PERF: Fixed cut regression, improve Categorical
This has two changes to address a performance regression in
cut / qcut.

~1. Avoid an unnecessary `set` conversion in cut.~ (reverted for now)
2. Aviod a costly conversion to object in the Categoriacl constructor
   for dtypes we don't have a hashtable for.

```python
In [2]: idx = pd.interval_range(0, 1, periods=10000)
In [3]: %timeit pd.Categorical(idx, idx)
```

```
# 1.0.4
10.4 ms ± 351 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)

# master
256 ms ± 5.85 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)

# HEAD
53.2 µs ± 1.26 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000 loops each)
```

And for the qcut ASV

```
# 1.0.4
58.5 ms ± 3.13 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)

# master
134 ms ± 9.5 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)

# HEAD
53.6 ms ± 1.06 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)
```

Closes https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/issues/33921
thanks @TomAugspurger 