"""Helper functions and classes for users.

They should not be used in skorch directly.

"""
from collections import Sequence
from collections import namedtuple
from functools import partial

import numpy as np
from sklearn.base import BaseEstimator
from sklearn.base import TransformerMixin
import torch

from skorch.cli import parse_args
from skorch.utils import _make_split
from skorch.utils import is_torch_data_type
from skorch.utils import to_tensor


class SliceDict(dict):
    """Wrapper for Python dict that makes it sliceable across values.

    Use this if your input data is a dictionary and you have problems
    with sklearn not being able to slice it. Wrap your dict with
    SliceDict and it should usually work.

    Note:

    * SliceDict cannot be indexed by integers, if you want one row,
      say row 3, use `[3:4]`.
    * SliceDict accepts numpy arrays and torch tensors as values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> X = {'key0': val0, 'key1': val1}
    >>> search = GridSearchCV(net, params, ...)
    >>> search.fit(X, y)  # raises error
    >>> Xs = SliceDict(key0=val0, key1=val1)  # or Xs = SliceDict(**X)
    >>> search.fit(Xs, y)  # works

    """
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        lengths = [value.shape[0] for value in kwargs.values()]
        lengths_set = set(lengths)
        if lengths_set and (len(lengths_set) != 1):
            raise ValueError(
                "Initialized with items of different lengths: {}"
                "".format(', '.join(map(str, sorted(lengths_set)))))

        if not lengths:
            self._len = 0
        else:
            self._len = lengths[0]

        super(SliceDict, self).__init__(**kwargs)

    def __len__(self):
        return self._len

    def __getitem__(self, sl):
        if isinstance(sl, int):
            # Indexing with integers is not well-defined because that
            # recudes the dimension of arrays by one, messing up
            # lengths and shapes.
            raise ValueError("SliceDict cannot be indexed by integers.")
        if isinstance(sl, str):
            return super(SliceDict, self).__getitem__(sl)
        return SliceDict(**{k: v[sl] for k, v in self.items()})

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        if not isinstance(key, str):
            raise TypeError("Key must be str, not {}.".format(type(key)))

        length = value.shape[0]
        if not self.keys():
            self._len = length

        if self._len != length:
            raise ValueError(
                "Cannot set array with shape[0] != {}"
                "".format(self._len))

        super(SliceDict, self).__setitem__(key, value)

    def update(self, kwargs):
        for key, value in kwargs.items():
            self.__setitem__(key, value)

    def __repr__(self):
        out = super(SliceDict, self).__repr__()
        return "SliceDict(**{})".format(out)

    @property
    def shape(self):
        return (self._len,)

    def copy(self):
        return type(self)(**self)

    def fromkeys(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """fromkeys method makes no sense with SliceDict and is thus not
        supported."""
        raise TypeError("SliceDict does not support fromkeys.")

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if self.keys() != other.keys():
            return False

        for key, val in self.items():
            val_other = other[key]

            # torch tensors
            if is_torch_data_type(val):
                if not is_torch_data_type(val_other):
                    return False
                if not (val == val_other).all():
                    return False
                continue

            # numpy arrays
            if isinstance(val, np.ndarray):
                if not isinstance(val_other, np.ndarray):
                    return False
                if not (val == val_other).all():
                    return False
                continue

            # rest
            if val != val_other:
                return False

        return True

    def __ne__(self, other):
        return not self.__eq__(other)


# This class must be an instance of Sequence and have an ndim
# attribute because sklearn will test this.
class SliceDataset(Sequence):
    # pylint: disable=anomalous-backslash-in-string
    """Helper class that wraps a torch dataset to make it work with
    sklearn.

    Sometimes, sklearn will touch the input data, e.g. when splitting
    the data for a grid search. This will fail when the input data is
    a torch dataset. To prevent this, use this wrapper class for your
    dataset.

    Note: This class will only return the X value by default (i.e. the
    first value returned by indexing the original dataset). Sklearn,
    and hence skorch, always require 2 values, X and y. Therefore, you
    still need to provide the y data separately.

    Note: This class behaves similarly to a PyTorch
    :class:`~torch.utils.data.Subset` when it is indexed by a slice or
    numpy array: It will return another ``SliceDataset`` that
    references the subset instead of the actual values. Only when it
    is indexed by an int does it return the actual values. The reason
    for this is to avoid loading all data into memory when sklearn,
    for instance, creates a train/validation split on the
    dataset. Data will only be loaded in batches during the fit loop.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> X = MyCustomDataset()
    >>> search = GridSearchCV(net, params, ...)
    >>> search.fit(X, y)  # raises error
    >>> ds = SliceDataset(X)
    >>> search.fit(ds, y)  # works

    Parameters
    ----------
    dataset : torch.utils.data.Dataset
      A valid torch dataset.

    idx : int (default=0)
      Indicates which element of the dataset should be
      returned. Typically, the dataset returns both X and y
      values. SliceDataset can only return 1 value. If you want to
      get X, choose idx=0 (default), if you want y, choose idx=1.

    indices : list, np.ndarray, or None (default=None)
      If you only want to return a subset of the dataset, indicate
      which subset that is by passing this argument. Typically, this
      can be left to be None, which returns all the data. See also
      :class:`~torch.utils.data.Subset`.

    """
    def __init__(self, dataset, idx=0, indices=None):
        self.dataset = dataset
        self.idx = idx
        self.indices = indices

        self.indices_ = (self.indices if self.indices is not None
                         else np.arange(len(self.dataset)))
        self.ndim = 1

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.indices_)

    @property
    def shape(self):
        return (len(self),)

    def transform(self, data):
        """Additional transformations on ``data``.

        Note: If you use this in conjuction with PyTorch
        :class:`~torch.utils.data.DataLoader`, the latter will call
        the dataset for each row separately, which means that the
        incoming ``data`` is a single rows.

        """
        return data

    def _select_item(self, Xn):
        # Raise a custom error message when accessing out of
        # bounds. However, this will only trigger as soon as this is
        # indexed by an integer.
        try:
            return Xn[self.idx]
        except IndexError:
            name = self.__class__.__name__
            msg = ("{} is trying to access element {} but there are only "
                   "{} elements.".format(name, self.idx, len(Xn)))
            raise IndexError(msg)

    def __getitem__(self, i):
        if isinstance(i, (int, np.integer)):
            Xn = self.dataset[self.indices_[i]]
            Xi = self._select_item(Xn)
            return self.transform(Xi)

        if isinstance(i, slice):
            return SliceDataset(self.dataset, idx=self.idx, indices=self.indices_[i])

        if isinstance(i, np.ndarray):
            if i.ndim != 1:
                raise IndexError("SliceDataset only supports slicing with 1 "
                                 "dimensional arrays, got {} dimensions instead."
                                 "".format(i.ndim))
            if i.dtype == np.bool:
                i = np.flatnonzero(i)

        return SliceDataset(self.dataset, idx=self.idx, indices=self.indices_[i])


def predefined_split(dataset):
    """Uses ``dataset`` for validiation in :class:`.NeuralNet`.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> valid_ds = skorch.Dataset(X, y)
    >>> net = NeuralNet(..., train_split=predefined_split(valid_ds))

    Parameters
    ----------
    dataset: torch Dataset
       Validiation dataset

    """
    return partial(_make_split, valid_ds=dataset)


class DataFrameTransformer(BaseEstimator, TransformerMixin):
    """Transform a DataFrame into a dict useful for working with skorch.

    Transforms cardinal data to floats and categorical data to vectors
    of ints so that they can be embedded.

    Although skorch can deal with pandas DataFrames, the default
    behavior is often not very useful. Use this transformer to
    transform the DataFrame into a dict with all float columns
    concatenated using the key "X" and all categorical values encoded
    as integers, using their respective column names as keys.

    Your module must have a matching signature for this to work. It
    must accept an argument ``X`` for all cardinal
    values. Additionally, for all categorical values, it must accept
    an argument with the same name as the corresponding column (see
    example below). If you need help with the required signature, use
    the ``describe_signature`` method of this class and pass it your
    data.

    You can choose whether you want to treat int columns the same as
    float columns (default) or as categorical values.

    To one-hot encode categorical features, initialize their
    corresponding embedding layers using the identity matrix.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = pd.DataFrame({
    ...     'col_floats': np.linspace(0, 1, 12),
    ...     'col_ints': [11, 11, 10] * 4,
    ...     'col_cats': ['a', 'b', 'a'] * 4,
    ... })
    >>> # cast to category dtype to later learn embeddings
    >>> df['col_cats'] = df['col_cats'].astype('category')
    >>> y = np.asarray([0, 1, 0] * 4)

    >>> class MyModule(nn.Module):
    ...     def __init__(self):
    ...         super().__init__()
    ...         self.reset_params()

    >>>     def reset_params(self):
    ...         self.embedding = nn.Embedding(2, 10)
    ...         self.linear = nn.Linear(2, 10)
    ...         self.out = nn.Linear(20, 2)
    ...         self.nonlin = nn.Softmax(dim=-1)

    >>>     def forward(self, X, col_cats):
    ...         # "X" contains the values from col_floats and col_ints
    ...         # "col_cats" contains the values from "col_cats"
    ...         X_lin = self.linear(X)
    ...         X_cat = self.embedding(col_cats)
    ...         X_concat = torch.cat((X_lin, X_cat), dim=1)
    ...         return self.nonlin(self.out(X_concat))

    >>> net = NeuralNetClassifier(MyModule)
    >>> pipe = Pipeline([
    ...     ('transform', DataFrameTransformer()),
    ...     ('net', net),
    ... ])
    >>> pipe.fit(df, y)

    Parameters
    ----------
    treat_int_as_categorical : bool (default=False)
      Whether to treat integers as categorical values or as cardinal
      values, i.e. the same as floats.

    float_dtype : numpy dtype or None (default=np.float32)
      The dtype to cast the cardinal values to. If None, don't change
      them.

    int_dtype : numpy dtype or None (default=np.int64)
      The dtype to cast the categorical values to. If None, don't
      change them. If you do this, it can happen that the categorical
      values will have different dtypes, reflecting the number of
      unique categories.

    Notes
    -----
    The value of X will always be 2-dimensional, even if it only
    contains 1 column.

    """
    import pandas as pd

    def __init__(
            self,
            treat_int_as_categorical=False,
            float_dtype=np.float32,
            int_dtype=np.int64,
    ):
        self.treat_int_as_categorical = treat_int_as_categorical
        self.float_dtype = float_dtype
        self.int_dtype = int_dtype

    def _check_dtypes(self, df):
        """Perform a check on the DataFrame to detect wrong dtypes or keys.

        Makes sure that there are no conflicts in key names.

        If dtypes are found that cannot be dealt with, raises a
        TypeError with a message indicating which ones caused trouble.

        Raises
        ------
        ValueError
          If there already is a column named 'X'.

        TypeError
          If a wrong dtype is found.

        """
        if 'X' in df:
            raise ValueError(
                "DataFrame contains a column named 'X', which clashes "
                "with the name chosen for cardinal features; consider "
                "renaming that column.")

        wrong_dtypes = []

        for col, dtype in zip(df, df.dtypes):
            if isinstance(dtype, self.pd.api.types.CategoricalDtype):
                continue
            if np.issubdtype(dtype, np.integer):
                continue
            if np.issubdtype(dtype, np.floating):
                continue
            wrong_dtypes.append((col, dtype))

        if not wrong_dtypes:
            return

        wrong_dtypes = sorted(wrong_dtypes, key=lambda tup: tup[0])
        msg_dtypes = ", ".join(
            "{} ({})".format(col, dtype) for col, dtype in wrong_dtypes)
        msg = ("The following columns have dtypes that cannot be "
               "interpreted as numerical dtypes: {}".format(msg_dtypes))
        raise TypeError(msg)

    # pylint: disable=unused-argument
    def fit(self, df, y=None, **fit_params):
        self._check_dtypes(df)
        return self

    def transform(self, df):
        """Transform DataFrame to become a dict that works well with skorch.

        Parameters
        ----------
        df : pd.DataFrame
          Incoming DataFrame.

        Returns
        -------
        X_dict: dict
          Dictionary with all floats concatenated using the key "X"
          and all categorical values encoded as integers, using their
          respective column names as keys.

        """
        self._check_dtypes(df)

        X_dict = {}
        Xf = []  # floats

        for col, dtype in zip(df, df.dtypes):
            X_col = df[col]

            if isinstance(dtype, self.pd.api.types.CategoricalDtype):
                x = X_col.cat.codes.values
                if self.int_dtype is not None:
                    x = x.astype(self.int_dtype)
                X_dict[col] = x
                continue

            if (
                    np.issubdtype(dtype, np.integer)
                    and self.treat_int_as_categorical
            ):
                x = X_col.astype('category').cat.codes.values
                if self.int_dtype is not None:
                    x = x.astype(self.int_dtype)
                X_dict[col] = x
                continue

            Xf.append(X_col.values)

        if not Xf:
            return X_dict

        X = np.stack(Xf, axis=1)
        if self.float_dtype is not None:
            X = X.astype(self.float_dtype)
        X_dict['X'] = X
        return X_dict

    def describe_signature(self, df):
        """Describe the signature required for the given data.

        Pass the DataFrame to receive a description of the signature
        required for the module's forward method. The description
        consists of three parts:

        1. The names of the arguments that the forward method
        needs.
        2. The dtypes of the torch tensors passed to forward.
        3. The number of input units that are required for the
        corresponding argument. For the float parameter, this is just
        the number of dimensions of the tensor. For categorical
        parameters, it is the number of unique elements.

        Returns
        -------
        signature : dict
          Returns a dict with each key corresponding to one key
          required for the forward method. The values are dictionaries
          of two elements. The key "dtype" describes the torch dtype
          of the resulting tensor, the key "input_units" describes the
          required number of input units.

        """
        X_dict = self.fit_transform(df)
        signature = {}

        X = X_dict.get('X')
        if X is not None:
            signature['X'] = dict(
                dtype=to_tensor(X, device='cpu').dtype,
                input_units=X.shape[1],
            )

        for key, val in X_dict.items():
            if key == 'X':
                continue

            tensor = to_tensor(val, device='cpu')
            nunique = len(torch.unique(tensor))
            signature[key] = dict(
                dtype=tensor.dtype,
                input_units=nunique,
            )

        return signature

"""Helper functions and classes for users.

They should not be used in skorch directly.

"""
from collections import Sequence
from collections import namedtuple
from functools import partial

import numpy as np
from sklearn.base import BaseEstimator
from sklearn.base import TransformerMixin
import torch

from skorch.cli import parse_args
from skorch.utils import _make_split
from skorch.utils import is_torch_data_type
from skorch.utils import to_tensor


class SliceDict(dict):
    """Wrapper for Python dict that makes it sliceable across values.

    Use this if your input data is a dictionary and you have problems
    with sklearn not being able to slice it. Wrap your dict with
    SliceDict and it should usually work.

    Note:

    * SliceDict cannot be indexed by integers, if you want one row,
      say row 3, use `[3:4]`.
    * SliceDict accepts numpy arrays and torch tensors as values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> X = {'key0': val0, 'key1': val1}
    >>> search = GridSearchCV(net, params, ...)
    >>> search.fit(X, y)  # raises error
    >>> Xs = SliceDict(key0=val0, key1=val1)  # or Xs = SliceDict(**X)
    >>> search.fit(Xs, y)  # works

    """
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        lengths = [value.shape[0] for value in kwargs.values()]
        lengths_set = set(lengths)
        if lengths_set and (len(lengths_set) != 1):
            raise ValueError(
                "Initialized with items of different lengths: {}"
                "".format(', '.join(map(str, sorted(lengths_set)))))

        if not lengths:
            self._len = 0
        else:
            self._len = lengths[0]

        super(SliceDict, self).__init__(**kwargs)

    def __len__(self):
        return self._len

    def __getitem__(self, sl):
        if isinstance(sl, int):
            # Indexing with integers is not well-defined because that
            # recudes the dimension of arrays by one, messing up
            # lengths and shapes.
            raise ValueError("SliceDict cannot be indexed by integers.")
        if isinstance(sl, str):
            return super(SliceDict, self).__getitem__(sl)
        return SliceDict(**{k: v[sl] for k, v in self.items()})

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        if not isinstance(key, str):
            raise TypeError("Key must be str, not {}.".format(type(key)))

        length = value.shape[0]
        if not self.keys():
            self._len = length

        if self._len != length:
            raise ValueError(
                "Cannot set array with shape[0] != {}"
                "".format(self._len))

        super(SliceDict, self).__setitem__(key, value)

    def update(self, kwargs):
        for key, value in kwargs.items():
            self.__setitem__(key, value)

    def __repr__(self):
        out = super(SliceDict, self).__repr__()
        return "SliceDict(**{})".format(out)

    @property
    def shape(self):
        return (self._len,)

    def copy(self):
        return type(self)(**self)

    def fromkeys(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """fromkeys method makes no sense with SliceDict and is thus not
        supported."""
        raise TypeError("SliceDict does not support fromkeys.")

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if self.keys() != other.keys():
            return False

        for key, val in self.items():
            val_other = other[key]

            # torch tensors
            if is_torch_data_type(val):
                if not is_torch_data_type(val_other):
                    return False
                if not (val == val_other).all():
                    return False
                continue

            # numpy arrays
            if isinstance(val, np.ndarray):
                if not isinstance(val_other, np.ndarray):
                    return False
                if not (val == val_other).all():
                    return False
                continue

            # rest
            if val != val_other:
                return False

        return True

    def __ne__(self, other):
        return not self.__eq__(other)


# This class must be an instance of Sequence and have an ndim
# attribute because sklearn will test this.
class SliceDataset(Sequence):
    # pylint: disable=anomalous-backslash-in-string
    """Helper class that wraps a torch dataset to make it work with
    sklearn.

    Sometimes, sklearn will touch the input data, e.g. when splitting
    the data for a grid search. This will fail when the input data is
    a torch dataset. To prevent this, use this wrapper class for your
    dataset.

    Note: This class will only return the X value by default (i.e. the
    first value returned by indexing the original dataset). Sklearn,
    and hence skorch, always require 2 values, X and y. Therefore, you
    still need to provide the y data separately.

    Note: This class behaves similarly to a PyTorch
    :class:`~torch.utils.data.Subset` when it is indexed by a slice or
    numpy array: It will return another ``SliceDataset`` that
    references the subset instead of the actual values. Only when it
    is indexed by an int does it return the actual values. The reason
    for this is to avoid loading all data into memory when sklearn,
    for instance, creates a train/validation split on the
    dataset. Data will only be loaded in batches during the fit loop.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> X = MyCustomDataset()
    >>> search = GridSearchCV(net, params, ...)
    >>> search.fit(X, y)  # raises error
    >>> ds = SliceDataset(X)
    >>> search.fit(ds, y)  # works

    Parameters
    ----------
    dataset : torch.utils.data.Dataset
      A valid torch dataset.

    idx : int (default=0)
      Indicates which element of the dataset should be
      returned. Typically, the dataset returns both X and y
      values. SliceDataset can only return 1 value. If you want to
      get X, choose idx=0 (default), if you want y, choose idx=1.

    indices : list, np.ndarray, or None (default=None)
      If you only want to return a subset of the dataset, indicate
      which subset that is by passing this argument. Typically, this
      can be left to be None, which returns all the data. See also
      :class:`~torch.utils.data.Subset`.

    """
    def __init__(self, dataset, idx=0, indices=None):
        self.dataset = dataset
        self.idx = idx
        self.indices = indices

        self.indices_ = (self.indices if self.indices is not None
                         else np.arange(len(self.dataset)))
        self.ndim = 1

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.indices_)

    @property
    def shape(self):
        return (len(self),)

    def transform(self, data):
        """Additional transformations on ``data``.

        Note: If you use this in conjuction with PyTorch
        :class:`~torch.utils.data.DataLoader`, the latter will call
        the dataset for each row separately, which means that the
        incoming ``data`` is a single rows.

        """
        return data

    def _select_item(self, Xn):
        # Raise a custom error message when accessing out of
        # bounds. However, this will only trigger as soon as this is
        # indexed by an integer.
        try:
            return Xn[self.idx]
        except IndexError:
            name = self.__class__.__name__
            msg = ("{} is trying to access element {} but there are only "
                   "{} elements.".format(name, self.idx, len(Xn)))
            raise IndexError(msg)

    def __getitem__(self, i):
        if isinstance(i, (int, np.integer)):
            Xn = self.dataset[self.indices_[i]]
            Xi = self._select_item(Xn)
            return self.transform(Xi)

        if isinstance(i, slice):
            return SliceDataset(self.dataset, idx=self.idx, indices=self.indices_[i])

        if isinstance(i, np.ndarray):
            if i.ndim != 1:
                raise IndexError("SliceDataset only supports slicing with 1 "
                                 "dimensional arrays, got {} dimensions instead."
                                 "".format(i.ndim))
            if i.dtype == np.bool:
                i = np.flatnonzero(i)

        return SliceDataset(self.dataset, idx=self.idx, indices=self.indices_[i])


def predefined_split(dataset):
    """Uses ``dataset`` for validiation in :class:`.NeuralNet`.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> valid_ds = skorch.Dataset(X, y)
    >>> net = NeuralNet(..., train_split=predefined_split(valid_ds))

    Parameters
    ----------
    dataset: torch Dataset
       Validiation dataset

    """
    return partial(_make_split, valid_ds=dataset)


class DataFrameTransformer(BaseEstimator, TransformerMixin):
    """Transform a DataFrame into a dict useful for working with skorch.

    Transforms cardinal data to floats and categorical data to vectors
    of ints so that they can be embedded.

    Although skorch can deal with pandas DataFrames, the default
    behavior is often not very useful. Use this transformer to
    transform the DataFrame into a dict with all float columns
    concatenated using the key "X" and all categorical values encoded
    as integers, using their respective column names as keys.

    Your module must have a matching signature for this to work. It
    must accept an argument ``X`` for all cardinal
    values. Additionally, for all categorical values, it must accept
    an argument with the same name as the corresponding column (see
    example below). If you need help with the required signature, use
    the ``describe_signature`` method of this class and pass it your
    data.

    You can choose whether you want to treat int columns the same as
    float columns (default) or as categorical values.

    To one-hot encode categorical features, initialize their
    corresponding embedding layers using the identity matrix.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = pd.DataFrame({
    ...     'col_floats': np.linspace(0, 1, 12),
    ...     'col_ints': [11, 11, 10] * 4,
    ...     'col_cats': ['a', 'b', 'a'] * 4,
    ... })
    >>> # cast to category dtype to later learn embeddings
    >>> df['col_cats'] = df['col_cats'].astype('category')
    >>> y = np.asarray([0, 1, 0] * 4)

    >>> class MyModule(nn.Module):
    ...     def __init__(self):
    ...         super().__init__()
    ...         self.reset_params()

    >>>     def reset_params(self):
    ...         self.embedding = nn.Embedding(2, 10)
    ...         self.linear = nn.Linear(2, 10)
    ...         self.out = nn.Linear(20, 2)
    ...         self.nonlin = nn.Softmax(dim=-1)

    >>>     def forward(self, X, col_cats):
    ...         # "X" contains the values from col_floats and col_ints
    ...         # "col_cats" contains the values from "col_cats"
    ...         X_lin = self.linear(X)
    ...         X_cat = self.embedding(col_cats)
    ...         X_concat = torch.cat((X_lin, X_cat), dim=1)
    ...         return self.nonlin(self.out(X_concat))

    >>> net = NeuralNetClassifier(MyModule)
    >>> pipe = Pipeline([
    ...     ('transform', DataFrameTransformer()),
    ...     ('net', net),
    ... ])
    >>> pipe.fit(df, y)

    Parameters
    ----------
    treat_int_as_categorical : bool (default=False)
      Whether to treat integers as categorical values or as cardinal
      values, i.e. the same as floats.

    float_dtype : numpy dtype or None (default=np.float32)
      The dtype to cast the cardinal values to. If None, don't change
      them.

    int_dtype : numpy dtype or None (default=np.int64)
      The dtype to cast the categorical values to. If None, don't
      change them. If you do this, it can happen that the categorical
      values will have different dtypes, reflecting the number of
      unique categories.

    Notes
    -----
    The value of X will always be 2-dimensional, even if it only
    contains 1 column.

    """
    import pandas as pd

    def __init__(
            self,
            treat_int_as_categorical=False,
            float_dtype=np.float32,
            int_dtype=np.int64,
    ):
        self.treat_int_as_categorical = treat_int_as_categorical
        self.float_dtype = float_dtype
        self.int_dtype = int_dtype

    def _check_dtypes(self, df):
        """Perform a check on the DataFrame to detect wrong dtypes or keys.

        Makes sure that there are no conflicts in key names.

        If dtypes are found that cannot be dealt with, raises a
        TypeError with a message indicating which ones caused trouble.

        Raises
        ------
        ValueError
          If there already is a column named 'X'.

        TypeError
          If a wrong dtype is found.

        """
        if 'X' in df:
            raise ValueError(
                "DataFrame contains a column named 'X', which clashes "
                "with the name chosen for cardinal features; consider "
                "renaming that column.")

        wrong_dtypes = []

        for col, dtype in zip(df, df.dtypes):
            if isinstance(dtype, self.pd.api.types.CategoricalDtype):
                continue
            if np.issubdtype(dtype, np.integer):
                continue
            if np.issubdtype(dtype, np.floating):
                continue
            wrong_dtypes.append((col, dtype))

        if not wrong_dtypes:
            return

        wrong_dtypes = sorted(wrong_dtypes, key=lambda tup: tup[0])
        msg_dtypes = ", ".join(
            "{} ({})".format(col, dtype) for col, dtype in wrong_dtypes)
        msg = ("The following columns have dtypes that cannot be "
               "interpreted as numerical dtypes: {}".format(msg_dtypes))
        raise TypeError(msg)

    # pylint: disable=unused-argument
    def fit(self, df, y=None, **fit_params):
        self._check_dtypes(df)
        return self

    def transform(self, df):
        """Transform DataFrame to become a dict that works well with skorch.

        Parameters
        ----------
        df : pd.DataFrame
          Incoming DataFrame.

        Returns
        -------
        X_dict: dict
          Dictionary with all floats concatenated using the key "X"
          and all categorical values encoded as integers, using their
          respective column names as keys.

        """
        self._check_dtypes(df)

        X_dict = {}
        Xf = []  # floats

        for col, dtype in zip(df, df.dtypes):
            X_col = df[col]

            if isinstance(dtype, self.pd.api.types.CategoricalDtype):
                x = X_col.cat.codes.values
                if self.int_dtype is not None:
                    x = x.astype(self.int_dtype)
                X_dict[col] = x
                continue

            if (
                    np.issubdtype(dtype, np.integer)
                    and self.treat_int_as_categorical
            ):
                x = X_col.astype('category').cat.codes.values
                if self.int_dtype is not None:
                    x = x.astype(self.int_dtype)
                X_dict[col] = x
                continue

            Xf.append(X_col.values)

        if not Xf:
            return X_dict

        X = np.stack(Xf, axis=1)
        if self.float_dtype is not None:
            X = X.astype(self.float_dtype)
        X_dict['X'] = X
        return X_dict

    def describe_signature(self, df):
        """Describe the signature required for the given data.

        Pass the DataFrame to receive a description of the signature
        required for the module's forward method. The description
        consists of three parts:

        1. The names of the arguments that the forward method
        needs.
        2. The dtypes of the torch tensors passed to forward.
        3. The number of input units that are required for the
        corresponding argument. For the float parameter, this is just
        the number of dimensions of the tensor. For categorical
        parameters, it is the number of unique elements.

        Returns
        -------
        signature : dict
          Returns a dict with each key corresponding to one key
          required for the forward method. The values are dictionaries
          of two elements. The key "dtype" describes the torch dtype
          of the resulting tensor, the key "input_units" describes the
          required number of input units.

        """
        X_dict = self.fit_transform(df)
        signature = {}

        X = X_dict.get('X')
        if X is not None:
            signature['X'] = dict(
                dtype=to_tensor(X, device='cpu').dtype,
                input_units=X.shape[1],
            )

        for key, val in X_dict.items():
            if key == 'X':
                continue

            tensor = to_tensor(val, device='cpu')
            nunique = len(torch.unique(tensor))
            signature[key] = dict(
                dtype=tensor.dtype,
                input_units=nunique,
            )

        return signature

Helper functions and classes for users.  They should not be used in skorch directly. Wrapper for Python dict that makes it sliceable across values.      Use this if your input data is a dictionary and you have problems     with sklearn not being able to slice it. Wrap your dict with     SliceDict and it should usually work.      Note:      * SliceDict cannot be indexed by integers, if you want one row,       say row 3, use `[3:4]`.     * SliceDict accepts numpy arrays and torch tensors as values.      Examples     --------     >>> X = {'key0': val0, 'key1': val1}     >>> search = GridSearchCV(net, params, ...)     >>> search.fit(X, y)  # raises error     >>> Xs = SliceDict(key0=val0, key1=val1)  # or Xs = SliceDict(**X)     >>> search.fit(Xs, y)  # works # Indexing with integers is not well-defined because that # recudes the dimension of arrays by one, messing up # lengths and shapes. fromkeys method makes no sense with SliceDict and is thus not         supported. # torch tensors # numpy arrays # rest # This class must be an instance of Sequence and have an ndim # attribute because sklearn will test this. # pylint: disable=anomalous-backslash-in-string Helper class that wraps a torch dataset to make it work with     sklearn.      Sometimes, sklearn will touch the input data, e.g. when splitting     the data for a grid search. This will fail when the input data is     a torch dataset. To prevent this, use this wrapper class for your     dataset.      Note: This class will only return the X value by default (i.e. the     first value returned by indexing the original dataset). Sklearn,     and hence skorch, always require 2 values, X and y. Therefore, you     still need to provide the y data separately.      Note: This class behaves similarly to a PyTorch     :class:`~torch.utils.data.Subset` when it is indexed by a slice or     numpy array: It will return another ``SliceDataset`` that     references the subset instead of the actual values. Only when it     is indexed by an int does it return the actual values. The reason     for this is to avoid loading all data into memory when sklearn,     for instance, creates a train/validation split on the     dataset. Data will only be loaded in batches during the fit loop.      Examples     --------     >>> X = MyCustomDataset()     >>> search = GridSearchCV(net, params, ...)     >>> search.fit(X, y)  # raises error     >>> ds = SliceDataset(X)     >>> search.fit(ds, y)  # works      Parameters     ----------     dataset : torch.utils.data.Dataset       A valid torch dataset.      idx : int (default=0)       Indicates which element of the dataset should be       returned. Typically, the dataset returns both X and y       values. SliceDataset can only return 1 value. If you want to       get X, choose idx=0 (default), if you want y, choose idx=1.      indices : list, np.ndarray, or None (default=None)       If you only want to return a subset of the dataset, indicate       which subset that is by passing this argument. Typically, this       can be left to be None, which returns all the data. See also       :class:`~torch.utils.data.Subset`. Additional transformations on ``data``.          Note: If you use this in conjuction with PyTorch         :class:`~torch.utils.data.DataLoader`, the latter will call         the dataset for each row separately, which means that the         incoming ``data`` is a single rows. # Raise a custom error message when accessing out of # bounds. However, this will only trigger as soon as this is # indexed by an integer. Uses ``dataset`` for validiation in :class:`.NeuralNet`.      Examples     --------     >>> valid_ds = skorch.Dataset(X, y)     >>> net = NeuralNet(..., train_split=predefined_split(valid_ds))      Parameters     ----------     dataset: torch Dataset        Validiation dataset Transform a DataFrame into a dict useful for working with skorch.      Transforms cardinal data to floats and categorical data to vectors     of ints so that they can be embedded.      Although skorch can deal with pandas DataFrames, the default     behavior is often not very useful. Use this transformer to     transform the DataFrame into a dict with all float columns     concatenated using the key "X" and all categorical values encoded     as integers, using their respective column names as keys.      Your module must have a matching signature for this to work. It     must accept an argument ``X`` for all cardinal     values. Additionally, for all categorical values, it must accept     an argument with the same name as the corresponding column (see     example below). If you need help with the required signature, use     the ``describe_signature`` method of this class and pass it your     data.      You can choose whether you want to treat int columns the same as     float columns (default) or as categorical values.      To one-hot encode categorical features, initialize their     corresponding embedding layers using the identity matrix.      Examples     --------     >>> df = pd.DataFrame({     ...     'col_floats': np.linspace(0, 1, 12),     ...     'col_ints': [11, 11, 10] * 4,     ...     'col_cats': ['a', 'b', 'a'] * 4,     ... })     >>> # cast to category dtype to later learn embeddings     >>> df['col_cats'] = df['col_cats'].astype('category')     >>> y = np.asarray([0, 1, 0] * 4)      >>> class MyModule(nn.Module):     ...     def __init__(self):     ...         super().__init__()     ...         self.reset_params()      >>>     def reset_params(self):     ...         self.embedding = nn.Embedding(2, 10)     ...         self.linear = nn.Linear(2, 10)     ...         self.out = nn.Linear(20, 2)     ...         self.nonlin = nn.Softmax(dim=-1)      >>>     def forward(self, X, col_cats):     ...         # "X" contains the values from col_floats and col_ints     ...         # "col_cats" contains the values from "col_cats"     ...         X_lin = self.linear(X)     ...         X_cat = self.embedding(col_cats)     ...         X_concat = torch.cat((X_lin, X_cat), dim=1)     ...         return self.nonlin(self.out(X_concat))      >>> net = NeuralNetClassifier(MyModule)     >>> pipe = Pipeline([     ...     ('transform', DataFrameTransformer()),     ...     ('net', net),     ... ])     >>> pipe.fit(df, y)      Parameters     ----------     treat_int_as_categorical : bool (default=False)       Whether to treat integers as categorical values or as cardinal       values, i.e. the same as floats.      float_dtype : numpy dtype or None (default=np.float32)       The dtype to cast the cardinal values to. If None, don't change       them.      int_dtype : numpy dtype or None (default=np.int64)       The dtype to cast the categorical values to. If None, don't       change them. If you do this, it can happen that the categorical       values will have different dtypes, reflecting the number of       unique categories.      Notes     -----     The value of X will always be 2-dimensional, even if it only     contains 1 column. Perform a check on the DataFrame to detect wrong dtypes or keys.          Makes sure that there are no conflicts in key names.          If dtypes are found that cannot be dealt with, raises a         TypeError with a message indicating which ones caused trouble.          Raises         ------         ValueError           If there already is a column named 'X'.          TypeError           If a wrong dtype is found. # pylint: disable=unused-argument Transform DataFrame to become a dict that works well with skorch.          Parameters         ----------         df : pd.DataFrame           Incoming DataFrame.          Returns         -------         X_dict: dict           Dictionary with all floats concatenated using the key "X"           and all categorical values encoded as integers, using their           respective column names as keys. # floats Describe the signature required for the given data.          Pass the DataFrame to receive a description of the signature         required for the module's forward method. The description         consists of three parts:          1. The names of the arguments that the forward method         needs.         2. The dtypes of the torch tensors passed to forward.         3. The number of input units that are required for the         corresponding argument. For the float parameter, this is just         the number of dimensions of the tensor. For categorical         parameters, it is the number of unique elements.          Returns         -------         signature : dict           Returns a dict with each key corresponding to one key           required for the forward method. The values are dictionaries           of two elements. The key "dtype" describes the torch dtype           of the resulting tensor, the key "input_units" describes the           required number of input units.