<filename>autoPyTorch/data/tabular_feature_validator.py
import functools
from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, cast

import numpy as np

import pandas as pd
from pandas.api.types import is_numeric_dtype

import scipy.sparse

import sklearn.utils
from sklearn import preprocessing
from sklearn.base import BaseEstimator
from sklearn.compose import ColumnTransformer
from sklearn.exceptions import NotFittedError
from sklearn.impute import SimpleImputer
from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline

from autoPyTorch.data.base_feature_validator import BaseFeatureValidator, SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES


def _create_column_transformer(
    preprocessors: Dict[str, List[BaseEstimator]],
    categorical_columns: List[str],
) -> ColumnTransformer:
    """
    Given a dictionary of preprocessors, this function
    creates a sklearn column transformer with appropriate
    columns associated with their preprocessors.

    Args:
        preprocessors (Dict[str, List[BaseEstimator]]):
            Dictionary containing list of numerical and categorical preprocessors.
        categorical_columns (List[str]):
            List of names of categorical columns

    Returns:
        ColumnTransformer
    """

    categorical_pipeline = make_pipeline(*preprocessors['categorical'])

    return ColumnTransformer([
        ('categorical_pipeline', categorical_pipeline, categorical_columns)],
        remainder='passthrough'
    )


def get_tabular_preprocessors() -> Dict[str, List[BaseEstimator]]:
    """
    This function creates a Dictionary containing a list
    of numerical and categorical preprocessors

    Returns:
        Dict[str, List[BaseEstimator]]
    """
    preprocessors: Dict[str, List[BaseEstimator]] = dict()

    # Categorical Preprocessors
    onehot_encoder = preprocessing.OrdinalEncoder(handle_unknown='use_encoded_value',
                                                  unknown_value=-1)
    categorical_imputer = SimpleImputer(strategy='constant', copy=False)

    preprocessors['categorical'] = [categorical_imputer, onehot_encoder]

    return preprocessors


class TabularFeatureValidator(BaseFeatureValidator):
    """
    A subclass of `BaseFeatureValidator` made for tabular data.
    It ensures that the dataset provided is of the expected format.
    Subsequently, it preprocesses the data by fitting a column
    transformer.

    Attributes:
        categories (List[List[str]]):
            List for which an element at each index is a
            list containing the categories for the respective
            categorical column.
        transformed_columns (List[str])
            List of columns that were transformed.
        column_transformer (Optional[BaseEstimator])
            Hosts an imputer and an encoder object if the data
            requires transformation (for example, if provided a
            categorical column in a pandas DataFrame)
        column_order (List[str]):
            List of the features stored in the order that
            was fitted.
        numerical_columns (List[int]):
            List of indices of numerical columns
        categorical_columns (List[int]):
            List of indices of categorical columns
    """
    @staticmethod
    def _comparator(cmp1: str, cmp2: str) -> int:
        """Order so that categorical columns come left and numerical columns come right

        Args:
            cmp1 (str): First variable to compare
            cmp2 (str): Second variable to compare

        Raises:
            ValueError: if the values of the variables to compare
            are not in 'categorical' or 'numerical'

        Returns:
            int: either [0, -1, 1]
        """
        choices = ['categorical', 'numerical']
        if cmp1 not in choices or cmp2 not in choices:
            raise ValueError('The comparator for the column order only accepts {}, '
                             'but got {} and {}'.format(choices, cmp1, cmp2))

        idx1, idx2 = choices.index(cmp1), choices.index(cmp2)
        return idx1 - idx2

    def _fit(
        self,
        X: SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES,
    ) -> BaseEstimator:
        """
        In case input data is a pandas DataFrame, this utility encodes the user provided
        features (from categorical for example) to a numerical value that further stages
        will be able to use

        Args:
            X (SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES):
                A set of features that are going to be validated (type and dimensionality
                checks) and an encoder fitted in the case the data needs encoding

        Returns:
            self:
                The fitted base estimator
        """

        # The final output of a validator is a numpy array. But pandas
        # gives us information about the column dtype
        if isinstance(X, np.ndarray):
            X = self.numpy_array_to_pandas(X)

        if hasattr(X, "iloc") and not scipy.sparse.issparse(X):
            X = cast(pd.DataFrame, X)
            # Treat a column with all instances a NaN as numerical
            # This will prevent doing encoding to a categorical column made completely
            # out of nan values -- which will trigger a fail, as encoding is not supported
            # with nan values.
            # Columns that are completely made of NaN values are provided to the pipeline
            # so that later stages decide how to handle them
            if np.any(pd.isnull(X)):
                for column in X.columns:
                    if X[column].isna().all():
                        X[column] = pd.to_numeric(X[column])
                        # Also note this change in self.dtypes
                        if len(self.dtypes) != 0:
                            self.dtypes[list(X.columns).index(column)] = X[column].dtype

            if not X.select_dtypes(include='object').empty:
                X = self.infer_objects(X)

            self.transformed_columns, self.feat_type = self._get_columns_to_encode(X)

            assert self.feat_type is not None

            if len(self.transformed_columns) > 0:

                preprocessors = get_tabular_preprocessors()
                self.column_transformer = _create_column_transformer(
                    preprocessors=preprocessors,
                    categorical_columns=self.transformed_columns,
                )

                # Mypy redefinition
                assert self.column_transformer is not None
                self.column_transformer.fit(X)

                # The column transformer reorders the feature types
                # therefore, we need to change the order of columns as well
                # This means categorical columns are shifted to the left
                self.feat_type = sorted(
                    self.feat_type,
                    key=functools.cmp_to_key(self._comparator)
                )

                encoded_categories = self.column_transformer.\
                    named_transformers_['categorical_pipeline'].\
                    named_steps['ordinalencoder'].categories_
                self.categories = [
                    # We fit an ordinal encoder, where all categorical
                    # columns are shifted to the left
                    list(range(len(cat)))
                    for cat in encoded_categories
                ]

            for i, type_ in enumerate(self.feat_type):
                if 'numerical' in type_:
                    self.numerical_columns.append(i)
                else:
                    self.categorical_columns.append(i)

        # Lastly, store the number of features
        self.num_features = np.shape(X)[1]
        return self

    def transform(
        self,
        X: SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES,
    ) -> np.ndarray:
        """
        Validates and fit a categorical encoder (if needed) to the features.
        The supported data types are List, numpy arrays and pandas DataFrames.

        Args:
            X_train (SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES):
                A set of features, whose categorical features are going to be
                transformed

        Return:
            np.ndarray:
                The transformed array
        """
        if not self._is_fitted:
            raise NotFittedError("Cannot call transform on a validator that is not fitted")

        # If a list was provided, it will be converted to pandas
        if isinstance(X, list):
            X, _ = self.list_to_dataframe(X)

        if isinstance(X, np.ndarray):
            X = self.numpy_array_to_pandas(X)

        if hasattr(X, "iloc") and not scipy.sparse.issparse(X):
            if np.any(pd.isnull(X)):
                for column in X.columns:
                    if X[column].isna().all():
                        X[column] = pd.to_numeric(X[column])

            # Also remove the object dtype for new data
            if not X.select_dtypes(include='object').empty:
                X = self.infer_objects(X)

        # Check the data here so we catch problems on new test data
        self._check_data(X)

        # Pandas related transformations
        if hasattr(X, "iloc") and self.column_transformer is not None:
            if np.any(pd.isnull(X)):
                # After above check it means that if there is a NaN
                # the whole column must be NaN
                # Make sure it is numerical and let the pipeline handle it
                for column in X.columns:
                    if X[column].isna().all():
                        X[column] = pd.to_numeric(X[column])

            X = self.column_transformer.transform(X)

        # Sparse related transformations
        # Not all sparse format support index sorting
        if scipy.sparse.issparse(X) and hasattr(X, 'sort_indices'):
            X.sort_indices()

        try:
            X = sklearn.utils.check_array(
                X,
                force_all_finite=False,
                accept_sparse='csr'
            )
        except Exception as e:
            self.logger.exception(f"Conversion failed for input {X.dtypes} {X}"
                                  "This means AutoPyTorch was not able to properly "
                                  "Extract the dtypes of the provided input features. "
                                  "Please try to manually cast it to a supported "
                                  "numerical or categorical values.")
            raise e
        return X

    def _check_data(
        self,
        X: SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES,
    ) -> None:
        """
        Feature dimensionality and data type checks

        Args:
            X (SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES):
                A set of features that are going to be validated (type and dimensionality
                checks) and an encoder fitted in the case the data needs encoding
        """

        if not isinstance(X, (np.ndarray, pd.DataFrame)) and not scipy.sparse.issparse(X):
            raise ValueError("AutoPyTorch only supports Numpy arrays, Pandas DataFrames,"
                             " scipy sparse and Python Lists, yet, the provided input is"
                             " of type {}".format(type(X))
                             )

        if self.data_type is None:
            self.data_type = type(X)
        if self.data_type != type(X):
            self.logger.warning("AutoPyTorch previously received features of type %s "
                                "yet the current features have type %s. Changing the dtype "
                                "of inputs to an estimator might cause problems" % (
                                    str(self.data_type),
                                    str(type(X)),
                                ),
                                )

        # Do not support category/string numpy data. Only numbers
        if hasattr(X, "dtype"):
            if not np.issubdtype(X.dtype.type, np.number):  # type: ignore[union-attr]
                raise ValueError(
                    "When providing a numpy array to AutoPyTorch, the only valid "
                    "dtypes are numerical ones. The provided data type {} is not supported."
                    "".format(
                        X.dtype.type,  # type: ignore[union-attr]
                    )
                )

        # Then for Pandas, we do not support Nan in categorical columns
        if hasattr(X, "iloc"):
            # If entered here, we have a pandas dataframe
            X = cast(pd.DataFrame, X)

            # Handle objects if possible
            if not X.select_dtypes(include='object').empty:
                X = self.infer_objects(X)

            # Define the column to be encoded here as the feature validator is fitted once
            # per estimator
            self.transformed_columns, self.feat_type = self._get_columns_to_encode(X)

            column_order = [column for column in X.columns]
            if len(self.column_order) > 0:
                if self.column_order != column_order:
                    raise ValueError("Changing the column order of the features after fit() is "
                                     "not supported. Fit() method was called with "
                                     "{} whereas the new features have {} as type".format(self.column_order,
                                                                                          column_order,)
                                     )
            else:
                self.column_order = column_order

            dtypes = [dtype.name for dtype in X.dtypes]
            if len(self.dtypes) > 0:
                if self.dtypes != dtypes:
                    raise ValueError("Changing the dtype of the features after fit() is "
                                     "not supported. Fit() method was called with "
                                     "{} whereas the new features have {} as type".format(self.dtypes,
                                                                                          dtypes,
                                                                                          )
                                     )
            else:
                self.dtypes = dtypes

    def _get_columns_to_encode(
        self,
        X: pd.DataFrame,
    ) -> Tuple[List[str], List[str]]:
        """
        Return the columns to be encoded from a pandas dataframe

        Args:
            X (pd.DataFrame)
                A set of features that are going to be validated (type and dimensionality
                checks) and an encoder fitted in the case the data needs encoding

        Returns:
            transformed_columns (List[str]):
                Columns to encode, if any
            feat_type:
                Type of each column numerical/categorical
        """

        if len(self.transformed_columns) > 0 and self.feat_type is not None:
            return self.transformed_columns, self.feat_type

        # Register if a column needs encoding
        transformed_columns = []

        # Also, register the feature types for the estimator
        feat_type = []

        # Make sure each column is a valid type
        for i, column in enumerate(X.columns):
            if X[column].dtype.name in ['category', 'bool']:

                transformed_columns.append(column)
                feat_type.append('categorical')
            # Move away from np.issubdtype as it causes
            # TypeError: data type not understood in certain pandas types
            elif not is_numeric_dtype(X[column]):
                if X[column].dtype.name == 'object':
                    raise ValueError(
                        "Input Column {} has invalid type object. "
                        "Cast it to a valid dtype before using it in AutoPyTorch. "
                        "Valid types are numerical, categorical or boolean. "
                        "You can cast it to a valid dtype using "
                        "pandas.Series.astype ."
                        "If working with string objects, the following "
                        "tutorial illustrates how to work with text data: "
                        "https://scikit-learn.org/stable/tutorial/text_analytics/working_with_text_data.html".format(
                            # noqa: E501
                            column,
                        )
                    )
                elif pd.core.dtypes.common.is_datetime_or_timedelta_dtype(
                    X[column].dtype
                ):
                    raise ValueError(
                        "AutoPyTorch does not support time and/or date datatype as given "
                        "in column {}. Please convert the time information to a numerical value "
                        "first. One example on how to do this can be found on "
                        "https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/311494/".format(
                            column,
                        )
                    )
                else:
                    raise ValueError(
                        "Input Column {} has unsupported dtype {}. "
                        "Supported column types are categorical/bool/numerical dtypes. "
                        "Make sure your data is formatted in a correct way, "
                        "before feeding it to AutoPyTorch.".format(
                            column,
                            X[column].dtype.name,
                        )
                    )
            else:
                feat_type.append('numerical')
        return transformed_columns, feat_type

    def list_to_dataframe(
        self,
        X_train: SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES,
        X_test: Optional[SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES] = None,
    ) -> Tuple[pd.DataFrame, Optional[pd.DataFrame]]:
        """
        Converts a list to a pandas DataFrame. In this process, column types are inferred.

        If test data is provided, we proactively match it to train data

        Args:
            X_train (SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES):
                A set of features that are going to be validated (type and dimensionality
                checks) and a encoder fitted in the case the data needs encoding
            X_test (Optional[SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES]):
                A hold out set of data used for checking

        Returns:
            pd.DataFrame:
                transformed train data from list to pandas DataFrame
            pd.DataFrame:
                transformed test data from list to pandas DataFrame
        """

        # If a list was provided, it will be converted to pandas
        X_train = pd.DataFrame(data=X_train).infer_objects()
        self.logger.warning("The provided feature types to AutoPyTorch are of type list."
                            "Features have been interpreted as: {}".format([(col, t) for col, t in
                                                                            zip(X_train.columns, X_train.dtypes)]))
        if X_test is not None:
            if not isinstance(X_test, list):
                self.logger.warning("Train features are a list while the provided test data"
                                    "is {}. X_test will be casted as DataFrame.".format(type(X_test))
                                    )
            X_test = pd.DataFrame(data=X_test).infer_objects()
        return X_train, X_test

    def numpy_array_to_pandas(
        self,
        X: np.ndarray,
    ) -> pd.DataFrame:
        """
        Converts a numpy array to pandas for type inference

        Args:
            X (np.ndarray):
                data to be interpreted.

        Returns:
            pd.DataFrame
        """
        return pd.DataFrame(X).infer_objects().convert_dtypes()

    def infer_objects(self, X: pd.DataFrame) -> pd.DataFrame:
        """
        In case the input contains object columns, their type is inferred if possible

        This has to be done once, so the test and train data are treated equally

        Args:
            X (pd.DataFrame):
                data to be interpreted.

        Returns:
            pd.DataFrame
        """
        if hasattr(self, 'object_dtype_mapping'):
            # Mypy does not process the has attr. This dict is defined below
            for key, dtype in self.object_dtype_mapping.items():  # type: ignore[has-type]
                if 'int' in dtype.name:
                    # In the case train data was interpreted as int
                    # and test data was interpreted as float, because of 0.0
                    # for example, honor training data
                    X[key] = X[key].applymap(np.int64)
                else:
                    try:
                        X[key] = X[key].astype(dtype.name)
                    except Exception as e:
                        # Try inference if possible
                        self.logger.warning(f"Tried to cast column {key} to {dtype} caused {e}")
                        pass
        else:
            X = X.infer_objects()
            for column in X.columns:
                if not is_numeric_dtype(X[column]):
                    X[column] = X[column].astype('category')
            self.object_dtype_mapping = {column: X[column].dtype for column in X.columns}
        self.logger.debug(f"Infer Objects: {self.object_dtype_mapping}")
        return X

<filename>autoPyTorch/data/tabular_feature_validator.py
import functools
from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, cast

import numpy as np

import pandas as pd
from pandas.api.types import is_numeric_dtype

import scipy.sparse

import sklearn.utils
from sklearn import preprocessing
from sklearn.base import BaseEstimator
from sklearn.compose import ColumnTransformer
from sklearn.exceptions import NotFittedError
from sklearn.impute import SimpleImputer
from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline

from autoPyTorch.data.base_feature_validator import BaseFeatureValidator, SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES


def _create_column_transformer(
    preprocessors: Dict[str, List[BaseEstimator]],
    categorical_columns: List[str],
) -> ColumnTransformer:
    """
    Given a dictionary of preprocessors, this function
    creates a sklearn column transformer with appropriate
    columns associated with their preprocessors.

    Args:
        preprocessors (Dict[str, List[BaseEstimator]]):
            Dictionary containing list of numerical and categorical preprocessors.
        categorical_columns (List[str]):
            List of names of categorical columns

    Returns:
        ColumnTransformer
    """

    categorical_pipeline = make_pipeline(*preprocessors['categorical'])

    return ColumnTransformer([
        ('categorical_pipeline', categorical_pipeline, categorical_columns)],
        remainder='passthrough'
    )


def get_tabular_preprocessors() -> Dict[str, List[BaseEstimator]]:
    """
    This function creates a Dictionary containing a list
    of numerical and categorical preprocessors

    Returns:
        Dict[str, List[BaseEstimator]]
    """
    preprocessors: Dict[str, List[BaseEstimator]] = dict()

    # Categorical Preprocessors
    onehot_encoder = preprocessing.OrdinalEncoder(handle_unknown='use_encoded_value',
                                                  unknown_value=-1)
    categorical_imputer = SimpleImputer(strategy='constant', copy=False)

    preprocessors['categorical'] = [categorical_imputer, onehot_encoder]

    return preprocessors


class TabularFeatureValidator(BaseFeatureValidator):
    """
    A subclass of `BaseFeatureValidator` made for tabular data.
    It ensures that the dataset provided is of the expected format.
    Subsequently, it preprocesses the data by fitting a column
    transformer.

    Attributes:
        categories (List[List[str]]):
            List for which an element at each index is a
            list containing the categories for the respective
            categorical column.
        transformed_columns (List[str])
            List of columns that were transformed.
        column_transformer (Optional[BaseEstimator])
            Hosts an imputer and an encoder object if the data
            requires transformation (for example, if provided a
            categorical column in a pandas DataFrame)
        column_order (List[str]):
            List of the features stored in the order that
            was fitted.
        numerical_columns (List[int]):
            List of indices of numerical columns
        categorical_columns (List[int]):
            List of indices of categorical columns
    """
    @staticmethod
    def _comparator(cmp1: str, cmp2: str) -> int:
        """Order so that categorical columns come left and numerical columns come right

        Args:
            cmp1 (str): First variable to compare
            cmp2 (str): Second variable to compare

        Raises:
            ValueError: if the values of the variables to compare
            are not in 'categorical' or 'numerical'

        Returns:
            int: either [0, -1, 1]
        """
        choices = ['categorical', 'numerical']
        if cmp1 not in choices or cmp2 not in choices:
            raise ValueError('The comparator for the column order only accepts {}, '
                             'but got {} and {}'.format(choices, cmp1, cmp2))

        idx1, idx2 = choices.index(cmp1), choices.index(cmp2)
        return idx1 - idx2

    def _fit(
        self,
        X: SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES,
    ) -> BaseEstimator:
        """
        In case input data is a pandas DataFrame, this utility encodes the user provided
        features (from categorical for example) to a numerical value that further stages
        will be able to use

        Args:
            X (SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES):
                A set of features that are going to be validated (type and dimensionality
                checks) and an encoder fitted in the case the data needs encoding

        Returns:
            self:
                The fitted base estimator
        """

        # The final output of a validator is a numpy array. But pandas
        # gives us information about the column dtype
        if isinstance(X, np.ndarray):
            X = self.numpy_array_to_pandas(X)

        if hasattr(X, "iloc") and not scipy.sparse.issparse(X):
            X = cast(pd.DataFrame, X)
            # Treat a column with all instances a NaN as numerical
            # This will prevent doing encoding to a categorical column made completely
            # out of nan values -- which will trigger a fail, as encoding is not supported
            # with nan values.
            # Columns that are completely made of NaN values are provided to the pipeline
            # so that later stages decide how to handle them
            if np.any(pd.isnull(X)):
                for column in X.columns:
                    if X[column].isna().all():
                        X[column] = pd.to_numeric(X[column])
                        # Also note this change in self.dtypes
                        if len(self.dtypes) != 0:
                            self.dtypes[list(X.columns).index(column)] = X[column].dtype

            if not X.select_dtypes(include='object').empty:
                X = self.infer_objects(X)

            self.transformed_columns, self.feat_type = self._get_columns_to_encode(X)

            assert self.feat_type is not None

            if len(self.transformed_columns) > 0:

                preprocessors = get_tabular_preprocessors()
                self.column_transformer = _create_column_transformer(
                    preprocessors=preprocessors,
                    categorical_columns=self.transformed_columns,
                )

                # Mypy redefinition
                assert self.column_transformer is not None
                self.column_transformer.fit(X)

                # The column transformer reorders the feature types
                # therefore, we need to change the order of columns as well
                # This means categorical columns are shifted to the left
                self.feat_type = sorted(
                    self.feat_type,
                    key=functools.cmp_to_key(self._comparator)
                )

                encoded_categories = self.column_transformer.\
                    named_transformers_['categorical_pipeline'].\
                    named_steps['ordinalencoder'].categories_
                self.categories = [
                    # We fit an ordinal encoder, where all categorical
                    # columns are shifted to the left
                    list(range(len(cat)))
                    for cat in encoded_categories
                ]

            for i, type_ in enumerate(self.feat_type):
                if 'numerical' in type_:
                    self.numerical_columns.append(i)
                else:
                    self.categorical_columns.append(i)

        # Lastly, store the number of features
        self.num_features = np.shape(X)[1]
        return self

    def transform(
        self,
        X: SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES,
    ) -> np.ndarray:
        """
        Validates and fit a categorical encoder (if needed) to the features.
        The supported data types are List, numpy arrays and pandas DataFrames.

        Args:
            X_train (SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES):
                A set of features, whose categorical features are going to be
                transformed

        Return:
            np.ndarray:
                The transformed array
        """
        if not self._is_fitted:
            raise NotFittedError("Cannot call transform on a validator that is not fitted")

        # If a list was provided, it will be converted to pandas
        if isinstance(X, list):
            X, _ = self.list_to_dataframe(X)

        if isinstance(X, np.ndarray):
            X = self.numpy_array_to_pandas(X)

        if hasattr(X, "iloc") and not scipy.sparse.issparse(X):
            if np.any(pd.isnull(X)):
                for column in X.columns:
                    if X[column].isna().all():
                        X[column] = pd.to_numeric(X[column])

            # Also remove the object dtype for new data
            if not X.select_dtypes(include='object').empty:
                X = self.infer_objects(X)

        # Check the data here so we catch problems on new test data
        self._check_data(X)

        # Pandas related transformations
        if hasattr(X, "iloc") and self.column_transformer is not None:
            if np.any(pd.isnull(X)):
                # After above check it means that if there is a NaN
                # the whole column must be NaN
                # Make sure it is numerical and let the pipeline handle it
                for column in X.columns:
                    if X[column].isna().all():
                        X[column] = pd.to_numeric(X[column])

            X = self.column_transformer.transform(X)

        # Sparse related transformations
        # Not all sparse format support index sorting
        if scipy.sparse.issparse(X) and hasattr(X, 'sort_indices'):
            X.sort_indices()

        try:
            X = sklearn.utils.check_array(
                X,
                force_all_finite=False,
                accept_sparse='csr'
            )
        except Exception as e:
            self.logger.exception(f"Conversion failed for input {X.dtypes} {X}"
                                  "This means AutoPyTorch was not able to properly "
                                  "Extract the dtypes of the provided input features. "
                                  "Please try to manually cast it to a supported "
                                  "numerical or categorical values.")
            raise e
        return X

    def _check_data(
        self,
        X: SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES,
    ) -> None:
        """
        Feature dimensionality and data type checks

        Args:
            X (SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES):
                A set of features that are going to be validated (type and dimensionality
                checks) and an encoder fitted in the case the data needs encoding
        """

        if not isinstance(X, (np.ndarray, pd.DataFrame)) and not scipy.sparse.issparse(X):
            raise ValueError("AutoPyTorch only supports Numpy arrays, Pandas DataFrames,"
                             " scipy sparse and Python Lists, yet, the provided input is"
                             " of type {}".format(type(X))
                             )

        if self.data_type is None:
            self.data_type = type(X)
        if self.data_type != type(X):
            self.logger.warning("AutoPyTorch previously received features of type %s "
                                "yet the current features have type %s. Changing the dtype "
                                "of inputs to an estimator might cause problems" % (
                                    str(self.data_type),
                                    str(type(X)),
                                ),
                                )

        # Do not support category/string numpy data. Only numbers
        if hasattr(X, "dtype"):
            if not np.issubdtype(X.dtype.type, np.number):  # type: ignore[union-attr]
                raise ValueError(
                    "When providing a numpy array to AutoPyTorch, the only valid "
                    "dtypes are numerical ones. The provided data type {} is not supported."
                    "".format(
                        X.dtype.type,  # type: ignore[union-attr]
                    )
                )

        # Then for Pandas, we do not support Nan in categorical columns
        if hasattr(X, "iloc"):
            # If entered here, we have a pandas dataframe
            X = cast(pd.DataFrame, X)

            # Handle objects if possible
            if not X.select_dtypes(include='object').empty:
                X = self.infer_objects(X)

            # Define the column to be encoded here as the feature validator is fitted once
            # per estimator
            self.transformed_columns, self.feat_type = self._get_columns_to_encode(X)

            column_order = [column for column in X.columns]
            if len(self.column_order) > 0:
                if self.column_order != column_order:
                    raise ValueError("Changing the column order of the features after fit() is "
                                     "not supported. Fit() method was called with "
                                     "{} whereas the new features have {} as type".format(self.column_order,
                                                                                          column_order,)
                                     )
            else:
                self.column_order = column_order

            dtypes = [dtype.name for dtype in X.dtypes]
            if len(self.dtypes) > 0:
                if self.dtypes != dtypes:
                    raise ValueError("Changing the dtype of the features after fit() is "
                                     "not supported. Fit() method was called with "
                                     "{} whereas the new features have {} as type".format(self.dtypes,
                                                                                          dtypes,
                                                                                          )
                                     )
            else:
                self.dtypes = dtypes

    def _get_columns_to_encode(
        self,
        X: pd.DataFrame,
    ) -> Tuple[List[str], List[str]]:
        """
        Return the columns to be encoded from a pandas dataframe

        Args:
            X (pd.DataFrame)
                A set of features that are going to be validated (type and dimensionality
                checks) and an encoder fitted in the case the data needs encoding

        Returns:
            transformed_columns (List[str]):
                Columns to encode, if any
            feat_type:
                Type of each column numerical/categorical
        """

        if len(self.transformed_columns) > 0 and self.feat_type is not None:
            return self.transformed_columns, self.feat_type

        # Register if a column needs encoding
        transformed_columns = []

        # Also, register the feature types for the estimator
        feat_type = []

        # Make sure each column is a valid type
        for i, column in enumerate(X.columns):
            if X[column].dtype.name in ['category', 'bool']:

                transformed_columns.append(column)
                feat_type.append('categorical')
            # Move away from np.issubdtype as it causes
            # TypeError: data type not understood in certain pandas types
            elif not is_numeric_dtype(X[column]):
                if X[column].dtype.name == 'object':
                    raise ValueError(
                        "Input Column {} has invalid type object. "
                        "Cast it to a valid dtype before using it in AutoPyTorch. "
                        "Valid types are numerical, categorical or boolean. "
                        "You can cast it to a valid dtype using "
                        "pandas.Series.astype ."
                        "If working with string objects, the following "
                        "tutorial illustrates how to work with text data: "
                        "https://scikit-learn.org/stable/tutorial/text_analytics/working_with_text_data.html".format(
                            # noqa: E501
                            column,
                        )
                    )
                elif pd.core.dtypes.common.is_datetime_or_timedelta_dtype(
                    X[column].dtype
                ):
                    raise ValueError(
                        "AutoPyTorch does not support time and/or date datatype as given "
                        "in column {}. Please convert the time information to a numerical value "
                        "first. One example on how to do this can be found on "
                        "https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/311494/".format(
                            column,
                        )
                    )
                else:
                    raise ValueError(
                        "Input Column {} has unsupported dtype {}. "
                        "Supported column types are categorical/bool/numerical dtypes. "
                        "Make sure your data is formatted in a correct way, "
                        "before feeding it to AutoPyTorch.".format(
                            column,
                            X[column].dtype.name,
                        )
                    )
            else:
                feat_type.append('numerical')
        return transformed_columns, feat_type

    def list_to_dataframe(
        self,
        X_train: SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES,
        X_test: Optional[SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES] = None,
    ) -> Tuple[pd.DataFrame, Optional[pd.DataFrame]]:
        """
        Converts a list to a pandas DataFrame. In this process, column types are inferred.

        If test data is provided, we proactively match it to train data

        Args:
            X_train (SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES):
                A set of features that are going to be validated (type and dimensionality
                checks) and a encoder fitted in the case the data needs encoding
            X_test (Optional[SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES]):
                A hold out set of data used for checking

        Returns:
            pd.DataFrame:
                transformed train data from list to pandas DataFrame
            pd.DataFrame:
                transformed test data from list to pandas DataFrame
        """

        # If a list was provided, it will be converted to pandas
        X_train = pd.DataFrame(data=X_train).infer_objects()
        self.logger.warning("The provided feature types to AutoPyTorch are of type list."
                            "Features have been interpreted as: {}".format([(col, t) for col, t in
                                                                            zip(X_train.columns, X_train.dtypes)]))
        if X_test is not None:
            if not isinstance(X_test, list):
                self.logger.warning("Train features are a list while the provided test data"
                                    "is {}. X_test will be casted as DataFrame.".format(type(X_test))
                                    )
            X_test = pd.DataFrame(data=X_test).infer_objects()
        return X_train, X_test

    def numpy_array_to_pandas(
        self,
        X: np.ndarray,
    ) -> pd.DataFrame:
        """
        Converts a numpy array to pandas for type inference

        Args:
            X (np.ndarray):
                data to be interpreted.

        Returns:
            pd.DataFrame
        """
        return pd.DataFrame(X).infer_objects().convert_dtypes()

    def infer_objects(self, X: pd.DataFrame) -> pd.DataFrame:
        """
        In case the input contains object columns, their type is inferred if possible

        This has to be done once, so the test and train data are treated equally

        Args:
            X (pd.DataFrame):
                data to be interpreted.

        Returns:
            pd.DataFrame
        """
        if hasattr(self, 'object_dtype_mapping'):
            # Mypy does not process the has attr. This dict is defined below
            for key, dtype in self.object_dtype_mapping.items():  # type: ignore[has-type]
                if 'int' in dtype.name:
                    # In the case train data was interpreted as int
                    # and test data was interpreted as float, because of 0.0
                    # for example, honor training data
                    X[key] = X[key].applymap(np.int64)
                else:
                    try:
                        X[key] = X[key].astype(dtype.name)
                    except Exception as e:
                        # Try inference if possible
                        self.logger.warning(f"Tried to cast column {key} to {dtype} caused {e}")
                        pass
        else:
            X = X.infer_objects()
            for column in X.columns:
                if not is_numeric_dtype(X[column]):
                    X[column] = X[column].astype('category')
            self.object_dtype_mapping = {column: X[column].dtype for column in X.columns}
        self.logger.debug(f"Infer Objects: {self.object_dtype_mapping}")
        return X

Given a dictionary of preprocessors, this function     creates a sklearn column transformer with appropriate     columns associated with their preprocessors.      Args:         preprocessors (Dict[str, List[BaseEstimator]]):             Dictionary containing list of numerical and categorical preprocessors.         categorical_columns (List[str]):             List of names of categorical columns      Returns:         ColumnTransformer This function creates a Dictionary containing a list     of numerical and categorical preprocessors      Returns:         Dict[str, List[BaseEstimator]] # Categorical Preprocessors A subclass of `BaseFeatureValidator` made for tabular data.     It ensures that the dataset provided is of the expected format.     Subsequently, it preprocesses the data by fitting a column     transformer.      Attributes:         categories (List[List[str]]):             List for which an element at each index is a             list containing the categories for the respective             categorical column.         transformed_columns (List[str])             List of columns that were transformed.         column_transformer (Optional[BaseEstimator])             Hosts an imputer and an encoder object if the data             requires transformation (for example, if provided a             categorical column in a pandas DataFrame)         column_order (List[str]):             List of the features stored in the order that             was fitted.         numerical_columns (List[int]):             List of indices of numerical columns         categorical_columns (List[int]):             List of indices of categorical columns Order so that categorical columns come left and numerical columns come right          Args:             cmp1 (str): First variable to compare             cmp2 (str): Second variable to compare          Raises:             ValueError: if the values of the variables to compare             are not in 'categorical' or 'numerical'          Returns:             int: either [0, -1, 1] In case input data is a pandas DataFrame, this utility encodes the user provided         features (from categorical for example) to a numerical value that further stages         will be able to use          Args:             X (SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES):                 A set of features that are going to be validated (type and dimensionality                 checks) and an encoder fitted in the case the data needs encoding          Returns:             self:                 The fitted base estimator # The final output of a validator is a numpy array. But pandas # gives us information about the column dtype # Treat a column with all instances a NaN as numerical # This will prevent doing encoding to a categorical column made completely # out of nan values -- which will trigger a fail, as encoding is not supported # with nan values. # Columns that are completely made of NaN values are provided to the pipeline # so that later stages decide how to handle them # Also note this change in self.dtypes # Mypy redefinition # The column transformer reorders the feature types # therefore, we need to change the order of columns as well # This means categorical columns are shifted to the left # We fit an ordinal encoder, where all categorical # columns are shifted to the left # Lastly, store the number of features Validates and fit a categorical encoder (if needed) to the features.         The supported data types are List, numpy arrays and pandas DataFrames.          Args:             X_train (SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES):                 A set of features, whose categorical features are going to be                 transformed          Return:             np.ndarray:                 The transformed array # If a list was provided, it will be converted to pandas # Also remove the object dtype for new data # Check the data here so we catch problems on new test data # Pandas related transformations # After above check it means that if there is a NaN # the whole column must be NaN # Make sure it is numerical and let the pipeline handle it # Sparse related transformations # Not all sparse format support index sorting Feature dimensionality and data type checks          Args:             X (SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES):                 A set of features that are going to be validated (type and dimensionality                 checks) and an encoder fitted in the case the data needs encoding # Do not support category/string numpy data. Only numbers # type: ignore[union-attr] # type: ignore[union-attr] # Then for Pandas, we do not support Nan in categorical columns # If entered here, we have a pandas dataframe # Handle objects if possible # Define the column to be encoded here as the feature validator is fitted once # per estimator Return the columns to be encoded from a pandas dataframe          Args:             X (pd.DataFrame)                 A set of features that are going to be validated (type and dimensionality                 checks) and an encoder fitted in the case the data needs encoding          Returns:             transformed_columns (List[str]):                 Columns to encode, if any             feat_type:                 Type of each column numerical/categorical # Register if a column needs encoding # Also, register the feature types for the estimator # Make sure each column is a valid type # Move away from np.issubdtype as it causes # TypeError: data type not understood in certain pandas types # noqa: E501 Converts a list to a pandas DataFrame. In this process, column types are inferred.          If test data is provided, we proactively match it to train data          Args:             X_train (SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES):                 A set of features that are going to be validated (type and dimensionality                 checks) and a encoder fitted in the case the data needs encoding             X_test (Optional[SUPPORTED_FEAT_TYPES]):                 A hold out set of data used for checking          Returns:             pd.DataFrame:                 transformed train data from list to pandas DataFrame             pd.DataFrame:                 transformed test data from list to pandas DataFrame # If a list was provided, it will be converted to pandas Converts a numpy array to pandas for type inference          Args:             X (np.ndarray):                 data to be interpreted.          Returns:             pd.DataFrame In case the input contains object columns, their type is inferred if possible          This has to be done once, so the test and train data are treated equally          Args:             X (pd.DataFrame):                 data to be interpreted.          Returns:             pd.DataFrame # Mypy does not process the has attr. This dict is defined below # type: ignore[has-type] # In the case train data was interpreted as int # and test data was interpreted as float, because of 0.0 # for example, honor training data # Try inference if possible