BUG: Scalar assignment to empty dataframe with loc. Closes GH41891
This weakens a check introduced in 7bbeb79297532d209d67f7bdc61394ddee3acbb1  in PR #5227 addressing issue #5226 ("New appending behavior doesn't work on an empty DataFrame") which caused ValueErrors for `df[:, 1] = 1` if df is an empty DataFrame. With this commit no error is thrown and the column is added to the dataframe (which remains empty).
 
See #41891 for why this makes sense. 

- [x] closes #41891
- [x] tests added / passed
- [ ] Ensure all linting tests pass, see [here](https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/dev/development/contributing.html#code-standards) for how to run them
- [ ] whatsnew entry

Thanks for taking a look at this so quickly @jreback . 

> adding a column with a value which disappears (not to mention not setting a dtype) is nonsensical and harmful not helpful

My expectations for `df.loc[:, 'a'] = 1` are that the following statements are true

1. If it doesn't already exist, a column `a` is added to the frame
2. column `a` has the value `1` for all rows

Thus, if `df` is empty, 2 simply becomes trivial and 1 should still be true. Maybe I'm missing something, but this feels perfectly natural to me.

This is also the behaviour of `df['a'] = 1` (this syntax however will show the `SettingWithCopyWarning` if `df` is a copy/view). 

> not to mention not setting a dtype

In my branch, the `dtype` is set properly to `int64`:

```
In [1]: import pandas as pd
In [2]: df = pd.DataFrame()
In [3]: df.loc[:, "a"] = 1
In [4]: df["a"]
Out[6]: Series([], Name: a, dtype: int64)
```

> what is the actual problem you are trying to solve?

Given a copy, I want to be able to set a scalar value without explicitly having to check for emptiness every time. So basically I'm looking for something that replicates the behavior of `df['a'] = 1` without complaining about copies (also see #41891).

As written above, from my perspective it also feels very unnatural and unnecessary to have a `ValueError` raised here. But perhaps I lack some context or there is a different way to look at this? I think this is quite confusing. 

```
import pandas as pd

df = pd.DataFrame()

df.loc[:, 'b'] = [1]
```

results in

```
   b
0  1
```

while your example would result in an empty Frame. Assigning values to empty DataFrames itself and resulting in empty dfs is not ideal imo Your example is using the enlargement syntax, which is triggered whenever there's something list like on the right hand side (which I agree isn't entirely intuitive, especially because there's no index given for the new entry in your example). 

But I think it's even more confusing that `df[:, 'a'] = 1` is different from `df['a'] = 1`. And as argued above, it can be viewed as perfectly logical to have the outcome of this be a dataframe without rows (and what's more, this perspective on the logic of it is much more practical than raising a `ValueError`).

The new behavior proposed here would be fairly backwards compatible and I'm still convinced that it would be an improvement. Sorry for being stubborn.  This pull request is stale because it has been open for thirty days with no activity. Please update or respond to this comment if you're still interested in working on this. Thanks for the PR, but appears from the review that this current approach does not have much support from other members of the core team. I think it's probably best if this is further discussed in the original issue first before proceeding with a PR. Closing.