API/TST: add tests for new copy/view behaviour
This is broken off from https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/46958 / https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/41878

This are the _new_ tests that I wrote for the PRs implementing the proposed new copy/view semantics with Copy-on-Write (https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/issues/36195). They are intended to be readable tests to follow and review the intended semantics. 
They will partly be duplicating some other tests that also deal with copy/view details spread around in the test suite (see the required test edits in the abovementioned PRs), but I would say this is fine, as I think it is good to have a set of centralized tests focused on those copy/view semantics.

I broke of this part from the main PR because I think this part can be done as a pre-cursor (reducing the diff size for the main PR), and because it might be useful to review those tests as a way to review the proposed behaviours (cc @pandas-dev/pandas-core).

Some practical questions about the test organization:

- Does the general style of the tests look OK?
- I currently put those tests in `/tests/indexing/test_copy_on_write.py`, but 1) it's not only about indexing, and 2) "copy_on_write" is more the internal implementation mechanism, while the user facing thing we are testing is copy/view behaviour. So maybe I could put them in a new top-level `tests/copy_view/` test directory? (which also allows more easily to split it in multiple files)
Tests look good to me. As a very small nit on style, I think most tests are using `from pandas import DataFrame` instead of `pd.DataFrame`, etc.

+1 on tests/copy_view The two failing builds seem unrelated conda installation failures. cc @mroeschke if you can have a look > Might have missed it, but is it worth testing subsetting by row and column (though it should already copy)

That was indeed not yet explicitly tested. I added an additional test for subsetting with loc/iloc with both a column and row indexer (parametrized for a few different kind of indexers), and then generally testing that mutating the subset will not change the parent (indeed depending on the exact indexer, the result will actually already be a copy and will never update the parent anyway, but it is still an easy generic test to add).

> I see you're mainly testing with integer dtype, just confirming that this behavior should be dtype independent?

Yeah, good question. In general it depends on the test I think. For tests that are ensuring that getitem operations are properly tracking references, I think it shouldn't matter in theory. What does matter is single vs multiple blocks, as that can take a different code path, and so I already parametrized a few of the tests to use homogeneous dtype vs mixed dtypes (I should probably expand this to more of the tests). 
The tests checking several setitem paths probably do depend on the dtype (or for example at least on numpy dtype vs extension dtype, since the Block implements some aspects of setitem). It would be good to expand the coverage of those tests, but on the other hand I also want to keep those tests as readable as possible (as kind of additional source to understand the intended behaviour). I was thinking that we could add some _additional_ tests that are heavily parametrized (and less readable) and increase coverage, while keeping the current explicit tests as is? (and if that sounds good, that's also something that could be done in a follow-up PR)
 
 I also added a helper function to do the equivalent of `df["col"].values`, but without going through the public `__getitem__` API. Since that triggers a reference to be tracked to the parent dataframe from the resulting series, that might interfere with the operation that we are actually testing (eg when we are testing that taking a subset in some other way properly tracks references to that column) Thanks, yeah a follow up PR testing over more dtypes would be great.

One typing issue otherwise LGTM
```
pyright..................................................................Passed
mypy.....................................................................Failed
- hook id: mypy
- exit code: 1

pandas/tests/copy_view/test_methods.py:15: error: Unused "type: ignore" comment
pandas/tests/copy_view/test_methods.py:29: error: Unused "type: ignore" comment
Found 2 errors in 1 file (checked 1384 source files)

``` Any more comments here?  Thanks @jorisvandenbossche  And thanks for the review!