BUG: args offset in Timestamp.__new__ causes bugs
- [x] closes #52343 , #52117 
- [x] [Tests added and passed](https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/dev/development/contributing_codebase.html#writing-tests) if fixing a bug or adding a new feature
- [x] All [code checks passed](https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/dev/development/contributing_codebase.html#pre-commit).
- [ ] ~~Added [type annotations](https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/dev/development/contributing_codebase.html#type-hints) to new arguments/methods/functions.~~
- [x] Added an entry in the latest `doc/source/whatsnew/vX.X.X.rst` file if fixing a bug or adding a new feature.

This is the promised refactor for the Timestamp constructor. Detailed comments are below.

ASV benchmark results for Timestamp construction:
```
       before           after         ratio
     [1c2ad16b]       [7378f54f]
     <main>           <gh-52343-timestamp-from-positional>
+        1.20±0μs      1.86±0.02μs     1.56  tslibs.timestamp.TimestampConstruction.time_from_positional
-     1.05±0.01μs         953±10ns     0.91  tslibs.timestamp.TimestampConstruction.time_parse_iso8601_no_tz
-         253±1ns          209±4ns     0.82  tslibs.timestamp.TimestampConstruction.time_from_pd_timestamp
```
Replaces #52221 
WIP. The same tests as in #52221, different solution. @mroeschke @jbrockmendel @jreback 
Hello, everyone. Here is the Timestamp refactor needed to switch to using `*args, **kwargs` for Timestamp construction. This PR fixes both the fold and the positional vs keyword inconsistency bugs. There is some performance gain when building from a Timestamp. There is a performance loss when building from positional arguments (added a benchmark for this case to the asv benchmark suite).

Had to rewrite most of the constructor, because naively switching to `*args, **kwargs` without changing the rest of the code had resulted in a 50-60% performance hit for most of the use cases.

Please review. Any suggestions on improving the performance of the positional arguments case would be appreciated. Doesn't look like the Parquet arrows in CircleCI have anything to do with this PR. i know i suggested the args/kwargs pattern, but... is there an alternative way out of the current problem by being stricter in disallowing mixed positional/keyword? > i know i suggested the args/kwargs pattern, but... is there an alternative way out of the current problem by being stricter in disallowing mixed positional/keyword?

+1 in this (or allow only fully qualified positionals - eg ymdhms required plus kwarg for example) @jbrockmendel @jreback  The way to disallow passing args as kwargs would be to use the Python>3.8 [args-only syntax](https://peps.python.org/pep-0570/) to make everything up to tzinfo positional-only. A couple of issues I see:

* this breaks the behavior compatibility with datetime. Users will construct the way they do with `datetime` and get errors. Will need to make those clear enough that a user understands this is expected behavior.
* this breaks old code. I personally built Timestamps like `Timestamp(2020, 1, 1, hour=20, minute=30, second=0)` in my applications, adding kwargs only where I needed to make it clear what the Timestamp would contain. This is a pretty standard practice in finance where I come from.
* going through a deprecation cycle would keep the bug unfixed (unless we temporarily go with decoration or the current approach in the short-term and add deprecation warnings, and only then switch to positional-only)
* The arg offset bug is present in version 1.5.x too. A fix that breaks old code would not be possible/available there if we wanted to apply it.
* tzinfo would become positional-only, I assume. tz will remain kwarg-only. This would look weird to users and probably be reported as an issue.

Because of these points, I didn't think this option was on the table.

Let's come up with an approach that you will be able to accept if it's decently done, and I will implement it. But I don't want to redo this from scratch a fourth time (I'll be happy to go back to one of the previous options though if we don't like the third solution).

I believe that the current arg offset in Timestamp is a buggy PITA that we took advantage of to maintain performance and keep fragile code readable. The fix will either be a kludge, be harder to maintain, or break a bunch of code. I don't see a solution that does neither of those but would be happy to be wrong. Unfortunately, I don't think there is a way of fixing this outside of using `*args, **kwargs` or enforcing the positional/kwargs division. I'm back from a work trip. I will test out the args-only approach and report on the performance benchmarks here.

Any thoughts on any of the points I raised above? @AlexKirko you make goods points, thanks for thinking through the idea that i clearly didn't.  I'll give this a close look.  Thanks for being patient. This pull request is stale because it has been open for thirty days with no activity. Please [update](https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/development/contributing.html#updating-your-pull-request) and respond to this comment if you're still interested in working on this. A bit sick at the moment, will come back to it in a couple days once I'm better. Back among the living. The illness and the job change have cost me some time. Is there any viable path to splitting this into smaller pieces?  This seems like a very difficult problem and is easy for me and other reviewers to be lazy about reviewing > Is there any viable path to splitting this into smaller pieces? This seems like a very difficult problem and is easy for me and other reviewers to be lazy about reviewing

The bigger problem, to be honest, is me having been either swamped with work or sick this past month.

In my opinion, splitting this into multiple PRs that make sense is possible, only if we stop caring about the performance of the initial implementation, and put the necessary performance improvements into separate PRs. It would make this easier to review but lead to an initial PR that is very slow in some use cases. Thanks for the pull request, but it appears to have gone stale. If interested in continuing, please merge in the main branch, address any review comments and/or failing tests, and we can reopen. I have merged in main, and I will try another approach next week, so I would like to reopen the request for now.

The problem here is that it's a "I will hate it when I see it" situation. There are three solutions that come to mind, and I've tried and submitted for review two. The third is terrible, in my opinion.
1. decorate the constructor. Very slow, very easy to read and support. Deemed unacceptable because of performance regressions.
2. fix the kwargs/args order inside the constructor. Minimal performance impact, but is ugly and makes the code harder to support. This is the current approach in the branch that everyone seems to also reject.
3. Use the positional-only syntax. Breaks compatibility with datetime, breaks user code. I think it's much worse than the previous two approaches, but I can try it next week for illustrative purposes if nothing else.

No one has suggested another solution, and I'm out of ideas. I personally think that option 2 (the current one) is fine. Yes, it's ugly, but it doesn't slow things down too much or break old code and datetime compatibilty.

I'm well aware that all the approaches have significant downsides, but either someone needs to suggest an idea I haven't considered, or we need to choose. I'll try out the positional-only solution next week for illustration purposes, but I think it's the worst. Breaking API compatibility with current code to fix a bug is just wrong.

We can also leave the bug in if fixing it is worse than the current state of things, but that's also not great, to put it in mildly.

If I had the authority to take the responsibility for this decision, I'd just pick the current solution and move on.

I'd be happy to hear your thoughts, @mroeschke . You have more experience, so maybe you see a way out here. Okay, then I'll focus on cleaning up the current solution instead. Will try to make the changes as painless as possible to support. I apologize for being glacially slow on this. Finally had an opportunity to review.

The MR is in decent shape except for the docs issue. We change the signature to `*args, **kwargs` and this gets reflected in the auto-generated docs. I suppose there is nothing to do here except implement an ad-hoc override for the docs. Thanks for the pull request, but it appears to have gone stale. If interested in continuing, please merge in the main branch, address any review comments and/or failing tests, and we can reopen.