Regr/period range large value/issue 36430
#  Checklist

- [x] closes #36430 
- [x] tests added / passed
- [x] passes `black pandas`
- [x] passes `git diff upstream/master -u -- "*.py" | flake8 --diff`
- [x] whatsnew entry

# Solution

Culprit was the multiplication `unix_date * 24 * 3600 * 10**9 / factor`, for 
```
unix_date = 106752
np.log2(unix_date * 24 * 3600 * 10**9)
# 63.00000011936912
```
That probably lead to an integer overflow somewhere and the observed behaviours.

Splitting the multiplication did the trick.

looks good ping when addressed @WillAyd comments and green. @jreback @WillAyd green and comment addressed, even if I am not sure about the const comment.

I also explicited in response to comment how the fix work, and why we should not be using unsigned long long here. @WillAyd anything further? Great thanks @nrebena - nice PR! @meeseeksdev backport 1.1.x