####################################################################
# Author: <EMAIL>
# License: BSD
####################################################################
from __future__ import print_function, absolute_import

import os, sys
import cgi
import inspect
import re
import types
import threading
from werkzeug import Request as OriginalRequest, Response as OriginalResponse
from werkzeug import ClosingIterator, Local, LocalManager, BaseResponse
from werkzeug.exceptions import HTTPException, NotFound, BadRequest, InternalServerError
from werkzeug.routing import Map
import json as jsn

from . import template
from .js import json_dumps
from . import dispatch
from uliweb.utils.storage import Storage
from uliweb.utils.common import (pkg, log, import_attr, 
    myimport, wraps, norm_path)
import uliweb.utils.pyini as pyini
from uliweb.i18n import gettext_lazy, i18n_ini_convertor
from uliweb.utils.localproxy import LocalProxy, Global
from uliweb import UliwebError

# from rules import Mapping, add_rule
from . import rules

CONTENT_TYPE_JSON = 'application/json; charset=utf-8'
CONTENT_TYPE_TEXT = 'text/plain; charset=utf-8'
from ..utils._compat import string_types, callable, import_, get_class, ismethod, import_

try:
    set
except:
    from sets import Set as set

local = Local()
local.request = None
local.response = None
__global__ = Global()
local_manager = LocalManager([local])
url_map = Map(strict_slashes=False)
static_views = []
use_urls = False
url_adapters = {}
__app_dirs__ = {}
__app_alias__ = {}
_xhr_redirect_json = True

r_callback = re.compile(r'^[\w_]+$')
# Initialize pyini env
pyini.set_env({
    'env':{'_':gettext_lazy, 'gettext_lazy':gettext_lazy},
    'convertors':i18n_ini_convertor,
})
__global__.settings = pyini.Ini(lazy=True)

#User can defined decorator functions in settings DECORATORS
#and user can user @decorators.function_name in views
#and this usage need settings be initialized before decorator invoking

class Finder(object):
    def __init__(self, section):
        self.__objects = {}
        self.__section = section
    
    def __contains__(self, name):
        if name in self.__objects:
            return True
        if name not in settings[self.__section]:
            return False
        else:
            return True
        
    def __getattr__(self, name):
        if name in self.__objects:
            return self.__objects[name]
        if name not in settings[self.__section]:
            raise UliwebError("Object %s is not existed!" % name)
        obj = import_attr(settings[self.__section].get(name))
        self.__objects[name] = obj
        return obj
    
    def __setitem__(self, name, value):
        if isinstance(value, string_types):
            value = import_attr(value)
        self.__objects[name] = value

decorators = Finder('DECORATORS')
functions = Finder('FUNCTIONS')

class Request(OriginalRequest):
    GET = OriginalRequest.args
    POST = OriginalRequest.form
    params = OriginalRequest.values
    FILES = OriginalRequest.files
    
    def json(self):
        """
        Return json data, need front send json data
        :return: dict
        """
        return jsn.loads(self.data)
    
class Response(OriginalResponse):
    def write(self, value):
        self.stream.write(value)
    
class HTTPError(Exception):
    def __init__(self, errorpage=None, **kwargs):
        self.errorpage = errorpage or settings.GLOBAL.ERROR_PAGE
        self.errors = kwargs

    def __str__(self):
        return repr(self.errors)
   
def redirect(location, code=302):
    global _xhr_redirect_json, request
    
    if _xhr_redirect_json and request.is_xhr:
        response = json({'success':False, 'redirect':location}, status=500)
    else:
        response = Response(
            '<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">\n'
            '<title>Redirecting...</title>\n'
            '<h1>Redirecting...</h1>\n'
            '<p>You should be redirected automatically to target URL: '
            '<a href="%s">%s</a>.  If not click the link.' %
            (cgi.escape(location), cgi.escape(location)), status=code, content_type='text/html')
        response.headers['Location'] = location
    return response

class RedirectException(Exception):
    """
    This is an exception, which can be raised in view function
    """
    def __init__(self, location, code=302):
        self.response = redirect(location, code)
        
    def get_response(self):
        return self.response
    
def Redirect(url):
    raise RedirectException(url)

def error(message='', errorpage=None, request=None, appname=None, **kwargs):
    kwargs.setdefault('message', message)
    if request:
        kwargs.setdefault('link', functions.request_url())
    raise HTTPError(errorpage, **kwargs)

def function(fname, *args, **kwargs):
    func = settings.get_var('FUNCTIONS/'+fname)
    if func:
        if args or kwargs:
            return import_attr(func)(*args, **kwargs)
        else:
            return import_attr(func)
    else:
        raise UliwebError("Can't find the function [%s] in settings" % fname)
 
def json(data, **json_kwargs):
    def set_content_type():
        from uliweb import request

    if 'content_type' not in json_kwargs:
            if request and 'Accept' in request.headers:
                Accept = request.headers['Accept']
                if Accept == '*/*':
                    json_kwargs['content_type'] = CONTENT_TYPE_JSON
                else:
                    if 'application/json' in [x.strip() for x in request.headers['Accept'].split(',')]:
                        json_kwargs['content_type'] = CONTENT_TYPE_JSON
                    else:
                        json_kwargs['content_type'] = CONTENT_TYPE_TEXT
            else:
                json_kwargs['content_type'] = CONTENT_TYPE_TEXT
        
    if callable(data):
        @wraps(data)
        def f(*arg, **kwargs):
            set_content_type()
            ret = data(*arg, **kwargs)
            return Response(json_dumps(ret), **json_kwargs)
        return f
    else:
        set_content_type()
        return Response(json_dumps(data), **json_kwargs)
    
def jsonp(data, **json_kwargs):
    """
    jsonp is callback key name
    """
    from uliweb import request
    
    if 'jsonp' in json_kwargs:
        cb = json_kwargs.pop('jsonp')
    else:
        cb = 'callback'
        
    begin = str(request.GET.get(cb))
    if not begin:
        raise BadRequest("Can't found %s parameter in request's query_string" % cb)
    if not r_callback.match(begin):
        raise BadRequest("The callback name is not right, it can be alphabetic, number and underscore only")
    
    if callable(data):
        @wraps(data)
        def f(*arg, **kwargs):
            ret = data(*arg, **kwargs)
            return Response(begin + '(' + json_dumps(ret) + ');', **json_kwargs)
        return f
    else:
        return Response(begin + '(' + json_dumps(data) + ');', **json_kwargs)


def CORS(func=None):
    """
    CORS support
    """

    def w(r=None):
        from uliweb import request, response

        if request.method == 'OPTIONS':
            response = Response(status=204)
            response.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Credentials'] = 'true'
            response.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Origin'] = request.headers['Origin']
            response.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Methods'] = 'GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS'
            response.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Headers'] = 'DNT,User-Agent,X-Requested-With,If-Modified-Since,Cache-Control,Content-Type,Range'
            response.headers['Access-Control-Max-Age'] = 24*3600
            response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/plain; charset=utf-8'
            response.headers['Content-Length'] = 0
            return response
        elif request.method in ('GET', 'POST'):
            if isinstance(r, Response):
                response = r
            response.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Credentials'] = 'true'
            if 'Origin' in request.headers:
                response.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Origin'] = request.headers['Origin']
            response.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Methods'] = 'GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS'
            response.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Headers'] = 'DNT,User-Agent,X-Requested-With,If-Modified-Since,Cache-Control,Content-Type,Range'
            response.headers['Access-Control-Expose-Headers'] = 'Content-Length,Content-Range'

    if callable(func):
        @wraps(func)
        def f(*arg, **kwargs):
            if request.method == 'OPTIONS':
                return w()
            ret = func(*arg, **kwargs)
            w(ret)
            return ret

        return f
    else:
        w()

def expose(rule=None, **kwargs):
    e = rules.Expose(rule, **kwargs)
    if e.parse_level == 1:
        return rule
    else:
        return e

def POST(rule, **kw):
    kw['methods'] = ['POST']
    return expose(rule, **kw)

def GET(rule, **kw):
    kw['methods'] = ['GET']
    return expose(rule, **kw)

def get_url_adapter(_domain_name):
    """
    Fetch a domain url_adapter object, and bind it to according domain
    """
    from werkzeug._compat import wsgi_decoding_dance

    domain = application.domains.get(_domain_name, {})
    server_name = None
    if domain.get('domain', ''):
        server_name = domain['domain']
        try:
            env = {}
            environ = request.environ
            env['url_scheme'] = environ['wsgi.url_scheme']
            env['default_method'] = environ['REQUEST_METHOD']

            def _get_wsgi_string(name):
                val = environ.get(name)
                if val is not None:
                    return wsgi_decoding_dance(val, "utf-8")

            env['script_name'] = _get_wsgi_string('SCRIPT_NAME')
            env['path_info'] = _get_wsgi_string('PATH_INFO')
            env['query_args'] = _get_wsgi_string('QUERY_STRING')
        except:
            env = {}
        adapter = url_map.bind(server_name, **env)
    else:
        try:
            env = request.environ
        except:
            #this env if for testing only
            env = {
                'HTTP_ACCEPT': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;'
                               'q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
                'HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET': 'ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3',
                'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING': 'gzip,deflate,sdch',
                'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'uk,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.6',
                'HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL': 'max-age=0',
                'HTTP_CONNECTION': 'keep-alive',
                # 'HTTP_HOST': 'localhost:8080',
                'HTTP_USER_AGENT': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686)',
                # 'PATH_INFO': '/',
                # 'QUERY_STRING': '',
                'REMOTE_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
                'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET',
                'REQUEST_URI': '/',
                'SCRIPT_NAME': '',
                'SERVER_NAME': 'localhost',
                'SERVER_PORT': '8080',
                'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.1',
                'wsgi.errors': None,
                'wsgi.file_wrapper': None,
                # 'wsgi.input': BytesIO(ntob('', 'utf-8')),
                'wsgi.multiprocess': False,
                'wsgi.multithread': False,
                'wsgi.run_once': False,
                'wsgi.url_scheme': 'http',
                'wsgi.version': (1, 0),
            }
        adapter = url_map.bind_to_environ(env)
    return adapter

def get_rule(url):
    from werkzeug.test import EnvironBuilder

    builder = EnvironBuilder(url)
    env = builder.get_environ()

    url_adapter = url_map.bind_to_environ(env)
    result = {}
    try:
        rule, values = url_adapter.match(return_rule=True)
        result['rule'] = rule.rule
        result['endpoint'] = rule.endpoint
        result['doc'] = ''
        mod, handler_cls, func = application.get_handler(rule.endpoint)
        if func.__doc__:
            result['doc'] = func.__doc__.strip()
    except NotFound:
        pass
    return result

def _sub(matcher):
    return '{%s}' % matcher.group().strip('<>').strip().split(':')[-1]

def url_for(endpoint, **values):
    urljoin = import_('urllib.parse', 'urljoin')

    point = rules.get_endpoint(endpoint)
    
    #if the endpoint is string format, then find and replace
    #the module prefix with app alias which matched
    for k, v in __app_alias__.items():
        if point.startswith(k):
            point = v + point[len(k):]
            break
        
    if point in rules.__url_names__:
        point = rules.__url_names__[point]

    _domain_name = values.pop('_domain_name', 'default')
    _external = values.pop('_external', False)
    domain = application.domains.get(_domain_name, {})
    if not _external:
        _external = domain.get('display', False)
    adapter = get_url_adapter(_domain_name)

    #process format
    #it'll replace <argu> to {argu} so that you can use format
    #to create url
    _format = values.pop('_format', None)
    if _format:
        #then replace argument with {name} format
        _rules = url_map._rules_by_endpoint.get(point)
        if _rules:
            rule = _rules[0]
            url = re.sub(r'<.*?>', _sub, rule.rule)
            if _external:
                url = urljoin(domain.get('domain', ''), url)
            return url
        else:
            raise ValueError("Can't found rule of endpoint %s" % point)


    return adapter.build(point, values, force_external=_external)

def get_app_dir(app):
    """
    Get an app's directory
    """
    path = __app_dirs__.get(app)
    if path is not None:
        return path
    else:
        p = app.split('.')
        try:
            path = pkg.resource_filename(p[0], '')
        except ImportError as e:
            log.error("Can't import app %s" % app)
            log.exception(e)
            path = ''
        if len(p) > 1:
            path = os.path.join(path, *p[1:])
        
        __app_dirs__[app] = path
        return path

def get_app_depends(app, existed_apps=None, installed_apps=None):
    installed_apps = installed_apps or []
    if existed_apps is None:
        s = set()
    else:
        s = existed_apps

    if app in s:
        raise StopIteration

    if isinstance(app, (tuple, list)):
        app, name = app
        __app_alias__[name+'.'] = app + '.'

    configfile = os.path.join(get_app_dir(app), 'config.ini')
    if os.path.exists(configfile):
        x = pyini.Ini(configfile)
        apps = x.get_var('DEPENDS/REQUIRED_APPS', [])
        for i in apps:
            if i not in s and i not in installed_apps:
                for j in get_app_depends(i, s, installed_apps):
                    yield j
    s.add(app)
    yield app
    
def set_var(key, value):
    """
    Default set_var function
    """
    from uliweb import settings
    
    settings.set_var(key, value)
    
def get_var(key, default=None):
    """
    Default get_var function
    """
    from uliweb import settings
    
    return settings.get_var(key, default)
    
def get_local_cache(key, creator=None):
    global local
    
    if not hasattr(local, 'local_cache'):
        local.local_cache = {}
    value = local.local_cache.get(key)
    if value:
        return value
    if callable(creator):
        value = creator()
    else:
        value = creator
    if value:
        local.local_cache[key] = value
    return value

def get_apps(apps_dir, include_apps=None, settings_file='settings.ini', local_settings_file='local_settings.ini'):
    include_apps = include_apps or []
    inifile = norm_path(os.path.join(apps_dir, settings_file))
    apps = []
    visited = set()
    installed_apps = []
    if not os.path.exists(apps_dir):
        return apps
    if os.path.exists(inifile):
        x = pyini.Ini(inifile, basepath=apps_dir)
        if x:
            installed_apps.extend(x.GLOBAL.get('INSTALLED_APPS', []))

    local_inifile = norm_path(os.path.join(apps_dir, local_settings_file))
    if os.path.exists(local_inifile):
        x = pyini.Ini(local_inifile, basepath=apps_dir)
        if x and x.get('GLOBAL'):
            installed_apps.extend(x.GLOBAL.get('INSTALLED_APPS', []))

    installed_apps.extend(include_apps)

    for app in installed_apps:
        apps.extend(list(get_app_depends(app, visited, installed_apps)))

    if not apps and os.path.exists(apps_dir):
        for p in os.listdir(apps_dir):
            if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(apps_dir, p)) and p not in ['.svn', 'CVS', '.git'] and not p.startswith('.') and not p.startswith('_'):
                apps.append(p)
    
    return apps

def collect_settings(project_dir, include_apps=None, settings_file='settings.ini', 
    local_settings_file='local_settings.ini'):

    apps_dir = os.path.join(project_dir, 'apps')
    apps = get_apps(apps_dir, None, settings_file=settings_file, local_settings_file=local_settings_file)
    settings_file = os.path.join(apps_dir, settings_file)
    local_settings_file = os.path.join(apps_dir, local_settings_file)
    settings = []
    inifile = pkg.resource_filename('uliweb.core', 'default_settings.ini')
    settings.insert(0, inifile)
    for p in apps:
        path = get_app_dir(p)
        #deal with settings
        inifile =os.path.join(get_app_dir(p), 'settings.ini')
        if os.path.exists(inifile):
            settings.append(inifile)
    
    if os.path.exists(settings_file):
        settings.append(settings_file)
    
    if os.path.exists(local_settings_file):
        settings.append(local_settings_file)
    return settings

def get_settings(project_dir, include_apps=None, settings_file='settings.ini', 
    local_settings_file='local_settings.ini', default_settings=None):

    default_settings = default_settings or {}
    settings = collect_settings(project_dir, include_apps, settings_file,
        local_settings_file)

    x = pyini.Ini(lazy=True, basepath=os.path.join(project_dir, 'apps'))
    for v in settings:
        x.read(v)
    d = dict([(k, repr(v)) for k, v in default_settings.items()])
    x.update(d or {})
    x.freeze()
    
    #process FILESYSTEM_ENCODING
    if not x.GLOBAL.FILESYSTEM_ENCODING:
        x.GLOBAL.FILESYSTEM_ENCODING = sys.getfilesystemencoding() or x.GLOBAL.DEFAULT_ENCODING
    return x

def is_in_web():
    return getattr(local, 'in_web', False)
        
class DispatcherHandler(object):
    def __init__(self, application):
        self.application = application

    def open(self, *args, **kw):
        return self.application.open(*args, **kw)

    def get(self, *args, **kw):
        """Like open but method is enforced to GET."""
        kw['method'] = 'GET'
        return self.open(*args, **kw)

    def patch(self, *args, **kw):
        """Like open but method is enforced to PATCH."""
        kw['method'] = 'PATCH'
        return self.open(*args, **kw)

    def post(self, *args, **kw):
        """Like open but method is enforced to POST."""
        kw['method'] = 'POST'
        return self.open(*args, **kw)

    def head(self, *args, **kw):
        """Like open but method is enforced to HEAD."""
        kw['method'] = 'HEAD'
        return self.open(*args, **kw)

    def put(self, *args, **kw):
        """Like open but method is enforced to PUT."""
        kw['method'] = 'PUT'
        return self.open(*args, **kw)

    def delete(self, *args, **kw):
        """Like open but method is enforced to DELETE."""
        kw['method'] = 'DELETE'
        return self.open(*args, **kw)

class ContextStorage(object):
    """
    Used to save increament vars
    """

    __variables__ = {}

    def __init__(self, args={}):
        self.__class__.__variables__ = args
        self._vars = {}

    def __getattr__(self, key):
        try: 
            return self['_vars'][key]
        except KeyError as e: 
            try:
                return self[key]
            except KeyError as e:
                return None

    def copy(self):
        n = ContextStorage(self.__variables__)
        n._vars = self._vars.copy()
        return n

    def to_dict(self):
        d = self._vars.copy()
        d.update(self.__variables__)
        return d

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        try:
            return self._vars[key]
        except KeyError as e:
            return self.__variables__[key]
        
    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        self._vars[key] = value

    def update(self, arg):
        self._vars.update(arg)

    def items(self):
        keys = set()
        for k, v in self._vars.items():
            keys.add(k)
            yield k, v

        for k, v in self.__variables__.items():
            if k not in keys:
                yield k, v
    
    def __repr__(self):
        return '<ContextStorage ' + repr(self.__variables__) + ' ' + repr(self._vars) + ' >'
    
class Dispatcher(object):
    installed = False
    def __init__(self, apps_dir='apps', project_dir=None, include_apps=None, 
        start=True, default_settings=None, settings_file='settings.ini', 
        local_settings_file='local_settings.ini', xhr_redirect_json=True,
        reset=False):
            
        global _xhr_redirect_json
            
        _xhr_redirect_json = xhr_redirect_json
        __global__.application = self
        self.debug = False
        self.lock = threading.Lock()
        self.include_apps = include_apps or []
        self.default_settings = default_settings or {}
        self.settings_file = settings_file
        self.local_settings_file = local_settings_file
        if not Dispatcher.installed or reset:
            dispatch.reset()
            self.init(project_dir, apps_dir)
            dispatch.call(self, 'startup_installed')
            self.init_urls()
            
        if start:
            dispatch.call(self, 'startup')
    
    def init(self, project_dir, apps_dir):
        if not project_dir:
            project_dir = norm_path(os.path.join(apps_dir, '..'))
        
        Dispatcher.project_dir = project_dir
        Dispatcher.apps_dir = norm_path(os.path.join(project_dir, 'apps'))
        Dispatcher.apps = get_apps(self.apps_dir, self.include_apps, self.settings_file, self.local_settings_file)
        Dispatcher.modules = self.collect_modules()
        
        self.install_settings(self.modules['settings'])
        
        self.debug = settings.GLOBAL.get('DEBUG', False)

        #process global_objects
        self.install_global_objects()
        
        #process binds
        self.install_binds()
        
        dispatch.call(self, 'after_init_settings')
        
        Dispatcher.settings = settings
        
        #process domains
        self.process_domains(settings)
        
        #setup log
        self.set_log()
        
        #set app rules
        rules.set_app_rules(dict(settings.get('URL', {})))
        rules.set_urlroute_rules(dict(settings.get('URL_ROUTE', {})))
        
        Dispatcher.env = self._prepare_env()
        #install template_dirs and taglibs_dirs
        self.get_template_dirs()
        #install template_loader and taglibs_loader
        self.install_template_loader()
        
        #begin to start apps
        self.install_apps()
        dispatch.call(self, 'after_init_apps')
        #process views
        self.install_views(self.modules['views'])
        #process exposes
        self.install_exposes()
        #process middlewares
        Dispatcher.middlewares = self.install_middlewares()
        
        dispatch.call(self, 'prepare_default_env', Dispatcher.env)
        Dispatcher.default_template = pkg.resource_filename('uliweb.core', 'default.html')
        
        Dispatcher.installed = True
        
    def _prepare_env(self):
        env = {}
        env['url_for'] = url_for
        env['redirect'] = redirect
        env['Redirect'] = Redirect
        env['error'] = error
        env['application'] = self
        env['settings'] = settings
        env['json'] = json
        env['jsonp'] = jsonp
        env['functions'] = functions
        env['json_dumps'] = json_dumps


        c = ContextStorage(env)
        return c
    
    def set_log(self):
        import logging
        
        s = self.settings
        
        def _get_level(level):
            return getattr(logging, level.upper())
        
        #get basic configuration
        config = {}
        for k, v in s.LOG.items():
            if k in ['format', 'datefmt', 'filename', 'filemode']:
                config[k] = v
                
        if s.get_var('LOG/level'):
            config['level'] = _get_level(s.get_var('LOG/level'))
        logging.basicConfig(**config)
        
        if config.get('filename'):
            Handler = 'logging.FileHandler'
            if config.get('filemode'):
                _args =(config.get('filename'), config.get('filemode'))
            else:
                _args = (config.get('filename'),)
        else:
            Handler = 'logging.StreamHandler'
            _args = ()
        
        #process formatters
        formatters = {}
        for f, v in s.get_var('LOG.Formatters', {}).items():
            formatters[f] = logging.Formatter(v)
            
        #process handlers
        handlers = {}
        for h, v in s.get_var('LOG.Handlers', {}).items():
            handler_cls = v.get('class', Handler)
            handler_args = v.get('args', _args)
            handler_kwargs = v.get('kwargs', {})
            
            handler = import_attr(handler_cls)(*handler_args, **handler_kwargs)
            if v.get('level'):
                handler.setLevel(_get_level(v.get('level')))
            
            format = v.get('format')
            if format in formatters:
                handler.setFormatter(formatters[format])
            elif format:
                fmt = logging.Formatter(format)
                handler.setFormatter(fmt)
                
            handlers[h] = handler
            
        #process loggers
        for logger_name, v in s.get_var('LOG.Loggers', {}).items():
            if logger_name == 'ROOT':
                log = logging.getLogger('')
                log.handlers = []
            else:
                log = logging.getLogger(logger_name)
                
            if v.get('level'):
                log.setLevel(_get_level(v.get('level')))
            if 'propagate' in v:
                log.propagate = v.get('propagate')
            if 'handlers' in v:
                for h in v['handlers']:
                    if h in handlers:
                        log.addHandler(handlers[h])
                    else:
                        raise UliwebError("Log Handler %s is not defined yet!")
                        sys.exit(1)
            elif 'format' in v:
                if v['format'] not in formatters:
                    fmt = logging.Formatter(v['format'])
                else:
                    fmt = formatters[v['format']]
                _handler = import_attr(Handler)(*_args)
                _handler.setFormatter(fmt)
                log.addHandler(_handler)
                
    def process_domains(self, settings):
        from uliweb.utils._compat import import_
        urlparse = import_('urllib.parse', 'urlparse')

        Dispatcher.domains = {}
        
        for k, v in settings.DOMAINS.items():
            _domain = urlparse(v['domain'])
            self.domains[k] = {'domain':v.get('domain'), 'domain_parse':_domain, 
                'host':_domain.netloc or v.get('domain'),
                'scheme':_domain.scheme or 'http', 'display':v.get('display', False),
                'url_prefix':v.get('url_prefix', '')}
        
    def get_file(self, filename, dir='static'):
        """
        get_file will search from apps directory
        """
        if os.path.exists(filename):
            return filename
        dirs = self.apps
        if dir:
            fname = os.path.join(dir, filename)
        else:
            fname = filename
        for d in reversed(dirs):
            path = pkg.resource_filename(d, fname)
            if os.path.exists(path):
                return path
        return None
    
    def install_template_loader(self):
        Loader = import_attr(settings.get_var('TEMPLATE_PROCESSOR/loader'))
        args = settings.get_var('TEMPLATE')

        if self.debug:
            args['check_modified_time'] = True
            args['log'] = log
            args['debug'] = settings.get_var('GLOBAL/DEBUG_TEMPLATE', False)
        Dispatcher.template_loader = Loader(Dispatcher.template_dirs,
                                            **args)
            
    
    def template(self, filename, vars=None, env=None, default_template=None, layout=None):
        vars = vars or {}
        env = env or self.get_view_env()
        
        t = self.template_loader.load(filename, layout=layout,
                                      default_template=default_template)
        return t.generate(vars, env)
    
    def render(self, templatefile, vars, env=None, default_template=None,
               content_type='text/html', status=200, layout=None):
        return Response(self.template(templatefile, vars, env,
                                      default_template=default_template, layout=layout),
                        status=status, content_type=content_type)

    def parse_tag_xml(self, xml):
        from uliweb.core.taglibs import parse_xml
        return parse_xml(xml)

    def parse_tag(self, xml):
        from uliweb.core.taglibs import parse
        return parse(xml, self.taglibs_loader)
    
    def _page_not_found(self, description=None, **kwargs):
        description = 'The requested URL "{{=url}}" was not found on the server.'
        text = """<h1>Page Not Found</h1>
    <p>%s</p>
    <h3>Current URL Mapping is</h3>
    <table border="1">
    <tr><th>#</th><th>URL</th><th>View Functions</th></tr>
    {{for i, (_url, _methods, _subdomain, _endpoint) in enumerate(urls):}}
    <tr><td>{{=i+1}}</td><td>{{=_url}}
        {{if _methods:}}[methods={{=_methods}}]{{pass}}
        {{if _subdomain:}}[subdomain={{=_subdomain}}]{{pass}}
    </td><td>{{=_endpoint}}</td></tr>
    {{pass}}
    </table>
    """ % description
        return Response(template.template(text, kwargs), status=404, content_type='text/html')
        
    def not_found(self, e):
        if self.debug:
            urls = []
            for r in url_map.iter_rules():
                if r.methods:
                    methods = ' '.join(list(r.methods))
                else:
                    methods = ''
                urls.append((r.rule, methods, r.subdomain, r.endpoint))
            urls.sort()
            return self._page_not_found(url=local.request.path, urls=urls)
        tmp_file = self.template_loader.resolve_path('404'+settings.GLOBAL.TEMPLATE_SUFFIX)
        if tmp_file:
            response = self.render(tmp_file, {'url':local.request.path}, status=404)
        else:
            response = e
        return response
    
    def internal_error(self, e):
        tmp_file = self.template_loader.resolve_path('500'+settings.GLOBAL.TEMPLATE_SUFFIX)
        if tmp_file:
            response = self.render(tmp_file, {'url':local.request.path}, status=500)
        else:
            response = InternalServerError()
        log.exception(e)
        return response
    
    def get_handler(self, endpoint):
        from uliweb.utils.common import safe_import

        #get handler
        _klass = None
        if isinstance(endpoint, string_types):
            mod, handler = safe_import(endpoint)
            if ismethod(handler):
                _klass = get_class(handler)()
                handler = getattr(_klass, endpoint.split('.')[-1])

        elif callable(endpoint):
            handler = endpoint
            mod = sys.modules[handler.__module__]
        
        return _klass, mod, handler

    def prepare_request(self, request, rule):
        endpoint = rule.endpoint
        #bind endpoint to request
        request.rule = rule
        #get handler
        _klass, mod, handler = self.get_handler(endpoint)

        request.appname = ''
        for p in self.apps:
            t = p + '.'
            if handler.__module__.startswith(t):
                request.appname = p
                break
        request.function = handler.__name__
        if _klass:
            request.view_class = _klass.__class__.__name__
            handler = getattr(_klass, handler.__name__)
        else:
            request.view_class = None
        return mod, _klass, handler
    
    def call_view(self, mod, cls, handler, request, response=None, wrap_result=None, args=None, kwargs=None):
        #get env
        wrap = wrap_result or self.wrap_result
        env = self.get_view_env()
        
        #if there is __begin__ then invoke it, if __begin__ return None, it'll
        #continue running
        
        #there is a problem about soap view, because soap view will invoke
        #call_view again, so that it may cause the __begin__ or __end__ be called
        #twice, so I'll remember the function in cache, so that they'll not be invoke
        #twice
        
        def _get_name(mod, name):
            if isinstance(mod, types.ModuleType):
                return mod.__name__ + '.' + name
            else:
                return cls.__module__ + '.' + cls.__class__.__name__ + '.' + name
            
        def _process_begin(mod):
            name = '__begin__'
            if hasattr(mod, name):
                _name = _get_name(mod, name)
                if _name not in request._invokes['begin']:
                    request._invokes['begin'].append(_name)
                    f = getattr(mod, name)
                    return self._call_function(f, request, response, env)
                    
        def _prepare_end(mod):
            name = '__end__'
            if hasattr(mod, name):
                _name = _get_name(mod, name)
                if _name not in request._invokes['end']:
                    request._invokes['end'].append(_name)
                    return True
            
        def _process_end(mod):
            f = getattr(mod, '__end__')
            return self._call_function(f, request, response, env)
            
                
        if not hasattr(request, '_invokes'):
            request._invokes = {'begin':[], 'end':[]}

        result = _process_begin(mod)
        if result is not None:
            return wrap(handler, result, request, response, env)

        result = _process_begin(cls)
        if result is not None:
            return wrap(handler, result, request, response, env)
        
        #preprocess __end__
        mod_end = _prepare_end(mod)
        cls_end = _prepare_end(cls)
        
        result = self.call_handler(handler, request, response, env, wrap, args, kwargs)

        if mod_end:
            result1 = _process_end(mod)
            if result1 is not None:
                return wrap(handler, result1, request, response, env)
        
        if cls_end:
            result1 = _process_end(cls)
            if result1 is not None:
                return wrap(handler, result1, request, response, env)

        return result
        
    def wrap_result(self, handler, result, request, response, env):
#        #process ajax invoke, return a json response
#        if request.is_xhr and isinstance(result, dict):
#            result = json(result)

        if isinstance(result, dict):
            result = Storage(result)
            if hasattr(response, 'layout'):
                _layout = response.layout
            else:
                _layout = handler.__dict__.get('__layout__')
            if _layout:
                layout = _layout
                if callable(layout):
                    layout = layout()
            else:
                layout = None
            if hasattr(response, 'template') and response.template:
                tmpfile = response.template
            else:
                args = handler.__dict__.get('__template__')
                if not args:
                    args = {'function':request.function, 'view_class':request.view_class, 'appname':request.appname}

                if isinstance(args, dict):
                    #TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE should be two elements tuple or list, the first one will be used for view_class is not empty
                    #and the second one will be used for common functions
                    if request.view_class:
                        tmpfile = settings.GLOBAL.TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE[0] % args + settings.GLOBAL.TEMPLATE_SUFFIX
                    else:
                        tmpfile = settings.GLOBAL.TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE[1] % args + settings.GLOBAL.TEMPLATE_SUFFIX
                else:
                    tmpfile = args
                response.template = tmpfile
            
            #if debug mode, then display a default_template
            if self.debug:
                d = ['default.html', self.default_template]
            else:
                d = None
            response.write(self.template(tmpfile, result, env, default_template=d, layout=layout))
        elif isinstance(result, string_types):
            response.write(result)
        elif isinstance(result, (Response, BaseResponse)):
            response = result
        #add generator support 2014-1-8
        elif isinstance(result, types.GeneratorType) or hasattr(result, '__iter__'):
            #preprocess generator, so that it can get some code run at first
            #such as response.content_type='application/json'
            result_iter = iter(result)
            try:
                x = result_iter.next()
            except StopIteration:
                x = ''
            def f(x):
                yield x
                for x in result_iter:
                    yield x
            return Response(f(x), direct_passthrough=True, headers=response.headers,
                            content_type=response.content_type)
        else:
            response = Response(str(result), content_type=response.content_type)
        return response
    
    def get_view_env(self):
        #prepare local env
        local_env = {}
        
        #process before view call
        dispatch.call(self, 'prepare_view_env', local_env)
        
        local_env['application'] = __global__.application
        local_env['request'] = request
        local_env['response'] = response
        local_env['settings'] = __global__.settings
        
        env = Storage(self.env.to_dict())
        env.update(local_env)
        return env
       
    def _call_function(self, handler, request, response, env, args=None, kwargs=None):
        
        handler.__globals__.update(env)
        handler.__globals__['env'] = env
        
        args = args or ()
        kwargs = kwargs or {}
        result = handler(*args, **kwargs)
        if isinstance(result, LocalProxy) and result._obj_name == 'response':
            result = local.response
        return result
    
    def call_handler(self, handler, request, response, env, wrap_result=None, args=None, kwargs=None):
        wrap = wrap_result or self.wrap_result
        result = self._call_function(handler, request, response, env, args, kwargs)
        return wrap(handler, result, request, response, env)
            
    def collect_modules(self, check_view=True):
        modules = {}
        views = []
        settings = []

        inifile = pkg.resource_filename('uliweb.core', 'default_settings.ini')
        settings.insert(0, ('', inifile))
        
        def enum_views(views_path, appname, subfolder=None, pattern=None):
            if not os.path.exists(views_path):
                log.error("Can't found the app %s path, please check if the path is right" % appname)
                return
                 
            for f in os.listdir(views_path):
                fname, ext = os.path.splitext(f)
                if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(views_path, f)) and ext in ['.py', '.pyc', '.pyo'] and fname!='__init__':
                    if pattern:
                        import fnmatch
                        if not fnmatch.fnmatch(f, pattern):
                            continue
                    if subfolder:
                        _view = '.'.join([appname, subfolder, fname])
                    else:
                        _view = '.'.join([appname, fname])
                    if _view not in views:
                        views.append(_view)

        for p in self.apps:
            path = get_app_dir(p)
            #deal with views
            if check_view:
                views_path = os.path.join(path, 'views')
                if os.path.exists(views_path) and os.path.isdir(views_path):
                    enum_views(views_path, p, 'views')
                else:
                    enum_views(path, p, pattern='views*')
            #deal with settings
            inifile =os.path.join(get_app_dir(p), 'settings.ini')
            
            if os.path.exists(inifile):
                settings.append((p, inifile))

        set_ini = os.path.join(self.apps_dir, self.settings_file)
        if os.path.exists(set_ini):
            settings.append(('', set_ini))
        
        local_set_ini = os.path.join(self.apps_dir, self.local_settings_file)
        if os.path.exists(local_set_ini):
            settings.append(('', local_set_ini))
        
        modules['views'] = views
        modules['settings'] = settings
        return modules
    
    def install_views(self, views):
        for v in views:
            try:
                myimport(v)
            except Exception as e:
                log.exception(e)
         
    def init_urls(self):
        #initialize urls
        for v in rules.merge_rules():
            appname, endpoint, url, kw = v
            static = kw.pop('static', None)
            if static:
                domain_name = 'static'
            else:
                domain_name = 'default'
            domain = self.domains.get(domain_name, {})
            url_prefix = domain.get('url_prefix', '')
            _url = url_prefix + url

            if static:
                static_views.append(endpoint)

            try:
                rules.add_rule(url_map, _url, endpoint, **kw)
            except:
                log.error("Wrong url url=%s, endpoint=%s" % (_url, endpoint))
                raise
    
    def install_apps(self):
        for p in self.apps:
            try:
                myimport(p)
            except ImportError as e:
                pass
            except BaseException as e:
                log.exception(e)
            
    def install_settings(self, s):
        settings.set_basepath(self.apps_dir)
#        settings = pyini.Ini()
        for appname, v in s:
            settings.set_pre_variables({'appname':appname})
            settings.read(v)

        d = dict([(k, repr(v)) for k, v in self.default_settings.items()])
        settings.update(d)
        settings.freeze()
        
        #process FILESYSTEM_ENCODING
        if not settings.GLOBAL.FILESYSTEM_ENCODING:
            settings.GLOBAL.FILESYSTEM_ENCODING = sys.getfilesystemencoding() or settings.GLOBAL.DEFAULT_ENCODING
            
    def install_global_objects(self):
        """
        Process [GLOBAL_OBJECTS], and inject all object to uliweb module, so
        user can import from uliweb
        """
        import uliweb
        for k, v in settings.GLOBAL_OBJECTS.items():
            setattr(uliweb, k, import_attr(v))
        
    def install_binds(self):
        #process DISPATCH hooks
        #BINDS format
        #func = topic              #bind_name will be the same with function
        #bind_name = topic, func        
        #bind_name = topic, func, {args}
        d = settings.get('BINDS', {})
        for bind_name, args in d.items():
            if not args:
                continue
            is_wrong = False
            if isinstance(args, (tuple, list)):
                if len(args) == 2:
                    dispatch.bind(args[0])(args[1])
                elif len(args) == 3:
                    if not isinstance(args[2], dict):
                        is_wrong = True
                    else:
                        dispatch.bind(args[0], **args[2])(args[1])
                else:
                    is_wrong = True
            elif isinstance(args, string_types):
                dispatch.bind(args)(bind_name)
            else:
                is_wrong = True
            if is_wrong:
                log.error('BINDS definition should be "function=topic" or "bind_name=topic, function" or "bind_name=topic, function, {"args":value1,...}"')
                raise UliwebError('BINDS definition [%s=%r] is not right' % (bind_name, args))
                
    def install_exposes(self):
        #EXPOSES format
        #endpoint = topic              #bind_name will be the same with function
        #expose_name = topic, func        
        #expose_name = topic, func, {args}
        d = settings.get('EXPOSES', {})
        for name, args in d.items():
            if not args:
                continue
            is_wrong = False
            if isinstance(args, (tuple, list)):
                if len(args) == 2:
                    expose(args[0], name=name)(args[1])
                elif len(args) == 3:
                    if not isinstance(args[2], dict):
                        is_wrong = True
                    else:
                        expose(args[0], name=name, **args[2])(args[1])
                else:
                    is_wrong = True
            elif isinstance(args, string_types):
                expose(args)(name)
            else:
                is_wrong = True
            if is_wrong:
                log.error('EXPOSES definition should be "endpoint=url" or "name=url, endpoint" or "name=url, endpoint, {"args":value1,...}"')
                raise UliwebError('EXPOSES definition [%s=%r] is not right' % (name, args))
       
    def install_middlewares(self):
        m = self._sort_middlewares(settings.get('MIDDLEWARES', {}).values())
        req_classes, res_classes, ex_classes = self._get_middlewares_classes(m)
        Dispatcher.process_request_classes = req_classes
        Dispatcher.process_response_classes = res_classes
        Dispatcher.process_exception_classes = ex_classes
        return m
    
    def _get_middlewares_classes(self, middlewares):
        m = middlewares

        req_clses = []
        res_clses = []
        ex_clses = []

        for cls in m:
            f = getattr(cls, 'process_request', None)
            if f:
                req_clses.append(cls)

        r_m = reversed(m)
        for cls in r_m:
            f = getattr(cls, 'process_response', None)
            if f:
                res_clses.append(cls)
            f = getattr(cls, 'process_exception', None)
            if f:
                ex_clses.append(cls)

        return req_clses, res_clses, ex_clses

    def _sort_middlewares(self, middlewares):
        #middleware process
        #middleware can be defined as
        #middleware_name = middleware_class_path[, order]
        #middleware_name = <empty> will be skip
        m = []
        for v in middlewares:
            if not v:
                continue
            
            order = None
            if isinstance(v, (list, tuple)):
                if len(v) > 2:
                    raise UliwebError('Middleware %r difinition is not right' % v)
                middleware_path = v[0]
                if len(v) == 2:
                    order = v[1]
            else:
                middleware_path = v
            cls = import_attr(middleware_path)
            
            if order is None:
                order = getattr(cls, 'ORDER', 500)
            m.append((order, cls))
        
        m.sort()
            
        return [x[1] for x in m]
    
    def get_config(self, config_filename):
        """
        Collection all config file in all available apps, and merge them into ini object
        :return: ini object
        """
        x = pyini.Ini(lazy=True, basepath=os.path.join(self.project_dir, 'apps'))
        for p in reversed(self.apps):
            app_path = get_app_dir(p)
            filename = os.path.join(app_path, config_filename)
            if os.path.exists(filename):
                x.read(filename)

        x.freeze()
        return x

    def get_template_dirs(self):
        """
        Get templates directory from apps, but in reversed order, so the same named template
        file will be overrided by latter defined app
        """
        def if_not_empty(dir):
            if not os.path.exists(dir):
                return
            for root, dirs, files in os.walk(dir):
                if dirs:
                    return True
                for f in files:
                    if f != 'readme.txt':
                        return True
                    
        template_dirs = [os.path.join(self.project_dir, x) for x in settings.GLOBAL.TEMPLATE_DIRS or []]
        taglibs_dirs = []
        for p in reversed(self.apps):
            app_path = get_app_dir(p)
            path = os.path.join(app_path, 'templates')
            if if_not_empty(path):
                template_dirs.append(path)
                
            path = os.path.join(app_path, 'taglibs')
            if if_not_empty(path):
                taglibs_dirs.append(path)

        Dispatcher.template_dirs = template_dirs
        Dispatcher.taglibs_dirs = taglibs_dirs
    
    def get_templateplugins_dirs(self):
        return [os.path.join(get_app_dir(p), 'template_plugins') for p in self.apps]
    
    def open(self, *args, **kwargs):
        from werkzeug.test import EnvironBuilder
        
        pre_call = kwargs.pop('pre_call', None)
        post_call = kwargs.pop('post_call', None)
        middlewares = kwargs.pop('middlewares', None)
        
        builder = EnvironBuilder(*args, **kwargs)
        try:
            environ = builder.get_environ()
        finally:
            builder.close()
            
        return self._open(environ, pre_call=pre_call, post_call=post_call, middlewares=middlewares)
        
    def _open(self, environ, pre_call=None, post_call=None, middlewares=None):
        if middlewares is None:
            middlewares = self.middlewares
            process_request_classes = self.process_request_classes
            process_response_classes = self.process_response_classes
            process_exception_classes = self.process_exception_classes
        else:
            m = self._sort_middlewares(middlewares)
            process_request_classes, process_response_classes, process_exception_classes = self._get_middlewares_classes(m)
            
        self.lock.acquire()
        try:
            local.request = req = Request(environ)
            local.response = res = Response(content_type='text/html')
        
            #add local cached
            local.local_cache = {}
            #add in web flag
            local.in_web = True
        finally:
            self.lock.release()

        url_adapter = get_url_adapter('default')
        try:
            rule, values = url_adapter.match(return_rule=True)
            mod, handler_cls, handler = self.prepare_request(req, rule)

            #process static
            if rule.endpoint in static_views:
                response = self.call_view(mod, handler_cls, handler, req, res, kwargs=values)
            else:
                response = None
                _clses = {}
                _inss = {}
                for cls in process_request_classes:
                        ins = cls(self, settings)
                        _inss[cls] = ins
                        response = ins.process_request(req)
                        if response is not None:
                            break
                
                if response is None:
                    try:
                        if pre_call:
                            response = pre_call(req)
                        if response is None:
                            try:
                                response = self.call_view(mod, handler_cls, handler, req, res, kwargs=values)
                            except RedirectException as e:
                                response = e.get_response()
                        if post_call:
                            response = post_call(req, response)
                    except Exception as e:
                        for cls in process_exception_classes:
                                ins = _inss.get(cls)
                                if not ins:
                                    ins = cls(self, settings)
                                response = ins.process_exception(req, e)
                                if response:
                                    break
                        raise
                    
                for cls in process_response_classes:
                    ins = _inss.get(cls)
                    if not ins:
                        ins = cls(self, settings)
                    response = ins.process_response(req, response)
                
                    if not isinstance(response, (OriginalResponse, Response)):
                        raise Exception("Middleware %s should return an Response object, but %r found" % (ins.__class__.__name__, response))
                
                #process post_response call, you can set some async process in here
                #but the sync may fail, so you should think about the checking mechanism
                if hasattr(response, 'post_response') and response.post_response:
                    response.post_response()
                    
                if hasattr(res, 'post_response') and res.post_response:
                    res.post_response()
                
            #endif
            
        except HTTPError as e:
            response = self.render(e.errorpage, Storage(e.errors))
        except NotFound as e:
            response = self.not_found(e)
        except HTTPException as e:
            response = e
        except Exception as e:
            if not self.settings.get_var('GLOBAL/DEBUG'):
                response = self.internal_error(e)
            else:
#                log.exception(e)
                raise
        finally:
            local.local_cache = {}
            local.in_web = False
        return response
    
    def handler(self):
        return DispatcherHandler(self)

    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
        response = self._open(environ)
        return response(environ, start_response)

response = LocalProxy(local, 'response', Response)
request = LocalProxy(local, 'request', Request)
settings = LocalProxy(__global__, 'settings', pyini.Ini)
application = LocalProxy(__global__, 'application', Dispatcher)

####################################################################
# Author: <EMAIL>
# License: BSD
####################################################################
from __future__ import print_function, absolute_import

import os, sys
import cgi
import inspect
import re
import types
import threading
from werkzeug import Request as OriginalRequest, Response as OriginalResponse
from werkzeug import ClosingIterator, Local, LocalManager, BaseResponse
from werkzeug.exceptions import HTTPException, NotFound, BadRequest, InternalServerError
from werkzeug.routing import Map
import json as jsn

from . import template
from .js import json_dumps
from . import dispatch
from uliweb.utils.storage import Storage
from uliweb.utils.common import (pkg, log, import_attr, 
    myimport, wraps, norm_path)
import uliweb.utils.pyini as pyini
from uliweb.i18n import gettext_lazy, i18n_ini_convertor
from uliweb.utils.localproxy import LocalProxy, Global
from uliweb import UliwebError

# from rules import Mapping, add_rule
from . import rules

CONTENT_TYPE_JSON = 'application/json; charset=utf-8'
CONTENT_TYPE_TEXT = 'text/plain; charset=utf-8'
from ..utils._compat import string_types, callable, import_, get_class, ismethod, import_

try:
    set
except:
    from sets import Set as set

local = Local()
local.request = None
local.response = None
__global__ = Global()
local_manager = LocalManager([local])
url_map = Map(strict_slashes=False)
static_views = []
use_urls = False
url_adapters = {}
__app_dirs__ = {}
__app_alias__ = {}
_xhr_redirect_json = True

r_callback = re.compile(r'^[\w_]+$')
# Initialize pyini env
pyini.set_env({
    'env':{'_':gettext_lazy, 'gettext_lazy':gettext_lazy},
    'convertors':i18n_ini_convertor,
})
__global__.settings = pyini.Ini(lazy=True)

#User can defined decorator functions in settings DECORATORS
#and user can user @decorators.function_name in views
#and this usage need settings be initialized before decorator invoking

class Finder(object):
    def __init__(self, section):
        self.__objects = {}
        self.__section = section
    
    def __contains__(self, name):
        if name in self.__objects:
            return True
        if name not in settings[self.__section]:
            return False
        else:
            return True
        
    def __getattr__(self, name):
        if name in self.__objects:
            return self.__objects[name]
        if name not in settings[self.__section]:
            raise UliwebError("Object %s is not existed!" % name)
        obj = import_attr(settings[self.__section].get(name))
        self.__objects[name] = obj
        return obj
    
    def __setitem__(self, name, value):
        if isinstance(value, string_types):
            value = import_attr(value)
        self.__objects[name] = value

decorators = Finder('DECORATORS')
functions = Finder('FUNCTIONS')

class Request(OriginalRequest):
    GET = OriginalRequest.args
    POST = OriginalRequest.form
    params = OriginalRequest.values
    FILES = OriginalRequest.files
    
    def json(self):
        """
        Return json data, need front send json data
        :return: dict
        """
        return jsn.loads(self.data)
    
class Response(OriginalResponse):
    def write(self, value):
        self.stream.write(value)
    
class HTTPError(Exception):
    def __init__(self, errorpage=None, **kwargs):
        self.errorpage = errorpage or settings.GLOBAL.ERROR_PAGE
        self.errors = kwargs

    def __str__(self):
        return repr(self.errors)
   
def redirect(location, code=302):
    global _xhr_redirect_json, request
    
    if _xhr_redirect_json and request.is_xhr:
        response = json({'success':False, 'redirect':location}, status=500)
    else:
        response = Response(
            '<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">\n'
            '<title>Redirecting...</title>\n'
            '<h1>Redirecting...</h1>\n'
            '<p>You should be redirected automatically to target URL: '
            '<a href="%s">%s</a>.  If not click the link.' %
            (cgi.escape(location), cgi.escape(location)), status=code, content_type='text/html')
        response.headers['Location'] = location
    return response

class RedirectException(Exception):
    """
    This is an exception, which can be raised in view function
    """
    def __init__(self, location, code=302):
        self.response = redirect(location, code)
        
    def get_response(self):
        return self.response
    
def Redirect(url):
    raise RedirectException(url)

def error(message='', errorpage=None, request=None, appname=None, **kwargs):
    kwargs.setdefault('message', message)
    if request:
        kwargs.setdefault('link', functions.request_url())
    raise HTTPError(errorpage, **kwargs)

def function(fname, *args, **kwargs):
    func = settings.get_var('FUNCTIONS/'+fname)
    if func:
        if args or kwargs:
            return import_attr(func)(*args, **kwargs)
        else:
            return import_attr(func)
    else:
        raise UliwebError("Can't find the function [%s] in settings" % fname)
 
def json(data, **json_kwargs):
    def set_content_type():
        from uliweb import request

    if 'content_type' not in json_kwargs:
            if request and 'Accept' in request.headers:
                Accept = request.headers['Accept']
                if Accept == '*/*':
                    json_kwargs['content_type'] = CONTENT_TYPE_JSON
                else:
                    if 'application/json' in [x.strip() for x in request.headers['Accept'].split(',')]:
                        json_kwargs['content_type'] = CONTENT_TYPE_JSON
                    else:
                        json_kwargs['content_type'] = CONTENT_TYPE_TEXT
            else:
                json_kwargs['content_type'] = CONTENT_TYPE_TEXT
        
    if callable(data):
        @wraps(data)
        def f(*arg, **kwargs):
            set_content_type()
            ret = data(*arg, **kwargs)
            return Response(json_dumps(ret), **json_kwargs)
        return f
    else:
        set_content_type()
        return Response(json_dumps(data), **json_kwargs)
    
def jsonp(data, **json_kwargs):
    """
    jsonp is callback key name
    """
    from uliweb import request
    
    if 'jsonp' in json_kwargs:
        cb = json_kwargs.pop('jsonp')
    else:
        cb = 'callback'
        
    begin = str(request.GET.get(cb))
    if not begin:
        raise BadRequest("Can't found %s parameter in request's query_string" % cb)
    if not r_callback.match(begin):
        raise BadRequest("The callback name is not right, it can be alphabetic, number and underscore only")
    
    if callable(data):
        @wraps(data)
        def f(*arg, **kwargs):
            ret = data(*arg, **kwargs)
            return Response(begin + '(' + json_dumps(ret) + ');', **json_kwargs)
        return f
    else:
        return Response(begin + '(' + json_dumps(data) + ');', **json_kwargs)


def CORS(func=None):
    """
    CORS support
    """

    def w(r=None):
        from uliweb import request, response

        if request.method == 'OPTIONS':
            response = Response(status=204)
            response.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Credentials'] = 'true'
            response.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Origin'] = request.headers['Origin']
            response.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Methods'] = 'GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS'
            response.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Headers'] = 'DNT,User-Agent,X-Requested-With,If-Modified-Since,Cache-Control,Content-Type,Range'
            response.headers['Access-Control-Max-Age'] = 24*3600
            response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/plain; charset=utf-8'
            response.headers['Content-Length'] = 0
            return response
        elif request.method in ('GET', 'POST'):
            if isinstance(r, Response):
                response = r
            response.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Credentials'] = 'true'
            if 'Origin' in request.headers:
                response.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Origin'] = request.headers['Origin']
            response.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Methods'] = 'GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS'
            response.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Headers'] = 'DNT,User-Agent,X-Requested-With,If-Modified-Since,Cache-Control,Content-Type,Range'
            response.headers['Access-Control-Expose-Headers'] = 'Content-Length,Content-Range'

    if callable(func):
        @wraps(func)
        def f(*arg, **kwargs):
            if request.method == 'OPTIONS':
                return w()
            ret = func(*arg, **kwargs)
            w(ret)
            return ret

        return f
    else:
        w()

def expose(rule=None, **kwargs):
    e = rules.Expose(rule, **kwargs)
    if e.parse_level == 1:
        return rule
    else:
        return e

def POST(rule, **kw):
    kw['methods'] = ['POST']
    return expose(rule, **kw)

def GET(rule, **kw):
    kw['methods'] = ['GET']
    return expose(rule, **kw)

def get_url_adapter(_domain_name):
    """
    Fetch a domain url_adapter object, and bind it to according domain
    """
    from werkzeug._compat import wsgi_decoding_dance

    domain = application.domains.get(_domain_name, {})
    server_name = None
    if domain.get('domain', ''):
        server_name = domain['domain']
        try:
            env = {}
            environ = request.environ
            env['url_scheme'] = environ['wsgi.url_scheme']
            env['default_method'] = environ['REQUEST_METHOD']

            def _get_wsgi_string(name):
                val = environ.get(name)
                if val is not None:
                    return wsgi_decoding_dance(val, "utf-8")

            env['script_name'] = _get_wsgi_string('SCRIPT_NAME')
            env['path_info'] = _get_wsgi_string('PATH_INFO')
            env['query_args'] = _get_wsgi_string('QUERY_STRING')
        except:
            env = {}
        adapter = url_map.bind(server_name, **env)
    else:
        try:
            env = request.environ
        except:
            #this env if for testing only
            env = {
                'HTTP_ACCEPT': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;'
                               'q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
                'HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET': 'ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3',
                'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING': 'gzip,deflate,sdch',
                'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'uk,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.6',
                'HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL': 'max-age=0',
                'HTTP_CONNECTION': 'keep-alive',
                # 'HTTP_HOST': 'localhost:8080',
                'HTTP_USER_AGENT': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686)',
                # 'PATH_INFO': '/',
                # 'QUERY_STRING': '',
                'REMOTE_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
                'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET',
                'REQUEST_URI': '/',
                'SCRIPT_NAME': '',
                'SERVER_NAME': 'localhost',
                'SERVER_PORT': '8080',
                'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.1',
                'wsgi.errors': None,
                'wsgi.file_wrapper': None,
                # 'wsgi.input': BytesIO(ntob('', 'utf-8')),
                'wsgi.multiprocess': False,
                'wsgi.multithread': False,
                'wsgi.run_once': False,
                'wsgi.url_scheme': 'http',
                'wsgi.version': (1, 0),
            }
        adapter = url_map.bind_to_environ(env)
    return adapter

def get_rule(url):
    from werkzeug.test import EnvironBuilder

    builder = EnvironBuilder(url)
    env = builder.get_environ()

    url_adapter = url_map.bind_to_environ(env)
    result = {}
    try:
        rule, values = url_adapter.match(return_rule=True)
        result['rule'] = rule.rule
        result['endpoint'] = rule.endpoint
        result['doc'] = ''
        mod, handler_cls, func = application.get_handler(rule.endpoint)
        if func.__doc__:
            result['doc'] = func.__doc__.strip()
    except NotFound:
        pass
    return result

def _sub(matcher):
    return '{%s}' % matcher.group().strip('<>').strip().split(':')[-1]

def url_for(endpoint, **values):
    urljoin = import_('urllib.parse', 'urljoin')

    point = rules.get_endpoint(endpoint)
    
    #if the endpoint is string format, then find and replace
    #the module prefix with app alias which matched
    for k, v in __app_alias__.items():
        if point.startswith(k):
            point = v + point[len(k):]
            break
        
    if point in rules.__url_names__:
        point = rules.__url_names__[point]

    _domain_name = values.pop('_domain_name', 'default')
    _external = values.pop('_external', False)
    domain = application.domains.get(_domain_name, {})
    if not _external:
        _external = domain.get('display', False)
    adapter = get_url_adapter(_domain_name)

    #process format
    #it'll replace <argu> to {argu} so that you can use format
    #to create url
    _format = values.pop('_format', None)
    if _format:
        #then replace argument with {name} format
        _rules = url_map._rules_by_endpoint.get(point)
        if _rules:
            rule = _rules[0]
            url = re.sub(r'<.*?>', _sub, rule.rule)
            if _external:
                url = urljoin(domain.get('domain', ''), url)
            return url
        else:
            raise ValueError("Can't found rule of endpoint %s" % point)


    return adapter.build(point, values, force_external=_external)

def get_app_dir(app):
    """
    Get an app's directory
    """
    path = __app_dirs__.get(app)
    if path is not None:
        return path
    else:
        p = app.split('.')
        try:
            path = pkg.resource_filename(p[0], '')
        except ImportError as e:
            log.error("Can't import app %s" % app)
            log.exception(e)
            path = ''
        if len(p) > 1:
            path = os.path.join(path, *p[1:])
        
        __app_dirs__[app] = path
        return path

def get_app_depends(app, existed_apps=None, installed_apps=None):
    installed_apps = installed_apps or []
    if existed_apps is None:
        s = set()
    else:
        s = existed_apps

    if app in s:
        raise StopIteration

    if isinstance(app, (tuple, list)):
        app, name = app
        __app_alias__[name+'.'] = app + '.'

    configfile = os.path.join(get_app_dir(app), 'config.ini')
    if os.path.exists(configfile):
        x = pyini.Ini(configfile)
        apps = x.get_var('DEPENDS/REQUIRED_APPS', [])
        for i in apps:
            if i not in s and i not in installed_apps:
                for j in get_app_depends(i, s, installed_apps):
                    yield j
    s.add(app)
    yield app
    
def set_var(key, value):
    """
    Default set_var function
    """
    from uliweb import settings
    
    settings.set_var(key, value)
    
def get_var(key, default=None):
    """
    Default get_var function
    """
    from uliweb import settings
    
    return settings.get_var(key, default)
    
def get_local_cache(key, creator=None):
    global local
    
    if not hasattr(local, 'local_cache'):
        local.local_cache = {}
    value = local.local_cache.get(key)
    if value:
        return value
    if callable(creator):
        value = creator()
    else:
        value = creator
    if value:
        local.local_cache[key] = value
    return value

def get_apps(apps_dir, include_apps=None, settings_file='settings.ini', local_settings_file='local_settings.ini'):
    include_apps = include_apps or []
    inifile = norm_path(os.path.join(apps_dir, settings_file))
    apps = []
    visited = set()
    installed_apps = []
    if not os.path.exists(apps_dir):
        return apps
    if os.path.exists(inifile):
        x = pyini.Ini(inifile, basepath=apps_dir)
        if x:
            installed_apps.extend(x.GLOBAL.get('INSTALLED_APPS', []))

    local_inifile = norm_path(os.path.join(apps_dir, local_settings_file))
    if os.path.exists(local_inifile):
        x = pyini.Ini(local_inifile, basepath=apps_dir)
        if x and x.get('GLOBAL'):
            installed_apps.extend(x.GLOBAL.get('INSTALLED_APPS', []))

    installed_apps.extend(include_apps)

    for app in installed_apps:
        apps.extend(list(get_app_depends(app, visited, installed_apps)))

    if not apps and os.path.exists(apps_dir):
        for p in os.listdir(apps_dir):
            if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(apps_dir, p)) and p not in ['.svn', 'CVS', '.git'] and not p.startswith('.') and not p.startswith('_'):
                apps.append(p)
    
    return apps

def collect_settings(project_dir, include_apps=None, settings_file='settings.ini', 
    local_settings_file='local_settings.ini'):

    apps_dir = os.path.join(project_dir, 'apps')
    apps = get_apps(apps_dir, None, settings_file=settings_file, local_settings_file=local_settings_file)
    settings_file = os.path.join(apps_dir, settings_file)
    local_settings_file = os.path.join(apps_dir, local_settings_file)
    settings = []
    inifile = pkg.resource_filename('uliweb.core', 'default_settings.ini')
    settings.insert(0, inifile)
    for p in apps:
        path = get_app_dir(p)
        #deal with settings
        inifile =os.path.join(get_app_dir(p), 'settings.ini')
        if os.path.exists(inifile):
            settings.append(inifile)
    
    if os.path.exists(settings_file):
        settings.append(settings_file)
    
    if os.path.exists(local_settings_file):
        settings.append(local_settings_file)
    return settings

def get_settings(project_dir, include_apps=None, settings_file='settings.ini', 
    local_settings_file='local_settings.ini', default_settings=None):

    default_settings = default_settings or {}
    settings = collect_settings(project_dir, include_apps, settings_file,
        local_settings_file)

    x = pyini.Ini(lazy=True, basepath=os.path.join(project_dir, 'apps'))
    for v in settings:
        x.read(v)
    d = dict([(k, repr(v)) for k, v in default_settings.items()])
    x.update(d or {})
    x.freeze()
    
    #process FILESYSTEM_ENCODING
    if not x.GLOBAL.FILESYSTEM_ENCODING:
        x.GLOBAL.FILESYSTEM_ENCODING = sys.getfilesystemencoding() or x.GLOBAL.DEFAULT_ENCODING
    return x

def is_in_web():
    return getattr(local, 'in_web', False)
        
class DispatcherHandler(object):
    def __init__(self, application):
        self.application = application

    def open(self, *args, **kw):
        return self.application.open(*args, **kw)

    def get(self, *args, **kw):
        """Like open but method is enforced to GET."""
        kw['method'] = 'GET'
        return self.open(*args, **kw)

    def patch(self, *args, **kw):
        """Like open but method is enforced to PATCH."""
        kw['method'] = 'PATCH'
        return self.open(*args, **kw)

    def post(self, *args, **kw):
        """Like open but method is enforced to POST."""
        kw['method'] = 'POST'
        return self.open(*args, **kw)

    def head(self, *args, **kw):
        """Like open but method is enforced to HEAD."""
        kw['method'] = 'HEAD'
        return self.open(*args, **kw)

    def put(self, *args, **kw):
        """Like open but method is enforced to PUT."""
        kw['method'] = 'PUT'
        return self.open(*args, **kw)

    def delete(self, *args, **kw):
        """Like open but method is enforced to DELETE."""
        kw['method'] = 'DELETE'
        return self.open(*args, **kw)

class ContextStorage(object):
    """
    Used to save increament vars
    """

    __variables__ = {}

    def __init__(self, args={}):
        self.__class__.__variables__ = args
        self._vars = {}

    def __getattr__(self, key):
        try: 
            return self['_vars'][key]
        except KeyError as e: 
            try:
                return self[key]
            except KeyError as e:
                return None

    def copy(self):
        n = ContextStorage(self.__variables__)
        n._vars = self._vars.copy()
        return n

    def to_dict(self):
        d = self._vars.copy()
        d.update(self.__variables__)
        return d

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        try:
            return self._vars[key]
        except KeyError as e:
            return self.__variables__[key]
        
    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        self._vars[key] = value

    def update(self, arg):
        self._vars.update(arg)

    def items(self):
        keys = set()
        for k, v in self._vars.items():
            keys.add(k)
            yield k, v

        for k, v in self.__variables__.items():
            if k not in keys:
                yield k, v
    
    def __repr__(self):
        return '<ContextStorage ' + repr(self.__variables__) + ' ' + repr(self._vars) + ' >'
    
class Dispatcher(object):
    installed = False
    def __init__(self, apps_dir='apps', project_dir=None, include_apps=None, 
        start=True, default_settings=None, settings_file='settings.ini', 
        local_settings_file='local_settings.ini', xhr_redirect_json=True,
        reset=False):
            
        global _xhr_redirect_json
            
        _xhr_redirect_json = xhr_redirect_json
        __global__.application = self
        self.debug = False
        self.lock = threading.Lock()
        self.include_apps = include_apps or []
        self.default_settings = default_settings or {}
        self.settings_file = settings_file
        self.local_settings_file = local_settings_file
        if not Dispatcher.installed or reset:
            dispatch.reset()
            self.init(project_dir, apps_dir)
            dispatch.call(self, 'startup_installed')
            self.init_urls()
            
        if start:
            dispatch.call(self, 'startup')
    
    def init(self, project_dir, apps_dir):
        if not project_dir:
            project_dir = norm_path(os.path.join(apps_dir, '..'))
        
        Dispatcher.project_dir = project_dir
        Dispatcher.apps_dir = norm_path(os.path.join(project_dir, 'apps'))
        Dispatcher.apps = get_apps(self.apps_dir, self.include_apps, self.settings_file, self.local_settings_file)
        Dispatcher.modules = self.collect_modules()
        
        self.install_settings(self.modules['settings'])
        
        self.debug = settings.GLOBAL.get('DEBUG', False)

        #process global_objects
        self.install_global_objects()
        
        #process binds
        self.install_binds()
        
        dispatch.call(self, 'after_init_settings')
        
        Dispatcher.settings = settings
        
        #process domains
        self.process_domains(settings)
        
        #setup log
        self.set_log()
        
        #set app rules
        rules.set_app_rules(dict(settings.get('URL', {})))
        rules.set_urlroute_rules(dict(settings.get('URL_ROUTE', {})))
        
        Dispatcher.env = self._prepare_env()
        #install template_dirs and taglibs_dirs
        self.get_template_dirs()
        #install template_loader and taglibs_loader
        self.install_template_loader()
        
        #begin to start apps
        self.install_apps()
        dispatch.call(self, 'after_init_apps')
        #process views
        self.install_views(self.modules['views'])
        #process exposes
        self.install_exposes()
        #process middlewares
        Dispatcher.middlewares = self.install_middlewares()
        
        dispatch.call(self, 'prepare_default_env', Dispatcher.env)
        Dispatcher.default_template = pkg.resource_filename('uliweb.core', 'default.html')
        
        Dispatcher.installed = True
        
    def _prepare_env(self):
        env = {}
        env['url_for'] = url_for
        env['redirect'] = redirect
        env['Redirect'] = Redirect
        env['error'] = error
        env['application'] = self
        env['settings'] = settings
        env['json'] = json
        env['jsonp'] = jsonp
        env['functions'] = functions
        env['json_dumps'] = json_dumps


        c = ContextStorage(env)
        return c
    
    def set_log(self):
        import logging
        
        s = self.settings
        
        def _get_level(level):
            return getattr(logging, level.upper())
        
        #get basic configuration
        config = {}
        for k, v in s.LOG.items():
            if k in ['format', 'datefmt', 'filename', 'filemode']:
                config[k] = v
                
        if s.get_var('LOG/level'):
            config['level'] = _get_level(s.get_var('LOG/level'))
        logging.basicConfig(**config)
        
        if config.get('filename'):
            Handler = 'logging.FileHandler'
            if config.get('filemode'):
                _args =(config.get('filename'), config.get('filemode'))
            else:
                _args = (config.get('filename'),)
        else:
            Handler = 'logging.StreamHandler'
            _args = ()
        
        #process formatters
        formatters = {}
        for f, v in s.get_var('LOG.Formatters', {}).items():
            formatters[f] = logging.Formatter(v)
            
        #process handlers
        handlers = {}
        for h, v in s.get_var('LOG.Handlers', {}).items():
            handler_cls = v.get('class', Handler)
            handler_args = v.get('args', _args)
            handler_kwargs = v.get('kwargs', {})
            
            handler = import_attr(handler_cls)(*handler_args, **handler_kwargs)
            if v.get('level'):
                handler.setLevel(_get_level(v.get('level')))
            
            format = v.get('format')
            if format in formatters:
                handler.setFormatter(formatters[format])
            elif format:
                fmt = logging.Formatter(format)
                handler.setFormatter(fmt)
                
            handlers[h] = handler
            
        #process loggers
        for logger_name, v in s.get_var('LOG.Loggers', {}).items():
            if logger_name == 'ROOT':
                log = logging.getLogger('')
                log.handlers = []
            else:
                log = logging.getLogger(logger_name)
                
            if v.get('level'):
                log.setLevel(_get_level(v.get('level')))
            if 'propagate' in v:
                log.propagate = v.get('propagate')
            if 'handlers' in v:
                for h in v['handlers']:
                    if h in handlers:
                        log.addHandler(handlers[h])
                    else:
                        raise UliwebError("Log Handler %s is not defined yet!")
                        sys.exit(1)
            elif 'format' in v:
                if v['format'] not in formatters:
                    fmt = logging.Formatter(v['format'])
                else:
                    fmt = formatters[v['format']]
                _handler = import_attr(Handler)(*_args)
                _handler.setFormatter(fmt)
                log.addHandler(_handler)
                
    def process_domains(self, settings):
        from uliweb.utils._compat import import_
        urlparse = import_('urllib.parse', 'urlparse')

        Dispatcher.domains = {}
        
        for k, v in settings.DOMAINS.items():
            _domain = urlparse(v['domain'])
            self.domains[k] = {'domain':v.get('domain'), 'domain_parse':_domain, 
                'host':_domain.netloc or v.get('domain'),
                'scheme':_domain.scheme or 'http', 'display':v.get('display', False),
                'url_prefix':v.get('url_prefix', '')}
        
    def get_file(self, filename, dir='static'):
        """
        get_file will search from apps directory
        """
        if os.path.exists(filename):
            return filename
        dirs = self.apps
        if dir:
            fname = os.path.join(dir, filename)
        else:
            fname = filename
        for d in reversed(dirs):
            path = pkg.resource_filename(d, fname)
            if os.path.exists(path):
                return path
        return None
    
    def install_template_loader(self):
        Loader = import_attr(settings.get_var('TEMPLATE_PROCESSOR/loader'))
        args = settings.get_var('TEMPLATE')

        if self.debug:
            args['check_modified_time'] = True
            args['log'] = log
            args['debug'] = settings.get_var('GLOBAL/DEBUG_TEMPLATE', False)
        Dispatcher.template_loader = Loader(Dispatcher.template_dirs,
                                            **args)
            
    
    def template(self, filename, vars=None, env=None, default_template=None, layout=None):
        vars = vars or {}
        env = env or self.get_view_env()
        
        t = self.template_loader.load(filename, layout=layout,
                                      default_template=default_template)
        return t.generate(vars, env)
    
    def render(self, templatefile, vars, env=None, default_template=None,
               content_type='text/html', status=200, layout=None):
        return Response(self.template(templatefile, vars, env,
                                      default_template=default_template, layout=layout),
                        status=status, content_type=content_type)

    def parse_tag_xml(self, xml):
        from uliweb.core.taglibs import parse_xml
        return parse_xml(xml)

    def parse_tag(self, xml):
        from uliweb.core.taglibs import parse
        return parse(xml, self.taglibs_loader)
    
    def _page_not_found(self, description=None, **kwargs):
        description = 'The requested URL "{{=url}}" was not found on the server.'
        text = """<h1>Page Not Found</h1>
    <p>%s</p>
    <h3>Current URL Mapping is</h3>
    <table border="1">
    <tr><th>#</th><th>URL</th><th>View Functions</th></tr>
    {{for i, (_url, _methods, _subdomain, _endpoint) in enumerate(urls):}}
    <tr><td>{{=i+1}}</td><td>{{=_url}}
        {{if _methods:}}[methods={{=_methods}}]{{pass}}
        {{if _subdomain:}}[subdomain={{=_subdomain}}]{{pass}}
    </td><td>{{=_endpoint}}</td></tr>
    {{pass}}
    </table>
    """ % description
        return Response(template.template(text, kwargs), status=404, content_type='text/html')
        
    def not_found(self, e):
        if self.debug:
            urls = []
            for r in url_map.iter_rules():
                if r.methods:
                    methods = ' '.join(list(r.methods))
                else:
                    methods = ''
                urls.append((r.rule, methods, r.subdomain, r.endpoint))
            urls.sort()
            return self._page_not_found(url=local.request.path, urls=urls)
        tmp_file = self.template_loader.resolve_path('404'+settings.GLOBAL.TEMPLATE_SUFFIX)
        if tmp_file:
            response = self.render(tmp_file, {'url':local.request.path}, status=404)
        else:
            response = e
        return response
    
    def internal_error(self, e):
        tmp_file = self.template_loader.resolve_path('500'+settings.GLOBAL.TEMPLATE_SUFFIX)
        if tmp_file:
            response = self.render(tmp_file, {'url':local.request.path}, status=500)
        else:
            response = InternalServerError()
        log.exception(e)
        return response
    
    def get_handler(self, endpoint):
        from uliweb.utils.common import safe_import

        #get handler
        _klass = None
        if isinstance(endpoint, string_types):
            mod, handler = safe_import(endpoint)
            if ismethod(handler):
                _klass = get_class(handler)()
                handler = getattr(_klass, endpoint.split('.')[-1])

        elif callable(endpoint):
            handler = endpoint
            mod = sys.modules[handler.__module__]
        
        return _klass, mod, handler

    def prepare_request(self, request, rule):
        endpoint = rule.endpoint
        #bind endpoint to request
        request.rule = rule
        #get handler
        _klass, mod, handler = self.get_handler(endpoint)

        request.appname = ''
        for p in self.apps:
            t = p + '.'
            if handler.__module__.startswith(t):
                request.appname = p
                break
        request.function = handler.__name__
        if _klass:
            request.view_class = _klass.__class__.__name__
            handler = getattr(_klass, handler.__name__)
        else:
            request.view_class = None
        return mod, _klass, handler
    
    def call_view(self, mod, cls, handler, request, response=None, wrap_result=None, args=None, kwargs=None):
        #get env
        wrap = wrap_result or self.wrap_result
        env = self.get_view_env()
        
        #if there is __begin__ then invoke it, if __begin__ return None, it'll
        #continue running
        
        #there is a problem about soap view, because soap view will invoke
        #call_view again, so that it may cause the __begin__ or __end__ be called
        #twice, so I'll remember the function in cache, so that they'll not be invoke
        #twice
        
        def _get_name(mod, name):
            if isinstance(mod, types.ModuleType):
                return mod.__name__ + '.' + name
            else:
                return cls.__module__ + '.' + cls.__class__.__name__ + '.' + name
            
        def _process_begin(mod):
            name = '__begin__'
            if hasattr(mod, name):
                _name = _get_name(mod, name)
                if _name not in request._invokes['begin']:
                    request._invokes['begin'].append(_name)
                    f = getattr(mod, name)
                    return self._call_function(f, request, response, env)
                    
        def _prepare_end(mod):
            name = '__end__'
            if hasattr(mod, name):
                _name = _get_name(mod, name)
                if _name not in request._invokes['end']:
                    request._invokes['end'].append(_name)
                    return True
            
        def _process_end(mod):
            f = getattr(mod, '__end__')
            return self._call_function(f, request, response, env)
            
                
        if not hasattr(request, '_invokes'):
            request._invokes = {'begin':[], 'end':[]}

        result = _process_begin(mod)
        if result is not None:
            return wrap(handler, result, request, response, env)

        result = _process_begin(cls)
        if result is not None:
            return wrap(handler, result, request, response, env)
        
        #preprocess __end__
        mod_end = _prepare_end(mod)
        cls_end = _prepare_end(cls)
        
        result = self.call_handler(handler, request, response, env, wrap, args, kwargs)

        if mod_end:
            result1 = _process_end(mod)
            if result1 is not None:
                return wrap(handler, result1, request, response, env)
        
        if cls_end:
            result1 = _process_end(cls)
            if result1 is not None:
                return wrap(handler, result1, request, response, env)

        return result
        
    def wrap_result(self, handler, result, request, response, env):
#        #process ajax invoke, return a json response
#        if request.is_xhr and isinstance(result, dict):
#            result = json(result)

        if isinstance(result, dict):
            result = Storage(result)
            if hasattr(response, 'layout'):
                _layout = response.layout
            else:
                _layout = handler.__dict__.get('__layout__')
            if _layout:
                layout = _layout
                if callable(layout):
                    layout = layout()
            else:
                layout = None
            if hasattr(response, 'template') and response.template:
                tmpfile = response.template
            else:
                args = handler.__dict__.get('__template__')
                if not args:
                    args = {'function':request.function, 'view_class':request.view_class, 'appname':request.appname}

                if isinstance(args, dict):
                    #TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE should be two elements tuple or list, the first one will be used for view_class is not empty
                    #and the second one will be used for common functions
                    if request.view_class:
                        tmpfile = settings.GLOBAL.TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE[0] % args + settings.GLOBAL.TEMPLATE_SUFFIX
                    else:
                        tmpfile = settings.GLOBAL.TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE[1] % args + settings.GLOBAL.TEMPLATE_SUFFIX
                else:
                    tmpfile = args
                response.template = tmpfile
            
            #if debug mode, then display a default_template
            if self.debug:
                d = ['default.html', self.default_template]
            else:
                d = None
            response.write(self.template(tmpfile, result, env, default_template=d, layout=layout))
        elif isinstance(result, string_types):
            response.write(result)
        elif isinstance(result, (Response, BaseResponse)):
            response = result
        #add generator support 2014-1-8
        elif isinstance(result, types.GeneratorType) or hasattr(result, '__iter__'):
            #preprocess generator, so that it can get some code run at first
            #such as response.content_type='application/json'
            result_iter = iter(result)
            try:
                x = result_iter.next()
            except StopIteration:
                x = ''
            def f(x):
                yield x
                for x in result_iter:
                    yield x
            return Response(f(x), direct_passthrough=True, headers=response.headers,
                            content_type=response.content_type)
        else:
            response = Response(str(result), content_type=response.content_type)
        return response
    
    def get_view_env(self):
        #prepare local env
        local_env = {}
        
        #process before view call
        dispatch.call(self, 'prepare_view_env', local_env)
        
        local_env['application'] = __global__.application
        local_env['request'] = request
        local_env['response'] = response
        local_env['settings'] = __global__.settings
        
        env = Storage(self.env.to_dict())
        env.update(local_env)
        return env
       
    def _call_function(self, handler, request, response, env, args=None, kwargs=None):
        
        handler.__globals__.update(env)
        handler.__globals__['env'] = env
        
        args = args or ()
        kwargs = kwargs or {}
        result = handler(*args, **kwargs)
        if isinstance(result, LocalProxy) and result._obj_name == 'response':
            result = local.response
        return result
    
    def call_handler(self, handler, request, response, env, wrap_result=None, args=None, kwargs=None):
        wrap = wrap_result or self.wrap_result
        result = self._call_function(handler, request, response, env, args, kwargs)
        return wrap(handler, result, request, response, env)
            
    def collect_modules(self, check_view=True):
        modules = {}
        views = []
        settings = []

        inifile = pkg.resource_filename('uliweb.core', 'default_settings.ini')
        settings.insert(0, ('', inifile))
        
        def enum_views(views_path, appname, subfolder=None, pattern=None):
            if not os.path.exists(views_path):
                log.error("Can't found the app %s path, please check if the path is right" % appname)
                return
                 
            for f in os.listdir(views_path):
                fname, ext = os.path.splitext(f)
                if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(views_path, f)) and ext in ['.py', '.pyc', '.pyo'] and fname!='__init__':
                    if pattern:
                        import fnmatch
                        if not fnmatch.fnmatch(f, pattern):
                            continue
                    if subfolder:
                        _view = '.'.join([appname, subfolder, fname])
                    else:
                        _view = '.'.join([appname, fname])
                    if _view not in views:
                        views.append(_view)

        for p in self.apps:
            path = get_app_dir(p)
            #deal with views
            if check_view:
                views_path = os.path.join(path, 'views')
                if os.path.exists(views_path) and os.path.isdir(views_path):
                    enum_views(views_path, p, 'views')
                else:
                    enum_views(path, p, pattern='views*')
            #deal with settings
            inifile =os.path.join(get_app_dir(p), 'settings.ini')
            
            if os.path.exists(inifile):
                settings.append((p, inifile))

        set_ini = os.path.join(self.apps_dir, self.settings_file)
        if os.path.exists(set_ini):
            settings.append(('', set_ini))
        
        local_set_ini = os.path.join(self.apps_dir, self.local_settings_file)
        if os.path.exists(local_set_ini):
            settings.append(('', local_set_ini))
        
        modules['views'] = views
        modules['settings'] = settings
        return modules
    
    def install_views(self, views):
        for v in views:
            try:
                myimport(v)
            except Exception as e:
                log.exception(e)
         
    def init_urls(self):
        #initialize urls
        for v in rules.merge_rules():
            appname, endpoint, url, kw = v
            static = kw.pop('static', None)
            if static:
                domain_name = 'static'
            else:
                domain_name = 'default'
            domain = self.domains.get(domain_name, {})
            url_prefix = domain.get('url_prefix', '')
            _url = url_prefix + url

            if static:
                static_views.append(endpoint)

            try:
                rules.add_rule(url_map, _url, endpoint, **kw)
            except:
                log.error("Wrong url url=%s, endpoint=%s" % (_url, endpoint))
                raise
    
    def install_apps(self):
        for p in self.apps:
            try:
                myimport(p)
            except ImportError as e:
                pass
            except BaseException as e:
                log.exception(e)
            
    def install_settings(self, s):
        settings.set_basepath(self.apps_dir)
#        settings = pyini.Ini()
        for appname, v in s:
            settings.set_pre_variables({'appname':appname})
            settings.read(v)

        d = dict([(k, repr(v)) for k, v in self.default_settings.items()])
        settings.update(d)
        settings.freeze()
        
        #process FILESYSTEM_ENCODING
        if not settings.GLOBAL.FILESYSTEM_ENCODING:
            settings.GLOBAL.FILESYSTEM_ENCODING = sys.getfilesystemencoding() or settings.GLOBAL.DEFAULT_ENCODING
            
    def install_global_objects(self):
        """
        Process [GLOBAL_OBJECTS], and inject all object to uliweb module, so
        user can import from uliweb
        """
        import uliweb
        for k, v in settings.GLOBAL_OBJECTS.items():
            setattr(uliweb, k, import_attr(v))
        
    def install_binds(self):
        #process DISPATCH hooks
        #BINDS format
        #func = topic              #bind_name will be the same with function
        #bind_name = topic, func        
        #bind_name = topic, func, {args}
        d = settings.get('BINDS', {})
        for bind_name, args in d.items():
            if not args:
                continue
            is_wrong = False
            if isinstance(args, (tuple, list)):
                if len(args) == 2:
                    dispatch.bind(args[0])(args[1])
                elif len(args) == 3:
                    if not isinstance(args[2], dict):
                        is_wrong = True
                    else:
                        dispatch.bind(args[0], **args[2])(args[1])
                else:
                    is_wrong = True
            elif isinstance(args, string_types):
                dispatch.bind(args)(bind_name)
            else:
                is_wrong = True
            if is_wrong:
                log.error('BINDS definition should be "function=topic" or "bind_name=topic, function" or "bind_name=topic, function, {"args":value1,...}"')
                raise UliwebError('BINDS definition [%s=%r] is not right' % (bind_name, args))
                
    def install_exposes(self):
        #EXPOSES format
        #endpoint = topic              #bind_name will be the same with function
        #expose_name = topic, func        
        #expose_name = topic, func, {args}
        d = settings.get('EXPOSES', {})
        for name, args in d.items():
            if not args:
                continue
            is_wrong = False
            if isinstance(args, (tuple, list)):
                if len(args) == 2:
                    expose(args[0], name=name)(args[1])
                elif len(args) == 3:
                    if not isinstance(args[2], dict):
                        is_wrong = True
                    else:
                        expose(args[0], name=name, **args[2])(args[1])
                else:
                    is_wrong = True
            elif isinstance(args, string_types):
                expose(args)(name)
            else:
                is_wrong = True
            if is_wrong:
                log.error('EXPOSES definition should be "endpoint=url" or "name=url, endpoint" or "name=url, endpoint, {"args":value1,...}"')
                raise UliwebError('EXPOSES definition [%s=%r] is not right' % (name, args))
       
    def install_middlewares(self):
        m = self._sort_middlewares(settings.get('MIDDLEWARES', {}).values())
        req_classes, res_classes, ex_classes = self._get_middlewares_classes(m)
        Dispatcher.process_request_classes = req_classes
        Dispatcher.process_response_classes = res_classes
        Dispatcher.process_exception_classes = ex_classes
        return m
    
    def _get_middlewares_classes(self, middlewares):
        m = middlewares

        req_clses = []
        res_clses = []
        ex_clses = []

        for cls in m:
            f = getattr(cls, 'process_request', None)
            if f:
                req_clses.append(cls)

        r_m = reversed(m)
        for cls in r_m:
            f = getattr(cls, 'process_response', None)
            if f:
                res_clses.append(cls)
            f = getattr(cls, 'process_exception', None)
            if f:
                ex_clses.append(cls)

        return req_clses, res_clses, ex_clses

    def _sort_middlewares(self, middlewares):
        #middleware process
        #middleware can be defined as
        #middleware_name = middleware_class_path[, order]
        #middleware_name = <empty> will be skip
        m = []
        for v in middlewares:
            if not v:
                continue
            
            order = None
            if isinstance(v, (list, tuple)):
                if len(v) > 2:
                    raise UliwebError('Middleware %r difinition is not right' % v)
                middleware_path = v[0]
                if len(v) == 2:
                    order = v[1]
            else:
                middleware_path = v
            cls = import_attr(middleware_path)
            
            if order is None:
                order = getattr(cls, 'ORDER', 500)
            m.append((order, cls))
        
        m.sort()
            
        return [x[1] for x in m]
    
    def get_config(self, config_filename):
        """
        Collection all config file in all available apps, and merge them into ini object
        :return: ini object
        """
        x = pyini.Ini(lazy=True, basepath=os.path.join(self.project_dir, 'apps'))
        for p in reversed(self.apps):
            app_path = get_app_dir(p)
            filename = os.path.join(app_path, config_filename)
            if os.path.exists(filename):
                x.read(filename)

        x.freeze()
        return x

    def get_template_dirs(self):
        """
        Get templates directory from apps, but in reversed order, so the same named template
        file will be overrided by latter defined app
        """
        def if_not_empty(dir):
            if not os.path.exists(dir):
                return
            for root, dirs, files in os.walk(dir):
                if dirs:
                    return True
                for f in files:
                    if f != 'readme.txt':
                        return True
                    
        template_dirs = [os.path.join(self.project_dir, x) for x in settings.GLOBAL.TEMPLATE_DIRS or []]
        taglibs_dirs = []
        for p in reversed(self.apps):
            app_path = get_app_dir(p)
            path = os.path.join(app_path, 'templates')
            if if_not_empty(path):
                template_dirs.append(path)
                
            path = os.path.join(app_path, 'taglibs')
            if if_not_empty(path):
                taglibs_dirs.append(path)

        Dispatcher.template_dirs = template_dirs
        Dispatcher.taglibs_dirs = taglibs_dirs
    
    def get_templateplugins_dirs(self):
        return [os.path.join(get_app_dir(p), 'template_plugins') for p in self.apps]
    
    def open(self, *args, **kwargs):
        from werkzeug.test import EnvironBuilder
        
        pre_call = kwargs.pop('pre_call', None)
        post_call = kwargs.pop('post_call', None)
        middlewares = kwargs.pop('middlewares', None)
        
        builder = EnvironBuilder(*args, **kwargs)
        try:
            environ = builder.get_environ()
        finally:
            builder.close()
            
        return self._open(environ, pre_call=pre_call, post_call=post_call, middlewares=middlewares)
        
    def _open(self, environ, pre_call=None, post_call=None, middlewares=None):
        if middlewares is None:
            middlewares = self.middlewares
            process_request_classes = self.process_request_classes
            process_response_classes = self.process_response_classes
            process_exception_classes = self.process_exception_classes
        else:
            m = self._sort_middlewares(middlewares)
            process_request_classes, process_response_classes, process_exception_classes = self._get_middlewares_classes(m)
            
        self.lock.acquire()
        try:
            local.request = req = Request(environ)
            local.response = res = Response(content_type='text/html')
        
            #add local cached
            local.local_cache = {}
            #add in web flag
            local.in_web = True
        finally:
            self.lock.release()

        url_adapter = get_url_adapter('default')
        try:
            rule, values = url_adapter.match(return_rule=True)
            mod, handler_cls, handler = self.prepare_request(req, rule)

            #process static
            if rule.endpoint in static_views:
                response = self.call_view(mod, handler_cls, handler, req, res, kwargs=values)
            else:
                response = None
                _clses = {}
                _inss = {}
                for cls in process_request_classes:
                        ins = cls(self, settings)
                        _inss[cls] = ins
                        response = ins.process_request(req)
                        if response is not None:
                            break
                
                if response is None:
                    try:
                        if pre_call:
                            response = pre_call(req)
                        if response is None:
                            try:
                                response = self.call_view(mod, handler_cls, handler, req, res, kwargs=values)
                            except RedirectException as e:
                                response = e.get_response()
                        if post_call:
                            response = post_call(req, response)
                    except Exception as e:
                        for cls in process_exception_classes:
                                ins = _inss.get(cls)
                                if not ins:
                                    ins = cls(self, settings)
                                response = ins.process_exception(req, e)
                                if response:
                                    break
                        raise
                    
                for cls in process_response_classes:
                    ins = _inss.get(cls)
                    if not ins:
                        ins = cls(self, settings)
                    response = ins.process_response(req, response)
                
                    if not isinstance(response, (OriginalResponse, Response)):
                        raise Exception("Middleware %s should return an Response object, but %r found" % (ins.__class__.__name__, response))
                
                #process post_response call, you can set some async process in here
                #but the sync may fail, so you should think about the checking mechanism
                if hasattr(response, 'post_response') and response.post_response:
                    response.post_response()
                    
                if hasattr(res, 'post_response') and res.post_response:
                    res.post_response()
                
            #endif
            
        except HTTPError as e:
            response = self.render(e.errorpage, Storage(e.errors))
        except NotFound as e:
            response = self.not_found(e)
        except HTTPException as e:
            response = e
        except Exception as e:
            if not self.settings.get_var('GLOBAL/DEBUG'):
                response = self.internal_error(e)
            else:
#                log.exception(e)
                raise
        finally:
            local.local_cache = {}
            local.in_web = False
        return response
    
    def handler(self):
        return DispatcherHandler(self)

    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
        response = self._open(environ)
        return response(environ, start_response)

response = LocalProxy(local, 'response', Response)
request = LocalProxy(local, 'request', Request)
settings = LocalProxy(__global__, 'settings', pyini.Ini)
application = LocalProxy(__global__, 'application', Dispatcher)

#################################################################### # Author: <EMAIL> # License: BSD #################################################################### # from rules import Mapping, add_rule # Initialize pyini env #User can defined decorator functions in settings DECORATORS #and user can user @decorators.function_name in views #and this usage need settings be initialized before decorator invoking Return json data, need front send json data         :return: dict This is an exception, which can be raised in view function jsonp is callback key name CORS support Fetch a domain url_adapter object, and bind it to according domain #this env if for testing only # 'HTTP_HOST': 'localhost:8080', # 'PATH_INFO': '/', # 'QUERY_STRING': '', # 'wsgi.input': BytesIO(ntob('', 'utf-8')), #if the endpoint is string format, then find and replace #the module prefix with app alias which matched #process format #it'll replace <argu> to {argu} so that you can use format #to create url #then replace argument with {name} format Get an app's directory Default set_var function Default get_var function #deal with settings #process FILESYSTEM_ENCODING Like open but method is enforced to GET. Like open but method is enforced to PATCH. Like open but method is enforced to POST. Like open but method is enforced to HEAD. Like open but method is enforced to PUT. Like open but method is enforced to DELETE. Used to save increament vars #process global_objects #process binds #process domains #setup log #set app rules #install template_dirs and taglibs_dirs #install template_loader and taglibs_loader #begin to start apps #process views #process exposes #process middlewares #get basic configuration #process formatters #process handlers #process loggers get_file will search from apps directory <h1>Page Not Found</h1>     <p>%s</p>     <h3>Current URL Mapping is</h3>     <table border="1">     <tr><th>#</th><th>URL</th><th>View Functions</th></tr>     {{for i, (_url, _methods, _subdomain, _endpoint) in enumerate(urls):}}     <tr><td>{{=i+1}}</td><td>{{=_url}}         {{if _methods:}}[methods={{=_methods}}]{{pass}}         {{if _subdomain:}}[subdomain={{=_subdomain}}]{{pass}}     </td><td>{{=_endpoint}}</td></tr>     {{pass}}     </table> #get handler #bind endpoint to request #get handler #get env #if there is __begin__ then invoke it, if __begin__ return None, it'll #continue running #there is a problem about soap view, because soap view will invoke #call_view again, so that it may cause the __begin__ or __end__ be called #twice, so I'll remember the function in cache, so that they'll not be invoke #twice #preprocess __end__ #        #process ajax invoke, return a json response #        if request.is_xhr and isinstance(result, dict): #            result = json(result) #TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE should be two elements tuple or list, the first one will be used for view_class is not empty #and the second one will be used for common functions #if debug mode, then display a default_template #add generator support 2014-1-8 #preprocess generator, so that it can get some code run at first #such as response.content_type='application/json' #prepare local env #process before view call #deal with views #deal with settings #initialize urls #        settings = pyini.Ini() #process FILESYSTEM_ENCODING Process [GLOBAL_OBJECTS], and inject all object to uliweb module, so         user can import from uliweb #process DISPATCH hooks #BINDS format #func = topic              #bind_name will be the same with function #bind_name = topic, func #bind_name = topic, func, {args} #EXPOSES format #endpoint = topic              #bind_name will be the same with function #expose_name = topic, func #expose_name = topic, func, {args} #middleware process #middleware can be defined as #middleware_name = middleware_class_path[, order] #middleware_name = <empty> will be skip Collection all config file in all available apps, and merge them into ini object         :return: ini object Get templates directory from apps, but in reversed order, so the same named template         file will be overrided by latter defined app #add local cached #add in web flag #process static #process post_response call, you can set some async process in here #but the sync may fail, so you should think about the checking mechanism #endif #                log.exception(e)