BLD: More lightweight mypy pre-commit hook
Fixes #30811 
This now will only detect typing problems in the files you have edited. This may still lead to typing problems detected in CI but is hopefully a compromise between speed and early detection of issues before they hit public CI. One line changes in a single file still stay for me in the <1s mark.

cc @gfyoung @jorisvandenbossche 
@pandas-dev/pandas-core : Any further thoughts on this?  I think we are ready to merge. Given that there are no more comments, going to merge this (the 20s of time to commit is getting annoying ..)