Use argument dtype to inform coercion
Master:

```python
>>> import dask.dataframe as dd

>>> s = dd.core.Scalar({('s', 0): 10}, 's', 'i8')
>>> pdf = pd.DataFrame({'a': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7],
...                     'b': [7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]})
>>> (pdf + s).dtypes
a    object
b    object
dtype: object
```

Head:

```
>>> (pdf + s).dtypes
a    int64
b    int64
dtype: object
```

This is more consistent with 0.20.3, while keeping the benefits from https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/16821

Closes https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/issues/17767

---

I may play around with this a bit more. I feel like this is a bit too numpy specific, for example, adding a `DataFrame` and a `pa.Scalar` still fails:


```python
In [39]: x = pa.array([1])[0]

In [40]: df = pd.DataFrame({"A": [1, 2]})

In [41]: df + x
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
~/Envs/pandas-dev/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pandas/pandas/core/internals.py in eval(self, func, other, raise_on_error, try_cast, mgr)
   1292         try:
-> 1293             values, values_mask, other, other_mask = self._try_coerce_args(
   1294                 transf(values), other)

~/Envs/pandas-dev/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pandas/pandas/core/internals.py in _try_coerce_args(self, values, other)
    677             raise TypeError("cannot convert {} to an {}".format(
--> 678                 type(other).__name__,
    679                 type(self).__name__.lower().replace('Block', '')))

TypeError: cannot convert Int64Value to an intblock

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
~/Envs/pandas-dev/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pandas/pandas/core/ops.py in na_op(x, y)
   1199             result = expressions.evaluate(op, str_rep, x, y,
-> 1200                                           raise_on_error=True, **eval_kwargs)
   1201         except TypeError:

~/Envs/pandas-dev/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pandas/pandas/core/computation/expressions.py in evaluate(op, op_str, a, b, raise_on_error, use_numexpr, **eval_kwargs)
    210         return _evaluate(op, op_str, a, b, raise_on_error=raise_on_error,
--> 211                          **eval_kwargs)
    212     return _evaluate_standard(op, op_str, a, b, raise_on_error=raise_on_error)

~/Envs/pandas-dev/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pandas/pandas/core/computation/expressions.py in _evaluate_standard(op, op_str, a, b, raise_on_error, **eval_kwargs)
     63     with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
---> 64         return op(a, b)
     65

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'pyarrow.lib.Int64Value'

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
~/Envs/pandas-dev/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pandas/pandas/core/internals.py in eval(self, func, other, raise_on_error, try_cast, mgr)
   1351         try:
-> 1352             with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
   1353                 result = get_result(other)

~/Envs/pandas-dev/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pandas/pandas/core/internals.py in get_result(other)
   1320                 result = func(values, other)
-> 1321             else:
   1322                 result = func(values, other)

~/Envs/pandas-dev/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pandas/pandas/core/ops.py in na_op(x, y)
   1225                     with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
-> 1226                         result[mask] = op(xrav, y)
   1227             else:

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'pyarrow.lib.Int64Value'

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-41-a01bb1dd67a6> in <module>()
----> 1 df + x

~/Envs/pandas-dev/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pandas/pandas/core/ops.py in f(self, other, axis, level, fill_value)
   1263                 self = self.fillna(fill_value)
   1264
-> 1265             return self._combine_const(other, na_op)
   1266
   1267     f.__name__ = name

~/Envs/pandas-dev/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pandas/pandas/core/frame.py in _combine_const(self, other, func, raise_on_error, try_cast)
   3836         new_data = self._data.eval(func=func, other=other,
   3837                                    raise_on_error=raise_on_error,
-> 3838                                    try_cast=try_cast)
   3839         return self._constructor(new_data)
   3840

~/Envs/pandas-dev/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pandas/pandas/core/internals.py in eval(self, **kwargs)
   3375         return self.apply('where', **kwargs)
   3376
-> 3377     def eval(self, **kwargs):
   3378         return self.apply('eval', **kwargs)
   3379

~/Envs/pandas-dev/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pandas/pandas/core/internals.py in apply(self, f, axes, filter, do_integrity_check, consolidate, **kwargs)
   3269                                                  copy=align_copy)
   3270
-> 3271             kwargs['mgr'] = self
   3272             applied = getattr(b, f)(**kwargs)
   3273             result_blocks = _extend_blocks(applied, result_blocks)

~/Envs/pandas-dev/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pandas/pandas/core/internals.py in eval(self, func, other, raise_on_error, try_cast, mgr)
   1296             block = self.coerce_to_target_dtype(orig_other)
   1297             return block.eval(func, orig_other,
-> 1298                               raise_on_error=raise_on_error,
   1299                               try_cast=try_cast, mgr=mgr)
   1300

~/Envs/pandas-dev/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pandas/pandas/core/internals.py in eval(self, func, other, raise_on_error, try_cast, mgr)
   1357         except ValueError as detail:
   1358             raise
-> 1359         except Exception as detail:
   1360             result = handle_error()
   1361

~/Envs/pandas-dev/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pandas/pandas/core/internals.py in handle_error()
   1340             if raise_on_error:
   1341                 # The 'detail' variable is defined in outer scope.
-> 1342                 raise TypeError('Could not operate %s with block values %s' %
   1343                                 (repr(other), str(detail)))  # noqa
   1344             else:

TypeError: Could not operate 1 with block values unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'pyarrow.lib.Int64Value'
```

Do we want that to work?
cc @wesm for the arrow part.

The background is that dask has scalar objects that duck-type numpy scalars. We'd like `df + scalar` to know that `scalar` has a compatible dtype, and so doesn't have to cast `df` to object dtype. My current fix is pretty specific to objects having a `.dtype` attribute that's similar to a `numpy.dtype`.
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> The diff coverage is `100%`.

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@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master   #17779      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   91.24%   91.22%   -0.02%     
==========================================
  Files         163      163              
  Lines       49916    49923       +7     
==========================================
- Hits        45544    45542       -2     
- Misses       4372     4381       +9
```

| Flag | Coverage Δ | |
|---|---|---|
| #multiple | `89.02% <100%> (ø)` | :arrow_up: |
| #single | `40.26% <46.42%> (-0.05%)` | :arrow_down: |

| [Impacted Files](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/17779?src=pr&el=tree) | Coverage Δ | |
|---|---|---|
| [pandas/core/dtypes/cast.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/17779?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2NvcmUvZHR5cGVzL2Nhc3QucHk=) | `87.99% <100%> (+0.17%)` | :arrow_up: |
| [pandas/core/internals.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/17779?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2NvcmUvaW50ZXJuYWxzLnB5) | `94.37% <100%> (-0.01%)` | :arrow_down: |
| [pandas/io/gbq.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/17779?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2lvL2dicS5weQ==) | `25% <0%> (-58.34%)` | :arrow_down: |
| [pandas/core/frame.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/17779?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2NvcmUvZnJhbWUucHk=) | `97.73% <0%> (-0.1%)` | :arrow_down: |
| [pandas/core/indexes/period.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/17779?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2NvcmUvaW5kZXhlcy9wZXJpb2QucHk=) | `92.78% <0%> (+0.01%)` | :arrow_up: |
| [pandas/io/excel.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/17779?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2lvL2V4Y2VsLnB5) | `80.4% <0%> (+0.02%)` | :arrow_up: |

------

[Continue to review full report at Codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/17779?src=pr&el=continue).
> **Legend** - [Click here to learn more](https://docs.codecov.io/docs/codecov-delta)
> `Δ = absolute <relative> (impact)`, `ø = not affected`, `? = missing data`
> Powered by [Codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/17779?src=pr&el=footer). Last update [48d0460...7ed82be](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/17779?src=pr&el=lastupdated). Read the [comment docs](https://docs.codecov.io/docs/pull-request-comments).
 @TomAugspurger no one's put in any effort on making the pyarrow scalar types usable in any kind of analytical setting, they're mostly for display purposes and coercion to Python types for the moment. We will need to address it at some point in the not-too-distant future > We will need to address it at some point in the not-too-distant future

Ok. I don't think the changes here do anything to help with that,  but they shouldn't make anything more difficult.