BUG `date_range` with end, periods, and freq failing
- [x] Closes #53293
- [ ] [Tests added and passed](https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/dev/development/contributing_codebase.html#writing-tests)
- [x] All [code checks passed](https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/dev/development/contributing_codebase.html#pre-commit)
- [x] Added an entry in the latest `doc/source/whatsnew/v2.1.0.rst`

I think this does not need a changelog entry (though I have added one for now), since this bug seems to be introduced just two weeks ago and does not exist in any prior versions of pandas. Please let me know if I should remove the changelog entry.

Thanks but given that this wasn't originally failing in the CI for our Windows builds I don't think we should make this change to avoid unintended side effects. Closing @mroeschke I'm not sure why CI is not failing. I have opened #53604 with a reproducible example and my installed versions. If anyone can reproduce with that example, I think we should reopen this.