PERF: setting values via df.loc / df.iloc with pyarrow-backed columns
- [x] [Tests added and passed](https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/dev/development/contributing_codebase.html#writing-tests) if fixing a bug or adding a new feature
- [x] All [code checks passed](https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/dev/development/contributing_codebase.html#pre-commit).
- [x] Added [type annotations](https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/dev/development/contributing_codebase.html#type-hints) to new arguments/methods/functions.
- [x] Added an entry in the latest `doc/source/whatsnew/v2.0.0.rst` file if fixing a bug or adding a new feature.


Performance improvement in `ArrowExtensionArray.__setitem__` when key is a null slice. The rationale for adding a fast path here is that internally null slices get used in a variety of DataFrame setitem operations. Here is an example:

```
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

arr = pd.array(np.arange(10**6), dtype="int64[pyarrow]")
df = pd.DataFrame({'a': arr, 'b': arr})

%timeit df.iloc[0, 0] = 0

# 483 ms ± 74.2 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)    <- main
# 3.4 ms ± 590 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)  <- PR
```

The example above does not use a null slice, however, internally a null slice is used in `ExtensionBlock.set_inplace`: https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/blob/018967465f2b8994041b8e220118078682c08e63/pandas/core/internals/blocks.py#L1646



ASV added:

```
       before           after         ratio
     [7ef6a71c]       [4e4b36d4]
                      <arrow-ea-setitem-null-slice>
-         802±2μs       57.4±0.5μs     0.07  array.ArrowStringArray.time_setitem_null_slice(False)
-     3.12±0.04ms          194±2μs     0.06  array.ArrowStringArray.time_setitem_null_slice(True)
```
> 1. Is this robust to the case when the value being set is not the same type as the original array e.g. `ser = pd.Series([1], dtype="int64"); ser[:] = "foo"` should not work
> 2. Related to the above, was this case before in **setitem**?

It is robust in the sense that it raises:
```
import pandas as pd
ser = pd.Series([1], dtype="int64[pyarrow]")
ser[:] = "foo"

# with this PR:
ArrowInvalid: Could not convert 'foo' with type str: tried to convert to int64

# Previously:
ArrowNotImplementedError: NumPy type not implemented: unrecognized type (19) in GetNumPyTypeName
```

However, different indexers are raising different errors:. 

```
import pandas as pd
ser = pd.Series([1], dtype="int64[pyarrow]")
ser[0] = "foo"

# ArrowNotImplementedError: NumPy type not implemented: unrecognized type (19) in GetNumPyTypeName
```

I suspect that refactoring setitem to not go through numpy would help with consistency and might make it cleaner. 

> 3. Could you add tests for the null slice if/else branches you added?

added


 Okay glad to see that Arrow is erroring in this case. Could you add a test this invalid setting case?

Yeah I think generally `ArrowInvalid: Could not convert 'foo' with type str: tried to convert to int64` is a better error message but the refactoring can be left for a separate PR > Okay glad to see that Arrow is erroring in this case. Could you add a test this invalid setting case?

Added Thanks @lukemanley 