REF: Refactor signature of RangeIndex._simple_new
This PR refactors ``RangeIndex._simple_new``, so its signature is the same as ``Index._simple_new``. This will help typing later on, as currently mypy complains about the different signatures. In short a ``_simple_new`` now expects a ``range`` as its input. As a ``range`` is immutable, the code is easy to reason about.

Additionally, the signature of ``RangeIndex.from_range`` has dropped the ``**kwargs`` part of its signature. This makes the class method a bit easier to reason about. Other classes with a ``from_*`` class method don't have a ``**kwargs`` part.

After this PR, ``RangeIndex`` will be ready for adding type hints.

EDIT; Performance improvements:

```python
>>> rng = pd.RangeIndex(1_000_000)
>>> sl = slice(0, 900_000)
>>> %timeit rng[sl]  # slicing
7.65 µs ± 8.11 ns per loop  # master
1.85 µs ± 8.11 ns per loop  # this PR
```

Hello @topper-123! Thanks for updating this PR. We checked the lines you've touched for [PEP 8](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008) issues, and found:







There are currently no PEP 8 issues detected in this Pull Request. Cheers! :beers: 

##### Comment last updated at 2019-06-14 08:20:11 UTC # [Codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722?src=pr&el=h1) Report
> Merging [#26722](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722?src=pr&el=desc) into [master](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/commit/cf25c5cd3ab1f647f780167df622c74b737fa8f5?src=pr&el=desc) will **decrease** coverage by `<.01%`.
> The diff coverage is `100%`.

[![Impacted file tree graph](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722/graphs/tree.svg?width=650&token=eZ4WkYLtcO&height=150&src=pr)](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722?src=pr&el=tree)

```diff
@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master   #26722      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   91.78%   91.77%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         174      174              
  Lines       50703    50703              
==========================================
- Hits        46538    46534       -4     
- Misses       4165     4169       +4
```

| Flag | Coverage Δ | |
|---|---|---|
| #multiple | `90.37% <100%> (ø)` | :arrow_up: |
| #single | `41.8% <55.55%> (-0.1%)` | :arrow_down: |

| [Impacted Files](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722?src=pr&el=tree) | Coverage Δ | |
|---|---|---|
| [pandas/core/indexes/base.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2NvcmUvaW5kZXhlcy9iYXNlLnB5) | `96.71% <100%> (-0.01%)` | :arrow_down: |
| [pandas/core/indexes/range.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2NvcmUvaW5kZXhlcy9yYW5nZS5weQ==) | `98.82% <100%> (ø)` | :arrow_up: |
| [pandas/io/gbq.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2lvL2dicS5weQ==) | `78.94% <0%> (-10.53%)` | :arrow_down: |
| [pandas/core/frame.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2NvcmUvZnJhbWUucHk=) | `96.88% <0%> (-0.12%)` | :arrow_down: |

------

[Continue to review full report at Codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722?src=pr&el=continue).
> **Legend** - [Click here to learn more](https://docs.codecov.io/docs/codecov-delta)
> `Δ = absolute <relative> (impact)`, `ø = not affected`, `? = missing data`
> Powered by [Codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722?src=pr&el=footer). Last update [cf25c5c...1b34ac9](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722?src=pr&el=lastupdated). Read the [comment docs](https://docs.codecov.io/docs/pull-request-comments).
 # [Codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722?src=pr&el=h1) Report
> Merging [#26722](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722?src=pr&el=desc) into [master](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/commit/8374a1d2a58245067669cd6424793b134a695971?src=pr&el=desc) will **decrease** coverage by `<.01%`.
> The diff coverage is `100%`.

[![Impacted file tree graph](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722/graphs/tree.svg?width=650&token=eZ4WkYLtcO&height=150&src=pr)](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722?src=pr&el=tree)

```diff
@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master   #26722      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   91.86%   91.85%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         179      179              
  Lines       50700    50702       +2     
==========================================
- Hits        46576    46574       -2     
- Misses       4124     4128       +4
```

| Flag | Coverage Δ | |
|---|---|---|
| #multiple | `90.45% <100%> (ø)` | :arrow_up: |
| #single | `41.11% <56.25%> (-0.07%)` | :arrow_down: |

| [Impacted Files](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722?src=pr&el=tree) | Coverage Δ | |
|---|---|---|
| [pandas/core/indexes/base.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2NvcmUvaW5kZXhlcy9iYXNlLnB5) | `96.71% <100%> (ø)` | :arrow_up: |
| [pandas/core/indexes/range.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2NvcmUvaW5kZXhlcy9yYW5nZS5weQ==) | `98.82% <100%> (ø)` | :arrow_up: |
| [pandas/io/gbq.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2lvL2dicS5weQ==) | `88.88% <0%> (-11.12%)` | :arrow_down: |
| [pandas/core/frame.py](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722/diff?src=pr&el=tree#diff-cGFuZGFzL2NvcmUvZnJhbWUucHk=) | `96.88% <0%> (-0.12%)` | :arrow_down: |

------

[Continue to review full report at Codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722?src=pr&el=continue).
> **Legend** - [Click here to learn more](https://docs.codecov.io/docs/codecov-delta)
> `Δ = absolute <relative> (impact)`, `ø = not affected`, `? = missing data`
> Powered by [Codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722?src=pr&el=footer). Last update [8374a1d...2bde25b](https://codecov.io/gh/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/26722?src=pr&el=lastupdated). Read the [comment docs](https://docs.codecov.io/docs/pull-request-comments).
 looks fine. any comments about this api change @jorisvandenbossche @TomAugspurger  I've added a new commit that's improves the performance of slices RangeIndexes:

```python
>>> rng = pd.RangeIndex(1_000_000)
>>> sl = slice(0, 900_000)
>>> %timeit rng[sl]  # slicing
7.65 µs ± 8.11 ns per loop  # master
1.85 µs ± 8.11 ns per loop  # this PR

>>> %timeit rng[sl.stop]  # scalar
640 ns ± 15.1 ns per loop  # master
652 ns ± 14.9 ns per loop  # this PR, the same speed
```

So a 4 x speed improvement for slicing. Ping. Is this ok? Is the performance improvement linked to the change in behaviour? No, it is because of that second commit, where we postpone the more expensive is_scalar check. It could as such be in a different PR. Is there a good reason to change the init behaviour? (does it make the code less complex or does it make the life easier for users?) 
If we don't have a compelling reason, I would rather leave that and just stick with the performance improvement. I've reverted the possibility to use a ``range`` to initailze the RangeIndex.

Else the code is a simplification IMO by making the signature of _simple_new align with simple_new of the other the index types, which IMO help both on understanding and on typing.
 thanks @topper-123 