import os
import sys
import traceback
from typing import Callable, Generator, List, Tuple

import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns
from PySide2.QtCore import QEvent, QObject, QRunnable, QThreadPool, Qt, Signal, Slot
from PySide2.QtGui import QIcon, QPixmap
from PySide2.QtWidgets import (QApplication, QCheckBox, QComboBox, QDialog, QFileDialog, QFormLayout, QFrame, QLabel,
                               QLineEdit, QMainWindow, QMessageBox, QPushButton, QSizePolicy, QVBoxLayout, QWidget)
from matplotlib import use as set_backend
from matplotlib.backends.backend_qt5agg import FigureCanvasQTAgg as FigureCanvas, NavigationToolbar2QT as NavBar
from matplotlib.figure import Figure
from matplotlib.lines import Line2D
from xlrd import XLRDError

from src.utils import get_project_root

set_backend('Qt5Agg')
sns.set(style="whitegrid")


class ViolinGUI(QMainWindow):
    """Main Window Widget for ViolinGUI."""
    style = {
        'title': 'QLabel {font-size: 18pt; font-weight: 600}',
        'header': 'QLabel {font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 520}',
        'label': 'QLabel {font-size: 10pt}',
        'button': 'QPushButton {font-size: 10pt}',
        'run button': 'QPushButton {font-size: 18pt; font-weight: 600}',
        'line edit': 'QLineEdit {font-size: 10pt}',
        'checkbox': 'QCheckBox {font-size: 10pt}',
        'drop down': 'QComboBox {font-size: 10pt}'
    }

    def __init__(self) -> None:
        """ViolinGUI Constructor. Defines all aspects of the GUI."""
        # ## Setup section
        # Inherits from QMainWindow
        super().__init__()
        self.rootdir = get_project_root()
        # QMainWindow basic properties
        self.setWindowTitle("SCOUTS - Violins")
        self.setWindowIcon(QIcon(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(self.rootdir, 'src', 'scouts.ico'))))
        # Creates QWidget as QMainWindow's central widget
        self.page = QWidget(self)
        self.setCentralWidget(self.page)
        # Miscellaneous initialization values
        self.threadpool = QThreadPool()  # Threadpool for workers
        self.population_df = None  # DataFrame of whole population (raw data)
        self.summary_df = None  # DataFrame indicating which SCOUTS output corresponds to which rule
        self.summary_path = None  # path to all DataFrames generated by SCOUTS

        self.main_layout = QVBoxLayout(self.page)

        # Title section
        # Title
        self.title = QLabel(self.page)
        self.title.setText('SCOUTS - Violins')
        self.title.setStyleSheet(self.style['title'])
        self.title.adjustSize()
        self.main_layout.addWidget(self.title)

        # ## Input section
        # Input header
        self.input_header = QLabel(self.page)
        self.input_header.setText('Load data')
        self.input_header.setStyleSheet(self.style['header'])
        self.input_header.adjustSize()
        self.main_layout.addWidget(self.input_header)
        # Input/Output frame
        self.input_frame = QFrame(self.page)
        self.input_frame.setFrameShape(QFrame.StyledPanel)
        self.input_frame.setLayout(QFormLayout())
        self.main_layout.addWidget(self.input_frame)
        # Raw data button
        self.input_button = QPushButton(self.page)
        self.input_button.setStyleSheet(self.style['button'])
        self.set_icon(self.input_button, 'x-office-spreadsheet')
        self.input_button.setObjectName('file')
        self.input_button.setText(' Load raw data file')
        self.input_button.setToolTip('Load raw data file (the file given to SCOUTS as the input file)')
        self.input_button.clicked.connect(self.get_path)
        # SCOUTS results button
        self.output_button = QPushButton(self.page)
        self.output_button.setStyleSheet(self.style['button'])
        self.set_icon(self.output_button, 'folder')
        self.output_button.setObjectName('folder')
        self.output_button.setText(' Load SCOUTS results')
        self.output_button.setToolTip('Load data from SCOUTS analysis '
                                      '(the folder given to SCOUTS as the output folder)')
        self.output_button.clicked.connect(self.get_path)
        # Add widgets above to input frame Layout
        self.input_frame.layout().addRow(self.input_button)
        self.input_frame.layout().addRow(self.output_button)

        # ## Samples section
        # Samples header
        self.samples_header = QLabel(self.page)
        self.samples_header.setText('Select sample names')
        self.samples_header.setStyleSheet(self.style['header'])
        self.samples_header.adjustSize()
        self.main_layout.addWidget(self.samples_header)
        # Samples frame
        self.samples_frame = QFrame(self.page)
        self.samples_frame.setFrameShape(QFrame.StyledPanel)
        self.samples_frame.setLayout(QFormLayout())
        self.main_layout.addWidget(self.samples_frame)
        # Samples label
        self.samples_label = QLabel(self.page)
        self.samples_label.setText('Write sample names delimited by semicolons below.\nEx: Control;Treat_01;Pac-03')
        self.samples_label.setStyleSheet(self.style['label'])
        # Sample names line edit
        self.sample_names = QLineEdit(self.page)
        self.sample_names.setStyleSheet(self.style['line edit'])
        # Add widgets above to samples frame Layout
        self.samples_frame.layout().addRow(self.samples_label)
        self.samples_frame.layout().addRow(self.sample_names)

        # ## Analysis section
        # Analysis header
        self.analysis_header = QLabel(self.page)
        self.analysis_header.setText('Plot parameters')
        self.analysis_header.setStyleSheet(self.style['header'])
        self.analysis_header.adjustSize()
        self.main_layout.addWidget(self.analysis_header)
        # Analysis frame
        self.analysis_frame = QFrame(self.page)
        self.analysis_frame.setFrameShape(QFrame.StyledPanel)
        self.analysis_frame.setLayout(QFormLayout())
        self.main_layout.addWidget(self.analysis_frame)
        # Analysis labels
        self.analysis_label_01 = QLabel(self.page)
        self.analysis_label_01.setText('Compare')
        self.analysis_label_01.setStyleSheet(self.style['label'])
        self.analysis_label_02 = QLabel(self.page)
        self.analysis_label_02.setText('with')
        self.analysis_label_02.setStyleSheet(self.style['label'])
        self.analysis_label_03 = QLabel(self.page)
        self.analysis_label_03.setText('for marker')
        self.analysis_label_03.setStyleSheet(self.style['label'])
        self.analysis_label_04 = QLabel(self.page)
        self.analysis_label_04.setText('Outlier type')
        self.analysis_label_04.setStyleSheet(self.style['label'])
        # Analysis drop-down boxes
        self.drop_down_01 = QComboBox(self.page)
        self.drop_down_01.addItems(['whole population', 'non-outliers', 'top outliers', 'bottom outliers', 'none'])
        self.drop_down_01.setStyleSheet(self.style['drop down'])
        self.drop_down_01.setCurrentIndex(2)
        self.drop_down_02 = QComboBox(self.page)
        self.drop_down_02.addItems(['whole population', 'non-outliers', 'top outliers', 'bottom outliers', 'none'])
        self.drop_down_02.setStyleSheet(self.style['drop down'])
        self.drop_down_02.setCurrentIndex(0)
        self.drop_down_03 = QComboBox(self.page)
        self.drop_down_03.setStyleSheet(self.style['drop down'])
        self.drop_down_04 = QComboBox(self.page)
        self.drop_down_04.addItems(['OutS', 'OutR'])
        self.drop_down_04.setStyleSheet(self.style['drop down'])
        # Add widgets above to samples frame Layout
        self.analysis_frame.layout().addRow(self.analysis_label_01, self.drop_down_01)
        self.analysis_frame.layout().addRow(self.analysis_label_02, self.drop_down_02)
        self.analysis_frame.layout().addRow(self.analysis_label_03, self.drop_down_03)
        self.analysis_frame.layout().addRow(self.analysis_label_04, self.drop_down_04)

        self.legend_checkbox = QCheckBox(self.page)
        self.legend_checkbox.setText('Add legend to the plot')
        self.legend_checkbox.setStyleSheet(self.style['checkbox'])
        self.main_layout.addWidget(self.legend_checkbox)

        # Plot button (stand-alone)
        self.plot_button = QPushButton(self.page)
        self.set_icon(self.plot_button, 'system-run')
        self.plot_button.setText(' Plot')
        self.plot_button.setToolTip('Plot data after loading the input data and selecting parameters')
        self.plot_button.setStyleSheet(self.style['run button'])
        self.plot_button.setEnabled(False)
        self.plot_button.clicked.connect(self.run_plot)
        self.main_layout.addWidget(self.plot_button)

        # ## Secondary Window
        # This is used to plot the violins only
        self.secondary_window = QMainWindow(self)
        self.secondary_window.resize(720, 720)
        self.dynamic_canvas = DynamicCanvas(self.secondary_window, width=6, height=6, dpi=120)
        self.secondary_window.setCentralWidget(self.dynamic_canvas)
        self.secondary_window.addToolBar(NavBar(self.dynamic_canvas, self.secondary_window))

    def set_icon(self, widget: QWidget, icon: str) -> None:
        """Associates an icon to a widget."""
        i = QIcon()
        i.addPixmap(QPixmap(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(self.rootdir, 'src', 'default_icons', f'{icon}.svg'))))
        widget.setIcon(QIcon.fromTheme(icon, i))

    def get_path(self) -> None:
        """Opens a dialog box and loads the corresponding data into memory, depending on the caller widget."""
        options = QFileDialog.Options()
        options |= QFileDialog.DontUseNativeDialog
        query = None
        func = None
        if self.sender().objectName() == 'file':
            query, _ = QFileDialog.getOpenFileName(self, "Select file", "", "All Files (*)", options=options)
            func = self.load_scouts_input_data
        elif self.sender().objectName() == 'folder':
            query = QFileDialog.getExistingDirectory(self, "Select Directory", options=options)
            func = self.load_scouts_results
        if query:
            self.load_data(query, func)

    def load_data(self, query: str, func: Callable) -> None:
        """Loads input data into memory, while displaying a loading message as a separate worker."""
        worker = Worker(func=func, query=query)
        message = self.loading_message()
        worker.signals.started.connect(message.show)
        worker.signals.started.connect(self.page.setDisabled)
        worker.signals.error.connect(self.generic_error_message)
        worker.signals.error.connect(message.destroy)
        worker.signals.failed.connect(self.plot_button.setDisabled)
        worker.signals.success.connect(message.destroy)
        worker.signals.success.connect(self.enable_plot)
        worker.signals.finished.connect(self.page.setEnabled)
        self.threadpool.start(worker)

    def loading_message(self) -> QDialog:
        """Returns the message box to be displayed while the user waits for the input data to load."""
        message = QDialog(self)
        message.setWindowTitle('Loading')
        message.resize(300, 50)
        label = QLabel('loading DataFrame into memory...', message)
        label.setStyleSheet(self.style['label'])
        label.adjustSize()
        label.setAlignment(Qt.AlignCenter)
        label.move(int((message.width() - label.width())/2), int((message.height() - label.height())/2))
        return message

    def load_scouts_input_data(self, query: str) -> None:
        """Loads data for whole population prior to SCOUTS into memory (used for plotting the whole population)."""
        try:
            self.population_df = pd.read_excel(query, index_col=0)
        except XLRDError:
            self.population_df = pd.read_csv(query, index_col=0)
        self.drop_down_03.clear()
        self.drop_down_03.addItems(list(self.population_df.columns))
        self.drop_down_03.setCurrentIndex(0)

    def load_scouts_results(self, query: str) -> None:
        """Loads the SCOUTS summary file into memory, in order to dynamically locate SCOUTS output files later when
        the user chooses which data to plot."""
        self.summary_df = pd.read_excel(os.path.join(query, 'summary.xlsx'), index_col=None)
        self.summary_path = query

    def enable_plot(self) -> None:
        """Enables plot button if all necessary files are placed in memory."""
        if isinstance(self.summary_df, pd.DataFrame) and isinstance(self.population_df, pd.DataFrame):
            self.plot_button.setEnabled(True)

    def run_plot(self) -> None:
        """Sets and starts the plot worker."""
        worker = Worker(func=self.plot)
        worker.signals.error.connect(self.generic_error_message)
        worker.signals.success.connect(self.secondary_window.show)
        self.threadpool.start(worker)

    def plot(self) -> None:
        """Logic for plotting data based on user selection of populations, markers, etc."""
        # Clear figure currently on plot
        self.dynamic_canvas.axes.cla()
        # Initialize values and get parameters from GUI
        columns = ['sample', 'marker', 'population', 'expression']
        samples = self.parse_sample_names()
        pop_01 = self.drop_down_01.currentText()
        pop_02 = self.drop_down_02.currentText()
        pops_to_analyse = [pop_01, pop_02]
        marker = self.drop_down_03.currentText()
        cutoff_from_reference = True if self.drop_down_04.currentText() == 'OutR' else False
        violin_df = pd.DataFrame(columns=columns)
        # Start fetching data from files
        # Whole population
        for pop in pops_to_analyse:
            if pop == 'whole population':
                for partial_df in self.yield_violin_values(df=self.population_df, population='whole population',
                                                           samples=samples, marker=marker, columns=columns):
                    violin_df = violin_df.append(partial_df)
        # Other comparisons
            elif pop != 'none':
                for file_number in self.yield_selected_file_numbers(summary_df=self.summary_df, population=pop,
                                                                    cutoff_from_reference=cutoff_from_reference,
                                                                    marker=marker):
                    df_path = os.path.join(self.summary_path, 'data', f'{"%04d" % file_number}.')
                    try:
                        sample_df = pd.read_excel(df_path + 'xlsx', index_col=0)
                    except FileNotFoundError:
                        sample_df = pd.read_csv(df_path + 'csv', index_col=0)
                    if not sample_df.empty:
                        for partial_df in self.yield_violin_values(df=sample_df, population=pop, samples=samples,
                                                                   marker=marker, columns=columns):
                            violin_df = violin_df.append(partial_df)
        # Plot data
        pops_to_analyse = [p for p in pops_to_analyse if p != 'none']
        violin_df = violin_df[violin_df['marker'] == marker]
        for pop in pops_to_analyse:
            pop_subset = violin_df.loc[violin_df['population'] == pop]
            for sample in samples:
                sample_subset = pop_subset.loc[pop_subset['sample'] == sample]
                sat = 1.0 - samples.index(sample) / (len(samples) + 1)
                self.dynamic_canvas.update_figure(subset_by_sample=sample_subset, pop=pop, sat=sat, samples=samples)
        # Draw plotted data on canvas
        if self.legend_checkbox.isChecked():
            self.dynamic_canvas.add_legend()
        self.dynamic_canvas.axes.set_title(f'{marker} expression - {self.drop_down_04.currentText()}')
        self.dynamic_canvas.fig.canvas.draw()

    def parse_sample_names(self) -> List[str]:
        """Parse sample names from the QLineEdit Widget."""
        return self.sample_names.text().split(';')

    def generic_error_message(self, error: Tuple[Exception, str]) -> None:
        """Error message box used to display any error message (including traceback) for any uncaught errors."""
        name, trace = error
        QMessageBox.critical(self, 'An error occurred!', f"Error: {str(name)}\n\nfull traceback:\n{trace}")

    def closeEvent(self, event: QEvent) -> None:
        """Defines the message box for when the user wants to quit ViolinGUI."""
        title = 'Quit Application'
        mes = "Are you sure you want to quit?"
        reply = QMessageBox.question(self, title, mes, QMessageBox.Yes | QMessageBox.No, QMessageBox.No)
        if reply == QMessageBox.Yes:
            self.setEnabled(False)
            self.threadpool.waitForDone()
            event.accept()
        else:
            event.ignore()

    @staticmethod
    def yield_violin_values(df: pd.DataFrame, population: str, samples: List[str], marker: str,
                            columns: List[str]) -> pd.DataFrame:
        """Returns a DataFrame from expression values, along with information of sample, marker and population. This
        DataFrame is appended to the violin plot DataFrame in order to simplify plotting the violins afterwards."""
        for sample in samples:
            series = df.loc[df.index.str.contains(sample)].loc[:, marker]
            yield pd.DataFrame({'sample': sample, 'marker': marker, 'population': population, 'expression': series},
                               columns=columns)

    @staticmethod
    def yield_selected_file_numbers(summary_df: pd.DataFrame, population: str, cutoff_from_reference: bool,
                                    marker: str) -> Generator[pd.DataFrame, None, None]:
        """Yields file numbers from DataFrames resulting from SCOUTS analysis. DataFrames are yielded based on
        global values, i.e. the comparisons the user wants to perform."""
        cutoff = 'sample'
        if cutoff_from_reference is True:
            cutoff = 'reference'
        for index, (file_number, cutoff_from, reference, outliers_for, category) in summary_df.iterrows():
            if cutoff_from == cutoff and outliers_for == marker and category == population:
                yield file_number


class DynamicCanvas(FigureCanvas):
    """Class for the plot canvas in the window independent from the main GUI window."""
    colors = {
              'top outliers':     [0.988, 0.553, 0.384],  # green
              'bottom outliers':  [0.259, 0.455, 0.643],  # blue
              'non-outliers':     [0.400, 0.761, 0.647],  # orange
              'whole population': [0.600, 0.600, 0.600]   # gray
    }

    def __init__(self, parent=None, width=5, height=4, dpi=100) -> None:
        self.fig = Figure(figsize=(width, height), dpi=dpi)
        self.axes = self.fig.add_subplot(111)
        FigureCanvas.__init__(self, self.fig)
        self.setParent(parent)
        FigureCanvas.setSizePolicy(self, QSizePolicy.Expanding, QSizePolicy.Expanding)
        FigureCanvas.updateGeometry(self)

    def update_figure(self, subset_by_sample: pd.DataFrame, pop: str, sat: float, samples: List[str]) -> None:
        """Updates the figure shown based on the passed in as arguments."""
        color = self.colors[pop]
        sns.violinplot(ax=self.axes, data=subset_by_sample, x='sample', y='expression', color=color, saturation=sat,
                       order=samples)

    def add_legend(self) -> None:
        """Adds legends to the figure (if the user chose to do so)."""
        labels = {name: Line2D([], [], color=color, marker='s', linestyle='None')
                  for name, color in self.colors.items()}
        self.axes.legend(labels.values(), labels.keys(), fontsize=8)


class Worker(QRunnable):
    """Worker thread for loading DataFrames and generating plots. Avoids unresponsive GUI."""
    def __init__(self, func: Callable, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.func = func
        self.args = args
        self.kwargs = kwargs
        self.signals = WorkerSignals()

    @Slot()
    def run(self) -> None:
        """Runs the Worker thread."""
        self.signals.started.emit(True)
        try:
            self.func(*self.args, **self.kwargs)
        except Exception as error:
            trace = traceback.format_exc()
            self.signals.error.emit((error, trace))
            self.signals.failed.emit()
        else:
            self.signals.success.emit()
        finally:
            self.signals.finished.emit(True)


class WorkerSignals(QObject):
    """Defines the signals available from a running worker thread. Supported signals are:
       Started: Worker has started its job. Emits a boolean.
       Error: an Exception was raised. Emits a tuple containing an Exception object and the traceback as a string.
       Failed: Worker has not finished its job due to an error. Nothing is emitted.
       Success: Worker has finished executing without errors. Nothing is emitted.
       Finished: Worker has stopped working (either naturally or by raising an Exception). Emits a boolean."""
    started = Signal(bool)
    error = Signal(Exception)
    failed = Signal()
    success = Signal()
    finished = Signal(bool)


def main() -> None:
    """Entry point function for ViolinGUI."""
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    violin_gui = ViolinGUI()
    violin_gui.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

import os
import sys
import traceback
from typing import Callable, Generator, List, Tuple

import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns
from PySide2.QtCore import QEvent, QObject, QRunnable, QThreadPool, Qt, Signal, Slot
from PySide2.QtGui import QIcon, QPixmap
from PySide2.QtWidgets import (QApplication, QCheckBox, QComboBox, QDialog, QFileDialog, QFormLayout, QFrame, QLabel,
                               QLineEdit, QMainWindow, QMessageBox, QPushButton, QSizePolicy, QVBoxLayout, QWidget)
from matplotlib import use as set_backend
from matplotlib.backends.backend_qt5agg import FigureCanvasQTAgg as FigureCanvas, NavigationToolbar2QT as NavBar
from matplotlib.figure import Figure
from matplotlib.lines import Line2D
from xlrd import XLRDError

from src.utils import get_project_root

set_backend('Qt5Agg')
sns.set(style="whitegrid")


class ViolinGUI(QMainWindow):
    """Main Window Widget for ViolinGUI."""
    style = {
        'title': 'QLabel {font-size: 18pt; font-weight: 600}',
        'header': 'QLabel {font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 520}',
        'label': 'QLabel {font-size: 10pt}',
        'button': 'QPushButton {font-size: 10pt}',
        'run button': 'QPushButton {font-size: 18pt; font-weight: 600}',
        'line edit': 'QLineEdit {font-size: 10pt}',
        'checkbox': 'QCheckBox {font-size: 10pt}',
        'drop down': 'QComboBox {font-size: 10pt}'
    }

    def __init__(self) -> None:
        """ViolinGUI Constructor. Defines all aspects of the GUI."""
        # ## Setup section
        # Inherits from QMainWindow
        super().__init__()
        self.rootdir = get_project_root()
        # QMainWindow basic properties
        self.setWindowTitle("SCOUTS - Violins")
        self.setWindowIcon(QIcon(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(self.rootdir, 'src', 'scouts.ico'))))
        # Creates QWidget as QMainWindow's central widget
        self.page = QWidget(self)
        self.setCentralWidget(self.page)
        # Miscellaneous initialization values
        self.threadpool = QThreadPool()  # Threadpool for workers
        self.population_df = None  # DataFrame of whole population (raw data)
        self.summary_df = None  # DataFrame indicating which SCOUTS output corresponds to which rule
        self.summary_path = None  # path to all DataFrames generated by SCOUTS

        self.main_layout = QVBoxLayout(self.page)

        # Title section
        # Title
        self.title = QLabel(self.page)
        self.title.setText('SCOUTS - Violins')
        self.title.setStyleSheet(self.style['title'])
        self.title.adjustSize()
        self.main_layout.addWidget(self.title)

        # ## Input section
        # Input header
        self.input_header = QLabel(self.page)
        self.input_header.setText('Load data')
        self.input_header.setStyleSheet(self.style['header'])
        self.input_header.adjustSize()
        self.main_layout.addWidget(self.input_header)
        # Input/Output frame
        self.input_frame = QFrame(self.page)
        self.input_frame.setFrameShape(QFrame.StyledPanel)
        self.input_frame.setLayout(QFormLayout())
        self.main_layout.addWidget(self.input_frame)
        # Raw data button
        self.input_button = QPushButton(self.page)
        self.input_button.setStyleSheet(self.style['button'])
        self.set_icon(self.input_button, 'x-office-spreadsheet')
        self.input_button.setObjectName('file')
        self.input_button.setText(' Load raw data file')
        self.input_button.setToolTip('Load raw data file (the file given to SCOUTS as the input file)')
        self.input_button.clicked.connect(self.get_path)
        # SCOUTS results button
        self.output_button = QPushButton(self.page)
        self.output_button.setStyleSheet(self.style['button'])
        self.set_icon(self.output_button, 'folder')
        self.output_button.setObjectName('folder')
        self.output_button.setText(' Load SCOUTS results')
        self.output_button.setToolTip('Load data from SCOUTS analysis '
                                      '(the folder given to SCOUTS as the output folder)')
        self.output_button.clicked.connect(self.get_path)
        # Add widgets above to input frame Layout
        self.input_frame.layout().addRow(self.input_button)
        self.input_frame.layout().addRow(self.output_button)

        # ## Samples section
        # Samples header
        self.samples_header = QLabel(self.page)
        self.samples_header.setText('Select sample names')
        self.samples_header.setStyleSheet(self.style['header'])
        self.samples_header.adjustSize()
        self.main_layout.addWidget(self.samples_header)
        # Samples frame
        self.samples_frame = QFrame(self.page)
        self.samples_frame.setFrameShape(QFrame.StyledPanel)
        self.samples_frame.setLayout(QFormLayout())
        self.main_layout.addWidget(self.samples_frame)
        # Samples label
        self.samples_label = QLabel(self.page)
        self.samples_label.setText('Write sample names delimited by semicolons below.\nEx: Control;Treat_01;Pac-03')
        self.samples_label.setStyleSheet(self.style['label'])
        # Sample names line edit
        self.sample_names = QLineEdit(self.page)
        self.sample_names.setStyleSheet(self.style['line edit'])
        # Add widgets above to samples frame Layout
        self.samples_frame.layout().addRow(self.samples_label)
        self.samples_frame.layout().addRow(self.sample_names)

        # ## Analysis section
        # Analysis header
        self.analysis_header = QLabel(self.page)
        self.analysis_header.setText('Plot parameters')
        self.analysis_header.setStyleSheet(self.style['header'])
        self.analysis_header.adjustSize()
        self.main_layout.addWidget(self.analysis_header)
        # Analysis frame
        self.analysis_frame = QFrame(self.page)
        self.analysis_frame.setFrameShape(QFrame.StyledPanel)
        self.analysis_frame.setLayout(QFormLayout())
        self.main_layout.addWidget(self.analysis_frame)
        # Analysis labels
        self.analysis_label_01 = QLabel(self.page)
        self.analysis_label_01.setText('Compare')
        self.analysis_label_01.setStyleSheet(self.style['label'])
        self.analysis_label_02 = QLabel(self.page)
        self.analysis_label_02.setText('with')
        self.analysis_label_02.setStyleSheet(self.style['label'])
        self.analysis_label_03 = QLabel(self.page)
        self.analysis_label_03.setText('for marker')
        self.analysis_label_03.setStyleSheet(self.style['label'])
        self.analysis_label_04 = QLabel(self.page)
        self.analysis_label_04.setText('Outlier type')
        self.analysis_label_04.setStyleSheet(self.style['label'])
        # Analysis drop-down boxes
        self.drop_down_01 = QComboBox(self.page)
        self.drop_down_01.addItems(['whole population', 'non-outliers', 'top outliers', 'bottom outliers', 'none'])
        self.drop_down_01.setStyleSheet(self.style['drop down'])
        self.drop_down_01.setCurrentIndex(2)
        self.drop_down_02 = QComboBox(self.page)
        self.drop_down_02.addItems(['whole population', 'non-outliers', 'top outliers', 'bottom outliers', 'none'])
        self.drop_down_02.setStyleSheet(self.style['drop down'])
        self.drop_down_02.setCurrentIndex(0)
        self.drop_down_03 = QComboBox(self.page)
        self.drop_down_03.setStyleSheet(self.style['drop down'])
        self.drop_down_04 = QComboBox(self.page)
        self.drop_down_04.addItems(['OutS', 'OutR'])
        self.drop_down_04.setStyleSheet(self.style['drop down'])
        # Add widgets above to samples frame Layout
        self.analysis_frame.layout().addRow(self.analysis_label_01, self.drop_down_01)
        self.analysis_frame.layout().addRow(self.analysis_label_02, self.drop_down_02)
        self.analysis_frame.layout().addRow(self.analysis_label_03, self.drop_down_03)
        self.analysis_frame.layout().addRow(self.analysis_label_04, self.drop_down_04)

        self.legend_checkbox = QCheckBox(self.page)
        self.legend_checkbox.setText('Add legend to the plot')
        self.legend_checkbox.setStyleSheet(self.style['checkbox'])
        self.main_layout.addWidget(self.legend_checkbox)

        # Plot button (stand-alone)
        self.plot_button = QPushButton(self.page)
        self.set_icon(self.plot_button, 'system-run')
        self.plot_button.setText(' Plot')
        self.plot_button.setToolTip('Plot data after loading the input data and selecting parameters')
        self.plot_button.setStyleSheet(self.style['run button'])
        self.plot_button.setEnabled(False)
        self.plot_button.clicked.connect(self.run_plot)
        self.main_layout.addWidget(self.plot_button)

        # ## Secondary Window
        # This is used to plot the violins only
        self.secondary_window = QMainWindow(self)
        self.secondary_window.resize(720, 720)
        self.dynamic_canvas = DynamicCanvas(self.secondary_window, width=6, height=6, dpi=120)
        self.secondary_window.setCentralWidget(self.dynamic_canvas)
        self.secondary_window.addToolBar(NavBar(self.dynamic_canvas, self.secondary_window))

    def set_icon(self, widget: QWidget, icon: str) -> None:
        """Associates an icon to a widget."""
        i = QIcon()
        i.addPixmap(QPixmap(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(self.rootdir, 'src', 'default_icons', f'{icon}.svg'))))
        widget.setIcon(QIcon.fromTheme(icon, i))

    def get_path(self) -> None:
        """Opens a dialog box and loads the corresponding data into memory, depending on the caller widget."""
        options = QFileDialog.Options()
        options |= QFileDialog.DontUseNativeDialog
        query = None
        func = None
        if self.sender().objectName() == 'file':
            query, _ = QFileDialog.getOpenFileName(self, "Select file", "", "All Files (*)", options=options)
            func = self.load_scouts_input_data
        elif self.sender().objectName() == 'folder':
            query = QFileDialog.getExistingDirectory(self, "Select Directory", options=options)
            func = self.load_scouts_results
        if query:
            self.load_data(query, func)

    def load_data(self, query: str, func: Callable) -> None:
        """Loads input data into memory, while displaying a loading message as a separate worker."""
        worker = Worker(func=func, query=query)
        message = self.loading_message()
        worker.signals.started.connect(message.show)
        worker.signals.started.connect(self.page.setDisabled)
        worker.signals.error.connect(self.generic_error_message)
        worker.signals.error.connect(message.destroy)
        worker.signals.failed.connect(self.plot_button.setDisabled)
        worker.signals.success.connect(message.destroy)
        worker.signals.success.connect(self.enable_plot)
        worker.signals.finished.connect(self.page.setEnabled)
        self.threadpool.start(worker)

    def loading_message(self) -> QDialog:
        """Returns the message box to be displayed while the user waits for the input data to load."""
        message = QDialog(self)
        message.setWindowTitle('Loading')
        message.resize(300, 50)
        label = QLabel('loading DataFrame into memory...', message)
        label.setStyleSheet(self.style['label'])
        label.adjustSize()
        label.setAlignment(Qt.AlignCenter)
        label.move(int((message.width() - label.width())/2), int((message.height() - label.height())/2))
        return message

    def load_scouts_input_data(self, query: str) -> None:
        """Loads data for whole population prior to SCOUTS into memory (used for plotting the whole population)."""
        try:
            self.population_df = pd.read_excel(query, index_col=0)
        except XLRDError:
            self.population_df = pd.read_csv(query, index_col=0)
        self.drop_down_03.clear()
        self.drop_down_03.addItems(list(self.population_df.columns))
        self.drop_down_03.setCurrentIndex(0)

    def load_scouts_results(self, query: str) -> None:
        """Loads the SCOUTS summary file into memory, in order to dynamically locate SCOUTS output files later when
        the user chooses which data to plot."""
        self.summary_df = pd.read_excel(os.path.join(query, 'summary.xlsx'), index_col=None)
        self.summary_path = query

    def enable_plot(self) -> None:
        """Enables plot button if all necessary files are placed in memory."""
        if isinstance(self.summary_df, pd.DataFrame) and isinstance(self.population_df, pd.DataFrame):
            self.plot_button.setEnabled(True)

    def run_plot(self) -> None:
        """Sets and starts the plot worker."""
        worker = Worker(func=self.plot)
        worker.signals.error.connect(self.generic_error_message)
        worker.signals.success.connect(self.secondary_window.show)
        self.threadpool.start(worker)

    def plot(self) -> None:
        """Logic for plotting data based on user selection of populations, markers, etc."""
        # Clear figure currently on plot
        self.dynamic_canvas.axes.cla()
        # Initialize values and get parameters from GUI
        columns = ['sample', 'marker', 'population', 'expression']
        samples = self.parse_sample_names()
        pop_01 = self.drop_down_01.currentText()
        pop_02 = self.drop_down_02.currentText()
        pops_to_analyse = [pop_01, pop_02]
        marker = self.drop_down_03.currentText()
        cutoff_from_reference = True if self.drop_down_04.currentText() == 'OutR' else False
        violin_df = pd.DataFrame(columns=columns)
        # Start fetching data from files
        # Whole population
        for pop in pops_to_analyse:
            if pop == 'whole population':
                for partial_df in self.yield_violin_values(df=self.population_df, population='whole population',
                                                           samples=samples, marker=marker, columns=columns):
                    violin_df = violin_df.append(partial_df)
        # Other comparisons
            elif pop != 'none':
                for file_number in self.yield_selected_file_numbers(summary_df=self.summary_df, population=pop,
                                                                    cutoff_from_reference=cutoff_from_reference,
                                                                    marker=marker):
                    df_path = os.path.join(self.summary_path, 'data', f'{"%04d" % file_number}.')
                    try:
                        sample_df = pd.read_excel(df_path + 'xlsx', index_col=0)
                    except FileNotFoundError:
                        sample_df = pd.read_csv(df_path + 'csv', index_col=0)
                    if not sample_df.empty:
                        for partial_df in self.yield_violin_values(df=sample_df, population=pop, samples=samples,
                                                                   marker=marker, columns=columns):
                            violin_df = violin_df.append(partial_df)
        # Plot data
        pops_to_analyse = [p for p in pops_to_analyse if p != 'none']
        violin_df = violin_df[violin_df['marker'] == marker]
        for pop in pops_to_analyse:
            pop_subset = violin_df.loc[violin_df['population'] == pop]
            for sample in samples:
                sample_subset = pop_subset.loc[pop_subset['sample'] == sample]
                sat = 1.0 - samples.index(sample) / (len(samples) + 1)
                self.dynamic_canvas.update_figure(subset_by_sample=sample_subset, pop=pop, sat=sat, samples=samples)
        # Draw plotted data on canvas
        if self.legend_checkbox.isChecked():
            self.dynamic_canvas.add_legend()
        self.dynamic_canvas.axes.set_title(f'{marker} expression - {self.drop_down_04.currentText()}')
        self.dynamic_canvas.fig.canvas.draw()

    def parse_sample_names(self) -> List[str]:
        """Parse sample names from the QLineEdit Widget."""
        return self.sample_names.text().split(';')

    def generic_error_message(self, error: Tuple[Exception, str]) -> None:
        """Error message box used to display any error message (including traceback) for any uncaught errors."""
        name, trace = error
        QMessageBox.critical(self, 'An error occurred!', f"Error: {str(name)}\n\nfull traceback:\n{trace}")

    def closeEvent(self, event: QEvent) -> None:
        """Defines the message box for when the user wants to quit ViolinGUI."""
        title = 'Quit Application'
        mes = "Are you sure you want to quit?"
        reply = QMessageBox.question(self, title, mes, QMessageBox.Yes | QMessageBox.No, QMessageBox.No)
        if reply == QMessageBox.Yes:
            self.setEnabled(False)
            self.threadpool.waitForDone()
            event.accept()
        else:
            event.ignore()

    @staticmethod
    def yield_violin_values(df: pd.DataFrame, population: str, samples: List[str], marker: str,
                            columns: List[str]) -> pd.DataFrame:
        """Returns a DataFrame from expression values, along with information of sample, marker and population. This
        DataFrame is appended to the violin plot DataFrame in order to simplify plotting the violins afterwards."""
        for sample in samples:
            series = df.loc[df.index.str.contains(sample)].loc[:, marker]
            yield pd.DataFrame({'sample': sample, 'marker': marker, 'population': population, 'expression': series},
                               columns=columns)

    @staticmethod
    def yield_selected_file_numbers(summary_df: pd.DataFrame, population: str, cutoff_from_reference: bool,
                                    marker: str) -> Generator[pd.DataFrame, None, None]:
        """Yields file numbers from DataFrames resulting from SCOUTS analysis. DataFrames are yielded based on
        global values, i.e. the comparisons the user wants to perform."""
        cutoff = 'sample'
        if cutoff_from_reference is True:
            cutoff = 'reference'
        for index, (file_number, cutoff_from, reference, outliers_for, category) in summary_df.iterrows():
            if cutoff_from == cutoff and outliers_for == marker and category == population:
                yield file_number


class DynamicCanvas(FigureCanvas):
    """Class for the plot canvas in the window independent from the main GUI window."""
    colors = {
              'top outliers':     [0.988, 0.553, 0.384],  # green
              'bottom outliers':  [0.259, 0.455, 0.643],  # blue
              'non-outliers':     [0.400, 0.761, 0.647],  # orange
              'whole population': [0.600, 0.600, 0.600]   # gray
    }

    def __init__(self, parent=None, width=5, height=4, dpi=100) -> None:
        self.fig = Figure(figsize=(width, height), dpi=dpi)
        self.axes = self.fig.add_subplot(111)
        FigureCanvas.__init__(self, self.fig)
        self.setParent(parent)
        FigureCanvas.setSizePolicy(self, QSizePolicy.Expanding, QSizePolicy.Expanding)
        FigureCanvas.updateGeometry(self)

    def update_figure(self, subset_by_sample: pd.DataFrame, pop: str, sat: float, samples: List[str]) -> None:
        """Updates the figure shown based on the passed in as arguments."""
        color = self.colors[pop]
        sns.violinplot(ax=self.axes, data=subset_by_sample, x='sample', y='expression', color=color, saturation=sat,
                       order=samples)

    def add_legend(self) -> None:
        """Adds legends to the figure (if the user chose to do so)."""
        labels = {name: Line2D([], [], color=color, marker='s', linestyle='None')
                  for name, color in self.colors.items()}
        self.axes.legend(labels.values(), labels.keys(), fontsize=8)


class Worker(QRunnable):
    """Worker thread for loading DataFrames and generating plots. Avoids unresponsive GUI."""
    def __init__(self, func: Callable, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.func = func
        self.args = args
        self.kwargs = kwargs
        self.signals = WorkerSignals()

    @Slot()
    def run(self) -> None:
        """Runs the Worker thread."""
        self.signals.started.emit(True)
        try:
            self.func(*self.args, **self.kwargs)
        except Exception as error:
            trace = traceback.format_exc()
            self.signals.error.emit((error, trace))
            self.signals.failed.emit()
        else:
            self.signals.success.emit()
        finally:
            self.signals.finished.emit(True)


class WorkerSignals(QObject):
    """Defines the signals available from a running worker thread. Supported signals are:
       Started: Worker has started its job. Emits a boolean.
       Error: an Exception was raised. Emits a tuple containing an Exception object and the traceback as a string.
       Failed: Worker has not finished its job due to an error. Nothing is emitted.
       Success: Worker has finished executing without errors. Nothing is emitted.
       Finished: Worker has stopped working (either naturally or by raising an Exception). Emits a boolean."""
    started = Signal(bool)
    error = Signal(Exception)
    failed = Signal()
    success = Signal()
    finished = Signal(bool)


def main() -> None:
    """Entry point function for ViolinGUI."""
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    violin_gui = ViolinGUI()
    violin_gui.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

Main Window Widget for ViolinGUI. ViolinGUI Constructor. Defines all aspects of the GUI. # ## Setup section # Inherits from QMainWindow # QMainWindow basic properties # Creates QWidget as QMainWindow's central widget # Miscellaneous initialization values # Threadpool for workers # DataFrame of whole population (raw data) # DataFrame indicating which SCOUTS output corresponds to which rule # path to all DataFrames generated by SCOUTS # Title section # Title # ## Input section # Input header # Input/Output frame # Raw data button # SCOUTS results button # Add widgets above to input frame Layout # ## Samples section # Samples header # Samples frame # Samples label # Sample names line edit # Add widgets above to samples frame Layout # ## Analysis section # Analysis header # Analysis frame # Analysis labels # Analysis drop-down boxes # Add widgets above to samples frame Layout # Plot button (stand-alone) # ## Secondary Window # This is used to plot the violins only Associates an icon to a widget. Opens a dialog box and loads the corresponding data into memory, depending on the caller widget. Loads input data into memory, while displaying a loading message as a separate worker. Returns the message box to be displayed while the user waits for the input data to load. Loads data for whole population prior to SCOUTS into memory (used for plotting the whole population). Loads the SCOUTS summary file into memory, in order to dynamically locate SCOUTS output files later when         the user chooses which data to plot. Enables plot button if all necessary files are placed in memory. Sets and starts the plot worker. Logic for plotting data based on user selection of populations, markers, etc. # Clear figure currently on plot # Initialize values and get parameters from GUI # Start fetching data from files # Whole population # Other comparisons # Plot data # Draw plotted data on canvas Parse sample names from the QLineEdit Widget. Error message box used to display any error message (including traceback) for any uncaught errors. Defines the message box for when the user wants to quit ViolinGUI. Returns a DataFrame from expression values, along with information of sample, marker and population. This         DataFrame is appended to the violin plot DataFrame in order to simplify plotting the violins afterwards. Yields file numbers from DataFrames resulting from SCOUTS analysis. DataFrames are yielded based on         global values, i.e. the comparisons the user wants to perform. Class for the plot canvas in the window independent from the main GUI window. # green # blue # orange # gray Updates the figure shown based on the passed in as arguments. Adds legends to the figure (if the user chose to do so). Worker thread for loading DataFrames and generating plots. Avoids unresponsive GUI. Runs the Worker thread. Defines the signals available from a running worker thread. Supported signals are:        Started: Worker has started its job. Emits a boolean.        Error: an Exception was raised. Emits a tuple containing an Exception object and the traceback as a string.        Failed: Worker has not finished its job due to an error. Nothing is emitted.        Success: Worker has finished executing without errors. Nothing is emitted.        Finished: Worker has stopped working (either naturally or by raising an Exception). Emits a boolean. Entry point function for ViolinGUI.