PERF: fastpaths in is_foo_dtype checks
xref #33364, partially addresses #33368

For exposition I used the new type checking functions in parsers.pyx.

For the implementation I chose `.type` and `.kind` checks in order to avoid needing the imports from `dtypes.dtypes`, which has dependencies on a bunch of other parts of the code.

```
In [1]: import pandas as pd                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
In [2]: from pandas.core.dtypes.common import *                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
In [3]: cat = pd.Categorical([])                                       
In [4]: arr = np.arange(5)
                                                                                                                                                                         
In [5]: %timeit is_categorical_dtype(cat.dtype)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
1.57 µs ± 34.5 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000000 loops each)

In [6]: %timeit is_cat_dtype(cat.dtype)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
316 ns ± 3.78 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000000 loops each)

In [7]: %timeit is_extension_array_dtype(cat.dtype)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
364 ns ± 5.39 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000000 loops each)

In [8]: %timeit is_ea_dtype(cat.dtype)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
270 ns ± 7.31 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000000 loops each)

In [9]: %timeit is_extension_array_dtype(arr.dtype)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
759 ns ± 5.16 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000000 loops each)

In [10]: %timeit is_ea_dtype(arr.dtype)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
199 ns ± 8.77 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000000 loops each)
```
Related to the discussion we had about this on the chat, to give an example of the strategy that I tried to explain:

The current `is_categorical_dtype` is defined as:

```python
def is_categorical_dtype(arr_or_dtype) -> bool:
    if arr_or_dtype is None:
        return False
    return CategoricalDtype.is_dtype(arr_or_dtype)
```

where `CategoricalDtype.is_dtype()` is the catch-all / check-all slow check.

So for this case, we can put the fast check as in this PR first:

```python
def is_categorical_dtype(arr_or_dtype) -> bool:
    if isinstance(dtype, ExtensionDtype):
        # fast check for extension dtype
        return dtype.name == "category"
    elif isinstance(dtype, np.dtype):
        # fast check for numpy dtype (always False)
        return False
    elif arr_or_dtype is None:
        return False
    # keep the slow check if the fast ones didn't return
    return CategoricalDtype.is_dtype(arr_or_dtype)
```

And in that way, we don't have to change every occurrence of `is_categorical_dtype` internally to the fast function.

It might be that categorical is a simple example, but I would think that a similar pattern can be followed for the others as well.


 > Related to the discussion we had about this on the chat, to give an example of the strategy that I tried to explain:

Also as discussed on the chat, the advantage of the dtype-only versions is that we dont risk silently going down the slow path. > > Related to the discussion we had about this on the chat, to give an example of the strategy that I tried to explain:
> 
> Also as discussed on the chat, the advantage of the dtype-only versions is that we dont risk silently going down the slow path.

yep i would start by using the approach outlined above. I'm happy to update the existing functions to be faster, but we should also have the strict versions internally to make sure we actually _use_ the fastpath Actually, adding the fastpath to the existing checks will actually slow them down slightly in cases where we're not passing a dtype obj I think I'm OK with slowing down the non-dtype case.

I'm also OK with deprecating non-dtype entirely, but that's a larger task that can be saved for later. Short-term, I think we can rely on reviewers to catch places where we're passing non-dtype's to `is_foo_dtype`.

Edit: all of the above is contingent with actually being able to quickly do an `is_foo_dtype` on a dtype as a fastpath. I only checked for categorical. Hopefully it's doable for the rest. > I think I'm OK with slowing down the non-dtype case.
> 
> I'm also OK with deprecating non-dtype entirely, but that's a larger task that can be saved for later. Short-term, I think we can rely on reviewers to catch places where we're passing non-dtype's to `is_foo_dtype`.
> 
> Edit: all of the above is contingent with actually being able to quickly do an `is_foo_dtype` on a dtype as a fastpath. I only checked for categorical. Hopefully it's doable for the rest.

agreed here One more doomed pitch for the strict versions: they're really nice dependency-structure-wise.  ATM dtypes.common depends on dtypes.dtypes, which has runtime imports and depends on a bunch of the code.  With just the strict versions, we can get dtypes.common (which we import from basically everywhere) to depend only on things "above" it in the dependency structure.

I know others dont care about the dependency structure as much as I do, will update. updated+green