DEPS: bump pyarrow minimum version from 10.0 to 12.0
For our support window of 2 years, we can bump the minimum pyarrow version to 12.0.1 (see list of release dates here: https://arrow.apache.org/release/, we could also directly bump to 13 assuming the final 3.0 release will happen in 1-2 months).
@mroeschke this should be ready now (all tests are green) > Could you also update the table under the `Increased minimum versions for dependencies` section in the `v3.0.0.rst` whatsnew?

Done! Going to merge this so I can update https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/61722