BUG: Fix some cases of groupby(...).transform with dropna=True
Part of #17093
- [x] [Tests added and passed](https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/dev/development/contributing_codebase.html#writing-tests) if fixing a bug or adding a new feature
- [x] All [code checks passed](https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/dev/development/contributing_codebase.html#pre-commit).
- [x] Added an entry in the latest `doc/source/whatsnew/vX.X.X.rst` file if fixing a bug or adding a new feature.

The added xfails will pass when other parts of #45839 are merged.
lgtm @jbrockmendel comments? i think _take with `convert_indices=False` corresponds to BM.reindex_indexer?  Series has _reindex_indexer while DataFrame doesn't.  Could make DataFrame._reindex_indexer and might be more consistent?  Or could add a "allow_fill" kwd to `take` to be consistent with other take methods? @jbrockmendel

`_reindex_indexer` is slightly different - without supplying a `new_index`, the result will have a RangeIndex rather than taking from the index values. To supply a `new_index`, we'd have to first take from the index, then pass this to `_reindex_indexer`. This is precisely what `BM.take` / `AM.take` are doing.

`convert_indices=True` attempts to convert negative indices to positive, e.g. -1 becomes n-1 with n being the length of the axis. This is different from `allow_fill`, which replaces -1 (and only -1) with `fill_value`. So by skipping the `convert_indices` (leaving -1 alone) and then doing `allow_fill=True` in `reindex_indexer`, we get the desired operation of -1 becoming [NA] (with the appropriate type of null). In other words, adding `allow_fill` to `take` wouldn't be sufficient here - it's already True. Out of curiosity, I tried running the tests with `convert_indices` in `BM.take` always set to False. Surprisingly few tests failed.

```
FAILED pandas/tests/generic/test_generic.py::TestNDFrame::test_take_frame - AssertionError: DataFrame.iloc[:, 0] (column name="A") are different
FAILED pandas/tests/frame/indexing/test_take.py::TestDataFrameTake::test_take - AssertionError: DataFrame.iloc[:, 0] (column name="A") are different
FAILED pandas/tests/frame/indexing/test_take.py::TestDataFrameTake::test_take_mixed_type
FAILED pandas/tests/groupby/test_apply.py::test_groupby_apply_none_first - AssertionError: Attributes of DataFrame.iloc[:, 0] (column name="groups") are different
FAILED pandas/tests/groupby/test_nth.py::test_nth - AssertionError: DataFrame.iloc[:, 0] (column name="two") are different
FAILED pandas/tests/indexing/test_iloc.py::TestiLocBaseIndependent::test_iloc_getitem_neg_int_can_reach_first_index - AssertionError: DataFrame.iloc[:, 0] (column name="A") are different
FAILED pandas/tests/indexing/test_iloc.py::TestiLocBaseIndependent::test_iloc_getitem_frame - AssertionError: DataFrame.iloc[:, 0] (column name="6") are different
FAILED pandas/tests/indexing/test_iloc.py::TestiLocBaseIndependent::test_iloc_getitem_float_duplicates - AssertionError: DataFrame.iloc[:, 0] (column name="a") are different
FAILED pandas/tests/internals/test_internals.py::TestIndexing::test_take[mgr0] - AssertionError: numpy array are different
FAILED pandas/tests/internals/test_internals.py::TestIndexing::test_take[mgr1] - AssertionError: numpy array are different
FAILED pandas/tests/internals/test_internals.py::TestIndexing::test_take[mgr2] - IndexError: tuple index out of range
FAILED pandas/tests/internals/test_internals.py::TestIndexing::test_take[mgr3] - IndexError: tuple index out of range
FAILED pandas/tests/internals/test_internals.py::TestIndexing::test_take[mgr4] - IndexError: tuple index out of range
FAILED pandas/tests/internals/test_internals.py::TestIndexing::test_take[mgr5] - IndexError: tuple index out of range
FAILED pandas/tests/frame/methods/test_drop_duplicates.py::test_drop_duplicates
``` thanks @rhshadrach  > Out of curiosity, I tried running the tests with convert_indices in BM.take always set to False. Surprisingly few tests failed.

If you can find a way to make arg(s) unnecessary that'd be great.  We clearly have a lot of methods/args that do similar things. @rhshadrach trying to clean out some old branches got me looking at this convert_indices=False thing again.

In BM.take we do `new_labels = self.axes[axis].take(indexer)`, but since that .take call doesn't explicitly pass `allow_fill=True`, and a `fill_value`, it behaves as if convert_indices were True.  That seems like it should be a problem.  Why isn't it?

Assuming it is correct as-is, I think instead of calling ._take with convert_indices=True we could do

```
new_ax = result.axes[axis].take(ids)
output = result._reindex_with_indexers(
    {axis: (new_ax, ids)}, allow_dups=True, copy=False
)
```

It's worth double-checking, but I'm pretty sure this is equivalent.  It's a little more complicated, but would allow us to do non-trivial cleanup elsewhere. > That seems like it should be a problem. Why isn't it?

The indices, coming from ids, are guaranteed to be in the valid range (`[0, len(result))`) with the exception of where `id == -1`. In the `id == -1` case, not converting gives back an NA value as desired.

The alternative you mentioned looks correct to me, but I haven't looked at the performance impact.