Categoricals hash consistently
Previously categorical values were hashed using just their codes. This
meant that the hash value depended on the ordering of the categories,
rather than on the values the series represented. This caused problems
in dask, where different partitions might have different categorical
mappings.

This PR makes the hashing dependent on the values the categorical
represents, rather than on the codes. The categories are first hashed,
and then the codes are remapped to the hashed values. This is slightly
slower than before (still need to hash the categories, where we didn't
before), but allows for more consistent hashing.

Related to this work in dask: https://github.com/dask/dask/pull/1877.
Thanks for the review. Addressed all comments. lgtm.

ping on green. (note appveyor is currently recovering, so may take a while) :< Windows tests passed, travis failures look unrelated? thanks @jcrist 