angle
        elif c == ')':
            angle += angle_increment
        elif c == '(':
            angle -= angle_increment
        # Thickness:
        elif c == '=':
            thickness = initial_thickness
            set_pensize()
        elif c == '>':
            thickness = max(0, thickness + thickness_increment)
            set_pensize()
        elif c == '<':
            thickness = max(0, thickness - thickness_increment)
            set_pensize()
        # Color:
        elif '0' <= c <= '9':
            set_color(colors[int(c)])
        elif c == '#':
            modify_fill = True
        elif c == ',':
            increment_color(0)
        elif c == '.':
            increment_color(0, True)
        elif c == ';':
            increment_color(1)
        elif c == ':':
            increment_color(1, True)
        elif c == '?':
            increment_color(2)
        elif c == '!':
            increment_color(2, True)
        # Other:
        elif c == '{':
            if fill_color:
                t.begin_fill()
        elif c == '}':
            if fill_color:
                t.end_fill()
            drew()
        elif c == '@':
            if fill_color:
                t.dot(None, fill_color)
            drew()
        elif c == '`':
            swap_cases = not swap_cases
        elif c == '"':
            orient(t, position)
        elif c == "'":
            orient(t, None, heading)
        elif c == '$':
            stack.clear()
        elif c == '[':
            stack.append(State((t.xcor(), t.ycor()), t.heading(), angle, length, thickness,
                               pen_color, fill_color, swap_signs, swap_cases, modify_fill))
        elif c == ']':
            if stack:
                state = stack.pop()
                orient(t, state.position, state.heading)
                angle, length = state.angle, state.length
                swap_signs, swap_cases, modify_fill = state.swap_signs, state.swap_cases, state.modify_fill
                pen_color, fill_color = state.pen_color, state.fill_color

        if not isinstance(frame_every, int) and c in frame_every:
            save_frame()

        if callback and callback(c, t) or c == '\\':
            break

    if gif:
        if isinstance(frame_every, int) and draws % frame_every != 0:
            save_frame()  # Save frame of final changes unless nothing has changed.
        message(f'Prepped {len(eps_paths)} gif frames of {frames_attempted} attempted for {draws + 1} draws.')

    return eps_paths, size


def fix_ellipsis(value: Any, default: Any) -> Any:
    """Helps fix accidental use of init(...) or draw(...)."""
    return default if isinstance(value, type(Ellipsis)) else value


if __name__ == '__main__':
    try:
        draw()
        wait()
    except Exit:
        pass

Core source code file of TurtLSystems Python package (https://pypi.org/project/TurtLSystems). # Types: # Globals: # Mutating globals: # Exit exception: # Dataclasses are not in 3.6 and SimpleNamespace is not typed properly so decided to use a plain class for State. # pylint: disable=too-many-instance-attributes,too-few-public-methods L-system state. ##################### # Package Functions # ##################### Initializes global TurtLSystems properties.     Calling this is optional and only needed when customization is desired.     If used it should only be called once and placed before all calls to `draw` and `wait`.      Args:         - `window_size=(0.75, 0.75)` (Tuple[int | float, int | float]):             The size of the window. Use integers for pixel dimensions. Use floats for a percentage of the screen size.         - `window_title="TurtLSystems"` (str):             The title of the window.         - `background_color=(0, 0, 0)` (Tuple[int, int, int]):             The background color of the window. A 0-255 rgb tuple. May be changed later by draw calls.         - `background_image=None` (str | None):             The file path to a background image for the window.         - `window_position=None` (Tuple[int | None, int | None] | None):             The top and left screen coordinates of the window, or None for centered.         - `canvas_size=None` (Tuple[int | None, int | None] | None):             The size of the drawing canvas when an area larger than the window size is desired.         - `ghostscript=None` (str | None):             The path to or command name of ghostscript.             When None, an educated guess of the path is made on Windows and 'gs' is used on Mac/Linux.             Ghostscript is the image conversion tool required for png and gif output:             https://ghostscript.com/releases/gsdnld.html         - `logo_mode=False` (bool):             Whether the turtle graphics coordinates mode is 'standard' or 'logo'. Defaults to standard.             In standard mode an angle of 0 points rightward and positive angles go counterclockwise.             In logo mode an angle of 0 points upward and positive angles go clockwise.         - `delay=None` (int | None):             The turtle graphics animation delay in milliseconds. None for default value.         - `silent=False` (bool):             Whether to silence all messages and warnings produced by TurtLSystems.      Returns nothing.      ---     Documentation available on a single page at https://github.com/discretegames/TurtLSystems#init # Use 1x1 canvas size unless canvas is actually bigger than window to avoid weird unnecessary scrollbars. # The canvas will still fill out the window, it won't behave like 1x1. # Used to get final int window size as window_size may have been floats. # Horrendously long function, I know, but I can't be bothered to refactor. # Positional args: # Customization args: # Turtle args: # Increment args: # Text args: # Png and gif frame args: # Gif args: # Advanced args: Opens a turtle graphics window and draws an L-system pattern based on the arguments provided.     When called multiple times all patterns are drawn to the same canvas.      All 54 arguments are optional but `start` and `rules` are the most important because they define the L-system,     and `level` defines how many expansion steps take place. On an expansion step, every character in `start` is     replaced with what it maps to in `rules` (or left unchanged if not present) resulting in a new `start` string.     The characters of `start` after the last expansion are the instructions the turtle follows to draw a pattern.     See the `lsystem` function documentation for specifics on what each character does as an instruction.      Call `draw()` by itself to see an example Sierpinski triangle pattern.      In the descriptions below, "on X" is short for "when the character X is encountered in the L-system string".      Positional args:         - `start='F+G+G'` (str):             The initial string or axiom of the L-system. Level 0.         - `rules='F F+G-F-G+F G GG'` (Dict[str, str] | str):             Dictionary that maps characters to what they are replaced with in the L-system expansion step.             May also be a string where whitespace separated pairs of substrings correspond to the character and its             replacement. For example `{'A': 'AB', 'B': 'B+A'}` and `'A AB B B+A'` represent the same rules.         - `level=4` (int):             The number of L-system expansion steps to take, i.e. how many times to apply `rules` to `start`.         - `angle=120` (float):             The angle to turn by on `+` or `-`. In degrees by default but the `circle` arg can change that.         - `length=20` (float):             The distance in pixels to move forward by on letters. The length step.         - `thickness=1` (float):             The line width in pixels. May be any non-negative number.         - `color=(255, 255, 255)` (Tuple[int, int, int] | None):             The line color. A 0-255 rgb tuple or None to hide all lines. Reselected on `0`.         - `fill_color=(128, 128, 128)` (Tuple[int, int, int] | None):             The fill color for `{}` polygons, `@` dots, and turtle shapes. A 0-255 rgb tuple or None to hide all fills.             Reselected on `1`.         - `background_color=None` (Tuple[int, int, int] | None):             The background color of the window. A 0-255 rgb tuple or None to leave unchanged.         - `asap=False` (bool):             When True the draw will happen as fast as possible, ignoring `speed` arg and the `delay` arg of `init`.      Customization args:         - `colors=None` (Iterable[Tuple[int, int, int] | None] | None):             When an iterable such as a list, `color` and `fill_color` are ignored and the first 10 colors of the list             become the colors that are selected on `0` through `9`. Each may be a 0-255 rgb tuple or None for no color.             The following list of defaults is used to fill out anything missing if less than 10 colors are given:              - 0 = (255, 255, 255) white             - 1 = (128, 128, 128) gray             - 2 = (255, 0, 0) red             - 3 = (255, 128, 0) orange             - 4 = (255, 255, 0) yellow             - 5 = (0, 255, 0) green             - 6 = (0, 255, 255) cyan             - 7 = (0, 0, 255) blue             - 8 = (128, 0, 255) purple             - 9 = (255, 0, 255) magenta              When `colors` is None, `color` and `fill_color` are used replace slots 0 and 1 respectively.         - `position=(0, 0)` (Tuple[float, float]):             The initial (x, y) position of the turtle.         - `heading=0` (float):             The initial angle the turtle points in.         - `scale=1'` (float):             A factor to scale the size of the pattern by. May be negative.             Specifically, `length`, `position`, and `length_increment` are multiplied by `scale`             and `thickness` and `thickness_increment` are multiplied by `abs(scale)`.         - `prefix=''` (str):             An L-system string that does not undergo expansion prepended to the fully expanded `start` string.         - `suffix=''` (str):             An L-system string that does not undergo expansion appended to the fully expanded `start` string         - `max_chars=None` (int | None):             The maximum number of characters in the final L-system string (`prefix` + expanded `start` + `suffix`)             to follow the instructions for, or None for no limit.         - `max_draws=None` (int | None):             The maximum number of "draw" operations to do or None for no limit. A "draw" operation is something that             draws to the canvas, namely lines from uppercase letters, dots from `@`, and finished polygons from `}`.      Turtle args:         - `speed='fastest'` (int | str):             The speed of the turtle. An integer from 1 to 10 for slowest to fastest or 0 for the fastest possible.             Strings 'slowest', 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', and 'fastest' correspond to 1, 3, 6, 10, and 0 respectively.         - `show_turtle=False` (bool):             Whether the turtle is shown or not.         - `turtle_shape='classic'` (str):             The shape of the turtle. Can be 'classic', 'arrow', 'turtle', 'circle', 'square', or 'triangle'.         - `circle=360` (float):             The number of degrees to consider a full circle as having. Use `2*math.pi` to work in radians.      Increment args:         - `angle_increment=15` (float):             The amount to increment or decrement `angle` by on `)` or `(`.         - `length_increment=5` (float):             The amount to increment or decrement `length` by on `^` or `%`.         - `length_scalar=2` (float):             The amount to multiply or divide `length` by on `*` or `/`.         - `thickness_increment=1` (float):             The amount to increment or decrement the `thickness` by on `>` or `<`. Thickness won't go below 0.         - `red_increment=1` (float):             The amount to increment or decrement the red channel of the line or fill color by on `,` or `.`.             Channel will stay in the range [0, 255]. This can be a float to allow for gradual changes.         - `green_increment=1` (float):             The amount to increment or decrement the green channel of the line or fill color by on `;` or `:`.             Channel will stay in the range [0, 255]. This can be a float to allow for gradual changes.         - `blue_increment=1` (float):             The amount to increment or decrement the blue channel of the line or fill color by on `?` or `!`.             Channel will stay in the range [0, 255]. This can be a float to allow for gradual changes.      Text args:         - `text=None` (str | None):             A string of text to add to the canvas. Patters are drawn on top of it. None for no text.         - `text_color=(255, 255, 255)` (Tuple[int, int, int] | None):             The color of the text. A 0-255 rgb tuple or None to hide the text.         - `text_position=(0, -200)` (Tuple[int, int]):             The (x, y) position of the text.         - `text_align='center'` (str):             The alignment of the text. Either 'left', 'center', or 'right'.         - `font='Arial` (str):             The font name of the text.         - `font_size=16` (int):             The font size of the text. Measured in points if positive or in pixels if negative.         - `font_style='normal'` (str):             The styling to apply to the font of the text. 'normal', 'bold', 'italic', 'underline' and 'overstrike'             are all possibilities and can be combined like 'bold italic'.      Png and gif frame args:         - `png=None` (str | None):             The file path of where to save the final drawing as a png image, or None for no png output.             A file extension is not required.         - `padding=10` (int | None):             The amount of padding in pixels to frame the drawing with on all sides in png and gif output.             Negative values are valid. When None, no padding happens and the entire canvas area is saved.             Note that padding very large blank areas can be slow.         - `transparent=False` (bool):             When True, the background of png and gif output is transparent rather that the window background color.         - `antialiasing=4` (int):             An integer 1, 2, or 4 that specifies how jagged pixel edges will be in png and gif output.             1 for the most jagged, 4 for the least jagged. Note that the window canvas does not respect this option.         - `output_scale=1` (float):             A factor to scale png and gif dimensions by. Vector graphics are used so there is no quality loss from             scaling up, though padding may take longer.      Gif args:         - `gif=None` (str | None):             The file path of where to save the drawing as a gif animation, or None for no gif output.             A file extension is not required.         - `frame_every=1` (int | Collection[str]):             When an integer, this is the number of "draw" operations to wait for between recording of gif frames.             A "draw" operation is something that draws to the canvas, namely lines from uppercase letters,             dots from `@`, and finished polygons from `}`. When a collection such as a string, frames are recorded             whenever L-system characters in the collections are encountered.         - `max_frames=100` (int | None):             The maximum number of frames of the gif or None for no limit.             Useful to prevent accidental creation of very long gifs.         - `duration=20` (int):             The duration in milliseconds of each gif frame. Should be 20 or above and divisible by 10.         - `pause=500` (int):             The amount of additional time in milliseconds to pause on the last frame of the gif.         - `defer=0` (int):             The amount of additional time in milliseconds to add to the first frame of the gif.         - `loops=None` (int | None):             The number of times the gif loops or 0 or None for no limit.         - `reverse=False` (bool):             Whether to reverse the frames of the gif.         - `alternate=False` (bool):             When True, the central gif frames are copied and appended in reverse to the end of the gif, making             it cycle forwards and backwards. For example, a sequence 01234 would become 01234321.         - `growth=False` (bool):             When True, the gif consist of frames made from the final patterns of every expansion of the `start` string,             from level 0 to `level` inclusive. `frame_every` and `max_frames` are ignored in this mode.      Advanced args:         - `tmpdir=None` (str | None):             The path to a directory to put all .eps and .png files in during the generation of png and gif output.             Useful if you need the gif frames as pngs. When None these files are put in a temporary place and deleted.         - `callback=None` (Callable[[str, turtle.Turtle], bool | None] | None):             When not None, a function that is called for every character in the L-system string the turtle encounters.             Two arguments are given, the current character and the Turtle object. If True is returned the turtle stops.         - `skip_init=False` (bool):             Whether to skip calling `init` when it hasn't been called already.      Returns a 2-tuple of the final L-system string and the turtle graphics Turtle object used to draw the pattern.     (Tuple[str, turtle.Turtle])      ---     Documentation available on a single page at https://github.com/discretegames/TurtLSystems#draw # Return a couple dummy values so the function signature can stay the same. # Do growth animation of all levels of the L-system with recursive draw png calls. # Didn't put this in own function since it would need every single little arg. Cumbersome either way. # <-- Key differences. # pylint: disable=broad-except # pylint: disable=broad-except # End of growth flag code. # pylint: disable=broad-except # Ensure initial colors are tuples. # pylint: disable=broad-except # pylint: disable=broad-except Keeps window open. Calling this is optional.     If used it should only be called once and be placed after all calls to `draw`.      Args:         - `exit_on_click=True` (bool):             Whether the window can be closed by clicking anywhere.         - `skip_init=False` (bool):             For advanced use. Whether to skip calling `init` when it hasn't been called already.      Returns nothing.      ---     Documentation available on a single page at https://github.com/discretegames/TurtLSystems#wait Expands the L-system string `start` according to `rules` `level` number of times, returning the resulting string.      The `draw` function calls this internally. You do you not need to call it unless you want to.      Every non-whitespace printable ASCII character in an L-system string is an instruction as follows:     ```plaintext     A-Z     Move forward by length step, drawing a line.     a-z     Move forward by length step, not drawing a line.     +       Turn positively by turning angle.     -       Turn negatively by turning angle.     |       Make a half turn (turn by 180°).     &       Swap meaning of + and -.     `       Swap meaning of uppercase and lowercase.     @       Draw a fill color dot with radius max(2*thickness, 4+thickness).     {       Start a polygon.     }       Finish a polygon, filling it with fill color.     [       Push current turtle state onto the stack (position, heading, colors, etc).     ]       Pop current turtle state off the stack, if not empty.     $       Clear stack.     )       Increment turning angle by angle_increment.     (       Decrement turning angle by angle_increment.     ~       Reset turning angle back to its initial value.     *       Multiply length step by length_scalar.     /       Divide length step by length_scalar.     ^       Increment length step by length_increment.     %       Decrement length step by length_increment.     _       Reset length step back to its initial value.     >       Increment line thickness by thickness_increment.     <       Decrement line thickness by thickness_increment. Won't go below 0.     =       Reset line thickness back to its initial value.     '       Reset heading back to its initial value.     "       Reset position back to its initial value.     0-9     Change color to the color at this index of colors list.     ,       Increment current color's 0-255 red channel by red_increment.     .       Decrement current color's 0-255 red channel by red_increment.     ;       Increment current color's 0-255 green channel by green_increment.     ;       Decrement current color's 0-255 green channel by green_increment.     ?       Increment  current color's 0-255 blue channel by blue_increment.     !       Decrement  current color's 0-255 blue channel by blue_increment.     #       The next 0123456789.,:;!? apply to fill color rather than line color.     \\       Stop executing all instructions immediately.     ```     Any characters not mentioned are ignored and have no effect.     Many of the instructions are based on Paul Bourke's 1991 "L-System User Notes": http://paulbourke.net/fractals/lsys      ---     Documentation available on a single page at https://github.com/discretegames/TurtLSystems#lsystem #################### # Helper Functions # #################### Alias for `print` but only runs when not silenced. Clamps `value` between `minimum` and `maximum`. Ensures `color` is a tuple with 0-255 clamped rgb. Creates rules dict. Creates final colors tuple. Creates drawdir in tempdir labeled with current draw number. # Carefully delete files in the drawdir that were from previous runs. # drawdir folders are never deleted themselves because it would be too easy to accidentally delete user data. Silently orients turtle `t` to given `position` and `heading`. Guess the path to ghostscript. Only guesses well on Windows.     Should prevent people from needing to add ghostscript to PATH. # I'm not sure where to look on non-Windows OSes so just guess 'gs'. # When this is an inline lambda mypy and pylint fuss. # Last ditch guess. Uses ghostscript to convert eps file to png with transparent background. Returns rectangle around content pixels in `image` padded by `padding` on all sides. Saves current turtle graphics canvas as encapsulated postscript file. # type: ignore # type: ignore # type: ignore Pads image on all sides and gives it correct background color. # Transparent backgrounds still have the correct color but alpha is 0. Finalizes pre-existing eps file into png with background and padding. Converts eps files into pngs in preperation for gif. Returns list of png paths. # Reverse so rect_for_all corresponds to last frame. Saves gif from pre-generated png files. Returns path to gif. # PIL seems to treat blank animated gifs like static gifs, so their timing is wrong. But nbd since they're blank. Run turtle `t` on L-system string `string` with given options. # type: ignore # Length: # Angle: # Thickness: # Color: # Other: # Save frame of final changes unless nothing has changed. Helps fix accidental use of init(...) or draw(...).