<gh_stars>1-10
#!/usr/bin/env python
"""
Page output and find dimensions of console.

This module deals with paging on Linux terminals and Windows consoles in
a cross-platform way. The major difference for paging here is line ends.
Not line end characters, but the console behavior when the last character
on a line is printed.  To get technical details, run this module without
parameters::

  python pager.py

Author:  <NAME> <<EMAIL>>
License: Public Domain (use MIT if the former doesn't work for you)
"""

# [ ] measure performance of keypresses in console (Linux, Windows, ...)
# [ ] define CAPS LOCK strategy (lowercase) and keyboard layout issues

__version__ = '3.3'

import os,sys

WINDOWS = os.name == 'nt'
PY3K = sys.version_info >= (3,)

# Windows constants
# http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms683231%28v=VS.85%29.aspx

STD_INPUT_HANDLE  = -10
STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE = -11
STD_ERROR_HANDLE  = -12


# --- console/window operations ---

if WINDOWS:
    # get console handle
    from ctypes import windll, Structure, byref
    try:
        from ctypes.wintypes import SHORT, WORD, DWORD
    # workaround for missing types in Python 2.5
    except ImportError:
        from ctypes import (
            c_short as SHORT, c_ushort as WORD, c_ulong as DWORD)
    console_handle = windll.kernel32.GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)

    # CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO Structure
    class COORD(Structure):
        _fields_ = [("X", SHORT), ("Y", SHORT)]

    class SMALL_RECT(Structure):
        _fields_ = [("Left", SHORT), ("Top", SHORT),
                    ("Right", SHORT), ("Bottom", SHORT)]

    class CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO(Structure):
        _fields_ = [("dwSize", COORD),
                    ("dwCursorPosition", COORD),
                    ("wAttributes", WORD),
                    ("srWindow", SMALL_RECT),
                    ("dwMaximumWindowSize", DWORD)]


def _windows_get_window_size():
    """Return (width, height) of available window area on Windows.
       (0, 0) if no console is allocated.
    """
    sbi = CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO()
    ret = windll.kernel32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(console_handle, byref(sbi))
    if ret == 0:
        return (0, 0)
    return (sbi.srWindow.Right - sbi.srWindow.Left + 1,
            sbi.srWindow.Bottom - sbi.srWindow.Top + 1)

def _posix_get_window_size():
    """Return (width, height) of console terminal on POSIX system.
       (0, 0) on IOError, i.e. when no console is allocated.
    """
    # see README.txt for reference information
    # http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man4/tty_ioctl.4.html

    from fcntl import ioctl
    from termios import TIOCGWINSZ
    from array import array

    """
    struct winsize {
        unsigned short ws_row;
        unsigned short ws_col;
        unsigned short ws_xpixel;   /* unused */
        unsigned short ws_ypixel;   /* unused */
    };
    """
    winsize = array("H", [0] * 4)
    try:
        ioctl(sys.stdout.fileno(), TIOCGWINSZ, winsize)
    except IOError:
        # for example IOError: [Errno 25] Inappropriate ioctl for device
        # when output is redirected
        # [ ] TODO: check fd with os.isatty
        pass
    return (winsize[1], winsize[0])

def getwidth():
    """
    Return width of available window in characters.  If detection fails,
    return value of standard width 80.  Coordinate of the last character
    on a line is -1 from returned value. 

    Windows part uses console API through ctypes module.
    *nix part uses termios ioctl TIOCGWINSZ call.
    """
    width = None
    if WINDOWS:
        return _windows_get_window_size()[0]
    elif os.name == 'posix':
        return _posix_get_window_size()[0]
    else:
        # 'mac', 'os2', 'ce', 'java', 'riscos' need implementations
        pass

    return width or 80

def getheight():
    """
    Return available window height in characters or 25 if detection fails.
    Coordinate of the last line is -1 from returned value. 

    Windows part uses console API through ctypes module.
    *nix part uses termios ioctl TIOCGWINSZ call.
    """
    height = None
    if WINDOWS:
        return _windows_get_window_size()[1]
    elif os.name == 'posix':
        return _posix_get_window_size()[1]
    else:
        # 'mac', 'os2', 'ce', 'java', 'riscos' need implementations
        pass

    return height or 25


# --- keyboard input operations and constants ---
# constants for getch() (these end with _)

if WINDOWS:
    ENTER_ = '\x0d'
    CTRL_C_ = '\x03'
else:
    ENTER_ = '\n'
    # [ ] check CTRL_C_ on Linux
    CTRL_C_ = None
ESC_ = '\x1b'

# other constants with getchars()
if WINDOWS:
    LEFT =  ['\xe0', 'K']
    UP =    ['\xe0', 'H']
    RIGHT = ['\xe0', 'M']
    DOWN =  ['\xe0', 'P']
else:
    LEFT =  ['\x1b', '[', 'D']
    UP =    ['\x1b', '[', 'A']
    RIGHT = ['\x1b', '[', 'C']
    DOWN =  ['\x1b', '[', 'B']
ENTER = [ENTER_]
ESC  = [ESC_]

def dumpkey(key):
    """
    Helper to convert result of `getch` (string) or `getchars` (list)
    to hex string.
    """
    def hex3fy(key):
        """Helper to convert string into hex string (Python 3 compatible)"""
        from binascii import hexlify
        # Python 3 strings are no longer binary, encode them for hexlify()
        if PY3K:
           key = key.encode('utf-8')
        keyhex = hexlify(key).upper()
        if PY3K:
           keyhex = keyhex.decode('utf-8')
        return keyhex
    if type(key) == str:
        return hex3fy(key)
    else:
        return ' '.join( [hex3fy(s) for s in key] )


if WINDOWS:
    if PY3K:
        from msvcrt import kbhit, getwch as __getchw
    else:
        from msvcrt import kbhit, getch as __getchw

def _getch_windows(_getall=False):
    chars = [__getchw()]  # wait for the keypress
    if _getall:           # read everything, return list
        while kbhit():
            chars.append(__getchw())
        return chars
    else:
        return chars[0]


# [ ] _getch_linux() or _getch_posix()? (test on FreeBSD and MacOS)
def _getch_unix(_getall=False):
    """
    # --- current algorithm ---
    # 1. switch to char-by-char input mode
    # 2. turn off echo
    # 3. wait for at least one char to appear
    # 4. read the rest of the character buffer (_getall=True)
    # 5. return list of characters (_getall on)
    #        or a single char (_getall off)
    """
    import sys, termios

    fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
    # save old terminal settings
    old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(fd)

    chars = []
    try:
        # change terminal settings - turn off canonical mode and echo.
        # in canonical mode read from stdin returns one line at a time
        # and we need one char at a time (see DESIGN.rst for more info)
        newattr = list(old_settings)
        newattr[3] &= ~termios.ICANON
        newattr[3] &= ~termios.ECHO
        newattr[6][termios.VMIN] = 1   # block until one char received
        newattr[6][termios.VTIME] = 0
        # TCSANOW below means apply settings immediately
        termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSANOW, newattr)

        # [ ] this fails when stdin is redirected, like
        #       ls -la | pager.py
        #   [ ] also check on Windows
        ch = sys.stdin.read(1)
        chars = [ch]

        if _getall:
            # move rest of chars (if any) from input buffer
            # change terminal settings - enable non-blocking read
            newattr = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
            newattr[6][termios.VMIN] = 0      # CC structure
            newattr[6][termios.VTIME] = 0
            termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSANOW, newattr)

            while True:
                ch = sys.stdin.read(1)
                if ch != '':
                    chars.append(ch)
                else:
                    break
    finally:
        # restore terminal settings. Do this when all output is
        # finished - TCSADRAIN flag
        termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, old_settings)

    if _getall:
        return chars
    else:
        return chars[0]


# choose correct getch function at module import time
if WINDOWS:
    getch = _getch_windows
else:
    getch = _getch_unix

getch.__doc__ = \
    """
    Wait for keypress, return first char generated as a result.

    Arrows and special keys generate sequence of chars. Use `getchars`
    function to receive all chars generated or present in buffer.
    """

    # check that Ctrl-C and Ctrl-Break break this function
    #
    # Ctrl-C       [n] Windows  [y] Linux  [ ] OSX
    # Ctrl-Break   [y] Windows  [n] Linux  [ ] OSX


# [ ] check if getchars returns chars already present in buffer
#     before the call to this function
def getchars():
    """
    Wait for keypress. Return list of chars generated as a result.
    More than one char in result list is returned when arrows and
    special keys are pressed. Returned sequences differ between
    platforms, so use constants defined in this module to guess
    correct keys.
    """
    return getch(_getall=True)
    

def echo(msg):
    """
    Print msg to the screen without linefeed and flush the output.
    
    Standard print() function doesn't flush, see:
    https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/python-ideas/8vLtBO4rzBU
    """
    sys.stdout.write(msg)
    sys.stdout.flush()

def prompt(pagenum):
    """
    Show default prompt to continue and process keypress.

    It assumes terminal/console understands carriage return \r character.
    """
    prompt = "Page -%s-. Press any key to continue . . . " % pagenum
    echo(prompt)
    if getch() in [ESC_, CTRL_C_, 'q', 'Q']:
        return False
    echo('\r' + ' '*(len(prompt)-1) + '\r')

def page(content, pagecallback=prompt):
    """
    Output `content`, call `pagecallback` after every page with page
    number as a parameter. `pagecallback` may return False to terminate
    pagination.

    Default callback shows prompt, waits for keypress and aborts on
    'q', ESC or Ctrl-C.
    """
    width = getwidth()
    height = getheight()
    pagenum = 1

    try:
        try:
            line = content.next().rstrip("\r\n")
        except AttributeError:
            # Python 3 compatibility
            line = content.__next__().rstrip("\r\n")
    except StopIteration:
        pagecallback(pagenum)
        return

    while True:     # page cycle
        linesleft = height-1 # leave the last line for the prompt callback
        while linesleft:
            linelist = [line[i:i+width] for i in range(0, len(line), width)]
            if not linelist:
                linelist = ['']
            lines2print = min(len(linelist), linesleft)
            for i in range(lines2print):
                if WINDOWS and len(line) == width:
                    # avoid extra blank line by skipping linefeed print
                    echo(linelist[i])
                else:
                    print(linelist[i])
            linesleft -= lines2print
            linelist = linelist[lines2print:]

            if linelist: # prepare symbols left on the line for the next iteration
                line = ''.join(linelist)
                continue
            else:
                try:
                    try:
                        line = content.next().rstrip("\r\n")
                    except AttributeError:
                        # Python 3 compatibility
                        line = content.__next__().rstrip("\r\n")
                except StopIteration:
                    pagecallback(pagenum)
                    return
        if pagecallback(pagenum) == False:
            return
        pagenum += 1



# --- Manual tests when pager executed as a module ---

def _manual_test_console():
    print("\nconsole size: width %s, height %s" % (getwidth(), getheight()))
    echo("--<enter>--")
    getch()
    echo("\n")

    print("\nsys.stdout.write() doesn't insert newlines automatically,")
    print("that's why it is used for console output in non-trivial")
    print("cases here.\n")
    sys.stdout.write("--<enter>--")
    sys.stdout.flush()
    getch()
    print("\rHowever, sys.stdout.write() requires explicit flushing")
    print("to make the output immediately appear on the screen.")
    print("echo() function from this module does this automatically.")
    echo("\n--<enter>--")
    getch()

    print("\n\nThe following test outputs string equal to the width of the\n"
          "screen and waits for you to press <enter>. It behaves\n"
          "differently on Linux and Windows - W. scrolls the window and\n"
          "places cursor on the next line immediately, while L. window\n"
          "doesn't scroll until the next character is output.\n"
         )
    print("Tested on:")
    print("  Windows Vista - cmd.exe console")
    print("  Debian Lenny - native terminal")
    print("  Debian Lenny - PuTTY SSH terminal from Windows Vista")
    echo("\n--<enter>--")
    getch()
    echo("\n")

    echo("<" + "-"*(getwidth()-2) + ">")
    getch()
    print("^ note there is no newline when the next character is printed")
    print("")
    print("At least this part works similar on all platforms. It is just\n"
          "the state of the console after the last character on the line\n"
          "is printed that is different.")
    print("")
    echo("--<enter>--")
    getch()
    print("")

    print("\nBut there is one special case.")
    print("")
    print("It is when the next character is a newline.")
    print("")
    print("The following test prints line equal to the width of the\n"
          "console, waits for <enter>, then outputs newline '\\n',\n"
          "waits for another key press, then outputs 'x' char.")
    print("")
    echo("--<enter>--")
    getch()
    print("")

    echo("<" + "-"*(getwidth()-2) + ">")
    getch()
    echo("\n")
    getch()
    echo("x")
    getch()

    print("\n^ here is the difference:")
    print("")
    print("On Windows you will get:\n"
          "  <----------->\n"
          "  \n"
          "  x")
    print("")
    print("Linux will show you:\n"
          "  <----------->\n"
          "  x")
    print("")
    echo("--<enter>--")
    getch()
    print("")

    print("\nThe next test will fill the screen with '1' digits\n"
          "numbering each line staring from 1.")
    print("")
    print("It works the same on Linux and Windows, because the next\n"
          "character after the last on the line is not linefeed.\n")
    echo("--<enter>--")
    getch()
    print("")
    numwidth = len(str(getwidth()))
    strlen = getwidth() - numwidth - 2 # 2 = '. ' after the line number
    filler = '1' * strlen
    for i in range(getheight()-1):     # -1 to leave last line for --<enter>--
        lineno = ("%" + str(numwidth) + "s. ") % (i+1)
        sys.stdout.write(lineno + filler)
    echo("--<enter>--")
    getch()
    print("")

    print("\nNext test prints this source code using page() function")
    print("")
    echo("--<enter>--")
    getch()
    print("")
    content = open(__file__)
    page(content)
    echo("--<enter>--")
    getch()
    print("")


def _manual_test_getch():
    echo("\n")
    # special keys that return single byte as a result of keypress
    keys = 'a b c ENTER ESC'.split()
    for key in keys:
      if key in globals():
        value = globals()[key][0]
      else:
        value = key
      echo("Press key '%s': " % key)
      key = getch()
      if key == value:
        echo("OK\n")
      else:
        echo("FAILED: getch() returned %s (hex %s)\n" % (key, dumpkey(key)))


def _manual_test_getchars():
    echo("\n")
    # special keys
    keys = 'ENTER LEFT UP RIGHT DOWN ESC'.split()
    for key in keys:
      value = globals()[key]
      echo("Press %s key: " % key)
      key = getchars()
      if key == value:
        echo("OK\n")
      else:
        echo("FAILED: getch() returned %s (hex %s)\n" % (key, dumpkey(key)))



# [ ] recognize multiple-character sequences such as arrow keys

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # check if pager.py is running in interactive mode
    # (without stdin redirection)
    stdin_fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
    if os.isatty(stdin_fd):
        if not sys.argv[1:]:
            print("pager v%s" % __version__)
            print("usage: pager.py <file>")
            print("       pager.py --test")
            print("       pager.py < <file>         (Windows)")
            print("       <command> | pager.py      (Windows)")
            sys.exit(-1)

        #       pager.py --test
        elif sys.argv[1] == '--test':
            print("Manual tests for pager module.")
            ch = []
            while True:
                print("\n1. Test output")
                print("2. Test input (getch)")
                print("3. Test input (getchars)")
                print("0. Exit")
                ch = getch()
                if ch == '1':
                    _manual_test_console()
                elif ch == '2':
                    _manual_test_getch()
                elif ch == '3':
                    _manual_test_getchars()
                elif ch in ('0', '\x1b'):  # \x1b == ESC for getch()
                    break

        #       pager.py <file>
        else:
            with open(sys.argv[1]) as f:
                page(f)

    #       pager.py < <file>
    #       <command> | pager.py
    else:
        # [ ] check piped stdin in Linux
        page(sys.stdin)

# [ ] add 'q', Ctrl-C and ESC handling to default pager prompt
#     (as of 3.1 Windows aborts only on Ctrl-Break)


#!/usr/bin/env python
"""
Page output and find dimensions of console.

This module deals with paging on Linux terminals and Windows consoles in
a cross-platform way. The major difference for paging here is line ends.
Not line end characters, but the console behavior when the last character
on a line is printed.  To get technical details, run this module without
parameters::

  python pager.py

Author:  <NAME> <<EMAIL>>
License: Public Domain (use MIT if the former doesn't work for you)
"""

# [ ] measure performance of keypresses in console (Linux, Windows, ...)
# [ ] define CAPS LOCK strategy (lowercase) and keyboard layout issues

__version__ = '3.3'

import os,sys

WINDOWS = os.name == 'nt'
PY3K = sys.version_info >= (3,)

# Windows constants
# http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms683231%28v=VS.85%29.aspx

STD_INPUT_HANDLE  = -10
STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE = -11
STD_ERROR_HANDLE  = -12


# --- console/window operations ---

if WINDOWS:
    # get console handle
    from ctypes import windll, Structure, byref
    try:
        from ctypes.wintypes import SHORT, WORD, DWORD
    # workaround for missing types in Python 2.5
    except ImportError:
        from ctypes import (
            c_short as SHORT, c_ushort as WORD, c_ulong as DWORD)
    console_handle = windll.kernel32.GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)

    # CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO Structure
    class COORD(Structure):
        _fields_ = [("X", SHORT), ("Y", SHORT)]

    class SMALL_RECT(Structure):
        _fields_ = [("Left", SHORT), ("Top", SHORT),
                    ("Right", SHORT), ("Bottom", SHORT)]

    class CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO(Structure):
        _fields_ = [("dwSize", COORD),
                    ("dwCursorPosition", COORD),
                    ("wAttributes", WORD),
                    ("srWindow", SMALL_RECT),
                    ("dwMaximumWindowSize", DWORD)]


def _windows_get_window_size():
    """Return (width, height) of available window area on Windows.
       (0, 0) if no console is allocated.
    """
    sbi = CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO()
    ret = windll.kernel32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(console_handle, byref(sbi))
    if ret == 0:
        return (0, 0)
    return (sbi.srWindow.Right - sbi.srWindow.Left + 1,
            sbi.srWindow.Bottom - sbi.srWindow.Top + 1)

def _posix_get_window_size():
    """Return (width, height) of console terminal on POSIX system.
       (0, 0) on IOError, i.e. when no console is allocated.
    """
    # see README.txt for reference information
    # http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man4/tty_ioctl.4.html

    from fcntl import ioctl
    from termios import TIOCGWINSZ
    from array import array

    """
    struct winsize {
        unsigned short ws_row;
        unsigned short ws_col;
        unsigned short ws_xpixel;   /* unused */
        unsigned short ws_ypixel;   /* unused */
    };
    """
    winsize = array("H", [0] * 4)
    try:
        ioctl(sys.stdout.fileno(), TIOCGWINSZ, winsize)
    except IOError:
        # for example IOError: [Errno 25] Inappropriate ioctl for device
        # when output is redirected
        # [ ] TODO: check fd with os.isatty
        pass
    return (winsize[1], winsize[0])

def getwidth():
    """
    Return width of available window in characters.  If detection fails,
    return value of standard width 80.  Coordinate of the last character
    on a line is -1 from returned value. 

    Windows part uses console API through ctypes module.
    *nix part uses termios ioctl TIOCGWINSZ call.
    """
    width = None
    if WINDOWS:
        return _windows_get_window_size()[0]
    elif os.name == 'posix':
        return _posix_get_window_size()[0]
    else:
        # 'mac', 'os2', 'ce', 'java', 'riscos' need implementations
        pass

    return width or 80

def getheight():
    """
    Return available window height in characters or 25 if detection fails.
    Coordinate of the last line is -1 from returned value. 

    Windows part uses console API through ctypes module.
    *nix part uses termios ioctl TIOCGWINSZ call.
    """
    height = None
    if WINDOWS:
        return _windows_get_window_size()[1]
    elif os.name == 'posix':
        return _posix_get_window_size()[1]
    else:
        # 'mac', 'os2', 'ce', 'java', 'riscos' need implementations
        pass

    return height or 25


# --- keyboard input operations and constants ---
# constants for getch() (these end with _)

if WINDOWS:
    ENTER_ = '\x0d'
    CTRL_C_ = '\x03'
else:
    ENTER_ = '\n'
    # [ ] check CTRL_C_ on Linux
    CTRL_C_ = None
ESC_ = '\x1b'

# other constants with getchars()
if WINDOWS:
    LEFT =  ['\xe0', 'K']
    UP =    ['\xe0', 'H']
    RIGHT = ['\xe0', 'M']
    DOWN =  ['\xe0', 'P']
else:
    LEFT =  ['\x1b', '[', 'D']
    UP =    ['\x1b', '[', 'A']
    RIGHT = ['\x1b', '[', 'C']
    DOWN =  ['\x1b', '[', 'B']
ENTER = [ENTER_]
ESC  = [ESC_]

def dumpkey(key):
    """
    Helper to convert result of `getch` (string) or `getchars` (list)
    to hex string.
    """
    def hex3fy(key):
        """Helper to convert string into hex string (Python 3 compatible)"""
        from binascii import hexlify
        # Python 3 strings are no longer binary, encode them for hexlify()
        if PY3K:
           key = key.encode('utf-8')
        keyhex = hexlify(key).upper()
        if PY3K:
           keyhex = keyhex.decode('utf-8')
        return keyhex
    if type(key) == str:
        return hex3fy(key)
    else:
        return ' '.join( [hex3fy(s) for s in key] )


if WINDOWS:
    if PY3K:
        from msvcrt import kbhit, getwch as __getchw
    else:
        from msvcrt import kbhit, getch as __getchw

def _getch_windows(_getall=False):
    chars = [__getchw()]  # wait for the keypress
    if _getall:           # read everything, return list
        while kbhit():
            chars.append(__getchw())
        return chars
    else:
        return chars[0]


# [ ] _getch_linux() or _getch_posix()? (test on FreeBSD and MacOS)
def _getch_unix(_getall=False):
    """
    # --- current algorithm ---
    # 1. switch to char-by-char input mode
    # 2. turn off echo
    # 3. wait for at least one char to appear
    # 4. read the rest of the character buffer (_getall=True)
    # 5. return list of characters (_getall on)
    #        or a single char (_getall off)
    """
    import sys, termios

    fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
    # save old terminal settings
    old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(fd)

    chars = []
    try:
        # change terminal settings - turn off canonical mode and echo.
        # in canonical mode read from stdin returns one line at a time
        # and we need one char at a time (see DESIGN.rst for more info)
        newattr = list(old_settings)
        newattr[3] &= ~termios.ICANON
        newattr[3] &= ~termios.ECHO
        newattr[6][termios.VMIN] = 1   # block until one char received
        newattr[6][termios.VTIME] = 0
        # TCSANOW below means apply settings immediately
        termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSANOW, newattr)

        # [ ] this fails when stdin is redirected, like
        #       ls -la | pager.py
        #   [ ] also check on Windows
        ch = sys.stdin.read(1)
        chars = [ch]

        if _getall:
            # move rest of chars (if any) from input buffer
            # change terminal settings - enable non-blocking read
            newattr = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
            newattr[6][termios.VMIN] = 0      # CC structure
            newattr[6][termios.VTIME] = 0
            termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSANOW, newattr)

            while True:
                ch = sys.stdin.read(1)
                if ch != '':
                    chars.append(ch)
                else:
                    break
    finally:
        # restore terminal settings. Do this when all output is
        # finished - TCSADRAIN flag
        termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, old_settings)

    if _getall:
        return chars
    else:
        return chars[0]


# choose correct getch function at module import time
if WINDOWS:
    getch = _getch_windows
else:
    getch = _getch_unix

getch.__doc__ = \
    """
    Wait for keypress, return first char generated as a result.

    Arrows and special keys generate sequence of chars. Use `getchars`
    function to receive all chars generated or present in buffer.
    """

    # check that Ctrl-C and Ctrl-Break break this function
    #
    # Ctrl-C       [n] Windows  [y] Linux  [ ] OSX
    # Ctrl-Break   [y] Windows  [n] Linux  [ ] OSX


# [ ] check if getchars returns chars already present in buffer
#     before the call to this function
def getchars():
    """
    Wait for keypress. Return list of chars generated as a result.
    More than one char in result list is returned when arrows and
    special keys are pressed. Returned sequences differ between
    platforms, so use constants defined in this module to guess
    correct keys.
    """
    return getch(_getall=True)
    

def echo(msg):
    """
    Print msg to the screen without linefeed and flush the output.
    
    Standard print() function doesn't flush, see:
    https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/python-ideas/8vLtBO4rzBU
    """
    sys.stdout.write(msg)
    sys.stdout.flush()

def prompt(pagenum):
    """
    Show default prompt to continue and process keypress.

    It assumes terminal/console understands carriage return \r character.
    """
    prompt = "Page -%s-. Press any key to continue . . . " % pagenum
    echo(prompt)
    if getch() in [ESC_, CTRL_C_, 'q', 'Q']:
        return False
    echo('\r' + ' '*(len(prompt)-1) + '\r')

def page(content, pagecallback=prompt):
    """
    Output `content`, call `pagecallback` after every page with page
    number as a parameter. `pagecallback` may return False to terminate
    pagination.

    Default callback shows prompt, waits for keypress and aborts on
    'q', ESC or Ctrl-C.
    """
    width = getwidth()
    height = getheight()
    pagenum = 1

    try:
        try:
            line = content.next().rstrip("\r\n")
        except AttributeError:
            # Python 3 compatibility
            line = content.__next__().rstrip("\r\n")
    except StopIteration:
        pagecallback(pagenum)
        return

    while True:     # page cycle
        linesleft = height-1 # leave the last line for the prompt callback
        while linesleft:
            linelist = [line[i:i+width] for i in range(0, len(line), width)]
            if not linelist:
                linelist = ['']
            lines2print = min(len(linelist), linesleft)
            for i in range(lines2print):
                if WINDOWS and len(line) == width:
                    # avoid extra blank line by skipping linefeed print
                    echo(linelist[i])
                else:
                    print(linelist[i])
            linesleft -= lines2print
            linelist = linelist[lines2print:]

            if linelist: # prepare symbols left on the line for the next iteration
                line = ''.join(linelist)
                continue
            else:
                try:
                    try:
                        line = content.next().rstrip("\r\n")
                    except AttributeError:
                        # Python 3 compatibility
                        line = content.__next__().rstrip("\r\n")
                except StopIteration:
                    pagecallback(pagenum)
                    return
        if pagecallback(pagenum) == False:
            return
        pagenum += 1



# --- Manual tests when pager executed as a module ---

def _manual_test_console():
    print("\nconsole size: width %s, height %s" % (getwidth(), getheight()))
    echo("--<enter>--")
    getch()
    echo("\n")

    print("\nsys.stdout.write() doesn't insert newlines automatically,")
    print("that's why it is used for console output in non-trivial")
    print("cases here.\n")
    sys.stdout.write("--<enter>--")
    sys.stdout.flush()
    getch()
    print("\rHowever, sys.stdout.write() requires explicit flushing")
    print("to make the output immediately appear on the screen.")
    print("echo() function from this module does this automatically.")
    echo("\n--<enter>--")
    getch()

    print("\n\nThe following test outputs string equal to the width of the\n"
          "screen and waits for you to press <enter>. It behaves\n"
          "differently on Linux and Windows - W. scrolls the window and\n"
          "places cursor on the next line immediately, while L. window\n"
          "doesn't scroll until the next character is output.\n"
         )
    print("Tested on:")
    print("  Windows Vista - cmd.exe console")
    print("  Debian Lenny - native terminal")
    print("  Debian Lenny - PuTTY SSH terminal from Windows Vista")
    echo("\n--<enter>--")
    getch()
    echo("\n")

    echo("<" + "-"*(getwidth()-2) + ">")
    getch()
    print("^ note there is no newline when the next character is printed")
    print("")
    print("At least this part works similar on all platforms. It is just\n"
          "the state of the console after the last character on the line\n"
          "is printed that is different.")
    print("")
    echo("--<enter>--")
    getch()
    print("")

    print("\nBut there is one special case.")
    print("")
    print("It is when the next character is a newline.")
    print("")
    print("The following test prints line equal to the width of the\n"
          "console, waits for <enter>, then outputs newline '\\n',\n"
          "waits for another key press, then outputs 'x' char.")
    print("")
    echo("--<enter>--")
    getch()
    print("")

    echo("<" + "-"*(getwidth()-2) + ">")
    getch()
    echo("\n")
    getch()
    echo("x")
    getch()

    print("\n^ here is the difference:")
    print("")
    print("On Windows you will get:\n"
          "  <----------->\n"
          "  \n"
          "  x")
    print("")
    print("Linux will show you:\n"
          "  <----------->\n"
          "  x")
    print("")
    echo("--<enter>--")
    getch()
    print("")

    print("\nThe next test will fill the screen with '1' digits\n"
          "numbering each line staring from 1.")
    print("")
    print("It works the same on Linux and Windows, because the next\n"
          "character after the last on the line is not linefeed.\n")
    echo("--<enter>--")
    getch()
    print("")
    numwidth = len(str(getwidth()))
    strlen = getwidth() - numwidth - 2 # 2 = '. ' after the line number
    filler = '1' * strlen
    for i in range(getheight()-1):     # -1 to leave last line for --<enter>--
        lineno = ("%" + str(numwidth) + "s. ") % (i+1)
        sys.stdout.write(lineno + filler)
    echo("--<enter>--")
    getch()
    print("")

    print("\nNext test prints this source code using page() function")
    print("")
    echo("--<enter>--")
    getch()
    print("")
    content = open(__file__)
    page(content)
    echo("--<enter>--")
    getch()
    print("")


def _manual_test_getch():
    echo("\n")
    # special keys that return single byte as a result of keypress
    keys = 'a b c ENTER ESC'.split()
    for key in keys:
      if key in globals():
        value = globals()[key][0]
      else:
        value = key
      echo("Press key '%s': " % key)
      key = getch()
      if key == value:
        echo("OK\n")
      else:
        echo("FAILED: getch() returned %s (hex %s)\n" % (key, dumpkey(key)))


def _manual_test_getchars():
    echo("\n")
    # special keys
    keys = 'ENTER LEFT UP RIGHT DOWN ESC'.split()
    for key in keys:
      value = globals()[key]
      echo("Press %s key: " % key)
      key = getchars()
      if key == value:
        echo("OK\n")
      else:
        echo("FAILED: getch() returned %s (hex %s)\n" % (key, dumpkey(key)))



# [ ] recognize multiple-character sequences such as arrow keys

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # check if pager.py is running in interactive mode
    # (without stdin redirection)
    stdin_fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
    if os.isatty(stdin_fd):
        if not sys.argv[1:]:
            print("pager v%s" % __version__)
            print("usage: pager.py <file>")
            print("       pager.py --test")
            print("       pager.py < <file>         (Windows)")
            print("       <command> | pager.py      (Windows)")
            sys.exit(-1)

        #       pager.py --test
        elif sys.argv[1] == '--test':
            print("Manual tests for pager module.")
            ch = []
            while True:
                print("\n1. Test output")
                print("2. Test input (getch)")
                print("3. Test input (getchars)")
                print("0. Exit")
                ch = getch()
                if ch == '1':
                    _manual_test_console()
                elif ch == '2':
                    _manual_test_getch()
                elif ch == '3':
                    _manual_test_getchars()
                elif ch in ('0', '\x1b'):  # \x1b == ESC for getch()
                    break

        #       pager.py <file>
        else:
            with open(sys.argv[1]) as f:
                page(f)

    #       pager.py < <file>
    #       <command> | pager.py
    else:
        # [ ] check piped stdin in Linux
        page(sys.stdin)

# [ ] add 'q', Ctrl-C and ESC handling to default pager prompt
#     (as of 3.1 Windows aborts only on Ctrl-Break)
#!/usr/bin/env python Page output and find dimensions of console.  This module deals with paging on Linux terminals and Windows consoles in a cross-platform way. The major difference for paging here is line ends. Not line end characters, but the console behavior when the last character on a line is printed.  To get technical details, run this module without parameters::    python pager.py  Author:  <NAME> <<EMAIL>> License: Public Domain (use MIT if the former doesn't work for you) # [ ] measure performance of keypresses in console (Linux, Windows, ...) # [ ] define CAPS LOCK strategy (lowercase) and keyboard layout issues # Windows constants # http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms683231%28v=VS.85%29.aspx # --- console/window operations --- # get console handle # workaround for missing types in Python 2.5 # CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO Structure Return (width, height) of available window area on Windows.        (0, 0) if no console is allocated. Return (width, height) of console terminal on POSIX system.        (0, 0) on IOError, i.e. when no console is allocated. # see README.txt for reference information # http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man4/tty_ioctl.4.html struct winsize {         unsigned short ws_row;         unsigned short ws_col;         unsigned short ws_xpixel;   /* unused */         unsigned short ws_ypixel;   /* unused */     }; # for example IOError: [Errno 25] Inappropriate ioctl for device # when output is redirected # [ ] TODO: check fd with os.isatty Return width of available window in characters.  If detection fails,     return value of standard width 80.  Coordinate of the last character     on a line is -1 from returned value.       Windows part uses console API through ctypes module.     *nix part uses termios ioctl TIOCGWINSZ call. # 'mac', 'os2', 'ce', 'java', 'riscos' need implementations Return available window height in characters or 25 if detection fails.     Coordinate of the last line is -1 from returned value.       Windows part uses console API through ctypes module.     *nix part uses termios ioctl TIOCGWINSZ call. # 'mac', 'os2', 'ce', 'java', 'riscos' need implementations # --- keyboard input operations and constants --- # constants for getch() (these end with _) # [ ] check CTRL_C_ on Linux # other constants with getchars() Helper to convert result of `getch` (string) or `getchars` (list)     to hex string. Helper to convert string into hex string (Python 3 compatible) # Python 3 strings are no longer binary, encode them for hexlify() # wait for the keypress # read everything, return list # [ ] _getch_linux() or _getch_posix()? (test on FreeBSD and MacOS) # --- current algorithm ---     # 1. switch to char-by-char input mode     # 2. turn off echo     # 3. wait for at least one char to appear     # 4. read the rest of the character buffer (_getall=True)     # 5. return list of characters (_getall on)     #        or a single char (_getall off) # save old terminal settings # change terminal settings - turn off canonical mode and echo. # in canonical mode read from stdin returns one line at a time # and we need one char at a time (see DESIGN.rst for more info) # block until one char received # TCSANOW below means apply settings immediately # [ ] this fails when stdin is redirected, like #       ls -la | pager.py #   [ ] also check on Windows # move rest of chars (if any) from input buffer # change terminal settings - enable non-blocking read # CC structure # restore terminal settings. Do this when all output is # finished - TCSADRAIN flag # choose correct getch function at module import time Wait for keypress, return first char generated as a result.      Arrows and special keys generate sequence of chars. Use `getchars`     function to receive all chars generated or present in buffer. # check that Ctrl-C and Ctrl-Break break this function # # Ctrl-C       [n] Windows  [y] Linux  [ ] OSX # Ctrl-Break   [y] Windows  [n] Linux  [ ] OSX # [ ] check if getchars returns chars already present in buffer #     before the call to this function Wait for keypress. Return list of chars generated as a result.     More than one char in result list is returned when arrows and     special keys are pressed. Returned sequences differ between     platforms, so use constants defined in this module to guess     correct keys. Print msg to the screen without linefeed and flush the output.          Standard print() function doesn't flush, see:     https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/python-ideas/8vLtBO4rzBU Show default prompt to continue and process keypress.      It assumes terminal/console understands carriage return \r character. Output `content`, call `pagecallback` after every page with page     number as a parameter. `pagecallback` may return False to terminate     pagination.      Default callback shows prompt, waits for keypress and aborts on     'q', ESC or Ctrl-C. # Python 3 compatibility # page cycle # leave the last line for the prompt callback # avoid extra blank line by skipping linefeed print # prepare symbols left on the line for the next iteration # Python 3 compatibility # --- Manual tests when pager executed as a module --- # 2 = '. ' after the line number # -1 to leave last line for --<enter>-- # special keys that return single byte as a result of keypress # special keys # [ ] recognize multiple-character sequences such as arrow keys # check if pager.py is running in interactive mode # (without stdin redirection) #       pager.py --test # \x1b == ESC for getch() #       pager.py <file> #       pager.py < <file> #       <command> | pager.py # [ ] check piped stdin in Linux # [ ] add 'q', Ctrl-C and ESC handling to default pager prompt #     (as of 3.1 Windows aborts only on Ctrl-Break)