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MYCS Bibliothèque murale - NULL, contemporaine, rangements pour livres élégants, pratiques - 303 x 196 x 34 cm, personnalisable Une bibliothèque murale design en panneaux dérivés de bois NULL avec de multiples possibilités de rangement, avec pieds optionnel.Dimensions: Largeur 303 x Hauteur 196 x Profondeur 34.Vous rêvez d'une bibliothèque murale personnalisable qui saura mettre en valeur vos romans et vos beaux-livres? Chez MYCS, nous vous proposonsde concevoir la bibliothèque qui saura habiller le mur de votre salon. Avec notre configurateur, vous pouvez définir la taille et agencer nos modulesen fonction de vos besoins. Nous proposons plusieurs dimensions possibles pour nos étagères : la hauteur peut varier de 41 à 348 cm, la largeur de 41 à 498 cmtandis que la profondeur des étagères est fixée à 34 cm. De plus, nos tablettes sont extensibles. Vous avez la possibilité de les agrandir ultérieurementpour optimiser votre espace de rangement. De nos jours, les bibliothèques murales jouent sur plusieurs tableaux. Ainsi, aménagez un emplacementpour installer votre télévision et plusieurs compartiments pour y poser l'équipement éléctronique. Nous vous laissons également la possibilité deconfigurer des tiroirs pour y déposer les télécommandes et les câbles multimédia dont vous avez besoin. Devenez l'architecte de votre intérieur enassociant les différentes couleurs proposées à nos finitions mélaminées effet bois pour obtenir une composition murale design. La livraison à domicile est gratuite.Si vous souhaitez profiter de votre bibliothèque sans stress, faîtes appel à notre équipe d'installateurs qui pourront monter votre meuble. 1619EUR : + D'INFOS COMMANDER Offres similaires : MYCS Bibliothèque murale - NULL, contemporaine, rangements pour livres élégants, pratiques - 303 x 195 x 47 cm, personnalisable 2003€ MYCS Étagère murale - NULL, contemporaine, placard, rangements pour livres élégants, pratiques - 118 x 41 x 34 cm, personnalisable 383€ MYCS Bibliothèque murale - NULL, contemporaine, rangements pour livres élégants, pratiques - 154 x 196 x 34 cm, personnalisable 1475€ MYCS Bibliothèque - NULL, design, étagère pour livres, sophistiquée, ouverte et fonctionelle - 192 x 158 x 34 cm, personnalisable 1193€ MYCS Étagère murale - NULL, contemporaine, placard, rangements pour livres élégants, pratiques - 272 x 41 x 34 cm, personnalisable 755€ MYCS Étagère murale - NULL, contemporaine, placard, rangements pour livres élégants, pratiques - 118 x 41 x 34 cm, personnalisable 467€ MYCS Étagère murale - NULL, contemporaine, placard, rangements pour livres élégants, pratiques - 77 x 41 x 47 cm, personnalisable 341€ MYCS Étagère murale - NULL, contemporaine, placard, rangements pour livres élégants, pratiques - 151 x 60 x 34 cm, personnalisable 947€ MYCS Bibliothèque - NULL, design, étagère pour livres, sophistiquée, ouverte et fonctionelle - 226 x 233 x 34 cm, personnalisable 929€
How can we future-proof alkali-activation technology, going beyond well-established precursors such as fly ash and blast furnace slag? Can widespread clay minerals play a future role in sustainable cement (i.e. cement with a substantially lower CO2 footprint), thereby playing a key role in the transition to a climate-neutral economy, as called for in the European Green Deal? Researchers from SIM² KU Leuven published a critical review paper on this topic of alkali-activation of clay minerals in the journal Cement and Concrete Research together with colleagues from the Universities of Bath and Leeds. Significant progress has been made in recent years in understanding the fundamental mechanisms of the activation process of alkali-activated materials (AAMs), as well as more applied aspects such as appropriate testing procedures and life cycle analysis. A vast range of precursors has been investigated, such as construction and demolition waste, non-ferrous metallurgy slags, amongst others. However, the depth of understanding required for commercial adoption is so far limited to a very few precursors: fly ash from coal combustion, blast furnace slag (GGBS) from the iron making process, and metakaolin obtained from calcination of kaolinitic clays. Limits to fly ash and GGBS usage Although their viability as precursors has been proven, there is a growing move to look beyond these three resources. Fly ash and GGBS will continue to be produced in large quantities into the 21st century, but changes in industrial production and geographical distribution mean they are not guaranteed to be universally available for mass-scale AAMs production. Utilisation rates of coal combustion by-products (including fly ash) are already as high as >90% in Europe and Japan, although this is lower (<15%) in other regions such as Middle East, Africa and Asia. There is a debate over whether these are more efficiently used as high volume replacement supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in blended Portland cement systems, rather than as precursors in AAMs. Although the construction industry is still the biggest consumer of these resources, there are numerous other potential applications for fly ash such as catalysts for the recovery of metals, and emerging uses of GGBS such as carbon sequestration and soil remediation in farmland. Sustainability credentials are eroded by the use of long distance transport when there are not production sites in close proximity to cement plants, for example, the importing of fly ash from China to the UK. Questions also remain over how to fairly assign their environmental impacts as by-products of industrial processes, rather than simply as waste. Clay minerals, beyond just high purity kaolinite, are a diverse and abundant aluminosilicate resource that has the potential to supply scalable, widely available and adaptable precursors for cementitious materials in general, including AAM production. There has been a recent focus on the use of lower purity clay resources for AAM production, as well as LC3 cements, and how to test their reactivity. Many of the findings from research into clay minerals as SCMs in Portland cement-based systems (as well as other engineering fields) are transferrable to AAMs, particularly around reactivity and measurement thereof. But as is elaborated in this review, much of the research is not ‘system-agnostic’, due to the different reaction pathways and pore solutions found in AAMs. Hence, specific research is required to understand and validate the use of clay minerals in AAMs. Critical review paper The starting point of the review is a brief overview of clay mineralogy, with a focus on the characteristics which influence reactivity and reaction pathways in AAMs. From the large range of clay minerals in existence, this review focuses on kaolinite, halloysite, montmorillonite and illite. These were selected to give insights from comparisons within, and between, 1:1 clay mineral (kaolinite, halloysite) and 2:1 clay minerals (montmorillonite, illite). Other clay minerals, a small number of which have been investigated in alkali activation, are too numerous to be reviewed here – descriptions of the variety of clay minerals and their mineralogy can be found elsewhere. Given that kaolinite (and metakaolin) have been exhaustively studied, these are considered here largely as a reference point for other clay minerals. The most recent understanding on the alkali-activation process is briefly presented, as is relevant to clay minerals. From then, the activation of these clay minerals as individual precursors is evaluated, considering the influences of processing, activator composition as well as the clay minerals themselves. Given that clay resources are often low purity mixtures of clay minerals, analysis is then extended to studies of lower purity and/or mixed resources (common clay deposits, soils), before concluding with insights on the remaining opportunities and challenges for this field. Alkali-activated materials can be made from widespread clay minerals Clay type and treatment conditions influence fresh properties and phase formation Lower crystallinity clay deposits are promising for scaled up production A one-size-fits-all approach cannot be used for different clay minerals Full reference of the paper Ahmed Z. Khalifa, Özlem Cizer, Yiannis Pontikes, Andrew Heath, Pascaline Patureau, Susan A. Bernal, Alastair T.M. Marsh, Advances in alkali-activation of clay minerals, Cement and Concrete Research, Volume 132, 2020, 106050, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106050 A.Z. Khalifa is supported by the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO) research project G0C2615N. The research contributed by A.T.M. Marsh in this review was sponsored by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) through grants EP/L016869/1 and EP/R001642/1, and a University of Bath Research Scholarship. Participation of S.A. Bernal was partially sponsored by EPSRC through grants EP/R001642/1 and EP/T008407/1, and National Science Foundation (NSF) through award 1903457. SIM² KU Leuven? SIM² KU Leuven is the KU Leuven Institute for Sustainable Metals and Minerals (SIM² in short). SIM² is one of the four official KU Leuven Institutes that were endorsed by the KU Leuven Academic Council in November 2019. SIM² has more than 220 members, coming from a wide range of (interdisciplinary) research groups and departments at KU Leuven. SIM²’s missions is “to develop, organise & implement problem-driven, science-deep research & future-oriented education, contributing to the environmentally friendly production & recycling of metals, minerals & engineered materials, supporting (…) a climate-friendly, circular-economy”. Read more about the new KU Leuven Institute here. Follow SIM² on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/18118889
CDC Shortens Recommended Quarantine Time For Covid-19 CDC shortens recommended Covid-19 isolation and quarantine time The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on Monday shortened the recommended times that people should isolate when they've tested positive for Covid-19 from 10 days to five days if they don't have symptoms and if they wear a mask around others for at least five more days. The CDC also shortened the recommended time for people to quarantine if they are exposed to the virus to a similar five days if they are vaccinated. People who are fully vaccinated and boosted may not need to quarantine at all, the CDC said. People whose symptoms are getting better may also leave their homes after five days so long as their symptoms are improving. People who have a fever should stay home until the fever clears up. Quarantine refers to the time people stay away from others if they are exposed to a disease but not yet testing positive or showing symptoms. CDC changed those recommendations, too. "For people who are unvaccinated or are more than six months out from their second mRNA dose and not yet boosted, CDC now recommends quarantine for five days followed by strict mask use for an additional five days," it said. People who are vaccinated and boosted are usually off the hook for quarantine, CDC said. Dr. Anthony Fauci said the changes were aimed, in part, at keeping society running smoothly. Boosters greatly lower the risk that someone will get infected and pass the virus to someone else. Everyone who can get a vaccine, should get one, the CDC stressed. Last week, the CDC updated its guidance for health care workers with Covid-19 who show no symptoms or have mild symptoms, saying they can return to work after seven days if they test negative for infection at that point. Previously, people who were exposed to Covid-19 but who had not tested positive were advised to quarantine for 14 days, and people who tested positive for Covid-19 were advised to isolate for 10 full days. Don't forget that it's never too late to enroll with Healthedly Insurance Services for your life insurance Also, utilize these resources to help navigate what you're looking for:
Pontiac (wódz) Pontiac – wódz Indian z plemienia Ottawa. Urodził się około 1720 r. Jego ojciec pochodził z plemienia Ottawa, matka zaś – z plemienia Odżibwejów. Około 1755 roku Pontiac został wodzem plemienia Ottawa. Imię Pontiac pochodzi od algonkińskiego słowa obwendiyaq oznaczającego „Ten Który Uśmierza Ból”. Był wyznawcą poglądów Neolina, proroka z plemienia Delaware, który zachęcał Indian do porzucenia wszystkich brytyjskich dóbr i obyczajów. Pontiac walczył po stronie Francuzów podczas tzw. wojny Francuzów i Indian z Anglikami (1754–1763). Bitwa nad Monongahelą w roku 1755 unaoczniła Brytyjczykom słabość oddziałów europejskich walczących w szyku liniowym przeciwko partyzanckiej taktyce Indian. Podobnie jak inni wodzowie Pontiac odczuwał wyraźną wrogość do Brytyjczyków, których obwiniał za grabież ziem należących do Indian i ograniczenie handlu z osadnikami. Nie zmieniło tego nawet jedno z porozumień zawartych przez Pontiaca z brytyjskim majorem Robertem Rogersem w roku 1760. Pontiac był jedną z najwybitniejszych postaci indiańskich. Gotowy był poświęcić życie za zachowanie sposobu życia i kultury Indian, walcząc z przeważającymi siłami wroga. W walkach okazał się wybitnym wodzem, potrafiącym pokonać zdyscyplinowane i dobrze uzbrojone oddziały brytyjskie. W 1763 roku został naczelnym przywódcą tzw. powstania Pontiaka (1763-1766), zakończonego porażką sprzymierzonych plemion indiańskich. Na wezwanie wodza Ottawów do walki stawiło się w wojennym obozie nad rzeką Ecorse wiele plemion: Wyandoci, Lenapowie (in. Delawarowie), Saukowie i Lisy, Odżibueje, Shawnee, a nawet dwa plemiona irokeskie Cayuga i Seneca. 7 maja 1763 r. rozpoczęto powstanie atakiem na Detroit, którego jednak nie udało się zdobyć mimo wielotygodniowego oblężenia. Jednak w krótkim czasie zdobyto 9 spośród 12 brytyjskich fortów między zatoką Michigan a Fortem Pitt, którego również nie udało się przejąć. Po sierpniowej porażce sił indiańskich z armią pułkownika Bouqueta powstanie zaczęło upadać. W październiku 1763 r. pokój z Anglikami podpisali Odżibueje, Wyandoci i Pottawatomi, gdy Fort Detroit nadal oblegali już tylko sami Ottawowie Pontiaka. Ale i on wycofał się na południe nad rzekę Maumee, choć nadal prowadził tylko wojnę podjazdową aż do 1764 roku. Po klęsce Indian Pontiac resztę życia spędził wraz z najbliższą rodziną nad brzegami rzeki Maumee. W 1769 roku został zamordowany przez przekupionego przez Brytyjczyków Indianina z plemienia Kickapoo. Dziś wśród plemion znad Wielkich Jezior krąży legenda, że wczesną wiosną we mgle pojawia się na Jeziorem Huron widmo Pontiaka w czółnie i znika za horyzontem. Przypisy Bibliografia Wodzowie indiańscy Ludzie upamiętnieni nazewnictwem Urodzeni w 1720 Zmarli w 1769
In most cases, the problems seen throughout the rural landscape can be solved with management changes and conservation practices. The Polk SWCD works hand in hand with landowners and farmers to work to make these changes in order to solve erosion, water quality, and soil health problems. Some of these solutions are “quick fixes” and others are complete changes to the way someone manages the land. Below we have highlighted some common solutions to our environmental problems. Yearly Management Changes: These solutions involve changing the way producers and landowners manage their property or farm. Cover Crops – Turnips, cereal rye, and snow peas are all types of cover crops used across farm fields in Iowa. Cover crops are seeded after the cash crop (corn and soybeans) are harvested, covering the soil until the next years planting season. They have multiple benefits including reduced soil erosion, increased organic matter, lessened nutrient leaching, and decreased compaction. Erosion, Water Quality, Soil Health. Reduced Tillage – Tilling a farm field can destroy the soil structure, creating compaction and reducing microbial activity. In many cases, tillage is not necessary to produce a profitable cash crop. By reducing tillage, or removing tillage all together (no till), the soil structure will recover leading to greater infiltration and increased soil health. Not tilling also decreases the input costs that are associated with farming, saving the producer some money! Nutrient Management – Managing the source, amount, and timing of nutrients is a great management change that can decrease the chance of excess nutrients reaching our water sources. Determining the proper amount of nutrients to apply can also save the producer from applying too much, saving them money! Water Quality Conservation Crop Rotation – Conservation crop rotation involves growing multiple crops in succession on the same field. Most of the time, one soil conserving crop such as hay is inserted into a normal rotation of corn and beans. This management practice has the potential to break up the disease and pest cycles leading to less use of chemicals. The third crop also decreases erosion potential and adds biological diversity to the soil. Erosion, water quality, soil health. Prescribed Grazing – Prescribed grazing (or rotational grazing) is the management of the harvest of perennial vegetation using grazing animals such as cattle. This is a great way to avoid over grazing and has potential to extend the grazing time of pastures. Preventing the vegetation from becoming overgrazed also provides more ground cover reducing the chance of erosion and helping water quality. Erosion, water quality Permanent Landscape Changes: These conservation practices are “one-time” fixes and usually don’t require changes to the land management. In many cases, these are structures or plantings that are placed on the ground and kept there indefinitely requiring only occasional maintenance. Terraces – Terraces are earthen embankments placed across the slope of a hillside. They intercept surface runoff and reduce erosion. Erosion, Water Quality Water and Sediment Control Basins – A Water and Sediment Control Basin (WASCOBS) is an embankment of soil placed across (perpendicular to) an area of concentrated water flow. This embankment intercepts the water flow, slowing it down and allowing the sediment and pollutants to be removed. Erosion, Water Quality Grasses Waterways – Grassed waterways are installed along areas of concentrated water flow and are designed to convey water off the field during rain events. They are seeded down to grass that holds the soil in place, preventing erosion. Erosion, Water Quality Filter Strips – Filter strips are planted between fields and surface waters (streams, lakes, rivers…etc) to protect water quality. The vegetation the strip is planted to (usually grasses or prairie plants) slows down the surface water as it flows from the adjacent fields, settling out nutrients and sediment before it reaches the water sources. Water Quality, Erosion Contour Buffer Strips – Contour buffer strips are narrow strips of perennial vegetation planted along the slopes of hillsides between wider strips of crop. They are placed strategically to slow down surface waters and prevent erosion. Prairie STRIPS are contour buffers strips that are planted to prairie plants and can have a secondary benefit to pollinators! Erosion, Water Quality. Saturated Buffer – Saturated buffers are specifically designed to remove nitrates from farm field tiles. Normally, these tiles run underneath a filter strip and dump directly into a river or stream, dumping nitrogen directly into the stream. A water control structure box is placed on this tile line directing water out laterally through new perforated along the filter strip. The water then seeps through the filter strip before it enters the stream or river. This allows for the nitrogen to be removed from the water by the plants and soils. Once installed, the saturated buffer is barely visible on the landscape. Water Quality Bioreactor – Bioreactors are another practice that is designed to improve water quality, specifically removing nitrates. A large pit is dug adjacent to a tile line and filled with wood chips. Tile water is then directed from the original tile into the bioreactor and allowed to flow through the woodchips before exiting back into the tile. The microbes in the woodchips remove the nitrate from the water before it is discharged into the stream or river. Water Quality Wetlands – There are two main tops of wetlands in Iowa; constructed and restored. Constructed wetlands usually involve placing an embankment across an area of high volume of concentrated flow. The water is then slowed down and stored in the wetland allowing the pollutants to settle out. Restored wetlands involve digging out an old wetland, usually identified by an area that is consistently wet, a few feet and allowing water to intermittently pool. Oxbow restorations are another from of wetlands that can even be used as livestock watering areas in pastures! Water Quality, Erosion Wind Break – Windbreaks can be planted on residential properties or along field borders. They usually consist of multiple sizes and types of trees and shrubs designed to slow down the wind. This reduces the potential of wind erosion, cuts down on energy bills by providing shade, and provides wildlife habitat. Some windbreaks can even be planted with berry producing shrubs! Erosion Conservation Cover – Planting areas of the landscape to prairie grasses or other perennial vegetation is the implementation of conservation cover. Conservation cover is suited for areas of a farm field that shouldn’t be farmed such as steep hillsides, wet areas, or portions with poor soils. This is usually done through the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and has the potential to receive a yearly incentive payment! Erosion, Water Quality, Soil Health As you can see, many of the solutions to our rural problems have multiple environmental benefits. Along with water quality and soil health, many of them provide essential wildlife habitat that is missing from our landscape. Recreational benefits also arise when we talk about wetlands and any of the practices that improve the quality of our lakes, rivers, and streams. Contact us today if you are interested in implementing any of these solutions on your property.
Texts from ancient Karanis Roman Egyptians loved to keep records. Records of business transactions, taxation, litigation, legislation, and inventories are preserved in great numbers (sometimes in multiple copies). And in this society that was constantly on the movewhether from one town to another or from one end of the empire to the otherletter writing was essential to the maintenance of family ties, friendships, and business relationships. Like the textiles from Karanis, the papyri from the site are typically fragmentary and difficult to interpret, but they still provide invaluable historical insights. Reading these ancient Roman texts is very much like eavesdropping: we come across incomplete sentences, which even when taken out of the context of the full conversation, offer up fascinating kernels of information. The texts presented here offer information about particular circumstances, practical considerations, and personal preferences for textile manufacture, acquisition, and use. So when you read through these texts, do not expect complete, clear, well-defined historical chapters. Expect instead provocative partial glimpses into the fabric of everyday life.
Even if we aren’t actively watching TV, most of us leave the set on in the background. But that may have detrimental effects on children in the home, according to a new study published in the journal Pediatrics. Matthew Lapierre, an assistant professor of communications studies at the University of North Carolina Wilmington, and his colleagues conducted the first study to quantify how much background TV young children are exposed to on an average day. While many previous studies have focused on the effects of direct TV viewing on children’s behavior and development, Lapierre’s was the first to investigate what might be considered “secondhand” TV exposure, defined as any exposure to television that the child is not actually watching. To the authors’ surprise, in the survey of 1,454 parents with at least one child between the ages of 8 months and 8 years, the scientists found that children were subjected to nearly four hours of background TV a day. “We were all startled by the scale of the exposure in these homes,” says Lapierre, who conducted the research while at the University of Pennsylvania. “We went into the study expecting the rates to be high, but not at the scale we found.” The households were recruited by a phone survey group, which enrolled typical American families that represented a broad range of demographic variables, from ethnicity to income and education. Parents answered questionnaires about the activities of one of their children in a 24-hour period, and were asked about whether a television was on during any of these activities. On average, background exposure amounted to 232.3 minutes a day, with exposure being greatest for younger children: infants and toddlers under 24 months logged about 5.5 hours of background TV a day, compared with 2.75 hours a day for the oldest children, aged 6 to 8. Parental influences played the greatest role in determining how much background TV children experienced. Other factors that increased indirect TV exposure included living in a single-parent family, where children were exposed to more than 5 hours a day, compared with 3.5 hours in multiparent homes; lower household income, with children in the poorest families experiencing 6 hours of background TV a day, compared with 3.5 hours among those whose family income reached above the poverty level; and lower parental education, with children of parents with high school diplomas or less being exposed to more than 5 hours a day, compared with less than 2.5 hours a day for those whose parents had more formal education. The data were alarming given that children under age 6 already watch about 80 minutes of television a day directly; these findings suggest that indirect TV exposure is greater than direct watching, and could have equally, or potentially more serious effects on children’s development. Studies have linked excessive TV viewing with obesity in children, while violent and sexually inappropriate programming has been correlated with behavioral and cognitive problems in young viewers. (In contrast, educational programming has been associated with learning and cognitive benefits.) Lapierre says that his study also hints at difficulties with executive function and self-regulation among kids who are exposed to more background TV, but those findings are still preliminary and will be explored in more detail in additional studies. While his study did not explore the consequences of indirect TV exposure, previous trials suggest that it can affect children’s concentration and behavior in relationships. In one such study, conducted at the University of Massachusetts, scientists observed parents and their toddlers as one group interacted in the presence of a television and the other group interacted without a TV. In the television group, despite the fact that the parents and children were not watching the programming, their interactions were less frequent and the children’s play episodes were shorter. Parents might not think that young toddlers are processing television content when it’s on in the background, but they may be more distracted by the screen than parents realize. And much of that exposure is not to children-friendly programming, but likely adult content targeted for parents. “The thing we find most concerning is that if a child has a television on in the background, then he is hearing things that are supposed to elicit his attention like loud noises, sound effects and beeps, so even if they aren’t watching directly, they aren’t able to engage in play behaviors or interactions with their full attention and have more meaningful experiences,” says Lapierre. What also concerns Lapierre and other child development experts is that despite all the focus on how much television children watch purposefully, they are actually indirectly exposed to far more television than anyone imagined. Further, it’s not surprising that the youngest children are exposed to the most secondhand TV, the authors note, since parents and caregivers likely leave the set on, either as stimulation for themselves or as background noise to combat the loneliness of not being able to converse with another adult. Such indirect exposure is also highest in families with lower educational levels and lower incomes, as the television is more likely to become a substitute for meaningful interactions in these situations. How can parents help their children reduce their secondhand TV exposure? Removing TVs from children’s bedrooms is an important first step, since it’s easier to turn on sets if they are there. Second, while it seems obvious, simply making sure to turn off the TV if nobody is watching can also steer children’s attention and energy toward other activities, whether it’s a conversation or play. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children under 2 not watch any television at all, in order to protect their cognitive and behavioral development; the current findings suggest that policy may need to include all exposure to TV, whether it involves direct viewing or not.
Commemorating James Crowe of Lakenham (1750–1807), UK, a Fellow of the Linnaean Society and a surgeon who studied bryophytes and willows. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire. Flowers bisexual, solitary with basal leaves or bracts. Sepals 5, free. Petals 5, persistent in fruit. Stamens 10, free. Ovary of 5 basally united carpels, each with 2 ovules; styles fused. Fruit of 1-5 units; seeds shiny brown, explosively dispersed. Grown for the simple forms and long-lasting flowers. Stamens curved over the ovary; anthers hairy 3 species endemic to Australia. C. angustifolia Sm. from WA is occasionally grown; it has very narrow leaves, sometimes toothed as in C. angustifolia var. dentata (Benth.) P.G.Wilson. Source: (2002). Rutaceae. In: . Horticultural Flora of South-eastern Australia. Volume 4. Flowering plants. Dicotyledons. Part 3. The identification of garden and cultivated plants. University of New South Wales Press. A small, dense shrub with flowers deep pink, about 2 cm wide. Introduced c. 1981. C. exalata × C. saligna. A short-leaved hybrid form. Leaves 3-4 cm long, narrowly obovate. Flowers about 2.5 cm wide, axillary, pale pink. A short-leaved hybrid form collected by L. Hodge from Little River near Wulgulmerang, Vic. Introduced c. 1978.
Q: Smd capacitor A4 sign identification :) Is this a capacitor and if it is the sign A4 means ??!]1 A: That is a capacitor. It is a non-polarized 10nF ceramic capacitor. Voltage rating isn't marked, but probably 50V. Marking codes :
আটকে গেল খালেদা জিয়ার ভোটে দাঁড়ানোর পথ \| cintv24 Home রাজনীতি আটকে গেল খালেদা জিয়ার ভোটে দাঁড়ানোর পথ আটকে গেল খালেদা জিয়ার ভোটে দাঁড়ানোর পথ অবশ্য নাম প্রকাশে অনিচ্ছুক সরকারের দুজন আইন কর্মকর্তা বলেছেন, একটা পথ অবশ্য আছে। সেটা হলো আপিল বিভাগ থেকে যদি খালেদা জিয়া ভোটে অংশ নেওয়ার ব্যাপারে দিকনির্দেশনা পান। কিন্তু সে জন্য তাঁর হাতে সময় খুবই কম। পাশাপাশি এই রায়ের ফলে শুধু খালেদা জিয়াই নন, প্রার্থী হিসেবে অযোগ্য হবেন সব দলের সাজাপ্রাপ্ত ব্যক্তিরা, যাঁদের সাজা-দণ্ড স্থগিত হয়নি। আদালত আদেশে বলছেন, সংবিধানের ৬৬(২)(ঘ) অনুচ্ছেদ অনুযায়ী কারও দুই বছরের বেশি সাজা বা দণ্ড হলে সেই দণ্ড বা সাজার বিরুদ্ধে উচ্চ আদালতে আপিল বিচারাধীন থাকা অবস্থায় সংশ্লিষ্ট ব্যক্তি নির্বাচনে অংশ নিতে পারবেন না। অবশ্য যতক্ষণ না আপিল বিভাগ ওই রায় বাতিল বা স্থগিত করে তাঁকে জামিন দেন। একাদশ জাতীয় সংসদ নির্বাচনের তফসিল অনুযায়ী মনোনয়নপত্র জমা দেওয়ার শেষ দিন আগামীকাল বুধবার। মনোনয়নপত্র বৈধ না অবৈধ, তা জানা যাবে আগামী ২ ডিসেম্বর। এরপর নির্বাচন কমিশন ও উচ্চ আদালতে মনোনয়নপত্র বৈধতা নিয়ে আপিল করা যাবে। তবে সে জন্য আপিল বিভাগে খালেদা জিয়ার দণ্ড ও সাজা স্থগিত বা বাতিল এবং তাঁকে জামিন পেতে হবে। হাইকোর্টে আপিল করা বিএনপির এই পাঁচ নেতা হলেন আমানউল্লাহ আমান, এ জেড এম জাহিদ হোসেন, ওয়াদুদ ভূঁইয়া, মো. মশিউর রহমান ও মো. আবদুল ওহাব। এই পাঁচ নেতার নির্বাচনে অংশ নেওয়াও এখন অনেকটাই অনিশ্চিত। বিএনপি চেয়ারপারসন খালেদা জিয়ার উপদেষ্টা ও তাঁর অন্যতম আইনজীবী খন্দকার মাহবুব হোসেন প্রথম আলোকে বলেন, রাজনীতি ও নির্বাচন থেকে দূরে রাখার জন্যই খালেদা জিয়াকে মিথ্যা মামলায় দণ্ড দেওয়া হয়েছে। দণ্ড স্থগিত না হলে সংবিধান অনুযায়ী কোনো ব্যক্তি নির্বাচনে প্রার্থী হতে পারবেন না। সরকারের পক্ষ থেকে বলা হয়েছে, খালেদা জিয়ার প্রার্থী হওয়া–না হওয়ার বিষয়টি আদালতের ওপর নির্ভরশীল। অ্যাটর্নি জেনারেল মাহবুবে আলমসহ কয়েকজন আইনজ্ঞও বলছেন, দণ্ডিত হওয়ায় খালেদা জিয়া এবারের সংসদ নির্বাচনে প্রার্থী হতে পারবেন না। সংবিধান অনুযায়ী, দুই বছরের বেশি কেউ দণ্ডিত হলে তিনি নির্বাচনে অংশ নেওয়ার যোগ্যতা হারান। বিএনপির আইনবিষয়ক সম্পাদক খালেদা জিয়ার আইনজীবী কায়সার কামাল প্রথম আলোকে বলেন, নির্বাচন থেকে দূরে রাখতে খালেদা জিয়ার বিরুদ্ধে দায়ের করা এসব রাজনৈতিক মিথ্যা মামলায় কারাদণ্ড দেওয়া হচ্ছে। অবশ্য আওয়ামী লীগের আইনবিষয়ক সম্পাদক শ ম রেজাউল করিম প্রথম আলোকে বলেন, দুর্নীতির সুনির্দিষ্ট অভিযোগ প্রমাণিত হওয়ায় আদালত খালেদা জিয়াকে কারাদণ্ড দিয়েছেন। এখানে কোনো রাজনীতি নেই। নিম্ন আদালতের দণ্ড ও ভোটে অংশ নেওয়া নিয়ে বিতর্ক সম্প্রতি আইনমন্ত্রী আনিসুল হক বলেছেন, সংবিধান অনুযায়ী নৈতিক স্খলনের জন্য দুই বছরের বেশি সাজা হলে তিনি নির্বাচনে অংশ নিতে পারবেন না। তবে উচ্চ আদালতের দুটি রায় আছে। একটি রায় বলছে, আপিল করার পর সাজা স্থগিত হলে নির্বাচন করতে পারবেন। আরেকটি বিভক্ত রায়ে এক বিচারপতি বলেছেন, নির্বাচন করতে পারবেন; আরেকজন বলেছেন, পারবেন না। তবে বিএনপির স্থায়ী কমিটির সদস্য ও জ্যেষ্ঠ আইনজীবী মওদুদ আহমেদ বলছেন, খালেদা জিয়া নির্বাচনে অংশ নিতে পারবেন। কারণ, নিম্ন আদালতের দণ্ডই চূড়ান্ত দণ্ড নয়। নিম্ন আদালতের দেওয়া দণ্ডের বিরুদ্ধে খালেদা জিয়া হাইকোর্টে আপিল করবেন। আবার হাইকোর্টের দেওয়া দণ্ড বাতিল চেয়ে সুপ্রিম কোর্টের আপিল বিভাগে আপিল করবেন খালেদা। মওদুদ আহমেদ মনে করেন, খালেদার আপিল চূড়ান্তভাবে নিষ্পত্তি না হওয়ায় আসন্ন জাতীয় সংসদ নির্বাচনে অংশ নিতে পারবেন। বিচারিক আদালতে দণ্ডিত হওয়ার পরও আপিল করে সংসদ সদস্য পদ বহাল থাকার নজির আছে। সংবিধান, বিভিন্ন রায় ও আইন কী বলে সংবিধানের ৬৬ (২) গ অনুচ্ছেদ বলছে, কেউ নৈতিক স্খলনের অপরাধে দোষী সাব্যস্ত হয়ে ন্যূনতম দুই বছর কারাবাসে থেকে মুক্তির পর পাঁচ বছর পার না হলে তিনি নির্বাচনে যোগ্য হবেন না। ১৯৯৩ সালে জনতা টাওয়ার দুর্নীতির মামলায় বিচারিক আদালতে দণ্ডিত হওয়ার সাত বছরের মাথায় সাবেক রাষ্ট্রপতি হুসেইন মুহম্মাদ এরশাদ সংসদ সদস্য পদ হারান। এর বৈধতা চ্যালেঞ্জ করে হাইকোর্টে মামলা করলে ২০০১ সালের ২১ মে বিচারপতি জয়নাল আবেদীন ও বিচারপতি এ বি এম খায়রুল হকের সমন্বয়ে গঠিত বেঞ্চ সংবিধানের ৬৬ (২) গ-তে উল্লেখিত কারাদণ্ডের ব্যাখ্যা দেন। বিচারপতি জয়নুল আবেদীন রায়ে বলেন, আপিল বিভাগের মাধ্যমে না বলা পর্যন্ত 'দণ্ডিত হওয়া' বোঝাবে । বিচারপতি খায়রুল হক রায়ে বলেন, বিচারিক আদালতে দোষী সাব্যস্ত হওয়ামাত্রই তিনি নির্বাচনে অযোগ্য হবেন। নাম প্রকাশ না করার শর্তে বিচারপ্রক্রিয়ায় যুক্ত ছিলেন এমন—একজন আইনজ্ঞ বলেন, দণ্ডিত হওয়ার পর আপিল করার মাধ্যমে একজন আসামি স্বীকার করে নেন, তিনি দণ্ডিত। সংবিধান অনুযায়ী, নৈতিক স্খলনের দায়ে দণ্ডিত হওয়ার পর আপিল করেই তিনি নির্বাচনে প্রার্থী হতে পারবেন না। খালেদা জিয়ার নির্বাচনে অংশ নেওয়ার ব্যাপারে সরকারের পক্ষ থেকে বলা হয়েছে, তাঁর প্রার্থী হওয়ার বিষয়টি আদালতের ওপর নির্ভরশীল। সর্বোচ্চ আদালত বলেছেন, প্রার্থী হওয়ার বিষয়টি ইসির ওপর নির্ভরশীল। ইসির নেওয়া সিদ্ধান্তের বৈধতা রিটে পরীক্ষা না করতেও আপিল বিভাগের নির্দেশনা আছে। বৈধতা পরখ করতে চাইলে ভোটের পরে করতে হবে, ভোটের আগে নয়। তফসিলের পরে এগুলো নির্বাচনী বিরোধ হিসেবে বিবেচিত হবে। বিষয়টি দেখবেন নির্বাচনী ট্রাইব্যুনাল। হাইকোর্টের বিচারকদের নিয়ে গঠিত ট্রাইব্যুনাল অনধিক ছয় মাসের মধ্যে রায় ঘোষণা করবেন। বিচারিক আদালতে দণ্ডিত হওয়ার পর আপিল করে সংসদ সদস্য পদ বহাল থাকার নজির আছে। দুর্নীতির মামলায় ২০০৮ সালের ১৪ ফেব্রুয়ারি ঢাকার একটি আদালত ত্রাণমন্ত্রী মোফাজ্জল হোসেন চৌধুরীকে ১৩ বছর কারাদণ্ড দেন। আর সম্পদের তথ্য গোপনের মামলায় ২০১৬ সালের ৩ নভেম্বর সরকারদলীয় সংসদ আবদুর রহমান বদির তিন বছর কারাদণ্ড দেন ঢাকার একটি আদালত। দুদকের আইনজীবী খুরশীদ আলম খান বলেন, দুর্নীতি দুটি মামলায় দণ্ডিত খালেদা জিয়া সংবিধান অনুযায়ী নির্বাচনে অংশ নিতে পারবেন না। কারণ, হাইকোর্ট বিচারিক আদালতের দণ্ড বাতিল করেননি, সাজা বাড়িয়েছেন। দণ্ড বাতিল বা স্থগিত না হলে প্রার্থী হওয়ার সুযোগ থাকে না। সাবেক নির্বাচন কমিশনার সাখাওয়াত হোসেন প্রথম আলোকে বলেন, দণ্ডিত হওয়ায় সংবিধান ও গণপ্রতিনিধিত্ব অধ্যাদেশ অনুযায়ী খালেদা জিয়া নির্বাচনে প্রার্থী হওয়ার যোগ্যতা হারিয়েছেন। (সূত্র : প্রথম আলো অনলাইন ভার্সন)
More than ever before we have an array of boards available for us to choose from. From modern day performance boards such as the Sci Fi to the classic Mini Simmons. Thanks to information available online alternate boards are making an old school revival. When Simon Anderson was credited for designing a ‘prototype’ thruster in 1980, the surfing world gravitated towards the thruster design as the go to board. It was the design that was winning contests, so it became the design that everybody wanted. Most other designs were relegated underground. However, thanks to the internet and social media, we’re able to follow a variety of surfers and what they’re riding. Even competitive surfers are riding alternate boards when not competing to rediscover fun in the water. Shapers are also experimenting with classic shapes by incorporating a modern element. They’ve identified the need for the modern surfer to above all have fun in the water. We’ll have a look at a several old school boards designed to maximise exactly that. The Single Fin: Clayton Surfboard's Single Fin The clue’s in the name, it has a single fin. Best for trimming down the line using a pendulum style more than pumping to generate speed. The grandfather of style ensures smooth arcing turns. Perfect for longer waves that allow you the time to establish a connection and utilise a more glide orientated style of surfing. The Twin Fin: Clayton Surfboard's Twinny Twin Fins are generally very manoeuvrable. One fin will act as a pivot while the other spins around it. Not having a centre fin also makes it quicker down the line than a thruster. Twin Fins also after a more skatey feel to your surfing. What you do sacrifice though is control when when the waves start packing a little more punch. The Fish: Clayton Surfboard's Retro Fish Fish surfboards are generally stable and fast in smaller waves. They are shorter, wider and thicker offering more volume in a shorter board. Very little rocker ensures fast down the line speed. An exaggerated swallowtail increases the boards ability to carve allowing bite and grip for manoeuvring on a wave. The modern performance shortboard is the most widely surfed board for good reason, it generates high performance surfing like no other. Fun however is a relative quantity and surfing is all about having fun, so whatever you decide to have under your feet make sure it’s putting a smile on your face. Add comment © Unparalleled
From subreddit TowerDefense The game’s still quite early in development, but I think I’m at a point where I feel confident in showing its progress and receiving feedback. [Spirits of the Hellements](https://store.steampowered.com/app/1742610/Spirits_of_the_Hellements__TD/) features mazing and the 3 Hellements, which will debuff enemies if you choose to path them on those tiles. Alternatively, you can place your Spirits on the Hellements, which provides them with various buffs. I’m planning on running some playtests sometime next month, so please let me know if you’d like to participate!
Boil Water Notice for Community Public Water Systems Due to conditions within the city caused by the destruction of Hurricane Harvey, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality has required the City of Corpus Christi (TX1780003) public water system to notify all customers to boil their water prior to consumption (e.g., washing hands/face, brushing teeth, drinking, etc). Children, seniors, and persons with weakened immune systems are particularly vulnerable to harmful bacteria, and all customers should follow these directions). To ensure destruction of all harmful bacteria and other microbes, water for drinking, cooking, and ice making should be boiled and cooled prior to use for drinking water or human consumption purposes. The water should be brought to a vigorous rolling boil and then boiled for two minutes. In lieu of boiling, individuals may purchase bottled water or obtain water from some other suitable source for drinking water or human consumption purposes. When it is no longer necessary to boil the water, the public water system officials will notify customers that the water is safe for drinking water or human consumption purposes. Once the boil water notice is no longer in effect, the public water system will issue a notice to customers that rescinds the boil water notice in a manner similar to this notice. Please share this information with all the other people who drink this water, especially those who may not have received this notice directly (for example, people in apartments, nursing homes, schools, and businesses). You can do this by posting this notice in a public place or distributing copies by hand or mail. If you have questions concerning this matter, you may contact Clarence Wittwer at 361-826-1208. The City of Corpus Christi is issuing this Boil Water Notice as a precautionary measure as we work to restore conditions post hurricane.
User: Here is an extract from a webpage: "The ultimate goal of periodontal therapy includes arrest of periodontal disease progression and the regeneration of structures lost due to pre-existing disease process. Conventional surgical techniques offer only limited potential towards recovering the lost periodontal structures. Successful periodontal reconstruction comprises of regeneration of multiple tissues of the periodontium which regenerates at differential rates. It is a complex biological process in itself which is intricately regulated between cells, locally acting growth factors and the extracellular matrix components. The key to periodontal regeneration is to stimulate the progenitor cells to re-occupy the defect . Earlier attempts to achieve regeneration includes denudation of interdental bone to treat intrabony defects and use of autografts to fill the surgical site. Also, favorable results have been gained in treatment of such defects using a combination of graft material and collagen membranes . However, recently, th." Write an engaging and accessible course unit in a textbook for middle school students related to the extract above. The content should be tailored for middle school students without prior knowledge of the topic. Try to: - Provide detailed explanations, avoid technical jargon, and present the ideas in a straightforward, narrative tone. - Include examples to make the subject approachable and exciting for young middle school students. - Avoid mentioning the web extract in the textbook. Do not include a title or introductory phrases. Start writing the content directly. Assistant: Welcome to our journey into the fascinating world of dental health! Today, we're going to explore something called "periodontal regeneration," which has to do with fixing damaged parts of your mouth that help keep your teeth strong and healthy. Imagine you have a beautiful toy castle with different buildings and walls. Now, suppose some pieces get broken over time; wouldn't it be amazing if there was a way to fix those broken bits just like new? That's what periodontal regeneration tries to do inside your mouth! Let's dive deeper. Your mouth isn't just made up of teeth; there are other essential parts too. One of them is called the "periodontium" (pronounced peri-o-don-ti-um). This word may sound complicated, but think of it as a team working together to support your teeth—kind of like how your friends might back you up when playing a game. This team includes bones, ligaments, and special tissues that hold everything in place. Sometimes though, this fantastic group can become damaged by things like germs, causing problems known as "periodontal diseases." These issues could lead to losing parts of the periodontium, making it hard for your teeth to stay put. Now, here comes the cool part – periodontal regeneration! Just like trying to build a new tower on your toy castle, scientists want to find ways to repair these damages in your mouth. You see, each component heals differently, so they need various strategies to bring back their full strength. In the past, people tried scraping off infected areas and filling spaces with materials taken from elsewhere in the body. They also found success combining specific substances with protective layers called "collagen membranes." But guess what? There's always room for improvement, right? So now, researchers are looking into even better methods! Isn't it incredible how smart minds work together to solve challenges like this one? As future explorers of science and life, understanding these concepts will open doors for endless curiosity about ourselves and the world around us. Keep exploring, my fellow adventurers - who knows where your passion might take you next!
from reddit r/aaaaaaacccccccce: I think this explains 95% of the reaction, but also... visiting an aquarium and shops sounds like activities one might do on a date. Now, OP didn't say they went on a date, but for people who are so... singularly focused, hearing a description of activities they may have done on previous dates in their lives... it sort of makes a little more sense that they'd jump to that conclusion? Of course there's nothing wrong with doing those things by yourself, or with platonic friends. It doesn't have to be a date. But for people who are already focused on sex, for the reasons you explained, they probably heard what OP did and assumed OP was doing those things with someone they were interested in. And we all know what assuming does!
Q: Putting a complete filesystem into revision control I am currently working on a PXE bootable environment that I would like to put into revision control. The filesystem and server will both be Linux (SLES if you must know). I've considered using some kind of hack that stores file ownership/permissions via getfacl -R -P, but this doesn't cover symlinks or devices. And it's kind of ugly. Tricky things that I need to be covered: * file ownership file permissions (ACLs are not necessary) devices symlinks Are there any revision control systems that will cover my needs for this? Note: Rather than a "block volume", I need to put a "set of files" into revision control and keep individual changes. A: I'm pretty sure that Perforce will handle all of those things. I believe another group at work uses it for nearly the exact same purpose that you list (storing a variant of linux for an embedded device). A: etckeeper is a tool that puts the contents of /etc under revision control (with a choice of revision control systems). It has a layer on top that takes care of permissions, symlinks, etc. I'm not sure it if handles device nodes - probably not - but it could probably easily be extended to do so. You may find that this tool can be adapted to handle an entire filesystem. A: You can use versioning filesystems, that is, filesystems with version control built into the filesystem code itself. Some examples: * NILFS Ext3cow In principle, any filesystem that supports snapshots could be used. More information: Versioning file system on Wikipedia. A: If your file system will not be extremely huge, you might just store it all in a single file, version control that binary file, and then mount that to work with it. It won't give you pretty file-level control, but it might work acceptably for some tasks.
How big is Google? We can answer that question in terms of revenue or stock price or customers or, well, metaphysical influence. But that's not all. Google is, among other things, a vast empire of computer software. We can answer in terms of code. Google's Rachel Potvin came pretty close to an answer Monday at an engineering conference in Silicon Valley. She estimates that the software needed to run all of Google's Internet services—from Google Search to Gmail to Google Maps—spans some 2 billion lines of code. By comparison, Microsoft's Windows operating system—one of the most complex software tools ever built for a single computer, a project under development since the 1980s—is likely in the realm of 50 million lines. So, building Google is roughly the equivalent of building the Windows operating system 40 times over. 'The numbers are absolutely staggering.' Sam Lambert, Director of Systems, Github The comparison is more apt than you might think. Much like the code that underpins Windows, the 2 billion lines that drive Google are one thing. They drive Google Search, Google Maps, Google Docs, Google+, Google Calendar, Gmail, YouTube, and every other Google Internet service, and yet, all 2 billion lines sit in a single code repository available to all 25,000 Google engineers. Within the company, Google treats its code like an enormous operating system. "Though I can't prove it," Potvin says, "I would guess this is the largest single repository in use anywhere in the world." Google is an extreme case. But its example shows how complex our software has grown in the Internet age—and how we've changed our coding tools and philosophies to accommodate this added complexity. Google's enormous repository is available only to coders inside Google. But in a way, it's analogous to GitHub, the public open source repository where engineers can share enormous amounts of code with the Internet at large. We're moving toward a world in which we regularly collaborate on code at a massive scale. This is the only way we can keep up with the rapid evolution of modern Internet services. "Having 25,000 developers, as Google does, means it's sharing code with a diverse set of people with diverse set of skills," says Sam Lambert, the director of systems at GitHub. "But, as a small company, you can get some of that same advantage using GitHub and open source. There's that saying: 'A rising tide raises all boats.'" The flip side is that building and running a 2-billion-line monolith is no simple task. "It must be a technical challenge—a huge feat," Lambert says. "The numbers are absolutely staggering." Part of the genius of GitHub is that it lets coders so easily share and collaborate on code. But GitHub doesn't house a single software project. It spans millions of projects. Google goes a step further, combining many projects into one. Given the difficulty of juggling that much code across that many engineers, this may seem slightly crazy. But according to Potvin, it works. Listen to the Piper Basically, Google has built its own "version control system" for juggling all this code. The system is called Piper, and it runs across the vast online infrastructure Google has built to run all its online services. According to Potvin, the system spans 10 different Google data centers. It's not just that all 2 billion lines of code sit inside a single system available to just about every engineer inside the company. It's that this system gives Google engineers an unusual freedom to use and combine code from across myriad projects. "When you start a new project," Potvin tells WIRED, "you have a wealth of libraries already available to you. Almost everything has already been done." What's more, engineers can make a single code change and instantly deploy it across all Google services. In updating one thing, they can update everything. Google is an extreme case. But its example shows how complex our software has become in the age of the Internet. There are limitations to this system. Potvin says certain highly sensitive code—stuff akin to the Google's PageRank search algorithm—resides in separate repositories only available to specific employees. And because they don't run on the 'net and are very different things, Google stores code for its two device operating systems—Android and Chrome—on separate version control systems. But for the most part, Google code is a monolith that allows for the free flow of software building blocks, ideas, and solutions. The Bot Factor As Lambert points out, building and running such a system requires not only know-how but enormous amounts of computing power. Piper spans about 85 terabytes of data (aka 85,000 gigabytes), and Google's 25,000 engineers make about 45,000 commits (changes) to the repository each day. That's some serious activity. While the Linux open source operating spans 15 million lines of code across 40,000 software files, Google engineers modify 15 million lines of code across 250,000 files each week. Building and running such a system requires not only know-how but enormous amounts of computing power. At the same time, Piper must work to remove much of the burden from human coders. It must ensure that humans can wrap their heads around all that code; that they don't step on each other's toes with code changes; that they can readily remove bugs and unused code from the repository. And because all of this is so difficult, it must actually take some of that work away from the humans. Now that Google has switched to Piper from its previous version control system—a tool called Perforce—automated 'bots handle a majority of the commits. This doesn't mean 'bots are writing code. But they are generating a lot of the data and configuration files needed to run the company's software. "You need to make a concerted effort to maintain code health," Potvin says. "And this is not just humans maintaining code health, but robots too." Piper for Everyone Could others benefit from the same kind of system? Certainly. And they do. The main Facebook app spans upwards of 20 million lines of code, and the company treats the whole thing as a single project. Others do the same on a smaller scale. As companies approach the size of a Google or a Facebook, the logistics can get in the way. But Google and Facebook are exploring ways of changing that—for everyone. The two internet giants are working on an open source version control system that anyone can use to juggle code on a massive scale. It's based on an existing system called Mercurial. "We're attempting to see if we can scale Mercurial to the size of the Google repository," Potvin says, indicating that Google is working hand-in-hand with programming guru Bryan O'Sullivan and others who help oversee coding work at Facebook. That may seem extreme. After all, few companies juggle as much code as Google or Facebook do today. But in the near future, they will.
Simplify ((w/w*(4/7)w)/(w/(((w/w*3w)/w)/ww)))(3/13) assuming w is positive. w(-33/91) Simplify g(-1/2)/gg*(-6/7)g*6/(gg(-2)) assuming g is positive. g(65/14) Simplify ((cc/c4)/c6)/(c4c(-1/3)) assuming c is positive. c(-35/3) Simplify (f/f*(-9)f*(-11)f)(-5/14) assuming f is positive. 1 Simplify (j/(j24jj))(7/5) assuming j is positive. j(-35) Simplify (v/((v*(-2/9)v)/v))(-29) assuming v is positive. v(-319/9) Simplify t*6tt(-2/13) assuming t is positive. t(89/13) Simplify ((v2/v)/(vv*(3/4)vv))/((v/(((((v/v4)/v)/v)/v)/vv)v)/v(-6)) assuming v is positive. v(-67/4) Simplify ((o/(o/(o/o(-1))oo))(-17))(-44) assuming o is positive. 1 Simplify (u(-1/7)/u(-9))35 assuming u is positive. u310 Simplify (f/f(2/13))/f(f/f*0)/f(f(1/2))(-33) assuming f is positive. f(-433/26) Simplify ((z/(z/z(3/7)))/z)/(zz2)z(2/3)/z(-6) assuming z is positive. z(65/21) Simplify ((b/(b7/b))/b9)/(b(2/7)/b)2 assuming b is positive. b(-88/7) Simplify (kk(2/7))27/(((kkkk4)/k)/(k/k(-2/11))) assuming k is positive. k(2302/77) Simplify (w/(w/(w/w0))w1)/(w/w(-2/3))(-2/117) assuming w is positive. w(712/351) Simplify (b/b13b)(-45) assuming b is positive. b495 Simplify (v*(1/4)v)(-1/81) assuming v is positive. v(-5/324) Simplify tt(-2/7)ttt(tt/t*(1/3)t)/ttt*(1/6)tt(-2)tt assuming t is positive. t(317/42) Simplify ((r(3/2)/r)/((r/(rr(-5)))/r))(6/7) assuming r is positive. r*(-3) Simplify (mmm(2/25)m)/mm(-2/43)m assuming m is positive. m*(3261/1075) Simplify (uu1)(-11/3) assuming u is positive. u(-22/3) Simplify ((v0)(-1/32))(-3/7) assuming v is positive. 1 Simplify ((b(-1)/b)(-1/19))(2/3) assuming b is positive. b(4/57) Simplify (v(-10)/v)/(((v(6/19)/v)/v)/v) assuming v is positive. v*(-158/19) Simplify ((qqq/(qq/q*(4/5))q)/q(qq((q(-3)q)/q)/q)/q)/(q/(qq7)q(-6)) assuming q is positive. q(59/5) Simplify fff*(-9/7)f(-8) assuming f is positive. f(-51/7) Simplify (i/i8)/(i(-8/3)/i) assuming i is positive. i(-10/3) Simplify (i/i1)*(-48)/((ii/(ii(-3)))/(i(1/4)/i)) assuming i is positive. i(-19/4) Simplify (d(2/3))(-32) assuming d is positive. d(-64/3) Simplify (p/(p/(p(1/3)/p)p)pppp)*(-3/4)p*(-3/4)pp/(p2pp)p assuming p is positive. p(-7/2) Simplify (d(-4/5)d)(2/35) assuming d is positive. d(2/175) Simplify v(11/4)v(-1/12) assuming v is positive. v(8/3) Simplify q*(6/17)qq29 assuming q is positive. q(516/17) Simplify c(-2/9)/(c/c2c) assuming c is positive. c(-2/9) Simplify (j/(j/j(-5)j))/j(-18) assuming j is positive. j12 Simplify (n(-1)/nn)6/(n(-5/2)/(n/(n(1/8)/n))) assuming n is positive. n(-13/8) Simplify (p(-1/4)/p)0/(p/p*0p)(15/7) assuming p is positive. p(-30/7) Simplify ((j/(j/j*(-5)j))/((j(-1/5)/j)/j))(-32/5) assuming j is positive. j(608/25) Simplify (u(2/17)uu/(u/(uu/(uu/u*(-5))u)))24 assuming u is positive. u(-1176/17) Simplify (m/((m/m*(-1/6))/m)m(-1))44 assuming m is positive. m(-22/3) Simplify (n6n(2/3))/((n(-2/15)n)/(nn(-4))) assuming n is positive. n(14/5) Simplify (j(jj(1/3))/jjjjjj/j*1j)/(j*(1/2)jj)(-1/3) assuming j is positive. j(43/6) Simplify ((xx*6/xx)/x)26 assuming x is positive. x156 Simplify q*(1/4)/((qq*(1/2)qq)/q)(q/q(-1))(-43) assuming q is positive. q(-353/4) Simplify (j/j8)/(j*(-2/21)/jj)(j(1/5))(-8) assuming j is positive. j(-893/105) Simplify (j(3/11)/j)39 assuming j is positive. j(-312/11) Simplify ((w/w(-1/4))/(w1/w))(1/11) assuming w is positive. w(5/44) Simplify ((ww*(-8)ww)/(w/(ww*2ww)))(1/2) assuming w is positive. 1/sqrt(w) Simplify (ff((f/((f/f(-36))/f)f)/f)/ff)/(f(-41)/f) assuming f is positive. f9 Simplify ((vv*(2/51)v)/v)/v(-30) assuming v is positive. v(1583/51) Simplify ((f/f(2/19))(15/4))(-41) assuming f is positive. f(-10455/76) Simplify (o*(-6)/ooo(1/2))/((o/(oo/(o/(oo(2/3))oo)))/o)(5/6) assuming o is positive. o(-89/18) Simplify (((gg(-9))/g)/g1)/(g/(g*(-9)g)g3g) assuming g is positive. g(-23) Simplify (q(-7/2))(-2/27) assuming q is positive. q(7/27) Simplify u*(2/17)uuuu/(uu(2/19)) assuming u is positive. u(973/323) Simplify f*(2/17)((f/(f*(-4/5)f))/f)/ff(2/5)f*5f assuming f is positive. f(452/85) Simplify ((a/a3)/(a/a*(3/2)a))(1/47) assuming a is positive. a(-5/94) Simplify (c*0/cc)/c*(-2)(cccc2/c)(-5/2) assuming c is positive. c(-8) Simplify (d(-3)(dd(-2/5)d)/ddd)(6/13) assuming d is positive. d(-12/65) Simplify (p0)(-3)(pp*(-6))/pp(-2/15)/p assuming p is positive. p(-107/15) Simplify (m/(m(-6)/m))21 assuming m is positive. m*168 Simplify (((ttt/(t/t0))/t)(1/11))(-2/5) assuming t is positive. t(-2/55) Simplify (b5)(-9/8) assuming b is positive. b(-45/8) Simplify (m(-2))(-40)m6/m(-1/4) assuming m is positive. m*(345/4) Simplify (vv0)(-3/8)/(v(-1/2))(9/11) assuming v is positive. v*(3/88) Simplify ((((i/(ii/(iii*6i)))/i)/i)/(iiiiii4ii))/(i(1/4)ii)(-5/9) assuming i is positive. i(-15/4) Simplify o19/o(oo(-10))/oo assuming o is positive. o*9 Simplify ((uu*(-30))/uuu)/(uuu/u26uu) assuming u is positive. u(-7) Simplify (a(a/(((a/(a*(1/4)a)a)/aa)/a))/aa)/(a(a(a(-36)/a)/aa)/a) assuming a is positive. a*(153/4) Simplify (((hh/(hh1h))/h)/(h/h10))(-47) assuming h is positive. h*(-329) Simplify (r/((rr(-1/8))/r))(-11) assuming r is positive. r(-99/8) Simplify (k(1/3)/k*(5/2))/((kk4)/k(-1/6)) assuming k is positive. k(-22/3) Simplify ((i(-1/2)i)(-30))13 assuming i is positive. i(-195) Simplify (iii(10/3))/(i(-3/5)i)i/i(1/4)(i1/i)/i assuming i is positive. i(281/60) Simplify ((p(-1/2))3)(-1/59) assuming p is positive. p(3/118) Simplify (hhh*(12/11))/(hhh(2/9)/hh) assuming h is positive. h(86/99) Simplify q(18/7)/(q(3/10)/q) assuming q is positive. q(229/70) Simplify t(-8)/t(-13/2) assuming t is positive. t(-3/2) Simplify d9ddd(3/26) assuming d is positive. d(289/26) Simplify f(-2/11)/(ff(-13/3)) assuming f is positive. f(104/33) Simplify ((f(2/5)/f)/f(1/4))(-16/7) assuming f is positive. f(68/35) Simplify ((q/(((q(q/((q/(q/q10))/q))/qq)/q)/q))/q)/q(-6) assuming q is positive. q15 Simplify c(-10)/(c(-12/5)c) assuming c is positive. c(-43/5) Simplify ((bb/(((b5/b)/b)/b))/b)/((b/b(-6/5))/bb)b*(-6)b6 assuming b is positive. b(-16/5) Simplify (j/(j*(-1/30)j)j)/jj*(3/10)j assuming j is positive. j*(4/3) Simplify (gg/g*(-7/4))/(g((gg(gg(-5))/g)/g)/gg) assuming g is positive. g(27/4) Simplify (c0)*(1/18)c*(-8)cccc(-2/9) assuming c is positive. c(-47/9) Simplify g(-6)/gg(-17/2) assuming g is positive. g(-31/2) Simplify (yy0)/yy*5yy(-2)/(y/y2) assuming y is positive. y5 Simplify (n5n)/(n*(-3/2)/n)(n/(n*1n))(-45) assuming n is positive. n(107/2) Simplify mm/(mm((mm*(-4/7))/m)/m)mm17 assuming m is positive. m(137/7) Simplify d/(d/(d(4/3)d))dd*(-1/6)d*(-1)/(dd/(d(dd(dd*6)/dd)/d)) assuming d is positive. d(55/6) Simplify j/(j4j)j*(-5)j(jjj(1/3)/jj)(-6/35) assuming j is positive. j(-42/5) Simplify (k*(-2)k)/(kk0)k*(-2/9)k/(k*9/k)k assuming k is positive. k(-74/9) Simplify (d2/((d/(ddd*(-2/9)d)d)/d))(5/8) assuming d is positive. d(85/36) Simplify (rr7)/r(-6/5)(r/(r(r(r/(r((r/r*5)/r)/rr))/r)/r))/r(-3) assuming r is positive. r(41/5) Simplify b/b*(1/37)bb(-13) assuming b is positive. b(-408/37) Simplify s(2/35)ss(-1/6) assuming s is positive. s(187/210) Simplify j(3/13)j*(-20)j assuming j is positive. j*(-244/13) Simplify (((gg/(gg/g(2/3)))/g)/(gg(g(g/g5)/g)/g))15 assuming g is positive. g*40 Simplify (ff*(-1/5)f*(-2))/(f/(ff*0f))25 assuming f is positive. f(119/5) Simplify (a(2/95))47 assuming a is positive. a*(94/95) Simplify (c/(cc*(-5))c)/(cc/(cc*(1/4)c)) assuming c is positive. c(25/4) Simplify (x(2/9)/x)/(xx/(x/((x/x(-4))/xx)x)xx) assuming x is positive. x*(-70/9)
(From r/montreal) Anglo here. I thought this quote from [Anglo issues minister Lisée](http://jflisee.org/francais-mener-les-bons-combats/) makes sense: >Il n’aurait pas fallu que je dise qu’au centre-ville de Montréal, où passent des centaines de milliers de touristes anglophones, où on compte des dizaines de milliers d’étudiants de McGill et de Concordia, la STM pourrait facilement faire la démonstration qu’il faut des rudiments d’anglais pour y être guichetier. (Je n’ai évidemment jamais suggéré de bilinguiser tout le réseau.) I speak French, including to STM agents. This doesn't affect me personally. And I don't care whether STM drivers in the suburbs speak English. I think it makes sense on downtown routes though. Countries with heavy tourist presence + English capacity often have bilingual workers in positions that serve tourists. Beyond that, I really doubt that this will make much difference for anyone who lives here. How often do you need to speak to STM agents on your regular routes?
SAN FRANCISCO (KGO) -- San Francisco Mayor Ed Lee wants all of the city's police officers to wear body cameras and, he says, he'll make sure they have the money to make that happen. It's part of a number of reforms in the wake of a growing divide between police and the community.If there is any opposition to the mayor's plan, it is hard to find. San Francisco Police Chief Greg Suhr quotes a report which says that among police departments which use body cams, the use of force complaints had a dramatic drop of 87-percent."It's a win-win situation that protects good people on both sides of the lens," Suhr said.Suhr says evidence supports bodycams. Bodycams can determine outcomes of civil and criminal cases.A Marin County resident won millions of dollars in a lawsuit after he was tasered, repeatedly by a sheriff's deputy. His camera shot captured everything in the 2009 incident.In March 2014 at Santa Rita Jail, an officer's bodycam records the moment BART and Oakland police officers take down a drunken woman so hard she began bleeding from the head and had multiple broken bones in her face. She's suing for excessive force. Her attorney's argument is simply, "The camera doesn't lie."Lee believes that idea as well. He plans to give lots of money for police body cameras. He said he wanted to set aside "$6.6 million in our next two-year budget to fund approximately 1,800 body cameras for each of our officers that are on our streets."The mayor also wants to hire 250 new officers over the next two years from five academy classes, the priority being recruits from the city's neighborhoods. San Francisco Supervisor Malia Cohen says that's a critical component."We need to also recruit, retain and also promote diversity within our own ranks," Cohen said.The department received a grant two years ago that paid for a pilot program. They bought 165 bodycams but found that administering the cameras would be an added and costly expense which required additional funding. Now they've got it and more.Meanwhile, on Thursday the American Civil Liberties Union launched a smartphone app to preserve videos involving police encounters. Through the app, the videos will automatically be submitted to their chapter of the ACLU. California is the latest state where the "Mobile Justice" app is available.
Cycled Light Promotes Growth in Pre-term Infants Pre-term Infant Health A Duke University Medical Center study has shown that exposing babies born before 31 weeks of gestation to cycled light helps them grow faster, and the study identifies no short-term advantages to keeping infants in total near darkness, the standard practice with many infants. According to the nurse researchers, by growing faster such pre-term infants can leave the hospital sooner and may have improved developmental outcomes. The study is published in the February 2002 issue of the Journal of Pediatrics. Approximately 10 percent of all pregnancies in the United States result in pre-term births. A baby is considered pre-term if born before 37 weeks gestation. A full-term pregnancy is 37 to 40 weeks gestation. Pre-term deliveries are costly both financially and emotionally for families, and the infants are at risk for multiple health and developmental problems. By creating an environment that may encourage growth, the Duke research suggests, these pre-term complications may be reduced. "Additional research will be needed to show the long-term impact of a cycled light environment in these babies, but this research clearly shows that cycled light improves growth rates in pre-term babies, and that's a step in the right direction," said Debra Brandon, Ph.D., R.N., principal investigator and associate professor in the Duke School of Nursing. Currently, many neonatal intensive care units keep babies in near darkness to simulate the mother's womb. Constant bright light has been shown to be too stressful on pre-term infants, causing irregular heart rates and decreased sleep. However, until the Duke study, no research has examined the benefits of cycled light versus near darkness. "Cycled light establishes a day/night rhythm, mimicking the circadian rhythm cues that are established for full-term babies in the womb," said Brandon. "We know adults rely on circadian rhythms for health, growth and development, and pre-term babies grow within a rich circadian environment provided by the mother. Therefore it is likely that a circadian environment is important for pre-term infants. Light is one method that we can use to promote circadian rhythms for these infants and encourage growth and healthy sleep patterns." Researchers from the schools of nursing at both Duke and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH) examined the effects of cycled light on 62 infants born before 31 weeks gestation at Duke University Hospital and Durham Regional Hospital. Infants with neurologic or visual problems were excluded from the study. The babies were assigned randomly to three groups: cycled light from birth, cycled light once they reached 32 weeks postconceptual age (equivalent to gestational age if the baby had not been born pre-term) and cycled light at 36 weeks postconceptual age. Infants in all three groups were similar with respect to degree of prematurity and birth weight.
r/changemyview I feel like you're being a bit too pedantic here, yeah. Sure, if something is plagued with errors, or they're extremely amateur mistakes that would definitely have gained the red squiggly line in the editor, it was probably a rush job (although I'd give them a few tries to get it right, cos even a properly checked article can occasionally just miss something by sheer chance). However, English is not a particularly easy language and even people who do know what they're talking about can make mistakes they just don't notice, especially when it comes to grammar, which there's no automatic checking function for. There are also two particularly egregious situations: Firstly, it's not uncommon for the people writing these things to be writing in their second language. Secondly, many words simply aren't recognised by spell check, and this is of course true with very nearly all grammar mistakes. If I'm writing an article about idk Malala Yousafzai and I accidentally write it as Malala Yousafai once, I could easily not notice I'd done that even doing a final check, because the name has the red squigglies both when spelled correctly and when spelled incorrectly. This is also going to be a particular problem when writing about things like franchises and fictional things, where no spellcheck is going to recognise "Meloetta", and particularly niche scientific pursuits, where the people who program spellcheckers don't even know the word anguilliform even exists. Also some sub-points: - Sometimes when people are really enthusiastic about a topic, they're not particularly concerned with the accuracy of their writing, because they're more focused on just conveying the information. Maybe they have a lot they want to say and limited time in which to say it, so are prioritising getting all that information down over making it all nice and perfect grammatically. - We stereotypically see highly academic people, doctors in particular, as more trustworthy when they have terrible handwriting, so it seems strange that one would be suspicious of good writing quality in these cases but bad writing quality on the internet.
There are several types of databases design, which include relational, multi-table, and object-oriented databases. Relational databases will be organized in line with the relational version, with many-to-many relationships. For instance , a many-to-one relationship could be defined as documents from one desk belonging to reports in another. Yet , a relational database has to be stored to be a one-to-one romance. https://www.datatechtonics.com/other-information In this case, the relational model will be used to create an entity that represents the relationship between two platforms. In database design, it is important to comprehend what type of info is to be placed and what depends on. For example , if the data source is used to store data regarding people, a list of names will alter the list of addresses in the event that an address is modified, and conversely. A list of names and the address is certainly not unique except if it is kept together. Therefore , a data source should just contain data that is essential for the system to function. When designing a database, you first have to decide which kind of data will probably be stored in it. This is because the type of data can change when ever other information is definitely added or deleted. If you have a list of brands and addresses, this does not signify the same person lives in different tackles. But if you could have a list of the address, this is important, since it will be difficult to get the talk about of a person living at that talk about.
If you have children who wear braces, make sure they know the proper brushing technique and that they brush their teeth regularly, ideally also at school. Brush regularly and for long enough Dentists recommend that everyone – whether or not they wear braces – brush their teeth at the beginning of the day, after every meal, and before bed. Most people don’t brush their teeth for long enough. Brushing should take at least two minutes, in order to really cover all the surfaces of the teeth. For example, if you divide your mouth in four zones (upper left, upper right, lower left, lower right), you should spend about 30 seconds per zone. Use the right toothbrush Although there are orthodontic toothbrushes specially designed for braces, any toothbrush can be used with braces. However, it is best to choose a toothbrush with a smaller head, because it makes it easier to move the brush all around the mouth and get to hard-to-reach surfaces, especially in the back of the mouth. It is also recommended to use a soft toothbrush, since soft bristles are just as effective as stiffer bristles, while being gentler on the gums. Electric toothbrushes are also an excellent choice, especially since they usually feature a timer that lets the user know when the recommended brushing time has elapsed. It’s important to rinse the brush well and to let it air-dry after each use. A toothbrush should be changed regularly: - every 3 months, or sooner if the bristles are worn out (the edges start to curl), and - after being sick (e.g. a cold or gastroenteritis) Adapt the technique to brush around the brace components When wearing braces, it can be complicated to brush around the various brace components, such as brackets, wires and springs. These components make it impossible to brush the whole tooth surface at once, so the wearer must proceed in steps, for example by brushing: - the upper section of the tooth, i.e. from the gum line to the brackets - the lower section of the tooth, i.e. from the brackets to the edge of the teeth - each side of the bracket, by going underneath the wires During brushing, tilt the brush head slightly in order to reach the sides of the brackets and dislodge any food residue that may have accumulated there. To clean between the brackets, use the toothbrush or simplify the task by using dental picks (little brushes shaped like pine trees) that easily slide under the wires. Avoid using a horizontal side-to-side motion while brushing, because it can irritate the gums and can wear out the surface of the teeth, especially if too much pressure is applied. Small circular patterns are best. What about flossing? Flossing helps us access the areas that can’t be reached with a toothbrush, but it can be difficult to do when wearing braces! Floss threaders and orthodontic floss can greatly facilitate the job. This type of floss has a rigid tip that makes it easy to slide under wires and between the teeth. Lacking the time or motivation to floss? Try to at least get one flossing done per day, ideally before bed. Tips for school - Put together a kit that includes a toothbrush, toothpaste, floss (or dental picks), and make sure to write your child’s name on the items. - While at school, brace wearers should be encouraged to brush their teeth after lunch. If they refuse or forget to do so, they should at the very least rinse their teeth after lunch, and brush their teeth as soon as they get home from school. - Since the school kit toothbrush won’t be used as often as the one at home, you can wait longer before changing it. For example, you could check the kit contents over the Christmas break and make any necessary changes. - Remind your child that a toothbrush should never be shared.
From subreddit r/piercing: Professional licensed piercer here, 19 years on the job. Piercing WHILE pregnant is a big no-no. As mentioned, infection can travel to the baby, even something minor can be a major hazard to the baby. Secondly, the pain that you feel is multiplied beyond belief for the child, they feel everything you do, but they have never felt pain or anything else before, and it is being sent directly into their nervous system. As far as the breastfeeding, this is a largely debated subject. In my experience it is best to remove the piercings while breast feeding and thoroughly clean the area and the jewelry both after removal and before reinsertion. When you remove it to feed there could be trace bacteria from the jewelry in the piercing tract that could cause infection in the child's mouth and throat. And after feeding there could be bacterium and yeast in there from the child that will fester and spread once the jewelry is reinserted. Having the piercings will not affect breast feeding in the way that most folks think, the breast milk comes from all over the nipple, not out the tip. the piercing will not hinder milk production or delivery. However, leaving the jewelry in during feeding can and will cause damage to your babies sensitive mouth and gums, as well as causing difficulty in latching on and can also cause the mouth and gums to form improperly over time. We have 3 children, plus my wife is a trained RN and midwife, and we have helped many women with these issues. The absolute best course of action is to remove the piercings once the baby is born and just leave them out until he/she is done completely with breast feeding. You can always have them re-pierced later, or in some cases the piercings may be able to be tapered and reinserted. While the piercings are very sexy and pleasing, it is best to sacrifice them for your child. That baby is worth it. Good luck. If you have any questions you are welcome to contact me.
Bloating is commonly associated with gas that accumulates in your digestive system making your stomach bulge. This condition is normally accompanied with a feeling of fullness. Although it’s quite normal to feel full after a heavy meal, some people feel bloated all the time. There are a number of factors that contribute to bloating. The most common include: 1# Not drinking enough water Water is essential for proper body function, so it’s no wonder insufficient water intake triggers a number of health issues, including bloating. This normally happens when you drink coffee or alcohol and you water intake is very low. When drinking coffee or alcohol, you must also drink a minimum of 6-8 glasses of water a day too. So, if you drink coffee and alcohol, make sure you drink 6-8 glasses of water as well. If you don’t drink enough water, your organism starts using the liquids inside your body. This means that fluid retention can also cause bloating. To prevent this, increase your daily water intake! Constipation is usually a sign that your diet lacks fiber. Constipation is closely linked to bloating as gasses remain locked in behind the feces and lead to bloating. Start by increasing your fiber intake a bit, but don’t go over the board with it as it can worsen the issue. Also, swap white bread with whole grain bread, drink a lot of smoothies and eat more berries. 3# Too much stress Even excessive stress can lead to bloating, according to a recent study. This happens as a result of the fact that stress also affects proper digestive function, and can trigger stomach ache and constipation as well. Try reducing your exposure to stress if you suffer from this condition. 4# Eating fast Not chewing your food properly and long enough can lead to bloating too. Besides, taking small bites is also important. 5# Excessive carb intake Too much sugar can also cause bloating. You can easily address this issue by cutting down carbs from your diet. You should also swap sugar and alcohol with vegetable and fruit.
<reponame>auto-drive/auto-drive<filename>README.md # auto-drive Community-driven Autonomous Vehicle Development
/* * This header is generated by classdump-dyld 1.0 * on Sunday, September 27, 2020 at 12:26:13 PM Mountain Standard Time * Operating System: Version 14.0 (Build 18A373) * Image Source: /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/ScreenTimeSettingsUI.framework/ScreenTimeSettingsUI * classdump-dyld is licensed under GPLv3, Copyright © 2013-2016 by <NAME>. / #import <UIKitCore/UIView.h> @class NSArray, NSNumber, NSMutableArray; @interface STHorizontallySegmentedView : UIView { BOOL _useVibrancy; BOOL _truncateLabels; NSArray _segmentItems; NSNumber* _numberOfLines; unsigned long long _maximumNumberOfLines; double _previousWidth; NSMutableArray* _segmentViews; NSArray* _segmentConstraints; } @property (nonatomic,retain) NSNumber * numberOfLines; //@synthesize numberOfLines=_numberOfLines - In the implementation block @property (readonly) unsigned long long maximumNumberOfLines; //@synthesize maximumNumberOfLines=_maximumNumberOfLines - In the implementation block @property (readonly) BOOL useVibrancy; //@synthesize useVibrancy=_useVibrancy - In the implementation block @property (readonly) BOOL truncateLabels; //@synthesize truncateLabels=_truncateLabels - In the implementation block @property (assign,nonatomic) double previousWidth; //@synthesize previousWidth=_previousWidth - In the implementation block @property (nonatomic,readonly) NSMutableArray * segmentViews; //@synthesize segmentViews=_segmentViews - In the implementation block @property (nonatomic,copy) NSArray * segmentConstraints; //@synthesize segmentConstraints=_segmentConstraints - In the implementation block @property (nonatomic,copy) NSArray * segmentItems; //@synthesize segmentItems=_segmentItems - In the implementation block -(BOOL)useVibrancy; -(NSNumber )numberOfLines; -(void)setNumberOfLines:(NSNumber )arg1 ; -(void)setSegmentItems:(NSArray )arg1 ; -(id)initWithVibrancy:(BOOL)arg1 maximumNumberOfLines:(unsigned long long)arg2 truncateLabels:(BOOL)arg3 ; -(void)setPreviousWidth:(double)arg1 ; -(NSMutableArray )segmentViews; -(NSArray )segmentItems; -(void)layoutSubviews; -(BOOL)truncateLabels; -(id)init; -(unsigned long long)maximumNumberOfLines; -(double)previousWidth; -(void)_stHorizontallySegmentedViewCommonInit; -(id)initWithCoder:(id)arg1 ; -(NSArray )segmentConstraints; -(void)setSegmentConstraints:(NSArray *)arg1 ; -(void)_setUpConstraints; @end
Why should you believe in creation, and not evolution? I mean, scientifically speaking. Haven’t we proven that evolution is a fact? Well, the word “evolution” can mean a lot of different things today. One way it is frequently used is to describe the supposed process by which a single-celled organism slowly, over millions of years, turned into every living thing we see today. This is probably what most people think of when they hear “evolution.” Now, if this idea is true then EVERYTHING had to have evolved at some point, including immaterial things such as human moral consciousness. But this poses a question. You see, evolution is supposedly a naturalistic process that works on material such as DNA. How does a completely naturalistic process evolve moral consciousness—something that is completely immaterial! This question is a puzzle for many evolutionists. William Provine, an evolutionist and biology professor at Cornell University, once said that one of the implications of evolution is that “No ultimate foundations for ethics exist, no ultimate meaning in life exists, and free will is merely a human myth.” If humans are just the product of evolution, we are nothing more than highly-evolved animals -PAUSE- and our BRAINS are nothing more than chemical reactions. So, how can anyone hold someone accountable for simply behaving according to chemical reactions in their brain? But human experience clearly shows us that we SHOULD be held accountable for our actions. MOST evolutionists would agree that if someone murders another person, he should be punished. But the question is why? If man is nothing more than another animal, how can we be held accountable? After all, no one punishes a lion for killing a gazelle or – – an eagle for snatching a trout from a stream. What makes humans so different? Some evolutionists will argue that society defines morality. For example, as an American society we’ve decided that murder is wrong so it is wrong. But this can’t be right. Other societies, such as Nazi Germany or radical Islamic groups today, believe that murder is perfectly acceptable if it accomplishes their purpose. To be consistent with the idea that ethics are decided by a society, an evolutionist would have to admit that murder is okay for these societies, but just not for ours. But we intrinsically know that murdering millions of people in death camps or detonating bombs and killing civilians is morally wrong. Morality simply can’t be decided by what a society thinks. A consistent evolutionist would have to admit that there is NO such thing as a universal moral ethic in his ideology. And yet most evolutionists certainly would not admit to this. They are being inconsistent with their worldview. But the creation worldview does not have this problem. The Bible, the Word of our Creator, Yeshua of Nazareth, provides a foundation for morality. We were created in the image of God. We are NOT animals. As our Creator, only God has the right to set the rules and He holds us accountable to them. In the book of Romans we read that God has put His law in our hearts. In other words, we have moral consciousness because God’s law is in our hearts. The Bible also explains WHY no one can live a perfectly moral life, and why we see death and suffering. In the book of Genesis we read that God created a perfect world but the first people, Adam and Eve, rebelled against God. They introduced sin into the world and now we all sin and fail to live up to God’s law. But Jesus Christ, our Messiah, stepped into history, living a perfect, sinless life, and died on the Cross taking the penalty for our sin upon Himself. He then rose from the dead and offers forgiveness and eternal life to all who will believe. The evolutionary, naturalistic worldview cannot account for the existence of morality. But Creation, as we find in the Bible, explains why we have a moral conscience, why it is broken, and why we can have hope – and WHERE we can find forgiveness. Just one more scientific reason that you shouldn’t believe in molecules-to-man evolution. It takes a LOT of faith. I’m David Rives, Truly, the Heavens Declare the Glory of God.
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“When ‘I’ is replaced with ‘we,’ even illness becomes wellness.” Human beings have always recognized themselves as social creatures. From an evolutionary standpoint, survival depended on social structure and being part of a group. But in recent decades, evidence regarding the link between social connections and physical health has been mounting. A 2015 meta-study linked loneliness with a 45% increased risk of dying. By contrast, obesity only accounts for a 20% increase. Unfortunately, society has evolved in such a way that increasing numbers of people describe themselves as socially isolated. As we sacrifice our connections with friends and family, loneliness could become a major public health threat. Research around this topic goes back decades. Among some of the most intriguing studies are those that have shown that social rejection triggers the same parts of the brain as physical pain. A 1988 study reported that lack of social connections could have more of a negative impact on health than obesity, smoking and high blood pressure. Another study, completed at UCLA in 2010, linked stress brought on by social rejection with increased inflammation in the body. The problem of social isolation appears to be more significant among the elderly who are no longer in the workplace and may not live near family members. Those with dementia report even higher levels of loneliness than their peers. How can you avoid or reverse social isolation and loneliness? By all indications, it is the quality rather than quantity of social connections that matters, so having just one or two friends or family members with whom you socialize can yield positive results. Face-to-face contact is preferable, but if you live apart from friends and family, try at the very least to maintain regular telephone contact. If you are physically able to get around, consider joining a club or a gym, attend religious services, participate in your favorite hobby to meet like-minded people, volunteer, or join a support group. If you are unable to travel on your own, look for community-based and faith organizations, many of which offer resources such as friendly visitors who check up on the homebound. The effort to remain connected to others can be challenging. But in the long run, these connections will improve your quality of life and may even help you live longer. Here are some resources to help you get and stay involved: www.destinationaccessible.com offers detailed accessibility descriptions of leisure locations. https://parks.ny.gov/admission/empire-passport/ offers discounted rates to New York state parks. Also take note that those 62+ can access at NYS parks for free and reduced rates just with their NYS ID.
Cultural Landscape Management The Cultural Landscape Report and Environmental Assessment (CLR / EA) for Hopewell Culture National Historical Park is the primary document used to guide management and stewardship of the park. The intent of the CLR / EA is to provide a comprehensive and integrated guidance document that reflects the mission of the NPS. The CLR / EA ensures long-term preservation, stewardship, and that visitor experience objectives are met to the maximum extent practicable. Included below are links to other reference documents and "best practices" for managing cultural landscapes, especially American Indian mound and earthwork sites. These are provided only as reference materials, and no endorsement by the National Park Service is implied. (All documents are PDF files). Last updated: August 16, 2016
香蕉成人视频appThe United States was a small new country. Regardless, it found itself in the midst of the dramatic escalation of political and military conflicts brought on by the French Revolution. President Washington declared American neutrality in the war, breaking the terms of a 1778 treaty with France that had promised mutual assistance between the two countries. While France had aided the U.S. during the American Revolution, America would not do the same for France. Washington's decision stemmed from his philosophical commitment to non-involvement in foreign affairs, but was also based upon pragmatic considerations. Ninety percent of all U.S. imports came from Britain and customs duties on these imports produced ninety percent of federal revenues. The conflict in Europe created an immense opportunity for Americans. Farmers, merchants, and ship owners all stood to profit from the long European war and even American manufacturers were shielded from massive cheap imports from the Old World. The war stimulated a broad recovery of the American economy. In the face of American neutrality that would continue a strong economic relationship with Great Britain, the French government sent Edmond Genet to the U.S. as a diplomatic envoy. Controversially, Genet was instructed to enlist American aid for the French Revolution even though Washington had established a clear policy of neutrality. In the face of this, Genet called for American privateers to harass British ships and also opened up the French sugar islands in the Caribbean for free trade with U.S. ships. Supporters of the French Revolution, as well as those who stood to benefit from the new lucrative trade opportunities, rallied to support Genet's mission. On the other hand, Federalists saw him as a renegade who broke American laws. The French superpower clearly showed to qualms about trying to force the hand of the new American republic. 香蕉成人视频appBritain responded to the offer of French free trade by seizing American ships that they suspected of carrying French goods. While Americans saw this as a deep violation of their national sovereignty and right to trade as a neutral nation, the British dismissed American claims to free trade as merely war time profiteering with the enemy. 香蕉成人视频appAt the same time, the British still occupied forts in the American northwest that were supposed to have been abandoned by the terms of the peace treaty of 1783. Not only did the British army still not surrender these strategic strongholds, but they also supplied Native Americans with goods and encouraged them to attack the U.S. from the west. While France ignored American neutrality, the British engaged in covert and explicit acts of war. Washington responded to the aggressive British actions by sending John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, on a diplomatic mission to England. He negotiated an extremely broad agreement that dealt with issues from repaying pre-Revolutionary debts, to the British forts in the west, and the rights of free trade across the Atlantic. Jay's Treaty proved to be enormously controversial and historical judgments about its strengths and weaknesses remain sharply divided. Clearly, America lacked the strength to force powerful Britain to capitulate on key issues. As a result the agreement largely strengthened American ties to Great Britain and was bitterly denounced by the growing political opposition to Washington and his administration. Jay became the victim of harsh public protests that included burning him in effigy. The controversial treaty passed the senate with the minimum number of votes even with Washington's total commitment to its success. 香蕉成人视频appThe American republic was caught between the two great superpowers of the day.
Reddit r/baseball The ball was juiced after the strike. Steroids and expansion are insufficient to explain the increase in HRs. A juiced ball is literally the only plausible explanation for the 1987 season, at least as I see it. Plus, [there's precedent for it.](http://hardballtalk.nbcsports.com/2013/06/12/japanese-baseball-officials-admit-to-altering-the-baseball-to-increase-offense/) EDIT: The 1994 strike, in case that wasn't clear. EDIT 2: Some choice quotes from players, coaches, and managers during the 1987 season: * Tigers manager Sparky Anderson: "Can you imagine the Big Red Machine with that nitroglycerin ball? … Souped? * Mike Scott: "I really think that the balls are going farther." * Bert Blyleven on whether he thought a "rabbit ball" was being used: "There's a whole family in there." * Garth Iorg after hitting two HR in one game: "I'd been hearing about it, but I felt left out. Now I've finally gotten in on the jackrabbit ball." * Pete Rose: "I definitely think there's a livelier ball." * A retired Bobby Bonds after taking some BP at age 41: "I've taken batting practice and I've hit those balls... I've hit the ball as far as I did when I was 25 years old. I'm not that strong. When I was playing, I'd hit balls and say, 'Oh my God,' and it didn't go out. Now I hit balls and I say, 'Oh my God,' and they clear the fence by 30 feet. All the tests can't convince me. I don't need tests on some machine. I go by contact."
Now We Can Speak: A Journey Through the New Nicaragua By Frances Moore Lappé Now We Can Speak focuses on the lives of ordinary men and women in Nicaragua-how they are changing and why there is hope. Sra. Lopez and dozens of other Nicaraguans, from marketplace vendors and peasants living along the dangerous Honduras border to union officials and church activists, tell how the revolution has made a difference in their lives. As they discuss their experiences with community organizations, their newly won political power, and the advances made against disease, hunger and illiteracy, a vivid canvas of contemporary Nicaragua emerges. They describe Nicaragua's approaches to the tough questions of democracy, participation, and power, revealing why Nicaragua's revolution defies stereotypes. Table of Contents Now We Can Speak 1 Our Journey 7 Nicaragua Is a School 115 Resources Guide 119
There is a great deal of desire for the analysis of genotype by environment interactions (design has been studied in many different ways, and most results show that the small effects expected require relatively large or non-representative samples (i. exposure). Randomized clinical trials (RCT) or randomized field trials (RFT) have multiple strengths in the estimation of causal influences, and we discuss how measured genotypes can be incorporated into these designs. Use of these contemporary modeling techniques often requires different kinds of data be collected and stimulates the formation of parsimonious models with fewer overall parameters, allowing specific hypotheses to be investigated with a reasonable statistical foundation. A simple summary of the role of genetic variance on behavior is usually provided by the expression (GxE) — whereby gene expression varies depending on the level of the environmental context or, equivalently, the direct effects of the environment around the measured phenotype vary depending on the genotype. Classical examples were based on herb and animal breeding studies(observe Tryon, 1940; Cooper & Zubek, 1958). Until recently, 21679-14-1 supplier testing in human populations relied around the used of inferred genotypes and observational designs, such as adoption, discordant twin pair, and MZ-DZ twin studies 21679-14-1 supplier (observe Vandenberg & Falkner, 1965; Scarr-Salapatek, 1971; Harden, Turkheimer & Loehlin, 2007; McArdle & Plassman, 2009). More recent studies of in BTF2 human behavior have used measured genotypes to help untangle this puzzle (e.g., Caspi et al., 2003). The effect sizes of observed interactions have been very 21679-14-1 supplier small and these methods have been the subject of several important methodological critiques, (e.g., Eaves, 2006; Joober, Sengupta, & Schmitz, 2007; Monroe & Reid, 2008; Risch et al., 2009). Another complication is the potential presence of For many behaviors there is a rather obvious correlation between genotypes and environments (e.g., Scarr & McCartney, 1983). That is, persons with specific genotypes are not randomly assigned (or uncovered) to environments, and some important correlation of and arises from selection effects. This correlation may exist due to evolutionary selection (e.g., skin color and geographical latitude), or mate selection (people have children with partners who have similar characteristics), or even interpersonal selection (e.g., small physical stature prospects to being bullied). Of course, on a statistical basis, even if two variables are uncorrelated in the population, they can be correlated in every sub-sample from that populace (e.g., Thurstone, 1947). The purpose of the current paper is not to question whether interactions or correlations exist — We presume that they do and that they are important in some contexts (e.g., Cronbach & Snow, 1977; Wilson, Jones, Coussens & Hanna, 2002; Thomas, 2004; Kendler & Prescott, 2006). Instead we ask, If a by effect is important, how can we improve our chances of detecting it using current statistical models? The analyses must be able to deal with correlation as well C either by sampling design or statistical control. To illustrate these issues we present results from analyses examining how variation in a measured gene (APOE4) influences episodic memory (EM) overall performance in older ages (>60 years). These data do not come from a randomized clinical or field trial, so the correlation may exist, but we use high -quality longitudinal data which are publicly available and are useful for presenting key analytic issues (observe Shadish, Cook & Campbell, 2002; Rubin, 2006). We illustrate options for fitting variations of models to the data using contemporary techniques from (SEM). We then expand these formal considerations to include some benefits of longitudinal data, and we refit the models using longitudinal data. We then consider some issues of statistical power and the implications of the analytic results for designing (RCT) or (RFT) that include measured genotypes. METHODS The data used in this paper come from the publicly available (ADAMS), a part of the (HRS; observe Langa et al., 2005; Plassman et al., 2008; McArdle, Fisher & Kadlec, 2007). The ADAMS/HRS sample in the beginning included a sub-population of 1 1,700 individuals selected from your HRS with the ultimate goal of a detailed in-person neurological evaluation to assess dementia status. After several initial screenings, is the product of the coded education and genotype variables. (Only 14 individuals in the sample experienced two copies of the 4 allele, so we combine. Identifying how somatic copy-number alterations (SCNAs) promote malignancy is an important goal. in epigenetic rules. When levels buy Clemizole hydrochloride of genomic disruption were accounted for, 7% of region pairs anticorrelated, and these tended to encompass genes whose proteins literally interact, suggesting related functions. These results provide insights into mechanisms of generation and practical effects of malignancy SCNAs. Intro Somatic copy-number alterations (SCNAs) affect a larger portion of the buy Clemizole hydrochloride genome in cancers than do any additional type of somatic genetic alteration1C5. SCNAs play essential tasks in activating oncogenes and inactivating tumor suppressors3,6C12 and an understanding of the biological and phenotypic effects of SCNAs offers led to considerable advances in malignancy diagnostics and therapeutics13C16. A primary challenge in understanding SCNAs is definitely to distinguish the driver events that contribute to oncogenesis and malignancy progression in the traveler SCNAs that are obtained during cancers evolution but usually do not lead towards it17C20. Favorably chosen SCNAs shall have a tendency to recur across malignancies at raised prices1,4,5. Nevertheless, SCNAs could also recur in the lack of positive selection because of increased prices of era or decreased detrimental selection21,22. For this good reason, it’s important to comprehend how systems of SCNA era, their temporal buying, and detrimental selection form the distribution of SCNAs genome-wide21C25. buy Clemizole hydrochloride Another challenge is to recognize the buy Clemizole hydrochloride oncogene and tumor suppressor gene goals of the drivers SCNAs (which frequently encompass many genes) and elucidate the SCNAs useful roles. The framework from the SCNA could be informative. Positive correlations with various other hereditary occasions might suggest useful synergies, while anticorrelations may indicate functional redundancies because redundant events wouldn’t normally be required with the same cancers. Several approaches have already been created to determine useful effects of hereditary events predicated on anticorrelation patterns26C28. Right here, we address these issues through the evaluation of 4934 cancers copy-number information across 11 cancers types, set up through The Cancers Genome Atlas Task Pan-Cancer effort, allowing evaluation of many evaluation and cancers of patterns of copy-number alter across cancer types. KRAS2 We’ve integrated strenuous statistical strategies into these analyses, including overall allelic copy-number profiling29, aswell as book computational equipment to determine specific SCNA occasions and their temporal buying from these information, also to identify relevant correlations between SCNAs functionally. Results Cancer tumor purities, ploidies, and prices of copy-number alteration within and across cancers types We examined the copy-number information of 4934 principal cancer tumor specimens across 11 cancers types (least 136 for bladder cancers; maximum 880 examples for breast cancer tumor; digestive tract and rectal adenocarcinomas had been combined; Supplementary Desk 1). In each cancers, we driven copy-numbers at each of just one 1,559,049 loci in accordance with the median copy-number genome-wide, using Affymetrix SNP6 arrays and previously defined algorithms1. For 3847 cancers, we also identified the purity, ploidy, and complete allelic copy-number profiles29 of the malignant cells using SNP6 array data and, in 1069 instances, matched whole-exome sequencing data (Supplementary Table 1). In the additional 1087 instances, purity and ploidy estimations were ambiguous and remaining uncalled. This included all instances of acute myeloid leukemias [LAMLs], which exhibit very few SCNAs. We then inferred the sequence of somatic copy-alteration (SCNA) events that led to each copy-number profile, using probably the most parsimonious group of SCNAs that could generate the noticed overall allelic copy-numbers (Supplementary Fig. 1a, Strategies). We driven the lengths, places, and amounts of copies of transformation for every SCNA and, oftentimes, their allelic framework (Supplementary Fig. 1b). We discovered a complete of 202,244 SCNAs, a median of 39 per cancers test, comprising six types: focal SCNAs which were shorter than one chromosome arm (a median of 11 amplifications and 12 deletions buy Clemizole hydrochloride per test); arm-level SCNAs which were chromosome-arm duration or much longer (a median of three amplifications and five deletions per test); copy-neutral loss-of-heterozygosity occasions (cnLOHs), where one allele have been deleted as well as the various other amplified coextensively (a median of 1 per test); and whole-genome duplications (WGDs, in 37% of malignancies). By deletions and amplifications, we make reference to copy-number benefits and deficits, respectively, of any size and amplitude. Estimated purities and ploidies per malignancy varied considerably within and across diseases (Fig. 1a). The purity estimations correlated with estimations derived from measurements of leukocyte and lymphocyte contamination using DNA methylation data from your same cancers (Supplementary Fig. 1c) (Shen et al, unpublished data)30, but tended to indicate lower purity, consistent with the presence of non-hematopoietic contaminating normal cells. Average ploidies within diseases mirrored their. Background Alcoholism presents widespread human being and sociable health issues. fatty acidity biosynthesis. Functional testing of P-component disrupted alleles related to genes with modified transcription implicated 75% of the in the response to alcoholic beverages, two-thirds which possess human orthologues. Summary Expression microarray evaluation is an effective method for determining candidate genes influencing complicated behavioral and physiological qualities, including alcoholic beverages misuse. Drosophila provides a very important hereditary model for comparative genomic evaluation, that may inform subsequent research in human being populations. Transcriptional analyses pursuing alcoholic beverages exposure in Drosophila implicate biotransformation pathways, transcriptional regulators, proteolysis and enzymes that act as metabolic switches in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism as important targets for future studies of the physiological consequences of human alcohol abuse. Background The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism has estimated that approximately 14 million people in the United States suffer from alcoholism . Genetic studies have demonstrated that the propensity for alcohol abuse is determined by multiple genes. Thus, vulnerability to alcohol abuse shows all the hallmarks of a quantitative trait, as it is polygenic and subject to genotype by environment interactions. Efforts to map chromosomal regions (quantitative trait loci (QTL)) that harbor genes responsible for alcohol-related traits have identified at least 24 QTL regions in the mouse genome . Although candidate genes have been identified within such QTL regions, including the multiple PDZ domain protein Mpdz on chromosome 4 , conclusive evidence that links candidate genes within QTL regions directly to the phenotype is often difficult to obtain. Quantitatively measuring alcohol dependence without confounding contributions of other psychiatric or social disorders is challenging with human subjects, although studies in ethnically defined populations have implicated alcohol dehydrogenase , the GABAA receptor complex , and the serotonin 1B receptor in alcohol sensitivity [6,7]. Flies face ethanol normally, as they prey Rabbit Polyclonal to IL4 on fermented meals. BCX 1470 methanesulfonate Exposing flies to low concentrations of ethanol stimulates locomotor activity, whereas high concentrations of ethanol induce an intoxicated phenotype that presents marked commonalities to human alcoholic beverages intoxication, seen as a locomotor impairments, lack of postural control, sedation [8,9] and exposure-dependent advancement of tolerance . Alcoholic beverages level of sensitivity in Drosophila melanogaster can become quantified within an ‘inebriometer’, a 122 cm lengthy vertical cup column, which consists of some slanted mesh partitions to which flies can connect . Flies are released in the very best from the column and subjected to ethanol vapors. Because they reduce postural control they fall through the column. The elution period through the column can be used as BCX 1470 methanesulfonate a way of measuring sensitivity to alcoholic beverages intoxication. Following a short exposure to alcoholic beverages, flies develop tolerance, manifested upon another exposure with a change in the elution profile . Tolerance peaks within hours after publicity and persists to a day in a few people up. Right here, we exploited the energy from the Drosophila program to judge whole-genome transcriptional information that reflect modifications in gene manifestation upon contact with alcoholic beverages and during advancement of tolerance, to get insights in to the root mobile and physiological systems that react to alcoholic beverages exposure. We after that evaluated alcoholic beverages sensitivity as well as the advancement of tolerance in flies with mutations in 20 genes which were implicated from the evaluation of differential BCX 1470 methanesulfonate transcript great quantity, and identified 15 novel candidate genes affecting alcohol related phenotypes, 10 of which have human orthologues. Thus, whole genome transcriptional analysis following alcohol exposure in Drosophila can identify candidate genes and metabolic pathways that are relevant to alcohol abuse and its physiological consequences in people. Results and discussion We hypothesized that analysis of gene expression after one and two exposures to ethanol would reveal novel genes and pathways underpinning the genomic response to ethanol, and that subsequent functional tests with mutations in such genes would confirm them as candidate genes for future detailed investigation. This strategy requires that mutations are generated in a common homozygous (isogenic) genetic background, since effects of segregating variants in an outbred. Goal: To use microarray-based miRNA profiling of colonic mucosal biopsies from individuals with ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohns disease (CD), and settings in order to identify fresh potential miRNA biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease. 19), and healthy settings (= 20). The qPCR results were analyzed with Mann-Whitney test. prediction analysis were performed to identify potential miRNA target genes and the expected miRNA focuses on were then compared with all UC connected susceptibility genes reported in the literature. RESULTS: The colonic mucosal miRNA transcriptome differs significantly between UC and settings, UC and CD, as well as between UC individuals with mucosal swelling and those without. However, no very MEK162 clear differences in the transcriptome of sufferers with handles and CD had been discovered. The miRNAs using the most powerful differential power had been discovered (miR-20b, miR-99a, miR-203, miR-26b, and miR-98) and discovered to become up-regulated greater than a 10-fold in energetic UC when compared with quiescent UC, Compact disc, and handles. Two miRNAs, let-7e* and miR-125b-1, were up-regulated a lot more than 5-flip in quiescent UC in comparison to energetic UC, Compact disc, and handles. Four from the seven miRNAs (miR-20b, miR-98, miR-125b-1, and allow-7e) had been validated by qPCR and discovered to be particularly upregulated in sufferers with UC. Using evaluation we discovered several forecasted pro-inflammatory focus on genes involved with various pathways, such as for example MEK162 mitogen-activated proteins cytokine and kinase signaling, that are both essential signaling pathways in UC. Bottom line: Today’s study supplies the initial proof that miR-20b, miR-98, miR-125b-1, and allow-7e* are deregulated in sufferers with UC. The known degree of these miRNAs may serve as fresh potential biomarkers because of this chronic disease. worth of 0.05 determining the possibility distribution of random fits set in the program with the very least miRNA seed amount of 7. When at least three applications co-identified a particular transcript, then your target(s) were chosen for our set of potential goals. In addition, because of the limited capability of most algorithms to anticipate goals of miRNA complementary strands (), the miRNA goals were discovered using miRWalk and miRanda in support of those goals forecasted by both applications were examined even more closely. Statistical evaluation miRNA data evaluation: The fresh microarray-data were history corrected as well as the ten replicate strength values of every miRNA had been summarized by their median worth. To be able to decrease data intricacy the unsupervised multivariate data evaluation tool principal element evaluation (PCA) was put on see whether any intrinsic clustering existed within the dataset. If intrinsic clustering was found, the supervised multivariate data analysis tool projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used. PLS-DA, like PCA, entails reduction of data difficulty and is commonly used where quantitative or qualitative human relationships are wanted between a matrix, X, in this case miRNA manifestation profiles, and another matrix, Y, in this case the class belonging of the samples. Such PLS-DA models offer the opportunity to create lists of miRNAs with the highest regression coefficients for each class, thus making it possible to determine the miRNA manifestation profiles responsible for the differentiation between the classes and consequently the unique miRNAs with the strongest differential power. The multivariate data analysis was performed using SIMCA-P+ 12.0 (Umetrics, Umea, Sweden). qPCR data analysis: Groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney test, and values less than 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS Recognition of differentially indicated miRNAs by miRNA microarray profiling We have previously shown that gene manifestation profiles using microarray studies can differentiate between active UC, inactive UC, and control samples[34,35]. Therefore, FCGR3A in an initial MEK162 attempt to determine fresh miRNAs that are differentially indicated in individuals with IBD, we performed miRNA microarray profiling of colonic cells samples from cohort 1. The PCA score-plot indicated a 3-way separation of the samples; controls, active CD, and inactive CD in one. ISCOM is an effective mucosal delivery system for RSV envelope proteins while measured by antibody reactions in respiratory tract secretions and in sera of mice following two intranasal (i. after i.n. immunization with ISCOMs and after s.c. immunization with an inactivated disease, but no IgE response was detectable after s.c. injection of ISCOMs. The serum IgA response was more pronounced following s.c. injection of inactivated disease CI-1040 than after i.n. software of ISCOMs, and a clear-cut booster effect was acquired with a second immunization. Virtually no serum IgA response was detected after the s.c. administration of ISCOMs. In conclusion, the high immune responses induced by RSV ISCOMs in the respiratory tract and serum after i.n. administration indicate prominent mucosal delivery and adjuvant properties of the ISCOMs, warranting further studies. saponins. In this 40-nm particle, the antigens are arranged in a multimeric form and the in-built saponin has strong inherent adjuvant activity [7,8]. Recent studies have also shown that the immunogenicities of the envelope proteins of influenza virus and the B subunit of CT when incorporated in ISCOMs are greatly enhanced after mucosal administration, leading to potent mucosal IgA and systemic immune responses. Further, it was reported that ISCOMs containing antigens from protoscoles of efficiently induced serum antibody responses in mice, in particular, the antibody response to carbohydrate CI-1040 antigens was enhanced by the intranasal (i.n.) mode of immunization . An RSV ISCOM experimental vaccine was first introduced by Trudel in a Kontron TST-41 rotor (Kontron Ltd, Zurich, Switzerland) for 1 h at 4C, the sample volume plus LHX2 antibody the 20% sucrose layer containing viral proteins were collected, and extra lipids, i.e. cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine, and saponin (Spicoside; Iscotec AB, Lule?, Sweden) were added in proportions of protein:cholesterol:phosphatidylcholine:saponin = 1:1:1:5 calculated by weight, and the mixture was homogenized. After extensive dialysis against 0.15 m ammonium acetate for 72 h at 4C, the ISCOMs were purified by centrifugation through 10% sucrose at 210 000 in a Kontron TST-41 rotor for 18 h at 10C. The pellet containing the RSV ISCOMs was resuspended in 200 l PBS. Protein concentration was determined by the Bradford method . The saponin concentration was measured by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) , and the weight ratio of protein to saponin was 1:10. The inactivated RSV was prepared by adding 0.5% (w/v) of -propiolactone to the virus solution, and the reaction was kept at 4C for 7 days. Inactivation was verified by virus isolation attempts in MA 104 cell culture. Mice Female BALB/c mice, 8C12 weeks of age, were obtained from the National Veterinary Institute (Uppsala, Sweden). The mice were screened for viral, bacterial and mycoplasma infections, and kept in accordance with the national guidelines. Immunizations Three groups (1C3) of mice, each consisting of 10 CI-1040 BALB/c mice, were immunized twice 6 weeks apart. Mice in different groups were immunized as follows: group 1, 1 g/mouse of RSV ISCOMs subcutaneously; group 2, 5 g/mouse of RSV ISCOMs intranasally; group 3, 500 l/mouse of inactivated RSV subcutaneously. The preparation contained the same amount of the fusion (F) protein as in the ISCOM preparation used for s.c. administration, i.e. 1 g/mouse measured by a quantitative immunodot assay, in which serial two-fold diluted RSV ISCOMs or the inactivated RSV were immobilized on a cellulosenitrate paper. Anti-F MoAb, rabbit anti-mouse conjugate and its substrate were used for the blot assay. The strength of the color was visually likened as well as the difference between F proteins content material in the ISCOMs and in the inactivated RSV was determined appropriately; group 4, non-immunized control group. For we.n. immunization, 5 g of ISCOMs had been suspended inside a level of 20 l PBS as the subcutaneous dosage was suspended inside a level of 200 l PBS. I.n. immunizations had been completed under anaesthesia CI-1040 with methoxyflurane administrated by inhalation. Assortment of samples Blood examples had been. Background Gliomas will be the most common principal human brain tumor in both small children and adults. PNU-120596 in charge of this immunosuppression, we used gene expression profiling of stimulated monocytes in the absence or presence of GBM tumor cells. Our analysis discovered caveolin-1 (CAV1), a plasma membrane molecule with pleiotropic features, as up-regulated in monocytes in the current presence of GBMs significantly. We validated these results by confirming up-regulation of CAV1 in TAMs isolated from GBMs soon after operative resection. Finally, we demonstrate that siRNA inhibition of CAV1 restores myeloid cell function, as assessed by TNF-alpha secretion, in the current presence of GBMs. Conclusions Recovery of TAM function through pharmacologic blockage of CAV1 may facilitate more lucrative immunotherapeutic strategies aimed against a number of solid individual tumors infiltrated by TAMs. Launch Currently, nearly all research relating to the immunology of malignant gliomas targets T cells. That is in part since there is apparent proof that T cells infiltrate glioblastomas (GBMs) [1-5] and in addition because of raising achievement with dendritic cell-based vaccinations to improve cytotoxic T cell replies (analyzed in 6). Nevertheless, there is raising understanding that myeloid produced immune system cells play a substantial role in the neighborhood tumor microenvironment. In both pet cancers and versions sufferers, for example, myeloid-derived suppressor cells have already been implicated in the propagation and generation of regional tumor immunosuppression . In the central anxious system, until [8 recently,9] the contribution of myeloid cells in the legislation of the neighborhood immune system response to GBMs provides largely been forgotten. Our group yet others possess reported that tumor linked myeloid cells (TAMs) significantly outnumber every other immune system cell enter individual gliomas including T cells [8-13]. We lately confirmed that GBM tumor cells inhibit the power of myeloid cells to react to several powerful stimuli and from individual GBMs by confirming upregulation of CAV1 in TAMs isolated from GBMs soon after operative resection. Finally, we confirmed that preventing CAV1 with siRNA inhibition restored myeloid cell function, as assessed by TNF-alpha secretion, in the current presence of GBMs. Components and Strategies Monocyte and PBMC removal Peripheral bloodstream mononuclear cells (PBMC) had been isolated from newly isolated bloodstream from healthful subjects. Under acceptance in the Columbia School Institutional Review Plank (IRB) (process IRB-AAAA4666), blood examples and human brain tumor specimens are gathered from sufferers by an agent and deposited within an institutional tumor loan company. Specimens are given to Columbia School personnel upon demand after comprehensive PNU-120596 de-identification. According to the above process, additional analysis with these de-identified specimens is certainly categorized as NOT human-related analysis and no additional IRB approval is necessary. Healthy content had been utilized to acquire regular peripheral bloodstream monocytes for make use of in these scholarly research. The initial group was employed for the microarray research and contains both guys (n = 4) and females (n = 4) using a mean age group of 44 years. Another group of healthful subjects was utilized to verify the microarray data and contains both guys (n = 3) and females (n = 2) using a indicate age group of 41 years. Bloodstream was attracted into vacutainers formulated with lithium-heparin anti-coagulant (BD Biosciences). PBMCs had been Rabbit Polyclonal to AIFM1. extracted using Ficoll thickness gradient centrifugation. Monocytes had been after that isolated from PBMCs by harmful selection using immunomagnetic beads (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, CA). Co-culture assays and re-sorting of monocytes pursuing co-culture monocytes (2×106 cells/well) had been cultured by itself or using a principal GBM tumor cell series (RCA; attained by lifestyle and expansion of the tumor specimen in cell lifestyle moderate ) at a proportion of 2:1 monocytes:GBM in polystyrene 2.5 ml tubes in the absence or presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1ug/ml). After 4 hours of co-culturing in endotoxin free of charge conditions, monocytes had been stained with Compact disc11b-PE monoclonal mouse anti-human antibody (BD Pharmingen, NORTH PARK, CA) and a FACSAria (Becton Dickinson, NORTH PARK, CA) cell sorter was PNU-120596 utilized to isolate monocytes (Compact disc11b+) to secure a extremely purified cell inhabitants (>99% purity). Adult regular individual astrocytes were bought from two industrial resources (Cambrex/Lonza; All Cells) and cultured in Astrocytes Basal Mass media supplemented with astrocyte development moderate SingleQuots (Lonza) . Gene appearance evaluation Applied Biosystems Individual Genome Study Arrays V2.0 were used to look for the transcriptional information of 26 examples. DIG-UTP tagged cRNA was generated and linearly amplified from 500 ng total RNA using the Chemiluminescent RT-IVT Labeling Package v 2.0 (Applied Biosystems,. A significant goal of cancer research may be the identification of tumor-specific vulnerabilities that may be exploited for the introduction of therapies that are selectively toxic towards the tumor. Following analysis revealed a subunit structure of AMPK (α2β2γ1) is recommended for colorectal tumor cell success at least partly by stabilizing the tumor-specific appearance of PGC1β. On the other hand PGC1β and ERRα aren’t detectable in nontransformed individual digestive tract epithelial cells and depletion from the AMPKγ1 subunit does not have any influence on their viability. These data reveal that Ras oncogenesis depends on the aberrant activation of the PGC1β-reliant transcriptional pathway with a particular AMPK isoform. Launch A third of most human malignancies including a considerable percentage of colorectal lung and pancreatic malignancies are powered by activating mutations in Ras genes. Activating K-Ras mutations can be found in 35 to 40% of digestive tract tumors and so are regarded as both motorists of tumorigenesis and determinants of healing regimens (1). Healing disruption of Ras function continues to be clinically inadequate to time but analysis of Ras pleiotropy is constantly on the yield a variety of downstream effectors with obligate jobs in the maintenance and version of Ras-driven tumors to 5-Iodotubercidin changing conditions. The Raf-MEK-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway is vital for the oncogenic properties of mutated K-Ras (2). Nevertheless numerous powerful and particular MEK inhibitors have already been developed yet have got didn’t demonstrate single-agent effectiveness in tumor treatment (3). Like a molecular scaffold from the Raf-MEK-ERK kinase cascade (4 5 kinase suppressor of Ras 1 (KSR1) is essential and adequate for 5-Iodotubercidin RasV12-induced tumorigenesis (4) mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) change (5 6 and pancreatic tumor development (7) but dispensable for regular advancement (4). KSR1 can be overexpressed in endometrial carcinoma and is necessary for both proliferation and anchorage-independent development of endometrial tumor cells (8). Aside from small defects in hair roots KSR1 knockout mice are fertile 5-Iodotubercidin and develop normally (4). This observation predicts that little molecules focusing on KSR1 and functionally related effectors should preferentially focus on Ras-driven tumors while departing normal tissue mainly unaffected. Even more generally this observation demonstrates that tumor cells while under selective pressure to adjust to inhospitable conditions and proliferate without constraint will adopt strategies that while beneficial to that singular purpose create vulnerabilities that may be exploited by targeted treatments. We wanted to detect and exploit those vulnerabilities in human being digestive tract tumor cells using practical personal ontology (FUSION) (9) to recognize practical analogs of KSR1. A validated practical analog of KSR1 is necessary for the success and tumorigenic properties in Ras-driven tumor cells but can be dispensable for success in regular cells. Applying FUSION evaluation to a little interfering RNA (siRNA) display of genes encoding kinases phosphatases and related proteins a gene manifestation signature quality of KSR1 disruption determined PRKAG1 the gene encoding the γ1 subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as an element of digestive tract tumor cell success. Further characterization exposed that a complicated of the trimeric AMPK incorporating the α2 and β2 subunits combined with the γ1 subunit was essential to human digestive tract tumor cell success. RNA disturbance (RNAi)-mediated disruption of the AMPK subunits wiped out human digestive Mmp16 tract tumor cells without appreciable influence on nontransformed digestive tract 5-Iodotubercidin epithelial cells. The actions of KSR1 and AMPK was from the actions of transcriptional regulators PGC1β/estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) whose overexpression can be apparent in metastatic human being digestive tract tumors and whose actions is crucial in digestive tract tumor cell success. These outcomes demonstrate the feasibility of using FUSION to recognize molecular focuses on of tumor-specific pathways in K-Ras-driven oncogenic signaling. METHODS and MATERIALS Immunoblotting. To get a complete set of the cell lines reagents and antibodies start to see the supplemental materials. Cells had been lysed in cytoplasmic lysis buffer including 0.5% NP-40 25 mM HEPES 5 mM KCl and 0.5 mM MgCl2 pH 7.4 and a nuclear. History Redirection of T lymphocytes against tumor antigens may induce dramatic regression of advanced stage malignancy. to intracellular TCR and Compact disc28 costimulatory signaling domains in tandem; a BsAb-binding immune receptor (BsAb-IR). As a surrogate TCR the BsAb-IR allows for concomitant TCR and costimulatory signaling exclusively in transduced T-cells upon engagement with specific frBsAbs and can therefore redirect T-cells on command to desired antigen. Human primary T-cells were transduced with lentiviral vector and expanded for 14-18 days. BsAb-IRs were harvested and armed with frBsAbs to test for redirected cytotoxicity against CD20 positive cancer cell lines. Results Using frBsAbs specific for CD20 or HER2 the lytic activity of primary human T-cells expressing the BsAb-IR Rabbit polyclonal to HYAL1. was specifically redirected against CD20+ ME0328 leukemic cells or HER2+ epithelial cancer cells respectively while non-engineered T-cells were not activated. Notably elimination of the ME0328 CD28 costimulatory domain from the BsAb-IR construct significantly reduced frBsAb-redirected antitumor responses confirming that ME0328 frBsAbs are capable of delivering simultaneous TCR activation and costimulatory signals to BsAb-IR T-cells. Conclusion In summary our results establish the proof of concept how the mix of BsAbs with optimized gene-engineered T-cells supplies the opportunity to designate and augment tumor antigen-specific T-cell activation and could improve upon the first success of regular BsAbs in tumor immunotherapy. Electronic supplementary materials The online edition of this content (doi:10.1186/s12967-014-0347-2) contains supplementary materials which is open to authorized users. or even to elicit powerful long-lasting antitumoral results. This is attained by activation of cytotoxic T-cells [14 ME0328 15 or by systemic administration of IL-2 cytokine [16 17 On the other hand technological advances possess led to the introduction of fresh BsAb strategies which concurrently result in the activation of costimulatory receptors (e.g. Compact disc28 4 OX40) in conjugation with regular BsAbs treatment [18 19 Parallel costimulatory signaling may also be provided by merging BsAbs with an agonistic anti-CD28 mAb to mediate a synergistic impact in eliciting an antitumor response [20 21 Likewise 4 costimulation in the tumor site can boost T-cell ME0328 activation mediated with a BsAb [22 23 as evidenced by improved T-cell cytokine launch activation marker manifestation and proliferation. Although it can be increasingly apparent that BsAb techniques that incorporate parallel costimulation are far better than regular BsAb the undefined ideal stoichiometry of multiple receptor engagement as well as the indiscriminant character of T-cell engagement represent still represent problems towards the field. Right here we sought to determine a proof concept how the wants for costimulation set stoichiometry and T-cell standards of regular BsAbs could be resolved by using advanced T-cell executive strategies. We yet others possess previously demonstrated that human being T-cells built expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) including an extracellular tumor antigen-specific antibody fused to intracellular TCR Compact disc3 and costimulatory domains in tandem receive dual TCR (sign 1) and costimulatory (sign 2) upon antigen encounter that strengthen T-cell activation proliferation and tumor killing [24-26]. Based on this principle we’ve designed a book system that combines the use of a BsAb with T-cells that are genetically built to express a distinctive BsAb-binding immune system receptor (BsAb-IR). Right here the BsAb-IR can be comprised of some of the extracellular folate receptor (FR; 231aa) fused to intracellular TCR and Compact disc28 costimulatory signaling domains in tandem and may be certain and turned on by an anti-FR antibody arm of a distinctive BsAb that bridges FR and tumor antigen (frBsAb). Using frBsAbs of varied antigen specificities we display that tumor antigen-specific frBsAbs particularly bind focus on antigen on human being tumor cells and upon co-engagement from the BsAb-IR on built T-cells delivers simultaneous TCR Compact disc3 activation and Compact disc28 costimulation indicators in a focus on dependent manner leading to ME0328 the.
Common Core State Standards are compelling California’s teacher preparation programs to do something that doesn’t come easily to institutions of higher education – change. Up to now, much of teaching in California has been criticized as being grounded in the principal measure of success under No Child Left Behind – preparing students to fill in the correct bubbles on standardized tests. It called for instilling a lot more rote than rigor. If the old California State Standards, created in 1997, were “a mile wide and an inch deep,” as noted Stanford University education professor Linda Darling-Hammond disparaged them, then Common Core could be described as covering less and covering it deeply. The new voluntary standards, adopted by 45 states, move away from what some have charged is an excessive reliance on memorization – of math formulas, for instance – and call for a stronger focus on fundamental skills and deeper learning concepts and strategies to give students the knowledge to figure out how to solve problems. That demands a different approach to teaching, one that places teacher preparation programs at the state’s colleges and universities at the vanguard of preparing the next generation of teachers to successfully implement Common Core in their classrooms. But there is no uniform path or coordinated process for training new teachers in California, or in most other Common Core states, that tells colleges what specific changes to make or how to make them to prepare young teachers to best teach the standards. The colleges are taking different approaches to training teachers, often working in isolation, even within the state’s large public university systems. “We’re talking about major shifts in pedagogy,” said Cynthia Grutzik, president of the California Council on Teacher Education and associate dean of the College of Education at California State University, Long Beach, which graduated 542 new teachers last year, more than any other Cal State campus. “It has forced us to restructure our program.” Teachers will have to change everything from what they teach to how they teach. Lesson plans relying heavily on lectures will by-and-large be benched in favor of interactive, hands-on and group projects. Teachers, who typically close their classroom doors and work alone, will need to learn how to collaborate, develop interdisciplinary activities and even how to ask questions differently to push students toward critical analysis and problem solving. The change is hitting California classrooms now. Students this year will take practice tests in math and English aligned to the new Common Core standards, while the first statewide exam aligned to the standards rolls out in spring 2015. In March, the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing, which accredits teacher education programs and sets standards for teacher credentialing, provided some guidance to teacher preparation programs when it revised the performance standards for teachers to become licensed. The commission gave the state’s 261 accredited teacher preparation programs until June 2014 to submit a summary of the steps they’ve taken toward retooling their curricula to fit the teaching methods and content of Common Core. Until then, there’s no official tally of what’s going on at each campus. Even with the June 14 deadline, individual schools have broad autonomy and flexibility over how they meet the new mandate from the credentialing commission. “We’re in conversations with the programs, but don’t have any public documentation to show if they’ve fully changed over to address Common Core State Standards or to know how far along they are,” said Nancy Brownell, who oversees Common Core implementation for the State Board of Education. Some of the challenges are financial. Revising a curriculum takes time and money. Typically professors get released from teaching to focus on major revisions, but many teacher preparation programs can’t afford it. Also missing are textbooks and other instructional materials both for current classroom teachers and for teacher preparation programs. When the state Legislature approved $1.25 billion in the 2012-13 budget for California school districts to implement Common Core, that largesse didn’t extend to teacher preparation programs at the university level. Cal State Long Beach has been able to use a portion of a $400,000 grant to train teachers in project-based learning to help cover the cost, but other campuses have not received additional funding. The California State University system, which prepares nearly half of all newly credentialed teachers in the state, is just beginning to recover from nearly $1 billion in cuts between 2007-08 and last year. About 7 percent of new teachers attended teacher preparation programs at the University of California; the remainder study at private colleges or in alternative programs. Excited about math Schools of education have one big advantage that could help them overcome the challenges of transitioning to Common Core. For the most part, education professors are excited about the new standards and have been long-time advocates for more collaborative, deeper, hands-on education. Patricia Swanson, an associate professor of elementary education at San Jose State University, says Common Core standards are a better fit for the way she and her colleagues in math education prefer to teach students who are preparing to become elementary school teachers. “One of the things people are feeling is, ‘Oh, thank goodness. Finally we have standards and mathematical practices that say how we want kids doing math,'” Swanson said. Before Common Core, even if she taught her credential students methods of teaching that rely on project-based learning or hands-on activities, Swanson said some wouldn’t be able to use those techniques once they had jobs because of pressure from the state and federal accountability systems and emphasis on standardized tests. “That was out of sync with what particularly under-performing schools wanted their teachers to do,” said Swanson, which was to get through the material so students would be ready to take high-stakes tests. On a recent Thursday morning in a third floor classroom in Sweeney Hall at San Jose State, five of Swanson’s 27 students stood in the front of the room to demonstrate a lesson on how to teach patterns to children in first, second and third grades. Swanson modeled a teaching method her students could use in their elementary classrooms once they complete the university’s year-long graduate school teacher preparation program and become credentialed teachers. “How many eyes does he have?” asked Swanson, pointing to the first student. “Two,” the class responded. “Two people, how many eyes?” she asked, pointing to the second student. “Four,” came the answer. “There we go, our patterns just grew,” said Swanson as she continued the exercise with all five volunteers. At the same time, another student stood at the white board drawing a simple table with two sides, writing the number of people on the left and number of eyes on the right. Swanson then had everyone plot the pattern on a graph and create a mathematical equation to calculate the number of eyes with any number of people: 2x=y. The idea is to give young elementary school students different strategies to figure out math problems so they’re not dependent on memorizing a formula, Swanson explained. “If memorization is all you’ve got, when you forget, you’re done,” she said. Her students can relate to that. They learned math as a series of formulas to memorize and some still bear the scars of repetition. “I hated math, I still hate math,” admitted student Kayce Dalton, while grabbing a cup of tea during a break in class. “We learned just by memorizing things.” “When I learned math the teacher told me what to do and I did it,” added her classmate Alexa Bloom. “I didn’t understand why I was doing things.” Her students have already seen the benefits of using these teaching methods in the classes where they student teach. Dalton, the student teacher, said the classroom teacher she’s working with also took courses from Swanson in graduate school and uses many of the same lessons, including the pattern exercise built around counting eyes. “They did really well with it,” Dalton said. “I think they really understand the rule and how to make equations.” For now, math professors have an edge over their colleagues in English language arts, the other subject covered by Common Core standards. Last month, the State Board of Education approved the mathematics frameworks, a set of principles, priorities and content that students need to learn in every grade and discipline, such as algebra, geometry and calculus. It also contains sample lessons. No such framework for English language arts has been approved, although the framework is getting closer to a state board vote. A draft was posted in December on the California Department of Education website and is open for public comment until Feb. 13, said Hallie Yopp Slowik, who teaches English language arts at Cal State Fullerton’s college of education and is co-author of the frameworks. The Common Core standards, while focusing on math and English language arts, also call for a strong interdisciplinary approach to topics, weaving concepts throughout multiple subjects. New teachers have to understand that academics can’t be taught in silos, Yopp Slowik said. “Teaching English language arts isn’t a three-hour part of the day and, oh, if you can squeeze in science, social studies and the arts (in addition to that), that’s a bonus,” she said. “That’s not a bonus, that’s fundamental, it is core to literacy development.” Education faculty at Cal State Long Beach made interdisciplinary collaboration a priority when they began redesigning their program more than a year ago. Every credential student who plans to teach middle or high school has to know how to teach reading, even in a history or science class, in case they have ninth graders who aren’t reading at grade level. In the interdisciplinary approach embedded in Common Core, the principle of critical thinking applies to every subject. Under previous teaching standards, students would make limited connections about texts and teachers might leave it at that, said San Jose State Assistant Professor Jolynn Asato: “’Oh, this story is about a dog; I have a dog.’ And (the discussion) doesn’t really go anywhere,” she said. Students can answer that question and others like it without having read a word, said Asato, who teaches English language arts methods classes. With Common Core, Asato tells her credential candidates that they’ll need to push their students to make deeper, richer connections that enable them to make inferences about characters and plot after reading the book. Asato pulled out “The Cats in Krasinski Square” from her bookshelves and read a few paragraphs of the story about a teenage girl who escaped from the Warsaw Ghetto in Poland during World War II and agrees to a dangerous plan to smuggle food to the Jews still held inside. After reading the text, she said she would ask her teacher credential students to think about the kinds of increasingly deeper levels of questions they would ask the children in their own classrooms, starting with how they would feel in the narrator’s situation, and moving on to how they think the narrator is feeling. The questions require students to use the text to back up their answers. “I’m asking them to infer,” Asato said. Before Common Core State Standards, she said she might have ended the discussion by simply asking students to talk about their emotions after reading the section. That won’t wash anymore. The future teachers in Asato’s credential class will have to know how to draw students into a meaningful discussion of a book or story based on the clues embedded in their questions. “Looking at Common Core has give me a bit of hope that we’re moving in the right direction, and it’s nice to be able to talk about that in the (credential) class,” Swanson said. “The idea that you will teach less but teach it more deeply; is it perfect? No. But is it an improvement? Yes.” Kathryn Baron covers career and college readiness. Contact her and follow her on Twitter @TchersPet. Sign up here for a no-cost online subscription to EdSource Today for reports from the largest education reporting team in California.
Coup dur pour Tesla ! Woz passe chez Chevrolet et critique sa Model S ! \| Mac4Ever Coup dur pour Tesla ! Woz passe chez Chevrolet et critique sa Model S ! Je vais bientôt changer de voiture ! déclare Woz, sur son compte Facebook, où le co-fondateur d'Apple pose avec une magnifique Chevrolet Bolt. Interrogé sur ses motivations de quitter Tesla, il répond Après avoir vu l'intérieur et l'interface, Tesla va avoir du mal à me vendre une Model 3. Beaucoup de choses qui ne fonctionnent pas dans ma Tesla model S sont bien mieux réalisées (c'est mon opinion) dans cette voiture. Mais il manque toujours un endroit pour ranger ses lunettes de soleil ! Haha Mais cette voiture va-t-elle vraiment remplacer sa Model S (bien plus luxueuse) ou simplement être sa seconde voiture ? Me connaissant, je vais remplacer la Tesla. Il y a beaucoup de plaintes concernant Tesla dont moi et ma femme avons été victimes. Ce n'est pas juste un nom avec lequel vous devez vous associer. [...] Ici, le bien-être de l'utilisateur a été bien pensé et les fonctionnalités sont cool. Je dis à tout le monde que la voiture qui a le plus compté dans ma vie a été ma Prius, que j'ai conduit pendant 10 ans. Je n'ai pas besoin d'une voiture de luxe ! J'ai pris une Tesla, mais il n'y avait pas vraiment d'autres choix pour faire de longs voyages. La Bolt devra d'ailleurs être testée par Janet et moi pour ces fameux "road trips". Pour le reste, c'est exactement ce que nous voulons. Les "extras" ne sont pas si importants, sinon nous serions encore chez Tesla ou Mercedes Pour rappel, la Chevrolet Bolt est un véhicule entièrement électrique avec une autonomie allant jusqu'à 320 kilomètres par charge. Son prix est annoncé comme abordable par le constructeur.
Skin barnacles are noncancerous lesions on the skin, explains About.com. The clinical name for skin barnacles is seborrheic keratoses. Skin barnacles vary in size from slightly raised areas in the skin to large dark lumps.Continue Reading Skin barnacles do not rise from a deep layer of skin, which gives it the appearance of the mass being stuck onto the skin, states About.com. Skin barnacles do not contain the human papilloma virus. Skin barnacles may have a rugged or smooth surface with tiny bumps. Skin barnacles sometimes itch and will bleed once irritated. Liquid nitrogen and shaving remove skin barnacles, according to About.com. Liquid nitrogen freezes cells in a skin barnacle while leaving the foundation whole. A blister forms over the broken skin and heals itself, but a flat scar that is lighter or darker than the skin is the typical result. A flexible razor blade also removes the top layer of the skin barnacles with similar results as liquid nitrogen, but care should be taken not to create a crater in the skin. Silver nitrate or aluminum chloride is used to stop the wound from bleeding. Skin barnacles look similar to melanoma, and a doctor should always be consulted about any raises in the skin, advises About.com.Learn more about Skin Conditions
<gh_stars>1-10 # -- coding: utf-8 -- # Copyright (c) 2017 - for information on the respective copyright owner # see the NOTICE file and/or the repository https://github.com/boschresearch/statestream # # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. # You may obtain a copy of the License at # # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and # limitations under the License. import sys import numpy as np import gzip if sys.version[0] == "2": import cPickle as pckl elif sys.version[0] == "3": import pickle as pckl from statestream.interfaces.process_if import ProcessIf from statestream.utils.shared_memory_layout import SharedMemoryLayout as ShmL from statestream.meta.neuron_pool import np_state_shape def if_interfaces(): """Returns the specific interfaces as strings of the interface. Parameters: ----------- net : dict The network dictionary containing all nps, sps, plasts, ifs. name : str The unique string name of this interface. """ # Specify sub-interfaces. return {"out": ["medge_board", "medge_dxdy"], "in": [] } def if_init(net, name, dat_name, dat_layout, mode=None): """Return value for interface parameter / variable. Parameters: ----------- net : dict The network dictionary containing all nps, sps, plasts, ifs. name : str The unique string name of this interface. dat_name : str The unique name for the parameter to initialize. dat_layout : SharedMemoryLayout The layout (see SharedMemoryLayout) of the parameter to be initialized. mode : None, value (float, int), str The mode determines how a parameter has to be initialized (e.g. 'xavier' or 0.0) """ # Default return is None. dat_value = None # Return initialized value. return dat_value def if_shm_layout(name, net, param): """Return shared memory layout for moving edges interface. Parameters: ----------- name : str The unique interface name. net : dict The network dictionary containing all nps, sps, plasts, ifs. param : dict Dictionary of core parameters. """ # Get interface dictionary. p = net["interfaces"][name] # Begin with empty layout. shm_layout = {} shm_layout["parameter"] = {} shm_layout["variables"] = {} # Add parameter. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Add mode parameter. shm_layout["parameter"]["mode"] \ = ShmL("np", (), np.int32, p.get("mode", 0)) # Add durations as numpy parameters. shm_layout["parameter"]["minmax_velocity"] \ = ShmL("np", (), np.float32, p.get("minmax_velocity", 1), 1, None) shm_layout["parameter"]["min_period"] \ = ShmL("np", (), np.int32, p.get("min_period", 4), 1, None) shm_layout["parameter"]["max_period"] \ = ShmL("np", (), np.int32, p.get("max_period", 8), 1, None) shm_layout["parameter"]["min_duration"] \ = ShmL("np", (), np.int32, p.get("min_duration", 8), 1, None) shm_layout["parameter"]["max_duration"] \ = ShmL("np", (), np.int32, p.get("max_duration", 16), 1, None) shm_layout["parameter"]["sigma"] \ = ShmL("np", (), np.int32, p.get("sigma", 64), 1, None) # Add variables. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Add all outputs as variables. for o in p["out"]: tmp_target = o # Consider remapping. if "remap" in p: if o in p["remap"]: tmp_target = p["remap"][o] # Set layout. shm_layout["variables"][o] \ = ShmL("np", np_state_shape(net, tmp_target), np.float32, 0) # Return layout. return shm_layout class ProcessIf_moving_edges(ProcessIf): """Interface class providing basic moving edges. To use this interface no external dataset is needed. Parameters: ----------- name : str Unique interface identifier. ident : int Unique id for the interface's process. net : dict The network dictionary containing all nps, sps, plasts, ifs. param : dict Dictionary of core parameters. Interface parameters: --------------------- minmax_velocity : float32 The min/max velocity in pixels for the moving edges. min_period : int Minimal period of a moving bar in pixels. max_period : int Maximal period of a moving bar in pixels. min_duration : int The minimum duration a mnist number will be presented in frames. The actual duration will be drawn uniformly between min_duration and max_duration. max_duration : int The maximum duration a mnist number will be presented in frames. Inputs: ------- Outputs: -------- medge_board : np.array, shape [agents, 1, source np, source np] The grey-scale board of moving mnist images. medge_dxdy : np.array, shape [agents, 2, 1, 1] The global velocity in pixels. """ def __init__(self, name, ident, net, param): # Initialize parent ProcessIf class ProcessIf.__init__(self, name, ident, net, param) def initialize(self): """Method to initialize (load) the mnist interface class. """ # Get some experimental parameters. # --------------------------------------------------------------------- self.dat["parameter"]["minmax_velocity"] = self.p.get("minmax_velocity", 1) self.dat["parameter"]["min_duration"] = self.p.get("min_duration", 8) self.dat["parameter"]["max_duration"] = self.p.get("max_duration", 16) self.dat["parameter"]["min_period"] = self.p.get("min_period", 4) self.dat["parameter"]["max_period"] = self.p.get("max_period", 8) self.dat["parameter"]["sigma"] = self.p.get("sigma", 64) # Set border which is needed for the mask. self.border = self.dat["parameter"]["max_period"] # Get shapes of important neuron-pools. self.np_shape = {} for o in self.p["out"] + self.p["in"]: tmp_target = o # Consider remapping. if "remap" in self.p: if o in self.p["remap"]: tmp_target = self.p["remap"][o] if o not in self.np_shape: self.np_shape[o] = np_state_shape(self.net, tmp_target) # Initialize experimental state for all agents. # --------------------------------------------------------------------- self.current_period = [0 for i in range(self.net["agents"])] self.current_vel = [0 for i in range(self.net["agents"])] self.current_duration = [0 for i in range(self.net["agents"])] self.current_elapsed = [0 for i in range(self.net["agents"])] self.current_orient = [0 for i in range(self.net["agents"])] for a in range(self.net["agents"]): self.draw_sample(a) # Initialize global normal filter. # --------------------------------------------------------------------- self.x_grid = np.linspace(-self.np_shape["medge_board"][2] / 2, self.np_shape["medge_board"][2] / 2, self.np_shape["medge_board"][2]) self.y_grid = np.linspace(-self.np_shape["medge_board"][3] / 2, self.np_shape["medge_board"][3] / 2, self.np_shape["medge_board"][3]) self.xv, self.yv = np.meshgrid(self.x_grid, self.y_grid) def draw_sample(self, sample): """Draw a new random sample. """ # Set back elapsed. self.current_elapsed[sample] = 0 # Draw new duration. self.current_duration[sample] \ = np.random.randint(self.dat["parameter"]["min_duration"], self.dat["parameter"]["max_duration"] - 1) # Draw new period. if self.dat["parameter"]["min_period"] \ == self.dat["parameter"]["max_period"]: self.current_period[sample] = self.dat["parameter"]["min_period"] else: self.current_period[sample] \ = self.dat["parameter"]["min_period"] \ + np.random.rand() \ * (self.dat["parameter"]["max_period"] - self.dat["parameter"]["min_period"]) # Draw new velocity in pixels. self.current_vel[sample] = np.random.rand() * self.dat["parameter"]["minmax_velocity"] # Draw new orientation. self.current_orient[sample] = 2 * np.pi * np.random.rand() def update_sample(self, sample): """Update a sample. """ self.current_elapsed[sample] += 1 # Check duration. if self.current_elapsed[sample] > self.current_duration[sample]: self.draw_sample(sample) def update_frame_writeout(self): """Method to update the experimental state of the mnist interface. """ # Tabula rasa. self.dat["variables"]["medge_board"][:,:,:,:] \ = 0.0 * self.dat["variables"]["medge_board"][:,:,:,:] # Update experimental state for all agents. for a in range(self.net["agents"]): # Update current experimental state. # ----------------------------------------------------------------- self.update_sample(a) # Update internal data (= variables). # ----------------------------------------------------------------- # Update board. if "medge_board" in self.p["out"]: for a in range(self.net["agents"]): # Rotate grid. angle = self.current_orient[a] rot_x = self.xv * np.cos(angle) \ - self.yv * np.sin(angle) rot_y = self.xv * np.sin(angle) \ + self.yv * np.cos(angle) # Transform velocity to phase (everything in pixels). phase = self.current_elapsed[a] * self.current_vel[a] # Compute sine wave. waves = (np.sin(2 * np.pi * (rot_x / self.current_period[a] + phase)) + 1) / 2 waves = waves 2 # Compute gauss-filter. normal = np.exp(-(self.xv2 + self.yv*2) / (2 self.dat["parameter"]["sigma"])*2) self.dat["variables"]["medge_board"][a,0,:,:] \ = waves normal if "medge_dxdy" in self.p["out"]: for a in range(self.net["agents"]): self.dat["variables"]["medge_dxdy"][a,0,0,0] \ = self.current_vel[a] * np.cos(self.current_orient[a]) self.dat["variables"]["medge_dxdy"][a,1,0,0] \ = self.current_vel[a] * np.sin(self.current_orient[a])
The Open Society: The Karl Popper-George Soros Connection I first came across the writings of Austro-British philosopher Karl Popper in a Philosophy of History class, reading his arguments against historicism. Later, in a Philosophy of Science course, I became familiar with Popper’s theory of the advance of scientific knowledge through the falsification of theories and their replacement by new theories that had not yet been disproven, but were capable of being falsified at some point in the future with the appropriate experiment or observations. According to Popper, any theory that could not be falsified or proven wrong was by definition unscientific. Popper originally expounded these ideas in The Logic of Scientific Discovery: originally published in German in 1934, it was later revised by Popper in an English translation in 1959. Popper was born in Austria to assimilated Jewish parents who had converted to Christianity. With the threat of a Nazi invasion of Austria in 1937, Popper emigrated to Christchurch, New Zealand, where he lectured on philosophy at Canterbury University. (He wrote his most influential work, The Open Society and its Enemies, in New Zealand.) In 1946, he emigrated to England where he taught logic and scientific method at the London School of Economics (Wikipedia). Popper initially wrote the “Poverty of Historicism” as a paper in 1936, publishing a book with the same title in 1957, dedicated “In memory of the countless men and women of all creeds or nations or races who fell victim to the fascist and communist belief in Inexorable Laws of Historical Destiny.” Although attracted to Marxism as a youth, Popper later rejected Marxism as a form of historicism that attempted to predict the future, in favor of social liberalism. Popper defined historicism as “an approach to the social sciences which assumes that historical prediction is their principal aim…” . “The belief… that it is the task of the social sciences to lay bare the law of evolution of society in order to foretell its future… might be described as the central Historicist doctrine.” (Wikipedia) Popper published The Open Society and Its Enemies in 1945. In Vol. 1, The Spell of Plato, Popper argued that Western philosophy had been mesmerized by Plato, sanitizing many of his autocratic and totalitarian views. Popper pointed to the vast difference between the Plato of the Socratic Dialogues, who advocated the limits of human knowledge and free inquiry, with the Plato of The Republic, who advocated a totalitarian society (a sort of aristocratic communism) and state. By way of contrast, Popper sided with the Greeks who favored freedom and democracy such as Pericles, Antisthenes, Democritus, and Antiphon the Sophist. In Vol. 2 of The Open Society and Its Enemies, Popper focuses on Hegel and Marx, and likewise criticizes them for being advocates of the closed society. I came across Popper’s name again last year, while reading Nassim Nicholas Taleb’s The Black Swan (2007). Taleb was influenced by Popper’s theory of falsification (pp. 57 – 58), as well his theory elucidated in the The Poverty of Historicism about the unpredictability of historical events (p. 171). Taleb inspired a desire to read Popper again, so I picked up and read The Open Society and Its Enemies, Vol. 1, after which I read Taleb’s Fooled by Randomness (2004). In the latter work, Taleb revealed that George Soros’ writings had led Taleb to rediscover Popper; Soros, according to Taleb, had become “a promoter of the ideas of Karl Popper” (p. 122), although as Taleb opined, Soros was a lot more effective as a trader than as a philosopher. Meanwhile, I had been occasionally tuning into Glenn Beck’s exposure of Soros on Fox News and Beck mentioned that Soros had named one of his front groups “The Open Society.” This, along with Taleb’s mention of the Soros-Popper connection, led to a moment of cognitive dissonance: George Soros did not appear to be an exponent of the open society. Googling Soros’ name, I discovered that he had been a student of Popper’s at the London School of Economics. Now I don’t know that much about George Soros, but from what I do know, he doesn’t seem to be an exponent of open societies. Although during the late 1970s and early 1980s, he claims to have “supported individual dissidents in many Eastern Bloc countries”, Soros apparently surrounds himself with assorted Marxists, has extolled Marxist methods and written on the dangers of capitalism, and claimed that people do not know their own self interest. In a paper written in 1997 (“The Capitalist Threat,” Atlantic Monthly, Volume 279, No. 2, February 1997), Soros wrote, “The main enemy of the open society, I believe, is no longer the communist but the capitalist threat.” Reading Soros’ “The Capitalist Threat” allows one to attain a certain amount of insight into his thinking. I will begin with Soros’s supposed advocacy of freedom of speech and dissent. In the above work, Soros wrote, the open society insists “on freedom of expression and protecting dissent.” And yet, his actions are not consistent with his words. For example in a recent CNN interview with Fareed Zakaria Soros made the following claims about Fox News: FOX News makes a habit. It has imported the methods of George Orwell, you know, newspeak, where you can tell the people falsehoods and deceive them. But this is a very, very dangerous way of deceiving people. But, actually, they did succeed. They succeeded in Germany where the Weimar Republic collapsed and you had a — a Nazi regime follow it. So this is a very, very dangerous way of deceiving people, and I would like people to be aware that they are being deceived. Now this is interesting: Fox News is like the Nazi regime because it’s deceiving people, and MSNBC and the MSM are apparently telling the truth. But if all the so-called Mainstream (actually Leftwing) Media (NBC, ABC, CBS, and PBS) plus the cable channels MSNBC and CNN are telling the truth and only Fox is deceiving people, why is the Left so set upon attacking and doing away with Fox News? Wouldn’t they be satisfied with a 6 to 1 advantage in media outlets, or is it their desire to shut down all dissent of the Obama Administration and the Left? For example, on November 18, 2010, Senator Jay Rockefeller stated that he wanted the FCC to shut down Fox News, “There’s a little bug inside of me which wants to get the FCC to say to Fox and to MSNBC, ‘Out. Off. End. Goodbye.’” How generous of Senator Jay to offer up MSNBC as a sacrifice to the Right, while leaving all the Leftwing MSM and other Leftwing Cable channels intact, including tax payer funded PBS. (One could certainly argue with credibility that Fox is less biased than the MSM channels, in that it generally does have more balance on its Sunday News shows than the MSM stations, which rarely have more than a token conservative against full panels of Leftist Progressive commentators.) I for one would certainly like to tell Senator Jay Gotbucks, Goodbye! Get back to West Virginia! But getting back to Soros’ “The Capitalist Threat”: Although he certainly makes some interesting points about human fallibility, Soros’ commitment to individual freedom is rather limited in that work. While Popper consistently favored the individual over the collective (The Open society and Its Enemies, Vol. 2, pp. 226, 245 – 46), Soros wrote, I contend that an open society may also be threatened from the opposite direction — from excessive individualism. Too much competition and too little cooperation can cause intolerable inequities and instability. While excessive individualism may not be a good thing, and a great deal of cooperation is needed to make society function, just who determines what is too much individualism and competition and how do you correct “intolerable inequities”? While Soros contends that “the open society” is supposed to provide the framework to enable society to function well, one wonders how an open society is supposed to curb excessive individualism, competition, and “intolerable inequities.” Certainly, following Popper, free institutions such as a constitutional government, free elections, rule of law, and other such institutions conducive to an open society are essential. I agree with Jonah Goldberg who wrote (“Liberty, 21st Century-Style”): Democracy is essential to a liberal order, but it is less important than the rule of law, honest courts, individual rights (including property rights), and the institutions — legal and cultural — that nurture them. But when Soros speaks of excessive individualism, competition, and “intolerable inequities” what he’s really driving at is an all powerful and coercive state that has the power to redistribute wealth and power. Soros was also apparently an advocate of a “new world order,” no doubt composed of world leaders who held beliefs similar to his own. He wrote, “Laissez-faire ideology . . . does not recognize the need for a world order” (Ibid.). Apparently, Soros’ New World Order wasn’t the same order envisioned by George Bush senior, as he also wrote in his 2006 work, The Age of Fallibility, that “the main obstacle to a stable and just world order is the United States.” Consistent with his collectivist bias, Soros continually attacks laissez faire capitalism as if that was the prevalent economic system in the contemporary global system. As I wrote in What Caused the Financial Collapse? Book Review: Meltdown by Thomas Woods, Jr., to consider our current economic system laissez faire when “government spending at the time (in 2008) was forty per cent of GDP,” nine out of fifteen cabinet positions interfere in the economy, and ‘we have an alphabet soup of “one hundred federal agencies and commissions” to monitor every aspect of our individual and economic lives,’ is quite frankly bordering on the delusional. What we really have is a system of crony capitalism, a system in which big players like Soros can rig the system by getting inside information or special deals by buying influence in Washington, D.C. And furthermore, when you have a central bank determining what interest rates will be and what the cost of borrowing money should be, and how much money should be circulating in the economy, what you have is hardly laissez faire capitalism. While I would argue that America’s two greatest financial collapses, the Great Depression and the current fiscal crisis, have occurred since the creation of the Federal Reserve, and that therefore, one might be led to believe that the Fed and its inflationary monetary policies had something to do with those breakdowns, Soros argues that on the contrary, the Fed is the cure: “History has shown that financial markets do break down, causing economic depression and social unrest. The breakdowns have led to the evolution of central banking and other forms of regulation.” Finally, it is significant that Popper was a close friend of Austrian economist and social theorist Friedrich Hayek. In 1947, Popper along with Hayek, Milton Friedman, Ludwig von Mises and others, helped found the Mont Pelerin Society to defend classical liberalism, in the spirit of the Open Society. Hayek was of course the economist who exerted the most influence on Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, a political leader Soros strongly disapproved of. While Popper was not as strong an advocate of free market capitalism as the Austrians Hayek and von Mises, he was in favor of piece meal social engineering; he was certainly no advocate of collectivism or statism, in any of its forms. While it’s not possible in a brief article to give a definitive account of the divergence between Soros’s thinking and that of his former mentor, Karl Popper, I hope to have at least outlined an argument that makes clear that Popper had close affinities with classical (libertarian) liberalism, whereas Soros’ thinking has increasingly veered towards far Left collectivism, statism, and even Marxism. _________________"For every thousand hacking at the leaves of evil, there is one striking at the root." David Thoreau (1817-1862) anonymously email me by clicking here
To calculate a value in Feet to the corresponding value in Nanometers, multiply the quantity in Feet by 304800000 (conversion factor). Nanometers = Feet x 304800000 The conversion factor from Feet to Nanometers is 304800000. To find out how many Feet in Nanometers, multiply by the conversion factor or use the Feet to Nanometers converter above. A foot (symbol: ft) is a unit of length. It is equal to 0.3048 m, and used in the imperial system of units and United States customary units. The unit of foot derived from the human foot. It is subdivided into 12 inches. A nanometer (sumbol: nm) is a unit of spatial measurement that is 10-9 meter, or one billionth of a meter. It is commonly used in nanotechnology, the building of extremely small machines. The SI prefix "nano" represents a factor of 10-9, or in exponential notation, 1E-9. So 1 nanometre = 10-9 metre.
Electric Solid Propellant Ablation in a Pulsed Electric Thruster Electric solid propellants are advanced solid chemical rocket propellant that can be controlled (ignited, throttled and extinguished) with electric current. Work reported here focuses on application of electric solid propellant in a pulsed electric thruster similar to a pulsed plasma thruster. In the future it may be possible to develop a dual-mode electric solid propellant thruster that is switchable between steady applied electric current chemical mode and pulsed alternating electric current electric mode. Results presented here use a laboratory test thruster to create an arc discharge of 5-20 J per pulse in a cylindrical cavity of propellant. Results for Teflon and electric solid propellant are compared. Results indicate the electric solid propellant has higher ablation mass loss per pulse than Teflon (14.82 vs 7.17 μg/J), in agreement with theoretical analysis. The equivalent resistance and inductance of the arc plasma are 50 mΩ and 125 nH, respectively, for both propellants. Analyses indicate that the physical process of ablation is similar between propellants with thermal material properties driving the difference in the observed mass lost.
Metrics Logger Plugin 0 vote compile "org.grails.plugins:metrics-logger:1.1" Documentation Source Issues Sends application and business metrics to a configured logger grails install-plugin metrics-logger Metrics Logger Plugin logs metrics information related to web requests served by Grails application in a thread-safe way. By configuring the logger appropriately metrics information can be routed to a dedicated log file, which can be indexed by tools like Splunk. The plugin can also be used to log interesting metrics outside the context of a request - for instance during application bootstrap or when batch jobs are executed.
Send a You Look Pregnant Card • Click to enlarge Send a You Look Pregnant Card Tap to enlarge Product Information Have you ever looked at a woman and couldn't tell if she was pregnant or just plain fat? We've all been there. Supposedly, it's in poor taste to ask a woman if she's pregnant... So why not just assume that she is pregnant and preemptively send a card congratulating her on being with child? Our unique, professionally-printed greeting card is something that you will only find here. No one else is sick enough to create such a tasteless greeting card. Open it up and inside it reads, "Sooooo.... congratulations?" She'll either be thrilled that someone noticed OR extremely upset and horrified that someone would have the nerve to send her something so cruel. Most likely, it'll be the latter. It's a great way to shatter her self-esteem while passive-aggressively letting her know that she should drop a few dozen lb's. P.S. We'll be sure to sign the card with such sloppy cursive writing that it'll be completely indecipherable. She'll love that. Customer Reviews This product hasn't been reviewed yet. Write a review Write Review Please enter a valid email address. This field is required. Mailing List Enter your e-mail address to receive our newsletter Please enter a valid email address. Email address already subscribed. Continue if you wish to unsubscribe. eCommerce by CubeCart
From reddit r/tbatenovel: I see four possible reasons. He wasn't necessary, since he was simply an advisor without real authority, so not necessary for the kings decisions. Time, everything happened pretty fast, I don't think It'd be possible to catch up with the lances, since they seemingly didn't care to inform Virion. Tess, after he got the information he probably took care of Tess, since he apoarently didn't know about the betrayal (or at least not the dimensions of it) and thought that his son + wive could take care of it. It could also be that everything was purposely delayed/sped up or some other small problems arranged, so Virion wouldn't have the time to come since he needed to take care of other stuff.
People who have access to medical care that is comprehensive, readily accessible, and patient-centered are at lower risks of death. Anthony Jerant, from University of California/Davis (California, USA), and colleagues utilized data from the 2000- 05 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys, which are large-scale surveys of people living in the U.S. and their health and health care. The study used data for 52,241 respondents, ages 18 to 90 years, for whom mortality information was available and who had one particular doctor’s office or clinic they visited for health information and treatment. The researchers analyzed respondents’ reported access to three primary health-care attributes: comprehensiveness, availability of evening/weekend office hours, and patient-centeredness. As the first study to link the availability of three specific attributes of primary care with reduced risk of death, the study authors conclude that: “Greater reported patient access to selected primary care attributes was associated with lower mortality.” [Tristen K. Inagaki, Naomi I. Eisenberger. “Neural Correlates of Giving Support to a Loved One.” Psychosom Med., November 9, 2011.]
Q: Why isn't the program waiting for the pthread The program isn't executing the whole for-loop of function 1. I thought joining the thread would make the program wait for the tread to end. #include <stdio.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <pthread.h> void* func1(void* arg) { for(int i=0;i<10;i++) { printf("Func 1: %d\n", i); sleep(1); } return NULL; } void func2(void) { for(int i=0;i<5;i++) { printf("Func 2: %d\n", i); sleep(1); } } int main(void) { pthread_t new_thread; pthread_create(&new_thread, NULL, func1, NULL); func2(); pthread_join(&new_thread, NULL); return 0; } A: From pthread_join: int pthread_join(pthread_t thread, void *retval); As you can see, the first arugment is a pthread_t but you're passing pthread_t - that's the issue. So you should use: pthread_join(new_thread, NULL); Note that if you have error checked the pthread_* function calls, you'd have found the problem. For example, run your code with: errno = pthread_join(&new_thread, NULL); if (errno) perror("pthread_join"); and see what it says. Similarly, enabling compiler warnings (such as -Wall -Wextra) would help, too. A: The following proposed code: * cleanly compiles performs the desired functionality note the use of appropriate horizontal and vertical spacing for readability by us humans note the preferred method of exiting a thread. And now, the proposed code: #include <stdio.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <pthread.h> void* func1( void* arg ) { (void)arg; // to avoid compiler warning about unused parameter for( int i=0; i<10; i++ ) { printf( "Func 1: %d\n", i ); sleep(1); } pthread_exit( NULL ); } void func2( void ) { for( int i=0; i<5; i++ ) { printf( "Func 2: %d\n", i ); sleep(1); } } int main( void ) { pthread_t new_thread; pthread_create( &new_thread, NULL, func1, NULL ); func2(); pthread_join( new_thread, NULL ); return 0; } A typical run of the proposed code results in: Func 2: 0 Func 1: 0 Func 2: 1 Func 1: 1 Func 2: 2 Func 1: 2 Func 2: 3 Func 1: 3 Func 2: 4 Func 1: 4 Func 1: 5 Func 1: 6 Func 1: 7 Func 1: 8 Func 1: 9
Julio Cedeño Julio Cedeño (born 16 October 1992) is a Dominican Republic weightlifter. He is a two-time gold medalist in the men's 73kg event at the Pan American Weightlifting Championships (2021 and 2022). He won the bronze medal in the men's 73kg event at the 2019 Pan American Games held in Lima, Peru. Career He won two medals in his events at the 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games held in Barranquilla, Colombia. At the 2019 Pan American Weightlifting Championships held in Guatemala City, Guatemala, he finished in 4th place in the men's 73kg event. A few months later, he won the bronze medal in the men's 73kg event at the 2019 Pan American Games held in Lima, Peru. He finished in 4th place in his event at the 2020 Pan American Weightlifting Championships held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. In 2021, he won the gold medal in his event at the Pan American Weightlifting Championships held in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He also won the gold medal in his event at the 2022 Pan American Weightlifting Championships held in Bogotá, Colombia. Achievements References External links Living people 1992 births Dominican Republic male weightlifters Competitors at the 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in weightlifting Central American and Caribbean Games silver medalists for the Dominican Republic Central American and Caribbean Games bronze medalists for the Dominican Republic Weightlifters at the 2019 Pan American Games Weightlifters at the 2023 Pan American Games Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games Pan American Games bronze medalists for the Dominican Republic Pan American Games medalists in weightlifting Pan American Weightlifting Championships medalists 21st-century Dominican Republic people
$LOAD_PATH.unshift File.expand_path('../../lib', __FILE__) require 'yx_sdk'
Fort Green Mill was built in 1824. The mill is NOT a listed building. It was a four-storey tower mill with a domed cap. It carried four double patent sails on a cast iron windshaft driving two pairs of millstones for grinding corn. The cap had a six-bladed fantail. The mill structure was originally encircled by a stone wall with wooden gate (see image below). The mill was converted to a private residence in 1902. See image taken in 1938. Fort Green Mill is currently undergoing renovation works. The following ‘then’ and ‘now’ images below are courtesy of Sudbury-based ELC Contractors. Page last updated: 28 May 2021
Flexing Some Variable Star Muscle R Leonis boldly boasts to be one the brightest and easiest to observe variable stars in the sky. With a mean visual magnitude range of 5.8 to 10.0, this mighty star can easily be seen without the aid of any costly equipment. As such, R Leo is a favored candidate for new variable star observers and is even cited in the AAVSO list of Stars Easy to Observe. With a change in brightness of several magnitudes and an average periodicity of 312 days, this star is categorized as belonging to the Mira-type class of long period variable stars. Since its discovery over 200 years ago, it has become one of the most widely observed variable stars of its class, giving its sibling, Mira, some competition. The fascination with R Leo began with its discovery by J.A. Koch of Danzig in 1782. R Leo was the fifth variable star, and fourth long period variable star to be discovered. The three other stars of this type known at the time were omicron Ceti (Mira), chi Cygni, and R Hydrae. In a letter to the astronomer J.E. Bode of the Berlin Observatory, Koch revealed his finding of R Leo's variability: "I take the liberty, sir, to comminicate with you several observations which I have made, in various years, of the 420th star in Mayer's Zodiacal Star Catalogue [R Leo], which seems to me to be of some importance. This star...has exhibited very considerable variation in its apparent magnitude. In the year 1780 when I first looked at it in a telescope I estimated it to be of the seventh magnitude, and it was then noticeably fainter than the neighboring star Mayer 419 [19 Leo]...In February of 1782, it was of the sixth magnitude and visible to the naked eye. At the end of April, 1783, it was ninth magnitude, and at the beginning of April 1784, of the tenth..." (Merrill 1938). With recorded data as early as 1903, the AAVSO has archived more than 55,000 observations of this star, which have been contributed by more than a thousand observers worldwide! \|A 10-year segment of the lightcurve for R Leonis from the AAVSO International Database based on 10-day means. For a look at the longterm lightcurve, click here.\| Observer's Best Friend Every observer undoubtedly has his or her favorite variable star(s), and perhaps even a special story to tell about the first encounter with the beacon of choice. One notorious relationship worthy of mention transpired between the noted amateur astronomer Leslie Peltier and R Leonis. \|Leslie C. Peltier\| \|"I feel it is my duty to warn others...that they approach the oberserving of variable stars with the utmost caution. It is easy to become an addict, and as usual, the longer the indulgence is continued the more difficult it becomes to make a clean break and go back to a normal life."\| Peltier was 18 years old when his first encounter with variable stars occured. Only recently had he paid for his first telescope (a 2-inch brass refractor) with earnings he had saved from picking strawberries. Like many new observers, Peltier felt the frustration of not being able to find the variable star plotted on the star charts he had obtained from the AAVSO. However, on March 1, 1918, after many nights of unsuccessful attempts at variable star observing, R Leo revealed itself to the enthusiastic young man: "To my great delight, about a minute later and just a little more than one field to the northeast of omicron [Leo] I found a tiny triangle of stars with R, my first variable, forming one angle precisely as shown on my chart" (Peltier 1999). During his prolific observing career, which spanned over six decades, Peltier discovered a dozen comets, two novae, and contributed over 132,000 variable star observations to the AAVSO. From the age of 18 until his passing in 1980 he never missed sending in a monthly report of observations to the AAVSO, of which he was an honorary member. Even during a hospital stay after suffering a heart attack, Peltier made observations with his binoculars from his hospital room so that he could keep up with his variable star reports. Impressively, Peltier memorized all of the AAVSO variable star charts and often did not write down his estimates until the next morning (Hurless 1980)--this is a practice that the AAVSO does not encourage, however. Peltier was awarded many honors throughout his life, including a honorary Doctorate of Science from Bowling Green State University in 1947. In the mid-1960s, a mountain was named in his honor--an award that many cannot claim. Mount Peltier is rightfully the home of the Ford Observatory, which houses an 18-inch reflector telescope. Those who knew Peltier agree that he was a shy and modest man, and did not like to talk about his many achievements. He attended a few AAVSO meetings, but apparently did not attend any other astronomy conventions (Hurless 1980). Another honor bestoed upon Peltier is an award which carries his name. The Leslie C. Peltier Award, presented through the Astronomical League, is awarded to fellow amateur astronomers who have made observational contributions of lasting significance to the field. Since its inception in 1980, many AAVSO members/observers have been awarded the honor. \|Leslie Peltier peering through his 2-inch "Strawberry Spyglass" with his 12-inch Clark in the background at his home in Delphos, Ohio, 1968.\| Throughout his lifetime, Peltier never forgot his first variable star. To commemorate the special bond, "...every March first since that night, whenever the skies were clear, R Leonis and I have recalled our first meeting by making a mutual estimate of our brightness" (Peltier 1999). In his 1986 book, Leslie Peltier's Guide to the Stars: Exploring the Sky with Binoculars, he encourages others to see the beauty in R Leonis that he had seen: "This long period variable can be followed through all of its brighter range with binoculars; its reddish color sets it appart from the other stars in the field. R has always been a favorite star of mine, for it was the first variable I ever found. It's also one of the easiest to find." For those interesed in learning more about the man that Harlow Shapley refered to as "the world's greatest nonprofessional astronomer," readers are encouraged to seek Peltier's autobiography, Starlight Nights (1965, and recently republished in 1999). This book can be purchased through the Sky & Telescope online store. Where Do I Begin? As Leslie Peltier and countless other observers can attest, R Leo is one of the easiest variable stars to find in the sky. R Leo can be seen fairly comfortably through its entire range of variability with a pair of binoculars. However, a small (2-inch) telescope is sufficient enough to reveal its appearance at minimum brightness. The AAVSO has "a" and "b" scale charts that may be used to make estimates of the star's brightness as it changes in magnitude. \|In both of the above images, south is up and west is to the left. Top: Bright stars in the field of R Leo. Regulus (not shown) is located to the east of R Leo. Bottom: A closer look at the field of R Leo with this STScI Digitized Sky Survey image reveals the triangle-shaped formation. Refer to the AAVSO R Leo charts for comparison star information.\| Observers will find R Leo located about 5 degrees west of the bright star alpha Leonis (Regulus), in the direction of xi Leonis, and just northeast of omicron Leonis (Subra). Nearby are 19 Leonis, which shows itself as a bright white star, and 18 Leonis shinning in a golden yellow. The color of the variable has been described as a "rosy scarlet" and stands out in stark contrast to its neighboring stars. The area of the variable is easy to remember as denoted by the triangle it forms with the two nearby 9th magnitude stars. R Leo is currently shinning at maximum brigthness (as of March 2001). According to the AAVSO Bulletin 64: Predicted Maxima and Minima for Long Period Variables for 2001 (Mattei 2001), the star will decline to minimum by the beginning of September 2001, with a return to maximum in early/mid-January of 2002. R Leo, as well as any Mira variable, should be observed once a week. When reporting the time of the observation, it is sufficient to record the decimal portion of the day to only one decimal place. As is true with any red star, caution must be used when making brightness estimates. "Many variable stars [such as R Leonis] are decidedly red in color. Because these stars seem to grow brighter if you watch them steadily, estimating their magnitudes should be done by taking quick glances at them so you won't overestimate their magnitudes" (Peltier 1986). For information on contributing variable star observations to the AAVSO, be sure to visit our page devoted to data submission. What Are the Mira Variables? \|The red giant stars in the M10 globular cluster are seen fairly obvious here as the reddish-orange orbs of light. Image credit: Till Credner, Sven Kohle (Bonn University), Hoher List Observatory.\| Mira-type variable stars are cool red giant stars that are named for the prototype of the class, omicron Ceti, or more commonly known as Mira. (See the December 1998 VSOTM for Mira.) Such variables are found in the high luminosity portion of the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) in the H-R diagram, along with the semiregular variable stars. (For a review of the semiregular variable stars, see the March 2000 and December 2000 VSOTM for Z Ursa Majoris and Betelgeuse, respectively.) In comparison with solar parameters, stars belonging to the Mira membership of variable stars generally have larger radii, higher luminosities, lower temperatures, and lower surface gravities than our Sun. As a result of the low surface gravity, the outer atmosphere of the star is loosely bound and forms an envelope around the star. Mira stars tend to be of spectral type M, S, and C, and with lengthy periods of 80 to 1000 days, these stars (along with their semiregular relatives) are refered to as long period variables. Mira stars are seen to vary in the visual regime by 2.5 magnitudes or more, and by more than 1 magnitude in the infrared (Mattei 1997). The change in observed brightness of Mira stars is believed to be result of pulsation. The maximum light is associated with the emergence of a shock wave into the atmosphere of the star and the shock wave is viewed as a result of a regular pulsation which is taking place below the visible surface (Willson 1987). According to Olofsson (1999), the red giant stars are divided into two components: "a small, very hot (~108 cm, ~108 K) core that is strongly gravitationally bound, and a huge, much cooler mantle (~1013 cm, ~103 K) at the surface where the external parts are only weakly gravitationally bound." The Mira stars are typically on the order of about 1 solar mass, but undergo substantial mass loss of about 10-7 to 10-6 solar masses per year, whereby the large circumstellar shells are formed (Lattanzi et. al 1997). This mass loss limits the Mira stage to about 1 million years. Those stars experiencing He-burning in the core populate the AGB branch. The AGB stage of stellar evolution is the final phase for the majority of stars in the Universe following the main sequence. It is through this mass loss, however, that they avoid ending in supernova events. When the envelope of the star is nearly gone, an enhanced time of loss with a rapid velocity produces a planetary nebula, and eventually leaves behind a white dwarf star around 0.6-0.7 solar masses (Willson 1986). During this stage of life (AGB) the mass given off by these stars is going into enriching the interstellar medium. Hence, contributing to the sea of stellar life. The red giant stage is ultimately where the Sun will evolve to. For more information about Mira stars, see the Proceedings of the AAVSO Session on Mira Stars Commemorating the 400th Anniversary of the Discovery of Mira in a special edition of the Journal of the AAVSO. The papers in this publication are available online. Breaking the Spherical Mold \|The above image of Mira in visible light taken by the Hubble Space Telescope (AURA/STScI) for AAVSO Council Member Margarita Karovska (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophyics) reveals its oblong shape.\| In a 1996 press release (no. STScI-PR96-26), NASA revealed that Hubble's Fine Guidance Sensors (FGS) had retrieved data showing that perhaps not all Mira stars are spherical, but may be somewhat egg-shaped. The report issued stated that "FGS measurements showed that R Leonis' apparent diameter (in visible light) is 70x78 milliarcseconds (eight by nine hundred million miles at the star's distance of about 390 light-years) along the star's long and short axis, respectively, and 76 by 91 milliarcseconds (with linear dimensions similar to those of R Leonis) for W Hydrae." In addition, an impressive account of size of these objects was also given: "If placed within our solar system, both of these stars would extend well beyond the orbit of the Earth and almost to Jupiter." The observed asymmetry is believed to take place in the extended atmosphere of the star, but the exact cause is currently not understood. It is speculated that the odd shape may be a result of nonradial pulsations (the star not pulsating equally in all directions) or could possibly be an optical illusion as a result of large dark spots on the star, perhaps caused by giant convection cells (Lattanzi et al. 1997). The first indications of this oblong shape were detected in Mira, but through interferometric means have been observed in the stars R Cas, R Leo, and W Hya as well (Karovska 1997). Further investigation is needed to determine the cause of the nonspherical shape and whether more stars can be added to this list. Save the Miras! In a world of faster is better, many observers feel that the shorter period, but more unpredictable dwarf nova-type stars are more rewarding to observe since their entire range of variation can typcially be seen within a few days, weeks, or months. Another common misconception is that the long period variable stars are very regular, have been overobserved, and don't need any further monitoring. Nothing could be further from the truth. Longterm data have shown that many of these stars have undergone a dramatic change in visible light output over time. Long period variables are the class of variable star that benefit most from amateur astronomer participation. Automated telescopes simply do not monitor these stars for a long enough span of time. Therefore, we need the help of observers like you to help maintain and extend our database into the future. To help observers plan their observing time more efficiently, the AAVSO publishes the AAVSO Bulletin 64: Predicted Maxima and Minima for Long Period Variables on a yearly basis. Here you will find anticipated dates of maximum and minimum activity for 562 long period variable stars. This is a valuable tool for those observers looking for bright stars to view with their moderate equipment, or for those with more advanced means looking to go after faint minima. Borrowing the words from the 1986 Journal of the AAVSO article by AAVSO President and world-renowned Mira expert Lee Anne Willson: "I will end with a plea to the observers: While observations of other classes of variable stars are important and can seem more exciting than the monitoring of slowly varying Miras, continuing to monitor the long period variables is vital for the development of our understanding of stellar evolution. These stars are also capable of surprising behavior, even after 75 or 100 or 200 years of regularity. Please contiue to observe the Miras!" If you haven't yet started with this plight, then you may consider following in the footsteps of Leslie Peltier by making R Leo your first (Mira) variable too! For More Information A wealth of Mira-related information may be found in the "Proceedings of the AAVSO Session on Mira Stars Commemorating the 400th Anniversary of the Discovery of Mira" published in the Journal of the AAVSO. This month's Variable Star of the Month was prepared by Kerri Malatesta, AAVSO Technical Assistant. Last Updated: July 16, 2010 - 12:20pm
Q: Crontab not sending email I am new to crontab. My end goal is to make a git pull command every 10 minutes, but in debugging I tried just sending an email to myself using echo: MAILTO=[my email] /10 * * * echo 'Joseph is the best' I don't get any email though... A: Crontab does not magicly sends emails out of the box. You need to set up a smtp server first. If you don't want to host your own server you can user google mail and relay all emails over your google account. I use ssmtp and mailutils for this. A quickguide: sudo apt-get install ssmtp sudo vim /etc/ssmtp/ssmtp.conf than enter your details at the bottom: mailhub=smtp.gmail.com:587 useSTARTTLS=YES AuthUser=username-here AuthPass=password-here EDIT: for this to work you will have to enable "allow acces to less secure apps" in your google settings
<issue_start>Title: crawler.response becomes null when connecting to specific chrome instance user0: 3. Navigate to http://localhost:9222/json/version and copy the value of "webSocketDebuggerUrl" 4. Set the browserWSEndpoint to the value you just copied. What is the expected behavior? When running through a clean instance with the ``` await HCCrawler.launch({ ...options }) ``` command, everything works fineand the result comes back as expected. What am I missing here? Please tell us about your environment: - Version: 1.8.0 - Platform / OS version: Windows 10 / 1803 - Node.js version: v10.16.3 user1: I have the same error user1: Hi @user0 , I've made a fork of the project with updated dependencies and a fix that I found in Puppeteer's issues (https://github.com/GoogleChrome/puppeteer/issues/2479#issuecomment-408263504) that seems to fix the issue on my end. I've also made a issue in Puppeteer because they seem to be the cause of the problem: https://github.com/GoogleChrome/puppeteer/issues/4970 Could you please tell me more about your setup ? Are you using docker ? And could you try my fork ? To use the fork, change your package.json like this: `"headless-chrome-crawler": "Tractr/headless-chrome-crawler-fork"` Have a nice day. user2: hey @user1! Thanks for the suggestion! I've used it a while ago. Judging by the referenced thread, the issue has been resolved in puppeteer 1.8.0. I'm updating the puppeteer version to the latest v1 version: 1.20.0. So, should be resolved soon.<issue_closed>
Far from seeing human movement as natural and essential, we live in a world of obsessive border policing: walls and fortresses; gated compounds and ghettos; camps and detention centers; and proliferating zones of elite luxury alongside shrinking public spaces. Whether through calculated legal processes or gradual gentrification and de facto apartheid, we maintain ever-stricter distinctions between migrants and refugees, citizens and non-citizens, insiders and outsiders, haves and have-nots. The dominant discourse on migration helps create and perpetuate such a world by privileging certain types of individual suffering—discrimination, persecution, torture—as worthy of international notice and protection, while normalizing the more widespread and systemic suffering caused by poverty, inequality, disease, famine, drought, climate change, and environmental degradation, from which one is neither expected nor permitted to flee across borders. The human species is by nature migratory and its spread from Africa across the globe has occurred through great climatic shifts, the spread of deserts, and the ebbing and flowing of ice ages. These movements spurred the onset of agriculture and civilization as resource scarcity and insecurity drew people to the great river valleys such as the Tigris, Euphrates, Nile, and Indus. As such, human migration has been and will continue to be fundamental to our survival and evolution. Yet, the categories, classifications, and dichotomies through which we understand and purport to govern migration today are inconducive to this historic reality. It is important to understand how dominant discourses on international migration limit or constrain our knowledge, governance, and practices, particularly with regard to implications for the Global South, which makes up most of the world yet rarely receives most of our attention. The dominant discourse of migration assumes that most migration happens in the Global North and ignores that movement and mobility of people had taken place in the South long before the emergence of European-like nation-states limiting migration. Movements of people seeking protection for their lives are heavily influenced by the Refugee Convention, which was negotiated and adopted in 1951 in response to realities different than those of today. Only when all issues facing the Global South and the Global North are equally considered can human mobility be effectively addressed. Migration has catapulted to the center of public attention in recent years and seems likely to remain there, with mass media showing no signs of abating interest. Has increased attention translated into a more accurate understanding of migration among policymakers and the general public? Are we, as a result, able to debate the issue in more useful ways? Much of the renewed interest is due to displacements from the Arab region into Europe, particularly from Syria but also Iraq, Libya, Palestine, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen. However, the tendency to pay more attention to migration from the Global South to the Global North precedes the current refugee crisis, and has created distortions in discourse and knowledge production about migration. Scholars in this field are used to the waxing and waning of public interest, which at times bears little correlation to real change in migrant numbers or movement. The number of international migrants has hovered at roughly 3.3 percent of the global population in recent decades. Despite being a comparatively minor and remarkably stable global phenomenon, migration has always captured perpetual, cyclical, and disproportionate amounts of public attention in the past. Dominant Discourse vs. Reality Predominant discourse shapes public debate in respect to any subject. It reflects the productive power—the ability to produce ideas and to make them acceptable and legitimate as sole subjects of debate—of those who articulate it. Predominant discourse on international migration emphasizes large flows to, and stocks of migrants in, the Global North, originating in the Global South. It represents international migration as a threat that undermines the social, economic, and cultural systems of host countries and their security. Besides the large volumes of people, this discourse underlines the irregularity of migration status, which is explained as mostly resulting from criminal smuggling activities. Not all actors in the Global North have adopted this discourse. However, it certainly is the predominant one. The reality of flows and stocks of international migration may be viewed differently in the Global South. According to the 2017 United Nations International Migration Report, the total number of international migrants from 2000 to 2017 increased from 173 million to 258 million. Half of the increase took place in developed countries of the Global North and the other half in developing countries of the Global South. During the same period, the number of international migrants residing in the South increased from 40 to 43 percent, the corresponding percentage thus decreasing in the North. Between 2000 and 2017, the share of international migrants residing in Asia increased from 29 to 31 percent and in Africa from 9 to 10 percent. In Europe, the share declined from 33 to 30 percent. Incidentally, despite this decline, international migration helped Europe’s population grow by 2 percent. Without net migration, it would have fallen by 1 percent, which would have obviously undercut economic activity and the social systems the predominant discourse purports to protect. In 2017, 38 percent of international migration was from South to South countries, 35 percent from South to North, 20 percent from North to North and 6 percent from North to South. In Africa and Asia, 80 percent of international migrants headed for destinations in the two regions, the corresponding share being 60 percent for Latin America and the Caribbean. From the origin perspective, 60 percent of international migrants originating in Asia remained in the Asian continent, while the corresponding figure for Africa was 53 percent. However, for West Africa, the proportion of international migrants whose destination country was in the sub-region rose to 84 percent, seven times larger than migration to any other part of the world. Only four countries in West Africa had emigrant populations who chose an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) country as their top destination. All of this means that migrants from the Global South are staying more and more in the Global South when they migrate. This flow of South–South migration looks only to increase in the coming years. Governing Human Mobility: A Southern Perspective Mobility within sub-regions in Africa, and also elsewhere in the South, predates the emergence of the European nation-state model after early or late decolonization. One function of nation-states is to regulate international mobility, especially for non-citizens. Naturally countries in the South have had to regulate their citizens’ high intraregional mobility through principles, policies, and institutions that together constitute the governance of this special type of international migration. Two conflicting factors contributed to how states in the South approached the governance of migration in their sub-regions. First is the reality of mobility in the sub-regions that responded to logics of economic activity and of ethnic and cultural kinships. Sub-regions were considered economic units within which trade and services flowed and people moved freely. Second is the restrictive logic of nation-states, which emphasizes the privileges of citizens in labor markets and social benefits, in addition to security considerations. However, as late decolonization unfolded in the late 1950s and early 1960s, a contradiction emerged. European integration came about and progressively recognized the rights to freedom of movement and employment. Freedom of movement was considered necessary for integration, which in turn was an approach to ensuring peace and realizing accelerated economic growth. This positive development in nation-states’ perspective was encouraging for states of the South. It allowed for the recognition and reinforcement of old mobility circuits and for the creation of new ones, thus permitting rapid economic growth and development. On this basis, nation-states in the South embarked on processes of sub-regional integration. In Africa, sub-regional integration schemes are intended to eventually converge in regional and continental integration. Virtually all sub-regional integration processes had freedom of movement as an objective and means of action. Some went further, putting in place regimes of freedom of movement and labor. It was in this vein that the 1979 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Protocol relating to the Free Movement of Persons, the Right of Residence and Establishment, and its supplementary protocols emerged. The 2009 Protocol on the establishment of the East African Community Common Market prioritized the community’s accelerated economic growth and development through free movement of goods, persons, labor, services, capital, and the rights of establishment and residence. The Protocol dedicated its chapter 11 to the free movement of workers. Meanwhile in Latin America and the Caribbean, regimes for freedom of movement of persons and labor were developed in the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) and the Community of Andean Nations (CAN). The most advanced regime or plan for free movement of workers in Latin America was that of the Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR) whose member states adopted the Residence Agreement in 2002. In Asia, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) put in place its own free mobility regime. In sum, in many sub-regions, regional integration and free mobility are considered means to overcome often artificial borders that split communities and obstruct development. Sub-regional integration schemes vary in the extent of freedom of movement, establishment, and employment they recognize for nationals of their member states, in the rights they grant them, and in their actual implementation. Often, freedom of mobility is authorized before the right to work. Freedom of mobility is frequently granted to the highly skilled before the low-skilled workers. Freedom of establishment is facilitated by holding capital. In Africa, ECOWAS, and especially MERCOSUR in South America, have made significant progress in their labor mobility regimes. The MERCOSUR Residence Agreement authorizes nationals of a member state to reside and work for a period of two years in another member state if they can prove citizenship and a clean criminal record. The agreement also provides a number of rights to these migrants, including the right to equal working conditions, family reunification, and access to education for their children. After two years, the permit may be transformed into permanent residency. According to migration law expert Diego Acosta, the driving force behind the MERCOSUR agreement was (unlike in the European Union) to find a solution to irregular migration and not to pave the way for an internal trade market. The agreement’s main objective, as declared in the preamble, is to solve the situation of intraregional irregular migration while deepening the regional integration process and implementing a policy of free circulation of people. The predominant discourse on international migration is thus again put into question. For states of the South, situated in the same sub-regions, irregular migration as a concept does not have the same meaning. Nor should it be criminalized in letter or in practice. It seems that for at least some of the states in the South, following age-old routes across recently traced borders is not completely illegitimate. Despite the advances, problems persist. Member states may not incorporate provisions of their freedom of movement regimes in their own laws and policies. Domestic laws and policies may even be in contradiction with the sub-regional mobility regimes and thus partially invalidate them. More importantly, political disputes and economic interests may frustrate altogether attempts at setting up sub-regional integration schemes and associated mobility regimes. In Northwest Africa, political disputes frustrated the development of the Arab Maghreb Union, making a free mobility regime between its member states inconceivable. Despite the large labor migration from both Egypt and Tunisia to Libya, no labor mobility regime was put in place between either of the former two countries and the latter. Between Egypt and Sudan, the implementation of the Four Freedoms Agreement is subject to political vicissitudes between the two countries. In southern Africa, the considerable disparity in development and economic structures between South Africa, and Botswana and Namibia, and other countries in the sub-region stood in the way of adopting a protocol on freedom of movement for persons in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The same may be said about the entry into force and implementation of the regime for free movement of persons and labor in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). Freedom of movement is unimaginable in the South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC). Besides political disputes and defending economic interests, preserving customs revenues and weak institutional capacity of regional integration organizations have been advanced as explanations for the unsatisfactory realization of sub-regional integration in the South, including the design and implementation of regimes for the free movement of persons and labor. Accordingly, a Southern perspective on international migration, its dimensions, and its governance may differ from the more prevalent discourse on the subject in the Global North. Such a perspective raises different issues that need to be addressed. It is only when an open international discourse which discusses all issues—those facing the Global South and the Global North—are equally considered that questions of human mobility and migration will have a chance to be effectively addressed. Refugees in the South: Beyond Binaries While migrants are presently 3.4 percent of the world population, refugees are a much smaller subsect of all migrants, a mere 0.3 percent of the total population, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Global Trends report in 2017. Despite cries of refugee crises from rich countries in recent years, since 2000 refugee numbers have increased only from 9 percent of all migrants to 10 percent. Countries of the Global South host 84 percent of the world’s refugees, and this percentage is increasing, with the current number the highest in more than two decades. The poorest countries in the world—the least developed states or (LDCs)—host 28 percent of all refugees, and this number is also increasing. Indeed, just ten states host 57 percent of all refugees. What is clear from these statistics is that, first, the refugee issue is almost entirely confined to the Global South; and second, those least able to bear the responsibility are forced to shoulder it. This situation is not happenstance but a systematic process of externalization by rich states in which control over knowledge production plays a key role. Much of the dominant discourse on migration turns on binaries: some migrants are voluntary, others are forced; some are international and others are internal; some are legal and others are irregular; and, perhaps the most formative of the binaries, some are migrants whilst others are refugees. In actuality, people usually move for reasons of economic betterment. This type of movement is characterized by law and policymakers as voluntary and subject to domestic regulation. When migration is perceived as involuntary, or forced, then in such cases the application of international protection is attempted in specific instances where state protection is seen to be absent. The primary means through which international protection is applied is the 1951 Refugee Convention that requires state parties to provide refugee status to persons fulfilling the following conditions: first, refugees should be outside their country of nationality; second, they should prove a well-founded fear of persecution; third, this persecution needs to be attributable to discrimination on the basis of race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership of a particular social group; and fourth, their state should be unable or unwilling to protect them. The 1951 Convention has been central in shaping migration discourse. Refugee status is a unique exception to the otherwise absolute sovereign prerogative to control migration and as such refugeehood has been carefully defined and closely interpreted by states. Despite popular usage of the term “refugee” to mean anyone fleeing their home, in reality refugee protection is only assured to the small group of people that fit the aforementioned carefully circumscribed conditions. The convention operates only when a person has left their state of nationality. It privileges a particular type of forced migration—that which is attributable to persecution—above all else. More narrowly, it privileges only persecution that is attributable to a particular type of discrimination. That is to say, there is no international protection for other types of movement that normally would be understood as “forced” in the ordinary usage of the word like for example, displacement due to widespread conflict or human rights abuses, natural or manmade disasters such as famine, drought, desertification, floods, earthquakes, submersion of territories, and so on. The 1951 Convention was the product of its culture and history and reflected Western concerns in the aftermath of the Second World War and the onset of the Cold War. Yet, nearly seventy years later, the convention remains in place today and is widely ratified, albeit with important exceptions in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Arab region. What are the consequences of understanding migration through the voluntary/forced distinction? We treat political persecution and religious persecution as intolerable, but we see drought and famine as natural. We see war and conflict as terrible evils, but we see the millions of preventable and unnecessary infant deaths from unsanitary water or malaria as normal. We see ethnic strife as a serious threat to international peace and security, but we treat widening inequalities in power and wealth as natural. We see terrorism as an abomination, but we see climate change as an inevitability. Because of our fixation with an artificial, irrational, and unsubstantiated distinction between forced and voluntary migration, in its current state, our discourse makes it almost impossible to talk about migration in a useful way. The reasons people move cannot be understood through the rubric of choice, or lack thereof. Through its categories of privilege and protection, our modern-day discourse around migration and refugee status and the laws and institutions this discourse produces arbitrarily creates hierarchies of suffering as a means of legitimating international protection in certain areas and abdicating responsibility in others. Renouncing international responsibility for internally displaced peoples ignores the greater protection needs of vast numbers who do not have the means to cross an international border but whose suffering is otherwise identical to those who managed to seek refuge internationally. Abdication of international responsibility over so-called voluntary migration allows a thriving system of domestic migration policies that maintain a growing body of exploitable laborers rendered invisible because of their irregular or undocumented status. These people—obscure and disposable to the international system—are mostly women and people of color. Historically, people have moved—for the most part—because of environmental and economic causes and this is not going to change. Migrations brought about by climate change have already begun and they will be vast, protracted, and unstoppable. The present discourse is inadequate to understand or govern such a phenomenon. It cannot stop movement but will increase suffering and vulnerability as sites of irregularity and exploitability exponentially multiply. As the habitable zones of our planet change, the ensuing movements are inevitably producing challenges of public order, health, and security. These are challenges that policymakers could potentially ameliorate. Yet, current discourse prevents us from addressing these issues as they are beyond our purview—rendered unspeakable by the terminology we have created for ourselves. The most visible manifestation of this quandary today is negotiation of the Global Compacts, separated into one compact for migrants and another for refugees. The predominant discourse tells us what a crisis is and how we should react to it and by that time it is usually too late to address systemic causes. By that time, we can only apply Band-Aid solutions such as widespread detention, refugee camps, safe havens, temporary visas, more money to UNHCR, offshore processing, international zones, visa conditionalities, border policing, and so on. The discourse obfuscates the questions of justice that permeate the systemic causes of migration. Who is responsible for economic inequality and climate change? Who is responsible for war and widespread human rights abuses? The causes of migration are rarely the responsibility of the Global South, yet flows of migrants and refugees often are. Our discourse around migration tells us the nature of the problem and circumscribes the range of possible solutions. In this way, it shapes governance, laws, and institutions. In its current state, it prevents us from developing rational and effective approaches to governing migration, a situation made more evident in an era of climate change. Discourse plays a role in institutionalizing the misery that increasing numbers of migrants endure today, providing protection against some types of violence but also structuring, maintaining, and normalizing others. The ethics of migration are rarely subject to scrutiny. For the most part, we are reluctant to examine ourselves too closely on an issue that has long been a repository for some of our most deep-seated and fundamental fears and insecurities. Though small in proportion to the global population, migrants are magnified in the public psyche because they act as a receptacle for broad and at times subconscious cultural fears about belonging, security, and significance. For these reasons, asserting discursive and governance authority and control over migration is a high-stakes endeavor, centering on the issue of identity, in which dichotomies such as South and North, rich and poor, black and white, maintain a stranglehold on our imagination. Paying more attention to migration in the South—who is moving, where, and why—is one way to change how we understand and talk about migration. It can move us toward a more accurate, effective, and just governance of migration. Ibrahim Awad is professor of practice of global affairs and the director of the Center for Migration and Refugee Studies in the School of Global Affairs and Public Policy at the American University in Cairo. From 2005 to 2010, he acted as director of the International Migration Programme at the International Labour Organization (ILO), Geneva, and prior to that, between 2005 and 2010, he was the ILO’s director for the North Africa sub-regional office. His most recent publications include “The Challenge of Global Governance in the Sustainable Development Agenda,” “The Multiple Levels of Governance of International Migration:Understanding Disparities and Disorder,” and “Towards a Joint Approach to Migration and Asylum in the Euro-Mediterranean Space,” to name a few. Usha Natarajan is associate professor of international law and associate director of the Center for Migration and Refugee Studies at the American University in Cairo. Prior to joining AUC, she worked with international organizations including the UNDP, UNESCO, and the World Bank. In 2016, Natarajan received the IUCN Academy of Environmental Law research prize from the leading global institution in her field. Natarajan has authored and edited numerous books and articles, including most recently Third World Approaches to International Law: On Praxis and the Intellectual, and articles in Third World Quarterly, Leiden Journal of International Law, and Transnational Legal Theory. She has also contributed chapters to books such as Bandung, Global History and International Law: Critical Pasts and Pending Futures, Strengthening the Rule of Law through the UN Security Council, and Arab Spring in Egypt: Revolution and Beyond. Subscribe to Our Newsletter
System: Lavon became the responsible one. He started doing his chores without being asked and he always made sure his room was clean. His parents were proud of him and would often tell their friends what a great son they had. Let's generate a conversation by considering this. User: Lavon: Hey, Dad. How are you doing? AI: Dad: I'm doing well, son. How are you? User: Lavon: I'm doing good. Hey, I wanted to talk to you about something. AI: Dad: Sure, what is it? User: Lavon: Well, I was thinking about my future and what I want to do with my life. And I really want to make you proud of me. AI: Dad: Lavon, you don't have to worry about that. You're already a great son and we're very proud of you. But if there's something specific you're wanting to do, we're all ears. What is it that you'd like to do? User: Lavon: I was thinking maybe I could go into business. AI: Dad: That's a great idea! We know you have a head for numbers and you're always so organized. You would be great at it! User: Lavon: Yeah, I think so too. But there's just one problem. AI: Dad: What's that? User: Lavon: I don't have any money to start a business. AI: Dad: Don't worry about that, son. We'll help you out. You just focus on getting started and we'll take care of the rest. User: Lavon: Thanks, Dad. I really appreciate it. AI: Dad: Of course, son. We just want to see you succeed in whatever you do.
(Subreddit: sharepoint) "You do not have permissions to open this file in the browser" We are trying to show a file from a UNC path and it has already been given trusted access? We have it showing on our SP site so others can see what has been changed. However we get the error, "You do not have permissions to open this file in the browser". EDIT: https://aanikin.wordpress.com/2010/11/13/excel-services-file-access-method-impersonation/ This is something we have looked at. Does anyone have any idea why we are still getting this error?
What Trevion Williams brings to the Boston Celtics - The Athletic What Trevion Williams brings to the Boston Celtics Trevion Williams was in many ways always a unique fit in the college game. Physically, he was a brute — a pounding, imposing, throwback big man who never shied from contact. At the same time, he spent years trying to lose weight and aspired to be more than a back-to-the-basket center, even if it wasn’t necessarily convenient. Now, after four productive, albeit fluctuating years at Purdue, Williams will see if or how he will fit in the NBA. He went undrafted but accepted a deal to play for the Boston Celtics summer league team. Williams’ value is dependent on how you frame it. As a college junior, he ranked first nationally in percentage of shots taken, second nationally in usage rate and led the Boilermakers in assist rate. He either scored out of post-ups or passed out of double and triple teams. All roads ran through him, especially in late-game situations. He was named first-team All-Big Ten as a junior, averaging 15.5 points, 9.1 rebounds and 2.3 assists per game. He was one of only two high-major players in the country with at least 900 points, 600 rebounds and 125 assists. Williams declared for the draft that offseason. No matter what, for all intents and purposes, this was about as high as his value was ever going to be. By all measures —stats, accolades, all that — his stock wasn’t going to get much better. Williams opted to run it back for his senior year at Purdue, though. That was despite the fact that he was never going to increase his production. Purdue needed to lean into Jaden Ivey’s talent and increase Zach Edey’s production. Matt Painter wanted to pursue better balance. With that, Williams went from the piece to a part. In the preseason, Painter suggested Williams might play minutes as a four alongside Edey, but that never particularly evolved, in part, because Williams is absolutely a center. As a senior? Williams played his fewest minutes since his freshman year, averaging only 20.1 minutes per game, five fewer than as a junior. Edey, the Boilermakers’ 7-foot-4 behemoth, was the starter, and Williams’ numbers dipped to 12.0 points and 7.2 rebounds per game. He averaged a career-best 3.0 assists. He won the league’s Sixth Man of the Year award while making third-team All-Big Ten. Maybe if Purdue’s year had gone as planned, Williams’ draft profile would be a little brighter. It once looked like his decision to play a fourth year of college ball was going to pay off with a Big Ten title and a Final Four trip. Purdue was the No. 1 team in the country entering December. But things went awry with the Boilers missing out on a league title, losing in the Big Ten Tournament title game, and losing to Saint Peter’s in the Sweet 16. So, on paper, this is a four-year college player who played as a reserve in his senior year. In reality, there’s a lot more here. Williams is still only 21, and stands 6-foot-10 with a 7-foot-3 wingspan. In an interview with The Athletic last year, he admitted, “Personally, I think my weight has always held me back. The skills have always been there, but I’ve had weight problems.” It’s been a long road, but Williams has gradually gone from 325 pounds as a freshman to his current weight of 265. The question is, how much can he continue to progress, and can he outplay his assigned value as a prospect? Williams brings some intrigue on the offensive end. He’s an elite passer. Not simply an elite passer as a big man, but as a passer, period. You can run offense through him in the high post (incredible vision and feel) and capitalize on his ability to find shooters from the low post. Williams has great hands and can convert near the basket. Spacing-wise, Williams has to be defended away from the basket only because of his passing. He’s a non-threat as a shooter. He never shot better than 60 percent from the free-throw line at Purdue. Defensively and athletically is where Williams presents questions, in terms of his ability to hang on in the league. For all his good footwork on the offensive end, on defense, he’s a liability away from the basket, both in drop coverage and on switches, and is generally a clumsy defender. Down low, he doesn’t have the bounce to defend the rim. Williams has to continue to slim down and figure out how to improve his mobility and athleticism. Again, despite four years of college, he is only 21 and can still continue to change/develop physically. He feels like a known commodity, but he’s not a finished product. Perhaps the best news is Williams, a Chicago native who spent his formative high school years in Detroit, has already outperformed his expected value once.
Maybe you carve pumpkins with your family every year, but you have never thought about the history behind the tradition. Make this year the year that you make a tradition of researching the origins of this and other holiday traditions. By teaching your children how Holidays came to be and why we do the things we do at holidays, you will help them learn about history and enjoy the holidays more. Help your children to understand what is true and what is false when they hear about what it means to carve a pumpkin at Halloween. Whereas Halloween originated thousands of years ago, carving pumpkins is a relatively new tradition. The reason for this is that the pumpkin is a fruit (not a vegetableâ€”but that is another article) that is indigenous to the Americas. That means that in Western Europe where Halloween originated there were no pumpkins to carve. The first reference to carving pumpkins was made in a poem by John Greenleaf Whittier in the early 1800s. It is thought that the earliest pumpkin carvings were not associated with Halloween at all but were rather associated with the harvest. That little tidbit aside, the concept of pumpkin carving on Halloween likely originated with the ancient Celtics. They celebrated Samhain at the end of the summer, and it was quite similar to a New Year’Eve celebration: only the Celtics believed that the dead were able to walk the earth on that night. Part of the festivities associated with Samhain included building big bonfires to honor the gods. The whole village would attend the festival and then walk home after the fire had burned. Because they believed that the dead were walking the earth, it became traditional to dress in scary costumes and carry home an ember from the fire in a hollowed out vegetable. People would carve scary faces in the vegetables to further dissuade evil spirits. This is most likely the tradition that most directly led to the traditions that we now celebrate at Halloween. The pumpkins that we carve are analogous to the carved out gourds, turnips, and beets carried by the ancient Celts on Samhain. However, the name Jack o’ lantern has a different history entirely. The name Jack o’ lantern comes from an Irish tale about a drunk named Jack who played a trick on the devil. Jack tricked the devil out of his soul but found that he was still not welcome in heaven. Admitted to neither heaven nor hell, Jack roamed the earth, carrying a bit of coal to light his way. He carried the coal in a hollowed out gourd, know as Jack’lantern. Knowing the stories behind these and other Halloween traditions will be fun for your whole family. You can go to the Jackolanterns.net website and find out about the different Halloween traditions around the world. Look up the tradition associated with your country of origin. You will find that of the countries that carve vegetables or pumpkins for Halloween, some do it to welcome spirits of the dead, and some do it to scare away the spirits of the dead. You will also find other fun traditions that are enjoyed around the world. Learn what you can about one country’traditional celebration, and try to replicate it this Halloween. Holidays don’t just have to be fun times with too much candy. They can be educational experiences where we find out more about our own history and the traditions of those that share the world with us.
Second Mortgage on House A second mortgage on the house What do you jump to when you move? - After you sell your home, you must pay your second mortgage or transfer it to a new mortgage. You can do this by taking out a second mortgage. Another mortgage is also known as a Home Equity Line of Credit (HELOC), or a Home Equity Loan. One second mortgage is a loan you take out with your home as collateral that is subordinated to another mortgage (a first mortgage). As you can use the second mortgage of your home to buy a company Well, one of the benefits of having a house is justice. They can use the capital in your house to buy a company. You can do this by taking out a second mortgage. Another mortgage is also known as a Home equity line of credit (HELOC), or a home equity loan. See how much the company will pay. They need to know how much the company is being resold for. You will then need to have an assessment carried out to see if the company is viable and if this is a good value. Ensure that there is sufficient liquidity and that the company has sufficient growth opportunities. When everything is in order, you should be prepared to make your purchases on the basis of the value of the company. Define how much capital there is in your house. Your house capital will decide whether or not you can buy the company. Deduct all your receivables from the value of your house. As an example, if your house is worth $ 200,000 and you owed $ 80,000 the owner's capital, in your house is $ 120,000. Use $120,000 to buy the corporation. However, some creditors loan you only one per cent of the value of the property, such as 75 or 80 per cent. When your mortgage bank or your creditor lends you 80 per cent of the current value, you can only loan $80,000 ($200,000 x . 80 = $160,000 - $80,000). By visiting your local giro institution where you have your second mortgage, the treasurer can pay the amount directly into your current accounts. They can then write a cheque to the shopkeeper personally for the sale. Figure out who the check's going to be paid to. A further possibility is to apply for a cashier's cheque, whether the company's vendor favours this or not. Your amount used for the sale reduces the amount of your home's capital by the same amount. Don't hurry to make the buy. Allow your acquisitions staff to give their views on the company. When the company goes down, you loose your cash. If you cannot make the payment on the home equity line of credit, your home will be threatened with enforcement. Ensure that you know what your payment will be on the HELOC. Usually the rates are floating, which means that the rates could rise sometime in the near term. Increasing the tariff can lead to an increased number of your payment transactions. Richardson has worked for Associated Content on a free-lance basis for two years and has written on subjects such as business administration, lending and debt collection, objectives, finance, corporate finance, corporate governance, healthcare and personalities. Mr Richardson est titulaire d'une maîtrise en administration des affaires de la Executive Management de l'Université d'Ashland dans l'Ohio d'Ashland. "Using the second mortgage in your home to buy a business. Auch interessant Mehr zum Thema
Eight kinds of gaskets Table of Contents Natural rubber is suitable for water, sea water, air, inert gas, alkali, salt aqueous solution and other media, but it is not resistant to mineral oil and non-polar solvents. Its long-term service temperature is not more than 90 ℃, and its low-temperature performance is excellent. It can be used above – 60 ℃. NBR is suitable for petroleum products, such as petroleum, lubricating oil, fuel oil, etc. the long-term service temperature is 120 ℃, if in hot oil, it can withstand 150 ℃, and the low temperature is – 10 ~ – 20 ℃. Chloroprene rubber is suitable for seawater, weak acid, weak alkali and salt solution. It has excellent oxygen and ozone aging resistance. Its oil resistance is inferior to that of nitrile rubber and superior to other general rubber. Its long-term service temperature is lower than 90 ℃, the maximum service temperature is not more than 130 ℃, and the low temperature is – 30 ~ – 50 ℃. There are many varieties of fluororubber, which have good acid resistance, oxidation resistance, oil resistance and solvent resistance. It can be used in almost all kinds of acid media and some oils and solvents, and its long-term use temperature is lower than 200 ℃. As flange gasket, rubber plate is mostly used for pipeline or manhole and handhole which are often disassembled, and the pressure is not more than 1.568 MPa. Because in all kinds of gaskets, rubber gasket is the softest and has good fitting performance. It can play a sealing effect under a small preload. Because of this, when bearing internal pressure, the gasket is easy to be extruded due to its thick or low hardness. When rubber sheet is used in organic solvents such as benzene, ketone and ether, swelling, weight gain, softening and stickiness are easy to occur, leading to sealing failure. Generally, it can not be used if the swelling degree is more than 30%. Under the condition of low pressure (especially below 0.6MPa) and vacuum, rubber pad is more suitable. The rubber material has good compactness and low air permeability. For example, fluororubber is the most suitable sealing gasket for vacuum container, and the vacuum degree can reach 1.3 × 10-7 PA. When the rubber pad is used in the vacuum range of 10-1 ~ 10-7 PA, it needs to be baked and pumped. Asbestos rubber sheet The price is lower than other gaskets and easy to use. The biggest problem is: Although the gasket material is added with rubber and some fillers, it still can’t completely fill the micro pores of those collusion, and there is a trace of permeability. Therefore, in the highly polluting medium, even if the pressure and temperature are not high, it can not be used. When used in some high-temperature oil medium, usually in the later stage of use, due to the carbonization of rubber and filler, the strength is reduced, and the material becomes loose, which causes penetration at the interface and inside the gasket, resulting in coking and smoke. In addition, the asbestos rubber plate is easy to stick on the flange sealing surface under high temperature, which brings a lot of trouble to replace the gasket. Under the condition of heating, the service pressure of gasket in various media depends on the strength retention rate of gasket material. There are crystal water and adsorbed water in asbestos fiber materials. At 110 ℃, 2 / 3 of the adsorbed water was precipitated, and the tensile strength of the fiber was reduced by 10%; at 368 ℃, all the adsorbed water precipitated, and the tensile strength of the fiber decreased by 20%; when the temperature exceeded 500 ℃, the crystallized water began to precipitate, and the tensile strength of the fiber was lower. The medium also has great influence on the strength of asbestos rubber sheet. For example, in aviation lubricating oil and aviation fuel, the transverse tensile strength difference of No. 400 oil resistant asbestos rubber sheet is 80%, which is due to the swelling of rubber in the plate by aviation fuel is more serious than that of aviation lubricating oil. Considering the above factors, the recommended safe use range of domestic asbestos rubber sheet xb450 is as follows: temperature 250 ℃ ~ 300 ℃, pressure 3 ~ 3.5Mpa; the service temperature of 400 oil resistant asbestos rubber sheet should not exceed 350 ℃. Asbestos rubber sheet contains chloride ion and sulfide, and it is easy to form corrosion galvanic cell with metal flange after absorbing water. Especially, the sulfur content of oil resistant asbestos rubber sheet is several times higher than that of ordinary asbestos rubber plate, so it is not suitable for use in non oil medium. The gasket will swell in oil and solvent media, but in a certain range, it has little effect on the sealing performance. For example, No. 400 oil resistant asbestos rubber sheet is required to increase its weight by no more than 15% when it is immersed in aviation fuel at room temperature for 24 hours. Polytetrafluoroethylene is easy to cold flow and creep under pressure and high temperature, so it is generally used in medium with low pressure, medium temperature, strong corrosion and no pollution medium, such as strong acid, strong alkali, halogen, medicine, etc. The safe use temperature is 150 ℃ and the pressure is below 1MPa. Although the strength of filled polytetrafluoroethylene is higher, the service temperature is not more than 200 ℃, and the corrosion resistance is reduced. The maximum working pressure of Teflon gasket is generally not more than 2MPa. As the temperature rises, the material creeps and the sealing pressure decreases obviously. Even if the temperature is not raised, the compression stress of the sealing surface will also decrease with the extension of time, resulting in “stress relaxation phenomenon”. This phenomenon can occur in all kinds of gaskets, but the stress relaxation of PTFE gasket is serious, which should be paid attention to. The friction coefficient of polytetrafluoroethylene is small (the compression stress is greater than 4MPa, and the friction coefficient is 0.035 ~ 0.04), and the gasket is easy to slide outward during pre tightening, so concave convex flange surface is better. When the flat flange is used, the outer diameter of the gasket can be contacted with the bolt to prevent the gasket from sliding. Because the glass lined equipment is sintered after spraying a layer of enamel on the metal surface, the glaze layer is very brittle, coupled with uneven spraying and glaze layer flow, the flatness of flange surface is poor. The use of metal composite gasket is easy to damage the glaze layer, so it is recommended to use polytetrafluoroethylene gasket with asbestos board and rubber as core material. This kind of packing gasket is easy to fit with the flange surface and has good corrosion resistance. In the strong corrosive medium with low temperature and pressure, many factories use asbestos rubber plate wrapped with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) raw material belt, which is used in the manhole and pipeline which are often dismantled. Because of the convenience of making and using, it is very popular. Asbestos resin board and impregnated asbestos board gasket Asbestos resin board and impregnated asbestos plate gasket are mostly used in pipelines, pumps, valves and inlet and outlet flanges of various acid media. The service temperature is 80 ℃ and the pressure is below 0.6 MPa. Asbestos braided gasket is suitable for low pressure and high temperature working conditions with pressure below 0.1MPa and temperature not exceeding 800 ℃. According to the specific requirements of the equipment, the gasket with different width, thickness and diameter can be woven. Or cut the asbestos tape and apply it directly on the flange surface. It is used in large sulfuric acid, nitric acid oxidation furnace and some unprocessed equipment interface, the effect is far better than the original asbestos rope. Metal clad asbestos pad The asbestos board or asbestos rubber plate is coated by metal sheet, which can not directly contact with the medium, so as to avoid the decline of asbestos fiber strength and solve the leakage phenomenon, so as to expand the application range of asbestos rubber plate. Generally, the service temperature of metal clad asbestos pad is 450 ℃ (some of them can reach 600 ~ 700 ℃. For example, in the flue gas with atmospheric pressure ~ 0.16mpa), the service pressure is 4MPa, and the maximum is 6Mpa. If the pressure increases again, the gasket is prone to cross flow, and the core material is extruded from the lap joint. Due to the large bolt tightening force required by the metal clad asbestos gasket, even when the service pressure is lower than 2.45mpa, the flange below pg25kg cannot be used. Otherwise, the rigidity of flange and bolt is not enough, which will lead to seal failure due to deformation. Some people think that if the core material is changed to synthetic rubber with better elasticity, its tightening force will be reduced. In fact, it is not because after the core material is softened, the fastening force is absorbed by the core material, which can not provide the fastening force required for the metal plate to fit on the flange surface, and the gasket is easily damaged. In addition, in the medium containing more chloride ions and acid medium, crevice corrosion is easy to occur at the lap joint of stainless steel and iron sheet. When the temperature is higher than 450 ℃, ceramic fiber or carbon fiber can be used as core material. The metal clad ceramic fiber gasket was used at 1100 ℃ in an iron and steel plant. It has not been damaged for two years. Flexible graphite is the most suitable core material. At present, flexible graphite pads with metal cladding have been produced in batch in China. Its application effect is better than that of metal clad asbestos pad. The metal clad gasket can be made into various shapes and is widely used in various heat exchangers, reactor covers, loading and unloading holes, manhole flanges, etc. The ladle mat with a diameter of 2m has been made in China and has been used well. A layer of flexible graphite sheet is pasted on the surface of the metal clad gasket. Compared with the similar metal clad gasket without surface coating, this kind of gasket has smaller pre tightening specific pressure and better sealing performance. Figure 2-9 shows the relationship between the compression stress and leakage. At present, there is no such product in China. Therefore, some units have pasted the existing flexible graphite corrugated tape on the surface of metal clad gasket, metal flat gasket, tooth shaped gasket and even asbestos rubber gasket, thus solving many leakage problems. For example, the heat exchanger in a factory has a pressure of 5.88MPA, a temperature of 450 ℃, and a medium of hydrogen / oil gas. Metal flat gasket and toothed gasket have been used, and all of them have leakage. After that, flexible graphite wrinkling belt was pasted on the flat pad to solve the problem. It should be pointed out that this kind of gasket is a simple measure to solve the leakage of flange gasket. The working quality of flexible graphite tape directly affects the normal operation of the equipment. If a layer of glue is applied on the back of the strip, the sticking quality can be improved. Metal wound gasket skillfully uses the heat resistance, resilience and strength of metal and the softness of non-metallic materials, so it has better sealing performance, and the stainless steel belt wound flexible graphite gasket has the best performance. The pre tightening specific pressure is smaller than that of asbestos winding gasket, and there is no defect of asbestos fiber capillary leakage. Fig. 2-10 shows the curve of the relationship between the pre tightening pressure and the leakage. In oil medium, 0Cr13 is usually used for metal strip, while 1Cr18Ni9Ti is recommended for other media. The working pressure of stainless steel with flexible graphite winding gasket is 14.7mpa in gas medium (up to 19.6Mpa in China), and 30MPa in liquid. The temperature is – 190 ~ + 600 ℃ (up to 1000 ℃ in the case of no oxygen and low pressure). The yield strength of PTFE at low temperature is much higher than that at normal temperature. Therefore, PTFE winding gasket can be used in low temperature medium, such as liquid hydrocarbon. At the same time, due to the addition of metal tape to improve the thermal conductivity, the service temperature of PTFE wound gasket can reach 250 ℃, and it can be used up to 9Mpa and 200 ℃ in acid medium. Spiral wound gasket is suitable for heat exchanger, reactor, pipeline, valve, pump inlet and outlet flange with large fluctuation of pressure and temperature. For medium and above pressure and temperature over 300 ℃, it should be considered to use inner ring, outer ring or inner and outer ring. If concave convex flange is used, the effect of winding gasket with inner ring is better. Good sealing effect can also be achieved by sticking flexible graphite plate on both sides of flexible graphite winding gasket. The waste heat boiler of a large chemical fertilizer plant is a key equipment of high temperature and high pressure. The flexible graphite winding gasket with outer ring is used, which will not leak under full load and during load reduction. The flexible graphite plate with thickness of 0.5mm is added on both sides of the gasket, which is cut into a circular arc shape. The joint is lapped with inclined mouth, and the service condition is good. Flat and corrugated metal gaskets It is generally used for medium and high pressure valves, pipelines and equipment flanges with small diameter. According to the different temperature, the former is 1.568 ~ 31.36mpa, and the latter is 1.568 ~ 3.92mpa. The gasket material is selected according to the medium and temperature. Octagonal gasket and elliptical gasket (commonly known as “earth steel ring” in oil refining industry) have good sealing performance. On the conical surface of the groove, the octagonal pad is in surface contact while the elliptical pad is in line contact. Therefore, the ellipse cushion has a good fit under the low tightening force, but it needs to be tightened twice, while the octagonal gasket is not easy to leak after one-time tightening. The disadvantage of them is that they require a large bolt tightening force. When used in low pressure and high temperature conditions, the flange grade must be above pg25kg. Source: China Gaskets Manufacturer – Yaang Pipe Industry (www.epowermetals.com) (Yaang Pipe Industry is a leading manufacturer and supplier of nickel alloy and stainless steel products, including Super Duplex Stainless Steel Flanges, Stainless Steel Flanges, Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings, Stainless Steel Pipe. Yaang products are widely used in Shipbuilding, Nuclear power, Marine engineering, Petroleum, Chemical, Mining, Sewage treatment, Natural gas and Pressure vessels and other industries.) If you want to have more information about the article or you want to share your opinion with us, contact us at [email protected] Please notice that you might be interested in the other technical articles we’ve published:
For the fifteen ladies who have obtained the Nobel Prize in Literature, six come from Eastern or Central Europe. The Nobel Ladies of Eastern European Countries. Created between 1891 and 1962, within the stretch of land from East Germany to Belarus, these Nobel women vary extremely within the real method they write—especially about energy and hopelessness, two topics each of them share. There’s Elfriede Jelinek, whose 1983 novel The Piano Teacher utilizes BDSM being means of speaing frankly about punishment and deviance. Then there’s Svetlana Alexievich, whose renderings of Chernobyl testimony are as extra and haunting since the exclusion area it self. And, needless to say, there’s Olga Tokarczuk, whoever discussion delights for the reason that model of sarcasm therefore unique to your Eastern European visual: Cheer up! Quickly it’ll become worse. Despite their differences, Eastern Europe’s Nobel females usually make use of comparable modulation of voice, one that’s bleak, hopeless, and detached. Leer más
I always feel a sense of pride when my students prove they can use this punctuation mark accurately. I think they do too. Here are some teaching ideas to help take the fear out of this pesky but powerful punctuation mark: 1. Scatter a wide range of independent clauses around the room. Alternatively you could ask your students to do to this in a snowball fight style for a minimum preparation but more chaotic and fun approach! It is then up to the students to find two clauses from around the room which could be linked using a semicolon. When they have found two they think would work they bring them to you and are then awarded a semicolon. The member of the class with the highest number of semicolons at the end wins. This is a silly and chaotic activity which works well with the right class. It really helps them to remember that clauses linked by a semi colon have to be closely related. 1. Ask students to write a semicolon on one side of a mini whiteboard and a colon on the other. This works just as well on a piece of paper. You could even assign some actions for each if you want it to become more lively. Display a range of sentences on the board and the students must hold up the punctuation mark they think should be used in the sentence. This is a great AFL activity and a quick check on their knowledge. Extend the learning by exploring incorrect responses with the class. 1. Ask students to gather information from at least four of their classmates about their hobbies. When they return to their desk they must write down their findings making use of semicolons in their list. This could be modelled on the board first if the students need support. 1. Ask students to prove to you that they understand how to use semicolons. This can be done in any format they like – a piece of writing, a video, a podcast, a poster or a quiz. I’ve even had a semicolon song before now! You could give prizes for the most effort, the most creative, the most useful for the rest of the class etc. 1. Finally, you could use my video and quiz as a starter activity! Quick ideas for teaching semicolons One thought on “Quick ideas for teaching semicolons • January 12, 2017 at 5:56 am Thank you for the great quiz. So clear & dynamic! Leave a Reply
Create an Article To write a new Symbolism Wiki article, enter the page title in the box below. At Symbolism Wiki we believe that all books are symbolic in a way. Please help us by creating articles about novels! Please read Symbolism Wiki:Book Articles before creating an article. Sometimes things may get a little confusing around here. Here are some places you can go for help. - The help pages are created to help you (hence the name)! They cover what you can do, and what not to do, and they also cover editing and much more. - The Forums are a place to converse with your fellow contributors. You can ask questions at the help desk. There is no such thing as a stupid question. - If you need help you can always ask an administrator. They know what is going on around here, and they can help you. All administrators have a template on their user page notifying you that they are an admin. You can find a list of administrators at Special:Listusers/sysop. - If you are new to wikis, this would be a great place to start. In the tutorial on Central Wikia you will get tips and learn how to edit with wiki-formatting. It's not that hard! The olive branch is a branch of an olive tree. In Western culture, derived from the customs of Ancient Greece, it symbolizes peace or goodwill. The original link between olive branches and peace is unknown. Some explanations center on that olive trees take a very long time to bear fruit. Thus the cultivation of olives is something that is generally impossible in time of war. Here is a sampling of some of our greatest content:
(From r/AskAGerman) It depends very much on the company. In smaller one you might actually be able to negotiate the salary, bigger ones usually have a set salary structure with not much room for discussion. What can and should be discussed is a relocation package. This may include temporary accommodation (usually at least 30 days), visa assistance, permanent home search, assistance, language course, accompaniments to authorities/bank/other appointments, settle-in service (appointment with relo provider to explain German systems like health insurance, show how to use public transport etc), shipment of household, help with electricity/mobile contract, and, very important, tax filing support for 1st year. Those are just some ideas so you know some possibilities, there are countless more. All are unlikely to get but if the company is big enough they might work with a relocation provider that can offer some of the services. There might even be pre-defined parameters. Also a relocation allowance (a few thousand euros) might be possible. If not offered automatically, this can be negotiated, especially if the relo package is not very detailed.
Reddit r/formula1 Oh dear god, it gave me the chills right away. I wasn't even born at the time, but just to hear all the great stories about him, my parents tell me how Sundays used to be different in Brazil, how everyone would turn on the TV to watch Ayrton. This video I think is the perfect example of what he meant to Brazilians: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJIzaL3yMrQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJIzaL3yMrQ) The crowd go crazy, the commentator go crazy, even the stewards on track went crazy. This song, this very song that plays every time a Brazilian driver wins a race, was made specially for Ayrton. I can't hear it without having chills. He was just a very nice guy, that brought joy to a whole country in tough times. Nowadays we don't have an Ayrton and we're still going through tough times, but now, with no joy. RIP Ayrton.
### Q Jb Arriaga is running for an election and wins 91% of the votes in the neighborhood fair with 968813 voters. They got twice as many total votes in the remaining area. How many votes did Jb Arriaga get in total? ### A Jb Arriaga got 968813 * 91% = 881619.83 votes from the first area. They got 881619.83 * 2 = 1763239.66 votes in the remaining areas. So in total, Jb Arriaga got 1763239.66 + 881619.83 = 2644857 votes. The result is 2644857.
The #MeToo movement has helped create a global spotlight on campaigns to end sexual harassment and assault, human trafficking and child marriage. These movements add to a growing emphasis on girls’ rights, highlighted by the recent trip of first lady Melania Trump to Africa — including a stop in Malawi, where she brought attention to children’s welfare. But we find in our research that human rights campaigns can actually make child marriage worse. These efforts can backfire, causing decreased support for banning child marriage.How we did our research We conducted a survey experiment in Malawi in 2016 with a team of researchers at the Program on Governance and Local Development (GLD).… Seguir leyendo »
User:The Volterra-Lotka system for two competitive species is: $$\frac{dx}{dt} = x(-Ax-By+C)$$ $$\frac{dy}{dt} = y(-Dx-Ey+F)$$ where $x,y\geq 0$ and $A,B,C,D,E,F$ are all positive. The model system for cooperative species is: $$\frac{dx}{dt} = x(-Ax+By+C)$$ $$\frac{dy}{dt} = y(Dx-Ey+F)$$ Explain in words what happens when $x$ decreases or when $y$ decreases. Also, explain what happens if $x$ increases and $y$ increases. Assistant:Imagine a balanced ecosystem where the populations of two species, $x$ and $y$, are in equilibrium. Now, let's consider what happens when there are sudden changes in the populations. If $x$ decreases, the first equation tells us that $x'$ will become positive because of the negative terms $-Ax$ and $-By$. This means that the population of $x$ will start to increase to restore the balance. Similarly, if $y$ decreases, the second equation shows that $y'$ will become positive due to the negative terms $-Dx$ and $-Ey$, leading to an increase in the population of $y$ to maintain equilibrium. Now, let's consider the case where both $x$ and $y$ increase. The first equation still indicates that $x'$ will become negative due to the negative terms $-Ax$ and $-By$. However, the positive term $By$ will also contribute, and if the increase in $y$ is significant enough, it can outweigh the negative terms, resulting in a positive $x'$. This means that the population of $x$ will continue to increase, cooperating with the increase in $y$. Similarly, the second equation shows that $y'$ will become positive due to the positive term $Dx$, allowing the population of $y$ to continue increasing in cooperation with the increase in $x$. In summary, when $x$ or $y$ decreases, their respective populations will increase to restore balance. When both $x$ and $y$ increase, they cooperate, and their populations continue to increase together.
Schmidtea mediterranea phylogeography: an old species surviving on a few Mediterranean islands? Background Schmidtea mediterranea (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Continenticola) is found in scattered localities on a few islands and in coastal areas of the western Mediterranean. Although S. mediterranea is the object of many regeneration studies, little is known about its evolutionary history. Its present distribution has been proposed to stem from the fragmentation and migration of the Corsica-Sardinia microplate during the formation of the western Mediterranean basin, which implies an ancient origin for the species. To test this hypothesis, we obtained a large number of samples from across its distribution area. Using known and new molecular markers and, for the first time in planarians, a molecular clock, we analysed the genetic variability and demographic parameters within the species and between its sexual and asexual populations to estimate when they diverged. Results A total of 2 kb from three markers (COI, CYB and a nuclear intron N13) was amplified from ~200 specimens. Molecular data clustered the studied populations into three groups that correspond to the west, central and southeastern geographical locations of the current distribution of S. mediterranea. Mitochondrial genes show low haplotype and nucleotide diversity within populations but demonstrate higher values when all individuals are considered. The nuclear marker shows higher values of genetic diversity than the mitochondrial genes at the population level, but asexual populations present lower variability than the sexual ones. Neutrality tests are significant for some populations. Phylogenetic and dating analyses show the three groups to be monophyletic, with the west group being the basal group. The time when the diversification of the species occurred is between ~20 and ~4 mya, although the asexual nature of the western populations could have affected the dating analyses. Conclusions S. mediterranea is an old species that is sparsely distributed in a harsh habitat, which is probably the consequence of the migration of the Corsica-Sardinia block. This species probably adapted to temperate climates in the middle of a changing Mediterranean climate that eventually became dry and hot. These data also suggest that in the mainland localities of Europe and Africa, sexual individuals of S. mediterranea are being replaced by asexual individuals that are either conspecific or are from other species that are better adapted to the Mediterranean climate. Background Schmidtea mediterranea Benazzi et al., 1975 is a freshwater planarian (order Tricladida, suborder Continenticola, phylum Platyhelminthes) that is mostly known to the scientific community for its capacity to regenerate ([1-3]) and has become a model organism for the functional analysis of the genes involved in pattern formation (e.g., [4]). Nonetheless, little is known about its evolutionary history and demographics, although it possesses several intriguing features. The genus Schmidtea includes only four species: S. polychroa, S. lugubris, S. mediterranea and S. nova. With the exception of S. polychroa, which has either amphimictic diploid and/or parthenogenetic polyploid populations, most of the Schmidtea species are amphimictic diploids. In S. mediterranea, in addition to the more common sexual amphimictic diploids, a third type of reproduction, asexual fissiparity [5], occurs in diploid populations bearing a heteromorphic translocation between 1 st and 3 rd chromosomes (only one chromosome of each pair is affected by the translocation) [6][7][8]. Although fissiparity is also common in other genera of planarians, such as Girardia [9] and Dugesia [10], most asexual fissiparous populations of these genera are triploid. S. mediterranea is restricted to the western Mediterranean in several scattered populations along the Catalan coast, Menorca, Mallorca, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Tunisia [6][7][8]11,12] (Figure 1). The asexual strain occurs only in a few locations, in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands, where sexual populations have not yet been found. In the remaining distribution area, only sexual diploids are found, with the only exceptions being a triploid sexual population in Sardinia [13] and a triploid asexual (fissiparous) population in Menorca, the latter bearing a translocation between the 1 st and 3 rd chromosomes (only one of each triplet) [7]. This peculiar geographical distribution prompted Baguñà et al. [14] and De Vries et al. [11] to propose, according to the known geological history of the area at the time, that this was the result of microplate fragmentation and migration during the formation of the western Mediterranean basin. Indeed, the fragmentation of continental microplates (the Corsica-Sardinia block, CSb) and their clockwise and counterclockwise migration gave rise, during the Oligocene and early Miocene periods, to the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, Calabria and the Kabilies in Algeria [15][16][17][18]. If this hypothesis is true, it implies that this species, or a close ancestor, was already present on the microplate before it first broke away, approximately 30 mya, splitting the CSb from the Spanish coast. The poor dispersion capability of freshwater planarians (they require permanent freshwater courses or ponds, and no forms resistant to desiccation have been described) and their impossibility to cross large marine masses, make other explanations (e.g., human or animal transport or recent colonisation) less plausible. Although a clear link between CSb fragmentation and migration and the successive speciation events has been demonstrated for other groups of animals [19][20][21], the case of S. mediterranea is unique because a correlation between geological events and its distribution has not been linked to any speciation event, which implies a more ancient origin for S. mediterranea. Furthermore, when and how the asexual populations of S. mediterranea originated is also of considerable interest because no conspecific sexual individuals live in the same localities, the nearest populations being found in Sardinia and Corsica. This situation suggests multiple possible explanations for when and where they originated. Asexual S. mediterranea could have originated from Sardinian sexual populations a long time ago and remained isolated in the current area of distribution; they could have originated recently and have been transported by humans; or they could have a recent or ancient origin from sexual Spanish populations that are now extinct. Altogether, these ideas pose several interesting questions: 1) Is the microplate fragmentation the origin of the present distribution of S. mediterranea? 2) What is the age of this species? 3) When and where did the asexual strain appear? 4) Which sexual population is closest to the asexual ones? 5) Did the new asexual populations outcompete the original sexual populations, or did they originate in other regions and were brought to their current localities by human transport? To answer these questions and to widen our knowledge on the evolutionary history of S. mediterranea, a well-resolved phylogeny is first needed. Molecular phylogenies are currently the best option to provide solid evidence on the origin, relationships and divergence in time among populations, particularly for organisms such as planarians, which are lacking reliable morphological characteristics. Furthermore, if these events can be correlated to some geological phenomena, a molecular clock can be set and calibrated, and the evolutionary history can be put into a temporal context. Finally, a comparative analysis of the genetic (nucleotide) variability within and among populations may allow us to identify the evolutionary factors responsible for the levels and patterns of genetic variation and therefore for the biological diversity [22]. We have sequenced fragments of two mitochondrial genes (one for the first time in planarians), and taking into account the genomic information available for S. mediterranea, we developed a new nuclear marker for planarians. Because nuclear and mitochondrial markers accumulate changes at different rates, they provide complementary information on the effects of different types of factors, namely, those affecting different historical times. Using these markers, we measured the levels of genetic variation among and within all populations sampled and inferred the phylogenetic tree for these species. In addition, we have calibrated, for the first time in planarians, a molecular clock to estimate the age of the species and the divergence among populations. The results obtained show the usefulness of the new markers and attest that the phylogeography and evolutionary history of S. mediterranea is far more complex than formerly envisaged. Sampling, DNA extraction, gene amplification and sequencing Samples covering all known distributions of S. mediterranea (Table 1) were collected between 2006 and 2009. Described populations from Mallorca [23] and north of Catalonia [7] could not be recovered. Sampling in Morocco and Algeria retrieved a population of S. polychroa, but no S. mediterranea was found. The populations from Spain, Corsica and Tunisia are the only populations described in the literature for those regions and were found during the present project sampling; no new populations have been found. Populations collected from Tunisia, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily were identified as S. mediterranea by karyological analyses using standard procedures [24]. Altogether, a total of 217 specimens were collected from 11 localities. High molecular weight DNA was purified from live or ethanol-fixed specimens individually using DNAzol reagent (Molecular Research Center Inc, Cincinnati, OH). Specific primers (Table 2), some designed for this study, were used to amplify partial fragments of the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and cytochrome b (CYB). We also searched for new nuclear markers, and based on sequences provided to us by other researchers (Abril, J., Adell, T. and Cebrià, F.), we designed primers to amplify and perform sequence analyses of different introns from the genes glycogen synthase kinase 3 and the netrin receptor-like protein (netR). The intron of the glycogen synthase kinase 3 gene was very short (~50 bp) and showed low variability; thus, only a partial region of the 13 th intron of the netrin receptor-like protein gene (N13) was selected because it is the only fragment with the length and variability adequate for the proposed studies. Amplification products were sequenced directly with the same primers used in the PCR reaction using Big Dye (3.1, Applied Biosystems, Norwalk, CT, USA) and an automated sequencer, ABI Prism 3730 Applied Biosystems/Hitachi (Unitat de Genòmica dels Serveis Científico-Tècnics de la UB). DNA sequences were aligned with ClustalW [25] and optimised by sight using the amino acidic sequence as a guide for mitochondrial genes. Cloning Some individuals were heterozygous for the nuclear gene N13 (Table 3). The haplotype phases were reconstructed using the PHASE algorithm [26,27] included in DnaSP v5 [28]. The PCR products of six individuals, two belonging to the BAR_MON population and four from the SIC_MAZ population, were cloned and sequenced to test the conflicting haplotypes obtained with PHASE. The PCR products were purified with a vacuum manifold and then cloned using the HTP TOPO TA Cloning Kit for sequencing (Invitrogen, California, USA). Eight colonies from each individual were amplified and sequenced using the T3 and T7 primers (included in the kit) following the procedure described in the previous section. Population genetics analyses We used the program DnaSP v5.10 [28] to conduct most of the population genetic analyses. Haplotype diversity (H D ) and nucleotide diversity (π) [29] were estimated for every population and gene. Genotype diversity for N13 was calculated by using the H D formula [29] and replacing haplotypes with genotypes. The COI, CYB and N13 haplotype networks were constructed using TCS v1.21 [30]. We used Spatial Analysis of Molecular Variance (SAMOVA v1.0 [31]) to define groups of populations, and we tested every gene for 2, 3 and 4 groups. This method is based on a simulated annealing procedure aimed at identifying groups of populations that are geographically homogeneous and maximally differentiated in terms of an among-group component of the overall genetic variance without the prior assumption of group composition that is necessary for AMOVA. The levels of divergence between S. polychroa and S. mediterranea and within and between the new groups were estimated using the D xy parameter [29]. The non-coding region of N13 presented high sequence variability between S. polychroa and S. mediterranea, so only a fragment of 191 bp could be unambiguously aligned to calculate the divergence (K) between the two species. Gene flow statistics F ST and the corresponding Nm were estimated for the three regions defined by SAMOVA. A genetic differentiation statistic, S nn , was estimated, and its statistical significance was determined using a permutation test (10,000 replicates). To determine if the pattern of the polymorphism for the N13 fragment conforms to that expected under the neutral hypothesis, we applied two neutrality tests to detect the specific fingerprint of recent population expansions, heavy bottlenecks or other selective and demographic scenarios: Tajima's D [32] and R 2 [33]. These statistics were selected because they are not sensitive to the haplotype phase reconstruction and R 2 has the advantage of behaving well for small sample sizes. Their statistical significance was estimated using coalescent computer simulations (10,000 replicates). Phylogeny and the molecular clock All maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analyses were determined using PHYML 3.0 [34] with the HKY model and 1000 bootstrap replicates. Bayesian inference (BI) was estimated using either with MrBayes 3.1 [35,36] or BEAST 1.6.1 [37]. Because the fossil record of freshwater planarians is non-existent, no molecular clock for the Tricladida is available. Hence, to calibrate the molecular clock and to infer the approximate age of Schmidtea mediterranea, we used two-step dating. First, an analysis with a partial sequence of the COI gene (309 bp), which belongs to 19 species of the families Dugesiidae and Planariidae (Additional file 1), was performed. Before running the dating analysis, we ran phylogenetic analyses for the short COI fragment using ML and BI (MrBayes, GTR with InvGamma, 10 6 generations with sampling every 10 3 and a burnin value of 10%) to test its resolution capability from the family to the species level. Then, we used BEAST with the following conditions: relaxed clock estimate, HKY evolutionary model and Yule process speciation, during 10 7 generations with sampling parameters every 10 3 and a 10% burnin value for the final trees, as recommended in the BEAST manual. We calibrated the data based on the biogeographical hypothesis proposed by Ball (1974) [38]. Analysing the present day distribution of the Dugesidae genera, Ball suggested that the center of the origin of this family would have been situated in southern Gondwanaland. The breakage of this supercontinent, thus separating from what would become America to the west, would have resulted in the origin of the Girardia genus (exclusively American) in that region, while the rest of the genera (or their ancestors) would have appeared in the eastern block; Dugesia and Schmidtea (currently present in Africa, Asia and Europe) would have originated in Africa and Europe, respectively, after their ancestors moved northward. Hence, we have used the split between the continents of Africa and South America (ending around 100 mya) as a calibration point to determine the maximum age of the separation of the genera Dugesia and Schmidtea from the genus Girardia. In the second dating step, we used 192 sequences from the COI (920 bp) and CYB (677 bp) genes of S. mediterranea and the mean rate value obtained for COI in the previous analysis to determine the age of separation between the populations of S. mediterranea. For this second analysis, which consisted of a comparison of populations from the same species, it was expected that the rates of evolution would not vary among populations. Hence, the conditions for the analysis were the following: strict clock, HKY evolutionary model, coalescent model with constant population size for 10 8 generations, sampling every 10 4 generations and a burnin of 10%. In addition, a phylogenetic analysis with ML was performed to obtain boostrap support for the nodes. Datasets For the COI and CYB sequences, we created two datasets for each gene: one for phylogenetic analyses and the other for population genetic studies. For phylogenetic analyses, the COI alignment contained 216 sequences of 920 bp. CYB was more difficult to amplify, so the dataset contained only 193 sequences of 677 bp. However, the ends of some sequences, for both COI and CYB, were shorter because of sequencing difficulties and contained a series of Ns. Additionally, some COI gene sequences were amplified in two non-overlapping fragments, and this procedure resulted in a short region between them (~50 bp) in which some individuals had unknown nucleotides. In both cases, these sites were removed from the datasets for the rest of analyses. This removal reduced the length of the COI dataset to 699 bp and of the CYB dataset to 598 bp. The nuclear fragment (N13, a non-coding region) was used in population genetic analyses but not in phylogenetic inference analyses because its levels of polymorphism were high within the populations studied but low among them and, consequently, there was not enough information for the analyses at this level. Additionally, there were difficulties with amplification of N13 in some individuals and, hence, a single dataset was obtained with 177 sequences of 336 bp. Levels and patterns of nucleotide diversity All nucleotide polymorphism results are shown in Table 3. We found 8 haplotypes in the 216 COI sequences analysed [GenBank: JF837055 to JF837062] and 10 haplotypes in the 193 CYB sequences [GenBank: JF837045 to JF837054]. For both genes, a single haplotype was found in 7 of the 11 populations studied. For N13, we found only two populations with a single allele, TUN_-LEB and SIC_MAR, because the remaining populations had more than one allele and at least one heterozygous individual [GenBank: JF837063 to JF837081]. We used the PHASE algorithm to reconstruct the alleles of N13 that were present in the heterozygous individuals in these populations. PHASE results showed that the two populations with more heterozygous individuals (BAR_-MON and SIC_MAZ) shared an allele. Because these two populations are geographically distant and differ in the presence/absence of the translocation and in their type of reproduction, we decided to clone the N13 PCR product of some individuals of each population to verify the existence of this common allele. The sequences obtained (Additional file 2) showed that BAR_MON and SIC_MAZ do not share any allele. The conflicting results between the PHASE outcome and the cloning experiments were most likely derived from the assumption of PHASE in which all of the individuals analysed belong to a single panmictic population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, a situation that posterior analyses (see below) showed not to be the case here. Finally, for the 177 individuals analysed, after phase reconstruction and cloning verification, we found 14 alleles in the 354 N13 sequences. Taking all of the populations together, the haplotype diversity values were high and similar for the three genes (0.773, 0.803 and 0.853), whereas nucleotide diversity was much higher in the mitochondrial genes (0.0223 and 0.0168) than for the nuclear marker (0.0081). Instead, haplotype and nucleotide diversity within the populations were lower for the mitochondrial genes than for the nuclear fragment ( Table 3). The nuclear gene N13 showed very similar values of haplotype and nucleotide diversity within the populations (Table 3), with the only exception being the two Menorca asexual populations, which had nearly no variability. Additionally, the genotypic variability was also very low for the three asexual populations. Geographical division and genetic differentiation among and within geographical groups COI and CYB haplotype networks (Figure 2A and 2B) show three well-differentiated groups that match the current geographical distribution of populations (west, central and southeast of the known distribution) (Figures 1A and 1B). The N13 network does not at first glance show a clear division among the haplotypes ( Figure 2C). However, after using SAMOVA (Additional file 3) for N13, we found three groups of populations with the same clustering as was found for the mitochondrial genes ( Figure 1C). Accordingly, the groups obtained were named WEST (W, populations from Barcelona and Menorca), CENTRAL (C, populations from Sardinia and Corsica) and SOUTHEAST (S, populations from Sicily and Tunis). When these groups were analysed using the S nn statistical test, they were found to be significantly different. Moreover, the F ST statistic was high, and the values for Nm were very low for the three genes (Table 4). For the mitochondrial genes (Table 3), the groups presented low nucleotide diversity (π) with the sole exception of CYB from the S group. In some cases (S group COI, W and S CYB), the values of mitochondrial haplotype diversity (H D ) for the groups were higher than those observed for the individual populations within them, which is indicative of differentiation among their populations. The values of nucleotide and haplotype diversity for N13 were, in general, higher than those for the mitochondrial genes. The average number of nucleotide substitutions per site (K) between S. polychroa and S. mediterranea were similar for the three genes (15% for COI, 17% for CYB and 14% for N13; Table 5). For mitochondrial genes, D xy values between populations and within each group (W, C and S) were much lower (at least four times lower) than among groups ( Table 5). The highest D xy values among groups were situated at approximately 3.5%, demonstrating a large gap between the higher intraspecific distances and the mean interspecific values (15-17%). For N13, this gap was more evident because the higher interpopulation distances were 1.4%. Demography analysis and neutrality test Neutrality tests, based on Tajima's D, showed significant positive values (Table 6) in four populations: BAR_MON (W group) and in three populations of the C group (SAR_VAL, SAR_SIL and COR_CAN), whereas the SAR_CAR population was also very close to the right 95% confidence interval. Ramos-Onsins and Rozas' R 2 statistical test showed significant values for the same populations and also for the single population in the S group with more than one haplotype (SIC_MAZ). However, Menorcan populations (W group) showed negative, although not significant, values for Tajima's D. Phylogeny and the molecular clock To test the phylogenetic informativeness of the short COI gene fragment before dating analysis, two phylogenetic analyses by ML and BI were performed. Both resulting trees were concordant with the accepted phylogeny for freshwater planarians [38][39][40] (support values shown in the dating tree are in Additional file 4). The analysis with BEAST of these data placed the time of the most recent common ancestor between S. Peloponnese) within Dugesia and the divergence among occidental and oriental Dugesia species are congruent with a geologically based biogeographical hypothesis [41,42]. Finally, the average rate of evolution calculated for the COI gene by BEAST for the whole tree is 0.0027 mutations per site per million years (0.27% substitutions per million years), which implies a sequence divergence of 0.54% per million years. This is between one-half and one-fourth of the rate of 1-2%, which is commonly used as a standard for mitochondrial genes (mainly derived from arthropods [43]) in many studies. However, similar low values have been found in other groups, e.g., 0.67-0.95% sequence divergence in molluscs of the Arcidae family [44]. While planarians have some of the lowest rates of substitution, this does not invalidate the dating results obtained. Using the mean rate obtained in the previous analysis (0.0027), we performed the second dating analysis with the two mitochondrial genes. The analysis included all individuals for which we obtained sequences of both mitochondrial genes. The topology of the resulting tree within S. mediterranea was the same as that obtained in the previous analysis, and node ages and dating intervals between the three groups were consistent in both analyses ( Figure 3 and Additional file 4). W, C and S groups were monophyletic with high posterior probabilities in the Bayesian analysis, and western populations appeared to be the basal group of the three groups. The populations within the regions did not constitute monophyletic groups, with two exceptions: the individuals from TUN_LEB (brown in Figure 3) constitute a monophyletic clade (1 PP/79 BS) buried within the S group, and this clade is a sister clade to some individuals from SIC_MAZ; and the individuals from MEN_MER (orange in Figure 3) also constitute a monophyletic clade (1 PP/ 65 BS) that is a sister clade to a clade that includes a mix of individuals from the other two populations of the W group. Discussion Is Schmidtea mediterranea a single species? The levels of genetic divergence found among all of the populations of S. mediterranea studied, which cover most of its current range of distribution, suggest that it is a single species. This suggestion is based on the large gap between the higher genetic distance values obtained among S. mediterranea populations and those between the S. mediterranea populations and S. polychroa (values of 0.035 for COI, 0.028 for CYB and 0.014 for N13 vs. the means of 0.15, 0.17 and 0.14, respectively). Furthermore, these values are within the range for other Tricladida species. In Dugesia and Microplana (a freshwater and a terrestrial genus, respectively), the COI divergence within species is less than 0.04, whereas among species it is greater than 0.10-0.12 [10,45]. Such differences are clearly visualised in the first phylogenetic dating analysis, which includes the other three Schmidtea species (Additional file 4). S. mediterranea is genetically structured. This is evident for the mitochondrial genes and, although not as clearly, for the nuclear intron as well. The haplotype networks for both mitochondrial genes show three well-defined groups that are separated by a similar number of differences, and these groups correspond to the same three clades separated by deep nodes in the phylogenetic analyses (Figures 2 and 3 and Additional file 3). The structure shown by the haplotype networks and phylogenetic trees is confirmed by the SAMOVA results, which show that the same three groups are the ones that best explain the genetic structure in relation to geographical distribution, in this case, for the three markers (Additional file 3). Additionally, genetic differentiation analyses (Table 4) show that the three groups are significantly differentiated both for the mitochondrial and nuclear genes (high F ST values and a significant S nn value). The differences in genetic diversity patterns found between nuclear and mitochondrial markers generally result from differences in coalescence times between the two genomes. The fact that in certain analyses the nuclear marker also detects the division into three groups supports the idea that this might be the result of an old isolation; together with the observed lack of gene flow among populations, this finding could indicate that these groups are undergoing speciation or even constitute cryptic species (although the reported inter-fertility among C and S individuals [46] makes this latter hypothesis less plausible). The geographical distribution of Schmidtea mediterranea: remnant of an old distribution driven by microplate dispersal or indicator of recent colonisations? The genetic structure found for S. mediterranea does not reflect a process of recent colonisation from one region to the others. Indeed, the genetic pattern found with significant differentiation among geographical groups and even among populations within each group (polymorphism parameters show low levels of polymorphism within populations but high levels when all populations are considered together for mitochondrial genes, which reflects high differentiation among the populations) -indicates better an ancient differentiation among these three geographical groups and even within them. Moreover, the shape of the haplotype networks, which shows the groups to be equidistant, suggests that no region is central to the others. Altogether, these findings strongly suggest that the current distribution of S. mediterranea is a relic of the split from a former larger geographical distribution. Taking into account the phylogeny of S. mediterranea, could the fragmentation and migration of microplates be the sole reason for its current distribution? Despite the evident complexities of the geology of the western Mediterranean [16,17,47], there is a general agreement on the original location of the microplates of Corsica, Sardinia, part of Calabria, the Balearic Islands and both Kabylies (Grande and Petite), which form the CSb, the region that separated from Iberia and Eurasia 30 mya. In the first event, the southern assemblage, which included the Balearic Islands and the Grande Kabylie, broke off and moved clockwise from Iberia, and the northern assemblage, which included Corsica, Sardinia, part of Calabria and the Petite Kabylie, broke off and moved counter clockwise from Eurasia. Next, the crucial event was the breakage between both assemblages that gave rise to the Sardinian Channel at 24 mya, dividing the western from the central and southern areas. Between 16 mya and 10 mya, Corsica and Sardinia reached their present locations and collided with future peninsular Italy (then connected with Sicily). Finally, the Tyrrhenian Sea opened between 8.6 mya and 7.6 mya [47]. In parallel, the Grande and Petite Kabylies broke off from the Balearic Island and Sardinia microplates, respectively, between 25 mya and 20 mya, moved southwards and collided with Africa to reach their final positions approximately 15 mya. Furthermore, the history of the islands, such as the Balearic Islands and Sicily, is even more complex because in the last 20 my, they have endured periods of submersion and emersion, as well as continental contacts. Thus,~14.8 mya, as attested by the entrance of diverse animal species, Menorca and Mallorca were in contact with the Iberian Peninsula. Later, a marine transgression covered both islands, wiping out most of the Protoligurian fauna and flora, only sparing some species in the highest parts of Mallorca (Serra de Tramuntana). A second contact with the peninsula, approximately 5 mya (during the Messinian crisis, when the sea level dropped dramatically), allowed the entrance of some mammal species. Finally, during the Pleistocene glaciations, the two islands formed a single landmass, easing the migration of the remaining Protoligurian and other fauna from Mallorca to Menorca [48,49]. The first dating analysis (Additional file 4) provides an age of~43 mya for the divergence of S. mediterranea from its sister species Schmidtea polychroa. This date and the age inferred for the older node of S. mediterranea in our two dating analyses (between~20 and~5 mya; Figure 3, Additional file 4) sets a time range for the origin of the species that is congruent with the hypothesis that S. mediterranea, or its most recent ancestor, was already present on the CSb microplate (or microplates [18]) when the microplate broke off from the continent~30 mya. Furthermore, the basal position of the W group (Spanish populations) is consistent with the next breakage of the CSb into the northern and southern microplate assemblages. Finally, the splitting of Corsica and Sardinia from Calabria during the opening of the Tyrrhenian Sea (7.6-8.6 mya) and the connection of the latter, via Sicily, with Tunisia would have resulted in the separation of the C and S groups (~7 my of age for the last common ancestor). The spreading of the groups from Calabria to Sicily and Tunisia was likely very hazardous given its low dispersal capability, but it happened during a rainier period than today. Indeed, the Mediterranean climate as we know it, with dry summers, did not appear until 3.2 mya [50] with the main difference being the frequency of rain, rather than the temperature, which should have resulted in more freshwater courses and, hence, more opportunities for freshwater planarians to disperse. Last but not least, with the present data, we can also postulate that the present asexual populations (W group) are descendants of the original sexual S. mediterranea that remained on the continent or in the Balearic Islands after Sardinia and Corsica broke away, although the dating obtained is too recent to be explained by the geological history (between~20 and~4 mya vs. 24 mya). Alternatively, this age could be consistent with a variation of the CSb migration hypothesis [51] in which the microplate including Corsica-Sardinia and Calabria remained connected to the Paleo-Europe continent during its migration, becoming detached~5 mya, when the Mediterranean was refilled after the Messinian salinity crisis and simultaneously with the raising of Tuscany. This alternative could explain the closeness of the split between the three geographical groups in our phylogenetic trees and their equidistance in haplotype networks. However, in this case, we would expect S. mediterranea to be distributed across a wider area, including Liguria and the Mediterranean coast of France, but S. mediterranea has never been described in these places or been found there in recent samplings, whereas S. polychroa and other planarian species have. One can consider that the asexual character of the W group populations could have affected the dating analyses, resulting in artefactually younger datings (see the next section). Compared to its sister genus Dugesia (with more than 20 species described in the Mediterranean), the genus Schmidtea (with a mere 4 species) has a much lower diversity (see Additional file 4). Even in the area where we find S. mediterranea, Dugesia has diversified into at least 4 species (D. hepta, D. benazzii, D. subtentaculata, and D. liguriensis) probably as a consequence of the same geological events described here. Therefore, the results point to Schmidtea as a low diversifying genus and to S. mediterranea as an old species compared to others in the same area, even within the Tricladida. With the exception of S. mediterranea and some populations of S. polychroa in North Africa and Sardinia, most Schmidtea inhabit continental Europe up to Scotland and Sweden. Sexual S. polychroa and S. lugubris lay cocoons between 10°C and 23-25°C [52] because higher temperatures are deleterious. Even for sexual populations of S. mediterranea, Harrath et al. [12] showed a moderate to drastic reduction in the size of the testes, ovaries and the copulatory apparatus begins at over 20°C and worsens over 25°C. In other words, Schmidtea seem best adapted to climates with moderate summer temperatures, a situation that is by no means found on the Mediterranean islands and in continental coastal areas. This raises a final intriguing question: could S. mediterranea be considered a survivor trapped in a harsh habitat as a consequence of CSb breakage and migration? The asexual populations of S. mediterranea: Single or recurrent origins? Recent or ancient? Genetic variability at the mitochondrial level is null within asexual populations and very low when the three populations are taken together (only for CYB did one of the three populations show a different haplotype diverging only at one nucleotide). In contrast, the nuclear marker N13 shows, namely, in the Barcelona population, high haplotype diversity similar to that found for sexual populations in other regions. This value might, however, be rather misleading because the Barcelona population is almost exclusively made up of heterozygous individuals (32 out of 33). When we measure genotype diversity instead of haplotype diversity (Table 3) all asexual populations show lower genetic variabilities than the sexual populations. In summary, whereas in sexual populations the variability is evenly distributed among all genotypes (whether heterozygous or homozygous), in asexual populations variability is exclusively found in specific genotypes. Although the latter situation would be at odds with a panmictic population, it might be anticipated for an asexual population that reproduces by fission. How is the very low or null variability in asexual fissiparous S. mediterranea explained? Most likely, when a few individuals, or even one, became asexual within a sexual population (assuming that they persisted and outcompeted their sexual counterparts), this genotype would become fixed, which would result in the disappearance of the sexual individuals and of most genetic variability. Present climatic conditions and the types of habitat where these asexual forms are found make this scenario very likely. In Menorca, the asexual forms live in temporary water courses that become dry or are reduced to small ponds during summer, with running water only after rainfall in winter and early spring. Under these conditions and with a fair amount of food available, fissiparous organisms (which duplicate in number after fission and regeneration in 15-20 days) could reproduce faster than sexual individuals, which have higher energy demands than asexual individuals because they need to develop and maintain reproductive organs, mate, and lay cocoons [53]. In fact, the negative values obtained in the Tajima's D neutrality test, although not significant, provide support for an expansion signal for the two Menorca populations. For the Barcelona population, the situation is different because it is localised in a plant nursery without seasonal water shortages. However, other factors, such as periodic pond cleaning in the plant nursery, may cause some decreases in population size. The significant positive values obtained in the neutrality tests may result from these types of recent and less pronounced bottleneck. It is important to bear in mind that asexual reproduction by fissiparity poses problems that are very different from the much more common asexual reproduction by parthenogenesis. In parthenogenetic populations, new genetic variants could arise and spread by mutation in the germline, and with the occurrence of meiosis, new combinations could arise by recombination. In fissiparous populations, all mutations are somatic instead, and the probability of a new mutation spreading over a whole individual, and thereafter through the whole population, should be very low and could explain the extremely low rates of substitutions in these populations. Therefore, the genetic composition found in these organisms might be a frozen picture of the genetic pattern that was present in the first animals that became asexual. Although very low rates of substitution (absence of nucleotide diversity) are evident in the data presented here, more in depth studies with new markers are necessary to understand how these populations keep the burdens of a lack of genetic variability at bay. From the data obtained, is it possible to make an educated guess about when and where asexual populations originated and spread? The close genetic relationship among the Menorca and Barcelona populations, the sharing of mitochondrial haplotypes, and their geographical closeness argues for a single asexualisation event. After the asexual individuals outcompete the original sexual population, they might have spread from the island to the continent or vice versa (the former is more likely given the basal situation of MEN_MER in the W clade) either by passive dispersal or through human activities, that has been proven for several species, freshwater planarians among them (Ribas et al. [9] for Girardia tigrina; and Lázaro et al. [10] for Dugesia sicula). However, although the estimated age for the clade, including the BAR_MON and MEN_GOR individuals, is too recent to be explained by the geological events described, it is also too old to be explained by human transport (0.6-0.2 mya). As for the age of onset of the asexual lineage, it is recent according to the point of diversification among fissiparous populations (1.36-0.14 mya). However, this and the recent dating obtained for the basal splitting in the species tree ( Figure 3) might be underestimates caused by the anomalously low genetic substitution rates of fissiparous organisms misleading the methodologies used in the dating analyses. To test this hypothesis further, we performed a test and attempted to model the change in the evolutionary rate in the asexual lineage by using BEAST. To do this, we repeated our second dating analysis, and this time we considered the asexual sequences as fossils so that at the point in the past where they first appear, the lineage stops accumulating changes (Additional file 5). The results show that, if we assign an old age to the asexuals (around 20 mya) and use the rate obtained in our first dating analysis, we recover splitting ages among geographical groups that are close to those that would be expected if the CSb hypothesis were true. The low substitution rates of fissiparous populations could spare them the burden of accumulating deleterious mutations and explain this longevity, although they still need to avoid the problem of a lack of variability. Further genetic analyses, including more coding regions, could help to ascertain whether these hypotheses are valid and to understand how mutations spread within individuals and became fixed in populations of these asexuals. A final conundrum of the asexual populations of S. mediterranea is the presence of the fissiparous triploid population (MEN_MER) that bears the translocation in one of its three chromosomal sets. In freshwater planarians, triploid individuals are known to form in sexually reproducing populations (e.g., in S. polychroa [54,55]) from the union of unreduced diploid ovules (or sperm) and haploid sperm (or ovules). The MEN_MER population bears two normal chromosomal sets with one set including the translocation between the 1 st and 3 rd chromosomes. Therefore, this population could have originated from the union between an unreduced diploid ovule from a sexual diploid and a sperm bearing the chromosomal translocation from an asexual individual. In laboratory cultures, large (e.g., >20-25 mm in length) individuals from asexual fissiparous populations often develop testes, large ovaries, and the whole copulatory complex [6,56] and have been reported to mate with sexual diploids, although the cocoons that are laid are usually sterile. Although fissiparous specimens do not usually reach this size in nature, such an event is the more reasonable explanation for the origin of fissiparous triploids in S. mediterranea. The sexual populations of S. mediterranea The sexual populations studied showed extremely low mitochondrial variabilities (Table 3), with two of them (one in Sardinia, one in Sicily) having no variability. Data on intrapopulation variability for other triclads are scarce, but two terrestrial planarian species from the Atlantic forest in Brazil have notably higher values of π (0.01 and 0.017 for COI [57]). Although other groups of animals show very low values of π [e.g., Palinurus elephas (0.0013-0.0030 for COI, [58]); and the lepidopter Helicoverpa armigera (0.0017-0.0038 for COI, [59])], the values are not as low as those found for S. mediterranea. For the nuclear marker, intrapopulation variability is higher than for mitochondrial genes, although again two populations (from Tunisia and Sicily) show no variability. However, as pointed out above, the high diversity found among geographical regions, even for the nuclear marker, suggests an old origin for the present distribution of planarians and, hence, for their populations. Because old populations are expected to contain high variability (because long stable populations accumulate changes), the low levels determined here could be explained by demographic events affecting neutrality. The neutrality tests applied (Table 6) show that many of these populations demonstrate a significant result against the hypothesis of neutrality, with the estimated values on the positive side of the interval obtained in the permutation test. This finding may be interpreted as a consequence of recent bottlenecks (that would also explain the significant genetic differentiation found among populations; data not shown). This interpretation is in agreement with the habitat and climate conditions in which these populations live, even though their demographic conditions are not as harsh as those for the fissiparous populations from Menorca, and the sexual character of the C and S populations results in a different outcome (here, there are no signs of population expansion). The relationship between Sicilian and Tunisian populations merits a final comment. The close relationship between the Tunisian population and some individuals from the Sicilian populations may indicate that the only Tunisian population (despite extensive sampling [12,60]) was recently introduced by human activities. However, this is unlikely because the Sicilian and Tunisian populations do not share a mitochondrial haplotype and because the age of the node giving rise to the Tunisian population ( Figure 3) far exceeds the age in which human activities began in the Mediterranean. Therefore, the scarcity of S. mediterranea in Africa (it has so far not been reported from Algeria to the Canary Islands) may be explained by competition between the abundant fissiparous triploids of D. sicula [60] and S. mediterranea. Fissiparous populations of D. sicula are present all around the Mediterranean coastal areas (from Greece and Israel to the Canary Islands [10]; E. Solà and M. Riutort, unpublished data) where they seem well adapted to high temperatures and dry conditions [60,61]. It is not surprising that D. sicula may outcompete S. mediterranea, which at present has been reduced to a single locality found in Tunisia, despite a reasonable sampling coverage. Conclusions Schmidtea is a genus with a low diversity that is constituted by only four species. These species are probably quite old (~40 mya) and primarily have a northern European distribution. They are probably better adapted to cold climates, which are less likely to allow speciation, than to hot climates. Ball [38] has suggested that Schmidtea species are in morphological stasis (differences in morphology among species are circumscribed to details of their reproductive organs), and the present study seems to indicate that the stasis is also found at the molecular level. The present distribution of S. mediterranea is best explained, as suggested long ago, by a vicariant process of microplate fragmentation and migration of the CSb during the Oligocene and Miocene periods. Regardless of which of the two possible outcomes of this hypothesis better explains the distribution of Schmidtea, the age of the species is relatively old compared with the species of other groups present in the same area, even compared with its sister genus Dugesia. Asexual fissiparous populations of S. mediterranea probably arose within the west area; however, the lack of sexual populations in that area precludes a good estimate of whether it was an ancient or a recent event. Last but not least, the sparse number of localities where S. mediterranea is currently present in the continental range, i.e., on the Tunisian and the Catalan coast, suggests that S. mediterranea may be a survivor trapped in a harsh habitat after a long voyage to the South on several microplates after the breakage of the CSb 30 mya from which S. mediterranea has slowly been displaced by better-adapted species.
using System.Threading; using NUnit.Framework; using Moq; using Snake.Models; namespace Snake.Tests.ModelsTests { class GameBoardTests { IGameBoard gameBoard; TimerCallback nextTurn; Mock<ITimerManager> mockTimer; [SetUp] public void Init() { mockTimer = new Mock<ITimerManager>(); mockTimer.Setup(x => x.SetTimerCallbackDontStart(It.IsAny<TimerCallback>())) .Callback<TimerCallback>(r => nextTurn = r); gameBoard = new GameBoard(new Size(20, 20), mockTimer.Object); } [TearDown] public void Dispose() { gameBoard = null; nextTurn = null; mockTimer = null; } /// <summary> /// Проверка, что при игра была создана успешно; /// установлен таймер /// </summary> [Test] public void CheckGameBoardTimerWasSetTest() { Assert.NotNull(gameBoard); mockTimer.Verify(x => x.SetTimerCallbackDontStart(It.IsAny<TimerCallback>()), Times.Once, "SetTimerFunction was not called once."); } /// <summary> /// Проверка, что доска обновляется /// </summary> [Test] public void CheckGameBoardAfterUpdateTest() { Coordinate[] snakeBody1 = gameBoard.Snake.ToArray(); Coordinate[] snakeBody2 = gameBoard.Snake.ToArray(); nextTurn(null); Assert.AreEqual(snakeBody1, snakeBody2); Assert.AreNotEqual(snakeBody1, gameBoard.Snake.ToArray()); mockTimer.Verify(x => x.Reset(), Times.Once, "Turn was reset not once"); } /// <summary> /// Проверка, что был совершен поворот налево /// </summary> [Test] public void CheckGameBoardAfterDirectionChangeTest() { Coordinate[] snakeBody1 = gameBoard.Snake.ToArray(); gameBoard.ChangeSnakeDir(new SnakeDirection() { Direction = EnumDirection.Left }); Coordinate[] snakeBody2 = gameBoard.Snake.ToArray(); nextTurn(null); Assert.AreEqual(snakeBody1, snakeBody2); CheckThatSnakeTurnedLeft(snakeBody1, gameBoard.Snake.ToArray()); } /// <summary> /// Проверка, что был совершен поворот налево /// при нескольких поворотах в один ход /// </summary> [Test] public void CheckGameBoardAfterMultipleDirectionChangeTest() { Coordinate[] snakeBody1 = gameBoard.Snake.ToArray(); gameBoard.ChangeSnakeDir(new SnakeDirection() { Direction = EnumDirection.Right }); gameBoard.ChangeSnakeDir(new SnakeDirection() { Direction = EnumDirection.Top }); gameBoard.ChangeSnakeDir(new SnakeDirection() { Direction = EnumDirection.Left }); nextTurn(null); CheckThatSnakeTurnedLeft(snakeBody1, gameBoard.Snake.ToArray()); } /// <summary> /// Проверяем, что after - тело змейки before /// после поворота налево /// </summary> private void CheckThatSnakeTurnedLeft(Coordinate[] before, Coordinate[] after) { Coordinate first = new Coordinate(before[0].X - 1, before[0].Y); Assert.AreEqual(first, after[0]); for (int i = 0; i < before.Length - 1; i++) Assert.AreEqual(before[i], after[i + 1]); } } }
Truck Drivers and Back Injuries Truck drivers are constantly on the road and are forced to sit down for extended periods of time. Very often, drivers are paid based on the number of miles they drive, meaning that if a driver is not on the road, they are not making money. Some truck drivers may also be responsible for making deliveries, such as those who drive for online retailers. Someone who is making deliveries of boxes of food and other supplies, and doing so in a relatively quick fashion, will always run the risk of overexerting and injuring their back or slipping and falling. But what about those drivers who shuttle cargo and do very little manual unloading and loading? How can sitting cause back injuries? Much has been written about the effect that prolonged periods of sitting can have on the lower back. Sitting puts large amounts of pressure on the back muscles and spinal discs, additionally sitting with poor posture can lead to the stretching of the spine and additional pain in the future. However, recent studies by researchers in Japan and Iran have revealed that truck drivers can also develop back pain and injuries due to prolonged exposure to vibration and road shock. Both the Iranian and Japanese researchers found a direct correlation between drivers who had a long work history of driving trucks and lower back pain. Trucks that haul large loads are not typically designed for driver comfort but many now include air-ride seats that provide much more cushion to the driver. These seats diminish the amount of impact and road vibration that transfers to the driver. However, these seats are not completely insulating, and over years of exposure, the backs of truck drivers can develop problems and pain that require treatment. The Bureau of Labor Statistics found that of the 47,560 injuries suffered by truck drivers, 7,860 of those were back injuries – the most of any injury category for truck drivers. Truck drivers, like any other worker, are susceptible to back injuries that must be properly treated to ensure that the pain resulting from the injury is limited to the fullest extent possible.
We should go to buy milk There isn't much left. Yes, I was going now. Ok, wait, listen! Get me what is on this list as well. Like that we are done for the week. Peppers... Onion... Do you want some money? No. Er... ok, wait. Jan! Jan! Wait. Here, don't say I don't contribute to the house. Do you want anything in particular? Nuts, chewing-gum, sweets... Bring ass paper. But don't bring the peach one. Bring the normal one. Every time he brings the peach one, I get a rash. But, what do you mean? It itches? God!
(From r/robbersgettingfucked) I agree, possessions aren't worth your life. Theres also no guarantee that dude was willing to leave witnesses. The minute one of your friends does some wreckless thing like grab a psycho with gun, you either run and leave him or help control that gun. Standing around watching is definitely not an option. I dont expect my friends to be rambo, but at least back me up. Even shout words of encouragement. Anywho, everyone there learned a lesson that night.
(From r/leagueoflegends) They also don't actually do anything if you have a gameplan to deal with them. Dummy thick split pushers don't work in pro play because they just have efficient map movement and can get waves without giving up free towers but also without 1v1ing randomly, and even if you could get close enough to an open tower it's probably because there are 3 people about to kill you. Pyke isn't even a 1v1 split pushing guy. He's a 2 or 3 man skirmish guy who abuses the level scaling on his ult and its resets to mean that the skirmish is over 2 or 3 kills to none (and a snowball into an objective) which is really worth like 4 kills in gold and happens as soon as one of those people drops below ~30% health. Juggernauts splitpushing don't really do anything if you just walk away from them and let them farm. Pyke makes it so any potential skirmish anywhere around the top side of the map can basically lose you the whole game if one thing goes wrong, and that's why it's super annoying in pro play.
The first President of independent India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was also the President of the Constituent Assembly that drafted India's Constitution. He had participated actively in India's freedom movement. Born on December 3, 1884 in the remote hamlet of Ziradei in Bihar's Siwan district, his father was a renowned scholar of Persian and Sanskrit. He moved to Kolkata for his education. A brilliant student all throughout, he earned a Masters degree in Law, going on to complete a doctorate in law. He plunged headlong into the Swadeshi movement and was influenced tremendously by Mahatma Gandhi. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was arrested in 1930 for participating in the Salt Satyagraha. In January 1934, a devastating earthquake struck Bihar. Rajendra Prasad was in jail during this time, but was soon released. Upon his release, he devoted himself to the task of raising funds and providing succour to the people. He collected a large sum of money to provide relief to the affected people. He set up relief committees during the Quetta earthquake of 1935 too. He became the President of the Indian National Congress during the Bombay session in October 1934. He became the President once again when Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose resigned in 1939. He served as a Cabinet Minister for a brief period in the first government of independent India, before serving as the President of India for a period of 12 years from 1950 to 1962. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1962. He left for his heavenly abode on February 28, 1963.
Keats hilkorraren olerki hilezkorrak \| Kultura \| Berria Keats hilkorraren olerki hilezkorrak 25 urte zituela hil zen John Keats poeta ingelesa gaur duela 200 urte. Bizitza motza izan zuen arren, Erromantizismo ingeleseko izen handietako bat da gaur egun. Grezia eta Erromako mitologia izan zuen oinarri bere olerki askotan, eta edertasuna bilatzen saiatu zen obra guztietan. John Keats poeta erromantikoa, William Hilton pintoreak egindako erretratu batean. LONDRESKO NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY Tamaina handiagoan ikusi Gurasoak eta bi anaia galdu, zirujau baten laguntzaile aritu, farmaziako ikasketak bukatu eta bi urtez horretan lan egin, sutsuki maitemindu eta literatura unibertsaleko lehen mailako ahapaldiak ondu. 25 urte aski izan zituen John Keats poeta ingelesak aletutakoak bizitzeko, eta, zehazki, bizitzako azken bost urteak baino ez zituen behar izan egun gogoangarri egiten dituzten poemak ontzeko. 1795eko urriaren 31n jaio zen, Londresen, eta 1821eko otsailaren 23an hil zen —gaur duela 200 urte, hain justu—, Erroman, tuberkulosia sendatzeko azken saiakerak bertara eramanda. Ezbeharrak bata bestearen atzetik jazo zitzaizkion poetari, oso gaztetik gertatu ere. Zazpi urterekin aita hil zitzaion, zaldi batetik erorita, eta, amaren bigarren ezkontza motz baten ondoren, amonarekin bizitzera joan zen familia osoa Enfieldera. Zoritxarra hauspoa izan zen, hein batean, urteak geroago gauzatuko zuen lanerako: izan ere, Enfieldeko ikastetxean greziar eta erromatar klasikoak ezagutu eta ikasi zituen, hainbeste ezen hamabost urterekin Virgilio poetaren hitzak itzultzeko gai baitzen. Alabaina, tuberkulosiak ere laster egin zuen agerraldia Keatsen bizitzan. Lehenengo biktima poetaren ama izan zen, 1810ean hil baitzen eriak jota. Bederatzi urteren ondoren, gaixotasunak anaia ere akabatuko zuen. Ama hil zenean, Keats anai-arrebak bi tutoreren eskuetan jarri zituen amonak, eta horiek zirujau baten laguntzaile jarri zuten idazlea; hortaz, Enfieldeko eskolak eskaintzen zion mundu klasikoa abandonatu behar izan zuen, behin-behinean. Osasun zientzien bidea jarraitu zuen urte luzez, zenbait kirurgialarirekin lan egin, farmazia ikasketak burutu, eta are farmazialari aritu baitzen. Literaturaren ildotik bananduta ibili zen urte horietan, baina ez erabat. Izan ere, ogibideak uzten zion denboran literatura ikasten ibiltzen zen, eta 1816an, azkenean, osasungintzaren bidea utzi eta literaturarena hautatu zuen behin betiko. Trantsizioaren urtean, mugarri izan zitzaizkion, batetik, Edmund Spenser idazle ingelesaren lana, eta, zehazki, haren The Faerie Queene (Maitagarrien erregina) obra; eta, bestetik, Leigh Hunt editorea ezagutu izana. Azken horrek batu zuen Keats Erromantizismo ingelesaren beste bi zutoin izango zirenekin; alegia, Percy Shelley eta Lord Byron lagun minekin. Gainera, haren poesia lanak argitara eman zituen Huntek, zorte gutxirekin kaleratuak izan baziren ere, Keats gaitzetsia izan baitzen orobat kritikaren eta irakurleen aldetik. Ospea eta prestigioa etorri zitzaizkion, noski, baina, beste hainbat eta hainbat sortzaile treberi gertatu bezala, berak jada gozatu ezin zuen garaian. Edertasunaren miatzailea Bada John Keatsen poemetan elementu ageriko bat, lehen irakurketa are arretarik gabekoenean ere antzeman daitekeena: greko erromatar mitologiarekiko izan zuen erabateko miresmena. Sorkuntzetako askok pertsonaia mitologiko bat dute protagonista; izan Endimion loti hilezkorra, izan boteretik botatako Hiperion titana, izan Eros limurtzearekin batera hilezkortasuna lortu zuen Psique ederra. Baina pertsonaiak ez ezik, are poetikaren beraren zentzua bereganatu zuen poetak greziarrengandik, bere literaturaren muina eta gidalerroa ere bihurtu zuena: edertasuna helburu poetikoa izatearekin batera, jomuga etikoa ere izatearen jitea. Bere lanik sonatuenean, Ode to a greek urn (Oda greziar anfora bati), hori da anfora klasikoak ni poetikoari eta, bidenabar, irakurleari adierazten diona —Ion Beiztegiren itzulpenean—: «Ederra egia dok, egia eder». Gizakiak hori baino ez du jakin behar, ni poetikoak eransten dionez sententziari. Halaber, jakin behar du, edo olerkitik ondorioztatu bederen, anforaren edertasun hilezkorrari, milaka urte ondoren ikusleen gozagarri izaten jarraitzen duen artelanari, ikuslearen beraren hilkortasuna eta iragankortasuna kontrajartzen zaizkiola ezinbestean. Edertasuna izan zuen helburu Keatsek, oroz gain. Hitzetan adierazitakoari zein adierazten zuten hitzei zegozkienez, orobat. Liluratu zuten elementu enpirikoez baliatu zen horretarako, baina arrazionaltasunetik aldendu zen gaiak garatzerako orduan. Ode to a nightingale olerkian (Oda urretxindor bati), esaterako, txoriaren kantak «sena motelduta» dio ni poetikoari, hasierako ahapaldian adierazten duenez. Hainbeste txunditu dute doinuek, ezen ezin baitezake jakin olerkian kontatu duena benetan gertatu zaion edo ez —Beiztegiren itzulpenean hau ere—: «Emen naukak zalantzan— Ernai ala lotan?».
The Sumatran rhino is now officially extinct in Malaysia, with the death of the last known specimen. The 25-year-old female named Iman died on Saturday on the island of Borneo, officials say. She had cancer. Malaysia’s last male Sumatran rhino died in May this year. The Sumatran rhino once roamed across Asia, but has now almost disappeared from the wild, with fewer than 100 animals believed to exist. The species is now critically endangered. Iman died at 17:35 local time (09:35 GMT) on Saturday, Malaysia’s officials said. “Its death was a natural one, and the immediate cause has been categorised as shock,” Sabah State Tourism, Culture and Environment Minister Christine Liew is quoted as saying. “Iman was given the very best care and attention since her capture in March 2014 right up to the moment she passed,” she added. Sumatran rhinos have been hard hit by poaching and habitat loss, but the biggest threat facing the species today is the fragmented nature of their populations. Efforts to breed the species in Malaysia have so far failed. Facts about the Sumatran rhino - Five rhino species can be found today, two in Africa and three in Asia - The Asian species include the Sumatran rhino, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, which is the smallest living rhino species - The animal is closely related to the woolly rhinoceros, which became extinct about 10,000 years ago - No more than 100 Sumatran rhinos remain in the wild (some estimates put the number as low as 30), scattered on the islands of Sumatra, Indonesia
NASA's MAVEN spacecraft observes Comet Siding Spring during its encounter with Mars. On October 19, 2014, Mars will receive a first-time visitor from the outer fringes of the solar system. C/2013 A1, better known as Comet Siding Spring, has been traveling toward the inner solar system for millions of years, and will just miss Mars by a distance of 88,000 miles on October 19 (roughly one-third of the distance from the Earth to the Moon). These animations depict the flyby as seen from orbit above Mars, and as seen from the Martian surface. The blue portion of Comet Siding Spring's tail is composed of ionized gas swept away from the Sun by the solar wind. The gray portion is composed of heavier dust particles, which are moving at 33 miles per second relative to Mars. This artist's concept simulates a ground-based view of Comet Siding Spring at its colsest approach to Mars. Victoria, a Martian crater previously visited by NASA's Opportunity rover, is visible in the foreground. A still image of the above artist's concept. The image is available in small and medium resolution versions, and a large-resolution version suitable for print. The original Photoshop file is also included.
Daca nu aveti masina de paine il puteti framanta si manual, insa trebuie sa-l lasati bine la dospit in mediu propice. Turnam apa calduta, uleiul si adaugam oul. Adaugam jumatate din amestecul incredietelor uscate, peste care punem sarea si indulcitorul. Continuam cu restul de amestec uscat si la final drojdia. Los 10 PEORES ALIMENTOS KETO - alimentos bajos en carbohidratos que debes evitar provocări de slăbire Pot să pierd greutatea cu presa de picior pierdere în greutate fotografii, biotina arde burta grăsime subțire în arabă. Pierderea în greutate gravidă lady josh nichols pierdere în greutate, pierde burta de grasime cele mai bune arzătoare de grăsimi fără cafeină. Patacones keto-Tostones keto-Tostadas de \ mai ușor de pierdut în greutate în vară Bucătăria curată pierde în greutate cum să pierdeți greutatea cu barre3, pot zmeura ajuta u pierde in greutate pierde greutatea pierde prieteni. Pierderea în greutate fată cel mai sanatos regim de slabit, pierderea în greutate inspirație ce băutură pot pierde în greutate. ALGUNOS ERRORES AL HACER LA DIETA KETO pierdere în greutate wellington Evalueaza reteta! Etape Am bătut bine oul întreg și albușul. Gălbenușul rămas putem să îl folosim la o maioneză de casă sau la tiramisu keto. Important este să nu îl irosim. Plátano verde engorda o ayuda a adelgazar mecanica de pierdere în greutate Preîncălziți cuptorul până la ° C. Linițați o farfurie rotundă de 8 inch cu pergament. Într-un bol mic, combinați făina de migdale și nucă de cocos și praful de copt. Chifle KETO cu faina de migdale dr mario juarez pierdere în greutate La dieta keto libro pierderea în greutate peruviană, înălțimea creșterii în greutate pot să pierd în continuare greutatea în timpul sarcinii. Pierderea în greutate din cauza mișcării intestinului mamamoo moonbyul pierdere în greutate, les mills combaterea rezultatelor pierderii în greutate cioco late de slabit. Cozonac keto cu ciocolata / Keto chocolate sweet bread 1 an de transformare a pierderilor de grăsime Cum să ți pierzi toată grăsimea din spate fructe care ard grasimile, somnul pierde burta gras pierde greutatea în franța. Omega 3 slabit funcția creierului de pierdere a grăsimilor, pierdere în greutate moscova rusia matricea de pierdere ultra a grăsimilor. LA RECETA QUE TE VA A CABIAR LA VIDA KETO- CHAFFLES KETO- RECETAS CETOGENICAS kayakalp pierdere în greutate Cât timp pentru a pierde grăsimea răcește răcește să pierzi în greutate, pierdere în greutate foaie excel îmbrăcăminte de îmbrăcăminte pentru pierderea în greutate. Basilul ajută la pierderea în greutate pierderea în greutate a pacienților cu ckd, diete de slabit disociata obiectivul de pierdere a grăsimilor. Reteta Chifle Burger Keto 7 dias dieta keto menu Стратмору нужен был козел отпущения. Кроме всего прочего, Хейл был настоящим ходячим несчастьем, готовым свалиться на голову в любую минуту. Из задумчивости Стратмора вывел звонок мобильного телефона, едва слышный в завывании сирен и свисте пара.
Holding and storage of food at the right temperature is a critical control for food safety. In the past years, “inappropriate holding temperature” had been one of the most common contributing factors identified in food poisoning outbreaks related to food premises and food businesses in Hong Kong. The promotion of better awareness and correct practice of holding and storage temperatures is important for the protection of public health and reduction of food poisoning incidents. "Get the Temperature Right” Announcement of Public Interests" Food Safety Day “Safe Food ‧ Gourmet Paradise” Photo Competition Public and trade talk
Falconina melloi An Falconina melloi in uska species han Araneae nga ginhulagway ni Schenkel hadton 1953. An Falconina melloi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Falconina, ngan familia nga Corinnidae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista. Mga kasarigan Falconina
Powell has chance to reset market expectations at central bankers' gathering \| Region \| eagletribune.com Powell has chance to reset market expectations at central bankers' gathering Matthew Boesler and Jana Randow - Bloomberg News (TNS) Powell speaks on the economic outlook at 10 a.m. Eastern time Friday and is expected to re-state the Fed’s resolve to keep raising interest rates to get inflation under control, though he’ll probably stop short of signaling how big officials will go when they meet next month. “That’s everyone’s top-of-mind question: How much will Powell micro-manage financial conditions? We have reached a point where the economy is showing signs of slowing,” said Laura Rosner-Warburton, a senior U.S. economist at MacroPolicy Perspectives in New York. “If we don’t see more slowing in the data and instead things bounce, then the Fed will have to more actively manage financial conditions.” Powell’s speech will mark the highlight of the two-day conference in Wyoming’s Grand Teton mountains. The prestigious event, which in the past has been used by Fed chairs as a venue for making key policy announcements, brings together top policymakers from around the world. U.S. stocks have rallied since the Fed’s last policy meeting in late July amid growing expectations that the central bank will begin slowing the pace of tightening, as well as signs that inflationary pressures may be moderating. Investors have been mostly unfazed by strident assertions from policymakers along the way that their fight against inflation is far from over, though the chair himself has yet to speak since his July 27 post-meeting news conference. Now, a year later, inflation is near the highest levels in four decades and Powell has conceded that the Fed’s analysis was incorrect and policymakers should have begun raising interest rates sooner. Given that backdrop — despite the latest monthly report on consumer prices fanning some optimism that inflation may have peaked — Powell will probably stick to a hard line, said Kevin Cummins, the chief U.S. economist at NatWest Markets in Stamford, Connecticut. At the moment, investors see similar odds to either a half-point or another three-quarter-point hike at the Fed’s Sept. 20-21 gathering. August numbers on jobs and consumer prices are due out from the Labor Department before then, and will probably be the determining factor in which option Fed officials choose. In Europe, policymakers are having a similar debate over how big the next rate hike should be. The ECB is trailing its peers in responding to record inflation and only just started raising rates in July. Following last month’s half-point increase, many policymakers have yet to signal whether they are leaning toward another such step in September or a smaller, quarter-point move as recession risks mount. Kansas City Fed President Esther George, whose bank hosts the annual Jackson Hole symposium, said Thursday that whether policymakers opt for another big hike next month or start down-shifting to smaller ones, they may have to keep raising rates for a while, until they are “completely convinced” inflation is headed lower.
<?php namespace UKFast\SDK\ThreatMonitoring\Entities; use UKFast\SDK\Entity; /** * @property string $id * @property string $name */ class ReportAgentDetails extends Entity { }
Arctic, Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea, Chelyabinsk, Chernobyl, Cold War, Finland, Indigenous peoples, John F. Kennedy, Kara Sea, Kola Peninsula, Murmansk, Novaya Zemlya, nuclear waste dump, Nuclear Waste Processing, nuclear weapons, nuclear weapons moratorium, nuclear weapons test ban, nuclear weapons testing, radioactive fallout, Radioactive Reindeer, Reindeer, River Techa, Russia, Sami, Sami People, Santa Clause Village, US “The Arctic Circle cuts right through Santa Claus Village. A white line denoting the Arctic Circle (at its position in 1865) is painted across the park. Visitors officially enter the Arctic area when they cross the line.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village Tsar Bomba and Santa Claus Village Locations Exported from Wikipedia. Tsar Bomba site is on Novaya Zemlya. The third location is the site of Russia’s new radioactive waste processing facility. Around 18 above ground nuclear weapons were tested in Novaya Zemlya from September 1st 1961, when Russia first broke the moratorium on nuclear weapons testing, until Tsar Bomba was exploded on October 30, 1961. Many others were tested in Kazakhstan: “Over its history as a nuclear test site, Novaya Zemlya hosted 224 nuclear detonations with a total explosive energy equivalent to 265 megatons of TNT. For comparison, all explosives used in World War II, including the detonations of two US nuclear bombs, amounted to only two megatons.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya On October 28th, 1961, two days before Russia exploded the largest nuclear weapon ever exploded in the atmosphere, Tsar Bomba, US President John F. Kennedy wrote a letter assuring an 8 year old girl that Santa was ok. It seems that the little girl was very much onto something in worrying about the impacts of Russian Above Ground Nuclear Weapons Testing on Santa and his Reindeer. Russia has just completed a nuclear waste processing facility at Saida-Bay near Murmansk, and plans an Arctic nuclear waste repository in melting permafrost at Novaya Zemlya. How much additional radiation will these emit into Arctic air and water? Much of the original lethal radioactive fallout and waste still remains, because radionuclides are the gift that keeps on giving disease and death often for hundreds, thousands, and even millions of years. Rae Ellen Bichell interviewed a Finnish expert and asked about the spikes in radioactive cesium in reindeer in the early 1960s and again in the mid 1980s: “… What happened there? Why were the reindeer suddenly more radioactive at those times?” Ari-Pekka Leppänen of STUK responded: “The early 1960s spike was due to the largest nuclear weapon ever exploded in the atmosphere, which was the Tsar Bomba. It was exploded on the island of Novaya Zemlya in the High Arctic, which is about 500 or 600 kilometers away from Lapland. One of the plumes from that explosion traveled via surface winds into Lapland, another plume went straight up into the atmosphere and spread across the world and pretty much rained down all over the northern hemisphere. And since the arctic areas are sensitive to pollutants due to the short food chains and harsh climate, the plants they gather very efficiently whatever nutrients or whatever pollution they can get their hands into. So that’s why the reindeer are very sensitive to pollutants. And that’s why you see the 1965 peak. Then in 1986 there was the Chernobyl accident. Luckily, Finnish Lapland got very “little” fallout, but still it’s a very efficient…the ecosystem is so fragile and an efficient collector of contamination. And that’s why you can see the 1986 peak so well.” From Ari-Pekka Leppänen of STUK office interview with Rae Ellen Bichell. Read the entire interview here: https://raeellenbichell.wordpress.com/2013/01/14/hot-air-episode-6/ (NB; Cesium 134 has a half-life of 2 years and Cesium 137 a half-life of 30 years. Thus, Cs 134 will be around for decades and Cs 137 for centuries.) While Chernobyl is in the Ukraine, the Ukraine was still part of Russia (USSR) at the time. Chernobyl was a USSR design: “The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster caused nuclear fallout in the sensitive Arctic ecosystems and poisoned fish, meat and berries. Lichens and mosses are two of the main forms of vegetation in the Arctic and are highly susceptible to airborne pollutants and heavy metals. Since many do not have roots, they absorb nutrients, and toxic compounds, through their leaves. The lichens accumulated airborne radiation, and 73,000 reindeer had to be destroyed as “unfit” for human consumption in Sweden alone. The government promised Sami indemnification, which was not acted upon by government. Radioactive wastes and spent nuclear fuel have been stored in the waters off the Kola Peninsula, including locations that are only “two kilometers” from places where Sami live. There are a minimum of five “dumps” where spent nuclear fuel and other radioactive waste are being deposited in the Kola Peninsula, often with little concern for the surrounding environment or population.“. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people Even Radioactive waste from inland Russia worked its way to the Arctic: “In the 1950’s, the effluent from the nuclear-weapons factory near Chelyabinsk was dumped into the River Techa. It ended up in the Arctic Ocean. Between 1964 and 1986, some 7,000 tons of solid radioactive waste and 1,600 cubic meters of liquid waste was pitched into the Kara and Barents Seas from the base in Murmasnk which serviced the Soviet fleet of nuclear powered naval and merchant ships. Likewise, nuclear reactors from at least 18 nuclear submarines and icebreakers were dumped in the Barents sea, and an entire nuclear sub was deliberately sunk after an accident in May 1968. Another nuclear submarine, the Komsomolets, sank 300 miles of Norway with the loss of 42 sailors. It went down with two nuclear warheads. Finally, the Russians were dumping unprossed nuclear waste into The Sea of Japan. As late as October 1993, the Russians confirmed that one of their ships discharged 900 tons of radioactive water from scrapped nuclear submarines.” http://www1.american.edu/ted/arctic.htm Related: http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/cold-war-legacies-nuclear-waste-in-the-russian-arctic-a-390715.html http://nuclear-news.net/2015/08/31/barents-sea-the-arctics-radioactive-legacy-of-soviet-nuclear-weapons-testing/ Within the last month there is news of a Russian radioactive waste processing facility and radioactive waste dump. Presumably the “processing” will emit lethal radionuclides into air and water. The Arctic is already a sink for radioactive pollution. Radionuclides from French and British reprocessing facilities end up in the Arctic (as will some Fukushima radioactive pollution): https://miningawareness.wordpress.com/2015/09/19/the-arctic-is-a-sink-for-radioactive-pollution-transported-from-far-away/ “Approves radioactive waste disposal in melting permafrost Regional Government of Arkhangelsk Oblast says yes to Novaya Zemlya waste dump.” By Thomas Nilsen, December 22, 2015 http://thebarentsobserver.com/ecology/2015/12/approves-radioactive-waste-disposal-melting-permafrost “World’s northernmost radioactive waste plant opens By Thomas Nilsen, November 25, 2015 http://thebarentsobserver.com/ecology/2015/11/radioactive-waste-plant-opens-saida-bay Europe and the US help-have helped Russia with its nuclear waste so Russia has more money to make more nuclear waste! Russian State owned Rosatom exports nuclear reactors around the world. As quoted in “Nuclear waste cooperation will continue, but not for new waste” by Thomas Nilsen: “It is timely to look into what we are going to spend Norwegian money on. Russia must take responsibility,” says Norway’s Foreign Minister Børge Brende commenting on the increase in radioactive waste to be accumulated as Russia’s nuclear submarine construction hit post-Soviet peak” http://barentsobserver.com/en/security/2015/02/nuclear-waste-cooperation-will-continue-not-new-waste-06-02 John Fitzgerald Kennedy was Very Concerned About the Impacts of Above Ground Nuclear Weapons Testing “The number of children and grandchildren with cancer in their bones, with leukemia in their blood, or with poison in their lungs might seem statistically small to some, in comparison with natural health hazards. But this is not a natural health hazard—and it is not a statistical issue. The loss of even one human life, or the malformation of even one baby—who may be born long after we are gone—should be of concern to us all. Our children and grandchildren are not merely statistics toward which we can be indifferent.” John Fitzgerald Kennedy, July 26th, 1963 http://youtu.be/-fx6LMeWW_M (See minutes 12 -14. We have no control of ad which appears, and were unable to find an ad free video) “The administration of John F. Kennedy would continue the test ban negotiations, but with even greater pressures to resume testing. Like Eisenhower, Kennedy had to face pressure from the Pentagon and the nuclear weapons laboratories, on the one hand, and international political pressure favoring a test ban on the other hand. Khrushchev was also under pressure from the Soviet military to break the moratorium and he made the first move on 1 September 1961. The moratorium collapsed during an unfolding U.S.-Soviet crisis over the status of West Berlin and the resumption of testing contributed to the tensions. Kennedy followed with underground testing in mid-September 1961, but delayed atmospheric testing until the spring of 1962. Both sides tested more than 200 weapons during 1961 and 1962.” http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB94/I “Tsar Bomba (Russian: Царь-бомба; “Tsar-bomb”) is the nickname for the AN602 hydrogen bomb, the most powerful nuclear weapon ever detonated. Its test on October 30, 1961, remains the most powerful man-made explosion in human history. It was also referred to as Kuz’kina Mat’ (Russian: Кузькина мать, Kuzma’s mother), referring to Nikita Khrushchev’s promise to show the United States a “Kuz’kina Mat'” at the 1960 United Nations General Assembly. Developed by the Soviet Union, the bomb had the yield of 50 megaton TNT (210 PJ). Only one bomb of this type was ever officially built and it was detonated in the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, at Sukhoy Nos.“. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_Bomba “Atmospheric 14C, New Zealand and Austria. The New Zealand curve is representative for the Southern Hemisphere, the Austrian curve is representative for the Northern Hemisphere. Atmospheric nuclear weapon tests almost doubled the concentration of 14C in the Northern Hemisphere.” “The above-ground nuclear tests that occurred in several countries between 1955 and 1980 dramatically increased the amount of carbon-14 in the atmosphere and subsequently in the biosphere; after the tests ended, the atmospheric concentration of the isotope began to decrease.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-14# “One side-effect of the change in atmospheric carbon-14 is that this has enabled some options (e.g. bomb-pulse dating) for determining the birth year of an individual, in particular, the amount of carbon-14 in tooth enamel,or the carbon-14 concentration in the lens of the eye.“https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-14# “In 1959, radioactive deposits were found in wheat and milk in the northern United States. As scientists and the public gradually became aware of the dangers of radioactive fallout, they began to raise their voices against nuclear testing. Leaders and diplomats of several countries sought to address the issue… John F. Kennedy had supported a ban on nuclear weapons testing since 1956. He believed a ban would prevent other countries from obtaining nuclear weapons, and took a strong stand on the issue in the 1960 presidential campaign. Once elected, President Kennedy pledged not to resume testing in the air and promised to pursue all diplomatic efforts for a test ban treaty before resuming underground testing. He envisioned the test ban as a first step to nuclear disarmament… President Kennedy’s political and military advisors feared that the Soviet Union had continued secret underground testing and made gains in nuclear technology. They pressured Kennedy to resume testing. And, according to a Gallup poll in July 1961, the public approved of testing by a margin of two-to-one. In August 1961, the Soviet Union announced its intention to resume atmospheric testing, and over the next three months it conducted 31 nuclear tests. It exploded the largest nuclear bomb in history—58 megatons—4,000 times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. Discouraged and dismayed by the Soviet tests, President Kennedy pursued diplomatic efforts before allowing renewed testing by the United States. In his address to the United Nations on September 25, 1961, he challenged the Soviet Union “not to an arms race, but to a peace race.” President Kennedy was unsuccessful in his efforts to reach a diplomatic agreement and reluctantly announced the resumption of atmospheric testing. American testing resumed on April 25, 1962.” http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/Nuclear-Test-Ban-Treaty.aspx Nuclear Weapons Tests http://youtu.be/LLCF7vPanrY You may learn that you were lucky to be born: “Infant mortality in the U.S. after atmospheric nuclear weapons testing“by Alfred Körblein, July 2015 “The trend of infant mortality rates in the US, 1936-2005, is investigated for deviations from a monotonously declining trend after the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests in the 1950s and 1960s. The deviations are modeled by one or more bell-shaped excess terms. The peak deviation is found in 1965, two years after the maximum of fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapon tests. The excess mortality is more pronounced for the non-white population than for the white population and is driven by an increase in neonatal mortality. The number of excess infant deaths is estimated at some 680,000. A rise of fetal mortality adds about 340,000 excess fetal deaths.” Article submitted as a comment against US proposal to increase public radiation exposure to 100 mSv: http://www.regulations.gov/contentStreamer?documentId=NRC-2015-0057-0128&attachmentNumber=1&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf JFK Letter to a Bright and Concerned Little Girl From State Department Alert re Russian Plans for Tsar Bomba: Entire document here: http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB94/tb36.pdf Note the dates on the two letters. Emphasis added throughout post.
Connecting Interfaith Families to Jewish Life in Greater Cleveland by providing programs and opportunities for interfaith families to experience Judaism in a variety of venues, meet other interfaith families, and to connect to other Jewish organizations that may serve their needs. A great way for Jewish professionals and volunteers who work with and provide programming for people in interfaith relationships to locate resources and trainings to build more welcome into their Jewish communities; connect with and learn from each other; and publicize and enhance their programs and services. This course provides an overview of the Jewish life-cycle, holidays, and other ritual celebrations. Students will acquire an understanding of Jewish belief, history, and calendar, and gain exposure to important Jewish books including the Hebrew Bible and Talmud. Each session includes 30 minutes of Hebrew instruction. Additionally, during the course of the year, students will be invited to participate in various aspects of Jewish living. Sessions will rotate among the synagogues based on the teaching Rabbi.
import AppError from '../../errors/AppError'; import ManifestationStatusHistory from '../../models/ManifestationStatusHistory'; import Manifestation from '../../models/Manifestation'; import Status from '../../models/Status'; import File from '../../models/File'; const fetchManifestationStatusHistory = async ({ manifestationProtocol, manifestationId, }) => { let manifestation = null; if (manifestationProtocol) { manifestation = await Manifestation.findOne({ where: { protocol: manifestationProtocol }, attributes: ['id'], }); } else { manifestation = await Manifestation.findOne({ where: { id: manifestationId }, attributes: ['id'], }); } if (!manifestation) { throw new AppError('Essa manfestação não existe.', 404); } const manifestationStatusHistory = await ManifestationStatusHistory.findAll({ where: { manifestations_id: manifestation.id }, include: [ { model: Status, as: 'status' }, { model: File, as: 'files' }, ], }); return manifestationStatusHistory; }; export default fetchManifestationStatusHistory;
Definition of lancelet n. - A small fishlike animal (Amphioxus lanceolatus), remarkable for the rudimentary condition of its organs. It is the type of the class Leptocardia. See Amphioxus, Leptocardia. 2 The word "lancelet" uses 8 letters: A C E E L L N T. No direct anagrams for lancelet found in this word list. Words formed by adding one letter before or after lancelet (in bold), or to aceellnt in any order: s - lancelets All words formed from lancelet by changing one letter Browse words starting with lancelet by next letter
Podcast: Play in new window \| Download (Duration: 14:49 — 17.2MB) It’s the second annual discoveries episode! Lots of animals new to science were described in 2021 so let’s find out about some of them. First description of a new octopus species without using a scalpel Marine Biologists Discover New Species of Octopus Bleating or screaming? Two new, very loud, frog species described in eastern Australia Meet the freaky fanged frog from the Philippines New alpine moth solves a 180-year-old mystery Meet the latest member of Hokie Nation, a newly discovered millipede that lives at Virginia Tech Fourteen new species of shrew found on Indonesian island New beautiful, dragon-like species of lizard discovered in the Tropical Andes Newly discovered whale species—introducing Ramari’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon eueu)! Scientists describe a new Himalayan snake species found via Instagram The emperor dumbo octopus (deceased): The star octopus: New frog just dropped (that’s actually the robust bleating tree frog, already known): The slender bleating tree frog: The screaming tree frog: The Mindoro fanged frog: Some frogs do have lil bitty fangs: The hidden Alpine moth, mystery solver: The Hokie twisted-claw millipede: One of 14 new species of shrew: The snake picture that led to a discovery: Welcome to Strange Animals Podcast. I’m your host, Kate Shaw. This episode marks our 5th year anniversary! I also finally got the ebook download codes sent to everyone who backed the Kickstarter at that level. The paperback and hardback books will hopefully be ready for me to order by the end of February and I can get them mailed out to backers as soon as humanly possible. Then I’ll focus on the audiobook! A few Kickstarter backers still haven’t responded to the survey, either with their mailing address for a physical book or for names and birthdays for the birthday shout-outs, so if that’s you, please get that information to me! Anyway, happy birthday to Strange Animals Podcast and let’s learn about some animals new to science in 2021! It’s easy to think that with all the animals already known, and all the people in the world, surely there aren’t very many new animals that haven’t been discovered yet. But the world is a really big place and parts of it, especially the oceans, have hardly been explored by scientists. It can be confusing to talk about when an animal was discovered because there are multiple parts to a scientific discovery. The first part is actually finding an animal that the field scientists think might be new to science. Then they have to study the animal and compare it to known animals to determine whether it can be considered a new species or subspecies. Then they ultimately need to publish an official scientific description and give the new animal a scientific name. This process often takes years. That’s what happened with the emperor dumbo octopus, which was first discovered in 2016. Only one individual was captured by a deep-sea rover and unfortunately it didn’t survive being brought to the surface. Instead of dissecting the body to study the internal organs, because it’s so rare, the research team decided to make a detailed 3D scan of the octopus’s body instead and see if that gave them enough information. They approached a German medical center that specializes in brain and neurological issues, who agreed to make a scan of the octopus. It turned out that the scan was so detailed and clear that it actually worked better than dissection, plus it was non-invasive so the preserved octopus body is still intact and can be studied by other scientists. Not only that, the scan is available online for other scientists to study without them having to travel to Germany. The emperor dumbo octopus grows around a foot long, or 30 cm, and has large fins on the sides of its mantle that look like elephant ears. There are 45 species of dumbo octopus known and obviously, more are still being discovered. They’re all deep-sea octopuses. This one was found near the sea floor almost 2.5 miles below the surface, or 4,000 meters. It was described in April of 2021 as Grimpoteuthis imperator. Oh, and here’s a small correction from the octopus episode from a few years ago. When I was talking about different ways of pluralizing the word octopus, I mispronounced the word octopodes. It’s oc-TOP-uh-deez, not oc-tuh-podes. Another octopus discovered in 2021 is called the star octopus that has a mantle length up to 7 inches long, or 18 cm. It lives off the southwestern coast of Australia in shallow water and is very common. It’s even caught by a local sustainable fishery. The problem is that it looks very similar to another common octopus, the gloomy octopus. The main difference is that the gloomy octopus is mostly gray or brown with rusty-red on its arms, while the star octopus is more of a yellowy-brown in color. Since individual octopuses show a lot of variation in coloration and pattern, no one noticed the difference until a recent genetic study of gloomy octopuses. The star octopus was described in November 2021 as Octopus djinda, where “djinda” is the word for star in the Nyoongar language of the area. A study of the bleating tree frog in eastern Australia also led to a new discovery. The bleating tree frog is an incredibly loud little frog, but an analysis of sound recordings revealed that not all the calls were from the same type of frog. In fact, in addition to the bleating tree frog, there are two other really loud frog species in the same area. They look very similar but genetically they’re separate species. The two new species were described in November 2021 as the screaming tree frog and the slender bleating tree frog. This is what the slender bleating tree frog sounds like: This is what the screaming tree frog sounds like: [another frog call] Another newly discovered frog hiding in plain sight is the Mindoro fanged frog, found on Mindoro Island in the Philippines. It looks identical to the Acanth’s fanged frog on another island but its mating call is slightly different. That prompted scientists to use both acoustic tests of its calls and genetic tests of both frogs to determine that they are indeed separate species. Lots of insects were discovered last year too. One of those, the hidden alpine moth, ended up solving a 180-year-old scientific mystery that no one even realized was a mystery. The moth was actually discovered in the 1990s by researchers who were pretty sure it was a new species. It’s a diurnal moth, meaning it’s active during the day, and it lives throughout parts of the Alps. Its wingspan is up to 16mm and it’s mostly brown and silver. Before they could describe it as a new species and give it a scientific name, the scientists had to make absolutely sure it hadn’t already been named. There are around 5,000 species of moth known to science that live in the Alps, many of them rare. The researchers narrowed it down finally to six little-known species, any one of which might turn out to be the same moth as the one they’d found. Then they had to find specimens of those six species collected by earlier scientists, which meant hunting through the collections of different museums throughout Europe. Museums never have all their items on display at any given time. There’s always a lot of stuff in storage waiting for further study, and the larger a museum, the more stuff in storage it has. Finding one specific little moth can be difficult. Finally, though, the scientists got all six of the other moth species together. When they sat down to examine and compare them to their new moth, they got a real surprise. All six moths were actually the same species of moth, Dichrorampha alpestrana, described in 1843. They’d all been misidentified as new species and given new names over the last century and a half. But the new moth was different and at long last, in July 2021, it was named Dichrorampha velata. And those other six species were stricken from the record! Denied! You don’t necessarily need to travel to remote places to find an animal new to science. A professor of taxonomy at Virginia Tech, a college in the eastern United States, turned over a rock by the campus’s duck pond and discovered a new species of millipede. It’s about three quarters of an inch long, or 2 cm, and is mostly a dark maroon in color. It’s called the Hokie twisted-claw millipede. Meanwhile, on the other side of the world on the island of Sulawesi, a team of scientists discovered FOURTEEN different species of shrew, all described in one paper at the end of December 2021. Fourteen! It’s the largest number of new mammals described at the same time since 1931. The inventory of shrews living on Sulawesi took about a decade so it’s not like they found them all at once, but it was still confusing trying to figure out what animal belonged to a known species and what animal might belong to a new species. Sulawesi already had 7 known species of shrew and now it has 21 in all. Shrews are small mammals that mostly eat insects and are most closely related to moles and hedgehogs. Once you add the 14 new species, there are 461 known species of shrew living in the world, and odds are good there are more just waiting to be discovered. Probably not on Sulawesi, though. I think they got them all this time. In South America, researchers in central Peru found a new species of wood lizard that they were finally able to describe in September 2021 after extensive field studies. It’s called the Feiruz wood lizard and it lives in the tropical Andes in forested areas near the Huallaga River. It’s related to iguanas and has a spiny crest down its neck and the upper part of its back. The females are usually a soft brown or green but males are brighter and vary in color from green to orangey-brown to gray, and males also have spots on their sides. The Feiruz wood lizard’s habitat is fragmented and increasingly threatened by development, although some of the lizards do live in a national park. Researchers have also found a lot of other animals and plants new to science in the area, so hopefully it can be protected soon. So far, all the animals we’ve talked about have been small. What about big animals? Well, in October 2021 a new whale was described. Is that big enough for you? It’s not even the same new whale we talked about in last year’s discoveries episode. The new whale is called Mesoplodon eueu, or Ramari’s beaked whale. It’s been known about for a while but scientists thought it was a population of True’s beaked whale that lives in the Indian Ocean instead of the Atlantic. When a dead whale washed ashore on the South Island of New Zealand in 2011, it was initially identified as a True’s beaked whale. A Mātauranga Māori whale expert named Ramari Stewart wasn’t so sure, though. She thought it looked different than a True’s beaked whale. She got together with marine biologist Emma Carroll to study the whale and compare it to True’s beaked whale, which took a while since we don’t actually know very much about True’s beaked whale either. The end result, though, is that the new whale is indeed a new species. It grows around 18 feet long, or 5.5 meters, and probably lives in the open ocean where it dives deeply to find food. We could go on and on because so many animals were discovered last year, but let’s finish with a fun one from India. In June of 2020, a graduate student named Virender Bhardwaj was stuck at home during lockdowns. He was able to go on walks, so he took pictures of interesting things he saw and posted them online. One day he posted a picture of a common local snake called the kukri snake. A herpetologist at India’s National Centre for Biological Sciences noticed the picture and immediately suspected it wasn’t a known species of kukri snake. He contacted Bhardwaj to see where he’d found the snake, and by the end of the month Bhardwaj had managed to catch two of them. Genetic analysis was delayed because of the lockdowns, but they described it in December of 2021 as the Churah Valley kukri snake. The new snake is stripey and grows over a foot long, or 30 cm. It probably mostly eats eggs. It just goes to show, no matter where you live, you might be the one to find a new species of animal. Learn all you can about your local animals so that if you see one that doesn’t quite match what you expect, you can take pictures and contact an expert. Maybe next year I’ll be talking about your discovery. You can find Strange Animals Podcast at strangeanimalspodcast.blubrry.net. That’s blueberry without any E’s. If you have questions, comments, or suggestions for future episodes, email us at [email protected]. If you like the podcast and want to help us out, leave us a rating and review on Apple Podcasts or Podchaser, or just tell a friend. We also have a Patreon at patreon.com/strangeanimalspodcast if you’d like to support us for as little as one dollar a month and get monthly bonus episodes. Thanks for listening!
On Tuesday, November 6th, 2012, the American people watched as President Barack Obama was re-elected. Though some rejoiced while others cursed in frustration, groups of students around the country gathered on their campuses to shout racial epithets and threats of physical violence to students of color. At Hampden-Sydney College in Richmond, Virginia, 40 students “shouted racial slurs, threw bottles and set off fireworks outside the Minority Student Union within hours after President Barack Obama’s re-election,” says Steve Szkotak of the Huffington Post (According to Think Progress, the school’s president, who is black, sent an email to students’ parents calling the incident a “harmful, senseless episode,” but it is not clear whether he had plans for disciplinary action). At a protest at the University of Mississippi on Tuesday night, 400 people shouted racial slurs. Only two were arrested. And in NYC, 16 year old High School student, Ricky Catanzaro, tweeted, “No n—– should lead this country!!! #Romney” followed by, “Only thing black people are good at is basketball #run #shot #steal,” says the NY Daily News. It is not enough to set up perimeters banning racist language on campus, for while those barriers may silence the most racist of students at school, most students will return home with the same racist ideologies they hold in their mind. Instead, there needs to be a fundamental shift in the ways we are teaching students about identities. Students should have the opportunity to ask questions about communities outside of their own, and address the stereotypes that have been created by the societies they live in.
Article: English Conversation Leader: Mandi Ashmore english@ iwc-lausanne. org We meet on Mondays at 14:30 at the IWC clubhouse. We chat for about an hour and discuss everything. Mandi asks "students" to contact her on Monday to confirm the class as sometimes she needs to cancel for various reasons or occasionally she may choose to hold the class at a different venue or at an earlier time for us to be able to have lunch together. French Conversation, Advanced Beginner Leader: Marielle Sulmoni frenchconvo@ iwc-lausanne. org I'm French (born in Bordeaux) and Swiss by marriage. I hold an advanced beginners' French conversation class on Tuesday afternoons from 14:30 16:00. We meet weekly at the clubhouse in a friendly atmosphere. I hope to help you use your knowledge of French, allowing you to speak with no fear of making mistakes, which in time will become fewer and fewer. French Language Lab, Beginner Leader: Maija Remlinger frenchlab@ iwc-lausanne. org The group meets on Thursday afternoons from 15:00-16:30 at the clubhouse. The first half of the class is devoted to reading out loud from the book "Easy French Reader", working on pronunciation and phrasing. During the second half, we listen to audio recordings from "New French with Ease" and work on oral comprehension. French Conversation, Advanced Leader: Juliette Brull french@ iwc-lausanne, org We meet every Tuesday at the IWC clubhouse from 9:30-11:00. Most of our time is devoted to very lively discussions about current events and various topics. We also read a book written by a French author and sometimes we see a French movie. Question: Which of the clubs focuses mainly on the basic knowledge of language? Yes or no, is the answer "French Language Lab, Beginner."? No (Question) Article: If you have a fever, headache and runny nose, you might go to Google and type in the words "flu symptoms" to see whether you've come down with the disease. Google knows that you might do something like that, and it also knows which state you're in if you are in the United States. Now, it's putting that information together in a tool that could find out flu outbreaks faster than traditional systems currently in use, according to CNN report. It is called Google Flu Trends. "What's exciting about Flu Trends is that it lets anybody---doctors, health officials, moms with sick children---learn about the current flu activity level in their own state based on the data that's coming in this week," said Jeremy Ginsberg, the lead engineer who developed the tool. The tool operates on the idea that there's likely to be a flu outbreak in states where flu-related search terms are currently popular. To test the accuracy of the data, Google compared its figures against statistics filed over the past five years by the US Centers for Disease Control. It has a network of 1,500 doctors across the US who provide weekly reports on the number of patients complaining of flu-like symptoms. "We found we could highly accurately estimate what the flu activity levels would be in those years," Ginsberg said. They also found that the Google statistics, which can be gathered daily, were up to two weeks ahead of the government's data. The government's data took time to collect because it came from so many doctors. The ability to speed up the response of health services could prove invaluable when a serious outbreak happens. The results of Google's comparisons with official health statistics will be published in the science journal Nature. Google hopes to extend the service to other countries, and may in time include other illnesses. At present, the flu data is given for each of the 50 American states. The company says there are no privacy issues involved as the trends are gathered through... Question: Which is NOT true according to the passage? Yes or no, is the answer "Anyone around the world can enjoy the service of Google Flu Trends."? (Answer) Yes Ques: Article: What do you do if you don't get into your first choice of university? That's the dilemma that faces thousands of British students every year. Many candidates turn to Clearing, the service that helps find university places for students at the last moment. If they don't have the marks to get into their first choice of institution, Clearing tells them about places available at other universities, though they might have to read another subject. But this year has seen a record number of people applying to university. This, combined with the weak economy, an uncertain job market and budget cuts at universities, means that _ than usual. Some sources say six students have applied for each remaining undergraduate university place. The British university admissions service, UCAS, says up to a quarter of this year's university applicants --- almost 190,000 people --- still don't have a place on a degree course. That's a rise of over 46,000 students from last year. Faced with these figures, some British students might be thinking of an interesting alternative: studying abroad. The University of Nottingham, for example,is offering places at its campuses in Ningbo, near Shanghai, and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Students here can gain University of Nottingham degrees in business, accounting, engineering and English. Similarly, the University of Bolton says it has 'unlimited' places at its campus in the United Arab Emirates. Given the problems getting into university, the UK's Higher Education Minister, David Willetts, encourages students who haven't made the grade to consider alternatives to university, such as apprenticeships and studying at home. "There are a range of options available," he says. "People are able to reapply. They should think how they can spend their year adding that bit to their CV, which would help their application --- getting practical work experience or extra skills --- anything that strengthens their chances next year." But some experts say that rising university costs, poor long-term job prospects, and... Question: According to the passage, what can students do if they don't get into their first choice of university? Yes or no, is the answer "They can get practical work experience or skills and reapply next year."? Ans: No Question: Article: It is widely acknowledged that it is by no means an easy task to bring up a child well.And our ancestors already understood it well."It takes an entire village to raise a child."That's an old proverb that is being quoted more and more often these days.And I'm pleased about that. Today,more and more schools are reaching out to involve parents, community members and businesses to help shape a child's future. Parents need to be involved in their children's education in many ways.Helping children with homework and studying,going on a field trip,teaching a craft or coaching a child's sports team are all great ways to be involved with your child's education.And don't forget to communicate with teachers -- they need and respect your input.Studies show that children learn more and schools function better when parents and schools work together.It's important to stay in touch with your child's education all through his or her school career. Communities can help children create and achieve new goals.Help with homework, read to a child,coach a children's team,or provide emotional support.Help solve problems and build self-esteem .Kids need role models and advisers can be role models by sharing their experiences and wisdom. Businesses can also help shape our children's future.invite a class from your local school to visit your workplace.You may be providing a glimpse that opens a new world of possibilities.Show students what goes on during a typical day.Give a mini course for students:how to use a computer;how products are made;how machinery works.You may have a developing electrician,teacher,nurse,or even a newspaper reporter on your hands. It really does take an entire village to raise a child.So share the responsibility-- and the joy-- of bringing a child to his or her full potential. Question: The text was written mainly for _ . Yes or no, is the answer "parents and members in organizations"? Answer: No
<reponame>neyko5/balistos-react import React from 'react'; import { connect } from 'react-redux'; import styled, { css } from 'styled-components'; import deleteIcon from '../../img/del.png'; import ThumbsUpSVG from '../../img/thumbs_up.svg'; import { VideoType, AuthUserType } from '../../types'; import { deleteVideoFromPlaylist, toggleLikeVideo, } from '../../services/firestore.service'; const PlaylistItem = styled.div` justify-content: space-between; width: 100%; height: 100px; padding: 5px 5px 5px 10px; position: relative; align-items: center; display: flex; ${(props: PlaylistItemProps) => props.first && css` background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4); `} ${(props: PlaylistItemProps) => props.next && css` background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); `} `; type PlaylistItemProps = { next?: boolean; first?: boolean; }; const Vote = styled.div` flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin-right: 10px; height: 100%; display: flex; align-items: center; `; const VoteButton = styled.button` display: flex; padding: 0; border: none; outline: none; color: #696969; transition: color 0.1s ease-out, transform 0.1s ease-out; ${(props: VoteButtonProps) => props.upActive && css` color: #006144; `} ${(props: VoteButtonProps) => props.downActive && css` color: #892f2a; `} `; type VoteButtonProps = { upActive?: boolean; downActive?: boolean; }; const SvgIcon = styled.svg` width: 32px; height: 32px; cursor: pointer; `; const Count = styled.div` color: #3e414c; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; ${(props: NumberProps) => props.full && css` line-height: 76px; `} `; type NumberProps = { full?: boolean; }; const ImgWrapper = styled.div` position: relative; `; const Status = styled.div` position: absolute; color: #fff; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); line-height: 25px; width: 120px; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; padding-left: 5px; `; const Image = styled.img` display: block; width: 120px; height: 90px; `; const Info = styled.div` padding: 0 8px; width: 100%; position: relative; height: 100%; `; const Title = styled.a` font-size: 15px; color: #000; display: block; max-height: 52px; line-height: 17px; overflow: hidden; `; const AddedBy = styled.div` color: #333; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; margin-top: 3px; `; const Black = styled.span` color: #000; `; const DeleteColumn = styled.div` align-self: flex-start; width: 24px; `; const Delete = styled.button` width: 24px; height: 24px; background: url(${deleteIcon}) no-repeat 50%; cursor: pointer; `; const VideoListItem = (props: { video: VideoType; index: number; user: AuthUserType; id: string; }) => { /const upLike = props.video.likes.some( (like: LikeType) => like.userId === props.userId && like.value === 1 ); const downLike = props.video.likes.some( (like: LikeType) => like.userId === props.userId && like.value === -1 ); const likeCount = props.video.likes.reduce( (total: number, like: LikeType) => total + like.value, 0 );/ function deleteVideo() { deleteVideoFromPlaylist(props.id, props.video.id); } function like() { toggleLikeVideo( props.id, props.video.id, props.video.likes && props.video.likes.includes(props.user.uid) ); } let playlistItemStatus = ''; let playlistItemFirst = false; let playlistItemNext = false; if (props.index === 0) { playlistItemFirst = true; playlistItemStatus = 'Now playing'; } else if (props.index === 1) { playlistItemNext = true; playlistItemStatus = 'Next'; } return ( <PlaylistItem first={playlistItemFirst} next={playlistItemNext}> {props.user ? ( <Vote> <VoteButton upActive={ props.video.likes && props.video.likes.includes(props.user.uid) } onClick={like} > <SvgIcon> <use xlinkHref={`${ThumbsUpSVG}#thumbs_up`} /> </SvgIcon> </VoteButton> <Count> {(props.video.likes && props.video.likes.length) \|\| 0} </Count> </Vote> ) : ( <Vote> <Count full={true}> {(props.video.likes && props.video.likes.length) \|\| 0} </Count> </Vote> )} <ImgWrapper> <Status>{playlistItemStatus}</Status> <Image src={`https://img.youtube.com/vi/${props.video.youtube_id}/0.jpg`} alt={props.video.title} /> </ImgWrapper> <Info> <Title className="title" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" title="Open in YouTube" href={`https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=${props.video.youtube_id}`} > {props.video.title} </Title> <AddedBy> added by{' '} <Black> {props.video.auto_added ? 'Balistos' : props.video.creator.name} </Black> </AddedBy> </Info> {props.user && ( <DeleteColumn> <Delete onClick={deleteVideo} /> </DeleteColumn> )} </PlaylistItem> ); }; export default connect((state: any) => ({ user: state.firebase.auth, }))(VideoListItem);
The Tatra 148 was a truck produced in Czechoslovakia by the Tatra company. In 1969 Tatra decided to modernize the existing T138 model with a number of improvements and design changes. The new model series was designated T148. Designers were tasked with the requirements of increasing engine power, vehicle speed and reliability as well as meeting stricter noise and emission regulations. Yet again design continued with the proven central backbone tube construction and power train integrated into the central backbone tube as a modular concept in 4x4 and 6x6 configuration. A new feature was the inter-axle differential. The main advantages of the central load carrying backbone tube are in its high torsion and bend strength, which protects the truck body against load stresses. The secondary advantage is that it houses all important parts of the drive train as well as it enables a concept of modular construction where designers and customers can specify 4 and 6 wheel drive, as well as various length wheelbase combinations. The improved powerplant had its stroke lifted by 10 mm while the bore remained the same. The displacement was lifted to 12.6 litres which resulted in increased horsepower and torque. For military variants the engines were capable of running on alternative fuels (mixtures of diesel fuel, gasoline and or aviation kerosine fuel), albeit with a performance loss. The air cooling system was retained once again with the cooling fan driven via hydraulic clutch and engine oil temperature controlled. The fuel injection pumps featured different types variable or combination governors depending on the vehicle application. The main gearbox was located behind the cabin and connected to the engine clutch housing via a short uni joint shaft (this design enables the so-called flat floor cabin) which was bolted together with the auxiliary gearbox to the backbone tube and formed the main part of the chassis structure. Options for rear power take off and winch drive were also possible. The main and auxiliary gears were fully synchronized except the first and reverse gear.
\section{Introduction} The physics of graphene monolayers continues to attract a lot of attention and to provide a rich source of interesting phenomena.\cite{review1,beenakker,review2} By studying the effects of the spin-orbit interaction (SOI) in a graphene layer, where symmetry allows for an ``intrinsic'' ($\Delta$) and a ``Rashba'' ($\lambda$) term in the SOI, Kane and Mele\cite{kane} made a remarkable discovery that sparked the exciting field of topological insulators:\cite{hasan} For $\Delta>\lambda/2$, there is a bulk gap with topologically protected edge states near the boundary of the sample. This is similar to the quantum Hall (QH) effect but happens in a time-reversal invariant system. The resulting ``quantum spin Hall'' (QSH) edge states form a one-dimensional (1D) helical liquid, where right- and left-movers have opposite spin polarization and spin-independent impurity backscattering is strongly suppressed. The QSH state has been observed in HgTe quantum wells,\cite{qsh} but several works\cite{huertas06,min,yao} showed that $\Delta$ is probably too small to allow for the experimental verification of this novel phase of matter in pristine graphene. Consequently, other material classes have been employed to demonstrate that topologically insulating behavior is indeed possible.\cite{hasan} However, graphene experiments\cite{dedkov,vary} have also demonstrated that the Rashba coupling $\lambda$ can be increased significantly by depositing graphene on Ni surfaces. Moreover, very recent theoretical predictions\cite{franz} suggest that already moderate indium or thallium adatom deposition will dramatically enhance $\Delta$ by several orders of magnitude. By using suitable adatoms, it is expected that in the near future both SOI parameters $\Delta$ and $\lambda$ can be varied over a wide range in experimentally accessible setups. In view of these developments, in this paper we study the electronic properties of a graphene monolayer with artificially enhanced SOI. Besides the SOI, we include piecewise constant electrostatic potentials, orbital and Zeeman magnetic fields, and strain-induced vector potentials. The latter cause pseudo-magnetic fields but do not violate time reversal invariance; for a review, see Ref.~\onlinecite{strain}. While the interplay of the Rashba term $\lambda$ with (pseudo-)magnetic fields in graphene has been studied in several theory works before,\cite{castro09,huertas09,rashba} the intrinsic SOI $\Delta$ did not receive much attention so far. However, the transmission properties of graphene's Dirac-Weyl (DW) quasiparticles through barriers with arbitrary SOI have been studied recently\cite{dario1,dario2} in the absence of (pseudo-)magnetic fields. The structure of this article is as follows. In Sec.~\ref{sec2} we formulate the model and construct the general solution for piecewise constant fields. On top of the orbital magnetic field, we allow for arbitrary SOI parameters $\Delta$ and $\lambda$, Zeeman energy $b$, and we also take into account aspects of strain-induced fields. The homogeneous case is addressed in Sec.~\ref{sec3}, where we determine the Landau level states for this problem in closed and explicit form. In particular, the fate of the zero modes residing at the Dirac point (energy $E=0$) will be discussed in the presence of the SOI. Our results also apply to the case of a strain-induced homogeneous pseudo-magnetic field.\cite{guineanp} Next, in Sec.~\ref{sec4} we study edge states near the boundary of a semi-infinite sample for vanishing Rashba coupling, $\lambda=0$. For weak magnetic fields, one then expects to have helical (spin-filtered) QSH edge states. Interestingly, at the Dirac point, upon increasing the magnetic field, we find that a quantum phase transition takes place between the QSH phase and a second QSH-like phase with spin-filtered edge states, considered previously by Abanin \textit{et al.},\cite{abanin} where the spin current direction is reversed. This spin current reversal should allow for an experimental detection of this quantum phase transition, on top of the obvious consequences for QH quantization rules.\cite{gus,fertig1,abanin,peres} In Sec.~\ref{sec5}, we turn to a mesoscopic waveguide geometry, where a suitable inhomogeneous magnetic field (or exchange field produced by lithographically deposited ferromagnetic films) defines the waveguide.\cite{ademarti,masir1,lambert,ghosh,haus1,luca1,luca2,ssc,heinz,luca3} We show that the SOI parameters $\Delta$ and $\lambda$ give rise to interesting spin texture of the resulting propagating chiral states in such a waveguide. Finally, we conclude in Sec.~\ref{sec6}. \section{Model and general solution} \label{sec2} \subsection{Model} \label{sec2a} Unless many-body effects are of crucial importance, the low-energy electronic properties of a graphene monolayer are well captured by two copies of a DW Hamiltonian supplemented with various terms describing SOI, (pseudo-)magnetic fields, and electrostatic potentials.\cite{review2} The wavefunction corresponds to a spinor comprising eight components, \begin{equation}\label{spinor} \Psi(x,y) = \left( \begin{array}{c} \Psi_{A \uparrow K} \\ \Psi_{B \uparrow K} \\ \Psi_{A \downarrow K}\\ \Psi_{B \downarrow K} \\ \Psi_{A \uparrow K'}\\ \Psi_{B \uparrow K'} \\ \Psi_{A \downarrow K'}\\ \Psi_{B \downarrow K'} \end{array}\right)(x,y)= e^{ik_x x} \left(\begin{array}{c} \phi^K (y) \\ \phi^{K'}(y) \end{array} \right). \end{equation} The Pauli matrices $\sigma_{i=x,y,z}$ below act in sublattice space corresponding to the two carbon atoms ($A/B$) in the basis of the honeycomb lattice, while Pauli matrices $s_i$ act in physical spin ($\uparrow,\downarrow$) space. Finally, the valley degree of freedom ($K,K'$) corresponds to the two $K$ points\cite{review2} and Pauli matrices $\tau_i$ refer to that space. Specifically, we here consider models where the mentioned extra terms in the Hamiltonian are piecewise constant along the $y$-direction and homogeneous along the $x$-axis. Consequently, the momentum $p_x$ is conserved, and we have an effectively 1D problem in terms of the four-spinors $\phi^{K,K'}(y)$. The orbital magnetic field $B_z=\epsilon B$ (with $\epsilon=\pm$ and $B\ge 0$) is expressed in terms of the vector potential ${\bf A}(x,y)$, where we choose the gauge \begin{equation}\label{vectorpotential} A_x = - \epsilon B(y-c_0),\quad A_y=0. \end{equation} Inclusion of the constant $c_0$ is necessary when connecting regions with different magnetic fields in order to make $A_x$ continuous. Assuming that the magnetic field is perpendicular to the graphene sheet, the Zeeman field couples to $s_z$ and determines the coupling constant $b= g_s \mu_B B/2$ , where $g_s\approx 2$ is the Land{\'e} factor and $\mu_B$ denotes the Bohr magneton. The full Hamiltonian then reads\cite{review2} ($e>0$) \begin{eqnarray}\nonumber H &=& v_F \left[ \sigma_x\tau_z \left( p_x + \frac{e}{c}\left( A_x +\tau_z {\cal A}_x \right) \right) + \sigma_y \left( p_y+\frac{e}{c} \tau_z {\cal A}_y \right) \right] \\ \label{ham} & +& V+ \epsilon b s_z + \frac{\lambda}{2} (\sigma_x s_y \tau_z -\sigma_y s_x)+ \Delta \sigma_z s_z \tau_z. \end{eqnarray} In Eq. (\ref{ham}) $p_x=\hbar k_x$ is the conserved momentum in the $x$-direction, while $p_y=-i \hbar \partial_y$ is still an operator. The constant $c_0$ in Eq.~\eqref{vectorpotential} can be included by shifting $p_x$, and we suppose that this shift has been carried out in the remainder of this section. The Fermi velocity is $v_F\approx 10^6$~m$/$s, while the SOI couplings $\Delta$ and $\lambda$ (both are assumed non-negative) correspond to the intrinsic and Rashba terms, respectively. In wrinkled graphene sheets the coupling $\lambda$ also captures curvature effects.\cite{huertas06} A constant electrostatic potential, $V$, has been included in Eq.~\eqref{ham}. Strain-induced forces\cite{strain} lead to a renormalization of $V$ as well as to the appearance of an effective vector potential, \[ \left( \begin{array}{c} {\cal A}_x \\ {\cal A}_y \end{array}\right) = \kappa \left(\begin{array}{c} u_{xx}-u_{yy} \\-2 u_{xy} \end{array}\right), \] expressed in terms of the in-plane strain tensor $u_{ij}$, see Ref.~\onlinecite{landau}.The constant $\kappa$ can be found in Refs.~\onlinecite{strain,ando}. As discussed by Fogler {\it et al.},\cite{fogler} in many cases it is sufficient to consider a piecewise constant strain configuration. Assuming that the $x$-axis is oriented along the zig-zag direction, strain causes only a finite but constant ${\cal A}_x$ while ${\cal A}_y=0$. This can be taken into account by simply shifting $p_x$ in this region. Below we suppose that also this shift has already been done. Estimates for ${\cal A}_x$ in terms of physical quantities can be found in Refs.~\onlinecite{strain,fogler}. The resulting pseudo-magnetic field then consists of $\delta$-barriers at the interfaces between regions of different strain. An alternative situation captured by our model is given by a constant pseudo-magnetic field, whose practical realization has been described recently.\cite{guineanp} In that case, ${\cal A}_x$ is formally identical to $A_x$ in Eq.~\eqref{vectorpotential}. Unless specified explicitly, we consider the case of constant ${\cal A}_x$ below. \subsection{Symmetries} \label{sec2aa} Let us briefly comment on the symmetries of this Hamiltonian. In position representation, the time reversal transformation is effected by the antiunitary operator\cite{footnote1} \begin{equation} {\cal T} = \tau_x (-is_y) {\cal C} \end{equation} with complex conjugation operator ${\cal C}$ and implies the relation \begin{equation}\label{trs1} {\cal T} H_\epsilon (k_x) {\cal T}^{-1} = H_{-\epsilon} (-k_x) \end{equation} for $H$ in Eq.~\eqref{ham} with $\epsilon={\rm sgn}(B_z)$. Since $H$ is diagonal in valley space, Eq.~(\ref{trs1}) implies that the Hamiltonian $H^{K'}$ near the $K'$ point is related to $H^K$ by the relation \begin{equation}\label{switch} H^{K'}_{-\epsilon} (-k_x)= s_y [ H^K_\epsilon(k_x)]^* s_y. \end{equation} By solving the eigenvalue problem at the $K$ point, we could thus obtain the eigenstates at $K'$ via Eq.~\eqref{switch}. A simpler way to achieve this goal is sketched at the end of this subsection. From now on we switch to dimensionless quantities by measuring all energies in units of the cyclotron energy $\hbar\omega_c$, where we define $\omega_c= v_F/\ell_B$. The magnetic length $\ell_B=(\hbar c/2eB)^{1/2}$ sets the unit of length. A field of 1 Tesla corresponds to $\hbar\omega_c\approx 36$~meV and $\ell_B \approx 18$~nm. Measuring $B$ in units of Tesla, we get for the Zeeman coupling $b = (g_s \mu_B B /2)/\hbar \omega_c \approx 1.6\times 10^{-3} \sqrt{ B[{\rm T}]}$. With the dimensionless coordinate \begin{equation}\label{etadef} \eta=y-2\epsilon k_x \end{equation} and the auxiliary quantities \begin{equation} \label{mudef} \mu_\pm = E-V + b \pm \Delta,\quad \nu_\pm =E-V-b\pm \Delta, \end{equation} we find the representation \begin{eqnarray}\label{det1} E-H^K_{\epsilon=+1} &=& \left( \begin{array}{cccc} \nu_- & a & 0 & 0 \\ a^\dagger & \nu_+ & i\lambda & 0\\ 0 & -i\lambda & \mu_+ & a\\ 0 & 0 & a^\dagger & \mu_- \end{array}\right) ,\\ \nonumber E-H^K_{\epsilon=-1} &=& \left( \begin{array}{cccc} \mu_- & -a^\dagger & 0 & 0 \\ -a & \mu_+ & i\lambda & 0\\ 0 & -i\lambda & \nu_+ & - a^\dagger\\ 0 & 0 & - a & \nu_- \end{array}\right). \end{eqnarray} Here we introduced the standard ladder operators \begin{equation}\label{adef} a = \frac{\eta}{2} + \partial_\eta,\quad a^\dagger= \frac{\eta}{2}-\partial_\eta, \end{equation} with $[a,a^\dagger]=1$. According to the above discussion, eigenstates at the $K'$ point for $\epsilon=\pm 1$ could be obtained from the corresponding solutions at the $K$ point with $\epsilon=\mp 1$. Alternatively, there is a simpler way to obtain the $K'$ states as follows. The 1D Hamiltonians $H^{K,K'}$ (for given $\epsilon$) can be written in dimensionless notation as \begin{eqnarray} H^K &=& -\frac{\epsilon \eta}{2} \sigma_x -i\sigma_y\partial_\eta + \Delta \sigma_z s_z +\\ &+& \frac{\lambda}{2}(\sigma_x s_y-\sigma_y s_x) + {\cal A}_x \sigma_x +\epsilon b s_z ,\\ H^{K'} &=& \frac{\epsilon \eta}{2} \sigma_x -i\sigma_y\partial_\eta - \Delta \sigma_z s_z +\\ &+& \frac{\lambda}{2}(-\sigma_x s_y-\sigma_y s_x) + {\cal A}_x \sigma_x +\epsilon b s_z. \end{eqnarray} Both Hamiltonians are therefore related by the transformation \begin{equation} H^{K'}({\cal A}_x) = \sigma_y H^K(-{\cal A}_x) \sigma_y, \end{equation} without the need to invert the real magnetic field since this is not a time reversal transformation. As a consequence, the 1D eigenstates $\phi^{K'}(\eta)$ follow from the solutions at the $K$ point by multiplying with $-i\sigma_y$ and inverting the sign of ${\cal A }_x$, \begin{equation}\label{maptokprime} \phi^{K'}(\eta,{\cal A}_x) = - i\sigma_y \phi^K(\eta,-{\cal A}_x). \end{equation} \subsection{General solution} \label{sec2b} We now determine the spinors $\phi$ solving the DW equation for energy $E$, \begin{equation} \label{schr} (E-H^K)\phi(\eta)=0, \end{equation} with $E-H^K$ in Eq.~\eqref{det1}. We construct the solution to Eq.~\eqref{schr} within a spatial region where all parameters (magnetic fields, strain, SOI, etc.) are constant but arbitrary. This general solution will be employed in later sections, where specific geometries are considered by matching wavefunctions in adjacent parts. Now Eq.~\eqref{schr} is a system of four coupled linear differential equations that admits precisely four linearly independent solutions derived in App.~\ref{appa}. In order to solve Eq.~\eqref{schr}, it is instructive to realize that the parabolic cylinder functions,\cite{abram,grad} $D_p(z)$, obey the recurrence relations \begin{equation} \label{parbol} a D_p(\eta) = p D_{p-1}(\eta), \quad a^\dagger D_p(\eta) = D_{p+1}(\eta), \end{equation} with the ladder operators $a,a^\dagger$ in Eq.~\eqref{adef}. Similar relations for $\eta\to -\eta$ or $\eta\to i\eta$ are given in App.~\ref{appa}. For given energy $E$, the order $p$ can only take one of the two values \begin{equation}\label{pdef} p = \frac12 \left[ \mu+\nu-1\pm \sqrt{(\mu+\nu-1)^2+4\lambda^2\mu_-\nu_-}\right], \end{equation} where we define [cf.~Eq.~\eqref{mudef}] \begin{eqnarray}\label{aux2} \mu&=&\mu_+\mu_-= (E-V+b)^2-\Delta^2,\\ \nonumber \nu&=&\nu_+\nu_-= (E-V-b)^2-\Delta^2. \end{eqnarray} For each of the two possible values for $p$, we then have two basis states, $\phi_p$ and $\psi_p$, which results in four linearly independent solutions. We show in App.~\ref{appa} that the (unnormalized) solution $\phi_p$ can be chosen as \begin{eqnarray}\label{sol1} \phi_{\epsilon=+1,p} &=&\left( \begin{array}{c} p D_{p-1}(-\eta) \\ \nu_- D_p(-\eta)\\ \frac{i(\nu-p)}{\lambda} D_p(-\eta)\\ \frac{ i(\nu-p)}{\lambda\mu_-} D_{p+1}(-\eta) \end{array} \right), \\ \nonumber \phi_{\epsilon=-1,p} & =& \left( \begin{array}{c} D_{p+1}(\eta) \\ \mu_- D_p(\eta) \\ \frac{i(\mu-p-1)}{\lambda} D_p(\eta)\\ \frac{i(\mu-p-1)}{\lambda\mu_-} pD_{p-1}(\eta) \end{array} \right), \end{eqnarray} while $\psi_p$ is taken in the form \begin{eqnarray}\label{sol2} \psi_{\epsilon=+1,p} & = & \left( \begin{array}{c} - i D_{-p}(-i\eta) \\ \nu_- D_{-p-1}(-i\eta)\\ \frac{i(\nu-p)}{\lambda} D_{-p-1}(-i\eta)\\ -\frac{(\nu-p)(p+1)}{\lambda\mu_-} D_{-p-2}(-i\eta) \end{array} \right), \\ \nonumber \psi_{\epsilon=-1,p} & =& \left( \begin{array}{c} i (p+1)D_{-p-2}(i\eta) \\ \mu_- D_{-p-1}(i\eta)\\ \frac{i(\mu-p-1)}{\lambda} D_{-p-1}(i\eta)\\ \frac{\mu-p-1}{\lambda\mu_-} D_{-p}(i\eta) \end{array} \right). \end{eqnarray} Next, we analyze the spatially homogeneous case. \section{Homogeneous case} \label{sec3} In this section we study an unstrained infinitely extended graphene monolayer where the magnetic field $B_z=B$ (we assume $\epsilon=+1$) and the SOI parameters $\Delta$ and $\lambda$ are constant everywhere. (The electrostatic potential $V$ just shifts all states and is set to zero here.) We are thus concerned with the relativistic Landau level structure for graphene in the presence of arbitrary SOI parameters, including also the Zeeman field $b$. This problem was solved for the special case $\Delta=b=0$ by Rashba,\cite{rashba} see also Ref.~\onlinecite{huertas09}, and below we reproduce and generalize this solution. We focus on the $K$ point only, since the spectrum and the eigenstates at the $K'$ point follow from Eqs.~\eqref{switch} and \eqref{maptokprime}. We also allow for a constant pseudo-magnetic field. When only an orbital or a strain-induced pseudo-magnetic field is present but not both, each energy level below has an additional twofold valley degeneracy. In the homogeneous case, normalizability of the spinors $\phi_p$ [Eq.~\eqref{sol1}] can only be satisfied if the order $p$ is constrained to integer values $p=-1,0,1,2,\ldots$, while the $\psi_p$ [Eq.~\eqref{sol2}] are not normalizable. Solutions for the homogeneous problem thus have to be constructed using $\phi_p$ only. Expressing the energy $E$ (we remind the reader that here all energy scales are measured in units of $\hbar \omega_c$) in terms of $p$ [Eq.~\eqref{pdef}], the sought (valley-degenerate) Landau levels follow as the roots of the quartic equation \begin{eqnarray}\nonumber && \left[ (E+b)^2 - (p+1+\Delta^2) \right] \left[(E-b)^2-(p+\Delta^2)\right]= \\ && = \label{quartic} \lambda^2 \left[ (E-\Delta)^2-b^2\right]. \end{eqnarray} For $b=\lambda=\Delta=0$ this recovers the standard relativistic spin-degenerate Landau levels,\cite{review2} $E_{\pm,n}=\pm \sqrt{n}$ for $n=1,2,3,\ldots$ (with $n=p$ for spin up and $n=p+1$ for spin down states), plus a spin-degenerate zero mode $E_0=0$ (for $p=0,-1$). We notice from Eq.~\eqref{quartic} that for $b=0$, the combination of $\Delta$ and $\lambda$ breaks particle-hole symmetry, while the two couplings individually keep it. Furthermore, zero-energy solutions are generally not possible except for special fine-tuned parameters. Eq.~\eqref{quartic} also predicts that if $E$ is a solution for the parameter set $\{p,\lambda,\Delta,b\}$ then $-E$ is a solution for the set $\{p,\lambda,-\Delta,-b\}$. The $\phi_p(\eta)$ thus represent Landau level states in the presence of SOI and Zeeman coupling. The normalization constant $1/\sqrt{{\cal N}_p}$, entering as a prefactor in Eq.~\eqref{sol1}, can be computed analytically since $D_p(z)$ can be expressed in terms of Hermite functions for integer $p$.\cite{grad} For $p=1,2,3,\ldots$, we find \begin{eqnarray}\label{norm} {\cal N}_p &=& \frac{\sqrt{2\pi} \ p !}{(\lambda\mu_-)^2} \Bigl[ (\lambda\mu_-)^2p + \\ \nonumber && \quad + \mu_-^2(\lambda^2\nu_-^2+(\nu-p)^2)+ (\nu-p)^2(p+1)\Bigr]. \end{eqnarray} Remarkably, for $p=-1$, we find the \textit{exact}\ normalized state for arbitrary system parameters, \begin{equation}\label{p-1} \phi_{-1}(\eta) = \frac{1}{(2\pi)^{1/4}} \left(\begin{array}{c} 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ D_0(-\eta) \end{array}\right), \end{equation} with the eigenvalue \begin{equation}\label{ep-1} E_{p=-1}=\Delta-b. \end{equation} This unique admissible eigenstate for $p=-1$ is endowed with full spin polarization in the $\downarrow$ direction. For $p=0$, the secular equation (\ref{quartic}) becomes effectively a cubic equation: the solution $E=\Delta+b$ (i.e., $\nu_-=0$) does not correspond to any admissible eigenstate. The three allowed states are described by \begin{eqnarray}\label{p0} \phi_{p=0}(\eta) &=& \frac{1}{\sqrt{{\cal N}_0}} \left(\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ \lambda \mu_- \nu_- D_0(-\eta)\\ i\mu_- \nu D_0(-\eta)\\ i\nu D_1(-\eta)\end{array}\right), \\ \nonumber {\cal N}_0 &=& \sqrt{2\pi} \left[\nu^2(1+\mu_-^2)+\lambda^2\mu_-^2 \nu^2_-\right]. \end{eqnarray} This includes a ``zero-mode'' partner of the $p=-1$ state, plus a pair of states obtained by mixing the spin-up $n=0$ and spin-down $n=\pm 1$ Landau orbitals via the Rashba SOI. \subsection{Rashba SOI only}\label{sec3r} For $\Delta=b=0$ but allowing for a finite Rashba SOI parameter $\lambda$, Eq.~\eqref{quartic} admits a simple solution, previously given in Ref.~\onlinecite{rashba} and briefly summarized here for completeness. For $p=-1$ we have the solution (\ref{p-1}), which now is a zero mode, while for $p=0,1,2,\ldots$, the eigenenergies are given by \begin{eqnarray}\label{rashba} E_{p,\alpha,\beta} &=& \alpha \Biggl[ \frac{1+\lambda^2}{2} + p + \\ \nonumber &+& \beta \sqrt{\left(\frac{1 +\lambda^2}{2} +p\right)^2-p(p+1)} \ \Biggr]^{1/2}, \end{eqnarray} with $\alpha,\beta=\pm$. According to our discussion above, here $E_{0,\pm,-}=0$ should be counted only once, with eigenstate $\phi_{0,\;,-}^T\propto (0,D_0(-\eta),0,-i\lambda D_1(-\eta))$, while $E_{0,\pm,+}=\pm \sqrt{1+\lambda^2}$ correspond to a particle/hole pair of first Landau levels modified by the Rashba SOI, with eigenstates $\phi_{0,\pm,+}^T \propto (0, \lambda D_0(-\eta), \pm i\sqrt{1+\lambda^2}D_0(-\eta), i D_1(-\eta))$. We thus get precisely two zero-energy states. For small $\lambda$, we find the expansion \begin{eqnarray} E_{p-1,\pm,+}&=&\pm (1+\lambda^2/2)\sqrt{p} + {\cal O}(\lambda^4),\\ E_{p,\pm,-}&=&\pm (1-\lambda^2/2)\sqrt{p} + {\cal O}(\lambda^4), \end{eqnarray} which shows that the states $E_{p,\pm,+}$ and $E_{p+1,\pm,-}$, which form a degenerate Landau level for $\lambda=0$, are split by a finite $\lambda$. \subsection{Intrinsic SOI only}\label{sec3i} Let us next consider the case $\lambda=0$, where one has a QSH phase\cite{kane} for $B=0$ and $\Delta\ne 0$. Now the Hamiltonian is block diagonal in spin space and the eigenstates become quite simple even for finite Zeeman coupling, since we can effectively work with the bi-spinors $\phi^{K,K'}_{\uparrow, \downarrow}(y)$ for spin $s=\uparrow/\downarrow=\pm$. We easily obtain the (unnormalized) eigenstates with $p\in \mathbb{N}_0$ in the form\cite{foot5} \begin{eqnarray}\label{e4ed} \phi^K_{p,\pm,s} (\eta) &= & \left( \begin{array}{c} \nu_{p,\pm,s} D_{p-1}(-\eta) \\ D_p(-\eta) \end{array} \right) , \\ \nonumber \phi^{K'}_{p,\pm,s} (y) &= & \left( \begin{array}{c} -D_p(-\eta) \\ \nu_{p,\pm,s} D_{p-1}(-\eta) \end{array} \right), \end{eqnarray} where the eigenenergies follow from Eq.~\eqref{quartic}, \begin{equation}\label{soir} E_{p,\pm,s}= s b \pm \sqrt{p+\Delta^2}. \end{equation} We employ the notation \begin{equation}\label{nudef} \nu_{p,\pm,s} \equiv E_{p,\pm,s}-E_{0,-s,s} =\pm \sqrt{p+\Delta^2} -s\Delta. \end{equation} For $p=0$, the second index in $\phi_{p,\pm,s}$ and $E_{p,\pm,s}$ should be replaced by $ -s$, i.e., there is only one solution for given spin (and valley). Note that $E_{0,+,\downarrow}$ in the present notation corresponds\cite{foot5} to the solution \eqref{p-1}. When $b=0$, interestingly enough, $\Delta$ does \textit{not}\ lift the spin degeneracy of the Landau levels except for the zero mode ($p=0$).\cite{foot2} A Zeeman term with $b=\Delta$ restores a true doubly-degenerate zero-energy state for $p=0$ again. In Sec.~\ref{sec4} we show that this implies a quantum phase transition. \subsection{General case} \label{sec3gen} Although the quartic equation (\ref{quartic}) can be solved analytically when both SOI couplings are finite, the resulting expressions are not illuminating and too lengthy to be quoted here. Only the $p=-1$ state in Eq.~\eqref{p-1} remains exact for arbitrary parameters. We here specify the leading perturbative corrections around the special cases above, and then show the generic behavior in two figures. Expanding around the Rashba limit of Sec.~\ref{sec3r}, which is justified for $b,\Delta\ll 1 $, we get the lowest-order perturbative correction to the finite-energy (i.e., $p\neq 0,-1$) Landau levels (\ref{rashba}) in the form \begin{equation} \delta E_{p,\pm,+}=-\delta E_{p,\pm,-}= \frac{(\lambda^2\Delta+b)} {\sqrt{(1+\lambda^2)^2 +4p\lambda^2 }}. \end{equation} Expanding instead around the intrinsic SOI limit of Sec.~\ref{sec3i}, we find the following small-$\lambda$ corrections to the Landau levels in Eq.~\eqref{soir}:\cite{foot5} For $p=0$, the state $E_{0,+,\downarrow}$ corresponding to the exact solution (\ref{p-1}) is not changed by $\lambda$ to any order, while $E_{0,-,\uparrow}$ obtains the lowest-order correction \[ \delta E_{0,-,\uparrow}= \frac{ 2(\Delta-b)\lambda^2}{4b(b-\Delta)+1} . \] The corresponding eigenstate is, however, not a spin-$\uparrow$ state anymore. For $p> 0$, the eigenenergy $E_{p,\pm,s}$ [Eq.~\eqref{soir}] acquires the perturbative correction \begin{widetext} \begin{equation} \delta E_{p,\pm,s} = \pm \frac{s\lambda^2}{2\sqrt{p+\Delta^2}} \frac{p+2(\Delta-s b)(\Delta\mp \sqrt{p+\Delta^2})} {1+4b\left(s b\pm \sqrt{p+\Delta^2}\right) }. \end{equation} \end{widetext} We now consider two different SOI parameter sets consistent with the estimates in Ref.~\onlinecite{franz}, and show the complete evolution of the Landau levels from the weak- to the strong-field limit. In Fig.~\ref{fig1}, numerical results for the few lowest-energy Landau levels are depicted for $\Delta>\lambda/2$, corresponding to a QSH phase for $B=0$. The (valley-degenerate) spin-split levels corresponding to the $\Delta=\lambda=b=0$ zero mode exhibit a zero-energy crossing at $B\approx 11$~T for the chosen SOI parameters. This crossing signals a quantum phase transition from the QSH phase, which survives for sufficiently small $B$ and $\Delta>\lambda/2$, to a peculiar QH phase for large $B$. As we discuss in Sec.~\ref{sec4}, one then again has helical edge states\cite{abanin} but with reversed spin current. Similar crossings can occur for higher Landau states as well, as is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig2} for a parameter set with $\Delta<\lambda/2$ where no QSH physics is expected. For even larger $B$ not displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig2}, we find an $E=0$ crossing where the Rashba-dominated small-$B$ phase turns into the helical QH phase. \begin{figure} \scalebox{0.3}{\includegraphics{f1}} \caption{\label{fig1} (Color online) Low-lying Landau level energies (in units of the cyclotron energy $\hbar \omega_c$) vs magnetic field $B$ (in Tesla) for the SOI parameters $\Delta=0.65$~meV and $\lambda=0.15$~meV. For small $B$, this corresponds to the QSH phase, $\Delta>\lambda/2$. For better visibility, the deviation from the respective $\Delta=\lambda=b=0$ level has been magnified by a factor 10 for each curve. } \end{figure} \begin{figure} \vspace{2cm} \scalebox{0.3}{\includegraphics{f2}} \caption{\label{fig2} (Color online) Same as in Fig.~{\ref{fig1}} but for $\Delta=1.5$~meV and $\lambda=6.5$~meV. } \end{figure} \subsection{Spin polarization} Given the Landau level eigenstates, it is straightforward to compute the spin-polarization densities $S_i(y) = \Psi^\dagger \frac{s_i}{2} \Psi$ ($i=x,y,z$). We find $S_x(y)=0$, while \begin{eqnarray}\label{sy} S_y(y) &=& \frac{\nu-p}{\lambda {\cal N}_p} \left( p D_{p-1} D_p + \frac{\nu_-}{\mu_-} D_p D_{p+1} \right),\\ S_z(y) &=& \frac{1}{2{\cal N}_p} \Biggl[ \nonumber p^2 D_{p-1}^2+\left( \nu_-^2-\frac{(\nu-p)^2}{\lambda^2}\right) D_p^2 \\ && -\quad\frac{(\nu-p)^2}{\lambda^2\mu_-^2} D_{p+1}^2 \Biggr] \nonumber, \end{eqnarray} where $D_p\equiv D_p(-\eta)$. In the absence of the Rashba term ($\lambda=0)$, the in-plane component $ S_y $ vanishes identically, since then the eigenstates are simultaneously eigenstates of $s_z$. For finite $\lambda$, integration over $y$ yields a vanishing expectation value for the overall in-plane polarization, but the Rashba coupling still induces {\it local}\ in-plane spin polarization. The case $\Delta=b=0$ has been discussed in detail by Rashba.\cite{rashba} \section{QH edge states for intrinsic SOI} \label{sec4} In this section, we consider the edge states corresponding to the relativistic Landau level problem in Sec.~\ref{sec3} when a boundary at $y=0$ is present. We focus on the case of purely intrinsic SOI, $\lambda=0$, but the physics should be qualitatively unchanged for $\lambda\ll \Delta$. In the region $y<0$ we then have a homogeneous magnetic field $B_z=+B$, i.e, $\epsilon=+1$. (For a pseudo-magnetic field, this holds at the $K$ point while at the $K'$ point, $B_z \to -B_z$.) Since the problem of edge states in graphene has been studied extensively before, some remarks are in order at this point. In fact, putting $\Delta=b=\lambda=0$, our results are consistent with those of Refs.~\onlinecite{fertig1,peres,kormanyos1,mont,landman} reporting chiral QH edge states in graphene. On the other hand, the $B=0$ model is equivalent to the continuum limit of the Kane-Mele model\cite{kane} and thus exhibits helical QSH edge states.\cite{qsh} (The helical state has a pair of counterpropagating 1D modes with opposite spin polarization.) The Kane-Mele model with $(\Delta,b)\ne 0$ but without orbital magnetic field has recently been studied,\cite{yang} and a quantum phase transition from a (generalized) QSH phase for $b<\Delta$ to a quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) phase for $b>\Delta$ has been predicted. It is worthwhile to stress that the QSH effect survives even when time-reversal symmetry is broken. In the QAH phase, one has chiral edge states moving in the same direction for both spin polarizations.\cite{alan} The valley analogue of this quantum phase transition has also been studied.\cite{niu} Furthermore, for the 2D topological insulator realized in HgTe quantum well structures, a related transition has been predicted\cite{tkachov} by including the orbital field but omitting the Zeeman term. However, the Zeeman term is crucial in graphene near the Dirac point: for $\Delta=0$ and $b\ne 0$, spin-filtered helical edge states (similar to the QSH case) emerge again.\cite{abanin,arikawa} Our results below show that this QSH-like phase is separated from the ``true'' QSH phase by a \textit{quantum phase transition}\ at $b=\Delta$. Albeit both phases have spin-filtered edge states, they differ in the \textit{direction}\ of the spin current. This feature should allow to experimentally distinguish both phases and to identify the quantum phase transition separating them. In practice, one may reach this transition simply by changing the magnetic field. Normalizability of the wavefunctions for $y\to -\infty$ implies\cite{abram} that the only allowed solutions follow from the $\phi_p$ spinors in Eq.~\eqref{sol1}, while the $\psi_p$ solutions [Eq.~\eqref{sol2}] have to be discarded. Since we do not have to impose normalizability at $y\to \infty$, the order $p$ is not constrained to integer values and can now take any real value consistent with suitable boundary conditions at $y=0$. For given conserved momentum $k_x$ and spin $s$, the solutions for $p$ yield the edge state spectrum, $E_s(k_x)$. Note that for finite magnetic field and $k_x<0$, the distance from the boundary is set by $\|k_x\|$. Putting $\lambda=0$, possible solutions $\phi^{K,K'}_{p,\pm,s}(y)$ must be of the form in Eq.~\eqref{e4ed}, with energy $E_{p,\pm,s}$ given by Eq.~\eqref{soir}. While $p\in \mathbb{N}_0$ in Sec.~\ref{sec3i}, we now consider arbitrary real $p$. To make progress, we have to specify boundary conditions at $y=0$. We investigate two widely used boundary conditions, namely the zig-zag edge and the armchair edge.\cite{review2,abanin,fertig,akh} \subsection{Zig-zag edge} For a zig-zag edge with the last row of carbon atoms residing on, say, sublattice $A$, the microscopic wavefunction must vanish on the next row outside the sample, belonging to sublattice $B$. In the continuum limit, since the $x$-axis here points in the zig-zag direction, the lower component of the spinor $\phi^K_{p,\pm,s}$ [Eq.~\eqref{e4ed}] has to vanish at $y=0$.\cite{abanin,fertig1} For both spin directions $s=\pm$, this yields the condition \begin{equation}\label{c1} D_p(2k_x)= 0, \end{equation} which has to be solved for the energy, expressed in terms of $p$ as $E_s=sb\pm\sqrt{p+\Delta^2}$. At the other Dirac point, the lower component of the spinor $\phi^{K'}_{p,\pm,s}$ should vanish at $y=0$, where Eq.~\eqref{maptokprime} implies the condition \begin{equation}\label{c2} \nu_{p,\pm,s} D_{p-1}(2k_x) = 0, \end{equation} with $\nu_{p,\pm,s}$ in Eq.~\eqref{nudef}. It is not possible to find simultaneous solutions to both Eqs.~\eqref{c1} and \eqref{c2}. Possible states are thus confined to a single valley: the boundary condition does not mix the valleys but lifts the $KK'$ degeneracy. Remarkably, for $s=\pm$ and arbitrary $k_x$, Eq.~\eqref{c2} is satisfied by the $K'$ solution for $p=0$ in Sec.~\ref{sec3i}, with $E_s(k_x) = s (b-\Delta)$, i.e., we find a pair of ``flat'' states. For all other states, Eq.~\eqref{c2} simplifies to condition (\ref{c1}) with $p\to p-1$ (and $K\to K'$). We mention in passing that for $\Delta=0$ this condition reduces to Eq.~(9) in Ref.~\onlinecite{landman}. Equation (\ref{c1}) can be solved in closed form for $k_x\to -\infty$ using asymptotic properties of the parabolic cylinder function. To exponential accuracy, with $n \in \nz_0$ we find \begin{equation} p = n + \frac{\|2k_x\|^{2n+1}}{\sqrt{2\pi} n!} e^{-2k_x^2}. \end{equation} Numerical analysis of the above equations recovers the expected spin-filtered helical edge states\cite{abanin} for $b>\Delta$, but the continuum approach used in this paper fails to give clear evidence for the helical QSH edge states for $b<\Delta$. As pointed out in Ref.~\onlinecite{arikawa}, under the zig-zag boundary condition one needs a more microscopic description in order to capture these states. The ``flat'' states above are remnants of the sought QSH edge states, but the continuum model is not sufficient to describe their proper dispersion relation. We therefore turn to the armchair boundary condition. \subsection{Armchair edge} Under the armchair boundary condition, we instead impose $\Psi_A^K+\Psi_A^{K'}=0$ and $\Psi_B^K+\Psi_B^{K'}=0$ at the boundary, with $\Psi$ in Eq.~\eqref{spinor}. This boundary condition mixes the valleys and involves both sublattices. Since in our coordinate system the $x$-axis is parallel to the zig-zag direction, we first rotate the system by $\pi/2$ and then impose the boundary condition at $y=0$. Written in the original coordinates, we find (for each spin direction $s$) \begin{equation}\label{c3} \nu_{p,\pm, s} D_{p-1}(2k_x) \pm D_p (2k_x) = 0. \end{equation} We note that the relative phase between the $K$ and $K'$ components is not fixed by the Dirac equation, which is diagonal in valley space. However, the only relative phase compatible with the boundary condition imposed simultaneously on both sublattices is $\pm 1$. Each of the two conditions in Eq.~\eqref{c3} may thus be imposed separately. We have checked that the numerical solution of Eq.~\eqref{c3} for $\Delta=0$ recovers the known results for the QH edge state spectrum.\cite{abanin,landman} In addition, for $B=0$, the armchair edge is known \cite{fertig,sandler} to yield QSH edge states. Our numerical results for the dispersion relation $E_{s,\pm}(k_x)$ for the armchair edge are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig3}, where $\pm$ corresponds to the symmetric or antisymmetric linear combination in Eq.~\eqref{c3} and the magnetic field is $B=15$~T. The main panel shows results for $\Delta=6$~meV. Then $\Delta>b$, and we have the (generalized) QSH phase. Indeed, for $E=0$ we find the helical edge state, where the right- (left-)mover has spin $s=\uparrow$ $(s=\downarrow)$. The inset of Fig.~\ref{fig3} is for $\Delta=0.3$~meV, where $\Delta<b$ and the spin-filtered helical QH phase\cite{abanin} is found. Here we have spin $s=\downarrow$ ($s=\uparrow$) for the right- (left-)mover. Hence the {\it spin current}\ differs in sign for $\Delta>b$ and $\Delta<b$, with a quantum phase transition at $\Delta=b$ separating both phases. This feature should allow for an experimentally observable signature of the transition. \begin{figure} \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{f3} \caption{\label{fig3} (Color online) Dispersion relation $E_{s,\pm}(k_x)$ of a semi-infinite graphene sheet with an armchair edge at $y=0$, obtained numerically from Eq.~\eqref{c3}. We use $\lambda=0$, $B=15$~T, $\Delta=6$~meV, and the $+$ ($-$) sign is for the symmetric (antisymmetric) valley combination in Eq.~\eqref{c3}. Inset: Same for $\Delta=0.3$~meV. } \end{figure} \section{Spin structure in magnetic waveguides}\label{sec5} In this section, a spatially inhomogeneous situation is considered, where a magnetic waveguide\cite{lambert,ghosh,haus1} along the $x$-direction can be realized. Since the problem remains homogeneous along the $x$-direction, $p_x=\hbar k_x$ is still conserved. For the physics described below, the Zeeman coupling $b$ gives only tiny corrections\cite{haus1} and will be neglected. Moreover, there are no valley-mixing terms such that we can focus on a single valley. We distinguish a central strip of width $2L$ (the ``waveguide"), $-L<y<L$, and two outer regions $y<-L$ and $y>L$. In the central strip, we shall allow for arbitrary SOI parameters $\Delta$ and $\lambda$. In addition, strain may cause a constant contribution to the vector potential, ${\cal A}_x$, and a scalar potential, $V$. The magnetic field in the central strip is denoted by $B_c$. For $\|y\|>L$, we assume that all strain- or SOI-related effects can be neglected, $\Delta=\lambda={\cal A}_x=V=0$. In principle, by lithographic deposition of adatoms, one may realize this configuration experimentally. For $y<-L$, the magnetic field is $B_z=B>0$, while for $y>L$, we set $B_z=\epsilon B$, where $\epsilon=1$ ($\epsilon=-1$) corresponds to the parallel (antiparallel) field orientation on both sides. For $\epsilon=-1$, we take $B_c=0$, while for $\epsilon=+1$, we set $B_c=-B$. The setup with $\epsilon=-1$ could be realized by using a ``folded'' geometry,\cite{folded,rainis} cf.~recent experimental studies.\cite{fold2} Note that when the magnetic field changes sign, one encounters ``snake orbits,'' which have been experimentally observed in graphene $pn$ junctions.\cite{snake} For the $\epsilon=-1$ configuration, we have uni-directional snake orbits mainly localized along the waveguide, while for $\epsilon=+1$, we get two counterpropagating snake states centered near $y=\pm L$. For $\Delta=\lambda={\cal A}_x=V=0$, both cases ($\epsilon=\pm 1$) have been studied in detail in Ref.~\onlinecite{ghosh}. Technically, one determines the eigenstates and the spectrum, $E(k_x)$, by matching the wavefunctions in the three different regions, which results in an energy quantization condition. This method can be straightforwardly extended to the more complex situation studied here by employing the general solution in Sec.~\ref{sec2} for the central strip. Before turning to results, we briefly summarize the parameter values chosen in numerical calculations. We take a magnetic field value $B=0.2$~T, and the waveguide width is $2L= \sqrt{8} \ell_B\approx 40$~nm. The strain-induced parameters in the central strip are taken as ${\cal A}_x= - 16 \mu$m$^{-1}$ and $V= - 20$~meV. These values have been estimated for a folded setup,\cite{rainis} where $V$ comes from the deformation potential. We consider two different parameter choices for the SOI couplings: Set (A) has $\Delta=13$~meV and $\lambda=3$~meV, corresponding to the QSH phase. For set (B), we exchange both values, i.e., $\Delta=3$~meV and $\lambda=13$~meV. \subsection{Antiparallel case: Snake orbit} Let us first discuss the $\epsilon=-1$ configuration, where the magnetic field $B_z$ differs in sign in the regions $y<-L$ and $y>L$. The dispersion relation of typical low-energy 1D waveguide modes is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig4}. For $k_x\to -\infty$ the centers of the quantum states are located deep in the left and right magnetic regions, far from the waveguide. Thus one has doubly-degenerate dispersionless ``bulk'' Landau states. With increasing $k_x$ these states are seen to split up. The dominant splitting, which is already present for $\Delta=\lambda=0$, comes from the splitting of symmetric and anti-symmetric linear combinations of the Landau states for $y<-L$ and $y>L$ with increasing overlap in the waveguide region.\cite{ghosh} Asymptotically, the dispersion relation of all positive-energy snake states is $E(k_x\to +\infty) \simeq\hbar v_F k_x$.\cite{ghosh} For intermediate $k_x$ and $(\Delta,\lambda)\ne 0$, however, we get \textit{spin-split snake states} out of the previously spin-degenerate states. The spin splitting is mainly caused by the Rashba coupling $\lambda$ and disappears for $\lambda\to 0$, cf.~the inset of Fig.~\ref{fig4}. The zero-energy bulk Landau state (for $k_x\to -\infty$) shows rich and interesting behavior in this setup. While for $k_x\to +\infty$, we expect one pair of snake states with positive slope and one pair with negative slope, for the studied parameter set and range of $k_x L$, there is just one state with negative slope while three branches first move down and then have a positive slope. Accordingly, at the Dirac point ($E=0$), Fig.~\ref{fig4} shows that there are three right-movers with different Fermi momenta and different spin texture. Two of those states are indicated by stars (*) in the main panel of Fig.~\ref{fig4} and their local spin texture is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig5}. Evidently, they are mainly localized inside the waveguide and have antiparallel spin polarization. We find spin densities with $S_x=0$ for both states. For the Rashba-dominated situation in Fig.~\ref{fig5}, spin is polarized perpendicular to the current direction and has a rather complex spatial profile. \begin{figure} \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{f4} \caption{\label{fig4} Dispersion relation of the lowest few energy branches for a strained magnetic waveguide with $\epsilon=-1$ and SOI in the central strip of width $2L$. Energies are given in units of $\hbar v_F/L$. The main panel is for parameter set (B). The stars refer to the states further studied in Fig.~\ref{fig5}. Inset: Same for set (A). (See main text for details.) } \end{figure} \begin{figure} \vspace{2cm} \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{f5} \caption{\label{fig5} (Color online) Spin density profile $S_{y,z}$ (in arbitrary units) vs $y/L$ for the two $E=0$ right-moving states indicated by stars in the main panel of Fig.~\ref{fig4}. The left star corresponds to $k_xL=1.745$, the right star to $k_x L=2.629$. Inset: Particle density, $\rho$, and current density, $J_x$ (which is the only non-vanishing component), in arbitrary units vs $y/L$. We show the result only for $k_x L=1.745$, since $k_x L=2.629$ yields practically the same. } \end{figure} \subsection{Parallel configuration} Next we come to the $\epsilon=+1$ configuration, where the magnetic field is $+B$ for $\|y\|>L$ and $-B$ for $\|y\|<L$. One therefore expects two counterpropagating snake states in the $x$-direction localized around $y=\pm L$. The corresponding spectrum is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig6}. We focus on parameter set (B), since for set (A), the spin splitting is minimal and less interesting. The spectrum consists of two qualitatively different states, namely states of bulk Landau character for large $\|k_x\| L$, and a set of propagating waveguide modes.\cite{ghosh} The spectral asymmetry seen in Fig.~\ref{fig6} for all propagating modes, $E(-k_x)\ne E(k_x)$, is caused by the strain (${\cal A}_x$)-induced shift of $k_x$. Such a spectral asymmetry may give rise to interesting chirality and magnetoasymmetry effects.\cite{tsvelik} The spin texture is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig7} for a pair of right- and left-moving states with $E=1.2 \hbar v_F/L$, cf.~the stars in Fig.~\ref{fig6}. We observe from the main panel in Fig.~\ref{fig7} that the spin polarization of both states is approximately antiparallel. Because of their spatial separation and the opposite spin direction, elastic disorder backscattering between these counterpropagating snake modes should be very strongly suppressed. The inset of Fig.~\ref{fig7} shows the current density profile across the waveguide. Although the profile is quite complex, we observe that the current has opposite sign for both modes. \begin{figure} \vspace{2cm} \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{f6} \caption{\label{fig6} Same as Fig.~\ref{fig4} but for the setup with $\epsilon=+1$ and parameter set (B). Solid and dashed curves are for better visibility only. The two states indicated by stars are studied in Fig.~\ref{fig7}. } \end{figure} \begin{figure} \vspace{2cm} \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{f7} \caption{\label{fig7} (Color online) Spin density $S_{y,z}$ (in arbitrary units) vs $y/L$ for the two states indicated by stars in Fig.~\ref{fig6}. The left (right) star corresponds to a left- (right-)mover with $k_x L=-1.46$ ($k_x L =2.83$). Note that the spin polarizations of both states are approximately antiparallel. Inset: Particle current profile $J_x$ (in arbitrary units) vs $y/L$ for both states. Black solid curve: $k_x L=2.83$. Dashed red curve: $k_x L=-1.46$. } \end{figure} \section{Concluding remarks} \label{sec6} In this work, we have studied the magnetoelectronic properties of monolayer graphene in the presence of strong intrinsic and Rashba-type spin-orbit couplings. According to a recent proposal,\cite{franz} large intrinsic couplings may be realized by suitable adatom deposition on graphene. We have presented an exact solution for the Landau level states for arbitrary SOI parameters. When the intrinsic SOI dominates, by increasing the magnetic field, we predict a quantum phase transition from the quantum spin Hall phase to a helical quantum Hall phase at the Dirac point. In both phases, one has spin-filtered edge states but with opposite spin current direction. Thus the transition could be detected by measuring the spin current either in a transport experiment (e.g., along the lines of Ref. \onlinecite{tombros}) or via a magneto-optical experiment. In inhomogeneous magnetic fields, especially when also strain-induced pseudo-magnetic fields are present, interesting waveguides can be envisioned. Such setups allow for snake states, where spin-orbit couplings result in a spin splitting. In a double-snake setup, there is a pair of counterpropagating snake states that carry (approximately) opposite spin polarization. This implies that scattering by elastic impurities is drastically suppressed. The resulting spin textures can in principle be detected by spin resolved ARPES (see, e.g., Refs. \onlinecite{dedkov} and \onlinecite{bostwick}) or spin-polarized STM measurements. We hope that our predictions can soon be tested experimentally. \acknowledgments We acknowledge financial support by the DFG programs SPP 1459 and SFB TR 12.
Михајло Подољак, советник на украинскиот претседател Володимир Зеленски, денеска најави дека се можни преговори за завршување на војната, но со новиот претседател на Русија. Добивај вести на вибер Let’s conclude the basis. 1. There is no point in negotiating with those who “dance on bones” — Putin and his entourage. The price of their words has a negative value. 2. Negotiations are possible, but with the new president of Russia. Which will assess reality more adequately. — Михайло Подоляк (@Podolyak_M) October 1, 2022 „Нема смисла да се преговара со оние кои танцуваат по коски – Путин и неговата придружба. Нивните зборови немаат вредност“, напиша Подољак денеска на Твитер. „Преговори се можни, но со новиот претседател на Русија кој ќе може поадекватно да ја процени реалната ситуација“, додаде тој.
From subreddit linux: Here are the top 10 distros on distrowatch: * Ubuntu - this is the distro I would have recommended up to 10.10 when it still had gnome2, now I wouldn't even dream about recommending a system with unity. * Mint - I heard a lot of good things about this. Mainly that it actually tries to make the user experience better than ubuntu's. * Fedora - No, too buggy for a desktop distro. focuses only on free software, makes it hard to install mp3 support, flash support, even chrome/chromium requires fiddling. * Debian - This is more stable than fedora and provides a decent user experience, but again, it doesn't focus as much on convenience as it does on software freedom. * openSUSE - haven't tried this in a while, but I've heard this project has been doing well recently, especially on the usability side. * Arch - nope, have them install another distro before trying this * PCLinuxOS - I've heard good things, but never tried it * CentOS - stable os, if they are fine with usable but old software, this might be a good alternative to debian, though it does suffer from the same convenience problem as fedora. * Puppy - never tried it seriously, imo this is a nice concept, but not as a full desktop experience * Mandriva - heard good things, haven't tried it at all recently
Q: What is the next dialog turn? Dialog: [+] What was the city of Glendale, California like in terms of ethnic groups?; [+] Alice Petrossian, the GUSD director of intercultural education, stated that Burbank lies within the middle of other Armenian communities, so it attracted Armenians.; [+] What other ethnic groups were present?; [+] There are also a great number of Armenian immigrants from Iran who, due to the religious restrictions and lifestyle limitations of the Islamic government, immigrated to the US, many to Glendale since it was where their relatives resided.; [+] Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?; [+] A new headquarters of the Armenian National Committee/Western Region opened in 1994.; [+] What other ethnic groups were present?; [+] A: By 1999, about 25% of the population spoke Armenian and there were many Armenian businesses.
With libretti for operas, cantatas, serenatas, oratorios, dialogues, and passions, and including non-Italian works performed in translation in Italy, it is one of the most important such collections in the United States. The Kraus Collection includes the first libretto printed in Italy, Ottavio Rinuccini's (1562-1621) La Dafne (1600), as well as his L'Euridice from the same year. These and other libretti, such as the 1749 libretto for Handel's Susanna, offer the possibility of research on language use, symbolism, and censorship, as well as the study of historical and political changes, the effects of which are reflected in the libretti. The earliest item in the collection is the libretto by Ottavio Rinuccini for La Dafne, performed in 1598, published in Florence in 1600, and generally considered to be the first opera. Also included is the first edition of Rinuccini's L'Euridice, produced in Florence in 1600 for the marriage of Henry IV of France and Maria de' Medici, and the earliest opera for which the music survives. Noted librettists represented in the collection in addition to Rinuccini are Apostolo Zeno, Pietro Metastasio, and Arrigo Boito. Composers include Giuseppe Verdi, Domenico Cimarosa, Giovanni Paisiello, Gaetano Donizetti, and Gioacchino Rossini.
The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission extended workplace protections under the Americans with Disabilities Act to cover discrimination based on genetic information. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was signed into law on July 26, 1990. Its purpose is to provide equal opportunity for individuals with disabilities. In 1995, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), issued a modification on the definition of "disability". It stated that the ADA would protect individuals subjected to discrimination on the "basis of genetic information relating to illness, disease or other disorders". As an example, the guidance stated that a person with a genetic test showing a predisposition for colon cancer would be protected under the ADA if, based on the predisposition, an employer regards the person as having a disability and discriminates against him or her because of that perception. Rothenberg, K., Fuller, B., Rothstein, M., Duster, T., Ellis Kahn, M.J., Cunningham, R., Fine B. Genetic information and the workplace: legislative approaches and policy challenges. Science, 275:1755-7. 1997. [Full Text] Last Updated: May 9, 2013
Presidential Proclamation: National School Lunch Week “No child should have to learn on an empty stomach,” is the opening line of the Presidential Proclamation in which President Obama declared the week of October 10 through 16, 2010, as National School Lunch Week. The National School Lunch Program (NSLP), a federally assisted meal program that operates in schools and child care institutions, is the largest of the Child Nutrition Programs administered by the United States Department of Agriculture. Each year, to raise awareness of the importance of the National School Lunch Program, the School Nutrition Association (SNA) helps schools celebrate with an official theme that changes every year. This year’s theme is “School Lunch – What’s on Your Tray?” By visiting www.WhatsOnYourTray.org students can take a personality quiz to reveal which of the site’s cool cartoon characters fit their personality and what healthy foods are best to keep them energized throughout the school day. This interactive campaign aims to inspire students to get excited about healthy school lunch choices. The National School Lunch Program prevents hunger for 31 million students daily and promotes education by enabling children to have access to nutritiously balanced and affordable meals at school. The Congress, by joint resolution of October 9, 1962 (Public Law 87-780), as amended, has designated the week beginning on the second Sunday in October each year as "National School Lunch Week," and has requested the President to issue a proclamation in observance of this week. The Children's Aid Society of New York introduced many progressive programs in its sites that today are commonplace. In 1853, Children’s Aid started its free school lunch program for destitute children, the only one of its kind in the United States at that time.

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