<gh_stars>1-10
"""
A module that provides functions for computing Pixel Area Maps (PAM) based
on polynomial distortion model contained in a FITS WCS. Tabular distortions
``NPOL`` and ``DET2IM`` used to describe ``HST/ACS`` distortions are ignored.

:Authors: <NAME>

:License: :doc:`LICENSE`

"""
import numbers
import numpy as np
from astropy.io import fits
from astropy import wcs as fitswcs
import stwcs


__all__ = ['pam_from_file', 'pam_from_wcs']


def _is_int(n):
    return (
        (isinstance(n, numbers.Integral) and not isinstance(n, bool)) or
        (isinstance(n, np.generic) and np.issubdtype(n, np.integer))
    )


def _compute_pam_sd(wcs, shape=None, blc=(1, 1), idcscale=1.0, cdscale=1.0):
    """
    Computes Pixel Area Map (PAM) using the distortion model defined in WCS
    and described through Simple Image Polynomials (SIP) by computing
    the Jacobian of the distortion model.

    This function computes the Jacobian of the distortion model using
    *symbolic differentiation* of Simple Image Polynomials.

    Parameters
    ----------

    wcs: astropy.wcs.WCS, stwcs.wcsutil.HSTWCS
        A ``WCS`` object containing the distortion model.

    shape: tuple of int, None, optional
        A tuple of two integers (ny, nx) indicating the size of the PAM image
        to be generated. When the default value is used (`None`), the size
        of the returned PAM array will be determined from ``wcs.array_shape``
        attribute of the supplied ``WCS`` object.

    blc: tuple of int or float, optional
        A tuple indicating the coordinates of the bottom-left pixel of the
        PAM array to be computed. These coordinates should be given
        in the image coordinate system defined by the input ``WCS`` (in which,
        for example, ``WCS.crpix`` is defined). The first element specifies
        the column (``"x"``-coordinate) and the second element specifies
        the row (``"y"``-coordinate).

    idcscale: float, optional
        A positive number indicating the pixel scale used in the
        "Instrument Distortion Correction" for HST instruments. For
        non-HST instruments this parameter may be set to be equal
        to ``cdscale``.

    cdscale: float, optional
        A positive number indicating the pixel scale as computed from the
        CD matrix. HST instruments CD matrix includes linear distortion
        terms.

    Returns
    -------
    PAM: numpy.ndarray
        Pixel area map.

    """
    if shape is None:
        shape = wcs.array_shape

    # rescale factor:
    rf = (cdscale / idcscale)**2

    # distortion does not exist or is linear:
    if wcs.sip is None or wcs.sip.a_order < 1 or wcs.sip.b_order < 1 or \
       (wcs.sip.a_order == 1 and wcs.sip.b_order == 1):
        return rf * np.ones(shape, dtype=np.float64)

    # prepare coordinates:
    x = np.arange(shape[1], dtype=float) - wcs.sip.crpix[0] + float(blc[0])
    y = np.arange(shape[0], dtype=float) - wcs.sip.crpix[1] + float(blc[1])

    ar = np.arange(wcs.sip.a_order + 1)
    br = np.arange(wcs.sip.b_order + 1)

    ones_a = np.ones(wcs.sip.a_order + 1)
    ones_b = np.ones(wcs.sip.b_order + 1)

    # "coordinate vectors" (e.g., (1, x, x**2, x**3, ...)) used in
    # distortion bilinear forms:
    ax = np.outer(x, ones_a)**ar
    ay = np.outer(y, ones_a)**ar
    bx = np.outer(x, ones_b)**br
    by = np.outer(y, ones_b)**br

    # derivatives of the "coordinate vectors" with regard to x & y:
    adx = np.roll(ax, 1, 1) * ar
    ady = np.roll(ay, 1, 1) * ar
    bdx = np.roll(bx, 1, 1) * br
    bdy = np.roll(by, 1, 1) * br

    # derivatives of the binomial forms:
    A = wcs.sip.a.T
    B = wcs.sip.b.T
    dadx = 1.0 + np.tensordot(ay.T, np.tensordot(A, adx, (1, 1)), (0, 0))
    dady = np.tensordot(ady.T, np.tensordot(A, ax, (1, 1)), (0, 0))
    dbdx = np.tensordot(by.T, np.tensordot(B, bdx, (1, 1)), (0, 0))
    dbdy = 1.0 + np.tensordot(bdy.T, np.tensordot(B, bx, (1, 1)), (0, 0))

    # compute rescaled Jacobian
    jacobian = rf * np.abs(dadx * dbdy - dady * dbdx)

    return jacobian


def pam_from_file(image, ext, output_pam, ignore_vacorr=False,
                  normalize_at=None):
    r"""
    Generate a **P**\ ixel **A**\ rea **M**\ ap (PAM) file from the ``FITS``
    ``WCS`` contained in an image extension of a calibrated ``HST`` image
    file specified by ``image``.

    .. note::
       PAM computation is performed using the distortion model defined in the
       ``WCS`` and described through Simple Image Polynomials (SIP).
       Non-polynomial distortions are ignored!

    Parameters
    ----------

    image: str
        File name of a ``FITS`` image that will provide a ``FITS`` ``WCS``
        (`stwcs.wcsutils.HSTWCS` or `astropy.wcs.WCS`).

    ext: int, str, tuple of (str, int)
        Extension specification. May be an integer extension number,
        a string extension name, or a tuple of extension name *and*
        extension version.

    output_pam: str
        Output file name to which PAM will be written.

        .. warning::
            If the output file already exists, it will be overwritten
            without warnings.

    ignore_vacorr: bool, optional
        When set to `True`, ``PAM`` will be generated *as if* vellocity
        aberration has not applied to the ``WCS``.

        .. warning::
           This function does not know whether velocity aberration (VA)
           correction has been applied to the ``WCS`` or not. It is user's
           responsibility to check the appropriateness of settung this
           parameter to `True`. Setting ``ignore_vacorr`` to `True` when
           ``WCS`` was not VA-corrected will result in larger errors in
           computed ``PAM``. **Default value is highly recommended!**

    normalize_at: tuple of int, optional
        Indicates whether to normalize computed ``PAM`` to 1 at the provided
        zero-based pixel position. By default, PAM is computed relative to
        (or, in units of) the ``idcscale`` (for ``HST`` instruments) value
        when present or to the pixel scale at ``CRPIX`` when the ``wcs``
        object does not have an ``idcscale`` property. Default setting
        should produce results analogous to the drizzle/blot method.

        .. note::
           ``HST/WFC3`` PAM historically are normalized to 1 at specific pixel
           positions. See http://www.stsci.edu/hst/wfc3/pam/pixel_area_maps for
           further details.

    """
    with fits.open(image, mode='readonly') as h:
        data_shape = h[ext].data.shape
        try:
            wcs = stwcs.wcsutil.HSTWCS(h, ext)
        except Exception:
            wcs = fitswcs.WCS(h[ext].header, h)

    pam = pam_from_wcs(wcs, shape=data_shape, ignore_vacorr=ignore_vacorr,
                       normalize_at=normalize_at)

    fits.PrimaryHDU(pam).writeto(output_pam, overwrite=True)


def pam_from_wcs(wcs, shape=None, ignore_vacorr=False,
                 normalize_at=None):
    r"""
    Generate a **P**\ ixel **A**\ rea **M**\ ap (PAM) file from a ``FITS``
    ``WCS``.

    .. note::
       PAM computation is performed using the distortion model defined in the
       ``WCS`` and described through Simple Image Polynomials (SIP).
       Non-polynomial distortions are ignored!

    Parameters
    ----------

    wcs: stwcs.wcsutils.HSTWCS, astropy.wcs.WCS
        An `~astropy.wcs.WCS` object to be used for generating PAM file.

    shape: tuple of two int, None, optional
        Shape of the output image ``(ny, nx)``. If se to default `None`, this
        function will try to deduce the shape of the output image from the
        value of ``array_shape`` attribute of the input ``wcs`` object.

    ignore_vacorr: bool, optional
        When set to `True`, ``PAM`` will be generated *as if* vellocity
        aberration has not applied to the ``WCS``.

        .. warning::
           This function does not know whether velocity aberration (VA)
           correction has been applied to the ``WCS`` or not. It is user's
           responsibility to check the appropriateness of settung this
           parameter to `True`. Setting ``ignore_vacorr`` to `True` when
           ``WCS`` was not VA-corrected will result in larger errors in
           computed ``PAM``. **Default value is highly recommended!**

    normalize_at: tuple of int, optional
        Indicates whether to normalize computed ``PAM`` to 1 at the provided
        zero-based pixel position. By default, PAM is computed relative to
        (or, in units of) the ``idcscale`` (for ``HST`` instruments) value
        when present or to the pixel scale at ``CRPIX`` when the ``wcs``
        object does not have an ``idcscale`` property. Default setting
        should produce results analogous to the drizzle/blot method.

        .. note::
           ``HST/WFC3`` PAM historically are normalized to 1 at specific pixel
           positions. See http://www.stsci.edu/hst/wfc3/pam/pixel_area_maps for
           further details.

    Returns
    -------

    pam: numpy.ndarray
        A 2D `numpy.ndarray` containing PAM.

    Raises
    ------

    ValueError
        When both ``shape`` and ``wcs.array_shape`` attribute are `None`.

    """
    if shape is None:
        if wcs.array_shape is not None:
            shape = wcs.array_shape
        else:
            raise ValueError("Both 'shape' and 'wcs.array_shape' are None. "
                             "Cannot infer output image shape.")

    cdscale = np.sqrt(fitswcs.utils.proj_plane_pixel_area(wcs)) * 3600.0

    # Ignoring VAFACTOR helps get PAMs that are in better
    # agreement with the ones produced by <NAME> in 2004.
    if ignore_vacorr and hasattr(wcs, 'vafactor'):
        cdscale /= wcs.vafactor

    idcscale = wcs.idcscale if hasattr(wcs, 'idcscale') else cdscale
    pam = _compute_pam_sd(wcs=wcs, shape=shape, idcscale=idcscale,
                          cdscale=cdscale)

    if normalize_at is not None:
        if hasattr(normalize_at, '__iter__'):
            if len(normalize_at) != 2:
                raise ValueError("'normalize_at' must contain exactly two "
                                 "coordinates.")
            if not all([_is_int(coord) for coord in normalize_at]):
                raise TypeError("Each pixel coordinate must be an integer.")
            if normalize_at[0] >= shape[1] or normalize_at[1] >= shape[0] or \
               normalize_at[0] < 0 or normalize_at[1] < 0:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Pixel coordinates specified by 'normalize_at' must be "
                    "within output image borders.")
        else:
            raise TypeError(
                "When specified, 'normalize_at' must be an iterable."
            )

        pam /= pam[normalize_at[1], normalize_at[0]]

    return pam

"""
A module that provides functions for computing Pixel Area Maps (PAM) based
on polynomial distortion model contained in a FITS WCS. Tabular distortions
``NPOL`` and ``DET2IM`` used to describe ``HST/ACS`` distortions are ignored.

:Authors: <NAME>

:License: :doc:`LICENSE`

"""
import numbers
import numpy as np
from astropy.io import fits
from astropy import wcs as fitswcs
import stwcs


__all__ = ['pam_from_file', 'pam_from_wcs']


def _is_int(n):
    return (
        (isinstance(n, numbers.Integral) and not isinstance(n, bool)) or
        (isinstance(n, np.generic) and np.issubdtype(n, np.integer))
    )


def _compute_pam_sd(wcs, shape=None, blc=(1, 1), idcscale=1.0, cdscale=1.0):
    """
    Computes Pixel Area Map (PAM) using the distortion model defined in WCS
    and described through Simple Image Polynomials (SIP) by computing
    the Jacobian of the distortion model.

    This function computes the Jacobian of the distortion model using
    *symbolic differentiation* of Simple Image Polynomials.

    Parameters
    ----------

    wcs: astropy.wcs.WCS, stwcs.wcsutil.HSTWCS
        A ``WCS`` object containing the distortion model.

    shape: tuple of int, None, optional
        A tuple of two integers (ny, nx) indicating the size of the PAM image
        to be generated. When the default value is used (`None`), the size
        of the returned PAM array will be determined from ``wcs.array_shape``
        attribute of the supplied ``WCS`` object.

    blc: tuple of int or float, optional
        A tuple indicating the coordinates of the bottom-left pixel of the
        PAM array to be computed. These coordinates should be given
        in the image coordinate system defined by the input ``WCS`` (in which,
        for example, ``WCS.crpix`` is defined). The first element specifies
        the column (``"x"``-coordinate) and the second element specifies
        the row (``"y"``-coordinate).

    idcscale: float, optional
        A positive number indicating the pixel scale used in the
        "Instrument Distortion Correction" for HST instruments. For
        non-HST instruments this parameter may be set to be equal
        to ``cdscale``.

    cdscale: float, optional
        A positive number indicating the pixel scale as computed from the
        CD matrix. HST instruments CD matrix includes linear distortion
        terms.

    Returns
    -------
    PAM: numpy.ndarray
        Pixel area map.

    """
    if shape is None:
        shape = wcs.array_shape

    # rescale factor:
    rf = (cdscale / idcscale)**2

    # distortion does not exist or is linear:
    if wcs.sip is None or wcs.sip.a_order < 1 or wcs.sip.b_order < 1 or \
       (wcs.sip.a_order == 1 and wcs.sip.b_order == 1):
        return rf * np.ones(shape, dtype=np.float64)

    # prepare coordinates:
    x = np.arange(shape[1], dtype=float) - wcs.sip.crpix[0] + float(blc[0])
    y = np.arange(shape[0], dtype=float) - wcs.sip.crpix[1] + float(blc[1])

    ar = np.arange(wcs.sip.a_order + 1)
    br = np.arange(wcs.sip.b_order + 1)

    ones_a = np.ones(wcs.sip.a_order + 1)
    ones_b = np.ones(wcs.sip.b_order + 1)

    # "coordinate vectors" (e.g., (1, x, x**2, x**3, ...)) used in
    # distortion bilinear forms:
    ax = np.outer(x, ones_a)**ar
    ay = np.outer(y, ones_a)**ar
    bx = np.outer(x, ones_b)**br
    by = np.outer(y, ones_b)**br

    # derivatives of the "coordinate vectors" with regard to x & y:
    adx = np.roll(ax, 1, 1) * ar
    ady = np.roll(ay, 1, 1) * ar
    bdx = np.roll(bx, 1, 1) * br
    bdy = np.roll(by, 1, 1) * br

    # derivatives of the binomial forms:
    A = wcs.sip.a.T
    B = wcs.sip.b.T
    dadx = 1.0 + np.tensordot(ay.T, np.tensordot(A, adx, (1, 1)), (0, 0))
    dady = np.tensordot(ady.T, np.tensordot(A, ax, (1, 1)), (0, 0))
    dbdx = np.tensordot(by.T, np.tensordot(B, bdx, (1, 1)), (0, 0))
    dbdy = 1.0 + np.tensordot(bdy.T, np.tensordot(B, bx, (1, 1)), (0, 0))

    # compute rescaled Jacobian
    jacobian = rf * np.abs(dadx * dbdy - dady * dbdx)

    return jacobian


def pam_from_file(image, ext, output_pam, ignore_vacorr=False,
                  normalize_at=None):
    r"""
    Generate a **P**\ ixel **A**\ rea **M**\ ap (PAM) file from the ``FITS``
    ``WCS`` contained in an image extension of a calibrated ``HST`` image
    file specified by ``image``.

    .. note::
       PAM computation is performed using the distortion model defined in the
       ``WCS`` and described through Simple Image Polynomials (SIP).
       Non-polynomial distortions are ignored!

    Parameters
    ----------

    image: str
        File name of a ``FITS`` image that will provide a ``FITS`` ``WCS``
        (`stwcs.wcsutils.HSTWCS` or `astropy.wcs.WCS`).

    ext: int, str, tuple of (str, int)
        Extension specification. May be an integer extension number,
        a string extension name, or a tuple of extension name *and*
        extension version.

    output_pam: str
        Output file name to which PAM will be written.

        .. warning::
            If the output file already exists, it will be overwritten
            without warnings.

    ignore_vacorr: bool, optional
        When set to `True`, ``PAM`` will be generated *as if* vellocity
        aberration has not applied to the ``WCS``.

        .. warning::
           This function does not know whether velocity aberration (VA)
           correction has been applied to the ``WCS`` or not. It is user's
           responsibility to check the appropriateness of settung this
           parameter to `True`. Setting ``ignore_vacorr`` to `True` when
           ``WCS`` was not VA-corrected will result in larger errors in
           computed ``PAM``. **Default value is highly recommended!**

    normalize_at: tuple of int, optional
        Indicates whether to normalize computed ``PAM`` to 1 at the provided
        zero-based pixel position. By default, PAM is computed relative to
        (or, in units of) the ``idcscale`` (for ``HST`` instruments) value
        when present or to the pixel scale at ``CRPIX`` when the ``wcs``
        object does not have an ``idcscale`` property. Default setting
        should produce results analogous to the drizzle/blot method.

        .. note::
           ``HST/WFC3`` PAM historically are normalized to 1 at specific pixel
           positions. See http://www.stsci.edu/hst/wfc3/pam/pixel_area_maps for
           further details.

    """
    with fits.open(image, mode='readonly') as h:
        data_shape = h[ext].data.shape
        try:
            wcs = stwcs.wcsutil.HSTWCS(h, ext)
        except Exception:
            wcs = fitswcs.WCS(h[ext].header, h)

    pam = pam_from_wcs(wcs, shape=data_shape, ignore_vacorr=ignore_vacorr,
                       normalize_at=normalize_at)

    fits.PrimaryHDU(pam).writeto(output_pam, overwrite=True)


def pam_from_wcs(wcs, shape=None, ignore_vacorr=False,
                 normalize_at=None):
    r"""
    Generate a **P**\ ixel **A**\ rea **M**\ ap (PAM) file from a ``FITS``
    ``WCS``.

    .. note::
       PAM computation is performed using the distortion model defined in the
       ``WCS`` and described through Simple Image Polynomials (SIP).
       Non-polynomial distortions are ignored!

    Parameters
    ----------

    wcs: stwcs.wcsutils.HSTWCS, astropy.wcs.WCS
        An `~astropy.wcs.WCS` object to be used for generating PAM file.

    shape: tuple of two int, None, optional
        Shape of the output image ``(ny, nx)``. If se to default `None`, this
        function will try to deduce the shape of the output image from the
        value of ``array_shape`` attribute of the input ``wcs`` object.

    ignore_vacorr: bool, optional
        When set to `True`, ``PAM`` will be generated *as if* vellocity
        aberration has not applied to the ``WCS``.

        .. warning::
           This function does not know whether velocity aberration (VA)
           correction has been applied to the ``WCS`` or not. It is user's
           responsibility to check the appropriateness of settung this
           parameter to `True`. Setting ``ignore_vacorr`` to `True` when
           ``WCS`` was not VA-corrected will result in larger errors in
           computed ``PAM``. **Default value is highly recommended!**

    normalize_at: tuple of int, optional
        Indicates whether to normalize computed ``PAM`` to 1 at the provided
        zero-based pixel position. By default, PAM is computed relative to
        (or, in units of) the ``idcscale`` (for ``HST`` instruments) value
        when present or to the pixel scale at ``CRPIX`` when the ``wcs``
        object does not have an ``idcscale`` property. Default setting
        should produce results analogous to the drizzle/blot method.

        .. note::
           ``HST/WFC3`` PAM historically are normalized to 1 at specific pixel
           positions. See http://www.stsci.edu/hst/wfc3/pam/pixel_area_maps for
           further details.

    Returns
    -------

    pam: numpy.ndarray
        A 2D `numpy.ndarray` containing PAM.

    Raises
    ------

    ValueError
        When both ``shape`` and ``wcs.array_shape`` attribute are `None`.

    """
    if shape is None:
        if wcs.array_shape is not None:
            shape = wcs.array_shape
        else:
            raise ValueError("Both 'shape' and 'wcs.array_shape' are None. "
                             "Cannot infer output image shape.")

    cdscale = np.sqrt(fitswcs.utils.proj_plane_pixel_area(wcs)) * 3600.0

    # Ignoring VAFACTOR helps get PAMs that are in better
    # agreement with the ones produced by <NAME> in 2004.
    if ignore_vacorr and hasattr(wcs, 'vafactor'):
        cdscale /= wcs.vafactor

    idcscale = wcs.idcscale if hasattr(wcs, 'idcscale') else cdscale
    pam = _compute_pam_sd(wcs=wcs, shape=shape, idcscale=idcscale,
                          cdscale=cdscale)

    if normalize_at is not None:
        if hasattr(normalize_at, '__iter__'):
            if len(normalize_at) != 2:
                raise ValueError("'normalize_at' must contain exactly two "
                                 "coordinates.")
            if not all([_is_int(coord) for coord in normalize_at]):
                raise TypeError("Each pixel coordinate must be an integer.")
            if normalize_at[0] >= shape[1] or normalize_at[1] >= shape[0] or \
               normalize_at[0] < 0 or normalize_at[1] < 0:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Pixel coordinates specified by 'normalize_at' must be "
                    "within output image borders.")
        else:
            raise TypeError(
                "When specified, 'normalize_at' must be an iterable."
            )

        pam /= pam[normalize_at[1], normalize_at[0]]

    return pam
A module that provides functions for computing Pixel Area Maps (PAM) based on polynomial distortion model contained in a FITS WCS. Tabular distortions ``NPOL`` and ``DET2IM`` used to describe ``HST/ACS`` distortions are ignored.  :Authors: <NAME>  :License: :doc:`LICENSE` Computes Pixel Area Map (PAM) using the distortion model defined in WCS     and described through Simple Image Polynomials (SIP) by computing     the Jacobian of the distortion model.      This function computes the Jacobian of the distortion model using     *symbolic differentiation* of Simple Image Polynomials.      Parameters     ----------      wcs: astropy.wcs.WCS, stwcs.wcsutil.HSTWCS         A ``WCS`` object containing the distortion model.      shape: tuple of int, None, optional         A tuple of two integers (ny, nx) indicating the size of the PAM image         to be generated. When the default value is used (`None`), the size         of the returned PAM array will be determined from ``wcs.array_shape``         attribute of the supplied ``WCS`` object.      blc: tuple of int or float, optional         A tuple indicating the coordinates of the bottom-left pixel of the         PAM array to be computed. These coordinates should be given         in the image coordinate system defined by the input ``WCS`` (in which,         for example, ``WCS.crpix`` is defined). The first element specifies         the column (``"x"``-coordinate) and the second element specifies         the row (``"y"``-coordinate).      idcscale: float, optional         A positive number indicating the pixel scale used in the         "Instrument Distortion Correction" for HST instruments. For         non-HST instruments this parameter may be set to be equal         to ``cdscale``.      cdscale: float, optional         A positive number indicating the pixel scale as computed from the         CD matrix. HST instruments CD matrix includes linear distortion         terms.      Returns     -------     PAM: numpy.ndarray         Pixel area map. # rescale factor: # distortion does not exist or is linear: # prepare coordinates: # "coordinate vectors" (e.g., (1, x, x**2, x**3, ...)) used in # distortion bilinear forms: # derivatives of the "coordinate vectors" with regard to x & y: # derivatives of the binomial forms: # compute rescaled Jacobian Generate a **P**\ ixel **A**\ rea **M**\ ap (PAM) file from the ``FITS``     ``WCS`` contained in an image extension of a calibrated ``HST`` image     file specified by ``image``.      .. note::        PAM computation is performed using the distortion model defined in the        ``WCS`` and described through Simple Image Polynomials (SIP).        Non-polynomial distortions are ignored!      Parameters     ----------      image: str         File name of a ``FITS`` image that will provide a ``FITS`` ``WCS``         (`stwcs.wcsutils.HSTWCS` or `astropy.wcs.WCS`).      ext: int, str, tuple of (str, int)         Extension specification. May be an integer extension number,         a string extension name, or a tuple of extension name *and*         extension version.      output_pam: str         Output file name to which PAM will be written.          .. warning::             If the output file already exists, it will be overwritten             without warnings.      ignore_vacorr: bool, optional         When set to `True`, ``PAM`` will be generated *as if* vellocity         aberration has not applied to the ``WCS``.          .. warning::            This function does not know whether velocity aberration (VA)            correction has been applied to the ``WCS`` or not. It is user's            responsibility to check the appropriateness of settung this            parameter to `True`. Setting ``ignore_vacorr`` to `True` when            ``WCS`` was not VA-corrected will result in larger errors in            computed ``PAM``. **Default value is highly recommended!**      normalize_at: tuple of int, optional         Indicates whether to normalize computed ``PAM`` to 1 at the provided         zero-based pixel position. By default, PAM is computed relative to         (or, in units of) the ``idcscale`` (for ``HST`` instruments) value         when present or to the pixel scale at ``CRPIX`` when the ``wcs``         object does not have an ``idcscale`` property. Default setting         should produce results analogous to the drizzle/blot method.          .. note::            ``HST/WFC3`` PAM historically are normalized to 1 at specific pixel            positions. See http://www.stsci.edu/hst/wfc3/pam/pixel_area_maps for            further details. Generate a **P**\ ixel **A**\ rea **M**\ ap (PAM) file from a ``FITS``     ``WCS``.      .. note::        PAM computation is performed using the distortion model defined in the        ``WCS`` and described through Simple Image Polynomials (SIP).        Non-polynomial distortions are ignored!      Parameters     ----------      wcs: stwcs.wcsutils.HSTWCS, astropy.wcs.WCS         An `~astropy.wcs.WCS` object to be used for generating PAM file.      shape: tuple of two int, None, optional         Shape of the output image ``(ny, nx)``. If se to default `None`, this         function will try to deduce the shape of the output image from the         value of ``array_shape`` attribute of the input ``wcs`` object.      ignore_vacorr: bool, optional         When set to `True`, ``PAM`` will be generated *as if* vellocity         aberration has not applied to the ``WCS``.          .. warning::            This function does not know whether velocity aberration (VA)            correction has been applied to the ``WCS`` or not. It is user's            responsibility to check the appropriateness of settung this            parameter to `True`. Setting ``ignore_vacorr`` to `True` when            ``WCS`` was not VA-corrected will result in larger errors in            computed ``PAM``. **Default value is highly recommended!**      normalize_at: tuple of int, optional         Indicates whether to normalize computed ``PAM`` to 1 at the provided         zero-based pixel position. By default, PAM is computed relative to         (or, in units of) the ``idcscale`` (for ``HST`` instruments) value         when present or to the pixel scale at ``CRPIX`` when the ``wcs``         object does not have an ``idcscale`` property. Default setting         should produce results analogous to the drizzle/blot method.          .. note::            ``HST/WFC3`` PAM historically are normalized to 1 at specific pixel            positions. See http://www.stsci.edu/hst/wfc3/pam/pixel_area_maps for            further details.      Returns     -------      pam: numpy.ndarray         A 2D `numpy.ndarray` containing PAM.      Raises     ------      ValueError         When both ``shape`` and ``wcs.array_shape`` attribute are `None`. # Ignoring VAFACTOR helps get PAMs that are in better # agreement with the ones produced by <NAME> in 2004.