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English: In this paper, we use a newly compiled sample of ultra-compact structure in
radio quasars and strong gravitational lensing systems with quasars acting as
background sources to constrain six spatially flat and non-flat cosmological
models ($\Lambda$CDM, PEDE and DGP). These two sets of quasar data (the
time-delay measurements of six strong lensing systems and 120
intermediate-luminosity quasars calibrated as standard rulers) could break the
degeneracy between cosmological parameters ($H_0$, $\Omega_m$ and $\Omega_k$)
and therefore provide more stringent cosmological constraints for the six
cosmological models we study. A joint analysis of the quasar sample provides
model-independent estimations of the Hubble constant $H_0$, which is strongly
consistent with that derived from the local distance ladder by SH0ES
collaboration in the $\Lambda$CDM and PEDE model. However, in the framework of
a DGP cosmology (especially for the flat universe), the measured Hubble
constant is in good agreement with that derived from the the recent Planck 2018
results. In addition, our results show that zero spatial curvature is supported
by the current lensed and unlensed quasar observations and there is no
significant deviation from a flat universe. For most of cosmological model we
study (the flat $\Lambda$CDM, non-flat $\Lambda$CDM, flat PEDE, and non-flat
PEDE models), the derived matter density parameter is completely consistent
with $\Omega_m\sim 0.30$ in all the data sets, as expected by the latest
cosmological observations. Finally, according to the the statistical criteria
DIC, although the joint constraints provide substantial observational support
to the flat PEDE model, they do not rule out dark energy being a cosmological
constant and non-flat spatial hypersurfaces.
Chinese: 在本文中，我们使用一组新编译的射电类星体和强引力透镜系统样本，其中类星体作为背景源，来约束六种空间平坦和非平坦宇宙学模型（$\Lambda$CDM、PEDE和DGP）。这两组类星体数据（六个强引力透镜系统的时延测量值和120个被校准为标准尺度的中等亮度类星体）能够打破宇宙学参数（$H_0$、$\Omega_m$和$\Omega_k$）之间的退化性，从而为所研究的六种宇宙学模型提供更严格的宇宙学约束。对类星体样本的联合分析提供了模型无关的哈勃常数$H_0$估计值，该值与SH0ES合作组在$\Lambda$CDM和PEDE模型中通过本地距离标度推导出的结果高度一致。然而，在DGP宇宙学框架下（尤其是对于平坦宇宙），测量的哈勃常数与最近Planck 2018结果推导出的值吻合良好。此外，我们的结果表明，零空间曲率得到了当前透镜和未透镜类星体观测的支持，且与平坦宇宙没有显著偏差。对于我们所研究的绝大多数宇宙学模型（平坦$\Lambda$CDM、非平坦$\Lambda$CDM、平坦PEDE和非平坦PEDE模型），推导出的物质密度参数在所有数据集中均完全一致于$\Omega_m\sim 0.30$，这与最新的宇宙学观测预期相符。最后，根据DIC统计标准，尽管联合约束为平坦PEDE模型提供了实质性的观测支持，但它们并未排除暗能量是宇宙学常数以及非平坦空间超曲面的可能性。
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English: In this paper, we introduce and study V- and CI-semirings---semirings all of
whose simple and cyclic, respectively, semimodules are injective. We describe
V-semirings for some classes of semirings and establish some fundamental
properties of V-semirings. We show that all Jacobson-semisimple V-semirings are
V-rings. We also completely describe the bounded distributive lattices,
Gelfand, subtractive, semisimple, and anti-bounded, semirings that are
CI-semirings. Applying these results, we give complete characterizations of
congruence-simple subtractive and congruence-simple anti-bounded CI-semirings
which solve two earlier open problems for these classes of CI-semirings.
Chinese: 在这篇论文中，我们介绍并研究了V-和CI-半环——所有简单和循环半模分别是注入的半环。我们描述了一些类别的V-半环，并建立了V-半环的一些基本性质。我们表明所有雅可比森半单V-半环都是V-环。我们还完全描述了有界分配格、盖尔范德、减法、半单和反有界，CI-半环。应用这些结果，我们给出了完全刻画了同余简单减法和同余简单反有界CI-半环，这些结果解决了这些CI-半环类别的两个早期未解问题。
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English: The new polarization program SPASCHARM is being prepared in Protvino. The
program has two stages. The first stage is dedicated to single-spin asymmetries
in the production of miscellaneous light resonances with the use of 34 GeV
$\pi^-$-beam. Inclusive and exclusive reactions will be studied simultaneously.
The second stage is dedicated to single-spin and double-spin asymmetries in
charmonium production with the use of 70 GeV polarized proton beam which will
allow us to understand charmonium hadronic production mechanism and make gluon
polarization $\Delta g(x)$ extraction at large $x$.
Chinese: 新的极化程序SPASCHARM正在普罗特维诺进行准备。该程序分为两个阶段。第一阶段致力于使用34 GeV的π^-束产生各种轻共振的单自旋不对称性。将同时研究全反应和选择反应。第二阶段致力于使用70 GeV极化质子束产生的单自旋和双自旋不对称性，这将使我们能够理解粲介子强子产生机制，并在大x值下提取胶子极化Δg(x)。
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English: We consider the S-matrix of c=1 Liouville theory with vanishing cosmological
constant. We examine some of the constraints imposed by unitarity. These
completely determine (N,2) amplitudes at tree level in terms of the (N,1)
amplitudes when the plus tachyon momenta take generic values. A surprising
feature of the matrix model results is the lack of particle creation branch
cuts in the higher genus amplitudes. In fact, we show the naive field theory
limit of Liouville theory would predict such branch cuts. However, unitarity in
the full string theory ensures that such cuts do not appear in genus one (N,1)
amplitudes. We conclude with some comments about the genus one (N,2)
amplitudes.
Chinese: 我们考虑具有消失的宇宙学常数的c=1刘维尔理论的S矩阵。我们检验了幺正性所施加的一些约束。当正张量动量取一般值时，这些约束完全确定了树级上的(N,2)振幅，并以(N,1)振幅表示。矩阵模型结果的一个惊人特征是高族振幅中缺少粒子产生分支割线。事实上，我们表明刘维尔理论的浅显场论极限会预测这样的分支割线。然而，完整弦论中的幺正性确保这样的割线不会出现在一族的(N,1)振幅中。最后，我们对该一族(N,2)振幅发表了一些评论。
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English: In the last decade, Deep Learning has rapidly infiltrated the consumer end,
mainly thanks to hardware acceleration across devices. However, as we look
towards the future, it is evident that isolated hardware will be insufficient.
Increasingly complex AI tasks demand shared resources, cross-device
collaboration, and multiple data types, all without compromising user privacy
or quality of experience. To address this, we introduce a novel paradigm
centered around EdgeAI-Hub devices, designed to reorganise and optimise compute
resources and data access at the consumer edge. To this end, we lay a holistic
foundation for the transition from on-device to Edge-AI serving systems in
consumer environments, detailing their components, structure, challenges and
opportunities.
Chinese: 在过去的十年里，深度学习迅速渗透到消费端，这主要得益于设备端的硬件加速。然而，当我们展望未来时，很明显，孤立的硬件将是不够的。日益复杂的AI任务需要共享资源、跨设备协作和多种数据类型，同时不损害用户隐私或用户体验质量。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种以EdgeAI-Hub设备为中心的新型范式，旨在重新组织和优化消费边缘的计算资源和数据访问。为此，我们为消费者环境中从设备端到Edge-AI服务系统的过渡奠定了全面的基础，详细阐述了其组件、结构、挑战和机遇。
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English: Optical frequency combs have recently been demonstrated in micro--resonators
through nonlinear Kerr processes. Investigations in the past few years provided
better understanding of micro--combs and showed that spectral span and mode
locking are governed by cavity spectrum and dispersion. While various cavities
provide unique advantages, dispersion engineering has been reported only for
planar waveguides. In this Letter, we report a resonator design that combines
dispersion control, mode crossing free spectrum, and ultra--high quality
factor. We experimentally show that as the dispersion of a MgF2 resonator is
flattened, the comb span increases reaching 700 nm with as low as 60 mW pump
power at 1560 nm wavelength, corresponding to nearly 2000 lines separated by 46
GHz. The new resonator design may enable efficient low repetition rate coherent
octave spanning frequency combs without the need for external broadening, ideal
for applications in optical frequency synthesis, metrology, spectroscopy, and
communications.
Chinese: 光频梳最近通过非线性克尔过程在微谐振器中被证明。过去几年的研究提供了对微梳的更好理解，并表明光谱范围和模式锁定由腔体谱和色散控制。尽管各种腔体提供了独特的优点，但只有平面波导报告了色散工程。在这封信中，我们报告了一种结合了色散控制、无模式交叉光谱和超高质量因子的谐振器设计。我们实验性地表明，随着MgF2谐振器的色散被平滑，梳状光谱范围增加，达到700nm，使用1560nm波长的60mW泵功率，对应于几乎每46GHz相隔2000条线。这种新的谐振器设计可能使高效低重复率相干八度覆盖频率梳成为可能，无需外部扩展，非常适合光学频率合成、计量、光谱学和通信应用。
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English: We present a study of an Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) interferometer
realized with anyons. Such a device can directly probe entanglement and
fractional statistics of initially uncorrelated particles. We calculate HBT
cross-correlations of Abelian Laughlin anyons. The correlations we calculate
exhibit partial bunching similar to bosons, indicating a substantial
statistical transmuta- tion from the underlying electronic degrees of freedom.
We also find qualitative differences between the anyonic signal and the
corresponding bosonic or fermionic signals, indicating that anyons cannot be
simply thought as intermediate between bosons and fermions.
Chinese: 我们提出了一种使用任意子实现的汉布罗-布朗和特维斯（HBT）干涉仪的研究。这样的设备可以直接探测初始未相关粒子的纠缠和分数统计。我们计算了阿贝尔Laughlin任意子的HBT互相关。我们计算的相关性表现出类似于玻色子的部分聚束，这表明从基本电子自由度中发生了实质性的统计转化。我们还发现任意子信号与相应的玻色子或费米子信号之间存在定性差异，这表明任意子不能简单地被视为玻色子和费米子之间的中间状态。
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English: We report the detection with FUSE of strong, highly blue-shifted absorption
features appearing in the absorption troughs of practically all major P Cygni
profiles in the presumably single Wolf-Rayet star WR135. These features also
appear in the shock-sensitive OVI 1032/38 \AA doublet, coincident both in time
and velocity space with the rest of the lower-ionization species. Choosing
between two alternative interpretations: large-scale, coherent structures vs.
localized, random shocks, we favor the latter. The absolute value of velocity,
as well as velocity dispersion in the shocked region, the density of the
shocked gas, and the time scales of the observed variability allow us to relate
the observed shocks to the incidence of numerous over-dense clumps (blobs) in
the wind of a hot, massive star.
Chinese: 我们报告了使用FUSE探测到在假设的单个沃尔夫-雷伊特星WR135几乎所有主要P Cygni谱线的吸收谷中出现的强、高度蓝移的吸收特征。这些特征也出现在对冲击敏感的OVI 1032/38 Å双线中，在时间和速度空间上都与其余的低电离物种一致。在两种替代解释之间进行选择：大规模、有序结构与局部、随机冲击，我们倾向于后者。冲击区域的绝对速度值，以及速度分散，冲击气体的密度和观测到的变异性时间尺度使我们能够将观察到的冲击与热、大质量星风中的许多过密团块（团块）的出现联系起来。
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English: A new grid of detailed atmosphere model spectra for hot and moderately cool
subdwarf stars is presented. High-resolution spectra and synthetic photometry
are calculated in the range from 1000{\AA} to 10,000{\AA} using Non-LTE fully
line-blanketed atmosphere structures. Our grid covers eight temperatures within
10,000<Teff [K]<65,000, three surface gravities in the range 4.5<logg
[cgs]<6.5, two helium abundances matching two extreme helium-rich and
helium-poor scenarios, and two limiting metallicity boundaries regarding both
solar ([Fe/H] = 0) and Galactic halo ([Fe/H] = -1.5 and [{\alpha}/Fe] = +0.4).
Besides its application in the determination of fundamental parameters of
subdwarfs in isolation and in binaries, the resulting database is also of
interest for population synthesis procedures in a wide variety of stellar
systems.
Chinese: 一种针对热和适度冷却的亚矮星的新详细大气模型光谱网格被提出。使用非局部热平衡（Non-LTE）完全线屏蔽大气结构，在1000Å到10,000Å的范围内计算了高分辨率光谱和合成光度。我们的网格涵盖了10,000<Teff [K]<65,000之间的八个温度，4.5<logg [cgs]<6.5范围内的三个表面重力，两个氦丰度，分别对应两种极端的富氦和贫氦情况，以及两个极限金属丰度边界，分别涉及太阳（[Fe/H] = 0）和银河系晕（[Fe/H] = -1.5和[{\alpha}/Fe] = +0.4）。除了在孤立和双星系统中确定亚矮星的基本参数的应用外，所得到的数据库对于各种恒星系统中的种群合成过程也很有兴趣。
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English: The Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) will demonstrate the principle
of muon beam phase-space reduction via ionization cooling. Muon beam cooling
will be required for the proposed Neutrino Factory or Muon Collider. The
phase-space before and after the cooling cell must be measured precisely. This
is achieved using two scintillating-fibre trackers, each placed in a solenoidal
magnetic field. This paper describes the software reconstruction for the fibre
trackers: the GEANT4 based simulation; the implementation of the geometry;
digitisation; space-point reconstruction; pattern recognition; and the final
track fit based on a Kalman filter. The performance of the software is
evaluated by means of Monte Carlo studies and the precision of the final track
reconstruction is evaluated.
Chinese: μ子电离冷却实验（MICE）将演示通过电离冷却实现μ子束相空间减少的原理。对于拟议中的中微子工厂或μ子对撞机，需要μ子束冷却。在冷却室前后必须精确测量相空间。这是通过使用两个放置在螺线管磁场中的闪烁纤维跟踪器来实现的。本文描述了纤维跟踪器的软件重建：基于GEANT4的模拟；几何形状的实现；数字化；空间点重建；模式识别；以及基于卡尔曼滤波器的最终轨迹拟合。软件的性能通过蒙特卡洛研究进行评估，最终轨迹重建的精度得到评估。
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English: We explore the nonlinear dynamics of a cavity optomechanical system. Our
realization consisting of a drumhead nano-electro-mechanical resonator (NEMS)
coupled to a microwave cavity, allows for a nearly ideal platform to study the
nonlinearities arising purely due to radiation-pressure physics. Experiments
are performed under a strong microwave Stokes pumping which triggers mechanical
self-sustained oscillations. We analyze the results in the framework of an
extended nonlinear optomechanical theory, and demonstrate that quadratic and
cubic coupling terms in the opto-mechanical Hamiltonian have to be considered.
Quantitative agreement with the measurements is obtained considering only
genuine geometrical nonlinearities: no thermo-optical instabilities are
observed, in contrast with laser-driven systems. Based on these results, we
describe a method to quantify nonlinear properties of microwave optomechanical
devices. Such a technique, available now in the quantum electro-mechanics
toolbox, but completely generic, is mandatory for the development of new
schemes where higher-order coupling terms are proposed as a new resource, like
Quantum Non-Demolition measurements, or in the search for new fundamental
quantum signatures, like Quantum Gravity. We also find that the motion imprints
a wide comb of extremely narrow peaks in the microwave output field, which
could also be exploited in specific microwave-based measurements, potentially
limited only by the quantum noise of the optical and the mechanical fields for
a ground-state cooled NEMS device.
Chinese: 我们探讨了腔光机械系统中的非线性动力学。我们的实现包括一个鼓膜纳米电子机械谐振器（NEMS）与微波腔耦合，这为我们提供了一个几乎理想的平台来研究纯粹由辐射压力物理引起的非线性现象。在强微波斯托克斯泵浦下进行实验，触发了机械自维持振荡。我们在此基础上分析结果，采用扩展的非线性光机械理论框架，并证明必须考虑光学机械哈密顿量中的二次和三次耦合项。仅考虑真正的几何非线性性，就可与测量结果相匹配：没有观察到热光学不稳定性，这与激光驱动系统形成对比。基于这些结果，我们描述了一种量化微波光机械设备非线性性质的方法。这种技术现在已纳入量子电子机械工具箱，且完全通用，对于发展新方案至关重要，这些方案提出更高阶耦合项作为新资源，如量子非破坏性测量，或在寻找新的基本量子标志，如量子引力中。我们还发现，运动在微波输出场中印刻了一个广泛的极窄峰梳，这在特定的微波基测量中也可能被利用，理论上仅受限于光学和机械场的量子噪声，对于冷却至基态的NEMS设备。
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English: This survey gives an introduction to monetary measures of risk as monotone
and cash additive functions on spaces of univariate random variables. Primal
and dual representation results as well as several examples are discussed.
Principal ways to construct risk measures are given and extensions to more
general situations indicated.
Chinese: 这项调查介绍了风险货币度量作为单变量随机变量空间上的单调性和现金加性函数。讨论了原像和对偶表示结果以及一些例子。给出了构建风险度量的主要方法，并指出了向更一般情况扩展的途径。
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English: We analyze the phenomenological implications for new electroweak physics in
the Higgs sector in the framework of SU(2)_L x U(1)_Y theories that naturally
predict heavy Majorana neutrinos. We calculate the one-loop Majorana-neutrino
contributions to the decay rates of the Higgs boson into pairs of quarks and
intermediate bosons and to its production cross section via bremsstrahlung in
e^+e^- collisions. It turns out that these are extremely small in three-
generation models. On the other hand, the sizeable quantum corrections
generated by a conventional fourth generation with a Dirac neutrino may be
screened considerably in the presence of a Majorana degree of freedom.
Chinese: 我们分析了在SU(2)_L x U(1)_Y理论框架下，预测重Majorana中微子的希格斯部门中新电弱物理现象的唯象学意义。我们计算了Majorana中微子在希格斯玻色子衰变为夸克对和中间玻色子对以及通过e^+e^-碰撞中的制动辐射产生过程中的单环贡献。结果表明，在三代模型中这些贡献极小。另一方面，由具有狄拉克中微子的传统四代产生的可观量的量子修正，在存在Majorana自由度的条件下可能会被显著屏蔽。
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English: This paper makes three contributions: (1) the paper provides a better
understanding of online behavior by showing the main drivers of Internet portal
choice, (2) the rich data allow for a deeper understanding of brand
substitution patterns than previously possible and (3) the paper introduces a
wider statistics community to a new data opportunity and a recently developed
method.
Chinese: 本文做出了三项贡献：(1) 通过展示互联网门户选择的主要驱动因素，本文提供了对在线行为的更好理解；(2) 丰富的数据使得对品牌替代模式的深入理解比以往成为可能；(3) 本文将更广泛的统计学界介绍了一种新的数据机会和最近开发的方法。
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English: I develop Rafael D. Sorkin's proposal that a partially ordered process of the
birth of spacetime atoms in causal set quantum gravity provides an objective
physical correlate of our perception of time passing. I argue that one cannot
have a fully objective, external picture of the birth process because the order
in which the spacetime atoms are born is a partial order. I propose that live
experience in causal set theory is an internal view of the objective birth
process in which events that are neural correlates of consciousness occur. In
causal set theory, what ``breathes fire'' into a neural correlate of
consciousness is that which breathes fire into the whole universe: the
unceasing, partially ordered process of the birth of spacetime atoms.
Chinese: 我发展了拉斐尔·D·索尔金（Rafael D. Sorkin）的提议，即因果集量子引力中部分有序的时空原子诞生过程为我们对时间流逝的感知提供了一个客观的物理对应物。我主张由于时空原子的诞生顺序是一个偏序，因此无法拥有一个完全客观、外部的诞生过程图景。我提出，因果集理论中的生活经验是对客观诞生过程的内部视角，其中发生的那些与意识相关的神经对应物。在因果集理论中，赋予意识神经对应物以生命力的，正是赋予整个宇宙生命力的东西：即时空原子不断诞生、部分有序的过程。
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English: We perform Time Dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) calculations to investigate the
small amplitude dipole response of selected neutron-rich nuclei and Sn
isotopes. A detailed comparison with the dipole strength predicted by
Random-Phase Approximation (RPA) calculations is presented for the first time.
TDHF results are also confronted to Vlasov calculations, to explore up to which
extent a semi-classical picture can explain the properties of the nuclear
response. The focus is on the low-energy response, below the Giant Dipole
Resonance region, where different modes of non negligible strength are
identified. We show that the relative weight of these excitations evolves with
nuclear global features, such as density profile and neutron skin, which in
turn reflect impor tant properties of the nuclear effective interaction. A
thorough analysis of the associated transition densities turns out to be quite
useful to better characterize the mixed isoscalar(IS)/isovector(IV) nature of
the different modes and their surface/volume components. In particular, we show
that the dipole response in the so-called Pygmy Dipole Resonance region
corresponds to isoscalar-like surface oscillations, of larger strength in
nuclei with a more diffuse surface. The ratio between the IV and IS Energy
Weighted Sum Rule fractions exhausted in this region is shown to almost
linearly increase with the neutron skin thickness in Sn isotopes.
Chinese: 我们进行时间依赖哈特里-福克（TDHF）计算，以研究选定中子丰核和锡同位素的低幅度偶极响应。首次展示了与随机相位近似（RPA）计算预测的偶极强度进行的详细比较。TDHF结果还与弗拉索夫计算进行了对比，以探索半经典图像在解释核响应性质方面可以达到何种程度。重点在于低能响应，在巨偶极共振区域以下，其中识别出不同模式的不同强度。我们表明，这些激发的相对权重随着核的全局特征（如密度分布和中子皮层）的变化而变化，而这些特征反过来又反映了核有效相互作用的重要性质。对相关跃迁密度的彻底分析证明对于更好地表征不同模式的混合同位旋(IS)/同位旋矢量(IV)性质及其表面/体积成分非常有用。特别是，我们表明，在所谓的矮偶极共振区域中的偶极响应对应于同位旋类似的表面振荡，在表面更弥散的核中强度更大。在这个区域中，IV和IS能量加权求和规则分数之比几乎线性地随锡同位素的中子皮层厚度增加。
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English: We show that for four-dimensional spacetimes with a non-null hypersurface
orthogonal Killing vector and for a Chern-Simons (CS) background
(non-dynamical) scalar field, which is constant along the Killing vector, the
source-free equations of CS modified gravity decouple into their Einstein and
Cotton constituents. Thus, the model supports only general relativity
solutions. We also show that, when the cosmological constant vanishes and the
gradient of the CS scalar field is parallel to the non-null hypersurface
orthogonal Killing vector of constant length, CS modified gravity reduces to
topologically massive gravity in three dimensions. Meanwhile, with the
cosmological constant such a reduction requires an appropriate source term for
CS modified gravity.
Chinese: 我们证明了对于具有非零的非退化的超表面正Killing向量的四维时空，以及对于一个Chern-Simons（CS）背景（非动力学）标量场，该标量场沿Killing向量保持恒定，CS修正引力的无源方程可以分解为其Einstein和Cotton组成部分。因此，该模型仅支持广义相对论解。我们还展示了，当宇宙常数消失且CS标量场的梯度平行于恒定长度的非零超表面正Killing向量时，CS修正引力在三维中减少为拓扑质量引力。同时，当宇宙常数需要适当的源项时，才能使CS修正引力减少为拓扑质量引力。
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English: Effective communication between a clinician and their patient is critical for
delivering healthcare maximizing outcomes. Unfortunately, traditional
communication training approaches that use human standardized patients and
expert coaches are difficult to scale. Here, we present the development and
validation of a scalable, easily accessible, digital tool known as the
Standardized Online Patient for Health Interaction Education (SOPHIE) for
practicing and receiving feedback on doctor-patient communication skills.
SOPHIE was validated by conducting an experiment with 30 participants. We found
that participants who underwent SOPHIE performed significantly better than the
control in overall communication, aggregate scores, empowering the patient, and
showing empathy ($p < 0.05$ in all cases). One day, we hope that SOPHIE will
help make communication training resources more accessible by providing a
scalable option to supplement existing resources.
Chinese: 有效沟通对于临床医生和患者之间提供医疗保健、最大化治疗效果至关重要。不幸的是，使用标准化患者和专家教练的传统沟通培训方法难以扩展。在这里，我们介绍了可扩展、易于获取的数字工具——标准化在线患者健康互动教育（SOPHIE）的开发和验证，用于练习和接收医生与患者沟通技巧的反馈。通过一项包含30名参与者的实验对SOPHIE进行了验证。我们发现，接受SOPHIE训练的参与者在整体沟通、综合评分、赋予患者权力和展现同理心方面均显著优于对照组（所有情况下p < 0.05）。有一天，我们希望SOPHIE能够通过提供可扩展的选项来补充现有资源，从而帮助使沟通培训资源更加易于获取。
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English: Magnetic skyrmions present interesting physics due to their topological
nature and hold significant promise for future information technologies. A key
barrier to realizing skyrmion devices has been stabilizing these spin
structures under ambient conditions. In this manuscript, we exploit the tunable
magnetic properties of amorphous Fe/Gd mulitlayers to realize skyrmion lattices
which are stable over a large temperature and magnetic field parameter space,
including room temperature and zero magnetic field. These hybrid skyrmions have
both Bloch-type and N\'eel-type character and are stabilized by dipolar
interactions rather than Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions, which are
typically considered required for the generation of skyrmions. Small angle
neutron scattering (SANS) was used in combination with soft X-ray microscopy to
provide a unique, multi-scale probe of the local and long-range order of these
structures. These results identify a pathway to engineer controllable skyrmion
phases in thin film geometries which are stable at ambient conditions.
Chinese: 磁性的斯格明子由于其拓扑性质而呈现出有趣的物理特性，并为未来的信息技术带来了巨大的希望。实现斯格明子器件的关键障碍在于在环境条件下稳定这些自旋结构。在这篇论文中，我们利用非晶态Fe/Gd多层膜的可调磁性质，实现了在广泛的温度和磁场参数空间内稳定的斯格明子晶格，包括室温和无磁场。这些混合斯格明子既具有布洛赫型特征，也具有内禀型特征，并且通过偶极相互作用而不是通常认为生成斯格明子所必需的Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya相互作用得到稳定。小角中子散射（SANS）与软X射线显微镜结合使用，为这些结构的局部和长程秩序提供了一个独特、多尺度的探测工具。这些结果确定了一条在薄膜几何形状中设计可控斯格明子相的途径，这些相在环境条件下是稳定的。
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English: This paper proves that if $G$ is a graph (parallel edges allowed) of maximum
degree 3, then $\chi_c'(G) \leq 11/3$ provided that $G$ does not contain $H_1$
or $H_2$ as a subgraph, where $H_1$ and $H_2$ are obtained by subdividing one
edge of $K_2^3$ (the graph with three parallel edges between two vertices) and
$K_4$, respectively. As $\chi_c'(H_1) = \chi_c'(H_2) = 4$, our result implies
that there is no graph $G$ with $11/3 < \chi_c'(G) < 4$. It also implies that
if $G$ is a 2-edge connected cubic graph, then $\chi'(G) \le 11/3$.
Chinese: 本文证明，如果$G$是一个最大度为3的图（允许平行边），那么当$G$不包含$H_1$或$H_2$作为子图时，$\chi_c'(G) \leq 11/3$，其中$H_1$和$H_2$分别通过将$K_2^3$（两个顶点之间有三条平行边的图）的一条边细分和$K_4$得到。由于$\chi_c'(H_1) = \chi_c'(H_2) = 4$，我们的结果意味着不存在一个图$G$，使得$11/3 < \chi_c'(G) < 4$。这也意味着如果$G$是一个2边连通的三次图，那么$\chi'(G) \le 11/3$。
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English: One of the few p nuclei with an odd number of protons is 113In. Reaction
cross sections of 113In(alpha,gamma)117Sb and 113In(alpha,n)116Sb have been
measured with the activation method at center-of-mass energies between 8.66 and
13.64 MeV, close to the astrophysically relevant energy range. The experiments
were carried out at the cyclotron accelerator of ATOMKI. The activities were
determined by off-line detection of the decay gamma rays with a HPGe detector.
Measured cross sections and astrophysical S factor results are presented and
compared with statistical model calculations using three different
alpha+nucleus potentials. The comparison indicates that the standard rates used
in the majority of network calculations for these reactions were too fast due
to the energy dependence of the optical alpha potential at low energy.
Chinese: In中具有奇数质子数的一少数p核之一是113In。在质心能量介于8.66和13.64 MeV之间，接近天体物理学相关能量范围内，使用活化方法测量了113In(alpha,gamma)117Sb和113In(alpha,n)116Sb的反应截面。实验在ATOMKI的回旋加速器上进行。通过离线检测衰变伽马射线使用HPGe探测器来确定活动性。展示了测量的截面和天体物理学S因子结果，并与使用三种不同的α+核势的计算进行了比较。比较表明，在大多数网络计算中使用的标准速率由于低能时光学α势的能量依赖性而太快。
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English: We survey recent results of normal and anomalous diffusion of two types of
random motions with long memory in ${\Bbb R}^d$ or ${\Bbb Z}^d$. The first
class consists of random walks on ${\Bbb Z}^d$ in divergence-free random drift
field, modelling the motion of a particle suspended in time-stationary
incompressible turbulent flow. The second class consists of self-repelling
random diffusions, where the diffusing particle is pushed by the negative
gradient of its own occupation time measure towards regions less visited in the
past. We establish normal diffusion (with square-root-of-time scaling and
Gaussian limiting distribution) in three and more dimensions and typically
anomalously fast diffusion in low dimensions (typically, one and two). Results
are quoted from various papers published between 2012-2018, with some hints to
the main ideas of the proofs. No technical details are presented here.
Chinese: 我们回顾了在${\Bbb R}^d$或${\Bbb Z}^d$中的两种具有长期记忆的随机运动的正常扩散和异常扩散的最近结果。第一类包括在无源随机漂流场上的${\Bbb Z}^d$上的随机游走，用于模拟悬浮粒子在时间平稳不可压缩湍流流中的运动。第二类包括自我排斥的随机扩散，其中扩散的粒子被其自身占用时间测度的负梯度推到过去较少访问的区域。我们建立了三维及以上维度的正常扩散（具有时间平方根缩放和高斯极限分布）以及低维度（通常是一维和二维）中通常的异常快速扩散。这些结果来自2012年至2018年间发表的多篇论文，其中提到了证明的主要思想。这里没有提供技术细节。
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English: Data from the Decennial Census is published only after applying a disclosure
avoidance system (DAS). Data users were shaken by the adoption of differential
privacy in the 2020 DAS, a radical departure from past methods. The change
raises the question of whether redistricting law permits, forbids, or requires
taking account of the effect of disclosure avoidance. Such uncertainty creates
legal risks for redistricters, as Alabama argued in a lawsuit seeking to
prevent the 2020 DAS's deployment. We consider two redistricting settings in
which a data user might be concerned about the impacts of privacy preserving
noise: drawing equal population districts and litigating voting rights cases.
What discrepancies arise if the user does nothing to account for disclosure
avoidance? How might the user adapt her analyses to mitigate those
discrepancies? We study these questions by comparing the official 2010
Redistricting Data to the 2010 Demonstration Data -- created using the 2020 DAS
-- in an analysis of millions of algorithmically generated state legislative
redistricting plans. In both settings, we observe that an analyst may come to
incorrect conclusions if they do not account for noise. With minor adaptations,
though, the underlying policy goals remain achievable: tweaking selection
criteria enables a redistricter to draw balanced plans, and illustrative plans
can still be used as evidence of the maximum number of majority-minority
districts that are possible in a geography. At least for state legislatures,
Alabama's claim that differential privacy ``inhibits a State's right to draw
fair lines'' appears unfounded.
Chinese: 十年人口普查数据只有在应用披露规避系统（DAS）后才会发布。数据用户对2020年DAS采用差分隐私感到震惊，这与过去的方法有着根本性的转变。这一变化引发了关于选区划分法是否允许、禁止或要求考虑披露规避效果的问题。这种不确定性为选区划分者带来了法律风险，阿拉巴马州在起诉阻止2020年DAS部署的诉讼中就提出了这一观点。我们考虑了两种选区划分场景，在这些场景中，数据用户可能会关注隐私保护性噪声的影响：绘制等人口选区和诉讼投票权案件。如果用户不采取措施考虑披露规避，会出现哪些差异？用户如何调整她的分析以减轻这些差异？我们通过比较官方2010年选区划分数据与使用2020年DAS创建的2010年演示数据，在一个分析数百万个算法生成的州立法机构选区划分计划中研究这些问题。在两种场景中，我们观察到，如果分析人员不考虑噪声，可能会得出错误结论。然而，稍加调整后，基本政策目标仍然可以实现：调整选择标准使选区划分者能够绘制平衡的计划，示例计划仍然可以作为证据证明在特定地理区域内可能实现的最大多数少数族裔选区数量。至少对于州立法机构而言，阿拉巴马州声称差分隐私“妨碍了州绘制公平线条的权利”的观点似乎缺乏依据。
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English: An observable sensitive to the chiral magnetic wave (CMW) is the charge
asymmetry dependence of the $\pi^{-}$ and $\pi^{+}$ anisotropic flow
difference, $\Delta v_{n}(A_{\rm ch})$. We show that, due to non-flow
correlations, the flow measurements by the Q-cumulant method using all charged
particles as reference introduce a trivial linear term to $\Delta v_{n}(A_{\rm
ch})$. The trivial slope contribution to the triangle flow difference $\Delta
v_{3}(A_{\rm ch})$ can be negative if the non-flow is dominated by back-to-back
pairs. This can explain the observed negative $\Delta v_{3}(A_{\rm ch})$ slope
in the preliminary STAR data. We further find that the non-flow correlations
give rise to additional backgrounds to the slope of $\Delta v_{2}(A_{\rm ch})$
from the competition among different pion sources and from the larger
multiplicity dilution to $\pi^{+}$ ($\pi^{-}$) at positive (negative) $A_{\rm
ch}$.
Chinese: 对螺旋磁波(CMW)敏感的可观测量是π⁻和π⁺各向异性流差，Δvₙ(A_{\rm ch})。我们证明，由于非流关联，使用所有带电粒子作为参考的Q-累积量方法对Δvₙ(A_{\rm ch})引入了一个平凡线性项。如果非流关联主要由背对背对子主导，那么对三角形流差Δv₃(A_{\rm ch})的平凡斜率贡献可能是负的。这可以解释初步STAR数据中观察到的负Δv₃(A_{\rm ch})斜率。我们进一步发现，非流关联既来自不同π介子源的竞争，又来自在正(A_{\rm ch})（负(A_{\rm ch})）处π⁺（π⁻）的多重性稀释更大，从而给Δv₂(A_{\rm ch})的斜率引入了附加背景。
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English: A novel modelling framework is proposed for the analysis of aggregative games
on an infinite-time horizon, assuming that players are subject to heterogeneous
periodic constraints. A new aggregative equilibrium notion is presented and the
strategic behaviour of the agents is analysed under a receding horizon
paradigm. The evolution of the strategies predicted and implemented by the
players over time is modelled through a discrete-time multi-valued dynamical
system. By considering Lyapunov stability notions and applying limit and
invariance results for set-valued correspondences, necessary conditions are
derived for convergence of a receding horizon map to a periodic equilibrium of
the aggregative game. This result is achieved for any (feasible) initial
condition, thus ensuring implicit adaptivity of the proposed control framework
to real-time variations in the number and parameters of players. Design and
implementation of the proposed control strategy are discussed and an example of
distributed control for data routing is presented, evaluating its performance
in simulation.
Chinese: 提出了一种新的建模框架，用于分析具有无限时间跨度的聚合博弈，假设博弈参与者受到异构周期性约束。提出了新的聚合均衡概念，并在后退时间范式下分析了代理人的策略行为。通过离散时间多值动力系统，对参与者随时间预测和实施的策略演变进行建模。通过考虑李雅普诺夫稳定性概念，并对集合值对应关系的极限不变性结果进行应用，推导出了后退时间映射收敛到聚合博弈周期均衡的必要条件。该结果适用于任何（可行）初始条件，从而确保所提出的控制框架对参与者数量和参数的实时变化具有隐式适应性。讨论了所提出控制策略的设计与实现，并展示了一个用于数据路由的分布式控制示例，通过仿真评估了其性能。
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English: In this study, the Optical conductivity of substitutionary doped graphene is
investigated in presence of the Rashba spin orbit coupling (RSOC). Calculations
have been performed within the coherent potential approximation (CPA) beyond
the Dirac cone approximation. Results of the current study demonstrate that the
optical conductivity is increased by increasing the RSOC strength. Meanwhile it
was observed that the anisotropy of the band energy results in a considerable
anisotropic optical conductivity (AOC) in monolayer graphene. The sign and
magnitude of this anisotropic conductivity was shown to be controlled by the
external field frequency. It was also shown that the Rashba interaction results
in electron-hole asymmetry in monolayer graphene.
Chinese: 在这项研究中，研究了掺杂石墨烯在存在Rashba自旋轨道耦合（RSOC）情况下的光学导电性。计算是在超越狄拉克锥近似的情况下，在相干势近似（CPA）框架内进行的。当前研究的结果表明，随着RSOC强度的增加，光学导电性也会增加。同时观察到，能带各向异性导致了单层石墨烯中相当大的各向异性光学导电性（AOC）。这种各向异性导电性的符号和大小被证明受外部场频率的控制。此外，还表明Rashba相互作用导致了单层石墨烯中的电子-空穴不对称性。
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English: End-to-end sign language translation (SLT) aims to convert sign language
videos into spoken language texts directly without intermediate
representations. It has been a challenging task due to the modality gap between
sign videos and texts and the data scarcity of labeled data. Due to these
challenges, the input and output distributions of end-to-end sign language
translation (i.e., video-to-text) are less effective compared to the
gloss-to-text approach (i.e., text-to-text). To tackle these challenges, we
propose a novel Cross-modality Data Augmentation (XmDA) framework to transfer
the powerful gloss-to-text translation capabilities to end-to-end sign language
translation (i.e. video-to-text) by exploiting pseudo gloss-text pairs from the
sign gloss translation model. Specifically, XmDA consists of two key
components, namely, cross-modality mix-up and cross-modality knowledge
distillation. The former explicitly encourages the alignment between sign video
features and gloss embeddings to bridge the modality gap. The latter utilizes
the generation knowledge from gloss-to-text teacher models to guide the spoken
language text generation. Experimental results on two widely used SLT datasets,
i.e., PHOENIX-2014T and CSL-Daily, demonstrate that the proposed XmDA framework
significantly and consistently outperforms the baseline models. Extensive
analyses confirm our claim that XmDA enhances spoken language text generation
by reducing the representation distance between videos and texts, as well as
improving the processing of low-frequency words and long sentences.
Chinese: 端到端手语翻译（SLT）旨在直接将手语视频转换为口语文本，而无需中间表示。由于手语视频和文本之间存在模态差距，以及标记数据的稀缺性，这一直是一项具有挑战性的任务。由于这些挑战，端到端手语翻译（即视频到文本）的输入和输出分布与术语到文本的方法（即文本到文本）相比，效果较差。为了应对这些挑战，我们提出了一种新颖的跨模态数据增强（XmDA）框架，通过利用手语术语翻译模型生成的伪术语-文本对，将强大的术语到文本翻译能力迁移到端到端手语翻译（即视频到文本）。具体而言，XmDA由两个关键组件组成，即跨模态混合和跨模态知识蒸馏。前者明确鼓励手语视频特征与术语嵌入之间的对齐，以弥合模态差距；后者利用术语到文本教师模型的生成知识来指导口语文本的生成。在两个广泛使用的手语翻译（SLT）数据集，即PHOENIX-2014T和CSL-Daily上的实验结果表明，所提出的XmDA框架显著且一致地优于基线模型。大量分析证实了我们的观点：XmDA通过减少视频和文本之间的表示距离，以及改善低频词和长句的处理，增强了口语文本的生成。
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English: Linear codes with a few weights can be applied to communication, consumer
electronics and data storage system. In addition, the weight hierarchy of
linear codes has many applications such as on the type II wire-tap channel,
dealing with $t$-resilient functions and trellis or branch complexity of linear
codes and so on. In this paper, we first present a formula for computing the
weight hierarchies of linear codes constructed by the generalized method of
defining sets. Then, we construct two classes of binary linear codes with a few
weights and determine their weight distributions and weight hierarchies
completely. Some codes of them can be used in secret sharing schemes.
Chinese: 具有少量权重的线性码可以应用于通信、消费电子和数据存储系统。此外，线性码的权重层次结构在许多应用中都有作用，例如在II型线缆窃听信道、处理$t$-容错函数、线性码的格子或分支复杂性等方面。在本文中，我们首先提出了一种计算由定义集的广义方法构建的线性码权重层次结构的公式。然后，我们构建了两类具有少量权重的二元线性码，并完全确定了它们的权重分布和权重层次结构。其中一些码可用于秘密共享方案。
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English: A plethora of wearable devices have been developed or commercialized for
continuous non-invasive monitoring of physiological signals that are crucial
for preventive care and management of chronic conditions. However, most of
these devices are either sensitive to skin conditions or its interface with the
skin due to the requirement that the external stimuli such as light or
electrical excitation must penetrate the skin to detect the pulse. This often
results in large motion artefacts and unsuitability for certain skin
conditions. Here, we demonstrate a simple fingertip-type device which can
detect clear pulse signals under all conditions, including fingers covered by
opaque substances such as a plaster or nail polish, or fingers immersed in
liquid. The device has a very simple structure, consisting of only a pair of
magnets and a magnetic sensor. We show through both experiments and simulations
that the detected pulsation signals correspond directly to the magnet
vibrations caused by blood circulation, and therefore, in addition to heartrate
detection, the proposed device can also be potentially used for blood pressure
measurement.
Chinese: 大量可穿戴设备已被开发或商业化，用于连续非侵入式监测对预防保健和慢性病管理至关重要的生理信号。然而，由于外部刺激如光或电兴奋必须穿透皮肤以检测脉搏，这些设备大多数对皮肤状况或其与皮肤的接触界面敏感。这通常会导致大的运动伪影，并不适合某些皮肤状况。在此，我们展示了一种简单的指端型设备，该设备可以在所有条件下检测到清晰的脉搏信号，包括被敷料或指甲油等不透明物质覆盖的手指，或手指浸入液体中。该设备结构非常简单，仅由一对磁铁和一个磁传感器组成。我们通过实验和模拟都表明，检测到的脉搏信号直接对应于血液循环引起的磁铁振动，因此，除了心率检测外，所提出的设备还可以潜在地用于血压测量。
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English: In this work we study five Grovers algorithm modifications, where each
iteration is constructed by two generalized Householder reflections, against
inaccuracies in the phases. By using semi-empirical methods, we investigate
various characteristics of the dependence between the probability to find
solution and the phase errors. The first of them is the robustness of the
probability to errors in the phase. The second one is how quickly the
probability falls beyond the stability interval. And finally, the average
success rate of the algorithm when the parameters are in the range of the
highly robust interval. Two of the modifications require usage of the same
Grover operator each iteration and in the other three it differs. Those
semi-empirical methods give us the, tool to make prediction of the quantum
algorithm modifications overall behavior and compare them for even larger
register size
Chinese: 在这项工作中，我们研究了五种Grover算法的修改版本，其中每一轮迭代由两个广义Householder反射构成，以应对相位中的不准确。通过使用半经验方法，我们探讨了找到解的概率与相位误差之间各种特征的依赖关系。其中第一个特征是概率对相位误差的鲁棒性。第二个特征是概率在稳定区间外下降的速度。最后，当参数在高度鲁棒区间内时，算法的平均成功率。其中两种修改版本在每一轮迭代中使用相同的Grover算子，而在另外三种版本中则不同。这些半经验方法为我们提供了一种工具，可以预测量子算法修改的整体行为，并且可以将它们进行比较，即使在更大的寄存器尺寸下也是如此。
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English: Flying mirrors with appropriate trajectories have been recognized as an
analog system that mimics black hole Hawking evaporation and have been widely
investigated. It has recently been suggested that the partner mode of the
analog Hawking radiation emitted from a moving mirror would manifest itself
through a final burst when the mirror executes a sudden stop. Here we argue the
opposite via the partner formula for the moving mirror model. By expanding the
theoretical foundation of the partner formula and augmenting it with numerical
analysis, we demonstrate that the supposed final burst is induced by a shock
that requires the input of external energy, whereas the Hawking radiation
partner mode, which is associated with the zero-point vacuum fluctuations, is
not responsible for the burst.
Chinese: 具有适当轨迹的飞行镜子已被识别为模拟黑洞霍金蒸发的类比系统，并且已经被广泛研究。最近有建议认为，移动镜子发出的类比霍金辐射的伙伴模式会在镜子突然停止时通过最终爆发表现出来。在这里，我们通过移动镜子模型的伙伴公式提出了相反的观点。通过扩展伙伴公式的理论基础，并结合数值分析，我们证明了所谓的最终爆发是由需要外部能量输入的冲击引起的，而与零点真空波动相关的霍金辐射伙伴模式并不是导致爆发的原因。
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English: The influence of lateral adsorbate diffusion on the dynamics of the
first-order phase transition in a two-dimensional Ising lattice gas with
attractive nearest-neighbor interactions is investigated by means of kinetic
Monte Carlo simulations. For example, electrochemical underpotential deposition
proceeds by this mechanism. One major difference from adsorption in vacuum
surface science is that under control of the electrode potential and in the
absence of mass-transport limitations, local adsorption equilibrium is
approximately established. We analyze our results using the theory of
Kolmogorov, Johnson and Mehl, and Avrami (KJMA), which we extend to an
exponentially decaying nucleation rate. Such a decay may occur due to a
suppression of nucleation around existing clusters in the presence of lateral
adsorbate diffusion. Correlation functions prove the existence of such
exclusion zones. By comparison with microscopic results for the nucleation rate
I and the interface velocity of the growing clusters v, we can show that the
KJMA theory yields the correct order of magnitude for Iv^2. This is true even
though the spatial correlations mediated by diffusion are neglected. The
decaying nucleation rate causes a gradual crossover from continuous to
instantaneous nucleation, which is complete when the decay of the nucleation
rate is very fast on the time scale of the phase transformation. Hence,
instantaneous nucleation can be homogeneous, producing negative minima in the
two-point correlation functions. We also present in this paper an n-fold way
Monte Carlo algorithm for a square lattice gas with adsorption/desorption and
lateral diffusion.
Chinese: 通过动力学蒙特卡洛模拟研究了横向吸附物扩散对具有吸引最近邻相互作用的二维伊辛晶格气体中一级相变动力学的影响。例如，电化学次级电沉积就是通过这种机制进行的。与真空表面科学中的吸附的主要区别在于，在电极电势的控制下且不存在质量传输限制时，局部吸附平衡近似建立。我们使用柯尔莫哥洛夫、约翰逊和梅尔以及阿瓦里（KJMA）理论分析我们的结果，并将该理论扩展到指数衰减的形核率。这种衰减可能是由于横向吸附物扩散存在时，现有团簇周围的形核受到抑制所导致的。相关函数证明了这种排斥区的存在。通过与形核率I和生长团簇界面速度v的微观结果的比较，我们可以证明KJMA理论给出了Iv^2的正确数量级。即使扩散介导的空间相关性被忽略，这一点也成立。衰减的形核率导致从连续形核到瞬时形核的逐渐转变，当形核率的衰减在相变的时间尺度上非常快时，这种转变是完整的。因此，瞬时形核可以是均匀的，在两点相关函数中产生负最小值。本文还提出了一个用于具有吸附/解吸和横向扩散的正方形晶格气体的n重方式蒙特卡洛算法。
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English: Quantum computation is one of the most promising new paradigms for the
simulation of physical systems composed of electrons and atomic nuclei, with
applications in chemistry, solid-state physics, materials science, and
molecular biology. This requires a truncated representation of the electronic
structure Hamiltonian using a finite number of orbitals. While it is, in
principle, obvious how to improve on the representation by including more
orbitals, this is usually unfeasible in practice (e.g., because of the limited
number of qubits available) and severely compromises the accuracy of the
obtained results. Here, we propose a quantum algorithm that improves on the
representation of the physical problem by virtue of second-order perturbation
theory. In particular, our quantum algorithm evaluates the second-order energy
correction through a series of time-evolution steps under the unperturbed
Hamiltonian. An important application is to go beyond the active-space
approximation, allowing to include corrections of virtual orbitals, known as
multireference perturbation theory. Here, we exploit that the unperturbed
Hamiltonian is diagonal for virtual orbitals and show that the number of qubits
is independent of the number of virtual orbitals. This gives rise to more
accurate energy estimates without increasing the number of qubits. Moreover, we
demonstrate numerically for realistic chemical systems that the total runtime
has highly favorable scaling in the number of virtual orbitals compared to
previous work. Numerical calculations confirm the necessity of the
multireference perturbation theory energy corrections to reach accurate ground
state energy estimates. Our perturbation theory quantum algorithm can also be
applied to symmetry-adapted perturbation theory. As such, we demonstrate that
perturbation theory can help to reduce the quantum hardware requirements for
quantum chemistry.
Chinese: 量子计算是模拟由电子和原子核组成的物理系统的一种最有前景的新范式，其在化学、固态物理、材料科学和分子生物学等领域有应用。这需要使用有限数量的轨道来截断电子结构哈密顿量的表示。虽然在原则上通过包括更多的轨道来改进表示是显而易见的，但在实践中通常是不切实际的（例如，由于可用的量子比特数量有限），并且严重影响了所得结果的准确性。在这里，我们提出了一种量子算法，通过二阶微扰理论提高了对物理问题的表示。特别是，我们的量子算法通过一系列在未受扰动的哈密顿量下的时间演化步骤来评估二阶能量修正。一个重要的应用是超越主动空间近似，允许包括虚拟轨道的修正，称为多参考微扰理论。在这里，我们利用未受扰动的哈密顿量对虚拟轨道是对角的，并表明量子比特的数量与虚拟轨道的数量无关。这在不增加量子比特数量的情况下产生了更精确的能量估计。此外，我们通过数值计算对现实化学系统进行了演示，与先前的工作相比，总运行时间在虚拟轨道的数量上具有高度有利的缩放。数值计算证实了多参考微扰理论能量修正的必要性，以实现准确的基态能量估计。我们的微扰理论量子算法还可以应用于对称适应微扰理论。因此，我们证明了微扰理论可以帮助降低量子化学对量子硬件的要求。
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English: The detailed formulation of loop quantum cosmology with higher order holonomy
corrections has been constructed recently in the homogeneous and isotropic
spacetime, yet it is important to extend the higher order holonomy corrections
to include the effects of anisotropy which typically grow during the collapsing
phase. In this paper we investigate the Bianchi I model in $\bar{\mu}'$ scheme
which truly captures the regularization of the Hamiltonian constraint. To
compare with the earlier works and provide a comparison with the $\bar{\mu}'$
scheme, we also investigate the $\bar{\mu}$ scheme although it has many
disadvantages. First we construct the effective dynamics with higher order
holonomy corrections in a massless scalar field, then we extend it to the
inclusion of arbitrary matter. Besides that, we also analyze the behavior of
the anisotropy during the evolution of the universe. We find that in the
$\bar{\mu}'$ scheme, the singularity is never approached and the quantum bounce
is generic as in the isotropic case, regardless of the order of the holonomy
corrections. Some differences in the bouncing phase of the two schemes are also
found out. It is also shown that in the two schemes the behavior of the
anisotropy is not the same before and after the bounce.
Chinese: 最近在均匀各向同性的时空下，已经构建了包含高阶自旋联络校正的环量子宇宙学的详细公式。然而，将高阶自旋联络校正扩展到包括各向异性效应是很重要的，这些效应通常在坍缩阶段增长。在本文中，我们研究了Bianchi I模型在$\bar{\mu}'$方案下的情况，该方案真正捕捉到了哈密顿约束的正则化。为了与早期的工作进行比较，并提供与$\bar{\mu}'$方案的比较，我们还研究了$\bar{\mu}$方案，尽管它有许多缺点。首先，我们在无质量标量场中构建了包含高阶自旋联络校正的有效动力学，然后将其扩展到包括任意物质。除此之外，我们还分析了宇宙演化过程中各向异性的行为。我们发现，在$\bar{\mu}'$方案中，奇点永远不会被接近，量子反弹是普遍的，就像各向同性情况一样，无论自旋校正的阶数如何。两种方案在反弹阶段的一些差异也被发现。还表明，在这两种方案中，反弹前后各向异性的行为并不相同。
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English: Quantum information processing relies on precise control of non-classical
states in the presence of many uncontrolled environmental degrees of freedom --
requiring careful orchestration of how the relevant degrees of freedom interact
with that environment. These interactions are often viewed as detrimental, as
they dissipate energy and decohere quantum states. Nonetheless, when
controlled, dissipation is an essential tool for manipulating quantum
information: Dissipation engineering enables quantum measurement, quantum state
preparation, and quantum state stabilization. The progress of quantum device
technology, marked by improvements of characteristic coherence times and
extensible architectures for quantum control, has coincided with the
development of such dissipation engineering tools which interface quantum and
classical degrees of freedom. This Review presents dissipation as a fundamental
aspect of the measurement and control of quantum devices and highlights the
role of dissipation engineering for quantum error correction and quantum
simulation that enables quantum information processing on a practical scale.
Chinese: 量子信息处理依赖于在众多不可控环境自由度存在下对非经典状态的精确控制——这需要谨慎协调相关自由度与环境之间的相互作用。这些相互作用通常被视为有害，因为它们会耗散能量并使量子态退相干。然而，当可控时，耗散成为操纵量子信息的关键工具：耗散工程使量子测量、量子态制备和量子态稳定成为可能。量子设备技术的进步——以量子相干时间特性和量子控制架构的改进为标志——与这种界面量子与经典自由度的耗散工程工具的发展同步。本综述将耗散呈现为量子设备测量与控制的基本方面，并强调耗散工程在量子纠错和量子模拟中的作用，这些技术使量子信息处理能够在实际规模上实现。
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English: As part of our program of lattice simulations of three flavor QCD with
improved staggered quarks, we have calculated pseudoscalar meson masses and
decay constants for a range of valence quark masses and sea quark masses on
lattices with lattice spacings of about 0.125 fm and 0.09 fm. We fit the
lattice data to forms computed with staggered chiral perturbation theory. Our
results provide a sensitive test of the lattice simulations, and especially of
the chiral behavior, including the effects of chiral logarithms. We find:
f_\pi=129.5(0.9)(3.5)MeV, f_K=156.6(1.0)(3.6)MeV, and f_K/f_\pi=1.210(4)(13),
where the errors are statistical and systematic. Following a recent paper by
Marciano, our value of f_K/f_\pi implies |V_{us}|=0.2219(26). Further, we
obtain m_u/m_d= 0.43(0)(1)(8), where the errors are from statistics, simulation
systematics, and electromagnetic effects, respectively. The data can also be
used to determine several of the constants of the low energy effective
Lagrangian: in particular we find 2L_8-L_5=-0.2(1)(2) 10^{-3} at chiral scale
m_\eta. This provides an alternative (though not independent) way of estimating
m_u; 2L_8-L_5 is far outside the range that would allow m_u=0. Results for
m_s^\msbar, \hat m^\msbar, and m_s/\hat m can be obtained from the same lattice
data and chiral fits, and have been presented previously in joint work with the
HPQCD and UKQCD collaborations. Using the perturbative mass renormalization
reported in that work, we obtain m_u^\msbar=1.7(0)(1)(2)(2)MeV and
m_d^\msbar=3.9(0)(1)(4)(2)MeV at scale 2 GeV, with errors from statistics,
simulation, perturbation theory, and electromagnetic effects, respectively.
Chinese: 作为我们改进的奇偶轻子味QCD格点模拟计划的一部分，我们计算了一系列价夸克质量和海夸克质量下的赝标量介子质量和衰变常数，模拟格点尺度约为0.125 fm和0.09 fm。我们将格点数据拟合到使用奇偶手征微扰理论计算的公式中。我们的结果对格点模拟提供了敏感的检验，特别是对奇偶行为，包括奇偶对数效应。我们发现：
f_\pi=129.5(0.9)(3.5)MeV, f_K=156.6(1.0)(3.6)MeV, 和 f_K/f_\pi=1.210(4)(13)，其中误差为统计误差和系统误差。根据Marciano最近的一篇论文，我们的f_K/f_\pi值意味着|V_{us}|=0.2219(26)。此外，我们得到 m_u/m_d= 0.43(0)(1)(8)，其中误差分别来自统计误差、模拟系统误差和电磁效应。这些数据还可以用来确定低能有效拉格朗日量中的几个常数：特别是我们发现 2L_8-L_5=-0.2(1)(2) 10^{-3} 在奇偶尺度 m_\eta。这提供了一种（尽管不是独立的）估算m_u的方法；2L_8-L_5远超允许m_u=0的范围。m_s^\msbar、\hat m^\msbar 和 m_s/\hat m 的结果可以从相同的格点数据和奇偶拟合中获得，并已在前与合作HPQCD和UKQCD合作的工作中呈现。使用该工作中报告的扰动质量重整化，我们在2 GeV尺度下得到 m_u^\msbar=1.7(0)(1)(2)(2)MeV 和 m_d^\msbar=3.9(0)(1)(4)(2)MeV，误差分别来自统计误差、模拟、扰动理论和电磁效应。
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English: Acoustic analogs of static, spherically symmetric massive traversable
Lorentzian wormholes are constructed as a {\em formal} extension of acoustic
black holes. The method is straightforward but the idea is interesting in
itself. The analysis leads to a new acoustic invariant for the massless
counterpart of the Einstein-Rosen model of an elementary particle. It is shown
that there is a marked, in a sense even counterintuitive, physical difference
between the acoustic analogs of black holes and wormholes. The analogy allows
us to also portray the nature of curvature singularity in the acoustic
language. It is demonstrated that the light ray trajectories in an optical
medium are the same as the sound trajectories in its acoustic analog. The
implications of these analogies in the laboratory set up and in the different
context of phantom energy accretion have been speculated.
Chinese: 构造出声学类比的静态、球对称且可穿越的洛伦兹度量虫洞，作为无质量黑洞的形式扩展。这种方法虽然简单，但本身的想法就很有意思。分析过程导致了一种新的声学不变量，用于描述爱因斯坦-罗森模型中的基本粒子无质量对应体的质量。证明了声学类比的黑洞与虫洞之间存在明显的、甚至有些反直觉的物理差异。这种类比使我们能够用声学语言描绘曲率奇点的性质。展示了光束轨迹在光学介质中的行为与其声学类比中的声波轨迹相同。这些类比在实验室设置以及在不同上下文（如幽灵能量的积聚）中的影响已被推测。
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English: The characterization of the long-range order and fractal properties of DNA
sequences has proved a difficult though highly rewarding task due mainly to the
mosaic character of DNA consisting of many interwoven patches of various
lengths with different nucleotide constitutions. We apply here a recently
proposed generalization of the detrended fluctuation analysis method to show
that the DNA walk construction, in which the DNA sequence is viewed as a time
series, exhibits a monofractal structure regardless of the existence of local
trends in the series. In addition, we point out that the monofractal structure
of the DNA walks carries over to an apparently alternative graphical
construction given by the projection of the DNA walk into the $d$ spatial
coordinates, termed DNA trails. In particular, we calculate the fractal
dimension $D_t$ of the DNA trails using a well-known result of fractal theory
linking $D_t$ to the Hurst exponent $H$ of the corresponding DNA walk.
Comparison with estimates obtained by the standard box-counting method allows
the evaluation of both finite-length and local trends effects.
Chinese: DNA序列的长程有序性和分形特性的表征证明是一项既困难又极具回报的任务，这主要归因于DNA的拼贴特性，它由许多不同长度和不同核苷酸组成的交织片段构成。在这里，我们应用了一种最近提出的去趋势波动分析方法的一般化，以表明DNA行走的构建，即把DNA序列视为一个时间序列，无论序列中是否存在局部趋势，都表现出单分形结构。此外，我们指出，DNA行走的单分形结构可以推广到一种显然的替代图形构造，即通过将DNA行走投影到$d$个空间坐标所得到的，称为DNA轨迹。特别是，我们使用将$D_t$与相应DNA行走的Hurst指数$H$联系起来的分形理论的一个已知结果，计算了DNA轨迹的分形维数$D_t$。与标准箱计数法得到的估计值进行比较，可以评估有限长度和局部趋势效应。
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English: We construct a quotient ring of the ring of diagonal coinvariants of the
complex reflection group $W=G(m,p,n)$ and determine its graded character. This
generalises a result of Gordon for Coxeter groups. The proof uses a study of
category $\cO$ for the rational Cherednik algebra of $W$.
Chinese: 我们构造了复反射群 $W=G(m,p,n)$ 的对角共变环的商环，并确定了其分级特征。这推广了 Gordon 对于 Coxeter 群的一个结果。证明使用了关于 $W$ 的有理 Cherednik 代数的范畴 $\cO$ 的研究。
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English: Let $f: [0,1]\times [0,1] \setminus {1/2} \to [0,1]\times [0,1]$ be the
$C^\infty$ endomorphism given by $$f(x,y)=(2x- [2x], y+ c/|x-1/2|- [y+
c/|x-1/2|]),$$ where $c$ is a positive real number. We prove that $f$ is
topologically mixing and if $c>1/4$ then $f$ is mixing with respect to Lebesgue
measure. Furthermore we prove that the speed of mixing is exponential.
Chinese: 设 $f: [0,1]\times [0,1] \setminus {1/2} \to [0,1]\times [0,1]$ 为一个 $C^\infty$ 内自同构，由以下公式给出 $$f(x,y)=(2x- [2x], y+ c/|x-1/2|- [y+ c/|x-1/2|]),$$ 其中 $c$ 是一个正实数。我们证明 $f$ 是拓扑混合的，并且如果 $c>1/4$，则 $f$ 关于勒贝格测度是混合的。此外，我们还证明混合速度是指数级的。
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English: Self-supervised learning has emerged as a promising approach for acquiring
transferable 3D representations from unlabeled 3D point clouds. Unlike 2D
images, which are widely accessible, acquiring 3D assets requires specialized
expertise or professional 3D scanning equipment, making it difficult to scale
and raising copyright concerns. To address these challenges, we propose
learning 3D representations from procedural 3D programs that automatically
generate 3D shapes using simple primitives and augmentations.
Remarkably, despite lacking semantic content, the 3D representations learned
from this synthesized dataset perform on par with state-of-the-art
representations learned from semantically recognizable 3D models (e.g.,
airplanes) across various downstream 3D tasks, including shape classification,
part segmentation, and masked point cloud completion. Our analysis further
suggests that current self-supervised learning methods primarily capture
geometric structures rather than high-level semantics.
Chinese: 自监督学习已成为一种从无标签3D点云中获取可迁移3D表示的 promising 方法。与广泛可获取的2D图像不同，获取3D资产需要专业 expertise 或专业3D扫描设备，这使得规模化变得困难并引发版权问题。为应对这些挑战，我们提出从程序化3D程序中学习3D表示，这些程序使用简单的基元和增强自动生成3D形状。
值得注意的是，尽管缺乏语义内容，从这种合成数据集学习的3D表示在多种下游3D任务（包括形状分类、部件分割和掩码点云补全）中表现与从语义可识别的3D模型（例如，飞机）学习的 state-of-the-art 表示相当。我们的分析进一步表明，当前自监督学习方法主要捕获几何结构而非高级语义。
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English: We consider a second-order elliptic boundary value problem with strongly
monotone and Lipschitz-continuous nonlinearity. We design and study its
adaptive numerical approximation interconnecting a finite element
discretization, the Banach-Picard linearization, and a contractive linear
algebraic solver. We in particular identify stopping criteria for the algebraic
solver that on the one hand do not request an overly tight tolerance but on the
other hand are sufficient for the inexact (perturbed) Banach-Picard
linearization to remain contractive. Similarly, we identify suitable stopping
criteria for the Banach-Picard iteration that leave an amount of linearization
error that is not harmful for the residual a-posteriori error estimate to steer
reliably the adaptive mesh-refinement. For the resulting algorithm, we prove a
contraction of the (doubly) inexact iterates after some amount of steps of
mesh-refinement / linerization / algebraic solver, leading to its linear
convergence. Moreover, for usual mesh-refinement rules, we also prove that the
overall error decays at the optimal rate with respect to the number of elements
(degrees of freedom) added with respect to the initial mesh. Finally, we prove
that our fully adaptive algorithm drives the overall error down with the same
optimal rate also with respect to the overall algorithmic cost expressed as the
cumulated sum of the number of mesh elements over all mesh-refinement,
linearization, and algebraic solver steps. Numerical experiments support these
theoretical findings and illustrate the optimal overall algorithmic cost of the
fully adaptive algorithm on several test cases.
Chinese: 我们考虑一个具有强单调性和Lipschitz连续非线性的二阶椭圆边界值问题。我们设计并研究其自适应数值逼近方法，该方法将有限元离散化、Banach-Picard线性化和收缩线性代数求解器相互连接。我们特别确定了代数求解器的停止标准，一方面不需要过紧的容差，另一方面足以使不精确（扰动）的Banach-Picard线性化保持收缩性。类似地，我们确定了Banach-Picard迭代的合适停止标准，使得线性化误差不会对残差后验误差估计产生有害影响，从而可靠地引导自适应网格细化。对于所得算法，我们证明了经过一定数量的网格细化/线性化/代数求解器步骤后，（双重）不精确迭代具有收缩性，从而导致其线性收敛。此外，对于常规网格细化规则，我们还证明了总体误差相对于初始网格所增加的单元数（自由度）以最优速率衰减。最后，我们证明了我们的完全自适应算法使总体误差以相同的最佳速率下降，该算法成本表示为所有网格细化、线性化和代数求解器步骤的单元数累积总和。数值实验支持这些理论发现，并在多个测试案例中说明了完全自适应算法的最优总体算法成本。
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English: The phase diagram gadolinium fluoride - lutetium fluoride was determined by
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction analysis.
Both pure components undergo a reversible first order transformation to a high
temperature phase. The mutual solubility of both components is unlimited in the
orthorhombic room temperature phase. The maximum solubility of Lu in the high
temperature phase of GdF3 (tysonite type) is about 20% and the maximum
solubility of Gd in LuF3 ($\alpha$-YF3 type) is about 40%. Intermediate
compositions of the low temperature phase decompose upon heating in a
peritectoid reaction to a mixture of both high temperature phases.
Chinese: 通过差示扫描量热法（DSC）和X射线粉末衍射分析测定了钆氟化物-镥氟化物的相图。两种纯组分均发生可逆的一级相变转变为高温相。在正交晶系室温相中，两种组分的互溶性无限。在GdF3（Tysonite型）的高温相中，Lu的最大溶解度约为20%，在LuF3（α-YF3型）的高温相中，Gd的最大溶解度约为40%。低温相的中间组分在加热时通过包晶反应分解为两种高温相的混合物。
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English: Betelgeuse, the bright red supergiant (RSG) in Orion, is a runaway star. Its
supersonic motion through the interstellar medium has resulted in the formation
of a bow shock, a cometary structure pointing in the direction of motion. We
present the first 3D hydrodynamic simulations of the formation and evolution of
Betelgeuse's bow shock. We show that the bow shock morphology depends
substantially on the growth timescale for Rayleigh-Taylor versus
Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities. We discuss our models in light of the recent
Herschel, GALEX and VLA observations. If the mass in the bow shock shell is low
(~few x 0.001 Msun), as seems to be implied by the AKARI and Herschel
observations, then Betelgeuse's bow shock is very young and is unlikely to have
reached a steady state. The circular, smooth bow shock shell is consistent with
this conclusion. We further discuss the implications of our results, in
particular, the possibility that Betelgeuse may have only recently entered the
RSG phase.
Chinese: 毕宿五，猎户座中明亮的红色超巨星（RSG），是一颗逃逸星。它在星际介质中的超音速运动导致了冲击波的形成，一个指向运动方向的彗星状结构。我们展示了毕宿五冲击波形成和演化的首次3D流体动力学模拟。我们表明，冲击波形态在很大程度上取决于瑞利-泰勒不稳定性与凯尔文-赫尔姆霍兹不稳定性增长时间尺度的对比。我们根据最近的赫歇尔、GALEX和VLA观测结果讨论了我们的模型。如果冲击波壳中的质量较低（约几倍0.001个太阳质量），如AKARI和赫歇尔观测所暗示的那样，那么毕宿五的冲击波非常年轻，不太可能已经达到稳定状态。圆形、光滑的冲击波壳与这一结论一致。我们进一步讨论了我们的结果的意义，特别是毕宿五可能最近才进入超巨星阶段的可能性。
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English: In this paper, a practical micromachining technology was applied for the
fabrication of a micro probe using a complex nontraditional machining process.
A series process was combined to machine tungsten carbide rods from original
dimension. The original dimension of tungsten carbide rods was 3mm ; the rods
were ground to a fixed-dimension of 50 micrometers using precision grinding
machine in first step. And then, the rod could be machined to a
middle-dimension of 20 micrometers by electrolysis. A final desired micro
dimension can be achieved using supersonic aided electrolysis.
High-aspect-ratio of micro tungsten carbide rod was easily obtained by this
process. Surface roughness of the sample with supersonic aided agitation was
compared with that with no agitation in electrolysis. The machined surface of
the sample is very smooth due to ionized particles of anode could be removed by
supersonic aided agitation during electrolysis. Deep micro holes can also be
achieved by the machined high-aspect-rati tungsten carbide rod using EDM
process. A micro probe of a ball shape at the end was processed by proposed
supersonic aided electrolysis machining process.
Chinese: 在这篇论文中，一种实用的微细加工技术被应用于采用复杂的不寻常加工工艺来制造微探针。将一系列工艺结合，用于从原始尺寸加工碳化钨棒。碳化钨棒的原始尺寸为3毫米；在第一步中，使用精密磨床将棒磨至固定的50微米尺寸。然后，通过电解可以将棒加工至中间尺寸的20微米。最终，可以使用超声波辅助电解来实现所需的最终微尺寸。通过这种方法，可以轻松获得高尺寸比的微碳化钨棒。与没有搅拌的电解样品相比，具有超声波辅助搅拌的样品的表面粗糙度进行了比较。由于在电解过程中可以通过超声波辅助搅拌去除阳极的离子化粒子，因此加工后的样品表面非常光滑。通过使用电火花加工（EDM）工艺，也可以通过加工具有高尺寸比的高碳化钨棒来实现深微孔。通过提出的超声波辅助电解加工工艺，对末端呈球状的微探针进行了加工。
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English: We consider the problem of predictive monitoring (PM), i.e., predicting at
runtime future violations of a system from the current state. We work under the
most realistic settings where only partial and noisy observations of the state
are available at runtime. Such settings directly affect the accuracy and
reliability of the reachability predictions, jeopardizing the safety of the
system. In this work, we present a learning-based method for PM that produces
accurate and reliable reachability predictions despite partial observability
(PO). We build on Neural Predictive Monitoring (NPM), a PM method that uses
deep neural networks for approximating hybrid systems reachability, and extend
it to the PO case. We propose and compare two solutions, an end-to-end
approach, which directly operates on the rough observations, and a two-step
approach, which introduces an intermediate state estimation step. Both
solutions rely on conformal prediction to provide 1) probabilistic guarantees
in the form of prediction regions and 2) sound estimates of predictive
uncertainty. We use the latter to identify unreliable (and likely erroneous)
predictions and to retrain and improve the monitors on these uncertain inputs
(i.e., active learning). Our method results in highly accurate reachability
predictions and error detection, as well as tight prediction regions with
guaranteed coverage.
Chinese: 我们考虑了预测监控（PM）的问题，即从当前状态预测系统未来违规情况。我们在最现实的设置下工作，即在运行时只有部分和噪声的状态观测。这种设置直接影响可达性预测的准确性和可靠性，可能危及系统的安全。在本工作中，我们提出了一种基于学习的方法，用于PM，即使在部分可观测（PO）的情况下也能产生准确和可靠的可达性预测。我们基于神经网络预测监控（NPM），这是一种使用深度神经网络近似混合系统可达性的PM方法，并将其扩展到部分可观测的情况。我们提出了两种解决方案，一种端到端方法，直接对粗糙观测进行操作，另一种两步方法，引入了中间状态估计步骤。两种解决方案都依赖于一致性预测来提供1）以预测区域形式存在的概率保证和2）可靠的预测不确定性估计。我们使用后者来识别不可靠（可能错误的）预测，并重新训练和改进对这些不确定输入的监控（即主动学习）。我们的方法实现了高度准确的可达性预测和错误检测，以及具有保证覆盖率的紧密预测区域。
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English: The Hi-Jack symmetric polynomials, which are associated with the simultaneous
eigenstates for the first and second conserved operators of the quantum
Calogero model, are studied. Using the algebraic properties of the Dunkl
operators for the model, we derive the Rodrigues formula for the Hi-Jack
symmetric polynomials. Some properties of the Hi-Jack polynomials and the
relationships with the Jack symmetric polynomials and with the basis given by
the QISM approach are presented. The Hi-Jack symmetric polynomials are strong
candidates for the orthogonal basis of the quantum Calogero model.
Chinese: Hi-Jack对称多项式，与量子Calogero模型的第一和第二守恒算符的同时本征态相关联，被研究。利用模型中Dunkl算符的代数性质，我们推导出Hi-Jack对称多项式的Rodrigues公式。介绍了Hi-Jack多项式的一些性质以及它们与Jack对称多项式以及由QISM方法给出的基的关系。Hi-Jack对称多项式是量子Calogero模型正交基的强候选者。
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English: We consider the Cauchy problem for semilinear wave equations with variable
coefficients and time-dependent scattering damping in $\mathbf{R}^n$, where
$n\geq 2$. It is expected that the critical exponent will be Strauss' number
$p_0(n)$, which is also the one for semilinear wave equations without damping
terms. Lai and Takamura (2018) have obtained the blow-up part, together with
the upper bound of lifespan, in the sub-critical case $p<p_0(n)$. In this
paper, we extend their results to the critical case $p=p_0(n)$. The proof is
based on Wakasa and Yordanov (2018), which concerns the blow-up and upper bound
of lifespan for critical semilinear wave equations with variable coefficients.
Chinese: 我们考虑带可变系数和时间依赖散射阻尼的半线性波动方程的柯西问题在$\mathbf{R}^n$中，其中$n\geq 2$。预期临界指数将是斯特劳斯的数$p_0(n)$，这同样也是不带耗散项的半线性波动方程的临界指数。Lai和Takamura（2018）在次临界情况$p<p_0(n)$下得到了爆破部分以及寿命上界。在这篇论文中，我们将结果扩展到了临界情况$p=p_0(n)$。证明基于Wakasa和Yordanov（2018），它关注带可变系数的临界半线性波动方程的爆破和寿命上界。
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English: We deduce a nonlinear and inhomogeneous Fokker-Planck equation within a
generalized Stratonovich, or stochastic $\alpha$-, prescription ($\alpha=0$,
$1/2$ and $1$ respectively correspond to the It\^o, Stratonovich and anti-It\^o
prescriptions). We obtain its stationary state $p_{st}(x)$ for a class of
constitutive relations between drift and diffusion and show that it has a
$q$-exponential form, $p_{st}(x) = N_q[1 - (1-q)\beta V(x)]^{1/(1-q)}$, with an
index $q$ which does not depend on $\alpha$ in the presence of any nonvanishing
nonlinearity. This is in contrast with the linear case, for which the index $q$
is $\alpha$-dependent.
Chinese: 我们在一个广义的斯特拉顿维茨，或随机 $\alpha$-规定（$\alpha=0$，$1/2$ 和 $1$ 分别对应于伊藤，斯特拉顿维茨和反伊藤规定）的框架内推导出一个非线性且非齐次的福克-普朗克方程。我们得到了一类漂移和扩散之间的本构关系下的其稳态 $p_{st}(x)$，并表明它具有 $q$-指数形式，$p_{st}(x) = N_q[1 - (1-q)\beta V(x)]^{1/(1-q)}$，其中指数 $q$ 在存在任何非零非线性时与 $\alpha$ 无关。这与线性情况形成对比，对于线性情况，指数 $q$ 是 $\alpha$ 相关的。
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English: We clarify in a quantitative way the impact that distinct chemical $T_c$ and
kinetic $T_k$ freeze-out temperatures have on the reduction of the neutrino
fugacity $\Upsilon_\nu$ below equilibrium, i.e. $\Upsilon_\nu<1$, and the
increase of the neutrino temperature $T_\nu$ via partial reheating. We
establish the connection between $\Upsilon_\nu$ and $T_k$ via the modified
reheating relation $T_\nu(\Upsilon_\nu)/T_\gamma$, where $T_\gamma$ is the
temperature of the background radiation. Our results demonstrate that one must
introduce the chemical nonequilibrium parameter, i.e., the fugacity,
$\Upsilon_\nu$, as an additional standard cosmological model parameter in the
evaluation of CMB fluctuations as its value allows measurement of $T_k$.
Chinese: 我们以定量方式阐明，不同的化学冻结温度$T_c$和动力学冻结温度$T_k$对中微子逸度$\Upsilon_\nu$低于平衡状态（即$\Upsilon_\nu<1$）的影响，以及通过部分再加热增加中微子温度$T_\nu$。我们通过修改再加热关系式$T_\nu(\Upsilon_\nu)/T_\gamma$建立了$\Upsilon_\nu$与$T_k$之间的联系，其中$T_\gamma$是背景辐射的温度。我们的结果表明，在评估宇宙微波背景辐射（CMB）涨落时，必须引入化学非平衡参数，即逸度$\Upsilon_\nu$，作为一个额外的标准宇宙学模型参数，因为其值允许测量$T_k$。
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English: Regional tuna fishery management organizations cannot provide specific advice
to local fishery managers in small island jurisdictions. The State of Hawaii
maintains time series of yellowfin tuna catches dating back to 1949, but these
data have never been formally applied to evaluating the effects of the
yellowfin fishery in the Main Hawaiian Islands on the local stock. I develop a
new approach utilizing these data that links the local stock dynamics to the
dynamics of the larger Pacific stock. This approach uses a state-space logistic
production model linked to the larger Pacific stock using an index of
abundance. The conclusion is that such a model is feasible, that the local
stock is not overfished and that local fisheries are fishing at acceptable
levels.
Chinese: 区域金枪鱼渔业管理组织无法为小岛屿辖区的当地渔业管理者提供具体建议。夏威夷州自1949年以来一直记录黄鳍金枪鱼的捕捞量时间序列数据，但这些数据从未正式应用于评估黄鳍金枪鱼渔业对夏威夷主岛当地鱼群的影响。我开发了一种新的方法，利用这些数据将当地鱼群动态与太平洋更大范围鱼群的动态联系起来。这种方法使用了一个状态空间逻辑生产模型，并通过丰度指数与更大的太平洋鱼群相连。结论是，这种模型是可行的，当地鱼群并未过度捕捞，当地渔业的捕捞水平是可以接受的。
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English: As an effective learning paradigm against insufficient training samples,
Multi-Task Learning (MTL) encourages knowledge sharing across multiple related
tasks so as to improve the overall performance. In MTL, a major challenge
springs from the phenomenon that sharing the knowledge with dissimilar and hard
tasks, known as negative transfer, often results in a worsened performance.
Though a substantial amount of studies have been carried out against the
negative transfer, most of the existing methods only model the transfer
relationship as task correlations, with the transfer across features and tasks
left unconsidered. Different from the existing methods, our goal is to
alleviate negative transfer collaboratively across features and tasks. To this
end, we propose a novel multi-task learning method called Task-Feature
Collaborative Learning (TFCL). Specifically, we first propose a base model with
a heterogeneous block-diagonal structure regularizer to leverage the
collaborative grouping of features and tasks and suppressing inter-group
knowledge sharing. We then propose an optimization method for the model.
Extensive theoretical analysis shows that our proposed method has the following
benefits: (a) it enjoys the global convergence property and (b) it provides a
block-diagonal structure recovery guarantee. As a practical extension, we
extend the base model by allowing overlapping features and differentiating the
hard tasks. We further apply it to the personalized attribute prediction
problem with fine-grained modeling of user behaviors. Finally, experimental
results on both simulated dataset and real-world datasets demonstrate the
effectiveness of our proposed method
Chinese: 作为一种有效的学习范式，以应对训练样本不足的问题，多任务学习（MTL）鼓励在多个相关任务之间共享知识，从而提高整体性能。在MTL中，一个主要挑战来自于与不同且难以处理的任务共享知识的现象，即所谓的负迁移，这通常会导致性能下降。尽管已经进行了大量针对负迁移的研究，但大多数现有方法仅将迁移关系建模为任务相关性，而忽略了特征和任务之间的迁移。与现有方法不同，我们的目标是协同地在特征和任务之间减轻负迁移。为此，我们提出了一种新的多任务学习方法，称为任务-特征协同学习（TFCL）。具体来说，我们首先提出了一种具有异构块对角结构正则化器的基模型，以利用特征和任务的协同分组并抑制组间知识共享。然后，我们提出了该模型的优化方法。广泛的理论分析表明，我们提出的方法具有以下优点：（a）它具有全局收敛性；（b）它提供了块对角结构恢复保证。作为一个实际扩展，我们通过允许重叠特征和区分困难任务来扩展基模型。我们进一步将其应用于具有用户行为细粒度建模的个人属性预测问题。最后，在模拟数据集和真实世界数据集上的实验结果证明了我们提出的方法的有效性。
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English: We have measured the thermal conductivity along different directions of the S
= 1/2 one-dimensional (1D) spin system Sr2V3O9 in magnetic fields up to 14 T.
It has been found that the thermal conductivity along the [10-1] direction,
\k{appa}[10-1], is large and markedly suppressed by the application of magnetic
field, indicating that there is a large contribution of spinons to
\k{appa}[10-1] and that the spin chains run along the [10-1] direction. The
maximum value of the thermal conductivity due to spinons is ~14 W/Km along the
[10-1] direction, supporting the empirical law that the magnitude of the
thermal conductivity due to spinons is roughly proportional to the
antiferromagnetic interaction between the nearest neighboring spins.
Chinese: 我们已经在磁场高达14 T的条件下，测量了S = 1/2一维（1D）自旋系统Sr2V3O9在不同方向上的热导率。研究发现，沿着[10-1]方向的热导率\k{appa}[10-1]较大，并且受到磁场应用的明显抑制，这表明自旋子对\k{appa}[10-1]有较大的贡献，并且自旋链沿着[10-1]方向排列。自旋子在[10-1]方向上的热导率最大值约为14 W/Km，支持了这样一个经验法则：自旋子引起的热导率的大小大致与最近邻自旋之间的反铁磁性相互作用强度成正比。
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English: In this note we discuss graphs over a domain $\Omega\subset N^2$ in the
product manifold $N^2\times \mathbb{R}$. Here $N^2$ is a complete Riemannian
surface and $\Omega$ has peice-wise smooth boundary. Let $\gamma
\subset\partial\Omega$ be a smooth connected arc and $\Sigma$ be a complete
graph in $N^2\times \mathbb{R}$ over $\Omega$. We show that if $\Sigma$ is a
minimal or translating graph, then $\gamma$ is a geodesic in $N^2$. Moreover if
$\Sigma$ is a CMC graph, then $\gamma$ has constant principle curvature in
$N^2$. This explains the infinity value boundary condition upon domains having
Jenkins-Serrin theorems on minimal and CMC graphs in $N^2\times \mathbb{R}$.
Chinese: 在这篇笔记中，我们讨论了在积流形 $N^2\times \mathbb{R}$ 上的 $\Omega\subset N^2$ 域上的图。在这里，$N^2$ 是一个完备的黎曼曲面，而 $\Omega$ 具有分段光滑的边界。设 $\gamma \subset\partial\Omega$ 是一个光滑的连通弧，$\Sigma$ 是在 $N^2\times \mathbb{R}$ 上关于 $\Omega$ 的一个完备图。我们证明，如果 $\Sigma$ 是一个极小图或平移图，那么 $\gamma$ 是 $N^2$ 中的测地线。此外，如果 $\Sigma$ 是一个CMC图，那么 $\gamma$ 在 $N^2$ 中的主曲率是常数。这解释了在具有 $N^2\times \mathbb{R}$ 上的极小和CMC图上的Jenkins-Serrin定理的域上的无穷大值边界条件。
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English: We study heavy baryons with exotic flavor quantum numbers formed by a heavy
meson and a nucleon (DbarN and BN) with positive parity. One pion exchange
interaction, providing a tensor force, dominates as a long range force to bind
the DbarN and BN ystems. In the heavy quark mass limit, pseudoscalar meson and
vector meson are degenerate and the binding mechanism by the tensor force
analogous to that in the nuclear systems becomes important. As a result, we
obtain the DbarN and BN resonant states in the J^P=1/2^+, 3/2^+ and 5/2^+
channels with I=0.
Chinese: 我们研究由重介子和核子（DbarN和BN）组成的具有奇异味量子数、正宇称的重重子。一个π介子交换相互作用，提供张量力，作为长程力在绑定DbarN和BN系统时占主导地位。在重夸克质量极限下，伪标量介子和矢量介子是简并的，由张量力引起的绑定机制类似于核系统中的机制变得重要。因此，我们在J^P=1/2^+，3/2^+和5/2^+通道中获得了DbarN和BN共振态，I=0。
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English: A charge-density-wave (CDW) is characterized by a dynamical order parameter
consisting of a time-dependent amplitude and phase, which manifest as
optically-active collective modes of the CDW phase. Studying the behaviour of
such collective modes in the time-domain, and their coupling with electronic
and lattice order, provides important insight into the underlying mechanisms
behind CDW formation. In this work, we report on femtosecond broadband
transient reflectivity experiments on bulk 1$T$-VSe$_2$ using near-infrared
excitation. At low temperature, we observe coherent oscillations associated
with the CDW amplitude mode and phonons of the distorted lattice. Across the
expected transition temperature at 110 K, we confirm signatures of a
rearrangement of the electronic structure evident in the quasiparticle
dynamics. However, we find that the amplitude mode instead softens to zero
frequency at 80 K, possibly indicating an additional phase transition at this
temperature. In addition, we demonstrate photoinduced CDW melting, associated
with a collapse of the electronic and lattice order, which occurs at moderate
excitation densities, consistent with a dominant electron-phonon CDW mechanism.
Chinese: 一维电荷密度波（CDW）的特征是一个由时间依赖的振幅和相位组成的动力学序参数，它表现为CDW相的光学活性集体模式。研究这些集体模式在时域中的行为以及它们与电子和晶格序的耦合，可以深入了解CDW形成的潜在机制。在本工作中，我们报告了使用近红外激发对块体1$T$-VSe$_2$进行飞秒宽带瞬态反射率实验的结果。在低温下，我们观察到与CDW振幅模式和畸变晶格的声子相关的相干振荡。在预期的110 K过渡温度下，我们确认了电子结构重组的迹象，这体现在准粒子的动力学中。然而，我们发现振幅模式在80 K时软化到零频率，这可能会指示在此温度下发生额外的相变。此外，我们还展示了光诱导的CDW熔化，这与电子和晶格序的崩溃有关，发生在适中的激发密度下，与主导的电子-声子CDW机制一致。
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English: Inflows at the dusty torus and smaller scales is crucial to investigate the
process of supermassive black hole accretion. However, only few cases of
inflowing gas at small scales have been reported through redshifted broad
absorption lines so far. Here we report 9 redshifted narrow absorption lines
(NALs) of $\rm Mg^+$ ions with inflowing speeds of 1071 -- 1979 km/s, which are
likely along the directions close to the axes of accretion disks. The quasars
showing inflowing Mg II NALs have on average slightly smaller Eddington ratios
when compared to the sources with outflow Mg II NALs. The upper limits of
locations of the detected NALs are at parsec scale, around the distances of
dusty tori to central SMBHs. The one possible origin of these infalling NALs is
from dusty tori. Of course, these infalling NALs can also be naturally
explained by chaotic cold accretion resulted from the nonlinear interaction of
active galactic nucleus (AGN) jets with the interstellar medium, and these cold
gaseous blobs may originally precipitate in metal-rich trailing outflows
uplifted by AGN jet ejecta. The infalling NALs may thus provide direct evidence
for cold gas precipitation and accretion in AGN feedback processes, and provide
the direct evidence of inflowing gas along the directions close to quasar jets
and at parsec scale. It does not matter whether these infalling NALs are from
the dusty tori or the interaction of AGN jets with the ISM, the infalling NALs
cannot provide sufficient fuels to power the quasars.
Chinese: 在尘土状的环和较小尺度上的流入是研究超大质量黑洞吸积过程的关键。然而，到目前为止，通过红移宽吸收线仅报道了少数小尺度流入气体的案例。在这里，我们报告了9条红移窄吸收线（NALs）的$\rm Mg^+$离子，其流入速度为1071 -- 1979 km/s，这些线条可能沿着接近吸积盘轴的方向。显示出流入Mg II NALs的类星体，与具有流出Mg II NALs的源相比，平均Eddington比率略小。检测到的NALs的位置上限在秒差距尺度，大约在尘土状环与中心超大质量黑洞的距离附近。这些下落NALs的一个可能来源是尘土状环。当然，这些下落NALs也可以由活跃星系核（AGN）喷流与星际介质非线性相互作用产生的混沌冷吸积自然解释，这些冷气体团可能最初在由AGN喷流喷射物提升的富含金属的尾流中沉淀。因此，下落NALs可能为AGN反馈过程中的冷气沉淀和吸积提供直接证据，并提供了在类星体喷流附近和秒差距尺度上流入气体的直接证据。这些下落NALs是否来自尘土状环或AGN喷流与ISM的相互作用无关，这些下落NALs无法提供足够的燃料来驱动类星体。
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English: We investigate the monoid of transformations that are induced by sequences of
writing to and reading from a queue storage. We describe this monoid by means
of a confluent and terminating semi-Thue system and study some of its basic
algebraic properties, e.g., conjugacy. Moreover, we show that while several
properties concerning its rational subsets are undecidable, their uniform
membership problem is NL-complete. Furthermore, we present an algebraic
characterization of this monoid's recognizable subsets. Finally, we prove that
it is not Thurston-automatic.
Chinese: 我们研究由读写队列存储的序列所诱导的变换群。我们用一个半Thue系统描述这个群，该系统是同时满足可合并性和终止性的。我们研究了它的一些基本代数性质，例如共轭。此外，我们证明虽然它的有理子集的若干性质是不可判定的，但其统一成员问题属于NL完备。进一步，我们给出了这个群的可识别子集的一个代数表征。最后，我们证明了它不是Thurston自动的。
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English: We show that the dark matter (DM) could be a light composite scalar $\eta$,
emerging from a TeV-scale strongly-coupled sector as a pseudo Nambu-Goldstone
boson (pNGB). Such state arises naturally in scenarios where the Higgs is also
a composite pNGB, as in $O(6)/O(5)$ models, which are particularly predictive,
since the low-energy interactions of $\eta$ are determined by symmetry
considerations. We identify the region of parameters where $\eta$ has the
required DM relic density, satisfying at the same time the constraints from
Higgs searches at the LHC, as well as DM direct searches. Compositeness, in
addition to justify the lightness of the scalars, can enhance the DM scattering
rates and lead to an excellent discovery prospect for the near future. For a
Higgs mass $m_h\simeq 125$ GeV and a pNGB characteristic scale $f \lesssim 1$
TeV, we find that the DM mass is either $m_\eta \simeq 50-70$ GeV, with DM
annihilations driven by the Higgs resonance, or in the range 100-500 GeV, where
the DM derivative interaction with the Higgs becomes dominant. In the former
case the invisible Higgs decay to two DM particles could weaken the LHC Higgs
signal.
Chinese: 我们表明，暗物质（DM）可能是一种轻的复合标量η，作为伪Nambu-Goldstone玻色子（pNGB）从TeV尺度强耦合区域产生。这种状态在希格斯也是复合pNGB的场景中自然出现，如在$O(6)/O(5)$模型中，这些模型特别具有预测性，因为η的低能相互作用由对称性考虑决定。我们确定了η具有所需暗物质遗迹密度的参数区域，同时满足LHC希格斯搜索和暗物质直接搜索的约束。复合性不仅能够证明标量的轻量级，还能增强暗物质散射率，并为近期发现提供了极好的前景。对于希格斯质量$m_h\simeq 125$ GeV和pNGB特征尺度$f \lesssim 1$ TeV，我们发现暗物质质量要么是$m_\eta \simeq 50-70$ GeV，由希格斯共振驱动的暗物质湮灭，要么在100-500 GeV的范围内，其中暗物质与希格斯的一阶相互作用变得占主导地位。在前一种情况下，不可见的希格斯衰变为两个暗物质粒子可能会减弱LHC的希格斯信号。
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English: We discuss a modified gravity theory defined by $f(R) = \sum_{n}^{l} \alpha_n
M^{2(1-n)} R^n$. We consider both finite and infinite number of terms in the
series while requiring that the Einstein frame potential of the theory has a
flat area around any of its stationary points. We show that the requirement of
maximally flat stationary point leads to the existence of the saddle point
(local maximum) for even (odd) $l$. In both cases for $l\to\infty$ one obtains
the Starobinsky model with small, exponentially suppressed corrections. Besides
the GR minimum the Einstein frame potential has an anti de Sitter vacuum.
However we argue that the GR vacuum is absolutely stable and AdS cannot be
reached neither via classical evolution nor via quantum tunnelling. Our results
show that a Starobinsky-like model is the only possible realisation of $f(R)$
theory with an extremely flat area in the Einstein frame potential.
Chinese: 我们讨论了一个被定义为 $f(R) = \sum_{n}^{l} \alpha_n M^{2(1-n)} R^n$ 的修正引力理论。我们考虑了级数中项的有限和无限个数，同时要求该理论的爱因斯坦框架下的势函数在任意驻点附近都存在一个平坦区域。我们展示了要求驻点尽可能平坦将导致对于偶数（奇数）的 $l$ 存在鞍点（局部极大值）。在两种情况下，当 $l\to\infty$ 时，都会得到具有小且被指数抑制的修正的 Starobinsky 模型。除了 GR 最小值外，爱因斯坦框架下的势函数还具有一个反德西特真空。然而，我们认为 GR 真空是完全稳定的，反德西特真空无法通过经典演化或量子隧穿达到。我们的结果表明，具有极平区域的爱因斯坦框架下的势函数的 $f(R)$ 理论的唯一可能实现是 Starobinsky 模型。
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English: Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have emerged as powerful tools for
solving a wide range of partial differential equations (PDEs). However, despite
their user-friendly interface and broad applicability, PINNs encounter
challenges in accurately resolving PDEs, especially when dealing with singular
cases that may lead to unsatisfactory local minima. To address these challenges
and improve solution accuracy, we propose an innovative approach called
Annealed Adaptive Importance Sampling (AAIS) for computing the discretized PDE
residuals of the cost functions, inspired by the Expectation Maximization
algorithm used in finite mixtures to mimic target density. Our objective is to
approximate discretized PDE residuals by strategically sampling additional
points in regions with elevated residuals, thus enhancing the effectiveness and
accuracy of PINNs. Implemented together with a straightforward resampling
strategy within PINNs, our AAIS algorithm demonstrates significant improvements
in efficiency across a range of tested PDEs, even with limited training
datasets. Moreover, our proposed AAIS-PINN method shows promising capabilities
in solving high-dimensional singular PDEs. The adaptive sampling framework
introduced here can be integrated into various PINN frameworks.
Chinese: 物理信息神经网络（PINNs）已成为解决广泛范围偏微分方程（PDEs）的强大工具。然而，尽管它们具有用户友好的界面和广泛的应用性，PINNs在准确解决PDEs时仍面临挑战，尤其是在处理可能导致不令人满意的局部最小值的奇异情况时。为了解决这些挑战并提高解的准确性，我们提出了一种创新方法，称为退火自适应重要性采样（AAIS），用于计算成本函数的离散PDE残差，该方法灵感来源于在有限混合中使用期望最大化算法来模拟目标密度。我们的目标是通过对具有较高残差的区域进行策略性采样，来近似离散PDE残差，从而提高PINNs的有效性和准确性。将我们的AAIS算法与PINNs中的简单重采样策略相结合，在一系列测试的PDEs上展示了显著的效率提升，即使在有限的训练数据集下也是如此。此外，我们提出的AAIS-PINN方法在解决高维奇异PDEs方面显示出有希望的能力。这里引入的自适应采样框架可以集成到各种PINN框架中。
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English: While numerous methods have been proposed to produce semiconducting graphene,
a significant bandgap has never been demonstrated. The reason is that,
regardless of the theoretical gap formation mechanism, disorder at the
sub-nanometer scale prevents the required chiral symmetry breaking necessary to
open a bandgap in graphene. In this work, we show for the first time that a 2D
semiconducting graphene film can be made by epitaxial growth. Using improved
growth methods, we show by direct band measurements that a bandgap greater than
0.5 eV can be produced in the first graphene layer grown on the SiC(0001)
surface. This work demonstrates that order, a property that remains lacking in
other graphene systems, is key to producing electronically viable
semiconducting graphene.
Chinese: 尽管已经提出了许多方法来生产半导体石墨烯，
但从未演示出显著的能带间隙。原因是，
无论理论上的能带间隙形成机制如何，
亚纳米尺度的无序性阻止了在石墨烯中打开能带间隙所需的
手征对称性破缺。在这项工作中，我们首次展示了
可以通过外延生长制备二维半导体石墨烯薄膜。
使用改进的生长方法，我们通过直接能带测量表明，
在SiC(0001)表面生长的第一层石墨烯中可以产生大于0.5 eV的能带间隙。
这项工作表明，秩序，这是其他石墨烯系统中缺乏的性质，
是生产电子可用的半导体石墨烯的关键。
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English: We present observations that show dramatic evolution of the mean pulse
profile of the relativistic binary pulsar J1141--6545 over a period of five
years. This is consistent with precession of the pulsar spin axis due to
relativistic spin-orbit coupling. Observations made between 1999 and 2004 with
a number of instruments at the Parkes radio telescope demonstrate a steady,
secular evolution of the mean total intensity profile, which increases in width
by more than 50 percent during the five year period. Analysis of the changing
position angle of the linearly polarised component of the mean profile suggests
that our line of sight is shifting closer to the core of the emission cone. We
find that the slope of the position angle swing across the centre of the pulse
steepens with time and use a simplified version of the rotating vector model to
constrain the magnitude and direction of the change in our line of sight angle
relative to the pulsar magnetic axis. The fact that we appear to be moving
deeper into the emission cone is consistent with the non-detection of this
pulsar in previous surveys.
Chinese: 我们展示的观测结果显示，在五年期间，相对论性双星脉冲星J1141--6545的平均脉冲轮廓经历了显著的演化。这与由于相对论性自旋轨道耦合导致的脉冲星自转轴的进动相一致。在1999年至2004年期间，使用帕克斯射电望远镜上的多个仪器进行的观测表明，平均总强度轮廓呈现出稳定、渐进的演化，在五年期间宽度增加了超过50%。对平均轮廓中线性极化成分位置角的变化的分析表明，我们的视线正逐渐移近发射锥的核。我们发现脉冲中心位置角的摆动斜率随时间增加，并使用旋转矢量模型的简化版本来约束我们的视线角度相对于脉冲星磁轴的变化的大小和方向。我们似乎正逐渐深入发射锥这一事实与该脉冲星在先前的调查中未被探测到相一致。
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English: The widespread adoption of EHRs following the HITECH Act has increased the
clinician documentation burden, contributing to burnout. Emerging technologies,
such as ambient listening tools powered by generative AI, offer real-time,
scribe-like documentation capabilities to reduce physician workload. This study
evaluates the impact of ambient listening tools implemented at UCI Health by
analyzing EPIC Signal data to assess changes in note length and time spent on
notes. Results show significant reductions in note-taking time and an increase
in note length, particularly during the first-month post-implementation.
Findings highlight the potential of AI-powered documentation tools to improve
clinical efficiency. Future research should explore adoption barriers,
long-term trends, and user experiences to enhance the scalability and
sustainability of ambient listening technology in clinical practice.
Chinese: 随着HITECH法案的实施，电子健康记录（EHRs）的广泛采用增加了临床医生的文档记录负担，导致疲劳。诸如由生成式AI驱动的环境聆听工具等新兴技术，提供实时、类似笔记员式的文档记录功能，以减轻医生的工作量。本研究通过分析EPIC信号数据，评估了UCI Health实施环境聆听工具的影响，以评估文档长度和记录时间的变化。结果显示，记录时间显著减少，文档长度增加，尤其是在实施后的第一个月。研究结果表明，AI驱动的文档记录工具具有提高临床效率的潜力。未来研究应探索采用障碍、长期趋势和用户体验，以增强环境聆听技术在临床实践中的可扩展性和可持续性。
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English: We consider an extended trimer Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) tight-binding
Hamiltonian keeping up to next-nearest-neighbor (NNN) hopping terms and on-site
potential energy. The Bloch Hamiltonian can be expressed in terms of all the
eight generators (i.e. Gell-Mann matrices) of the SU(3) group. We provide exact
analytical expressions of three dispersive energy bands and the corresponding
eigenstates for any choices of the system parameters. The system lacks full
chiral symmetry since the energy spectrum is not symmetric around zero, except
at isolated Bloch wavevectors. We explore parity, time reversal, and certain
special chiral symmetries for various system parameters. We discuss the
bulk-boundary correspondence by numerically computing the Zak phase for all the
bands and the boundary modes in the open boundary condition. There are three
different kinds of topological phase transitions, which are classified based on
the gap closing points in the Brillouin zone (BZ) while tuning the
nearest-neighbor (NN) and NNN hopping terms. We find that quantized changes (in
units of $\pi$) in two out of three Zak phases characterize these topological
phase transitions. We propose another bulk topological invariant, namely the
{\it sub-lattice winding number}, which also characterizes the topological
phase transitions changing from $ \nu^{\alpha} = 0 \leftrightarrow 2 $ and $
\nu^{\alpha} = 0 \leftrightarrow 1 \leftrightarrow 2 $ ($\alpha $: sub-lattice
index). The sub-lattice winding number not only provides a relatively simple
analytical understanding of topological phases but also successfully
establishes bulk-boundary correspondence in the absence of inversion symmetry,
which may help in characterizing the bulk-boundary correspondence of systems
without chiral and inversion symmetry.
Chinese: 我们考虑一个扩展的三元Su-Schrieffer-Heeger（SSH）紧束缚哈密顿量，包括直到最近邻（NNN）跃迁项和局域势能。布洛赫哈密顿量可以用SU(3)群的八个生成元（即盖尔曼矩阵）来表示。我们提供了三个色散能带及其对应本征态的精确解析表达式，适用于任何系统参数的选择。由于能量谱在孤立布洛赫波矢处以外的零点不对称，该系统缺乏完整的手征对称性。我们探讨了各种系统参数下的宇称、时间反演和某些特殊的手征对称性。我们通过数值计算所有能带和开放边界条件下的边界模式的Zak相，讨论了体-边界的对应关系。存在三种不同类型的拓扑相变，这些相变根据布里渊区（BZ）中能隙关闭点进行分类，同时调节最近邻（NN）和NNN跃迁项。我们发现，三个Zak相中有两个的量子化变化（以π为单位）表征了这些拓扑相变。我们提出了另一个体拓扑不变量，即亚晶格缠绕数，它也表征了从$ \nu^{\alpha} = 0 \leftrightarrow 2 $和$ \nu^{\alpha} = 0 \leftrightarrow 1 \leftrightarrow 2 $（$\alpha $：亚晶格指数）变化的拓扑相变。亚晶格缠绕数不仅提供了对拓扑相的相对简单解析理解，而且在不存在反演对称性的情况下成功地建立了体-边界对应关系，这可能有助于表征没有手征和反演对称性的系统的体-边界对应关系。
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English: We establish the pseudo-differential variant of the $L^{p}$ estimates for
multi-linear and multi-parameter Coifman-Meyer multiplier operators proved by
C. Muscalu, J. Pipher, T. Tao and C. Thiele in \cite{MPTT1,MPTT2}.
Chinese: 我们建立了C. Muscalu，J. Pipher，T. Tao和C. Thiele在\cite{MPTT1,MPTT2}中证明的多线性和多参数Coifman-Meyer乘子算子的$L^{p}$估计的拟微分变体。
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English: We demonstrate an approach to computing the vibrational energy levels of
molecules that combines the discrete variable representation (DVR) of molecular
Hamiltonians with variational quantum eigensolvers (VQE) and a greedy search of
optimal quantum gate sequences. We show that the structure of the DVR
Hamiltonians reduces the quantum measurement complexity scaling from
exponential to polynomial, allowing for efficient VQE without second
quantization. We then demonstrate that DVR Hamiltonians also lead to very
efficient quantum ansatze for representing ro-vibrational states of molecules
by states of a quantum computer. To obtain these compact representations, we
demonstrate the quantum ansatz search by computing the vibrational energy
levels of Cr$_2$ in seven electronic states as well as of van der Waals
complexes Ar-HCl and Mg-NH. Our numerical results show that accuracy of
1~cm$^{-1}$ can be achieved by very shallow circuits with 2 to 9 entangling
gates.
Chinese: 我们展示了一种计算分子振动能级的方法，该方法结合了分子哈密顿量的离散变量表示（DVR）、变分量子本征求解器（VQE）以及最优量子门序列的贪婪搜索。我们表明，DVR哈密顿量的结构将量子测量复杂度的缩放从指数级降低到多项式级，从而允许进行高效的VQE而不需要二次量子化。然后，我们通过计算Cr$_2$在七个电子状态以及范德华复合物Ar-HCl和Mg-NH的振动能级，证明了DVR哈密顿量也能高效地表示分子的转振动状态。为了获得这些紧凑的表示，我们通过计算振动能级来演示量子基求解器搜索。我们的数值结果表明，通过非常浅的电路（2到9个纠缠门）可以实现1~cm$^{-1}$的精度。
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English: To address feasibility issues in model predictive control (MPC), most
implementations relax hard state constraints using additional slack variables
with a suitable penalty. We propose an alternative strategy for open-loop
asymptotically/Lyapunov stable nonlinear systems by relaxing the initial state
constraint with a suitable penalty. The proposed MPC framework is globally
feasible, ensures (semi-)global asymptotic stability, and (approximately)
recovers the closed-loop properties of the nominal MPC on the feasible set. The
proposed framework can be naturally combined with a robust formulation to
ensure robustness subject to bounded disturbances while retaining
input-ot-state stability in case of arbitrarily large disturbances. We also
show how the overall design can be simplified in case the nonlinear system is
exponentially stable. In the special case of linear systems, the proposed MPC
formulation reduces to a quadratic program and the offline design and online
computational complexity is only marginally increased compared to anominal
design. Benefits compared to classical soft contrained MPC formulations are
demonstrated with numerical examples.
Chinese: 为了解决模型预测控制（MPC）中的可行性问题，大多数实现通过使用额外的松弛变量并施加适当的惩罚来放宽硬状态约束。我们提出了一种通过放宽初始状态约束并施加适当的惩罚来处理开环渐近/李雅普诺夫稳定的非线性系统的替代策略。提出的MPC框架是全局可行的，确保（半）全局渐近稳定性，并在可行集上（近似）恢复名义MPC的闭环特性。提出的框架可以自然地与鲁棒公式结合，以确保在有限扰动下的鲁棒性，同时在任意大扰动的情况下保持输入-状态稳定性。我们还展示了如果非线性系统是指数稳定的，整体设计如何简化。在线性系统的特例中，提出的MPC公式简化为二次规划，与名义设计相比，离线设计和在线计算复杂度仅略有增加。通过数值示例证明了与经典软约束MPC公式相比的优势。
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English: One of the crucial generic techniques for quantum computation is amplitude
encoding. Although several approaches have been proposed, each of them often
requires exponential classical-computational cost or an oracle whose explicit
construction is not provided. Given the growing demands for practical quantum
computation, we develop moderately specialized encoding techniques that
generate an arbitrary linear combination of localized complex functions. We
demonstrate that $n_{\mathrm{loc}}$ discrete Lorentzian functions as an
expansion basis set lead to eficient probabilistic encoding, whose
computational time is $\mathcal{O}( \max ( n_{\mathrm{loc}}^2 \log
n_{\mathrm{loc}},n_{\mathrm{loc}}^2 \log n_q, n_q ))$ for $n_q$ data qubits
equipped with $\log_2 n_{\mathrm{loc}}$ ancillae. Furthermore, amplitude
amplification in combination with amplitude reduction renders it deterministic
analytically with controllable errors and the computational time is reduced to
$\mathcal{O}( \max ( n_{\mathrm{loc}}^{3/2} \log n_{\mathrm{loc}},
n_{\mathrm{loc}}^{3/2} \log n_q, n_q )).$ We estimate required resources for
applying our scheme to quantum chemistry in real space. We also show the
results on real superconducting quantum computers to confirm the validity of
our techniques.
Chinese: 量子计算中一种至关重要的通用技术是振幅编码。尽管已经提出了多种方法，但每种方法往往都需要指数级的经典计算成本，或者需要一种未提供明确构造的Oracle。鉴于对实用量子计算不断增长的需求，我们开发了适度专门化的编码技术，这些技术能够生成任意线性组合的局域复数函数。我们证明，$n_{\mathrm{loc}}$个离散的洛伦兹函数作为基底集，能够导致高效的概型编码，其计算时间为$\mathcal{O}( \max ( n_{\mathrm{loc}}^2 \log n_{\mathrm{loc}},n_{\mathrm{loc}}^2 \log n_q, n_q ))$，其中$n_q$为配备$\log_2 n_{\mathrm{loc}}$个辅助比特的数据比特。此外，振幅放大与振幅缩减的结合能够使其在分析上确定性，并且可以通过控制误差来降低计算时间至$\mathcal{O}( \max ( n_{\mathrm{loc}}^{3/2} \log n_{\mathrm{loc}},n_{\mathrm{loc}}^{3/2} \log n_q, n_q )).$我们估计了将我们的方案应用于实际空间量子化学所需的资源。我们还展示了在真实超导量子计算机上的结果，以验证我们的技术。
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English: We consider the relaxation dynamics of two spins coupled to a common bosonic
bath. The time evolution is simulated by a generalized master equation derived
within a real-time diagrammatic approach. Interference effects due to the
coherent coupling to the common bath give rise to characteristic features in
the relaxation dynamics after a quench or during a periodic external driving.
In particular, we find that the long-time behavior during periodic driving
depends sensitively on the initial state as well as on system parameters such
as coupling asymmetries. When coupled to more than a single reservoir, the
interference effects can lead to a cooling mechanism for one of the bosonic
reservoirs.
Chinese: 我们考虑两个与共同玻色子浴耦合的自旋的松弛动力学。时间演化通过实时的图论方法导出的广义主方程进行模拟。由于与共同浴的相干耦合引起的干涉效应，在淬火后或周期性外部驱动期间的松弛动力学中产生了特征性特征。特别是，我们发现，在周期性驱动下的长时间行为对初始状态以及系统参数如耦合不对称性非常敏感。当与多个浴耦合时，干涉效应可能导致一个玻色子浴的冷却机制。
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English: We reassess the structure of the effective action and quantum critical
singularities of two-dimensional Fermi systems characterized by the ordering
wavevector $\vec{Q}= \vec{0}$. By employing infrared cutoffs on all the
massless degrees of freedom, we derive a generalized form of the Hertz action,
which does not suffer from problems of singular effective interactions. We
demonstrate that the Wilsonian momentum-shell renormalization group (RG) theory
capturing the infrared scaling should be formulated keeping $\vec{Q}$ as a
flowing, scale-dependent quantity. At the quantum critical point, scaling
controlled by the dynamical exponent $z=3$ is overshadowed by a broad scaling
regime characterized by a lower value of $z \approx 2$. This in particular
offers an explanation of the results of quantum Monte Carlo simulations
pertinent to the electronic nematic quantum critical point.
Chinese: 我们对具有 ordering 波矢 $\vec{Q}= \vec{0}$ 特征的二维费米系统的有效作用和量子临界奇异性进行了重新评估。通过在所有无质量自由度上应用红外截止，我们推导出一种广义的赫兹作用形式，这种形式不会受到奇异有效相互作用问题的影响。我们证明，捕捉红外标度行为的威尔逊动量壳重整化群（RG）理论应该将 $\vec{Q}$ 视为一个随尺度变化的流动量。在量子临界点，由动力学指数 $z=3$ 控制的标度行为被一个由较低 $z \approx 2$ 特征的宽标度范围所掩盖。这尤其为与电子向列相量子临界点相关的量子蒙特卡洛模拟结果提供了一种解释。
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English: Numerical Cherenkov radiation (NCR) or instability is a detrimental effect
frequently found in electromagnetic particle-in-cell (EM-PIC) simulations
involving relativistic plasma beams. NCR is caused by spurious coupling between
electromagnetic-field modes and multiple beam resonances. This coupling may
result from the slow down of poorly-resolved waves due to numerical (grid)
dispersion and from aliasing mechanisms. NCR has been studied in the past for
finite-difference-based EM-PIC algorithms on regular (structured) meshes with
rectangular elements. In this work, we extend the analysis of NCR to
finite-element-based EM-PIC algorithms implemented on unstructured meshes. The
influence of different mesh element shapes and mesh layouts on NCR is studied.
Analytic predictions are compared against results from finite-element-based
EM-PIC simulations of relativistic plasma beams on various mesh types.
Chinese: Numerical Cherenkov辐射（NCR）或是不稳定性是一种在涉及相对论性等离子体束的电磁粒子模拟（EM-PIC）仿真中经常发现的负面效应。NCR是由于电磁场模式与多个束共振之间的虚假耦合所引起的。这种耦合可能由于数值（网格）色散导致的不良分辨波的减速以及混叠机制而产生。在过去，对于基于有限差分的EM-PIC算法在具有矩形元素的规则（结构化）网格上的研究中，已经对NCR进行了研究。在这项工作中，我们将NCR的分析扩展到了基于有限元法的EM-PIC算法在非结构化网格上的实现。我们研究了不同网格元素形状和布局对NCR的影响。对基于有限元法的EM-PIC仿真中各种网格类型上的相对论性等离子体束的计算结果，与分析预测进行了对比。
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English: A variety of nickel oxide compounds have long been studied for their
manifestation of various correlated electron phenomena. Recently,
superconductivity was observed in nanoscale infinite layer nickelate thin films
of Nd$_{0.8}$Sr$_{0.2}$NiO$_2$, epitaxially stabilized on SrTiO$_3$ substrates
via topotactic reduction from the perovskite precursor phase. Here we present
the synthesis and properties of PrNiO$_2$ thin films on SrTiO$_3$. Upon doping
in Pr$_{0.8}$Sr$_{0.2}$NiO$_2$, we observe superconductivity with a transition
temperature of 7-12 K, and robust critical current density at 2 K of 334
kA/cm$^2$. These findings indicate that superconductivity in the infinite layer
nickelates is relatively insensitive to the details of the rare earth 4$f$
configuration. Furthermore, they motivate the exploration of a broader family
of compounds based on two-dimensional NiO$_2$ planes, which will enable
systematic investigation of the superconducting and normal state properties and
their underlying mechanisms.
Chinese: 镍氧化物化合物的各种关联电子现象的表现一直是研究的热点。最近，在纳米级无限层镍酸镧薄膜中观察到了超导性，这种薄膜是在SrTiO$_3$衬底上通过从钙钛矿前驱体相的拓扑还原进行外延稳定化后制备的。在这里，我们展示了SrTiO$_3$上PrNiO$_2$薄膜的合成和性质。在Pr$_{0.8}$Sr$_{0.2}$NiO$_2$中掺杂后，我们观察到7-12 K的过渡温度和2 K时稳定的临界电流密度为334 kA/cm$^2$。这些发现表明，无限层镍酸盐中的超导性对稀土4$f$配置的细节相对不敏感。此外，它们激励了对基于二维NiO$_2$平面的更广泛化合物的探索，这将有助于系统地研究超导和正常状态的性质及其潜在机制。
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English: The problem of operating a Gaussian Half-Duplex (HD) relay network optimally
is challenging due to the exponential number of listen/transmit network states
that need to be considered. Recent results have shown that, for the class of
Gaussian HD networks with N relays, there always exists a simple schedule,
i.e., with at most N +1 active states, that is sufficient for approximate
(i.e., up to a constant gap) capacity characterization. This paper investigates
how to efficiently find such a simple schedule over line networks. Towards this
end, a polynomial-time algorithm is designed and proved to output a simple
schedule that achieves the approximate capacity. The key ingredient of the
algorithm is to leverage similarities between network states in HD and edge
coloring in a graph. It is also shown that the algorithm allows to derive a
closed-form expression for the approximate capacity of the Gaussian line
network that can be evaluated distributively and in linear time. Additionally,
it is shown using this closed-form that the problem of Half-Duplex routing is
NP-Hard.
Chinese: 由于需要考虑的监听/传输网络状态的数量呈指数级增长，因此最优地操作高斯半双工（HD）中继网络是一个挑战。最近的研究表明，对于具有N个中继的高斯HD网络类，总存在一个简单的调度方案，即最多有N+1个活动状态，这对于近似（即，最多有一个常数差距）容量特征是足够的。本文研究了如何在线网络中有效地找到这样的简单调度方案。为此，设计并证明了一个多项式时间算法，该算法可以输出一个实现近似容量的简单调度方案。算法的关键组成部分是利用HD网络状态与图中的边着色之间的相似性。还表明，该算法允许推导出高斯线网络的近似容量的封闭形式表达式，该表达式可以分布式地并在线性时间内进行评估。此外，还表明使用这个封闭形式可以证明半双工路由问题是NP难的。
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English: A deep conjecture on torsion anomalous varieties states that if $V$ is a
weak-transverse variety in an abelian variety, then the complement $V^{ta}$ of
all $V$-torsion anomalous varieties is open and dense in $V$. We prove some
cases of this conjecture. We show that the $V$-torsion anomalous varieties of
relative codimension one are non-dense in any weak-transverse variety $V$
embedded in a product of elliptic curves with CM. We give explicit uniform
bounds in the dependence on $V$. As an immediate consequence we prove the
conjecture for $V$ of codimension two in a product of CM elliptic curves. We
also point out some implications on the effective Mordell-Lang Conjecture.
Chinese: 一个关于扭异常簇的深刻猜想表明，如果 $V$ 是阿贝尔簇中的一个弱横截簇，那么所有 $V$-扭异常簇的补集 $V^{ta}$ 在 $V$ 中是开集且稠密。我们证明了该猜想的一些情况。我们表明，相对余维数为一的 $V$-扭异常簇在任何嵌入到CM椭圆曲线积的弱横截簇 $V$ 中都不是稠密的。我们在 $V$ 的依赖性上给出了显式的统一界限。作为直接的结果，我们证明了在CM椭圆曲线积中的余维数为二的 $V$ 的猜想。我们还指出了一些对有效Mordell-Lang猜想的含义。
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English: We study the uniqueness of minimal submanifolds and the stability of the mean
curvature flow in several well-known model spaces of manifolds of special
holonomy. These include the Stenzel metric on the cotangent bundle of spheres,
the Calabi metric on the cotangent bundle of complex projective spaces, and the
Bryant--Salamon metrics on vector bundles over certain Einstein manifolds. In
particular, we show that the zero sections, as calibrated submanifolds with
respect to their respective ambient metrics, are unique among compact minimal
submanifolds and are dynamically stable under the mean curvature flow. The
proof relies on intricate interconnections of the Ricci flatness of the ambient
space and the extrinsic geometry of the calibrated submanifolds.
Chinese: 我们研究特殊全测地流形模型空间中极小子流形的唯一性和平均曲率流的稳定性。这些模型空间包括球丛上的Stenzel度量、复射影空间丛上的Calabi度量以及某些爱因斯坦流形上的向量丛上的Bryant-Salamon度量。特别地，我们证明了零截面作为相对于各自环境度量的校准子流形，在紧致极小子流形中是唯一的，并且在平均曲率流下具有动力学稳定性。该证明依赖于环境空间的里奇平坦性与校准子流形的外几何之间的复杂关联。
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English: Software security is undoubtedly a major concern in today's software
engineering. Although the level of awareness of security issues is often high,
practical experiences show that neither preventive actions nor reactions to
possible issues are always addressed properly in reality. By analyzing large
quantities of commits in the open-source communities, we can categorize the
vulnerabilities mitigated by the developers and study their distribution,
resolution time, etc. to learn and improve security management processes and
practices. With the help of the Software Heritage Graph Dataset, we
investigated the commits of two of the most popular script languages -- Python
and JavaScript -- projects collected from public repositories and identified
those that mitigate a certain vulnerability in the code (i.e. vulnerability
resolution commits). On the one hand, we identified the types of
vulnerabilities (in terms of CWE groups) referred to in commit messages and
compared their numbers within the two communities. On the other hand, we
examined the average time elapsing between the publish date of a vulnerability
and the first reference to it in a commit. We found that there is a large
intersection in the vulnerability types mitigated by the two communities, but
most prevalent vulnerabilities are specific to language. Moreover, neither the
JavaScript nor the Python community reacts very fast to appearing security
vulnerabilities in general with only a couple of exceptions for certain CWE
groups.
Chinese: 软件安全无疑是当今软件工程中的一个重大关注点。尽管对安全问题的意识水平通常很高，但实际经验表明，在现实中，既没有采取适当的预防措施，也没有对可能出现的问题做出适当的反应。通过分析开源社区中大量提交，我们可以对开发者缓解的漏洞进行分类，并研究它们的分布、解决时间等，以学习和改进安全管理流程和实践。借助软件遗产图数据集，我们调查了从公共存储库收集的两种最受欢迎的脚本语言——Python和JavaScript——项目的提交，并确定了那些缓解代码中特定漏洞的提交（即漏洞解决提交）。一方面，我们确定了提交信息中提到的漏洞类型（按CWE组分类），并比较了两个社区中的数量。另一方面，我们考察了漏洞发布日期与提交中首次提及该漏洞之间的平均时间。我们发现，两个社区缓解的漏洞类型有很大的交集，但最普遍的漏洞是特定于语言的。此外，JavaScript和Python社区在一般情况下对出现的网络安全漏洞反应并不快，只有少数几个CWE组的例外。
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English: We discuss possible extraneous effects entering in the conventional measures
of "fragility" at atmospheric pressure that may obscure a characterization of
the genuine super-Arrhenius slowdown of relaxation. We first consider the role
of density, which increases with decreasing temperature at constant pressure,
and then the potential influence of the high-temperature dynamical behavior and
of the associated activation energy scale. These two effects involve both
thermodynamic parameters and the strength of the "bare" activation energy
reflecting the specific bonding between neighboring molecules. They vary from
system to system with, most likely, little connection with any putative
collective behavior associated with glass formation. We show how to scale these
effects out by refining the definition of fragility and modifying the
celebrated Angell plot. We dedicate this note to our great and so inspiring
friend, Austen Angell, and associate in this tribute another dear colleague who
died too soon, Daniel Kivelson.
Chinese: 我们讨论了可能进入大气压下“脆弱性”传统度量中的非主要影响，这些影响可能会掩盖对真正的超阿伦尼乌斯弛豫减速的表征。我们首先考虑了密度的作用，密度在恒压下随温度降低而增加，然后讨论了高温动力学行为及其相关的活化能尺度可能产生的影响。这两个效应既涉及热力学参数，也涉及“裸”活化能的强度，这反映了相邻分子之间特定的键合。这些效应在不同系统中有所不同，很可能与任何与玻璃形成相关的假想集体行为联系不大。我们展示了如何通过细化脆弱性的定义和修改著名的安格尔图来对这些效应进行量化。我们将这篇笔记献给我们伟大且如此鼓舞人心的朋友，奥斯汀·安格尔，并在这次致敬中提到另一位过早去世的亲爱的同事，丹尼尔·基维森。
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English: Let a discrete group $G$ act on a unital simple C$^*$-algebra $A$ by outer
automorphisms. We establish a Galois correspondence $H\mapsto
A\rtimes_{\alpha,r}H$ between subgroups of $G$ and C$^*$-algebras $B$
satisfying $A\subseteq B \subseteq A\rtimes_{\alpha,r}G$, where
$A\rtimes_{\alpha,r}G$ denotes the reduced crossed product. For a twisted
dynamical system $(A,G,\alpha,\sigma)$, we also prove the corresponding result
for the reduced twisted crossed product $A\rtimes^\sigma_{\alpha,r}G$.
Chinese: 设离散群 $G$ 通过外自同构作用在单位简单C$^*$-代数 $A$ 上。我们建立了G的子群与满足 $A\subseteq B \subseteq A\rtimes_{\alpha,r}G$ 的C$^*$-代数 $B$ 之间的Galois对应 $H\mapsto A\rtimes_{\alpha,r}H$，其中 $A\rtimes_{\alpha,r}G$ 表示简化对易积。对于扭曲动力系统 $(A,G,\alpha,\sigma)$，我们还证明了对应于简化扭曲对易积 $A\rtimes^\sigma_{\alpha,r}G$ 的相应结果。
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English: Proportional mean residual life model is studied for analysing survival data
from the case-cohort design. To simultaneously estimate the regression
parameters and the baseline mean residual life function, weighted estimating
equations based on an inverse selection probability are proposed. The resulting
regression coefficients estimates are shown to be consistent and asymptotic
normal with easily estimated variance-covariance. Simulation studies show that
the proposed estimators perform very well. An application to a real dataset
from the South Welsh nickel refiners study is also given to illustrate the
methodology.
Chinese: 比例均值剩余寿命模型被研究用于分析来自病例-队列设计的生存数据。为了同时估计回归参数和基线均值剩余寿命函数，提出了基于逆选择概率的加权估计方程。结果表明，得到的回归系数估计是一致的，并且具有易于估计的方差-协方差。模拟研究表明，所提出的估计量表现良好。此外，还给出了来自南威尔士镍精炼厂研究的真实数据集的应用，以说明该方法。
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English: Massive spinning particles, if present during inflation, lead to a
distinctive bispectrum of primordial perturbations, the shape and amplitude of
which depend on the masses and spins of the extra particles. This signal, in
turn, leaves an imprint in the statistical distribution of galaxies; in
particular, as a non-vanishing galaxy bispectrum, which can be used to probe
the masses and spins of these particles. In this paper, we present for the
first time a new theoretical template for the bispectrum generated by massive
spinning particles, valid for a general triangle configuration. We then proceed
to perform a Fisher-matrix forecast to assess the potential of two
next-generation spectroscopic galaxy surveys, EUCLID and DESI, to constrain the
primordial non-Gaussianity sourced by these extra particles. We model the
galaxy bispectrum using tree-level perturbation theory, accounting for
redshift-space distortions and the Alcock-Paczynski effect, and forecast
constraints on the primordial non-Gaussianity parameters marginalizing over all
relevant biases and cosmological parameters. Our results suggest that these
surveys would potentially be sensitive to any primordial non-Gaussianity with
an amplitude larger than $f_{\rm NL}\approx 1$, for massive particles with
spins 2, 3, and 4. Interestingly, if non-Gaussianities are present at that
level, these surveys will be able to infer the masses of these spinning
particles to within tens of percent. If detected, this would provide a very
clear window into the particle content of our Universe during inflation.
Chinese: 在膨胀期间存在的大量自旋粒子会导致原始扰动的特征三谱，其形状和幅度取决于额外粒子的质量和自旋。这种信号反过来会在星系统计分布中留下印记；特别是，作为一个非零的星系三谱，可以用来探测这些粒子的质量和自旋。在这篇论文中，我们首次提出了适用于一般三角配置的大自旋粒子生成三谱的新理论模板。然后，我们进行了一个Fisher矩阵预测，以评估欧盟ID和DESI这两个下一代光谱星系调查对由这些额外粒子引起的原始非高斯性的约束能力。我们使用树级扰动理论来建模星系三谱，考虑到红移空间畸变和Alcock-Paczynski效应，并对所有相关偏差和宇宙参数进行约束，预测原始非高斯性参数的约束。我们的结果表明，这些调查可能对任何幅度大于$f_{\rm NL}\approx 1$的原始非高斯性敏感，对于质量分别为2、3和4的自旋粒子。有趣的是，如果存在这样的非高斯性，这些调查将能够将这些自旋粒子的质量测量到百分之几十的精度。如果检测到这一点，这将为揭示我们宇宙膨胀期间粒子的内容提供一个非常清晰的窗口。
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English: Minimum redundancy among different elements of an embedding in a latent space
is a fundamental requirement or major preference in representation learning to
capture intrinsic informational structures. Current self-supervised learning
methods minimize a pair-wise covariance matrix to reduce the feature redundancy
and produce promising results. However, such representation features of
multiple variables may contain the redundancy among more than two feature
variables that cannot be minimized via the pairwise regularization. Here we
propose the High-Order Mixed-Moment-based Embedding (HOME) strategy to reduce
the redundancy between any sets of feature variables, which is to our best
knowledge the first attempt to utilize high-order statistics/information in
this context. Multivariate mutual information is minimum if and only if
multiple variables are mutually independent, which suggests the necessary
conditions of factorized mixed moments among multiple variables. Based on these
statistical and information theoretic principles, our general HOME framework is
presented for self-supervised representation learning. Our initial experiments
show that a simple version in the form of a three-order HOME scheme already
significantly outperforms the current two-order baseline method (i.e., Barlow
Twins) in terms of the linear evaluation on representation features.
Chinese: 在潜在空间中嵌入的不同元素之间的最小冗余是表示学习中捕获内在信息结构的基本要求或主要偏好。当前的自我监督学习方法通过最小化成对协方差矩阵来减少特征冗余并产生有希望的结果。然而，这种多变量表示特征可能包含超过两个特征变量之间的冗余，而这种冗余无法通过成对正则化来最小化。在这里，我们提出了基于高阶混合矩的嵌入（HOME）策略，以减少任何特征变量集合之间的冗余，据我们所知，这是首次尝试在此背景下利用高阶统计/信息。如果且仅当多个变量相互独立时，多变量互信息才是最小的，这表明了多个变量之间分解混合矩的必要条件。基于这些统计和信息理论原理，我们提出了用于自我监督表示学习的通用HOME框架。我们的初步实验表明，以三阶HOME方案形式的一个简单版本已经在表示特征的线性评估方面显著优于当前的二阶基线方法（即Barlow Twins）。
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English: Based on strategy-awareness (knowing which problem-solving strategy to use)
and time-awareness (knowing when to use it), students are categorized into Rote
(neither type of awareness), Dabbler (strategy-aware only) or Selective (both
types of awareness). It was shown that Selective is often significantly more
prepared for future learning than Rote and Dabbler (Abdelshiheed et al., 2020).
In this work, we explore the impact of explicit strategy instruction on Rote
and Dabbler students across two domains: logic and probability. During the
logic instruction, our logic tutor handles both Forward-Chaining (FC) and
Backward-Chaining (BC) strategies, with FC being the default; the Experimental
condition is taught how to use BC via worked examples and when to use it via
prompts. Six weeks later, all students are trained on a probability tutor that
supports BC only. Our results show that Experimental significantly outperforms
Control in both domains, and Experimental Rote catches up with Selective.
Chinese: 基于策略意识（知道使用哪种问题解决策略）和时间意识（知道何时使用它），学生被分为死记硬背型（两种意识都没有）、浅尝辄止型（只有策略意识）或选择性（两种意识都有）。研究表明，选择性通常比死记硬背型和浅尝辄止型更准备好进行未来的学习（Abdelshiheed等人，2020年）。在本研究中，我们探讨了明确策略指导对死记硬背型和浅尝辄止型学生在两个领域（逻辑和概率）上的影响。在逻辑指导期间，我们的逻辑导师处理了正向链（FC）和反向链（BC）策略，其中FC是默认的；实验条件通过示例工作和提示学习如何使用BC以及何时使用它。六周后，所有学生都在一个只支持BC的概率导师上进行训练。我们的结果表明，在两个领域，实验组显著优于对照组，并且实验组的死记硬背型学生赶上了选择性学生。
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English: Recently, the LIGO-Virgo collaboration reported their first detection of
gravitational wave (GW) signals from a low mass compact binary merger GW170817,
which is most likely due to a double neutron star (NS) merger. With the GW
signals only, the chirp mass of the binary is precisely constrained to
$1.188^{+0.004}_{-0.002}~\rm{M_{\odot}}$, but the mass ratio is loosely
constrained in the range $0.4-1$, so that a very rough estimation of the
individual NS masses ($0.86~{\rm M_{\odot}}<M_1<1.36~\rm{M_{\odot}}$ and
$1.36~{\rm M_{\odot}}<M_2<2.26~\rm{M_{\odot}}$) was obtained. Here we propose
that if one can constrain the dynamical ejecta mass through performing kilonova
modeling of the optical/IR data, by utilizing an empirical relation between the
dynamical ejecta mass and the mass ratio of NS binaries, one may place a more
stringent constraint on the mass ratio of the system. For instance, considering
that the red "kilonova" component is powered by the dynamical ejecta, we reach
a tight constraint on the mass ratio in the range of $0.46-0.59$.
Alternatively, if the blue "kilonova" component is powered by the dynamical
ejecta, the mass ratio would be constrained in the range of $0.53-0.67$.
Overall, such a multi-messenger approach could narrow down the mass ratio of
GW170817 system to the range of $0.46-0.67$, which gives a more precise
estimation of the individual NS mass than pure GW signal analysis, i.e.
$0.90~{\rm M_{\odot}}<M_1<1.16~{\rm M_{\odot}}$ and $1.61~{\rm
M_{\odot}}<M_2<2.11~{\rm M_{\odot}}$.
Chinese: 最近，LIGO-Virgo合作小组报告了首次探测到低质量致密双星并合事件GW170817产生的引力波（GW）信号，这很可能是由双中子星（NS）并合引起的。仅根据GW信号，双星系统的潮汐质量被精确约束为$1.188^{+0.004}_{-0.002}~\rm{M_{\odot}}$，但质量比被宽松地约束在0.4-1的范围内，从而得到了对单个中子星质量的一个非常粗略的估计（$0.86~{\rm M_{\odot}}<M_1<1.36~\rm{M_{\odot}}$和$1.36~{\rm M_{\odot}}<M_2<2.26~\rm{M_{\odot}}$）。在这里，我们提出，如果通过执行光学/红外数据的千新星建模来约束动力学喷射质量，通过利用动力学喷射质量与中子星双星质量比之间的经验关系，可以对系统的质量比施加更严格的约束。例如，考虑到红色“千新星”成分是由动力学喷射驱动的，我们对质量比在0.46-0.59的范围内进行了紧密约束。或者，如果蓝色“千新星”成分是由动力学喷射驱动的，质量比将被约束在0.53-0.67的范围内。总的来说，这种多信使方法可以将GW170817系统的质量比缩小到0.46-0.67的范围内，这比纯GW信号分析给出了更精确的单个中子星质量估计，即$0.90~{\rm M_{\odot}}<M_1<1.16~{\rm M_{\odot}}$和$1.61~{\rm
M_{\odot}}<M_2<2.11~{\rm M_{\odot}}$。
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English: A constrained multivariate linear model is a multivariate linear model with
the columns of its coefficient matrix constrained to lie in a known subspace.
This class of models includes those typically used to study growth curves and
longitudinal data. Envelope methods have been proposed to improve estimation
efficiency in the class of unconstrained multivariate linear models, but have
not yet been developed for constrained models that we develop in this article.
We first compare the standard envelope estimator based on an unconstrained
multivariate model with the standard estimator arising from a constrained
multivariate model in terms of bias and efficiency. Then, to further improve
efficiency, we propose a novel envelope estimator based on a constrained
multivariate model. Novel envelope-based testing methods are also proposed. We
provide support for our proposals by simulations and by studying the classical
dental data and data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey and a study of
probiotic capacity to reduced Salmonella infection.
Chinese: 一个约束多元线性模型是一个系数矩阵的列被约束在已知子空间内的多元线性模型。这类模型通常用于研究生长曲线和纵向数据。包络方法已被提出以提高无约束多元线性模型中的估计效率，但尚未用于本文所发展的约束模型。我们首先在偏差和效率方面比较了基于无约束多元模型的标准包络估计量与约束多元模型产生的标准估计量。然后，为了进一步提高效率，我们基于约束多元模型提出了一种新的包络估计量。还提出了基于包络的新检验方法。我们通过模拟、研究经典牙科数据和中国健康与营养调查数据以及益生菌能力降低沙门氏菌感染的研究来支持我们的提议。
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English: Recent advancements in language modeling have led to the emergence of Large
Language Models (LLMs) capable of various natural language processing tasks.
Despite their success in text-based tasks, applying LLMs to the speech domain
remains limited and challenging. This paper presents BLOOMZMMS, a novel model
that integrates a multilingual LLM with a multilingual speech encoder, aiming
to harness the capabilities of LLMs for speech recognition and beyond.
Utilizing a multi-instructional training approach, we demonstrate the
transferability of linguistic knowledge from the text to the speech modality.
Our experiments, conducted on 1900 hours of transcribed data from 139
languages, establish that a multilingual speech representation can be
effectively learned and aligned with a multilingual LLM. While this learned
representation initially shows limitations in task generalization, we address
this issue by generating synthetic targets in a multi-instructional style. Our
zero-shot evaluation results confirm the robustness of our approach across
multiple tasks, including speech translation and multilingual spoken language
understanding, thereby opening new avenues for applying LLMs in the speech
domain.
Chinese: 最近在语言建模方面的进展催生了大型语言模型（LLMs），这些模型能够执行各种自然语言处理任务。尽管在文本任务上取得了成功，但将LLMs应用于语音领域仍然受限且具有挑战性。本文介绍了BLOOMZMMS，这是一种将多语言LLM与多语言语音编码器相结合的新型模型，旨在利用LLMs在语音识别及其他方面的能力。通过采用多指令式训练方法，我们展示了从文本到语音模态的语义知识的转移性。我们的实验在139种语言的1900小时转录数据上开展，证明了一种多语言的语音表示可以有效地学习并与多语言LLM对齐。虽然这种学习到的表示最初在任务泛化方面显示出局限性，我们通过生成多指令风格的合成目标来解决这一问题。我们的零样本评估结果确认了我们的方法在多个任务上的稳健性，包括语音翻译和多语言语音理解，从而为在语音领域应用LLMs开辟了新的途径。
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English: Algorithms for causal discovery have recently undergone rapid advances and
increasingly draw on flexible nonparametric methods to process complex data.
With these advances comes a need for adequate empirical validation of the
causal relationships learned by different algorithms. However, for most real
data sources true causal relations remain unknown. This issue is further
compounded by privacy concerns surrounding the release of suitable high-quality
data. To help address these challenges, we gather a complex dataset comprising
measurements from an assembly line in a manufacturing context. This line
consists of numerous physical processes for which we are able to provide ground
truth causal relationships on the basis of a detailed study of the underlying
physics. We use the assembly line data and associated ground truth information
to build a system for generation of semisynthetic manufacturing data that
supports benchmarking of causal discovery methods. To accomplish this, we
employ distributional random forests in order to flexibly estimate and
represent conditional distributions that may be combined into joint
distributions that strictly adhere to a causal model over the observed
variables. The estimated conditionals and tools for data generation are made
available in our Python library $\texttt{causalAssembly}$. Using the library,
we showcase how to benchmark several well-known causal discovery algorithms.
Chinese: 因果发现算法最近取得了快速进展，并越来越多地采用灵活的非参数方法来处理复杂数据。随着这些进展，需要对不同算法学习到的因果关系的充分经验验证。然而，对于大多数真实数据源，真实的因果关系仍然未知。这个问题还因围绕释放合适的高质量数据的隐私问题而进一步加剧。为了帮助解决这些挑战，我们收集了一个包含来自制造环境中装配线测量的复杂数据集。这条生产线由许多物理过程组成，我们能够根据对底层物理的详细研究提供基于事实的因果关系。我们使用装配线数据和相关的真实信息来构建一个生成半合成制造数据系统，该系统支持因果发现方法的基准测试。为此，我们采用分布随机森林来灵活地估计和表示可能组合成严格遵循观察变量因果模型的联合分布的条件分布。估计的条件分布和数据生成工具可在我们的Python库$\texttt{causalAssembly}$中获取。使用该库，我们展示了如何基准测试几个著名的因果发现算法。
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English: Some hot, massive, population-I Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars of the carbon subclass
are known to be prolific dust-producers. How dust can form in such a hostile
environment remains a mystery. Here we report the discovery of a relatively
cool, extended, multi-arc dust envelope around the star WR112, most likely
formed by wind-wind collision in a long-period binary system. We derive the
binary orbital parameters, the dust temperature and the dust mass distributions
in the envelope. We find that amorphous carbon is a main constituent of the
dust, in agreement with earlier estimates and theoretical predictions. However,
the characteristic size of the dust grains is estimated to be ~1 micron,
significantly larger than theoretical limits. The dust production rate is
6.1*10^[-7] M_Sun / yr and the total detectable dust mass is found to be about
2.8*10^[-5] M_Sun (for d=4.15 kpc). We also show that, despite the hostile
environment, at least ~20% of the initially-formed dust may reach the
interstellar medium.
Chinese: 一些热、大质量、碳子类的I Wolf-Rayet（WR）恒星已知是尘埃产生的高产者。尘埃如何在如此恶劣的环境中形成仍然是一个谜。在这里，我们报告了围绕恒星WR112发现了一个相对较冷、扩展的多弧尘埃外壳，这很可能是由于一个长周期双星系统中的风-风碰撞形成的。我们推导出双星轨道参数、尘埃温度和外壳中的尘埃质量分布。我们发现无定形碳是尘埃的主要成分，这与早期的估计和理论预测一致。然而，尘埃颗粒的特征尺寸估计为约1微米，比理论极限大得多。尘埃产生率为6.1*10^-7 M_Sun / 年，并且发现可检测到的总尘埃质量约为2.8*10^-5 M_Sun（对于d=4.15 kpc）。我们还表明，尽管环境恶劣，至少约20%的最初形成的尘埃可能达到星际介质。
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English: Several correlations among Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) observables with available
redshifts have been recently identified. Proper evaluation and calibration of
these correlations may facilitate the use of GRBs as standard candles
constraining the expansion history of the universe up to redshifts of $z>6$.
Here we use the 69 GRB dataset recently compiled by Schaefer (astro-ph/0612285)
and we test the calibration of five of the above correlations
($1:\epkk-E_\gamma$, $2:\epkk-L$, $3:\tlag-L$, $4:V-L$, $5:\trt-L$) with
respect to two potential sources of systematics: Evolution with redshift and
cosmological model used in the calibration. In examining the model dependence
we assume flat \lcdm and vary $\omm$. Our approach avoids the circularity
problem of previous studies since we do not fix $\omm$ to find the correlation
parameters. Instead we simultaneously minimize $\chi^2$ with respect to both
the log-linear correlation parameters $a$, $b$ and the cosmological parameter
$\omm$. We find no statistically significant evidence for redshift dependence
of $a$ and $b$ in any of the correlation relations tested. We also find that
one of the five correlation relations tested ($\epkk-E_\gamma$) has a
significantly lower intrinsic dispersion compared to the other correlations.
For this correlation relation, the maximum likelihood method favors the
existence of a cosmological constant while the other four correlation favor a
flat matter dominated universe $\omm \simeq 1$. Finally, a cross-correlation
analysis between the GRBs and SnIa data for various values of $\omm$ has shown
that the $E_{peak}-E_\gamma$ relation traces well the SnIa redshift regime.
However, even the tightest correlation relation ($E_{peak}-E_\gamma$) provides
much weaker constraints on $\omm$ than current SnIa data.
Chinese: 最近已经确定了几个伽马射线暴（GRB）可观测量与可用红移之间的相关性。对这些相关性的适当评估和校准可能有助于将GRB用作标准烛光，从而约束宇宙的膨胀历史，直至红移$z>6$。在这里，我们使用了Schaefer最近编译的69个GRB数据集（astro-ph/0612285），并测试了上述五个相关性（$1:\epkk-E_\gamma$，$2:\epkk-L$，$3:\tlag-L$，$4:V-L$，$5:\trt-L$）的校准，针对两个潜在的系统性来源：红移演化以及校准中使用的宇宙模型。在检查模型依赖性时，我们假设平坦的$\lcdm$并改变$\omm$。我们的方法避免了先前研究中存在的循环性问题，因为我们不是将$\omm$固定以找到相关性参数。相反，我们同时最小化对对数线性相关性参数$a$，$b$和宇宙参数$\omm$的$\chi^2$。我们发现，在测试的任何相关性关系中，$a$和$b$的红移依赖性都没有统计学上的显著证据。我们还发现，在测试的五个相关性关系中（$\epkk-E_\gamma$）与其他相关性相比，其固有分散度显著较低。对于这个相关性关系，最大似然法倾向于存在宇宙常数，而其他四个相关性倾向于物质主导的平坦宇宙$\omm \simeq 1$。最后，对于各种$\omm$值，GRB与SnIa数据之间的交叉相关性分析表明，$E_{peak}-E_\gamma$关系很好地追踪了SnIa红移范围。然而，即使是最紧密的相关性关系（$E_{peak}-E_\gamma$）对$\omm$的约束也比当前的SnIa数据要弱得多。
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English: This paper presents a dynamic linear model for modeling hourly ozone
concentrations over the eastern United States. That model, which is developed
within an Bayesian hierarchical framework, inherits the important feature of
such models that its coefficients, treated as states of the process, can change
with time. Thus the model includes a time--varying site invariant mean field as
well as time varying coefficients for 24 and 12 diurnal cycle components. This
cost of this model's great flexibility comes at the cost of computational
complexity, forcing us to use an MCMC approach and to restrict application of
our model domain to a small number of monitoring sites. We critically assess
this model and discover some of its weaknesses in this type of application.
Chinese: 本文提出了一种动态线性模型，用于模拟美国东部地区每小时的臭氧浓度。该模型在贝叶斯层次框架内开发，继承了此类模型的重要特征，即将其系数视为过程的状态，可以随时间变化。因此，该模型包括一个随时间变化的站点不变平均场以及24小时和12小时周期成分的随时间变化的系数。该模型的高灵活性的代价是计算复杂性的增加，迫使我们采用MCMC方法，并限制我们的模型应用领域仅限于少数监测站点。我们对这个模型进行了批判性的评估，并发现了它在这一类应用中的某些弱点。
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English: The perpendicular shape anisotropy-spin transfer torque-magnetic random
access memories (PSASTT-MRAMs) takes advantage of the nanopillar free-layer
geometry for securing a good thermal stability factor from the shape anisotropy
of the nanomagnet. Such a concept is particularly well-suited for small
junctions down to a few nanometers. At such a volume size, the nanopillar can
be effectively modeled as a Stoner-Wohlfarth (SW) particle, and the shape
anisotropy scales with the spontaneous magnetization by ~ Ms^2. For almost all
ferromagnets, Ms is a strong function of temperature, therefore, the
temperature-dependent shape anisotropy is an important factor to be considered
in any modeling of the temperature-dependent performance of PSA-STT-MRAMs. In
this work, we summarize and discuss various possible temperature-dependent
contributions to the thermal stability factor and coercivity of the
PSA-STT-MRAMs by modeling and comparing different temperature scaling and
parameters. We reveal nontrivial corrections to the thermal stability factor by
considering both temperature-dependent shape and interfacial anisotropies. The
coercivity, blocking temperature, and electrical switching characteristics that
resulted from incorporating such a temperature dependence are also discussed,
in conjugation with the nanomagnet dimension and coherence volume.
Chinese: 垂直形状各向异性-自旋转移扭矩-磁性随机存取存储器（PSASTT-MRAMs）利用纳米柱自由层几何形状，从纳米磁体的形状各向异性中确保良好的热稳定性因子。这种概念特别适合于小至几个纳米的微小结。在这样的体积尺寸下，纳米柱可以被有效地建模为Stoner-Wohlfarth（SW）粒子，形状各向异性与自发磁化强度成正比约为Ms^2。对于几乎所有铁磁体，Ms是温度的强函数，因此，温度依赖性形状各向异性是任何对PSA-STT-MRAMs温度依赖性性能建模的重要考虑因素。在本工作中，我们通过建模和比较不同的温度标度和参数，总结和讨论了PSA-STT-MRAMs热稳定性因子和矫顽力的各种可能的温度依赖性贡献。通过考虑温度依赖性形状和界面各向异性，我们揭示了热稳定性因子的非平凡修正。同时，我们也讨论了由于引入这种温度依赖性而产生的矫顽力、阻塞温度和电开关特性，并与纳米磁体尺寸和相干体积相结合。
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English: We present a streamlined account of a recent theorem on the classification of
the $L$-functions of degree 2 and conductor 1 from the extended Selberg class.
We also present a more general new result dealing with functional equations
involving two Dirichlet series. Further, we correct a slip in the original
proof of the above theorem, which however does not affect the final result.
Chinese: 我们提出了对最近关于扩展塞尔伯格类中二次和导数为1的$L$-函数分类定理的简化描述。
我们还提出了一个更一般的新结果，该结果涉及两个狄利克雷级数的函数方程。此外，我们纠正了上述定理原始证明中的一个错误，然而这并不影响最终结果。
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English: We prove that the Fourier transform of the properly-scaled normalized
two-point function for sufficiently spread-out long-range oriented percolation
with index \alpha>0 converges to e^{-C|k|^{\alpha\wedge2}} for some
C\in(0,\infty) above the upper-critical dimension 2(\alpha\wedge2). This
answers the open question remained in the previous paper [arXiv:math/0703455].
Moreover, we show that the constant C exhibits crossover at \alpha=2, which is
a result of interactions among occupied paths. The proof is based on a new
method of estimating fractional moments for the spatial variable of the
lace-expansion coefficients.
Chinese: 我们证明，对于指数α>0的充分分散的长程有向渗流，其适当缩放归一化的两点函数的傅里叶变换在上临界维数2(α∧2)以上收敛到e^{-C|k|^{\alpha\wedge2}}，其中C属于(0,∞)。这回答了前文[arXiv:math/0703455]中保留的开放问题。此外，我们证明常数C在α=2处表现出跨越现象，这是由被占据路径间相互作用产生的结果。该证明基于一种新的估计花环展开系数空间变量的分数阶矩的方法。
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English: Representing a dialog policy as a recurrent neural network (RNN) is
attractive because it handles partial observability, infers a latent
representation of state, and can be optimized with supervised learning (SL) or
reinforcement learning (RL). For RL, a policy gradient approach is natural, but
is sample inefficient. In this paper, we present 3 methods for reducing the
number of dialogs required to optimize an RNN-based dialog policy with RL. The
key idea is to maintain a second RNN which predicts the value of the current
policy, and to apply experience replay to both networks. On two tasks, these
methods reduce the number of dialogs/episodes required by about a third, vs.
standard policy gradient methods.
Chinese: 将对话策略表示为循环神经网络（RNN）具有吸引力，因为它可以处理部分可观察性，推断状态的无穷表示，并且可以使用监督学习（SL）或强化学习（RL）进行优化。对于强化学习，策略梯度方法很自然，但样本效率不高。在本文中，我们提出了3种方法来减少使用强化学习优化基于RNN的对话策略所需的对话数量。关键思想是维护第二个RNN，该RNN预测当前策略的值，并将经验回放应用于两个网络。在两个任务中，这些方法将所需的对话/剧集数量减少了大约三分之一，与标准策略梯度方法相比。
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English: We analyze the geometry of the ground-state manifold in parameter-dependent
many-body systems with quantum phase transitions (QPTs) and describe
finite-size precursors of the singular geometry emerging at the QPT boundary in
the infinite-size limit. In particular, we elucidate the role of diabolic
points in the formation of first-order QPTs, showing that these isolated
geometric singularities represent seeds generating irregular behavior of
geodesics in finite systems. We also demonstrate that established
approximations, namely the mean field approximation in many-body systems
composed of mutually interacting bosons and the two-level approximation near a
diabolic point, are insufficient to provide a reliable description of geometry.
The outcomes of the general analysis are tested and illustrated by a specific
bosonic model from the Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick family.
Chinese: 我们分析了参数依赖的多体系统中具有量子相变（QPTs）的基态流形几何，并描述了在无限大小极限下，在QPT边界出现的奇异几何的有限大小前兆。特别是，我们阐明了在形成一级QPTs中恶魔点的角色，表明这些孤立的几何奇点代表了在有限系统中生成测地线不规则行为的种子。我们还证明，已建立的近似，即由相互作用的玻色子组成的许多体系统中的平均场近似以及在恶魔点附近的二能级近似，不足以提供可靠的几何描述。一般分析的结果通过Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick家族中的一个特定玻色模型进行了测试和说明。
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English: The COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as a global public health crisis. To make
decisions about mitigation strategies and to understand the disease dynamics,
policy makers and epidemiologists must know how the disease is spreading in
their communities. We analyze confirmed infections and deaths over multiple
geographic scales to show that COVID-19's impact is highly unequal: many
subregions have nearly zero infections, and others are hot spots. We attribute
the effect to a Reed-Hughes-like mechanism in which disease arrives at
different times and grows exponentially. Hot spots, however, appear to grow
faster than neighboring subregions and dominate spatially aggregated
statistics, thereby amplifying growth rates. The staggered spread of COVID-19
can also make aggregated growth rates appear higher even when subregions grow
at the same rate. Public policy, economic analysis and epidemic modeling need
to account for potential distortions introduced by spatial aggregation.
Chinese: COVID-19疫情已演变为全球公共卫生危机。为制定缓解策略和理解疾病动态，政策制定者和流行病学家必须了解疾病在其社区中的传播情况。我们分析了多个地理尺度下的确诊病例和死亡病例，表明COVID-19的影响具有高度不平等性：许多次区域几乎为零感染，而其他地区则是热点。我们将这种影响归因于类似里德-休斯机制的传播模式，即疾病在不同时间到达并呈指数增长。然而，热点地区的增长速度似乎比周边次区域更快，并主导空间聚合统计，从而放大了增长速率。COVID-19的交错传播也可能使聚合增长率看似更高，即使次区域以相同速率增长。公共政策、经济分析和疫情建模需要考虑空间聚合可能引入的潜在偏差。
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English: Starting from an engineered periodic optical structure formed by waveguide
arrays comprised of two interleaved lattices, we simulate a deformed Dirac
equation. We show that the system also simulate graphene nano ribbons under
strain. This optical analogue allows us to study the phenomenon of
Zitterbewegung for the modified Dirac equation. Our results show that the
amplitude of Zitterbewegung oscillations changes as the deformation parameter
is changed.
Chinese: 从由两层交错晶格组成的波导阵列构成的工程化周期光学结构出发，我们模拟了变形狄拉克方程。我们表明该系统也模拟应变石墨烯纳米带。这种光学类比使我们能够研究修正狄拉克方程的闪烁运动现象。我们的结果表明，随着变形参数的改变，闪烁运动的振幅会发生变化。
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English: This proceeding provides an expanded overview of the Fast Interaction Trigger
(FIT) system performance, focusing on new developments such as the prospective
integration of the ALICE Low-Level Front-End Device (ALFRED) into the Detector
Control System (DCS) and an upgraded Front-End Electronics (FEE) approach to
enhance dynamic range and operational reliability. The first upgrade is
dedicated to integrating FIT with ALICE central systems, while the second aims
to improve signal processing from the scintillation arrays (FV0 and FDD).
Additionally, we propose forward-detector applications in future ALICE upgrades
(Run 5 and beyond).
We also present the latest performance results, illustrated with relevant
plots, including collision-time measurements for pp and Pb--Pb collision
systems, collision centrality determination based on the amplitude signals from
the FT0 detector, trigger performance metrics, and the improved DCS
architecture.
Chinese: 本报告对快速交互触发（FIT）系统性能提供了扩展概述，重点关注ALICE低级前端设备（ALFRED）拟集成到探测器控制系统（DCS）等新发展，以及升级前端电子（FEE）方案以增强动态范围和运行可靠性。首次升级致力于将FIT与ALICE中央系统集成，而第二次升级旨在改善闪烁阵列（FV0和FDD）的信号处理。此外，我们提议在ALICE未来升级（第5轮及以后）中应用前向探测器。
我们还呈现了最新性能结果，辅以相关图表说明，包括质子-质子及铅-铅碰撞系统的碰撞时间测量、基于FT0探测器振幅信号确定的碰撞中心性、触发性能指标以及改进的DCS架构。
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English: JUNO is a multi-purpose neutrino experiment currently under construction in
Jiangmen, China. It is primary aiming to determine the neutrino mass ordering.
Moreover, its 20\,kt target mass makes it an ideal detector to study neutrinos
from various sources, including nuclear reactors, the Earth and its atmosphere,
the Sun, and even supernovae. Due to the small cross section of neutrino
interactions, the event rate of neutrino experiments is limited. In order to
maximize the signal-to-noise ratio, it is extremely important to control the
background levels. In this paper we discuss the potential of particle
identification in JUNO, its underlying principles and possible areas of
application in the experiment. While the presented concepts can be transferred
to any large liquid scintillator detector, our methods are evaluated
specifically for JUNO and the results are mainly driven by its high optical
photon yield of 1,200 photo electrons per MeV of deposited energy. In order to
investigate the potential of event discrimination, several event pairings are
analysed, i.e. $\alpha/\beta$, $p/\beta$, $e^+/e^-$, and $e^-/\gamma$. We
compare the discrimination performance of advanced analytical techniques based
on neural networks and on the topological event reconstruction keeping the
standard Gatti filter as a reference. We use the Monte Carlo samples generated
in the physically motivated energy intervals. We study the dependence of our
cuts on energy, radial position, PMT time resolution, and dark noise. The
results show an excellent performance for $\alpha/\beta$ and $p/\beta$ with the
Gatti method and the neural network. Furthermore, $e^+/e^-$ and $e^-/\gamma$
can partly be distinguished by means of neural network and topological
reconstruction on a statistical basis. Especially in the latter case, the
topological method proved very successful.
Chinese: JUNO是一个正在中国江门建设中的多用途中微子实验。其主要目标是确定中微子质量顺序。此外，其20 kt的目标质量使其成为研究来自核反应堆、地球及其大气、太阳甚至超新星等各种来源的中微子的理想探测器。由于中微子相互作用的截面很小，中微子实验的事件率受到限制。为了最大化信噪比，控制背景水平至关重要。在本文中，我们讨论了JUNO中粒子识别的潜力、其基本原理以及实验中可能的适用领域。虽然所提出的概念可以转移到任何大型液体闪烁体探测器，但我们的方法专门针对JUNO进行了评估，其结果主要受其每MeV沉积能量产生1200个光电子的高光子产率驱动。为了研究事件区分的潜力，我们分析了若干事件对，即α/β、p/β、e+/e-和e-/γ。我们比较了基于神经网络和拓扑事件重建的高级分析技术的区分性能，并将标准Gatti滤波器作为参考。我们使用物理上有意义的能量间隔生成的蒙特卡洛样本。我们研究了我们的选择对能量、径向位置、PMT时间分辨率和暗噪声的依赖性。结果表明，α/β和p/β在Gatti方法和神经网络下表现出优异的性能。此外，e+/e-和e-/γ可以在统计基础上通过神经网络和拓扑重建部分区分。特别是在后一种情况下，拓扑方法证明非常成功。
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English: In heterotic string theories consistency requires the introduction of a
non-trivial vector bundle. This bundle breaks the original ten-dimensional
gauge groups $\text{E}_8\times\text{E}_8$ or $\text{SO}(32)$ for the
supersymmetric heterotic string theories and $\text{SO}(16) \times
\text{SO}(16)$ for the non-supersymmetric tachyon-free theory to smaller
subgroups. A vast number of MSSM-like models have been constructed up to now,
most of which describe the vector bundle as a sum of line bundles. However,
there are several different ways of describing these line bundles and their
embedding in the ten-dimensional gauge group. We recall and extend these
different descriptions and explain how they can be translated into each other.
Chinese: 在异质弦理论中，为了保持一致性，需要引入一个非平凡的向量丛。这个向量丛将原始的十维规范群$\text{E}_8\times\text{E}_8$或$\text{SO}(32)$（用于超对称异质弦理论）以及$\text{SO}(16) \times \text{SO}(16)$（用于非超对称无tachyon理论）分解成更小的子群。到目前为止，已经构建了大量的类似于MSSM的模型，其中大多数将向量丛描述为若干个线丛的和。然而，有几种不同的方式来描述这些线丛以及它们在十维规范群中的嵌入。我们回顾并扩展了这些不同的描述，并解释了它们如何相互转换。
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