BUG: prevent overflowing diffs raising error in cut (#26045)
- [X] closes #26045 
- [X] tests added / passed
- [X] passes `git diff upstream/master -u -- "*.py" | flake8 --diff`
- [x] whatsnew entry

I added a relevant test with the example reported in the issue in `\tests\reshape\test_cut.py`.
I also tested with `grep -rn pandas -e 'np.diff(bins'` if we could have a similar situation elsewhere but it does not seem so.

~I will merge upstream & add changelog entry.~

Edit: whatsnew entry added & no need to merge master
# [Codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063?src=pr&el=h1) Report
> Merging [#26063](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063?src=pr&el=desc) into [master](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/commit/835d6f0420674ce2d2cf2fa2f2b98007e5a80a7b?src=pr&el=desc) will **decrease** coverage by `51.15%`.
> The diff coverage is `0%`.

[![Impacted file tree graph](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063/graphs/tree.svg?width=650&token=eZ4WkYLtcO&height=150&src=pr)](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063?src=pr&el=tree)

```diff
@@             Coverage Diff             @@
##           master   #26063       +/-   ##
===========================================
- Coverage   91.89%   40.73%   -51.16%     
===========================================
  Files         175      175               
  Lines       52493    52493               
===========================================
- Hits        48239    21384    -26855     
- Misses       4254    31109    +26855
```

| Flag | Coverage Δ | |
|---|---|---|
| #multiple | `?` | |
| #single | `40.73% <0%> (-0.14%)` | :arrow_down: |

| [Impacted Files](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063?src=pr&el=tree) | Coverage Δ | |
|---|---|---|
| [pandas/core/reshape/tile.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2NvcmUvcmVzaGFwZS90aWxlLnB5) | `11.04% <0%> (-86.63%)` | :arrow_down: |
| [pandas/io/formats/latex.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2lvL2Zvcm1hdHMvbGF0ZXgucHk=) | `0% <0%> (-100%)` | :arrow_down: |
| [pandas/io/sas/sas\_constants.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2lvL3Nhcy9zYXNfY29uc3RhbnRzLnB5) | `0% <0%> (-100%)` | :arrow_down: |
| [pandas/core/groupby/categorical.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2NvcmUvZ3JvdXBieS9jYXRlZ29yaWNhbC5weQ==) | `0% <0%> (-100%)` | :arrow_down: |
| [pandas/tseries/plotting.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL3RzZXJpZXMvcGxvdHRpbmcucHk=) | `0% <0%> (-100%)` | :arrow_down: |
| [pandas/tseries/converter.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL3RzZXJpZXMvY29udmVydGVyLnB5) | `0% <0%> (-100%)` | :arrow_down: |
| [pandas/io/formats/html.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2lvL2Zvcm1hdHMvaHRtbC5weQ==) | `0% <0%> (-99.37%)` | :arrow_down: |
| [pandas/io/sas/sas7bdat.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2lvL3Nhcy9zYXM3YmRhdC5weQ==) | `0% <0%> (-91.16%)` | :arrow_down: |
| [pandas/io/sas/sas\_xport.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2lvL3Nhcy9zYXNfeHBvcnQucHk=) | `0% <0%> (-90.1%)` | :arrow_down: |
| [pandas/core/tools/numeric.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2NvcmUvdG9vbHMvbnVtZXJpYy5weQ==) | `10.44% <0%> (-89.56%)` | :arrow_down: |
| ... and [131 more](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063/diff?src=pr&el=tree-more) | |

------

[Continue to review full report at Codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063?src=pr&el=continue).
> **Legend** - [Click here to learn more](https://docs.codecov.io/docs/codecov-delta)
> `Δ = absolute <relative> (impact)`, `ø = not affected`, `? = missing data`
> Powered by [Codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063?src=pr&el=footer). Last update [835d6f0...bf0d2ac](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063?src=pr&el=lastupdated). Read the [comment docs](https://docs.codecov.io/docs/pull-request-comments).
 # [Codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063?src=pr&el=h1) Report
> Merging [#26063](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063?src=pr&el=desc) into [master](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/commit/8b60ebb3598881571b390276d2c75ec7c7a95212?src=pr&el=desc) will **decrease** coverage by `<.01%`.
> The diff coverage is `100%`.

[![Impacted file tree graph](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063/graphs/tree.svg?width=650&token=eZ4WkYLtcO&height=150&src=pr)](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063?src=pr&el=tree)

```diff
@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master   #26063      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   91.99%   91.98%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         175      175              
  Lines       52384    52384              
==========================================
- Hits        48189    48185       -4     
- Misses       4195     4199       +4
```

| Flag | Coverage Δ | |
|---|---|---|
| #multiple | `90.53% <100%> (ø)` | :arrow_up: |
| #single | `40.74% <0%> (-0.13%)` | :arrow_down: |

| [Impacted Files](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063?src=pr&el=tree) | Coverage Δ | |
|---|---|---|
| [pandas/core/reshape/tile.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2NvcmUvcmVzaGFwZS90aWxlLnB5) | `97.67% <100%> (ø)` | :arrow_up: |
| [pandas/io/gbq.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2lvL2dicS5weQ==) | `75% <0%> (-12.5%)` | :arrow_down: |
| [pandas/core/frame.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2NvcmUvZnJhbWUucHk=) | `96.9% <0%> (-0.12%)` | :arrow_down: |

------

[Continue to review full report at Codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063?src=pr&el=continue).
> **Legend** - [Click here to learn more](https://docs.codecov.io/docs/codecov-delta)
> `Δ = absolute <relative> (impact)`, `ø = not affected`, `? = missing data`
> Powered by [Codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063?src=pr&el=footer). Last update [8b60ebb...ddfb93e](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26063?src=pr&el=lastupdated). Read the [comment docs](https://docs.codecov.io/docs/pull-request-comments).
 @jreback are we good on `assert_index_equal`? Even though I resolved the requested changes, GH still shows red @jreback All good, I also merged upstream. Thanks for your time & patience ! thanks @Batalex nice patch & responsiveness. keep em coming!