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American settlers, many of whom were slave owners, had been moving to Texas since the 1820s, when the region was still controlled by Spain. After Mexican independence, the country outlawed slavery, but the American settlers resisted the Mexican government's authority. In 1836, they rebelled and won independence for Texas. They requested that the United States annex the new nation shortly thereafter, but adding another slave state to the Union was politically dangerous for the administration at that time. So Texas remained an independent nation until 1845. In 1845, Democratic President James K. Polk took office. Now, Polk was an ardent expansionist. | The Mexican-American War AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
They requested that the United States annex the new nation shortly thereafter, but adding another slave state to the Union was politically dangerous for the administration at that time. So Texas remained an independent nation until 1845. In 1845, Democratic President James K. Polk took office. Now, Polk was an ardent expansionist. He was a believer in Manifest Destiny, this idea that God wanted the United States to expand across the North American continent. Polk wanted to annex Texas, which his administration undertook immediately. He also desperately wanted California, which was a hub of commerce on the Pacific Ocean. | The Mexican-American War AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Now, Polk was an ardent expansionist. He was a believer in Manifest Destiny, this idea that God wanted the United States to expand across the North American continent. Polk wanted to annex Texas, which his administration undertook immediately. He also desperately wanted California, which was a hub of commerce on the Pacific Ocean. This is actually before gold was discovered there. So Polk sent a representative to the Mexican government offering to buy California, but Mexico said California was not for sale. Now, Polk was determined to get this territory with blood or money, so he came up with an alternate plan. | The Mexican-American War AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
He also desperately wanted California, which was a hub of commerce on the Pacific Ocean. This is actually before gold was discovered there. So Polk sent a representative to the Mexican government offering to buy California, but Mexico said California was not for sale. Now, Polk was determined to get this territory with blood or money, so he came up with an alternate plan. The border between Mexico and Texas was under dispute, so Polk directed General Zachary Taylor to go down into this disputed territory and provoke hostilities, and that's exactly what happened when the Mexican cavalry attacked Taylor's forces. As far as Mexico was concerned, Taylor's troops were invading their country, and they had no choice but to defend it. Despite Polk's war message saying that American blood had been shed on American soil, many US politicians were also skeptical about who started the war and where. | The Mexican-American War AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Now, Polk was determined to get this territory with blood or money, so he came up with an alternate plan. The border between Mexico and Texas was under dispute, so Polk directed General Zachary Taylor to go down into this disputed territory and provoke hostilities, and that's exactly what happened when the Mexican cavalry attacked Taylor's forces. As far as Mexico was concerned, Taylor's troops were invading their country, and they had no choice but to defend it. Despite Polk's war message saying that American blood had been shed on American soil, many US politicians were also skeptical about who started the war and where. A young Whig congressman from Illinois named Abraham Lincoln demanded that Polk show him the exact spot where American blood had been shed. The war that ensued was longer, costlier, and deadlier than the US government had estimated, which is often the case with wars. At its conclusion, Polk had achieved his vision for Manifest Destiny. | The Mexican-American War AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Despite Polk's war message saying that American blood had been shed on American soil, many US politicians were also skeptical about who started the war and where. A young Whig congressman from Illinois named Abraham Lincoln demanded that Polk show him the exact spot where American blood had been shed. The war that ensued was longer, costlier, and deadlier than the US government had estimated, which is often the case with wars. At its conclusion, Polk had achieved his vision for Manifest Destiny. In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war, the United States agreed to pay Mexico $15 million, and in exchange, Mexico ceded Texas, California, and most of the modern-day Southwest to the United States. So where were the effects of this war? Well, the addition of this Mexican Cession territory had far-reaching consequences for both the United States and the residents of the West. | The Mexican-American War AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
At its conclusion, Polk had achieved his vision for Manifest Destiny. In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war, the United States agreed to pay Mexico $15 million, and in exchange, Mexico ceded Texas, California, and most of the modern-day Southwest to the United States. So where were the effects of this war? Well, the addition of this Mexican Cession territory had far-reaching consequences for both the United States and the residents of the West. The existing residents of the territory, including Mexicans, Native Americans, and the descendants of Spanish colonists, found that life under the rule of the United States could be very different than under the rule of Mexico. Where Mexican law had abolished slavery and prescribed equality under the law for people regardless of color, the Texas Constitution permitted slavery and denied civil rights to non-white residents. For other residents of the territory, life didn't change much at all. | The Mexican-American War AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Well, the addition of this Mexican Cession territory had far-reaching consequences for both the United States and the residents of the West. The existing residents of the territory, including Mexicans, Native Americans, and the descendants of Spanish colonists, found that life under the rule of the United States could be very different than under the rule of Mexico. Where Mexican law had abolished slavery and prescribed equality under the law for people regardless of color, the Texas Constitution permitted slavery and denied civil rights to non-white residents. For other residents of the territory, life didn't change much at all. Huge swaths of the West were actually controlled by Native American nations, like the Comanche Empire, which didn't care whether the distant government who claimed their territory on paper was located in Mexico City or in Washington, D.C. For the United States government, the addition of this new territory was political kryptonite. Both Northerners and Southerners were convinced that the opposite region was conspiring to limit their economic opportunities in the West. During the war, Congressman David Wilmot of Pennsylvania introduced a resolution in the House that would prohibit slavery in any territory gained from the conflict. | The Mexican-American War AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
For other residents of the territory, life didn't change much at all. Huge swaths of the West were actually controlled by Native American nations, like the Comanche Empire, which didn't care whether the distant government who claimed their territory on paper was located in Mexico City or in Washington, D.C. For the United States government, the addition of this new territory was political kryptonite. Both Northerners and Southerners were convinced that the opposite region was conspiring to limit their economic opportunities in the West. During the war, Congressman David Wilmot of Pennsylvania introduced a resolution in the House that would prohibit slavery in any territory gained from the conflict. The reaction to the Wilmot Proviso showed just how big the sectional divide in the country was becoming, since party lines broke down entirely. Northerners, Whig and Democrat alike, voted for the Wilmot Proviso, and Southerners, Whig and Democrat alike, voted against it. Ultimately, the Proviso passed in the House, but was defeated in the Senate. | The Mexican-American War AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
As we go into January of 1918, let's remind ourselves of the context, the background that's going on, especially relative to World War I. First of all, in April of 1917, so a lot of the context is what happened in 1917, you have the US declares war on Germany, and the main argument they give is this unrestricted submarine warfare that the Germans are undertaking. You also have the fall of the Russian Empire. You have essentially the revolution that overthrows the Tsar in February-March of 1917, and then in October, you have the Bolsheviks take over in a coup. Now, this essentially, the Bolsheviks, once they take over, they have no interest in terms of continuing the war with Germany. So you have an armistice declared, and the Russians are in the process of negotiating the terms of a treaty with the central powers. So they're kind of negotiating the Brest-Litovsk Treaty as we speak. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
You have essentially the revolution that overthrows the Tsar in February-March of 1917, and then in October, you have the Bolsheviks take over in a coup. Now, this essentially, the Bolsheviks, once they take over, they have no interest in terms of continuing the war with Germany. So you have an armistice declared, and the Russians are in the process of negotiating the terms of a treaty with the central powers. So they're kind of negotiating the Brest-Litovsk Treaty as we speak. Now, on top of that, you have, because the central powers don't have to focus on Russia on the Eastern Front anymore, they're trying to bring their, especially Germany is trying to bring its troops back to the Western Front, and they want to do it before the U.S. can mobilize in any significant way. So race on Western Front. Essentially, can Germany get its troops and do an offensive that can put probably France out of the war before the U.S. has a chance to significantly reinforce the Western Front? | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
So they're kind of negotiating the Brest-Litovsk Treaty as we speak. Now, on top of that, you have, because the central powers don't have to focus on Russia on the Eastern Front anymore, they're trying to bring their, especially Germany is trying to bring its troops back to the Western Front, and they want to do it before the U.S. can mobilize in any significant way. So race on Western Front. Essentially, can Germany get its troops and do an offensive that can put probably France out of the war before the U.S. has a chance to significantly reinforce the Western Front? So this is essentially between German redeployed troops from the Eastern Front versus new American troops. So this is the backdrop. No one really knew what exactly was going to happen on the Western Front. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
Essentially, can Germany get its troops and do an offensive that can put probably France out of the war before the U.S. has a chance to significantly reinforce the Western Front? So this is essentially between German redeployed troops from the Eastern Front versus new American troops. So this is the backdrop. No one really knew what exactly was going to happen on the Western Front. Certain military analysts would say, well, Germany was able to prosecute this two-front war against a major empire in Russia. Now that they're going to be able to focus completely on the Western Front, Germany might be able to kind of deal the decisive blow. Others would say, well, look, the U.S., it's this emerging power. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
No one really knew what exactly was going to happen on the Western Front. Certain military analysts would say, well, Germany was able to prosecute this two-front war against a major empire in Russia. Now that they're going to be able to focus completely on the Western Front, Germany might be able to kind of deal the decisive blow. Others would say, well, look, the U.S., it's this emerging power. It's bringing fresh troops in. It has a major industrial capacity. The U.S. could, especially if the war were to last a good bit, the U.S. might be the decisive element for the Allies. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
Others would say, well, look, the U.S., it's this emerging power. It's bringing fresh troops in. It has a major industrial capacity. The U.S. could, especially if the war were to last a good bit, the U.S. might be the decisive element for the Allies. So that's the background in which President Woodrow Wilson, on January of 1918, January 8th, gives a speech to the joint sessions of Congress. This is a part of the text of the speech. I'm just going to read through it. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
The U.S. could, especially if the war were to last a good bit, the U.S. might be the decisive element for the Allies. So that's the background in which President Woodrow Wilson, on January of 1918, January 8th, gives a speech to the joint sessions of Congress. This is a part of the text of the speech. I'm just going to read through it. I'm not going to read the entire speech. He talks about many things, essentially why are we in World War I, what is the moral causes of World War I. The speech is most famous for his articulation of the 14 points. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
I'm just going to read through it. I'm not going to read the entire speech. He talks about many things, essentially why are we in World War I, what is the moral causes of World War I. The speech is most famous for his articulation of the 14 points. So let's just read into it because it really informs a lot of what happened in the Treaty of Versailles, which is essentially the peace treaty with Germany, which the U.S., ironically, did not ratify. But it also kind of lays out the tension in the Paris Peace Conferences after World War I between those who were more idealistic, like Woodrow Wilson, and those who might have been a little bit more vengeful, especially against the central powers. So here we go. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
The speech is most famous for his articulation of the 14 points. So let's just read into it because it really informs a lot of what happened in the Treaty of Versailles, which is essentially the peace treaty with Germany, which the U.S., ironically, did not ratify. But it also kind of lays out the tension in the Paris Peace Conferences after World War I between those who were more idealistic, like Woodrow Wilson, and those who might have been a little bit more vengeful, especially against the central powers. So here we go. This is part of the speech. We entered this war because violations of right had occurred, which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own people impossible, unless they were corrected and the world secured once for all against their occurrence. What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
So here we go. This is part of the speech. We entered this war because violations of right had occurred, which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own people impossible, unless they were corrected and the world secured once for all against their occurrence. What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in. This is very idealistic. Remember, all these other, especially these European powers, are all about who gets what land, who gets what empire, who gets to kind of take advantage of whatever colony, and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation, which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, and be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world, as against force and selfish aggression. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in. This is very idealistic. Remember, all these other, especially these European powers, are all about who gets what land, who gets what empire, who gets to kind of take advantage of whatever colony, and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation, which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, and be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world, as against force and selfish aggression. All the peoples of the world are, in effect, partners in this interest, and for our own part, we see very clearly that unless justice be done to others, it will not be done to us. The program of the world's peace, therefore, is our program. And that program, the only possible program, all we see it is this. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
Remember, all these other, especially these European powers, are all about who gets what land, who gets what empire, who gets to kind of take advantage of whatever colony, and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation, which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, and be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world, as against force and selfish aggression. All the peoples of the world are, in effect, partners in this interest, and for our own part, we see very clearly that unless justice be done to others, it will not be done to us. The program of the world's peace, therefore, is our program. And that program, the only possible program, all we see it is this. And these are his 14 points, and I'll try to kind of give some context for each of them. So the first is open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind, and diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. And the context here is actually after the Bolsheviks took over, they started releasing all these secret covenants and understandings that the Russian Empire had been getting into, and a lot of, we've already talked about all the entanglements and the alliances that led to World War I, and so this is Wilson's attempt to say, hey, look, let's just do everything out in the open. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And that program, the only possible program, all we see it is this. And these are his 14 points, and I'll try to kind of give some context for each of them. So the first is open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind, and diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. And the context here is actually after the Bolsheviks took over, they started releasing all these secret covenants and understandings that the Russian Empire had been getting into, and a lot of, we've already talked about all the entanglements and the alliances that led to World War I, and so this is Wilson's attempt to say, hey, look, let's just do everything out in the open. That'll let everyone kind of know, give more transparency, what may or may not occur based on their actions. Number two, absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. So no more of these British blockades, no more of this unrestricted submarine warfare. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And the context here is actually after the Bolsheviks took over, they started releasing all these secret covenants and understandings that the Russian Empire had been getting into, and a lot of, we've already talked about all the entanglements and the alliances that led to World War I, and so this is Wilson's attempt to say, hey, look, let's just do everything out in the open. That'll let everyone kind of know, give more transparency, what may or may not occur based on their actions. Number two, absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. So no more of these British blockades, no more of this unrestricted submarine warfare. The only time we could kind of dictate what happens in open waters is if it's the international community trying to decide that it wants to enforce international covenants. Number three, the removal of all economic barriers and the establishment of equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. So essentially free trade. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
So no more of these British blockades, no more of this unrestricted submarine warfare. The only time we could kind of dictate what happens in open waters is if it's the international community trying to decide that it wants to enforce international covenants. Number three, the removal of all economic barriers and the establishment of equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. So essentially free trade. Number four, adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. So he's trying to undo some of this militarism, this buildup of arms that helped start the world, essentially allowed World War I to happen with the ferocity that it did and the quickness with which it did. Number five, a free, open-minded and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty, the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
So essentially free trade. Number four, adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. So he's trying to undo some of this militarism, this buildup of arms that helped start the world, essentially allowed World War I to happen with the ferocity that it did and the quickness with which it did. Number five, a free, open-minded and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty, the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. So this is a big deal that probably did not make the British or the French happy. This is essentially saying, look, self-determination, the people who are in those nations, in those states, their interests matter just as much. So a free, open-minded, absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
Number five, a free, open-minded and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty, the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. So this is a big deal that probably did not make the British or the French happy. This is essentially saying, look, self-determination, the people who are in those nations, in those states, their interests matter just as much. So a free, open-minded, absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims. So this is a pretty big deal. Remember, we're kind of exiting this period of empires. Most of the European powers still think that these international empires are essentially part of their prestige. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
So a free, open-minded, absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims. So this is a pretty big deal. Remember, we're kind of exiting this period of empires. Most of the European powers still think that these international empires are essentially part of their prestige. Number six, the evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing. This is still one sentence, and then he doesn't even put a period there, semicolon, and I guess he had to read it himself. And more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
Most of the European powers still think that these international empires are essentially part of their prestige. Number six, the evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing. This is still one sentence, and then he doesn't even put a period there, semicolon, and I guess he had to read it himself. And more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come, remember, they're negotiating with the central powers on Brest-Litovsk, to come will be the acid test of their goodwill, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from her own interests and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. So it's saying, look, I mean, Wilson doesn't know whether the allies or the central powers are going to win on the Western front, but they know that the central powers are dictating terms to Russia with Brest-Litovsk. It's like, look, this is going to be a test of your goodwill, of your comprehension of the needs of this kind of newly emerging state now that the Bolsheviks have taken over. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come, remember, they're negotiating with the central powers on Brest-Litovsk, to come will be the acid test of their goodwill, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from her own interests and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. So it's saying, look, I mean, Wilson doesn't know whether the allies or the central powers are going to win on the Western front, but they know that the central powers are dictating terms to Russia with Brest-Litovsk. It's like, look, this is going to be a test of your goodwill, of your comprehension of the needs of this kind of newly emerging state now that the Bolsheviks have taken over. Obviously at this point you don't have the antagonism between the U.S. and the future Soviet Union that is going to emerge. They're saying, look, give Russia a chance to kind of be herself. Number seven, Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
It's like, look, this is going to be a test of your goodwill, of your comprehension of the needs of this kind of newly emerging state now that the Bolsheviks have taken over. Obviously at this point you don't have the antagonism between the U.S. and the future Soviet Union that is going to emerge. They're saying, look, give Russia a chance to kind of be herself. Number seven, Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. And so this is kind of obvious, Belgium, when the Germans rolled through Belgium, that's how they got to France. It was a justification that Great Britain used for entering the war. So look, get out of Belgium. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
Number seven, Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. And so this is kind of obvious, Belgium, when the Germans rolled through Belgium, that's how they got to France. It was a justification that Great Britain used for entering the war. So look, get out of Belgium. Number eight, all French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly 50 years, should be righted in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. So Alsace-Lorraine, we've touched on it several times. That's this region right over here. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
So look, get out of Belgium. Number eight, all French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly 50 years, should be righted in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. So Alsace-Lorraine, we've touched on it several times. That's this region right over here. It was taken by Germany, essentially the unification of Germany during the Franco-Prussian War. This was a mineral-rich region. This was one of the justifications. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
That's this region right over here. It was taken by Germany, essentially the unification of Germany during the Franco-Prussian War. This was a mineral-rich region. This was one of the justifications. This was why France might have gone into a war with Germany and why Germany almost wanted to be preemptive against France because they said, hey, France might want to take some of that territory back. Nine, a readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. Hey, where do people speak Italian? | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
This was one of the justifications. This was why France might have gone into a war with Germany and why Germany almost wanted to be preemptive against France because they said, hey, France might want to take some of that territory back. Nine, a readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. Hey, where do people speak Italian? Number 10, the peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development. So this is another big deal. It's another breaking up of an empire. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
Hey, where do people speak Italian? Number 10, the peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development. So this is another big deal. It's another breaking up of an empire. It's another self-determination point of the 14 points. Austria-Hungary, we've already said it was an empire. It included many, many, many nationalities. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
It's another breaking up of an empire. It's another self-determination point of the 14 points. Austria-Hungary, we've already said it was an empire. It included many, many, many nationalities. You have the Czechs right around there. You have the Slovaks right around there. You have the Austrians, German-speaking people, right over there. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
It included many, many, many nationalities. You have the Czechs right around there. You have the Slovaks right around there. You have the Austrians, German-speaking people, right over there. You have the Hungarians roughly over there. You have the Slovenians roughly over there. You have the Croatians roughly over there. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
You have the Austrians, German-speaking people, right over there. You have the Hungarians roughly over there. You have the Slovenians roughly over there. You have the Croatians roughly over there. You have the Bosnians roughly over there. And you have many, many other nationalities, especially as you get closer to the border with Romania and the border with the Ukraine. It's like let these people determine, let them determine their own fate to some degree. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
You have the Croatians roughly over there. You have the Bosnians roughly over there. And you have many, many other nationalities, especially as you get closer to the border with Romania and the border with the Ukraine. It's like let these people determine, let them determine their own fate to some degree. There are all these nationalities. So that was number 10, the freest opportunity to autonomous development. And he's not saying that they necessarily need their own states but that they should have the opportunity to kind of self-govern in some way. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
It's like let these people determine, let them determine their own fate to some degree. There are all these nationalities. So that was number 10, the freest opportunity to autonomous development. And he's not saying that they necessarily need their own states but that they should have the opportunity to kind of self-govern in some way. Number 11, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated, occupied territories restored. Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly council along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality. And international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered to. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And he's not saying that they necessarily need their own states but that they should have the opportunity to kind of self-govern in some way. Number 11, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated, occupied territories restored. Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly council along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality. And international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered to. And so this is kind of laying the groundwork for the future state of Yugoslavia, which is going to be roughly over there. This is kind of the state of the southern Slavs, which was the whole motivation by Gravillo Princip for kind of assassinating Archduke Ferdinand, which some would argue was kind of the spark that lit World War I. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities, which are now under Turkish rule, should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered to. And so this is kind of laying the groundwork for the future state of Yugoslavia, which is going to be roughly over there. This is kind of the state of the southern Slavs, which was the whole motivation by Gravillo Princip for kind of assassinating Archduke Ferdinand, which some would argue was kind of the spark that lit World War I. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities, which are now under Turkish rule, should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development. Once again, self-determination. And the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. So the Dardanelles, we've talked about it before. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities, which are now under Turkish rule, should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development. Once again, self-determination. And the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. So the Dardanelles, we've talked about it before. That's this right over here, so that you have access between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea. And we are almost there. So then you have an independent Polish state should be erected, which should include the territories inhabited by the indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
So the Dardanelles, we've talked about it before. That's this right over here, so that you have access between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea. And we are almost there. So then you have an independent Polish state should be erected, which should include the territories inhabited by the indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. So Poland did not exist as its own state prior to World War I. Now you have Woodrow Wilson is advocating it, and it will be carved out roughly of this area right over there. Then finally, finally, point 14. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
So then you have an independent Polish state should be erected, which should include the territories inhabited by the indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. So Poland did not exist as its own state prior to World War I. Now you have Woodrow Wilson is advocating it, and it will be carved out roughly of this area right over there. Then finally, finally, point 14. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. So this is essentially the point that leads to the formation of the League of Nations. And this is a, when we talk about big ideas, this is a big idea, especially back then. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
Then finally, finally, point 14. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. So this is essentially the point that leads to the formation of the League of Nations. And this is a, when we talk about big ideas, this is a big idea, especially back then. You have this Europe that keeps getting into wars with each other. Hey, why don't we all cooperate at this kind of meta level, and we have this club of all of the nations to kind of resolve disputes and make sure that we don't have another World War I. So very, very, very big, very, very big idealistic idea. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And this is a, when we talk about big ideas, this is a big idea, especially back then. You have this Europe that keeps getting into wars with each other. Hey, why don't we all cooperate at this kind of meta level, and we have this club of all of the nations to kind of resolve disputes and make sure that we don't have another World War I. So very, very, very big, very, very big idealistic idea. It gets formed during the treaty or as an outcome of the Treaty of Versailles, which is drafted during the Paris Peace Conferences after World War I. The unfortunate thing of the League of Nations is that even though this was kind of the idea, it was coming from Woodrow Wilson, the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations was not ratified by the U.S. So the U.S. never entered the League of Nations, which kind of made it a little bit hollow. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
So very, very, very big, very, very big idealistic idea. It gets formed during the treaty or as an outcome of the Treaty of Versailles, which is drafted during the Paris Peace Conferences after World War I. The unfortunate thing of the League of Nations is that even though this was kind of the idea, it was coming from Woodrow Wilson, the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations was not ratified by the U.S. So the U.S. never entered the League of Nations, which kind of made it a little bit hollow. And the League of Nations did not have the power to stop World War II from happening only a few decades later, and it would later be replaced by the United Nations. But this is a really, really, really, really, really big idea. And because of these big ideas, Woodrow Wilson, these very idealistic ideas, I mean, everyone in Europe is talking about territory and imperialism and how do they take control of other people, take control of their resources. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
So the U.S. never entered the League of Nations, which kind of made it a little bit hollow. And the League of Nations did not have the power to stop World War II from happening only a few decades later, and it would later be replaced by the United Nations. But this is a really, really, really, really, really big idea. And because of these big ideas, Woodrow Wilson, these very idealistic ideas, I mean, everyone in Europe is talking about territory and imperialism and how do they take control of other people, take control of their resources. And now you have the American president say, look, it's all about self-determination. It's about making the world safe for democracy, safe for commerce, about open agreement. So it's a very powerful idea, and this would kind of form the basis, kind of the more idealistic side of American foreign policy over the 20th century. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And because of these big ideas, Woodrow Wilson, these very idealistic ideas, I mean, everyone in Europe is talking about territory and imperialism and how do they take control of other people, take control of their resources. And now you have the American president say, look, it's all about self-determination. It's about making the world safe for democracy, safe for commerce, about open agreement. So it's a very powerful idea, and this would kind of form the basis, kind of the more idealistic side of American foreign policy over the 20th century. Some would say that there's another very cynical side that takes into account self-interest. But this is the idealistic side of American foreign policy, especially through the 20th century. And for this, for his work in this area, Woodrow Wilson wins the Nobel Prize a few years later. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
So it's a very powerful idea, and this would kind of form the basis, kind of the more idealistic side of American foreign policy over the 20th century. Some would say that there's another very cynical side that takes into account self-interest. But this is the idealistic side of American foreign policy, especially through the 20th century. And for this, for his work in this area, Woodrow Wilson wins the Nobel Prize a few years later. So this right here is a picture of what the Nobel Prize looks like, both sides of it. Now, and just to kind of foreshadow some of the tension as we get into the Paris Peace Conference, not everyone was as idealistic. You obviously have these European powers who bled much harder than the Americans did, although the Americans did contribute significant cost or troops to the effort, and they lost many, many, many folks. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And for this, for his work in this area, Woodrow Wilson wins the Nobel Prize a few years later. So this right here is a picture of what the Nobel Prize looks like, both sides of it. Now, and just to kind of foreshadow some of the tension as we get into the Paris Peace Conference, not everyone was as idealistic. You obviously have these European powers who bled much harder than the Americans did, although the Americans did contribute significant cost or troops to the effort, and they lost many, many, many folks. But obviously, if you're French, you had these Germans on your territory. You lost a significant fraction of your population, a huge fraction of your male population. You might be a little bit angrier. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
You obviously have these European powers who bled much harder than the Americans did, although the Americans did contribute significant cost or troops to the effort, and they lost many, many, many folks. But obviously, if you're French, you had these Germans on your territory. You lost a significant fraction of your population, a huge fraction of your male population. You might be a little bit angrier. And so, of course, you have Georges Clemenceau, who was the prime minister of France, and he was a little bit more skeptical of the 14 points. This is a quote from him. He actually has many slightly entertaining quotes. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
You might be a little bit angrier. And so, of course, you have Georges Clemenceau, who was the prime minister of France, and he was a little bit more skeptical of the 14 points. This is a quote from him. He actually has many slightly entertaining quotes. Mr. Wilson bores me with his 14 points. Why God Almighty has only 10. And this will kind of foreshadow some of the tension between Clemenceau and the British and kind of the European allies on one side and the Americans as we go into the Paris Peace Conference. | Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
Steel, electricity, and the telephone allowed railroads to crisscross the country, skyscrapers to rise out of cities, factories to hum along long after sunset, and business transactions to take place instantly over hundreds of miles. This was the time when the United States began its transition from a nation of rural farmers to a nation of city-dwelling factory workers. So at a glance, the Gilded Age seems like a time of radical change for the country. But as historians, how can we tell just how much change really occurred from 1865 to 1898? One way we can do this is to track over time what changed and what stayed the same from the beginning of the Gilded Age to its end. Historians call this process examining continuity and change over time. When we study history, it's important to look at continuities or things that continued on the same as they were before, because it's really easy to focus on how one aspect of society really transformed during a certain period of time, and then forget to account for the fact that almost everything else didn't change at all. | Continuity and change in the Gilded Age Period 6 1865-1898 AP US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
But as historians, how can we tell just how much change really occurred from 1865 to 1898? One way we can do this is to track over time what changed and what stayed the same from the beginning of the Gilded Age to its end. Historians call this process examining continuity and change over time. When we study history, it's important to look at continuities or things that continued on the same as they were before, because it's really easy to focus on how one aspect of society really transformed during a certain period of time, and then forget to account for the fact that almost everything else didn't change at all. But it would be practically impossible to track the changes in every aspect of society. So let's dial in on a few areas. Since the major transformations came through technology and business in this time period, and those are both aspects of work, I'm curious about how the kind of work that people did and the way that they did it changed over the course of the Gilded Age. | Continuity and change in the Gilded Age Period 6 1865-1898 AP US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
When we study history, it's important to look at continuities or things that continued on the same as they were before, because it's really easy to focus on how one aspect of society really transformed during a certain period of time, and then forget to account for the fact that almost everything else didn't change at all. But it would be practically impossible to track the changes in every aspect of society. So let's dial in on a few areas. Since the major transformations came through technology and business in this time period, and those are both aspects of work, I'm curious about how the kind of work that people did and the way that they did it changed over the course of the Gilded Age. And since I know that cities grew a lot during this time period, let's also look at changes in living patterns, where people migrated to and from, and how they lived. I'm also curious about the extent to which these changes in work and living patterns affected the major ideas and culture of the time. Did people's beliefs about society change much during the Gilded Age, or was the culture of the United States at the end of the 19th century pretty much the same as it was at the end of the Civil War? | Continuity and change in the Gilded Age Period 6 1865-1898 AP US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
Since the major transformations came through technology and business in this time period, and those are both aspects of work, I'm curious about how the kind of work that people did and the way that they did it changed over the course of the Gilded Age. And since I know that cities grew a lot during this time period, let's also look at changes in living patterns, where people migrated to and from, and how they lived. I'm also curious about the extent to which these changes in work and living patterns affected the major ideas and culture of the time. Did people's beliefs about society change much during the Gilded Age, or was the culture of the United States at the end of the 19th century pretty much the same as it was at the end of the Civil War? So let's look at the major trends in each of these areas at the beginning and the end of this time period, so we can try to answer the question, how much change did industrialization really bring during the Gilded Age? By the way, I'm not gonna go into a whole lot of detail on these trends, because we're doing a really big overview of the Gilded Age here. So if you find that you're not familiar with something that comes up, just make a note of it, and you can look it up when you have time. | Continuity and change in the Gilded Age Period 6 1865-1898 AP US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
Did people's beliefs about society change much during the Gilded Age, or was the culture of the United States at the end of the 19th century pretty much the same as it was at the end of the Civil War? So let's look at the major trends in each of these areas at the beginning and the end of this time period, so we can try to answer the question, how much change did industrialization really bring during the Gilded Age? By the way, I'm not gonna go into a whole lot of detail on these trends, because we're doing a really big overview of the Gilded Age here. So if you find that you're not familiar with something that comes up, just make a note of it, and you can look it up when you have time. Okay, first, let's compare the changes in work and business from 1865 to 1898. Well, in 1865, the United States was still primarily a nation of farmers, although there were a good number of people in the North and the West who worked in mills and mines and on railroads. Many African Americans had transitioned from working as slave laborers on plantations in the South to working as sharecroppers, where they would work portions of plantations in return for a pretty measly share of the profits. | Continuity and change in the Gilded Age Period 6 1865-1898 AP US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
So if you find that you're not familiar with something that comes up, just make a note of it, and you can look it up when you have time. Okay, first, let's compare the changes in work and business from 1865 to 1898. Well, in 1865, the United States was still primarily a nation of farmers, although there were a good number of people in the North and the West who worked in mills and mines and on railroads. Many African Americans had transitioned from working as slave laborers on plantations in the South to working as sharecroppers, where they would work portions of plantations in return for a pretty measly share of the profits. In fact, most work in the United States was segregated by race. It was pretty uncommon for whites, African Americans, Chinese laborers, or Mexican American laborers to work side by side anywhere. In terms of the way businesses were organized, the Civil War had sowed some initial seeds of business consolidation. | Continuity and change in the Gilded Age Period 6 1865-1898 AP US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
Many African Americans had transitioned from working as slave laborers on plantations in the South to working as sharecroppers, where they would work portions of plantations in return for a pretty measly share of the profits. In fact, most work in the United States was segregated by race. It was pretty uncommon for whites, African Americans, Chinese laborers, or Mexican American laborers to work side by side anywhere. In terms of the way businesses were organized, the Civil War had sowed some initial seeds of business consolidation. The industrial might that had helped the North win the Civil War made it easy for some large companies to begin turning natural resources into infrastructure. How did that compare to the state of work in 1898? Well, there were still plenty of farmers and sharecroppers, although the mechanization of agriculture in the late 19th century had a negative effect on many farmers, sending them to the city looking for work. | Continuity and change in the Gilded Age Period 6 1865-1898 AP US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
In terms of the way businesses were organized, the Civil War had sowed some initial seeds of business consolidation. The industrial might that had helped the North win the Civil War made it easy for some large companies to begin turning natural resources into infrastructure. How did that compare to the state of work in 1898? Well, there were still plenty of farmers and sharecroppers, although the mechanization of agriculture in the late 19th century had a negative effect on many farmers, sending them to the city looking for work. By the end of the century, more people worked for someone else for wages than worked for themselves for the first time in American history. A lot of this factory growth was driven by new business practices, like mass production on the assembly line, which broke complex tasks down into tiny steps so that no one required much training to work in a factory, a process known as de-skilling. Women and children began working in factories as well, but as at the beginning of the Gilded Age, workplaces still tended to be racially segregated. | Continuity and change in the Gilded Age Period 6 1865-1898 AP US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
Well, there were still plenty of farmers and sharecroppers, although the mechanization of agriculture in the late 19th century had a negative effect on many farmers, sending them to the city looking for work. By the end of the century, more people worked for someone else for wages than worked for themselves for the first time in American history. A lot of this factory growth was driven by new business practices, like mass production on the assembly line, which broke complex tasks down into tiny steps so that no one required much training to work in a factory, a process known as de-skilling. Women and children began working in factories as well, but as at the beginning of the Gilded Age, workplaces still tended to be racially segregated. And by the end of the 19th century, businesses had undergone major consolidation, often using monopolistic practices to dominate industries and fix prices and wages. In response, many workers began to organize labor unions, but they had pretty limited success. So overall, I would say that industrialization led to some pretty major changes in the world of work. | Continuity and change in the Gilded Age Period 6 1865-1898 AP US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
Women and children began working in factories as well, but as at the beginning of the Gilded Age, workplaces still tended to be racially segregated. And by the end of the 19th century, businesses had undergone major consolidation, often using monopolistic practices to dominate industries and fix prices and wages. In response, many workers began to organize labor unions, but they had pretty limited success. So overall, I would say that industrialization led to some pretty major changes in the world of work. Although work generally remained segregated and the process of transitioning from farms to factories wasn't entirely complete, during the Gilded Age, there was a huge shift towards unskilled wage work and big corporations. Next, let's look at living and migration patterns. In 1865, only about 20% of the population lived in cities. | Continuity and change in the Gilded Age Period 6 1865-1898 AP US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
So overall, I would say that industrialization led to some pretty major changes in the world of work. Although work generally remained segregated and the process of transitioning from farms to factories wasn't entirely complete, during the Gilded Age, there was a huge shift towards unskilled wage work and big corporations. Next, let's look at living and migration patterns. In 1865, only about 20% of the population lived in cities. Most of the migrants to cities were Irish and German immigrants coming from Northern and Western Europe. Most African Americans continued to live in the South in the immediate aftermath of the Civil War, and the cities themselves had pockets of density and poverty like New York City's Five Points neighborhood, but they weren't yet incredibly crowded. What about in 1898? | Continuity and change in the Gilded Age Period 6 1865-1898 AP US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
In 1865, only about 20% of the population lived in cities. Most of the migrants to cities were Irish and German immigrants coming from Northern and Western Europe. Most African Americans continued to live in the South in the immediate aftermath of the Civil War, and the cities themselves had pockets of density and poverty like New York City's Five Points neighborhood, but they weren't yet incredibly crowded. What about in 1898? Well, the percentage of the population living in cities nearly doubled, up to 40%. Several cities grew to more than one million people for the first time during the Gilded Age. And who was coming to the cities changed as well. | Continuity and change in the Gilded Age Period 6 1865-1898 AP US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
What about in 1898? Well, the percentage of the population living in cities nearly doubled, up to 40%. Several cities grew to more than one million people for the first time during the Gilded Age. And who was coming to the cities changed as well. Political and economic trouble at home led many Southern and Eastern Europeans to head for the factories in American cities, and African Americans also began to slowly trickle northward in order to escape sharecropping and Jim Crow. This massive influx of people meant that cities were very dense, and many people had to crowd into tenements, unsafe, unventilated, ramshackle apartment buildings. In 1900, the Lower East Side of Manhattan was the most densely populated neighborhood in the world. | Continuity and change in the Gilded Age Period 6 1865-1898 AP US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
And who was coming to the cities changed as well. Political and economic trouble at home led many Southern and Eastern Europeans to head for the factories in American cities, and African Americans also began to slowly trickle northward in order to escape sharecropping and Jim Crow. This massive influx of people meant that cities were very dense, and many people had to crowd into tenements, unsafe, unventilated, ramshackle apartment buildings. In 1900, the Lower East Side of Manhattan was the most densely populated neighborhood in the world. So I would say that industrialization also led to quite the transformation in living and migration patterns. The factory jobs available in American cities drew new people to them from all over the country and the world, and also changed the standards of living. Last, let's map the changes and continuities in prominent cultural ideas over the course of the Gilded Age. | Continuity and change in the Gilded Age Period 6 1865-1898 AP US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
In 1900, the Lower East Side of Manhattan was the most densely populated neighborhood in the world. So I would say that industrialization also led to quite the transformation in living and migration patterns. The factory jobs available in American cities drew new people to them from all over the country and the world, and also changed the standards of living. Last, let's map the changes and continuities in prominent cultural ideas over the course of the Gilded Age. Although there are lots of different ideas and forms of cultural expression we could talk about, I'm gonna focus on ideas about the economy and race and immigration, since those are so closely tied to the other two categories of analysis we've got here. Immediately after the Civil War, there was an intense push in Congress and in the North to ensure racial equality for African Americans, with the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. There was also a very strong nativist or anti-immigrant sentiment among white native-born Protestants, who especially objected to the immigration of Irish Catholics. | Continuity and change in the Gilded Age Period 6 1865-1898 AP US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
Last, let's map the changes and continuities in prominent cultural ideas over the course of the Gilded Age. Although there are lots of different ideas and forms of cultural expression we could talk about, I'm gonna focus on ideas about the economy and race and immigration, since those are so closely tied to the other two categories of analysis we've got here. Immediately after the Civil War, there was an intense push in Congress and in the North to ensure racial equality for African Americans, with the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. There was also a very strong nativist or anti-immigrant sentiment among white native-born Protestants, who especially objected to the immigration of Irish Catholics. As far as the economy went, there were many people who argued in favor of laissez-faire economics, that the government should engage in little to no regulation of the market. That was pretty much the prevailing government approach of the day. All right, how does that compare to 1898? | Continuity and change in the Gilded Age Period 6 1865-1898 AP US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
There was also a very strong nativist or anti-immigrant sentiment among white native-born Protestants, who especially objected to the immigration of Irish Catholics. As far as the economy went, there were many people who argued in favor of laissez-faire economics, that the government should engage in little to no regulation of the market. That was pretty much the prevailing government approach of the day. All right, how does that compare to 1898? Well, unlike in the immediate post-war period, racial equality for African Americans had been abandoned as a mainstream idea with the rise of Jim Crow and rulings like the 1896 Supreme Court case Plessy versus Ferguson, which approved segregation. Nativism was also still a force in American life, and it had even intensified thanks to the flawed racial pseudoscience known as Social Darwinism, which suggested that people who were in high positions in society, both in terms of race and wealth, belonged there because they were the fittest. But there were a few reformers who were beginning to question the effects of industrialization, like settlement house founder Jane Addams or early muckraker Jacob Rees. | Continuity and change in the Gilded Age Period 6 1865-1898 AP US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
All right, how does that compare to 1898? Well, unlike in the immediate post-war period, racial equality for African Americans had been abandoned as a mainstream idea with the rise of Jim Crow and rulings like the 1896 Supreme Court case Plessy versus Ferguson, which approved segregation. Nativism was also still a force in American life, and it had even intensified thanks to the flawed racial pseudoscience known as Social Darwinism, which suggested that people who were in high positions in society, both in terms of race and wealth, belonged there because they were the fittest. But there were a few reformers who were beginning to question the effects of industrialization, like settlement house founder Jane Addams or early muckraker Jacob Rees. So in terms of ideas and culture, it looks like there was actually more continuity than change over the course of the Gilded Age. There may even have been an overall regression in ideas about race and immigration in this time period. There were a few efforts to soften the pains of industrialization and urbanization, but they weren't yet widespread. | Continuity and change in the Gilded Age Period 6 1865-1898 AP US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
But there were a few reformers who were beginning to question the effects of industrialization, like settlement house founder Jane Addams or early muckraker Jacob Rees. So in terms of ideas and culture, it looks like there was actually more continuity than change over the course of the Gilded Age. There may even have been an overall regression in ideas about race and immigration in this time period. There were a few efforts to soften the pains of industrialization and urbanization, but they weren't yet widespread. Let's return to our question then and see if we can formulate a thesis statement to address the extent to which industrialization brought change from 1865 to 1898. From the evidence we've gathered, I'd say that the technological and business advancements of the Second Industrial Revolution brought enormous changes to the ways that people lived and worked in the United States, transforming the country from a rural farming nation to an urban industrial one. But the major ideas about immigration, race, and the economy didn't change as much. | Continuity and change in the Gilded Age Period 6 1865-1898 AP US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
We've been discussing the American Civil War, which lasted from 1861 until 1865. It was the deadliest conflict in all of American history, in which about 620,000 Americans lost their lives. We briefly went over the very end of the war, as Grant caught up to Lee at Appomattox, and Lee surrendered, and then Confederate sympathizer, and sometimes spy, John Wilkes Booth, assassinated American President Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was followed in office by Andrew Johnson, who will preside over Reconstruction. But now that we've talked about the progress of war, from the first fighting at Fort Sumter in April of 1861, to the last surrenders in November of 1865, I'd like to take just a few minutes to contemplate what some of the bigger issues that the Civil War raises are in American history, and what impact will it have on the future of American life. Well, certainly one of the most important things, if not the most important thing, to come out of the Civil War is the end of slavery. You know, before the Civil War, before the 1850s, your average white American who lived in, say, Pennsylvania or Kentucky probably wasn't very fond of slavery, but probably wouldn't have gone out of his or her way to take a stand against it. | Big takeaways from the Civil War (2).mp3 |
Lincoln was followed in office by Andrew Johnson, who will preside over Reconstruction. But now that we've talked about the progress of war, from the first fighting at Fort Sumter in April of 1861, to the last surrenders in November of 1865, I'd like to take just a few minutes to contemplate what some of the bigger issues that the Civil War raises are in American history, and what impact will it have on the future of American life. Well, certainly one of the most important things, if not the most important thing, to come out of the Civil War is the end of slavery. You know, before the Civil War, before the 1850s, your average white American who lived in, say, Pennsylvania or Kentucky probably wasn't very fond of slavery, but probably wouldn't have gone out of his or her way to take a stand against it. I think Lincoln himself was very representative of this view, in that he hated slavery, but he thought that he had no right to interfere with it, and he mostly just wanted to make sure that slave owners couldn't bring enslaved people out west to take lands from what he saw as hardworking, deserving, poor whites. By the end of the Civil War, no one could argue that African Americans, especially in the North, did not deserve citizenship. Throughout the Civil War, African Americans proved their importance to the nation time and time again, especially through their military service in units like the 54th Massachusetts, for example. | Big takeaways from the Civil War (2).mp3 |
You know, before the Civil War, before the 1850s, your average white American who lived in, say, Pennsylvania or Kentucky probably wasn't very fond of slavery, but probably wouldn't have gone out of his or her way to take a stand against it. I think Lincoln himself was very representative of this view, in that he hated slavery, but he thought that he had no right to interfere with it, and he mostly just wanted to make sure that slave owners couldn't bring enslaved people out west to take lands from what he saw as hardworking, deserving, poor whites. By the end of the Civil War, no one could argue that African Americans, especially in the North, did not deserve citizenship. Throughout the Civil War, African Americans proved their importance to the nation time and time again, especially through their military service in units like the 54th Massachusetts, for example. And so, for the approximately four and a half million enslaved people who lived in the South, they now had their freedom. And the story of what happens to these people who have been freed from bondage is perhaps the most interesting and important story of American history. Does all men are created equal mean all men and women are created equal? | Big takeaways from the Civil War (2).mp3 |
Throughout the Civil War, African Americans proved their importance to the nation time and time again, especially through their military service in units like the 54th Massachusetts, for example. And so, for the approximately four and a half million enslaved people who lived in the South, they now had their freedom. And the story of what happens to these people who have been freed from bondage is perhaps the most interesting and important story of American history. Does all men are created equal mean all men and women are created equal? That is the question that will occupy the nation in one way or another, up until the present, really. Another major important takeaway from the Civil War is that the Civil War represented a movement in the United States from a union of states to a nation. And you can even see how Abraham Lincoln's thinking on this changes over the course of the war. | Big takeaways from the Civil War (2).mp3 |
Does all men are created equal mean all men and women are created equal? That is the question that will occupy the nation in one way or another, up until the present, really. Another major important takeaway from the Civil War is that the Civil War represented a movement in the United States from a union of states to a nation. And you can even see how Abraham Lincoln's thinking on this changes over the course of the war. He starts to even use the word nation more and more. Throughout the early part of the history of the United States, you see this balance of power between states and between the federal government really shifting all of the time. You see things like the nullification crisis in the 1830s when South Carolina said, we don't like this tariff. | Big takeaways from the Civil War (2).mp3 |
And you can even see how Abraham Lincoln's thinking on this changes over the course of the war. He starts to even use the word nation more and more. Throughout the early part of the history of the United States, you see this balance of power between states and between the federal government really shifting all of the time. You see things like the nullification crisis in the 1830s when South Carolina said, we don't like this tariff. We think that as a state, the union is composed out of the consent of the individual states and therefore the state has the right to nullify a law it doesn't agree with. The same sort of situation happened in 1860 over slavery. The southern states believed that Lincoln would outlaw slavery and thought that it would be more important to secede as a group of states protecting, in their words, their states' rights than to be subject to the laws of the nation. | Big takeaways from the Civil War (2).mp3 |
You see things like the nullification crisis in the 1830s when South Carolina said, we don't like this tariff. We think that as a state, the union is composed out of the consent of the individual states and therefore the state has the right to nullify a law it doesn't agree with. The same sort of situation happened in 1860 over slavery. The southern states believed that Lincoln would outlaw slavery and thought that it would be more important to secede as a group of states protecting, in their words, their states' rights than to be subject to the laws of the nation. Well, the Civil War ends that kind of thinking. In fact, you even see it from how people write the name of this country. Frequently, it might have been said before the Civil War, these United States. | Big takeaways from the Civil War (2).mp3 |
The southern states believed that Lincoln would outlaw slavery and thought that it would be more important to secede as a group of states protecting, in their words, their states' rights than to be subject to the laws of the nation. Well, the Civil War ends that kind of thinking. In fact, you even see it from how people write the name of this country. Frequently, it might have been said before the Civil War, these United States. It's a group of states that are united. After the Civil War, it becomes the United States. One nation, indivisible. | Big takeaways from the Civil War (2).mp3 |
Frequently, it might have been said before the Civil War, these United States. It's a group of states that are united. After the Civil War, it becomes the United States. One nation, indivisible. And so, this is the moment when the federal government really begins to grow. During wartime, the North had to really organize as a nation to provide resources for their populace and for the soldiers. And so, the president gained powers that he had never had before. | Big takeaways from the Civil War (2).mp3 |
One nation, indivisible. And so, this is the moment when the federal government really begins to grow. During wartime, the North had to really organize as a nation to provide resources for their populace and for the soldiers. And so, the president gained powers that he had never had before. And the federal bureaucracy itself grew a great deal. And you're going to see this throughout the 20th century, really up until the 1970s, that the federal government in the United States is going to have more and more power. A third important takeaway from the Civil War is that during the Civil War, the North industrialized to produce all of the goods and material that the North needed to succeed. | Big takeaways from the Civil War (2).mp3 |
And so, the president gained powers that he had never had before. And the federal bureaucracy itself grew a great deal. And you're going to see this throughout the 20th century, really up until the 1970s, that the federal government in the United States is going to have more and more power. A third important takeaway from the Civil War is that during the Civil War, the North industrialized to produce all of the goods and material that the North needed to succeed. They built factories and railroads. And those factories and railroads and all the rest of the impressive engineering that went into winning the war is then going to be turned toward making an industrial behemoth in the post-war era. So, a lot of things that started during the Civil War in terms of national industrialization really carry on in the post-war era known as the Gilded Age that help the United States become the world's premier industrial power and later, based on that industrial power, one of the world's premier political powers. | Big takeaways from the Civil War (2).mp3 |
A third important takeaway from the Civil War is that during the Civil War, the North industrialized to produce all of the goods and material that the North needed to succeed. They built factories and railroads. And those factories and railroads and all the rest of the impressive engineering that went into winning the war is then going to be turned toward making an industrial behemoth in the post-war era. So, a lot of things that started during the Civil War in terms of national industrialization really carry on in the post-war era known as the Gilded Age that help the United States become the world's premier industrial power and later, based on that industrial power, one of the world's premier political powers. Another thing that is not often talked about with the Civil War is the growing role of women in the United States polity. You know, in the American Civil War, at first, it was very taboo for a woman of good birth to go and become a nurse. But as the war progressed, that kind of Victorian thinking, believing that a woman belonged only to a very feminine and domestic sphere of life, really had to fade away in the face of the reality that women needed to play a role in the war. | Big takeaways from the Civil War (2).mp3 |
So, a lot of things that started during the Civil War in terms of national industrialization really carry on in the post-war era known as the Gilded Age that help the United States become the world's premier industrial power and later, based on that industrial power, one of the world's premier political powers. Another thing that is not often talked about with the Civil War is the growing role of women in the United States polity. You know, in the American Civil War, at first, it was very taboo for a woman of good birth to go and become a nurse. But as the war progressed, that kind of Victorian thinking, believing that a woman belonged only to a very feminine and domestic sphere of life, really had to fade away in the face of the reality that women needed to play a role in the war. In the North, women became nurses. They helped to chair the American Sanitary Commission, which was one of the key hospital groups of the time period. And in the South, many women also really took over the running of family farms. | Big takeaways from the Civil War (2).mp3 |
But as the war progressed, that kind of Victorian thinking, believing that a woman belonged only to a very feminine and domestic sphere of life, really had to fade away in the face of the reality that women needed to play a role in the war. In the North, women became nurses. They helped to chair the American Sanitary Commission, which was one of the key hospital groups of the time period. And in the South, many women also really took over the running of family farms. As white men went away, white women, poorer white women, for example, would be in charge of a farm themselves. A white woman who belonged to a slave-owning family herself would then have charge of enslaved people. So women took a much more leading role during the Civil War. | Big takeaways from the Civil War (2).mp3 |
And in the South, many women also really took over the running of family farms. As white men went away, white women, poorer white women, for example, would be in charge of a farm themselves. A white woman who belonged to a slave-owning family herself would then have charge of enslaved people. So women took a much more leading role during the Civil War. After the Civil War, some of that falls away. In fact, there's a really difficult moment in the movement for women's rights when, in 1870, the 15th Amendment granted African American men the right to vote, but not women. And so the women's movement will take some time to regroup in the late 19th century. | Big takeaways from the Civil War (2).mp3 |
So women took a much more leading role during the Civil War. After the Civil War, some of that falls away. In fact, there's a really difficult moment in the movement for women's rights when, in 1870, the 15th Amendment granted African American men the right to vote, but not women. And so the women's movement will take some time to regroup in the late 19th century. But the Civil War, like many later wars, brought women outside the home. And after the war, they were not anxious to go back there. They became involved in many charitable organizations, often known as social housekeeping, as women do more and more things outside the home, which will eventually grow into the women's movement of the early 20th century and lead to women getting the right to vote. | Big takeaways from the Civil War (2).mp3 |
And so the women's movement will take some time to regroup in the late 19th century. But the Civil War, like many later wars, brought women outside the home. And after the war, they were not anxious to go back there. They became involved in many charitable organizations, often known as social housekeeping, as women do more and more things outside the home, which will eventually grow into the women's movement of the early 20th century and lead to women getting the right to vote. This is just a small sampling of some of the major impacts that the Civil War had on the United States. Often when we think about United States history, we think about it cutting off at the Civil War. Most college courses or high school courses are organized. | Big takeaways from the Civil War (2).mp3 |
They became involved in many charitable organizations, often known as social housekeeping, as women do more and more things outside the home, which will eventually grow into the women's movement of the early 20th century and lead to women getting the right to vote. This is just a small sampling of some of the major impacts that the Civil War had on the United States. Often when we think about United States history, we think about it cutting off at the Civil War. Most college courses or high school courses are organized. The US before the Civil War and the US after the Civil War, as it's a really defining moment in our nation's history for these reasons and for many others. The United States entered the Civil War, a loose union of states divided by territory and beliefs, and exited the Civil War a single nation, modern, industrial, peopled by an incredibly diverse range of citizens from all over the world. In other words, after the Civil War, the United States will really come into its own, and that's because the Civil War was the moment when the United States grew up. | Big takeaways from the Civil War (2).mp3 |
Most college courses or high school courses are organized. The US before the Civil War and the US after the Civil War, as it's a really defining moment in our nation's history for these reasons and for many others. The United States entered the Civil War, a loose union of states divided by territory and beliefs, and exited the Civil War a single nation, modern, industrial, peopled by an incredibly diverse range of citizens from all over the world. In other words, after the Civil War, the United States will really come into its own, and that's because the Civil War was the moment when the United States grew up. The United States in 1870 looked a lot more like the year 1900 than it did the year 1860. The 13th Amendment and later the 14th and 15th Amendments ruled that people of African descent were citizens of the United States. Remember beforehand, enslaved people in the South counted for only 3 5ths of a person, and that person couldn't vote, move freely, or own his or her own labor, not to mention their own life. | Big takeaways from the Civil War (2).mp3 |
In other words, after the Civil War, the United States will really come into its own, and that's because the Civil War was the moment when the United States grew up. The United States in 1870 looked a lot more like the year 1900 than it did the year 1860. The 13th Amendment and later the 14th and 15th Amendments ruled that people of African descent were citizens of the United States. Remember beforehand, enslaved people in the South counted for only 3 5ths of a person, and that person couldn't vote, move freely, or own his or her own labor, not to mention their own life. The Civil War decided once and for all that everyone born in the United States was a United States citizen. But what citizenship really meant for African Americans, for women, for Native Americans and immigrants, even for whites, was still something that would be hammered out through the rest of the 19th century and the 20th. After the Civil War, the old problems of sectional tension and states' rights were put to rest, but they were replaced by new problems, problems of modern America, industrialization, poverty, immigration. | Big takeaways from the Civil War (2).mp3 |
And so you can imagine it is quite complex. My goal in this video is to start giving us a survey, an overview of the war, and I won't even be able to cover it all in this video. It's really just to think about how did things get started or what happened in the lead up. And to start, I'm actually going to focus on Asia and the Pacific, which probably doesn't get enough attention when we look at things from a Western point of view. But if we go back even to the early 1900s, Japan is becoming more and more militaristic, more and more nationalistic. In the early 1900s, it had already occupied Korea as of 1910. And in 1931, it invades Manchuria. | Beginning of World War II The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And to start, I'm actually going to focus on Asia and the Pacific, which probably doesn't get enough attention when we look at things from a Western point of view. But if we go back even to the early 1900s, Japan is becoming more and more militaristic, more and more nationalistic. In the early 1900s, it had already occupied Korea as of 1910. And in 1931, it invades Manchuria. It invades Manchuria. So this right over here, this is in 1931, and it installs a puppet state, the puppet state of Manchukuo. And when we call something a puppet state, it means that there's a government there and they kind of pretend to be in charge, but they're really controlled like a puppet by someone else. | Beginning of World War II The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And in 1931, it invades Manchuria. It invades Manchuria. So this right over here, this is in 1931, and it installs a puppet state, the puppet state of Manchukuo. And when we call something a puppet state, it means that there's a government there and they kind of pretend to be in charge, but they're really controlled like a puppet by someone else. And in this case, it is the Empire of Japan. And we need to remember what is happening in China in the 1930s. China is embroiled in a civil war. | Beginning of World War II The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And when we call something a puppet state, it means that there's a government there and they kind of pretend to be in charge, but they're really controlled like a puppet by someone else. And in this case, it is the Empire of Japan. And we need to remember what is happening in China in the 1930s. China is embroiled in a civil war. So there is a civil war going on in China. And that civil war is between the nationalists, the Kuomintang, and the communists versus the communists. The communists led by Mao Tse-Tung, the Kuomintang led by General Chiang Kai-shek. | Beginning of World War II The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
China is embroiled in a civil war. So there is a civil war going on in China. And that civil war is between the nationalists, the Kuomintang, and the communists versus the communists. The communists led by Mao Tse-Tung, the Kuomintang led by General Chiang Kai-shek. And so they're in the midst of the civil war, and so you can imagine Imperial Japan is taking advantage of this to take more and more control over parts of China. And that continues through the 30s until we get to 1937. And in 1937, the Japanese use some pretext with kind of a false flag, kind of a, well, I won't go into the depths of what started it, kind of this Marco Polo Bridge incident. | Beginning of World War II The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
The communists led by Mao Tse-Tung, the Kuomintang led by General Chiang Kai-shek. And so they're in the midst of the civil war, and so you can imagine Imperial Japan is taking advantage of this to take more and more control over parts of China. And that continues through the 30s until we get to 1937. And in 1937, the Japanese use some pretext with kind of a false flag, kind of a, well, I won't go into the depths of what started it, kind of this Marco Polo Bridge incident. But it uses that as justifications to kind of have an all-out war with China. So in 1937, you have all-out war, and this is often referred to as the Second Sino-Japanese War. Sino-Japanese War. | Beginning of World War II The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And in 1937, the Japanese use some pretext with kind of a false flag, kind of a, well, I won't go into the depths of what started it, kind of this Marco Polo Bridge incident. But it uses that as justifications to kind of have an all-out war with China. So in 1937, you have all-out war, and this is often referred to as the Second Sino-Japanese War. Sino-Japanese War. Many historians actually would even consider this the beginning of World War II, while some of them say, okay, this is the beginning of the Asian theater of World War II, of the all-out war between Japan and China, but it isn't until Germany invades Poland in 1939 that you truly have the formal beginning, so to speak, of World War II. Regardless of whether you consider this a formal beginning or not, the Second Sino-Japanese War, it's called the Second because there was another Sino-Japanese War in the late 1800s that was called the First Sino-Japanese War. This is incredibly, incredibly brutal and incredibly bloody, a lot of civilians affected. | Beginning of World War II The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
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