BUG: Fix Series constructor for Categorical with index
Fixes Series constructor so that ValueError is raised when a Categorical and index of incorrect length are given. Closes issue #19342

- [x] tests added / passed
- [x] passes `git diff upstream/master -u -- "*.py" | flake8 --diff`
- [x] whatsnew entry

# [Codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/19714?src=pr&el=h1) Report
> Merging [#19714](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/19714?src=pr&el=desc) into [master](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/commit/1e4c50a56f7e953ab84308f000dff6fc1ac71171?src=pr&el=desc) will **increase** coverage by `<.01%`.
> The diff coverage is `100%`.

[![Impacted file tree graph](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/19714/graphs/tree.svg?width=650&src=pr&token=eZ4WkYLtcO&height=150)](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/19714?src=pr&el=tree)

```diff
@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master   #19714      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   91.66%   91.66%   +<.01%     
==========================================
  Files         150      150              
  Lines       48969    48975       +6     
==========================================
+ Hits        44886    44892       +6     
  Misses       4083     4083
```

| Flag | Coverage Δ | |
|---|---|---|
| #multiple | `90.04% <100%> (ø)` | :arrow_up: |
| #single | `41.85% <50%> (ø)` | :arrow_up: |

| [Impacted Files](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/19714?src=pr&el=tree) | Coverage Δ | |
|---|---|---|
| [pandas/core/series.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/19714/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2NvcmUvc2VyaWVzLnB5) | `94.44% <100%> (+0.03%)` | :arrow_up: |

------

[Continue to review full report at Codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/19714?src=pr&el=continue).
> **Legend** - [Click here to learn more](https://docs.codecov.io/docs/codecov-delta)
> `Δ = absolute <relative> (impact)`, `ø = not affected`, `? = missing data`
> Powered by [Codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/19714?src=pr&el=footer). Last update [1e4c50a...f5db9ab](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/19714?src=pr&el=lastupdated). Read the [comment docs](https://docs.codecov.io/docs/pull-request-comments).
 Hello @cbertinato! Thanks for updating the PR.







Cheers ! There are no PEP8 issues in this Pull Request. :beers: 

##### Comment last updated on February 26, 2018 at 14:53 Hours UTC i rebased. ping on green. I agree. It shouldn’t broadcast a list like that. We can remove the check and see if there’s anywhere else where this breaks. If not, then fix the test in test_style? I wasn’t sure whether anything else relied on this behavior.  > I agree. It shouldn’t broadcast a list like that. We can remove the check and see if there’s anywhere else where this breaks. If not, then fix the test in test_style?

yes, and add this as an additional test in test_constructor.  thanks @cbertinato sometimes the seemingly small changes are hard! Thanks for the help and advice!