PERF: improve IntegerArray fast constructor
Trying to improve the IntegerArray constructor from its constituents.

Example test case:

```
a = pd.array([1, 2, 3], dtype="Int64")
values = a._data
mask = a._mask 
pd.arrays.IntegerArray(values, mask)
```

```
In [5]: %timeit pd.arrays.IntegerArray(values, mask)  
2.9 µs ± 45.4 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000 loops each)  # master
775 ns ± 41.9 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000000 loops each) # PR
```

So what is in the PR is *one possible* solution, to show the impact of using "general dtype checking functions" (that eg also need to deal with EA dtypes, getting the dtype of values being passed, etc). It is clear that here we can do a much more specialized check, and that this gives a considerable performance boost (in eg block/column-wise operations on IntegerArray, this is reconstructed many times). Some options:

- do an inline specialized check as done here
- define separate helper functions for those specialized checks (eg restricting to numpy dtypes)
- improve performance of `is_bool_dtype` / `is_integer_dtype` for those cases (maybe putting a check like this as a "fastpath" at the beginning of those functions might avoid more costly checks done in those functions for this specific case (eg "is_bool_np_dtype")
- simply don't do any validation at all in the IntegerArray constructor, and assume this is the responsibility of the caller
- provide a keyword in the IntegerArray constructor to turn off validation
- add a private constructor (similar as the `_simple_new` we have for others) that uses this fastpath

For optimal performance, having a way to don't do any validation at all (so also don't check the passed values are ndarray, or their dtypes) would actually even be better than what this PR does. But I also like the clean constructor we have now (eg no separate private constructor)
Eg `is_bool_dtype` does:

- check the value (if it is an array, get the dtype, if it is a string, convert to a dtype object, etc)
- check if it is a CategoricalDtype, and in that case check the dtype of the categories
- check whether the passed object was an Index, in which case object dtype can be inferred to be boolean
- check if it is an extension dtype, in which case we check the `_is_boolean` property
- finally check `issubclass(dtype.type, np.bool_)` (which is also still slightly slower than `dtype == np.bool_` or `dtype.kind == "b"`, but I am not fully sure there are practical differences)

So we need to keep all those checks I think, but we might be able to start that function with a short-cut check for the special case of a numpy dtype (see my third bullet point above) I'd be happy with deprecating some of those behaviors, but that's a separate issue :) > For optimal performance, having a way to don't do any validation at all (so also don't check the passed values are ndarray, or their dtypes) would actually even be better than what this PR does. But I also like the clean constructor we have now (eg no separate private constructor)

IIUC constructing integer array from the IntegerArray constructor is not part of the public api, so just removing the validation is also an option?

and rely on mypy to check internal uses. > IIUC constructing integer array from the IntegerArray constructor is not part of the public api, so just removing the validation is also an option?

This is a bit hard, since you can do things like `type(pd.array([1, 2, 3]))(...)`, which uses just public APIs to call the IntegerArray constructor. It's kinda hard to make a `__init__` private. You can't make the init private, but that doesn't mean you need to accept all kinds of values *or* do validation of the input in the init. It can be the documented behaviour (now, I suppose in the public init we do want *some* basic validation, to avoid people shooting themselves in the foot. But it doesn't need to be, or it certainly can be the bare minimum)
 > I'd be happy with deprecating some of those behaviors, but that's a separate issue :)

Do you think any of those items I listed can be deprecated? 
Passing an array instead of dtype, yes (which also means the object dtype Index can't be checked anymore), but for the rest I think we want to keep those behaviours? > I'd be happy with deprecating some of those behaviors, but that's a separate issue :)

Stumbled across this comment moments after opening #33368 LGTM.  The dtype.kind checks are way more performant than the is_foo_dtype, especially when checking multiple possibilities like `["i", "u"]` Are we ok with moving forward with this? 
Even if we make the `is_.._dtype` checks faster (xref the other PRs/discussions), they probably can never beat `dtype.kind in ["i", "u"]` in case you already checked `dtype` to be a numpy dtype (eg `is_integer_dtype` will also need to check for extension integer dtype).

I am personally fine with having the more specialized check here in the constructor. I'm fine with the specialized / high-performance checks here. thanks @jorisvandenbossche yep a specialized check a-ok with me